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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Kongo
Japanese battleship Kongō
["1 Design and construction","1.1 Siemens-Vickers Scandal","1.2 Armament","1.3 Armor","2 Service history","2.1 1913–1929: Battlecruiser","2.2 1929–1935: Reconstruction into battleship","2.3 1935–1941: Fast battleship","2.4 1942: Pacific War service","2.5 1943: Movement between bases","2.6 1944: Combat and loss","2.7 Battle of Leyte Gulf","2.8 Sinking","3 See also","4 References","4.1 Footnotes","4.2 Citations","5 Bibliography","6 External links"]
Coordinates: 26°09′N 121°23′E / 26.150°N 121.383°E / 26.150; 121.383Kongō-class Japanese warship For other ships with the same name, see Japanese ship Kongō. Kongō on sea trials, off the coast of Tateyama, 14 November 1936 History Empire of Japan NameKongō NamesakeMount Kongō Ordered1911 BuilderVickers Shipbuilding Company, Barrow-in-Furness Laid down17 January 1911 Launched18 May 1912 Commissioned16 August 1913 Stricken20 January 1945 FateSunk by USS Sealion in the Formosa Strait, 21 November 1944 General characteristics Class and typeKongō-class battlecruiser Displacement36,600 long tons (37,187 t) Length222 m (728 ft 4 in) Beam31 m (101 ft 8 in) Draught9.7 m (31 ft 10 in) PropulsionSteam turbines, 4 shafts Speed30 knots (35 mph; 56 km/h) Range10,000 nmi (19,000 km) at 14 kn (26 km/h) Complement1360 Armament 1913: 8 × 356 mm (14 in) naval gun (4×2) 16 × 6-inch (15 cm) 50 caliber naval guns (16×1) 8 × 76 mm (3 in) naval guns (8×1) 4 × 6.5 mm (0.26 in) machine gun 1944: 8 × 356 mm (14 in) naval gun (4×2) 8 × 152 mm (6 in) naval gun (8×1) 12 × 127 mm (5.0 in) guns (6×2) 100 × 25 mm Type 96 Antiaircraft autocannon (15×3,8×2,40×1) Armor Waterline belt: 203 mm (8 in) Deck: 38–58 mm (1.5–2.3 in) (later strengthened) Gun turrets: 229 mm (9 in) Barbettes: 254 mm (10 in) Kongō on the ways at Barrow, showing two of the propellers and the port rudder, Scientific American, 1913 Kongō (金剛, named for Mount Kongō) was a warship of the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War I and World War II. She was the first battlecruiser of the Kongō class, among the most heavily armed ships in any navy when built. Her designer was the British naval engineer George Thurston, and she was laid down in 1911 at Barrow-in-Furness in Britain by Vickers Shipbuilding Company. Kongō was the last Japanese capital ship constructed outside Japan. She was formally commissioned in 1913, and patrolled off the Chinese coast during World War I. Kongō underwent two major reconstructions. Beginning in 1929, the Imperial Japanese Navy rebuilt her as a battleship, strengthening her armor and improving her speed and power capabilities. In 1935, her superstructure was completely rebuilt, her speed was increased, and she was equipped with launch catapults for floatplanes. Now fast enough to accompany Japan's growing carrier fleet, Kongō was reclassified as a fast battleship. During the Second Sino-Japanese War, Kongō operated off the coast of mainland China before being redeployed to the Third Battleship Division in 1941. In 1942, she sailed as part of the Southern Force in preparation for the Battle of Singapore. Kongō fought in many major naval actions of the Pacific War during World War II. She covered the Japanese Army's amphibious landings in British Malaya (part of present-day Malaysia) and the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) in 1942, before engaging American forces at the Battle of Midway and during the Guadalcanal Campaign. Throughout 1943, Kongō primarily remained at Truk Lagoon in the Caroline Islands, Kure Naval Base (near Hiroshima), Sasebo Naval Base (near Nagasaki), and Lingga Roads, and deployed several times in response to American aircraft carrier air raids on Japanese island bases scattered across the Pacific. Kongō participated in the Battle of the Philippine Sea and the Battle of Leyte Gulf in 1944 (22–23 October), engaging and sinking American vessels in the latter. Kongō was torpedoed and sunk by the submarine USS Sealion while transiting the Formosa Strait on 21 November 1944. She was the only Japanese battleship sunk by a submarine in the Second World War. Design and construction See also: Kongō-class battlecruiser Kongō was the first of the Imperial Japanese Navy's Kongō-class battlecruisers, which were almost as large, costly and well-armed as battleships, but which traded off armored protection for higher speeds. These were designed by the British naval engineer George Thurston and were ordered in 1910 in the Japanese Emergency Naval Expansion Bill after the commissioning of HMS Invincible in 1908. These four battlecruisers of the Kongō class were designed to match the naval capabilities of the battlecruisers of the other major naval powers at the time, and they have been called the battlecruiser versions of the British (formerly Turkish) battleship HMS Erin. Their heavy armament of 14-inch naval guns and their armor protection (which took up about 23.3% of their approximately 30,000-ton displacements in 1913) were greatly superior to those of any other Japanese capital ship afloat at the time. The keel of Kongō was laid down at Barrow-in-Furness by Vickers Shipbuilding and Engineering on 17 January 1911. Under Japan's contract with Vickers, the first vessel of the class was constructed in the United Kingdom, with the remainder built in Japan. Kongō was launched on 18 May 1912, and then transferred to the dockyards of Portsmouth, England, where her fitting-out began in mid-1912. All parts used in her construction were manufactured in the U.K. Kongō was completed on 16 April 1913. Siemens-Vickers Scandal Main article: Siemens scandal In January 1914, a telegram leaked from Siemens' Tokyo office to Reuters along with further reporting by The New York Times and The Asahi Shimbun led to an investigation by Japanese authorities which revealed a pattern of bribery and kickbacks by German and English armaments corporations. Siemens had been paying senior Japanese officials a secret 15% kickback, until Vickers had outbid them by offering 25%. Vickers had paid 210,000 yen to Admiral Fuji of the Imperial Japanese Navy procurement in 1911 and 1912, and 40,000 yen to Vice Admiral Matsumoto Kazu, related to obtaining the contract for building Kongō. Kazu was court-martialed in May 1914, fined 400,000 yen and sentenced to 3 years in prison. As a result of the Siemens-Vickers Scandal revolving around the contracts of building Kongō, the government of Prime Minister Yamamoto Gonnohyōe resigned March 23, 1914. Senior executives of the Mitsui corporation, Japanese partners of Vickers, also resigned. Kongō on full power trials 8 May 1913 Armament Originally, Kongō's main battery was designed to consist of ten 12-inch (305 mm) main guns. However, her builders, Vickers, convinced the Japanese to go with a larger weapon after Kongō was laid down. Because of this, Kongō's main armament as built consisted of eight Vickers 14 inch (356 mm)/45 naval gun heavy-caliber main naval guns in four twin turrets (two forward and two aft), making her the most powerfully armed capital ship when she was commissioned. The turrets were noted by the U.S. Office of Naval Intelligence to be "similar to the British 15-inch turrets", with improvements made in flash-tightness. Each of her main guns could fire high explosive or armor-piercing shells 38,770 yards (19.14 nmi; 35.45 km) at a rate of about two shells per minute. In keeping with the Japanese doctrine of deploying more powerful vessels before their opponents, Kongō and her sister ships were the first vessels in the world equipped with 14-inch (356 mm) guns. Her main guns carried ammunition for 90 shots, and they had an approximate barrel lifetime of 250 to 280 shots. In 1941, separate dyes were introduced for the armor-piercing shells of the four Kongō-class battleships to assist with targeting, with Kongō's armor-piercing shells using red dye. The secondary battery of Kongō originally consisted of sixteen 6-inch (152 mm) 50 calibre guns in single casemates located amidships ("50 calibre" means that the lengths of the guns were 50 times their bore, or 300 inches), eight 3-inch (76 mm) guns, and eight submerged 21-inch (533 mm) torpedo tubes. Her six-inch naval guns could fire five to six rounds per minute, with a barrel lifetime of about 500 rounds. The 6-inch/50-calibre gun was capable of firing both antiaircraft and antiship shells, though the positioning of these guns on Kongō made antiaircraft firing mostly impractical. During her second reconstruction, the older three-inch guns were removed and then replaced with eight 5-inch (127 mm) 40-calibre dual purpose guns. These guns could fire from eight to 14 rounds per minute, with a barrel lifetime of between 800 to 1,500 rounds. Of Kongō's guns, the 5-inch guns had the widest variety of shell types: antiaircraft, antiship, and illumination shells. Kongō was also armed with many 1-inch (25 mm) antiaircraft machine guns. By October 1944, Kongō's secondary armament was reconfigured to eight 6-inch (152 mm) guns, eight 5-inch (127 mm) guns, and 122 Type 96 antiaircraft rapid-fire cannons. Armor Being a battlecruiser, Kongō's armor was fairly thin. She was equipped with a 6- to 8-inch (152–203 mm) main belt. Kongō deck armor consisted of armor plating ranging from 1-inch (25 mm), 1.5-inches (38 mm), to 2.75-inches (7 cm), depending on the area. She was equipped with nine-inch (229 mm) barbette armor protecting the ammunition to her main guns, as well as turret armor consisting of 10-inch (254 mm) turret faces, and 9-inch (229 mm) plating over the sides and rear. Service history 1913–1929: Battlecruiser Japanese battlecruiser Kongo as first built On 16 August 1913, Kongō was completed and commissioned into the Imperial Japanese Navy (I.J.N.). Twelve days later, she departed from Portsmouth headed for Japan. She was docked at Singapore from 20 to 27 October, before arriving at Yokosuka Naval Arsenal on 5 November, where she was placed in First Reserve. In January 1914, she docked at Kure Naval Base for armament checks. On 3 August 1914, the German Empire declared war on France and then invaded via Belgium, sparking the beginning of World War I in the West. Twelve days later, Japan issued a warning to Kaiser Wilhelm II of the German Empire, ordering him to withdraw the German troops from their base at Qingdao, China. When the German Empire did not respond, Japan declared war on Germany on 23 August, occupying the former German possessions in the Caroline Islands, Palau Islands, Marshall Islands, and Marianas Islands. Kongō was quickly deployed towards the Central Pacific to patrol the sea lines of communication of the German Empire. Kongō returned to the port of Yokosuka, Japan, on 12 September, and one month later, she was assigned to the First Battleship Division. In October, Kongō and her new sister ship Hiei sortied off the Chinese coast in support of Japanese army units during the Siege of Tsingtao. Then Kongō returned to Sasebo Naval Base for upgrades to her searchlights. On 3 October 1915, Kongō and Hiei participated in the sinking of the old Imperator Nikolai I as a practice target. She was a Russian pre-dreadnought that had been captured in 1905 during the Russo-Japanese War that had next served as an I.J.N. warship. With the defeat of the German East Asia Squadron by the Royal Navy at the Battle of the Falkland Islands in December 1914, there was little or no need for I.J.N. operations in the Pacific Ocean. Kongō spent the rest of World War I either based at Sasebo or on patrol off the coast of China. In December 1918, following the end of the hostilities of World War I, Kongō was placed in "Second Reserve". In April 1919, she was fitted with a new seawater flooding system for her ammunition magazines. With the conclusion of World War I, and the signing of the Washington Naval Treaty on 6 February 1922, the size of the I.J.N. was significantly limited, with a ratio of 5:5:3 required between the capital ships of the United Kingdom, the United States, and the Japanese Empire, since the latter was responsible for only one ocean, rather than the two of the other countries, and fewer warships for France and Italy. This Treaty also banned the signatories from building any new capital ships until 1931, with no capital ship permitted to exceed 35,000 long tons (36,000 t) in displacement. Provided that new additions did not exceed 3,000 tons of displacement, the existing capital ships were allowed to be upgraded with improved anti-torpedo bulges and armored main decks. By the time that the Washington Naval Treaty had been fully implemented in Japan, only three classes of World War I type capital ships remained active: the Ise-class battleships, the Kongō-class battlecruisers, and the Fusō-class battleships. In April 1923, Kongō gave transportation to Crown Prince Hirohito during his official visit to the Japanese possession of Taiwan. On 14 June 1924, she collided with Submarine No. 62 during maneuvers. In November 1924, Kongō docked at Yokosuka, where modifications were made to her main armament, increasing the elevation of her main guns and improving her fire-control systems. In 1927, Kongō underwent major modifications to her superstructure, rebuilding it into the pagoda mast style to accommodate the growing number of fire-control systems for her main guns. In May 1928, her steering equipment was upgraded, before she was placed in reserve in preparation for major modifications and reconstruction in 1929–31. 1929–1935: Reconstruction into battleship Kongō in 1931, following her first reconstruction Prohibited by the Washington Treaty from constructing new capital ships until 1931, Japan resorted to upgrading their World War I-era battleships and battlecruisers. Beginning in September 1929, Kongō underwent extensive modernization and modification in drydock at Yokosuka Naval Arsenal. Over the next two years, Kongō's horizontal armor near her ammunition magazines was strengthened, and the machinery spaces within the hull given increased torpedo protection. Anti-torpedo bulges were added along the waterline, as permitted by the Washington Treaty. She was refitted to accommodate three Type 90 Model 0 floatplanes, though no aircraft catapults were fitted. To increase her speed and power, all 36 of her Yarrow boilers were removed, and then replaced with 16 newer boilers, and Brown-Curtis direct-drive turbines were installed. Kongō's forward funnel was removed, and her second funnel was enlarged and lengthened. The modifications to her hull increased her armor weight from 6,502 to 10,313 long tons, directly violating the terms of the Washington Naval Treaty. In March 1931, Kongō—now capable of a speed of 29 knots (54 km/h)—was reclassified as a battleship. On 22 April 1930, Japan signed the London Naval Treaty, placing further restrictions on the signatories' naval forces. Several of her older battleships were scrapped, and no new capital ships were built as replacements. After minor fitting-out work, Kongō's reconstruction begun in September 1929 and was declared complete on 31 March 1931. On 1 December 1931, two months after the Japanese invasion of Manchuria, Kongō was assigned to the First Battleship Division and also designated the flagship of the Combined Fleet. Additional rangefinders and searchlights were fitted to her superstructure in January 1932, and Captain Nobutake Kondō assumed command of the vessel in December. In 1933, aircraft catapults were fitted between the two rear turrets. On 25 February 1933, following a report by the Lytton Commission, the League of Nations agreed that Japan's invasion of China had violated Chinese sovereignty. Refusing to accept the judgement of this organization, Japan withdrew from the League of Nations on the same day. Japan also immediately withdrew from the Washington Naval Treaty and the London Naval Treaty, thus removing all restrictions on the numbers and sizes of her capital warships. In November 1934, Kongō was placed in Second Reserve in preparation for further modifications. On 10 January 1935, Kongō was toured by the Nazi German naval attaché to Japan, Captain Paul Wenneker, as part of a gunnery demonstration. Kongō off the coast of Amoy (present day Xiamen) in 1938 1935–1941: Fast battleship On 1 June 1935, Kongō was dry-docked at Yokosuka Naval Arsenal in preparation for upgrades that would enable her to escort Japan's growing fleet of aircraft carriers. Her stern was lengthened by 26 feet (7.9 m) to improve her fineness ratio and her 16 older boilers were removed and then replaced with 11 oil-fired Kampon Boilers and newer geared turbines. In addition, her bridge was completely reconstructed according to Japan's pagoda mast style of forward superstructure, and catapults were added to support three Nakajima E8N or Kawanishi E7K reconnaissance and spotter floatplanes. Kongō's armor was also extensively upgraded. Her main belt was strengthened to a uniform thickness of eight inches (up from varying thicknesses of six to eight inches), and also diagonal bulkheads of depths ranging from 5 to 8 inches (127 to 203 mm) were added to reinforce the main armored belt. The turret armor was strengthened to 10 inches (254 mm), while 4 inches (102 mm) were added to portions of the deck armor. Kongō's ammunition magazine protection was also strengthened to 4.0 inches (10 cm). This reconstruction was finished on 8 January 1937. Capable of greater than 30 knots (56 km/h), despite the significant increase in her hull displacement, Kongō was now reclassified as a fast battleship. Despite this reclassification, however, Kongō could still very much be considered a battlecruiser in nature. In February 1937, Kongō was assigned to the Sasebo Naval District, and in December she was placed under the command of Takeo Kurita in the Third Battleship Division. In April 1938, two float planes from Kongō bombed the Chinese city of Fuzhou during the Second Sino-Japanese War. Throughout 1938 and 1939, Kongō steamed off the Chinese coast in support of Japanese Army operations during the war. In November 1939, Captain Raizo Tanaka assumed command of Kongō. From November 1940 to April 1941, additional armor was added to Kongō's armament barbettes and ammunition tubes, while ventilation and firefighting equipment was also improved. In August 1941, she was assigned to the Third Battleship Division under the command of Vice Admiral Gunichi Mikawa alongside her fully modified sister warships Hiei, Kirishima and the Haruna. 1942: Pacific War service Kongō and Haruna departed from the Hashirajima fleet anchorage on 29 November 1941 to begin the War in the Pacific as part of the Southern (Malay) Force's Main Body, under the overall command of Vice-Admiral Nobutake Kondō. On 4 December 1941, the Main Body arrived off the coast of southern Thailand and northern Malaya in preparation for the invasion of Thailand and the Malayan Peninsula four days later. When Britain's "Force Z"—consisting of the battleship Prince of Wales and the battlecruiser Repulse—was quickly defeated by Japan's land-based aircraft from southern Vietnam, Kongō's battlegroup withdrew from Malayan waters. This battlegroup subsequently sortied from Indochina for three days in mid-December to protect a reinforcement convoy traveling to Malaya, and again on 18 December to cover the Japanese Army's landing at Lingayen Gulf, Luzon, in the Philippines. The Main Body departed Cam Ranh Bay in French Indochina on 23 December bound for Taiwan, arriving two days later. In January 1942, Kongō and the heavy cruisers Takao and Atago provided distant cover for air attacks on Ambon Island. On 21 February, Kongō was joined by Haruna, four fast aircraft carriers, five heavy cruisers and numerous support ships in preparation for "Operation J", Japan's invasion of the Dutch East Indies. On 25 February, the Third Battleship Division provided cover for air attacks on the Island of Java. Kongō bombarded Christmas Island off the western coast of Australia on 7 March 1942, and then she returned to Staring-baai for 15 days of standby alert. In April 1942, Kongō joined five fleet carriers in attacks on Colombo and Trincomalee on Ceylon. Following the destruction of the British heavy cruisers HMS Dorsetshire and HMS Cornwall on 5 April 1942, this naval task force moved southwest to locate the remainder of the British Eastern Fleet, then under the command of Admiral James Somerville. On 9 April, one of Haruna's reconnaissance seaplanes spotted the aircraft carrier HMS Hermes south of Trincomalee. On the same day, Japanese air attacks sank the carrier, and Kongō was attacked but missed by nine British medium bombers. Having crippled the offensive capability of Britain's Eastern Fleet, the Third Battleship Division returned to Japan. Kongō reached Sasebo on 22 April. From 23 April to 2 May, Kongō was drydocked for reconfiguration of her antiaircraft armament. On 27 May 1942, Kongō sortied with Hiei and the heavy cruisers Atago, Chōkai, Myōkō, and Haguro as part of Admiral Nobutake Kondō's invasion force during the Battle of Midway. Following the disastrous loss of four of the Combined Fleet's fast carriers on 4 June 1942, Kondō's force withdrew to Japan. On 14 July she was assigned as the flagship of the restructured Third Battleship Division. In August, Kongō was drydocked at Kure to receive surface-detection radar and additional range finders. In September, Kongō embarked with Hiei, Haruna, Kirishima, three carriers, and numerous smaller warships in response to the U.S. Marine Corps's amphibious landing on Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands. On 20 September, this task force was ordered to return to the Truk Naval Base in the Central Pacific north of the equator. In the aftermath of the Battle of Cape Esperance, the Japanese Army opted to reinforce its troops on Guadalcanal. To protect their transport convoy from enemy air attack, Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto sent Haruna and Kongō, escorted by one light cruiser and nine destroyers, to bombard the American air base at Henderson Field. Because of their high speeds, these two battleships could bombard the airfield and then withdraw before being subjected to air attack from either land-based warplanes or American aircraft carriers. On the night of 13–14 October, these two battleships shelled the area of Henderson Field from a distance of about 16,000 yards (15,000 m), firing 973 14-inch high-explosive shells. In the most successful Japanese battleship action of the war, the bombardment heavily damaged both runways, destroyed almost all of the U.S. Marines' aviation fuel, destroyed or damaged 48 of the Marines' 90 warplanes, and killed 41 Marines. A large Japanese troop and supply convoy reached Guadalcanal on the next day. During the Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands on 26 October 1942, Kongō was attacked by four Grumman TBF Avenger torpedo bombers, but she received no hits. In mid-November, this battleship and other warships provided distant cover for the unsuccessful mission by the I.J.N. to bombard Henderson Field again and to deliver more Army reinforcements to Guadalcanal. On 15 November 1942, following the Japanese defeat and the sinking of Hiei and Kirishima during the Naval Battle of Guadalcanal, the Third Battleship Division returned to Truk, where it remained for the rest of 1942. 1943: Movement between bases Kongō in her 1944 configuration Throughout 1943, Kongō engaged no enemy targets. In late January 1943, she participated in "Operation Ke" as part of a diversionary and distant covering force to support I.J.N. destroyers that were evacuating Army troops from Guadalcanal. From 15 February through 20 February 1943, the Third Battleship Division was transferred from Truk to the Kure Naval Base. On 27 February, Kongō was drydocked to receive upgrades to her antiaircraft armament, with the additions of two triple 25 mm gun mounts and the removal of two of her 6-inch turrets, while additional concrete protection was added near her steering gear. On 17 May 1943, in response to the U.S. Army's invasion of Attu Island, Kongō sortied alongside the battleship Musashi, the Third Battleship Division, two fleet carriers, two cruisers, and nine destroyers. Three days later, the American submarine USS Sawfish spotted this naval task force, but she was unable to attack it. On 22 May 1943, the task force arrived in Yokosuka, where it was joined by an additional three fleet carriers and two light cruisers. This force was disbanded when Attu fell to the U.S. Army before the necessary preparations for a counterattack had been finished. On 17 October 1943, Kongō again left Truk as part of a larger task force consisting of five battleships, three fleet carriers, eight heavy cruisers, three light cruisers, and numerous destroyers. These sortied in response to U.S. Navy air raids on Wake Island. No contact between the two forces was made, and the Japanese task force returned to Truk on 26 October 1943. She soon left Truk for home waters, and on 16 December 1943, Kongō arrived at Sasebo for refits and training in the Inland Sea. 1944: Combat and loss Kongō under attack during the Battle of the Philippine Sea, 20 June 1944 In January 1944, Kongō was dry-docked for a reconfiguration of her anti-aircraft suite. Four 6-inch guns and a pair of twin 25 mm mounts were removed and replaced with six twin 5-inch guns and four triple 25 mm mounts. The Third Battleship Division departed from Kure on 8 March 1944. Arriving at Lingga on 14 March 1944, the division remained for training until 11 May 1944. On 11 May 1944, Kongō and Admiral Ozawa's Mobile Fleet departed from Lingga bound for Tawitawi, where they were joined by Vice-Admiral Takeo Kurita's "Force C". On 13 June, Ozawa's Mobile Fleet departed from Tawitawi bound for the Mariana Islands. During the Battle of the Philippine Sea, Kongō escorted Japanese fast carriers, and remained undamaged in counterattacks from US carrier aircraft on 20 June. When she returned to Japan, 13 triple and 40 single 25-mm mounts were added to her anti-aircraft armament, for a total of over 100 mounts. In August, two more 6-inch guns were removed and another eighteen single mounts installed. Battle of Leyte Gulf Main Article: Battle of Leyte Gulf In October 1944, Kongō departed from Lingga in preparation for "Operation Sho-1", Japan's counterattack during the Battle of Leyte Gulf, the largest naval engagement in history. On 24 October, Kongō was undamaged by several near misses from American carrier aircraft in the Battle of the Sibuyan Sea. On 25 October, during the Battle off Samar, Kongō—as part of Admiral Kurita's Centre Force—engaged the US 7th Fleet's "Taffy 3", a battlegroup of escort carriers and destroyers. She targeted various destroyers, but to no avail in the beginning parts of the battle, before scoring a hit with her main battery to the bridge of the destroyer USS Hoel. It's worth noting that for the longest time, it was believed that Kongō scored three hits with her 14-inch (356 mm) guns on the destroyer USS Johnston shortly after the valiant destroyer crippled the heavy cruiser Kumano, severe damage that cut Johnston's speed to 17 knots and took out all but two of her 5-inch guns, and according to the state of her wreck, split her in two and sank her a couple of hours later while under fire from a Japanese destroyer line. On the contrary, Japanese records display that Kongō was blinded by a rain squall and unable to engage enemy ships at the time Johnston was hit, but fellow battleship Yamato claimed numerous hits with both her main and secondary battery on a US "cruiser" at the exact moment Johnston was hit by what is now commonly accepted as three 18.1-inch (46 cm) shells from Yamato, as well as three hits from Yamato's 6.1-inch (155 mm) secondary guns. Kongō in all reality failed to score a single hit on Johnston and played no role in her crippling and sinking. Kongō then targeted the escort carrier Gambier Bay, claiming a hit with her main battery. However, said hit was also claimed by the aforementioned battleship Yamato, which is widely agreed upon to have scored the hit due to having the shorter range and the correct firing angle, and indeed, Yamato would be awarded credit for the hit by Japanese admiralty. She then scored numerous hits on Hoel and the destroyer Heermann, heavily contributing to the former's sinking. At 09:12, she sank the destroyer escort Samuel B. Roberts. After a fierce defensive action by the American ships, which sank three Japanese heavy cruisers, Admiral Kurita elected to withdraw, ending the battle. While retreating, Kongō suffered damage from five near misses from attacking aircraft. The fleet arrived at Brunei on 28 October. Sinking On 16 November, following a US air raid on Brunei, Kongō, along with Yamato, Nagato and the rest of the First Fleet, departed from Brunei bound for Kure in preparation for a major reorganization of the fleet and battle repairs. On 20 November, they entered the Formosa Strait. Shortly after midnight on 21 November, the submarine USS Sealion made radar contact with the fleet at 44,000 yards (40,000 m). Maneuvering into position at 02:45, Sealion fired six bow torpedoes at Kongō followed by three stern torpedoes at Nagato fifteen minutes later. One minute after the first salvo was launched, two of the torpedoes were seen to hit Kongō on the port side, while a third sank the destroyer Urakaze with all hands. The torpedoes flooded two of Kongō's boiler rooms, but she was still able to make 16 kn (30 km/h; 18 mph). By 05:00, she had slowed to 11 kn (20 km/h; 13 mph) and was given permission to break off from the fleet and head to the port of Keelung in Formosa along with the destroyers Hamakaze and Isokaze as escort. Within fifteen minutes of detaching from the main force, Kongō was listing 45 degrees and flooding uncontrollably. At 5:18 the ship lost all power and the order was given to abandon ship. At 5:24, while the evacuation was under way, the forward 14-inch magazine exploded, and the broken ship sank quickly, with the loss of over 1,200 of her crew, including the commander of the Third Battleship Division and her captain. Kongō is believed to have sunk in 350 feet (110 m) of water approximately 55 nautical miles (102 km; 63 mi) northwest of Keelung. She was one of only three British-built battleships sunk by submarine attack during World War II. The other two were the British Revenge-class battleship HMS Royal Oak and the Queen Elizabeth-class battleship HMS Barham. See also List by death toll of ships sunk by submarines References Footnotes ^ Shinano was laid down as a Yamato-class battleship, but by the time of her sinking by USS Archerfish she had been completed as an aircraft carrier. Citations ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Gardiner and Gray (1980), p. 234 ^ a b DiGiulian, Tony (2010). "Japanese 6"/50". Navweaps.com. Retrieved 26 February 2009. ^ Stille (2008), p. 17 ^ a b c Stille (2007), p. 20 ^ a b c "Kongo-class Battleship". Combined Fleet. Retrieved 10 September 2010. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Bob Hackett; Sander Kingsepp; Lars Ahlberg. "IJN Battleship KONGO: Tabular Record of Movement". Combined Fleet. Retrieved 10 September 2010. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Jackson (2008), p. 27 ^ Mitchell, Richard H. (1996). Political Bribery in Japan. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. pp. 28–31. ISBN 978-0824818197. ^ "Siemens Affäre: Dunkle Machenschaften Made in Germany" . Der Spiegel (in German). 14 September 2008. Retrieved 17 May 2021. ^ a b IJN Kongo - Guide 174, 11 April 2020, retrieved 1 April 2023 ^ a b c DiGiulian, Tony (2009). "Japanese 14"/45 (35.6 cm) 41st Year Type". Navweaps.com. Retrieved 26 February 2009. ^ "Japanese Naval Ordnance: 14"/45 caliber". Combined Fleet. Retrieved 11 February 2009. ^ Jackson (2000), p. 48 ^ a b DiGiulian, Tony (2008). "Japanese 5"/40". Navweaps.com. Retrieved 26 February 2009. ^ a b c d e f g Stille (2008), p. 16. ^ dreadnaughtz (24 February 2021). "Kongō class Fast Battleships (1912)". naval encyclopedia. Retrieved 1 April 2023. ^ Stille (2008), p. 14 ^ McLaughlin (2003), pp. 44–45 ^ Jackson (2000), p. 67. ^ a b Jackson (2000), p. 68. ^ Jackson (2000), p. 69 ^ Airship Investigation: Report of Col. Henry Breckenridge, Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1933, p. 56. ^ Stille (2008), p. 15 ^ a b c Jackson (2000), p. 72. ^ Willmott (2002), p. 35 ^ a b c d e Stille (2008), p. 18 ^ a b McCurtie (1989), p. 185. ^ a b c Stille (2008), p. 19 ^ Willmott (2002), p. 56 ^ Boyle (1998), p. 368 ^ a b Boyle (1998), p. 370 ^ Schom (2004), p. 296 ^ Willmott (2002), p. 100 ^ a b Schom (2004), p. 382 ^ Swanston (2007), p. 220 ^ Swanston (2007), p. 223 ^ Willmott (2002), p. 141 ^ Steinberg (1980), p. 49 ^ Dogfights: U.S. Beats Back the Japanese Navy (S1, E8) | Full Episode, 4 November 2021, retrieved 16 April 2023 ^ Newly Released Computer Model of USS Johnston Shipwreck Displays Evidence of Explosions, November 2022, retrieved 16 April 2023 ^ Lundgren (2014), pp. 70, 78 ^ Hackett, Bob; Kingsepp, Sander. "IJN Battleship YAMATO: Tabular Record of Movement". Combined Fleet. Retrieved 16 April 2023. ^ "Yamato and Musashi Internet Photo Archive". ultimatebattleshipyamatosite.tripod.com. Retrieved 16 April 2023. ^ Lundgren (2014), p. 131 ^ Boyle (1998), p. 508 ^ a b Wheeler (1980), p. 183 ^ Wheeler (1980), p. 184 Bibliography Boyle, David (1998). World War II in Photographs. London. Rebo Productions. ISBN 1-84053-089-8. Brennan, Joe (2017). "Question 36/51: Japanese 14-in Sub-Caliber Shells". Warship International. LIV (4): 289. ISSN 0043-0374. Gardiner, Robert & Gray, Randal, eds. (1985). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-907-3. Jackson, Robert (2000). The World's Great Battleships. Dallas: Brown Books. ISBN 1-897884-60-5. Jackson, Robert (editor) (2008). 101 Great Warships. London: Amber Books. ISBN 978-1-905704-72-9. Lengerer, Hans & Ahlberg, Lars (2019). Capital Ships of the Imperial Japanese Navy 1868–1945: Ironclads, Battleships and Battle Cruisers: An Outline History of Their Design, Construction and Operations. Vol. I: Armourclad Fusō to Kongō Class Battle Cruisers. Zagreb, Croatia: Despot Infinitus. ISBN 978-953-8218-26-2. Lundgren, Robert (2014). The World Wonder'd: What Really Happened Off Samar. Nimble Books. ISBN 978-1-60888-046-1. McCurtie, Francis (1989) . Jane's Fighting Ships of World War II. London: Bracken Books. ISBN 1-85170-194-X. McLaughlin, Stephen (2003). Russian & Soviet Battleships. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-481-4. Schom, Alan (2004). The Eagle and the Rising Sun; The Japanese-American War, 1941–1943. New York: Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-32628-4. Steinberg, Rafael (1980) Return to the Philippines. New York: Time-Life Books Inc. ISBN 0-8094-2516-5. Stille, Cdr Mark (2008). Imperial Japanese Navy Battleship 1941–1945. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84603-280-6. Swanston, Alexander & Swanston, Malcolm (2007). The Historical Atlas of World War II. London: Cartographica Press Ltd. ISBN 0-7858-2200-3. Wheeler, Keith (1980). War Under the Pacific. New York: Time-Life Books. ISBN 0-8094-3376-1. Willmott, H.P. & Keegan, John (2002). The Second World War in the Far East. Smithsonian Books. ISBN 1-58834-192-5. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kongō. The Japanese Battle Cruiser Kongo (Journal of the American Society of Naval Engineers, Inc. technical article, 1912) Kongō-class battlecruisers Kongō Hiei Kirishima Haruna Followed by: Amagi class List of battlecruisers of Japan List of battleships of Japan vteShipwrecks and maritime incidents in 1924Shipwrecks 10 Jan: HMS L24 16 Jan: USS Tacoma 11 Mar: Wyoming 19 Mar: Submarine No. 43 12 Apr: HMAS Australia 27 May: Tsugaru 7 Jun: America 17 Jun: Shogiku Maru No. 2 10 Jul: Iwami 25 Jul: Hizen 2 Sep: Aki 7 Sep: Satsuma 22 Sep: Clifton 23 Sep: Perun 1 Nov: Glenlyon 25 Nov: USS Washington 29 Nov: HMS Vernon II 12 Dec: USS Castine Other incidents 10 Jan: HMS Resolution 11 Jan: Rhenania 6 Feb: USS S-50 19 Mar: Tatsuta 7 Apr: HMS L25 8 Apr: Submarine No. 22 28 Apr: Spreewald 16 May: Submarine No. 45 14 June: Submarine No. 62, Kongō 23 Jul: HMAS Brisbane 28 Jul: Bergensfjord 29 Jul: Submarine No. 24 31 Aug: Bardic 23 Oct: Port Nicholson October (unknown date): USS Trenton 2 Nov: HMS Venomous 27 Nov: Dieppe 30 Nov: Minnekahda 1923 1925 vteShipwrecks and maritime incidents in November 1944Shipwrecks 1 Nov: USS Abner Read, TA20, HMS Whitaker 2 Nov: Fort Lee 3 Nov: Akikaze 5 Nov: Kiebitz, Nachi, PB-107, TA21 7 Nov: USS Albacore, HM LST-420 8 Nov: USS Growler 9 Nov: U-537 10 Nov: Gokoku Maru, USS Mount Hood 11 Nov: Hamanami, Naganami, USS Scamp, Shimakaze, U-771, U-1200, Wakatsuki 12 Nov: HMAS Marlean, Tirpitz 13 Nov: Akebono, Akishimo, Hatsuharu, Hatsu Maru, I-12, I-38, Kiso, Okinami 17 Nov: USS LST-6, Mayasan Maru, NKI 01, Shin'yō (ex-Scharnhorst) 18 Nov: I-41, Seisho Maru 20 Nov: USS Mississinewa, HMAS ML 827 21 Nov: Kongō, Urakaze 22 Nov: Hokkai Maru, HMS Stratagem 24 Nov: Hansa 25 Nov: Kumano, HMCS Shawinigan, Shimotsuki, Sumida, U-482, Yasoshima 27 Nov: Rigel 28 Nov: U-80, PB-105, Yu 2 29 Nov: Fushimi, I-365, Shinano Unknown date: Mogador, U-479, U-1020 Other incidents 10 Nov: USS Abarenda, USS Alhena, USS Argonne, USS Aries, USS Cacapon, USS Cebu, HMS Hydra, USS Kyne, USS Lyman, USS Mindanao, USS Oberrender, USS Petrof Bay, USS Piedmont, USS Potawatomi, USS Preserver, USS Saginaw Bay, USS Talbot, USS Walter C. Wann, USS YMS-238, USS Young 13 Nov: U-1052 17 Nov: HMAS ML 827, Seisho Maru 23 Nov: Gus W. Darnell 27 Nov: USS Gar 28 Nov: USS Spearfish 30 Nov: HMS Duff 1943 1944 1945 October 1944 December 1944 26°09′N 121°23′E / 26.150°N 121.383°E / 26.150; 121.383
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*"},{"link_name":"Japanese ship Kongō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_ship_Kong%C5%8D"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kongo_on_the_ways,_showing_two_of_the_propellers_and_the_port_rudder_-_Scientific_American_1913.jpg"},{"link_name":"Scientific American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_American"},{"link_name":"Mount Kongō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Kong%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Imperial Japanese Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy"},{"link_name":"battlecruiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battlecruiser"},{"link_name":"Kongō class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kong%C5%8D-class_battlecruiser"},{"link_name":"George Thurston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Thurston"},{"link_name":"laid down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keel_laying"},{"link_name":"Barrow-in-Furness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrow-in-Furness"},{"link_name":"Vickers Shipbuilding Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_Shipbuilding_and_Engineering"},{"link_name":"capital ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_ship"},{"link_name":"commissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_commissioning"},{"link_name":"battleship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship"},{"link_name":"launch catapults","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_catapult"},{"link_name":"floatplanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floatplane"},{"link_name":"fast battleship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_battleship"},{"link_name":"Second Sino-Japanese War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War"},{"link_name":"Battle of Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Singapore"},{"link_name":"Pacific War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_War"},{"link_name":"amphibious landings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphibious_warfare"},{"link_name":"British Malaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Malaya"},{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Dutch East Indies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Battle of Midway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Midway"},{"link_name":"Guadalcanal Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalcanal_Campaign"},{"link_name":"Truk Lagoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truk_Lagoon"},{"link_name":"Caroline Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline_Islands"},{"link_name":"Kure Naval Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kure_Naval_District"},{"link_name":"Hiroshima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroshima"},{"link_name":"Sasebo Naval Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasebo_Naval_District"},{"link_name":"Nagasaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagasaki"},{"link_name":"Lingga Roads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingga_Roads"},{"link_name":"aircraft carrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_carrier"},{"link_name":"air raids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_bombing"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Philippine Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Philippine_Sea"},{"link_name":"Battle of Leyte Gulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf"},{"link_name":"USS Sealion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Sealion_(SS-315)"},{"link_name":"Formosa Strait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formosa_Strait"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stille20-4"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Kongō-class Japanese warshipFor other ships with the same name, see Japanese ship Kongō.Kongō on the ways at Barrow, showing two of the propellers and the port rudder, Scientific American, 1913Kongō (金剛, named for Mount Kongō) was a warship of the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War I and World War II. She was the first battlecruiser of the Kongō class, among the most heavily armed ships in any navy when built. Her designer was the British naval engineer George Thurston, and she was laid down in 1911 at Barrow-in-Furness in Britain by Vickers Shipbuilding Company. Kongō was the last Japanese capital ship constructed outside Japan. She was formally commissioned in 1913, and patrolled off the Chinese coast during World War I.Kongō underwent two major reconstructions. Beginning in 1929, the Imperial Japanese Navy rebuilt her as a battleship, strengthening her armor and improving her speed and power capabilities. In 1935, her superstructure was completely rebuilt, her speed was increased, and she was equipped with launch catapults for floatplanes. Now fast enough to accompany Japan's growing carrier fleet, Kongō was reclassified as a fast battleship. During the Second Sino-Japanese War, Kongō operated off the coast of mainland China before being redeployed to the Third Battleship Division in 1941. In 1942, she sailed as part of the Southern Force in preparation for the Battle of Singapore.Kongō fought in many major naval actions of the Pacific War during World War II. She covered the Japanese Army's amphibious landings in British Malaya (part of present-day Malaysia) and the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) in 1942, before engaging American forces at the Battle of Midway and during the Guadalcanal Campaign. Throughout 1943, Kongō primarily remained at Truk Lagoon in the Caroline Islands, Kure Naval Base (near Hiroshima), Sasebo Naval Base (near Nagasaki), and Lingga Roads, and deployed several times in response to American aircraft carrier air raids on Japanese island bases scattered across the Pacific. Kongō participated in the Battle of the Philippine Sea and the Battle of Leyte Gulf in 1944 (22–23 October), engaging and sinking American vessels in the latter. Kongō was torpedoed and sunk by the submarine USS Sealion while transiting the Formosa Strait on 21 November 1944. She was the only Japanese battleship sunk by a submarine in the Second World War.[4][a]","title":"Japanese battleship Kongō"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kongō-class battlecruiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kong%C5%8D-class_battlecruiser"},{"link_name":"Imperial Japanese Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy"},{"link_name":"battlecruisers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battlecruisers_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"battleships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship"},{"link_name":"engineer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineer"},{"link_name":"George Thurston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Thurston"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kongoclass-6"},{"link_name":"HMS Invincible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Invincible_(1907)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cfrecord-7"},{"link_name":"Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Navy"},{"link_name":"HMS Erin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Erin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Conway's-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jackson-07-27-8"},{"link_name":"capital ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_ship"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Conway's-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jackson-07-27-8"},{"link_name":"keel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keel"},{"link_name":"Barrow-in-Furness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrow-in-Furness"},{"link_name":"Vickers Shipbuilding and Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_Shipbuilding_and_Engineering"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Conway's-1"},{"link_name":"Portsmouth, England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth,_England"},{"link_name":"fitting-out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitting-out"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jackson-07-27-8"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Conway's-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Conway's-1"}],"text":"See also: Kongō-class battlecruiserKongō was the first of the Imperial Japanese Navy's Kongō-class battlecruisers, which were almost as large, costly and well-armed as battleships, but which traded off armored protection for higher speeds. These were designed by the British naval engineer George Thurston[5] and were ordered in 1910 in the Japanese Emergency Naval Expansion Bill after the commissioning of HMS Invincible in 1908.[6] These four battlecruisers of the Kongō class were designed to match the naval capabilities of the battlecruisers of the other major naval powers at the time, and they have been called the battlecruiser versions of the British (formerly Turkish) battleship HMS Erin.[1][7] Their heavy armament of 14-inch naval guns and their armor protection (which took up about 23.3% of their approximately 30,000-ton displacements in 1913) were greatly superior to those of any other Japanese capital ship afloat at the time.[1][7]The keel of Kongō was laid down at Barrow-in-Furness by Vickers Shipbuilding and Engineering on 17 January 1911. Under Japan's contract with Vickers, the first vessel of the class was constructed in the United Kingdom, with the remainder built in Japan.[1] Kongō was launched on 18 May 1912, and then transferred to the dockyards of Portsmouth, England, where her fitting-out began in mid-1912.[7] All parts used in her construction were manufactured in the U.K.[1] Kongō was completed on 16 April 1913.[1]","title":"Design and construction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Asahi Shimbun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Asahi_Shimbun"},{"link_name":"Matsumoto Kazu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matsumoto_Kazu"},{"link_name":"Yamamoto Gonnohyōe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamamoto_Gonnohy%C5%8De"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kong%C5%8D.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Siemens-Vickers Scandal","text":"In January 1914, a telegram leaked from Siemens' Tokyo office to Reuters along with further reporting by The New York Times and The Asahi Shimbun led to an investigation by Japanese authorities which revealed a pattern of bribery and kickbacks by German and English armaments corporations. Siemens had been paying senior Japanese officials a secret 15% kickback, until Vickers had outbid them by offering 25%. Vickers had paid 210,000 yen to Admiral Fuji of the Imperial Japanese Navy procurement in 1911 and 1912, and 40,000 yen to Vice Admiral Matsumoto Kazu, related to obtaining the contract for building Kongō. Kazu was court-martialed in May 1914, fined 400,000 yen and sentenced to 3 years in prison. As a result of the Siemens-Vickers Scandal revolving around the contracts of building Kongō, the government of Prime Minister Yamamoto Gonnohyōe resigned March 23, 1914. Senior executives of the Mitsui corporation, Japanese partners of Vickers, also resigned.[8][9]Kongō on full power trials 8 May 1913","title":"Design and construction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vickers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-11"},{"link_name":"Vickers 14 inch (356 mm)/45 naval gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_14_inch/45_naval_gun"},{"link_name":"naval guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_gun"},{"link_name":"turrets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_turret"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kongoclass-6"},{"link_name":"Office of Naval Intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Naval_Intelligence"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NW-14-12"},{"link_name":"flash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explosives#Sensitivity"},{"link_name":"high explosive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_explosive"},{"link_name":"armor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armor"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14/45-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jackson-00-48-14"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NW-14-12"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NW-14-12"},{"link_name":"secondary battery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_turret#Wing_turrets"},{"link_name":"6-inch (152 mm) 50 calibre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15_cm/50_41st_Year_Type"},{"link_name":"casemates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casemate"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jackson-07-27-8"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kongoclass-6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NW6-2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jackson-07-27-8"},{"link_name":"5-inch (127 mm) 40-calibre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-inch/40-caliber_gun"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NW5-15"},{"link_name":"shell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery_shell"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NW5-15"},{"link_name":"Type 96","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_96_25_mm_AT/AA_Gun"},{"link_name":"rapid-fire cannons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autocannon"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stille16-16"}],"sub_title":"Armament","text":"Originally, Kongō's main battery was designed to consist of ten 12-inch (305 mm) main guns. However, her builders, Vickers, convinced the Japanese to go with a larger weapon after Kongō was laid down.[10] Because of this, Kongō's main armament as built consisted of eight Vickers 14 inch (356 mm)/45 naval gun heavy-caliber main naval guns in four twin turrets (two forward and two aft), making her the most powerfully armed capital ship when she was commissioned.[5] The turrets were noted by the U.S. Office of Naval Intelligence to be \"similar to the British 15-inch turrets\",[11] with improvements made in flash-tightness. Each of her main guns could fire high explosive or armor-piercing shells 38,770 yards (19.14 nmi; 35.45 km) at a rate of about two shells per minute.[12] In keeping with the Japanese doctrine of deploying more powerful vessels before their opponents, Kongō and her sister ships were the first vessels in the world equipped with 14-inch (356 mm) guns.[13] Her main guns carried ammunition for 90 shots, and they had an approximate barrel lifetime of 250 to 280 shots.[11] In 1941, separate dyes were introduced for the armor-piercing shells of the four Kongō-class battleships to assist with targeting, with Kongō's armor-piercing shells using red dye.[11]The secondary battery of Kongō originally consisted of sixteen 6-inch (152 mm) 50 calibre guns in single casemates located amidships (\"50 calibre\" means that the lengths of the guns were 50 times their bore, or 300 inches),[7] eight 3-inch (76 mm) guns, and eight submerged 21-inch (533 mm) torpedo tubes.[5] Her six-inch naval guns could fire five to six rounds per minute, with a barrel lifetime of about 500 rounds.[2] The 6-inch/50-calibre gun was capable of firing both antiaircraft and antiship shells, though the positioning of these guns on Kongō made antiaircraft firing mostly impractical.[7] During her second reconstruction, the older three-inch guns were removed and then replaced with eight 5-inch (127 mm) 40-calibre dual purpose guns. These guns could fire from eight to 14 rounds per minute, with a barrel lifetime of between 800 to 1,500 rounds.[14] Of Kongō's guns, the 5-inch guns had the widest variety of shell types: antiaircraft, antiship, and illumination shells.[14] Kongō was also armed with many 1-inch (25 mm) antiaircraft machine guns. By October 1944, Kongō's secondary armament was reconfigured to eight 6-inch (152 mm) guns, eight 5-inch (127 mm) guns, and 122 Type 96 antiaircraft rapid-fire cannons.[15]","title":"Design and construction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Armor","text":"Being a battlecruiser, Kongō's armor was fairly thin. She was equipped with a 6- to 8-inch (152–203 mm) main belt. Kongō deck armor consisted of armor plating ranging from 1-inch (25 mm), 1.5-inches (38 mm), to 2.75-inches (7 cm), depending on the area. She was equipped with nine-inch (229 mm) barbette armor protecting the ammunition to her main guns, as well as turret armor consisting of 10-inch (254 mm) turret faces, and 9-inch (229 mm) plating over the sides and rear.[16]","title":"Design and construction"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Service history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HIJMS_Kongo.jpg"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stille14-18"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"link_name":"Yokosuka Naval Arsenal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokosuka_Naval_Arsenal"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cfrecord-7"},{"link_name":"Kure Naval Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kure_Naval_Base"},{"link_name":"German Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Kaiser Wilhelm II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiser_Wilhelm_II"},{"link_name":"German Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire"},{"link_name":"Qingdao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qingdao"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Caroline Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline_Islands"},{"link_name":"Palau Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palau_Islands"},{"link_name":"Marshall Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Islands"},{"link_name":"Marianas Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marianas_Islands"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cfrecord-7"},{"link_name":"Central Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Yokosuka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokosuka_(city)"},{"link_name":"Hiei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Hiei"},{"link_name":"Siege of Tsingtao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Tsingtao"},{"link_name":"Sasebo Naval Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasebo,_Nagasaki"},{"link_name":"Imperator Nikolai I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_battleship_Imperator_Nikolai_I_(1889)"},{"link_name":"dreadnought","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreadnought"},{"link_name":"Russo-Japanese War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War"},{"link_name":"warship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warship"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"East Asia Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asia_Squadron"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Falkland Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Falkland_Islands"},{"link_name":"Pacific Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cfrecord-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cfrecord-7"},{"link_name":"Washington Naval Treaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Naval_Treaty"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jackson-00-67-20"},{"link_name":"displacement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Displacement_(ship)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jackson-00-68-21"},{"link_name":"anti-torpedo bulges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-torpedo_bulge"},{"link_name":"armored","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armor"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jackson-00-68-21"},{"link_name":"Ise-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ise-class_battleship"},{"link_name":"Fusō-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fus%C5%8D-class_battleship"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Crown Prince Hirohito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirohito"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_under_Japanese_rule"},{"link_name":"Submarine No. 62","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_submarine_Ro-28"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"pagoda mast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagoda_mast"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stille15-24"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cfrecord-7"}],"sub_title":"1913–1929: Battlecruiser","text":"Japanese battlecruiser Kongo as first builtOn 16 August 1913, Kongō was completed and commissioned into the Imperial Japanese Navy (I.J.N.). Twelve days later, she departed from Portsmouth headed for Japan.[17] She was docked at Singapore from 20 to 27 October, before arriving at Yokosuka Naval Arsenal on 5 November, where she was placed in First Reserve.[6] In January 1914, she docked at Kure Naval Base for armament checks. On 3 August 1914, the German Empire declared war on France and then invaded via Belgium, sparking the beginning of World War I in the West. Twelve days later, Japan issued a warning to Kaiser Wilhelm II of the German Empire, ordering him to withdraw the German troops from their base at Qingdao, China. When the German Empire did not respond, Japan declared war on Germany on 23 August, occupying the former German possessions in the Caroline Islands, Palau Islands, Marshall Islands, and Marianas Islands.[6] Kongō was quickly deployed towards the Central Pacific to patrol the sea lines of communication of the German Empire. Kongō returned to the port of Yokosuka, Japan, on 12 September, and one month later, she was assigned to the First Battleship Division. In October, Kongō and her new sister ship Hiei sortied off the Chinese coast in support of Japanese army units during the Siege of Tsingtao. Then Kongō returned to Sasebo Naval Base for upgrades to her searchlights. On 3 October 1915, Kongō and Hiei participated in the sinking of the old Imperator Nikolai I as a practice target. She was a Russian pre-dreadnought that had been captured in 1905 during the Russo-Japanese War that had next served as an I.J.N. warship.[18] With the defeat of the German East Asia Squadron by the Royal Navy at the Battle of the Falkland Islands in December 1914, there was little or no need for I.J.N. operations in the Pacific Ocean. Kongō spent the rest of World War I either based at Sasebo or on patrol off the coast of China.[6] In December 1918, following the end of the hostilities of World War I, Kongō was placed in \"Second Reserve\". In April 1919, she was fitted with a new seawater flooding system for her ammunition magazines.[6]With the conclusion of World War I, and the signing of the Washington Naval Treaty on 6 February 1922, the size of the I.J.N. was significantly limited, with a ratio of 5:5:3 required between the capital ships of the United Kingdom, the United States, and the Japanese Empire, since the latter was responsible for only one ocean, rather than the two of the other countries, and fewer warships for France and Italy.[19] This Treaty also banned the signatories from building any new capital ships until 1931, with no capital ship permitted to exceed 35,000 long tons (36,000 t) in displacement.[20] Provided that new additions did not exceed 3,000 tons of displacement, the existing capital ships were allowed to be upgraded with improved anti-torpedo bulges and armored main decks.[20] By the time that the Washington Naval Treaty had been fully implemented in Japan, only three classes of World War I type capital ships remained active: the Ise-class battleships, the Kongō-class battlecruisers, and the Fusō-class battleships.[21]In April 1923, Kongō gave transportation to Crown Prince Hirohito during his official visit to the Japanese possession of Taiwan. On 14 June 1924, she collided with Submarine No. 62 during maneuvers.[22] In November 1924, Kongō docked at Yokosuka, where modifications were made to her main armament, increasing the elevation of her main guns and improving her fire-control systems. In 1927, Kongō underwent major modifications to her superstructure, rebuilding it into the pagoda mast style to accommodate the growing number of fire-control systems for her main guns.[23] In May 1928, her steering equipment was upgraded, before she was placed in reserve in preparation for major modifications and reconstruction in 1929–31.[6]","title":"Service history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kongo_after_reconstruction.jpg"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jackson-07-27-8"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stille16-16"},{"link_name":"Anti-torpedo bulges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-torpedo_bulges"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jackson-07-27-8"},{"link_name":"aircraft catapults","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_catapult"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stille16-16"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stille16-16"},{"link_name":"long tons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_ton"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jackson-07-27-8"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stille16-16"},{"link_name":"London Naval Treaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Naval_Treaty"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jackson-00-72-25"},{"link_name":"Japanese invasion of Manchuria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Manchuria"},{"link_name":"Nobutake Kondō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobutake_Kond%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cfrecord-7"},{"link_name":"Lytton Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lytton_Commission"},{"link_name":"League of Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Nations"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jackson-00-72-25"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jackson-00-72-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Nazi German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_German"},{"link_name":"Paul Wenneker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wenneker"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cfrecord-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kongo_off_Amoy_China_(cropped).jpg"}],"sub_title":"1929–1935: Reconstruction into battleship","text":"Kongō in 1931, following her first reconstructionProhibited by the Washington Treaty from constructing new capital ships until 1931, Japan resorted to upgrading their World War I-era battleships and battlecruisers. Beginning in September 1929, Kongō underwent extensive modernization and modification in drydock at Yokosuka Naval Arsenal.[7] Over the next two years, Kongō's horizontal armor near her ammunition magazines was strengthened, and the machinery spaces within the hull given increased torpedo protection.[15] Anti-torpedo bulges were added along the waterline, as permitted by the Washington Treaty.[7] She was refitted to accommodate three Type 90 Model 0 floatplanes, though no aircraft catapults were fitted.[15] To increase her speed and power, all 36 of her Yarrow boilers were removed, and then replaced with 16 newer boilers, and Brown-Curtis direct-drive turbines were installed.[15] Kongō's forward funnel was removed, and her second funnel was enlarged and lengthened. The modifications to her hull increased her armor weight from 6,502 to 10,313 long tons, directly violating the terms of the Washington Naval Treaty.[7] In March 1931, Kongō—now capable of a speed of 29 knots (54 km/h)—was reclassified as a battleship.[15]On 22 April 1930, Japan signed the London Naval Treaty, placing further restrictions on the signatories' naval forces. Several of her older battleships were scrapped, and no new capital ships were built as replacements.[24] After minor fitting-out work, Kongō's reconstruction begun in September 1929 and was declared complete on 31 March 1931. On 1 December 1931, two months after the Japanese invasion of Manchuria, Kongō was assigned to the First Battleship Division and also designated the flagship of the Combined Fleet. Additional rangefinders and searchlights were fitted to her superstructure in January 1932, and Captain Nobutake Kondō assumed command of the vessel in December. In 1933, aircraft catapults were fitted between the two rear turrets.[6]On 25 February 1933, following a report by the Lytton Commission, the League of Nations agreed that Japan's invasion of China had violated Chinese sovereignty.[24] Refusing to accept the judgement of this organization, Japan withdrew from the League of Nations on the same day.[24] Japan also immediately withdrew from the Washington Naval Treaty and the London Naval Treaty, thus removing all restrictions on the numbers and sizes of her capital warships.[25] In November 1934, Kongō was placed in Second Reserve in preparation for further modifications. On 10 January 1935, Kongō was toured by the Nazi German naval attaché to Japan, Captain Paul Wenneker, as part of a gunnery demonstration.[6]Kongō off the coast of Amoy (present day Xiamen) in 1938","title":"Service history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"aircraft carriers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_carrier"},{"link_name":"fineness ratio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fineness_ratio"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jackson-07-27-8"},{"link_name":"pagoda mast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagoda_mast"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stille16-16"},{"link_name":"catapults","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catapult"},{"link_name":"Nakajima E8N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakajima_E8N"},{"link_name":"Kawanishi E7K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawanishi_E7K"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stille18-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mccurtie185-28"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mccurtie185-28"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jackson-07-27-8"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Conway's-1"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stille16-16"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-11"},{"link_name":"Sasebo Naval District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasebo_Naval_District"},{"link_name":"Takeo Kurita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takeo_Kurita"},{"link_name":"Fuzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuzhou"},{"link_name":"Second Sino-Japanese War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cfrecord-7"},{"link_name":"Raizo Tanaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raizo_Tanaka"},{"link_name":"ammunition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammunition"},{"link_name":"Gunichi Mikawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunichi_Mikawa"},{"link_name":"Kirishima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Kirishima"},{"link_name":"Haruna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Haruna"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cfrecord-7"}],"sub_title":"1935–1941: Fast battleship","text":"On 1 June 1935, Kongō was dry-docked at Yokosuka Naval Arsenal in preparation for upgrades that would enable her to escort Japan's growing fleet of aircraft carriers. Her stern was lengthened by 26 feet (7.9 m) to improve her fineness ratio and her 16 older boilers were removed and then replaced with 11 oil-fired Kampon Boilers and newer geared turbines.[7] In addition, her bridge was completely reconstructed according to Japan's pagoda mast style of forward superstructure,[15] and catapults were added to support three Nakajima E8N or Kawanishi E7K reconnaissance and spotter floatplanes.[26]Kongō's armor was also extensively upgraded. Her main belt was strengthened to a uniform thickness of eight inches (up from varying thicknesses of six to eight inches), and also diagonal bulkheads of depths ranging from 5 to 8 inches (127 to 203 mm) were added to reinforce the main armored belt.[27] The turret armor was strengthened to 10 inches (254 mm), while 4 inches (102 mm) were added to portions of the deck armor.[27] Kongō's ammunition magazine protection was also strengthened to 4.0 inches (10 cm).[7] This reconstruction was finished on 8 January 1937.[1] Capable of greater than 30 knots (56 km/h), despite the significant increase in her hull displacement, Kongō was now reclassified as a fast battleship.[15] Despite this reclassification, however, Kongō could still very much be considered a battlecruiser in nature.[10]In February 1937, Kongō was assigned to the Sasebo Naval District, and in December she was placed under the command of Takeo Kurita in the Third Battleship Division. In April 1938, two float planes from Kongō bombed the Chinese city of Fuzhou during the Second Sino-Japanese War.[6] Throughout 1938 and 1939, Kongō steamed off the Chinese coast in support of Japanese Army operations during the war. In November 1939, Captain Raizo Tanaka assumed command of Kongō. From November 1940 to April 1941, additional armor was added to Kongō's armament barbettes and ammunition tubes, while ventilation and firefighting equipment was also improved. In August 1941, she was assigned to the Third Battleship Division under the command of Vice Admiral Gunichi Mikawa alongside her fully modified sister warships Hiei, Kirishima and the Haruna.[6]","title":"Service history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hashirajima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashirajima"},{"link_name":"War in the Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_the_Pacific"},{"link_name":"Nobutake Kondō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobutake_Kond%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stille19-29"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"the invasion of Thailand and the Malayan Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Malaya"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Prince of Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Prince_of_Wales_(53)"},{"link_name":"Repulse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Repulse_(1916)"},{"link_name":"quickly defeated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinking_of_Prince_of_Wales_and_Repulse"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam"},{"link_name":"Indochina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indochina"},{"link_name":"Lingayen Gulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingayen_Gulf"},{"link_name":"Luzon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luzon"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"Cam Ranh Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cam_Ranh_Bay"},{"link_name":"French Indochina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Indochina"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cfrecord-7"},{"link_name":"heavy cruisers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_cruiser"},{"link_name":"Takao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Takao_(1930)"},{"link_name":"Atago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Atago"},{"link_name":"Ambon Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambon_Island"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cfrecord-7"},{"link_name":"aircraft carriers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_carrier"},{"link_name":"heavy cruisers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_cruiser"},{"link_name":"Dutch East Indies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies"},{"link_name":"Island of Java","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java,_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jackson-07-27-8"},{"link_name":"Christmas Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_Island"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Staring-baai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staring-baai"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cfrecord-7"},{"link_name":"in attacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Ocean_raid"},{"link_name":"Colombo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombo"},{"link_name":"Trincomalee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trincomalee"},{"link_name":"Ceylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceylon"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"HMS Dorsetshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Dorsetshire_(40)"},{"link_name":"HMS Cornwall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Cornwall_(56)"},{"link_name":"naval task force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Task_force#Naval"},{"link_name":"British Eastern Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Eastern_Fleet"},{"link_name":"Admiral James Somerville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Somerville_(admiral)"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-boyle370-32"},{"link_name":"HMS Hermes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Hermes_(95)"},{"link_name":"Trincomalee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trincomalee"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-boyle370-32"},{"link_name":"bombers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomber"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cfrecord-7"},{"link_name":"heavy cruisers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_cruiser"},{"link_name":"Chōkai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Ch%C5%8Dkai"},{"link_name":"Myōkō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_My%C5%8Dk%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Haguro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Haguro"},{"link_name":"Nobutake Kondō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobutake_Kond%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Battle of Midway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Midway"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cfrecord-7"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stille19-29"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stille18-27"},{"link_name":"U.S. Marine Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Marine_Corps"},{"link_name":"amphibious landing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphibious_landing"},{"link_name":"Guadalcanal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalcanal"},{"link_name":"Solomon Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_Islands"},{"link_name":"task force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Task_force#Naval"},{"link_name":"Truk Naval Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truk_Lagoon"},{"link_name":"Central Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean"},{"link_name":"equator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equator"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Battle of Cape Esperance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Esperance"},{"link_name":"Guadalcanal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalcanal"},{"link_name":"Isoroku Yamamoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoroku_Yamamoto"},{"link_name":"light cruiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_cruiser"},{"link_name":"destroyers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroyer"},{"link_name":"air base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_base"},{"link_name":"Henderson Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henderson_Field_(Guadalcanal)"},{"link_name":"airfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airfield"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-schom382-35"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stille19-29"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-schom382-35"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Santa_Cruz_Islands"},{"link_name":"Grumman TBF Avenger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grumman_TBF_Avenger"},{"link_name":"Naval Battle of Guadalcanal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Battle_of_Guadalcanal"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cfrecord-7"}],"sub_title":"1942: Pacific War service","text":"Kongō and Haruna departed from the Hashirajima fleet anchorage on 29 November 1941 to begin the War in the Pacific as part of the Southern (Malay) Force's Main Body, under the overall command of Vice-Admiral Nobutake Kondō.[28] On 4 December 1941, the Main Body arrived off the coast of southern Thailand and northern Malaya in preparation for the invasion of Thailand and the Malayan Peninsula four days later.[29] When Britain's \"Force Z\"—consisting of the battleship Prince of Wales and the battlecruiser Repulse—was quickly defeated by Japan's land-based aircraft from southern Vietnam, Kongō's battlegroup withdrew from Malayan waters. This battlegroup subsequently sortied from Indochina for three days in mid-December to protect a reinforcement convoy traveling to Malaya, and again on 18 December to cover the Japanese Army's landing at Lingayen Gulf, Luzon, in the Philippines. The Main Body departed Cam Ranh Bay in French Indochina on 23 December bound for Taiwan, arriving two days later.[6] In January 1942, Kongō and the heavy cruisers Takao and Atago provided distant cover for air attacks on Ambon Island.[6]On 21 February, Kongō was joined by Haruna, four fast aircraft carriers, five heavy cruisers and numerous support ships in preparation for \"Operation J\", Japan's invasion of the Dutch East Indies. On 25 February, the Third Battleship Division provided cover for air attacks on the Island of Java.[7] Kongō bombarded Christmas Island off the western coast of Australia on 7 March 1942, and then she returned to Staring-baai for 15 days of standby alert.[6] In April 1942, Kongō joined five fleet carriers in attacks on Colombo and Trincomalee on Ceylon.[30] Following the destruction of the British heavy cruisers HMS Dorsetshire and HMS Cornwall on 5 April 1942, this naval task force moved southwest to locate the remainder of the British Eastern Fleet, then under the command of Admiral James Somerville.[31] On 9 April, one of Haruna's reconnaissance seaplanes spotted the aircraft carrier HMS Hermes south of Trincomalee. On the same day, Japanese air attacks sank the carrier,[31] and Kongō was attacked but missed by nine British medium bombers. Having crippled the offensive capability of Britain's Eastern Fleet, the Third Battleship Division returned to Japan. Kongō reached Sasebo on 22 April. From 23 April to 2 May, Kongō was drydocked for reconfiguration of her antiaircraft armament.[6]On 27 May 1942, Kongō sortied with Hiei and the heavy cruisers Atago, Chōkai, Myōkō, and Haguro as part of Admiral Nobutake Kondō's invasion force during the Battle of Midway.[6][28] Following the disastrous loss of four of the Combined Fleet's fast carriers on 4 June 1942, Kondō's force withdrew to Japan.[32] On 14 July she was assigned as the flagship of the restructured Third Battleship Division. In August, Kongō was drydocked at Kure to receive surface-detection radar and additional range finders.[26] In September, Kongō embarked with Hiei, Haruna, Kirishima, three carriers, and numerous smaller warships in response to the U.S. Marine Corps's amphibious landing on Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands. On 20 September, this task force was ordered to return to the Truk Naval Base in the Central Pacific north of the equator.[33]In the aftermath of the Battle of Cape Esperance, the Japanese Army opted to reinforce its troops on Guadalcanal. To protect their transport convoy from enemy air attack, Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto sent Haruna and Kongō, escorted by one light cruiser and nine destroyers, to bombard the American air base at Henderson Field. Because of their high speeds, these two battleships could bombard the airfield and then withdraw before being subjected to air attack from either land-based warplanes or American aircraft carriers.[34] On the night of 13–14 October, these two battleships shelled the area of Henderson Field from a distance of about 16,000 yards (15,000 m), firing 973 14-inch high-explosive shells. In the most successful Japanese battleship action of the war,[28] the bombardment heavily damaged both runways, destroyed almost all of the U.S. Marines' aviation fuel, destroyed or damaged 48 of the Marines' 90 warplanes, and killed 41 Marines.[35] A large Japanese troop and supply convoy reached Guadalcanal on the next day.[34]During the Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands on 26 October 1942, Kongō was attacked by four Grumman TBF Avenger torpedo bombers, but she received no hits. In mid-November, this battleship and other warships provided distant cover for the unsuccessful mission by the I.J.N. to bombard Henderson Field again and to deliver more Army reinforcements to Guadalcanal. On 15 November 1942, following the Japanese defeat and the sinking of Hiei and Kirishima during the Naval Battle of Guadalcanal, the Third Battleship Division returned to Truk, where it remained for the rest of 1942.[6]","title":"Service history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kongo1944.png"},{"link_name":"Operation Ke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Ke"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Truk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuuk_Lagoon"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stille18-27"},{"link_name":"U.S. Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Army"},{"link_name":"Attu Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Attu"},{"link_name":"Musashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Musashi"},{"link_name":"cruisers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruiser"},{"link_name":"USS Sawfish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Sawfish"},{"link_name":"naval task force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Task_force"},{"link_name":"Yokosuka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokosuka"},{"link_name":"light cruisers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_cruiser"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cfrecord-7"},{"link_name":"air raids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_bombing"},{"link_name":"Wake Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wake_Island"},{"link_name":"Inland Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seto_Inland_Sea"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jackson-07-27-8"}],"sub_title":"1943: Movement between bases","text":"Kongō in her 1944 configurationThroughout 1943, Kongō engaged no enemy targets. In late January 1943, she participated in \"Operation Ke\" as part of a diversionary and distant covering force to support I.J.N. destroyers that were evacuating Army troops from Guadalcanal.[36] From 15 February through 20 February 1943, the Third Battleship Division was transferred from Truk to the Kure Naval Base. On 27 February, Kongō was drydocked to receive upgrades to her antiaircraft armament, with the additions of two triple 25 mm gun mounts and the removal of two of her 6-inch turrets, while additional concrete protection was added near her steering gear.[26] On 17 May 1943, in response to the U.S. Army's invasion of Attu Island, Kongō sortied alongside the battleship Musashi, the Third Battleship Division, two fleet carriers, two cruisers, and nine destroyers. Three days later, the American submarine USS Sawfish spotted this naval task force, but she was unable to attack it. On 22 May 1943, the task force arrived in Yokosuka, where it was joined by an additional three fleet carriers and two light cruisers. This force was disbanded when Attu fell to the U.S. Army before the necessary preparations for a counterattack had been finished.[6]On 17 October 1943, Kongō again left Truk as part of a larger task force consisting of five battleships, three fleet carriers, eight heavy cruisers, three light cruisers, and numerous destroyers. These sortied in response to U.S. Navy air raids on Wake Island. No contact between the two forces was made, and the Japanese task force returned to Truk on 26 October 1943. She soon left Truk for home waters, and on 16 December 1943, Kongō arrived at Sasebo for refits and training in the Inland Sea.[7]","title":"Service history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kongo_under_attack.jpg"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stille18-27"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cfrecord-7"},{"link_name":"Tawitawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawitawi"},{"link_name":"Takeo Kurita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takeo_Kurita"},{"link_name":"Mariana Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariana_Islands"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Philippine Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Philippine_Sea"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stille20-4"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stille18-27"}],"sub_title":"1944: Combat and loss","text":"Kongō under attack during the Battle of the Philippine Sea, 20 June 1944In January 1944, Kongō was dry-docked for a reconfiguration of her anti-aircraft suite. Four 6-inch guns and a pair of twin 25 mm mounts were removed and replaced with six twin 5-inch guns and four triple 25 mm mounts.[26] The Third Battleship Division departed from Kure on 8 March 1944. Arriving at Lingga on 14 March 1944, the division remained for training until 11 May 1944.[6] On 11 May 1944, Kongō and Admiral Ozawa's Mobile Fleet departed from Lingga bound for Tawitawi, where they were joined by Vice-Admiral Takeo Kurita's \"Force C\". On 13 June, Ozawa's Mobile Fleet departed from Tawitawi bound for the Mariana Islands.[37] During the Battle of the Philippine Sea, Kongō escorted Japanese fast carriers, and remained undamaged in counterattacks from US carrier aircraft on 20 June.[4] When she returned to Japan, 13 triple and 40 single 25-mm mounts were added to her anti-aircraft armament, for a total of over 100 mounts. In August, two more 6-inch guns were removed and another eighteen single mounts installed.[26]","title":"Service history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Battle of Leyte Gulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf"},{"link_name":"Battle of Leyte Gulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Sibuyan Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Sibuyan_Sea"},{"link_name":"Battle off Samar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_off_Samar"},{"link_name":"escort carriers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escort_carrier"},{"link_name":"USS Hoel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Hoel_(DD-533)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cfrecord-7"},{"link_name":"USS Johnston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Johnston_(DD-557)"},{"link_name":"Kumano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Kumano"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Yamato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Yamato"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Gambier Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Gambier_Bay"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Heermann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Heermann"},{"link_name":"Samuel B. Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Samuel_B._Roberts_(DE-413)"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Brunei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cfrecord-7"}],"sub_title":"Battle of Leyte Gulf","text":"Main Article: Battle of Leyte GulfIn October 1944, Kongō departed from Lingga in preparation for \"Operation Sho-1\", Japan's counterattack during the Battle of Leyte Gulf, the largest naval engagement in history.[38] On 24 October, Kongō was undamaged by several near misses from American carrier aircraft in the Battle of the Sibuyan Sea. On 25 October, during the Battle off Samar, Kongō—as part of Admiral Kurita's Centre Force—engaged the US 7th Fleet's \"Taffy 3\", a battlegroup of escort carriers and destroyers. She targeted various destroyers, but to no avail in the beginning parts of the battle, before scoring a hit with her main battery to the bridge of the destroyer USS Hoel.[6]It's worth noting that for the longest time, it was believed that Kongō scored three hits with her 14-inch (356 mm) guns on the destroyer USS Johnston shortly after the valiant destroyer crippled the heavy cruiser Kumano, severe damage that cut Johnston's speed to 17 knots and took out all but two of her 5-inch guns, and according to the state of her wreck, split her in two and sank her a couple of hours later while under fire from a Japanese destroyer line.[39][40] On the contrary, Japanese records display that Kongō was blinded by a rain squall and unable to engage enemy ships at the time Johnston was hit, but fellow battleship Yamato claimed numerous hits with both her main and secondary battery on a US \"cruiser\" at the exact moment Johnston was hit by what is now commonly accepted as three 18.1-inch (46 cm) shells from Yamato, as well as three hits from Yamato's 6.1-inch (155 mm) secondary guns. Kongō in all reality failed to score a single hit on Johnston and played no role in her crippling and sinking.[41][42][43]Kongō then targeted the escort carrier Gambier Bay, claiming a hit with her main battery. However, said hit was also claimed by the aforementioned battleship Yamato, which is widely agreed upon to have scored the hit due to having the shorter range and the correct firing angle, and indeed, Yamato would be awarded credit for the hit by Japanese admiralty.[44] She then scored numerous hits on Hoel and the destroyer Heermann, heavily contributing to the former's sinking. At 09:12, she sank the destroyer escort Samuel B. Roberts. After a fierce defensive action by the American ships, which sank three Japanese heavy cruisers, Admiral Kurita elected to withdraw, ending the battle.[45] While retreating, Kongō suffered damage from five near misses from attacking aircraft. The fleet arrived at Brunei on 28 October.[6]","title":"Service history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yamato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Yamato"},{"link_name":"Nagato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Nagato"},{"link_name":"Formosa Strait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formosa_Strait"},{"link_name":"USS Sealion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Sealion_(SS-315)"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wheeler183-47"},{"link_name":"Urakaze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Urakaze_(1940)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cfrecord-7"},{"link_name":"Keelung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keelung"},{"link_name":"Formosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formosa"},{"link_name":"Hamakaze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Hamakaze_(1940)"},{"link_name":"Isokaze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Isokaze_(1939)"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wheeler183-47"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wheeler184-48"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stille20-4"},{"link_name":"Revenge-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revenge-class_battleship"},{"link_name":"HMS Royal Oak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Royal_Oak_(08)"},{"link_name":"Queen Elizabeth-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth-class_battleship"},{"link_name":"HMS Barham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Barham_(04)"}],"sub_title":"Sinking","text":"On 16 November, following a US air raid on Brunei, Kongō, along with Yamato, Nagato and the rest of the First Fleet, departed from Brunei bound for Kure in preparation for a major reorganization of the fleet and battle repairs. On 20 November, they entered the Formosa Strait. Shortly after midnight on 21 November, the submarine USS Sealion made radar contact with the fleet at 44,000 yards (40,000 m).[46] Maneuvering into position at 02:45, Sealion fired six bow torpedoes at Kongō followed by three stern torpedoes at Nagato fifteen minutes later. One minute after the first salvo was launched, two of the torpedoes were seen to hit Kongō on the port side, while a third sank the destroyer Urakaze with all hands.[6] The torpedoes flooded two of Kongō's boiler rooms, but she was still able to make 16 kn (30 km/h; 18 mph). By 05:00, she had slowed to 11 kn (20 km/h; 13 mph) and was given permission to break off from the fleet and head to the port of Keelung in Formosa along with the destroyers Hamakaze and Isokaze as escort.[46] Within fifteen minutes of detaching from the main force, Kongō was listing 45 degrees and flooding uncontrollably. At 5:18 the ship lost all power and the order was given to abandon ship.[47] At 5:24, while the evacuation was under way, the forward 14-inch magazine exploded, and the broken ship sank quickly, with the loss of over 1,200 of her crew, including the commander of the Third Battleship Division and her captain.[4]Kongō is believed to have sunk in 350 feet (110 m) of water approximately 55 nautical miles (102 km; 63 mi) northwest of Keelung. She was one of only three British-built battleships sunk by submarine attack during World War II. The other two were the British Revenge-class battleship HMS Royal Oak and the Queen Elizabeth-class battleship HMS Barham.","title":"Service history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-84053-089-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84053-089-8"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0043-0374","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0043-0374"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-87021-907-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87021-907-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-897884-60-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-897884-60-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-905704-72-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-905704-72-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-953-8218-26-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-953-8218-26-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-60888-046-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60888-046-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-85170-194-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85170-194-X"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-55750-481-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55750-481-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-393-32628-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-32628-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8094-2516-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8094-2516-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-84603-280-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-280-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7858-2200-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7858-2200-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8094-3376-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8094-3376-1"},{"link_name":"Keegan, John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Keegan"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-58834-192-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58834-192-5"}],"text":"Boyle, David (1998). World War II in Photographs. London. Rebo Productions. ISBN 1-84053-089-8.\nBrennan, Joe (2017). \"Question 36/51: Japanese 14-in Sub-Caliber Shells\". Warship International. LIV (4): 289. ISSN 0043-0374.\nGardiner, Robert & Gray, Randal, eds. (1985). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-907-3.\nJackson, Robert (2000). The World's Great Battleships. Dallas: Brown Books. ISBN 1-897884-60-5.\nJackson, Robert (editor) (2008). 101 Great Warships. London: Amber Books. ISBN 978-1-905704-72-9.\nLengerer, Hans & Ahlberg, Lars (2019). Capital Ships of the Imperial Japanese Navy 1868–1945: Ironclads, Battleships and Battle Cruisers: An Outline History of Their Design, Construction and Operations. Vol. I: Armourclad Fusō to Kongō Class Battle Cruisers. Zagreb, Croatia: Despot Infinitus. ISBN 978-953-8218-26-2.\nLundgren, Robert (2014). The World Wonder'd: What Really Happened Off Samar. Nimble Books. ISBN 978-1-60888-046-1.\nMcCurtie, Francis (1989) [1945]. Jane's Fighting Ships of World War II. London: Bracken Books. ISBN 1-85170-194-X.\nMcLaughlin, Stephen (2003). Russian & Soviet Battleships. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-481-4.\nSchom, Alan (2004). The Eagle and the Rising Sun; The Japanese-American War, 1941–1943. New York: Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-32628-4.\nSteinberg, Rafael (1980) Return to the Philippines. New York: Time-Life Books Inc. ISBN 0-8094-2516-5.\nStille, Cdr Mark (2008). Imperial Japanese Navy Battleship 1941–1945. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84603-280-6.\nSwanston, Alexander & Swanston, Malcolm (2007). The Historical Atlas of World War II. London: Cartographica Press Ltd. ISBN 0-7858-2200-3.\nWheeler, Keith (1980). War Under the Pacific. New York: Time-Life Books. ISBN 0-8094-3376-1.\nWillmott, H.P. & Keegan, John [1999] (2002). The Second World War in the Far East. Smithsonian Books. ISBN 1-58834-192-5.","title":"Bibliography"}]
[{"image_text":"Kongō on the ways at Barrow, showing two of the propellers and the port rudder, Scientific American, 1913","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Kongo_on_the_ways%2C_showing_two_of_the_propellers_and_the_port_rudder_-_Scientific_American_1913.jpg/220px-Kongo_on_the_ways%2C_showing_two_of_the_propellers_and_the_port_rudder_-_Scientific_American_1913.jpg"},{"image_text":"Kongō on full power trials 8 May 1913","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Kong%C5%8D.jpg/300px-Kong%C5%8D.jpg"},{"image_text":"Japanese battlecruiser Kongo as first built","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/HIJMS_Kongo.jpg/220px-HIJMS_Kongo.jpg"},{"image_text":"Kongō in 1931, following her first reconstruction","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Kongo_after_reconstruction.jpg/220px-Kongo_after_reconstruction.jpg"},{"image_text":"Kongō off the coast of Amoy (present day Xiamen) in 1938","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Kongo_off_Amoy_China_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Kongo_off_Amoy_China_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Kongō in her 1944 configuration","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Kongo1944.png/220px-Kongo1944.png"},{"image_text":"Kongō under attack during the Battle of the Philippine Sea, 20 June 1944","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Kongo_under_attack.jpg/220px-Kongo_under_attack.jpg"}]
[{"title":"List by death toll of ships sunk by submarines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_by_death_toll_of_ships_sunk_by_submarines"}]
[{"reference":"DiGiulian, Tony (2010). \"Japanese 6\"/50\". Navweaps.com. Retrieved 26 February 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.navweaps.com/Weapons/WNJAP_6-50_t41.htm","url_text":"\"Japanese 6\"/50\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kongo-class Battleship\". Combined Fleet. Retrieved 10 September 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://combinedfleet.com/ships/kongo","url_text":"\"Kongo-class Battleship\""}]},{"reference":"Bob Hackett; Sander Kingsepp; Lars Ahlberg. \"IJN Battleship KONGO: Tabular Record of Movement\". Combined Fleet. Retrieved 10 September 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.combinedfleet.com/kongo.htm","url_text":"\"IJN Battleship KONGO: Tabular Record of Movement\""}]},{"reference":"Mitchell, Richard H. (1996). Political Bribery in Japan. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. pp. 28–31. ISBN 978-0824818197.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Hawaii_Press","url_text":"University of Hawaii Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0824818197","url_text":"978-0824818197"}]},{"reference":"\"Siemens Affäre: Dunkle Machenschaften Made in Germany\" [Siemens Affair: Dark Machinations Made in Germany]. Der Spiegel (in German). 14 September 2008. Retrieved 17 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.spiegel.de/geschichte/siemens-affaere-a-947908.html","url_text":"\"Siemens Affäre: Dunkle Machenschaften Made in Germany\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Spiegel","url_text":"Der Spiegel"}]},{"reference":"IJN Kongo - Guide 174, 11 April 2020, retrieved 1 April 2023","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pVh_BmXtfrM","url_text":"IJN Kongo - Guide 174"}]},{"reference":"DiGiulian, Tony (2009). \"Japanese 14\"/45 (35.6 cm) 41st Year Type\". Navweaps.com. Retrieved 26 February 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://navweaps.com/Weapons/WNJAP_14-45_t41.htm","url_text":"\"Japanese 14\"/45 (35.6 cm) 41st Year Type\""}]},{"reference":"\"Japanese Naval Ordnance: 14\"/45 caliber\". Combined Fleet. Retrieved 11 February 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://combinedfleet.com/360_45.htm","url_text":"\"Japanese Naval Ordnance: 14\"/45 caliber\""}]},{"reference":"DiGiulian, Tony (2008). \"Japanese 5\"/40\". Navweaps.com. Retrieved 26 February 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.navweaps.com/Weapons/WNJAP_5-40_t89.htm","url_text":"\"Japanese 5\"/40\""}]},{"reference":"dreadnaughtz (24 February 2021). \"Kongō class Fast Battleships (1912)\". naval encyclopedia. Retrieved 1 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://naval-encyclopedia.com/ww2/japan/kongo-class-fast-battleships.php","url_text":"\"Kongō class Fast Battleships (1912)\""}]},{"reference":"Dogfights: U.S. Beats Back the Japanese Navy (S1, E8) | Full Episode, 4 November 2021, retrieved 16 April 2023","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_zrorXYgh-A","url_text":"Dogfights: U.S. Beats Back the Japanese Navy (S1, E8) | Full Episode"}]},{"reference":"Newly Released Computer Model of USS Johnston Shipwreck Displays Evidence of Explosions, November 2022, retrieved 16 April 2023","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kcUYuVA9Rfs","url_text":"Newly Released Computer Model of USS Johnston Shipwreck Displays Evidence of Explosions"}]},{"reference":"Hackett, Bob; Kingsepp, Sander. \"IJN Battleship YAMATO: Tabular Record of Movement\". Combined Fleet. Retrieved 16 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.combinedfleet.com/yamato.htm","url_text":"\"IJN Battleship YAMATO: Tabular Record of Movement\""}]},{"reference":"\"Yamato and Musashi Internet Photo Archive\". ultimatebattleshipyamatosite.tripod.com. Retrieved 16 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://ultimatebattleshipyamatosite.tripod.com/the_ultimate_battles/","url_text":"\"Yamato and Musashi Internet Photo Archive\""}]},{"reference":"Brennan, Joe (2017). \"Question 36/51: Japanese 14-in Sub-Caliber Shells\". Warship International. LIV (4): 289. ISSN 0043-0374.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0043-0374","url_text":"0043-0374"}]},{"reference":"Gardiner, Robert & Gray, Randal, eds. (1985). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-907-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87021-907-3","url_text":"0-87021-907-3"}]},{"reference":"Lengerer, Hans & Ahlberg, Lars (2019). Capital Ships of the Imperial Japanese Navy 1868–1945: Ironclads, Battleships and Battle Cruisers: An Outline History of Their Design, Construction and Operations. Vol. I: Armourclad Fusō to Kongō Class Battle Cruisers. Zagreb, Croatia: Despot Infinitus. ISBN 978-953-8218-26-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-953-8218-26-2","url_text":"978-953-8218-26-2"}]},{"reference":"Lundgren, Robert (2014). The World Wonder'd: What Really Happened Off Samar. Nimble Books. ISBN 978-1-60888-046-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60888-046-1","url_text":"978-1-60888-046-1"}]},{"reference":"McLaughlin, Stephen (2003). Russian & Soviet Battleships. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-481-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55750-481-4","url_text":"1-55750-481-4"}]},{"reference":"Wheeler, Keith (1980). War Under the Pacific. New York: Time-Life Books. ISBN 0-8094-3376-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8094-3376-1","url_text":"0-8094-3376-1"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunqur_al-Ashqar
Sunqur al-Ashqar
["1 Early career","2 Viceroy of Syria","2.1 Appointment and sultanic ambitions","2.2 Rebellion in Damascus","3 Control of Sahyun","4 Return to Cairo and later career","5 References","6 Bibliography"]
Shams al-Din Sunqur al-Ashqar al-Salihi (Arabic: شمس الدين سنقر الأشقر الصالحي) was the Mamluk viceroy of Damascus in 1279–1280, who attempted to rule Syria independently, in a rebellion against the Egypt-based sultan Qalawun (r. 1279–1290). While the rebellion in Damascus was quashed in 1280, Sunqur ensconced himself in the Sahyun Castle in the coastal mountains of northern Syria. He joined Qalawun in the successful defense of Syria against the Ilkhanid Mongols at the Battle of Homs in 1281. He remained in a state of peaceful relations with the sultan, despite ruling his coastal principality independently. Sunqur's rule came to an end with the capture of Sahyun by Qalawun's deputy Turuntay in 1287. Sunqur returned to Cairo, where he was given the highest military ranks and considerable honors and benefits by Qalawun. The latter's son and successor, al-Ashraf Khalil (r. 1290–1293) imprisoned Sunqur and had him executed in 1293 for defying his orders to hand over part of the wealth he ended up controlling after the sultan's earlier execution of Turuntay. Early career Sunqur was nicknamed al-Ashqar al-Rumi (lit. 'the blond, the Greek'). He was born around 1223 and was an ethnic Mongol. He was a mamluk (slave soldier) of al-Salih Ayyub (r. 1240–1249), the Ayyubid sultan of Egypt, who appointed him to the Bahriyya (adj. 'Bahri'), a mamluk regiment based in Roda Island in the capital Cairo. The Bahri mamluks were part of the large Salihiyya corps, i.e. the mamluks of al-Salih Ayyub. During this period, he became acquainted with another Bahri mamluk of al-Salih Ayyub, the future Mamluk sultan Qalawun. The Ayyubids of Egypt were toppled by their mamluks in 1250, inaugurating the Mamluk state. Sunqur and Qalawun were associates of the powerful deputy of Mamluk sultan Aybak (r. 1250–1257), Faris al-Din Aktay. When the latter was murdered in the Bahri citadel on Aybak's orders in 1254, Sunqur and Qalawun fled the citadel for Ayyubid Syria. During their time in Syria, the Bahri exiles became divided, with one faction, including Sunqur, defecting to the Ayyubid emir of al-Karak, al-Mughith Khidr, while the other, led by Baybars, joined the Ayyubid emir of Damascus, al-Nasir Yusuf. The defectors to Khidr were eventually imprisoned by al-Nasir Yusuf, but during the Mongol invasion of Syria, Sunqur was freed by the Mongols, who conquered the Ayyubid principalities there and made Sunqur their honored guest. Baybars, by now having returned to Egypt under the new sultan Qutuz, led the Mamluk victory against the Mongols in Syria at the Battle of Ain Jalut, capturing most of the region in 1260. Six years later, during the Battle of Mari against the Cilician Armenians, Baybars captured Leo II, a son of their king, Hethoum, and used him to ransom Sunqur from the Mongols, who were allies of the Armenians. Sunqur initially reacted with hesitation at the prospect of being released to Baybars, as he feared punishment for his previous defection from him during their service with the Ayyubids. According to the historian Linda Northrup, the effort to release Sunqur was an indication of the high regard Baybars held for him. Along with another Bahri mamluk, Badr al-Din al-Baysari, Sunqur became the most devoted loyalist of Baybars, who had acceded as sultan in late 1260, with Sunqur and al-Baysari referred to in the sources as "the two wings" of Baybars. Baybars built a house for Sunqur next to his own in Cairo in 1267. While its location and specific descriptions of its structure do not exist, it contained an iwan, majlis (private reception room) and a type of qa'a (roofed reception area) called a hurmiyya. Baybars was succeeded by his son, al-Sa'id Baraka (r. 1277–1279). Sunqur and al-Baysari practically ran the Mamluk state in the immediate aftermath of Baybars's death. Advised by his upstart emirs to assert his sultanic authority, al-Sa'id had them both arrested. This caused major controversy among the mamluks, with higher-ranking emirs confronting the sultan to reverse course. Al-Sa'id soon after freed Sunqur and al-Baysari. Sunqur eventually gained the good graces of al-Sa'id's khushdashiyya, who supported his promotion to the office of viceroy of the sultan. This was probably due to Sunqur's willingness to allow al-Sa'id's loyalists to pilfer the state coffers in exchange for their support. Sunqur served as an envoy for al-Sa'id with other senior mamluks, such as Qalawun and one of the sultan's disaffected viceroys, Kunduk. Viceroy of Syria Appointment and sultanic ambitions Sunqur may have resented al-Sa'id's rule, believing himself better suited to rule than the young sultan. He practically defected from him, when he refused to accompany him back to Cairo. Al-Sa'id died soon after and was succeeded by his brother Solamish, who was seven years old at the time. Sunqur did not act on his ambitions for power, preferring to wait out events. When Qalawun became the atabek al-asakir (commander-in-chief), and thus the practical ruler of the sultanate, Sunqur joined his entourage. He was appointed viceroy of Damascus, the second highest-ranking post in the sultanate, in September 1279. Soon after Sunqur arrived to assume office in Damascus, Qalawun had been elevated to sultan. While the office of viceroy of Syria brought Sunqur control over substantial wealth, fortresses, and troops, as well as eminence among the other mamluks, he probably viewed the appointment as a move by Qalawun to sideline him from the center of power in Cairo and remove him as a potential rival to the sultanate. He viewed himself as more worthy of the sultanate. His dissatisfaction at the political situation was reflected in his absence from Qalawun's coronation ceremony, whilst all other senior mamluks were in attendance. Nevertheless, in December 1279, Qalawun's name was pronounced in the Friday prayers sermons in Syria's cities, a formal recognition of his sultanate in Sunqur's domains. Rebellion in Damascus Under the Ayyubids, Syrian territories were ruled by members of the ruling family, who viewed themselves as equals of their relative, the sultan of Egypt. They frequently attempted to rule independently, a pattern which continued under the early Mamluk sultans. Qalawun's toppling of Solamish in Cairo was taken as a signal by Sunqur to act as sovereign in Syria. Sunqur responded favorably to the invitation by the Ayyubid emir, al-Mughith Khidr, to join the Syrian opposition to Qalawun. In early 1280, Sunqur declared himself independent, adopting the regnal title al-Malik al-Kamil, leading a royal procession in Damascus, and having his name read in the Friday prayer sermons. He proposed to Qalawun that be left to control the region between al-Arish and the Euphrates valley. He did not advocate secession from the sultanate, but autonomy of the kind enjoyed by the Ayyubid emir of Hama, a principality spared full absorption by the Mamluk state. Qalawun initially responded by diplomatic means, sending Salihi emissaries to appeal to the khushdashiyya between Sunqur and Qalawun and invite the former back to obedience. Sunqur maintained his rebellion, attracting the other Salihi mamluks in Damascus to his side. Qalawun dispatched a small force to Palestine, which engaged with a small troop loyal to Sunqur in Gaza. Sunqur's men were put to flight, regrouping in Ramla. A larger force, numbering 6,000 men, was sent by Qalawun against Damascus, likely with the intention to intimidate Sunqur into submission. Sunqur gained a fatwa from the scholar Ibn Khallikan of Damascus, permitting him to challenge the Egyptian army. Sunqur gathered 14,000 mamluks and other troops from across Syria, especially from the Mamluk governors of Aleppo and Baalbek, the Ayyubid governor of Hama, and the Al Fadl, Bedouin Arabs of the Syrian steppe, under Isa ibn Muhanna. Despite their greater numbers, most defected to the Egyptian army during a confrontation at al-Jassora in June 1280. Sunqur, while having fought with distinction, was deprived of his mamluk troops and retreated with the Bedouins of Isa ibn Muhanna and a small coteries of loyalists to the fortress of al-Rahba, along the Euphrates. Damascus surrendered to Qalawun's forces after securing aman (guarantee of safety). Sunqur was formally replaced as na'ib al-saltana of Damascus by one of his former prisoners, the mamluk Lajin. Control of Sahyun The Sahyun Castle Mamluk troops soon after pursued Sunqur, who thereafter left Isa ibn Muhanna's company in the Syrian desert for refuge in the castle of Sahyun, near the Crusader-held port city of Latakia in the northern coastal mountains of Syria. At Sahyun, Sunqur corresponded with the Mongols, promising to join with their forces in the event of a Mongol invasion. However, when the Mongols invaded Syria in late 1280, Sunqur threw in his lot with the Mamluks. Several versions explaining Sunqur's motives exist, including requests by Qalawun's envoys to present a united front against the Mongols and beratement by Isa ibn Muhanna or Sufi sheikhs to not defect from Islam by joining the Mongols at his old age. In any case, Sunqur and his relatively small detachment of troops joined the Mamluk army assembled at Hama, but without integrating under its command. The Mongols captured Aleppo, which had been abandoned by its inhabitants and Mamluk garrison, but withdrew two days later, after which the Muslim troops at Hama pursued them. The Mongols' abandonment of their invasion was ascribed by the sources to the unexpected defection of Sunqur, the assembly of a large Mamluk force at Hama, or the demonstration of power by Qalawun. Following this event, more of Sunqur's men defected to Qalawun. After Qalawun executed Kunduk and other leading emirs in reaction to an assassination plot against him, another leading emir, Aytamish al-Sa'di, defected to Sunqur at Sahyun with 300 of his horsemen. In the meantime, Sunqur had gained the defection of the Mamluk emir of Shaizar fortress, to the west of Hama. The fortress was assaulted by Qalawun's troops and its commander died. Negotiations ensued between Qalawun and Sunqur, whereby it was agreed that Sunqur would surrender Shaizar in return for a pardon and continued control over Sahyun as an iqta (akin to a fief). After this agreement was struck, Mongol armies under Manku Timur invaded northern Syria. Qalawun hurried to confront the challenge, setting up camp with the emirs of the Mamluk armies of Egypt and Syria at a site near Homs. Qalawun summoned Sunqur to join the effort, which he complied with in return for promises that he would be allowed to return to Sahyun. His arrival, along with that of Aytamish, at the sultan's camp significantly boosted the morale of the Mamluk troops. The Mongols were routed at the battle outside Homs, forcing their retreat from Syria. Sunqur was allowed to return to Sahyun. In May 1285, Qalawun captured Margat, a Crusader fortress in the coastal mountain south of Sahyun. He proceeded against the Crusaders further, capturing from them the nearby inland fort of Bulunyas and the island fortress of Maraclea. Marqab was preserved and garrisoned. These developments enabled him to focus on finally subduing Sunqur at Sahyun. In 1286/1287 the sultan commissioned his deputy, Turuntay, to besiege Sahyun. Turuntay arrived in early 1287, offering Sunqur the opportunity to surrender peacefully in return for the sultan's pardon. He refused, but relented after the assault against the fortress commenced. Sunqur surrendered Sahyun and its satellite fortresses in April or May 1287. Return to Cairo and later career Sunqur arrived with Turuntay in Cairo afterward, where he received a grand reception by Qalalwun, his sons, the family of Baybars, the Mamluk armies, the leading emirs and his fellow Salihi mamluks. The sultan gave him the highest rank, amir mi'a, muqaddam alf (emir of one hundred cavalry, commander of one thousand mamluks). He was given the prestigious honor of quarters in the Cairo Citadel, the seat of the empire, and became an adviser and friend of the sultan, who continued to treat him honorably through the end of his reign in 1290. According to Northrup, Qalawun's "magnanimous" treatment of Sunqur and other senior rivals "was not entirely altruistic". As the sultan still lacked full support among the mamluk factions, he aimed to gain their goodwill by giving Sunqur and the sons of Baybars considerable freedom and benefits. Sunqur initially enjoyed close ties with Qalawun's successor, his son al-Ashraf Khalil (r. 1290–1293), who promised to restore to him the fortress of Sahyun. When Turuntay, the second-in-command to the sultan, ran afoul of al-Ashraf Khalil, Sunqur inherited his position. However, Clifford holds this favor "spoiled him as it had Turuntay". Wary of Sunqur overstepping his power, al-Ashraf Khalil ordered him to surrender some of the assets of Turuntay, which Sunqur rejected. After initial hesitation to act against Sunqur, al-Ashraf Khalil was persuaded by his advisers to imprison Sunqur. He was executed in 1293. References ^ Balog 1969, p. 296. ^ a b Yosef 2022, p. 78. ^ Northrup 1998, p. 90. ^ Clifford 2013, p. 85, note 7. ^ a b c Northrup 1998, p. 91. ^ Rabbat 1995, p. 114. ^ Rabbat 1995, p. 115. ^ Clifford 2013, p. 115. ^ Clifford 2013, p. 119. ^ Northrup 1998, pp. 91–92. ^ Northrup 1998, pp. 92–93. ^ a b Clifford 2013, p. 132. ^ Northrup 1998, p. 92. ^ Clifford 2013, p. 133. ^ Clifford 2013, pp. 133–134. ^ Northrup 1998, p. 204. ^ Northrup 1998, p. 94. ^ Clifford 2013, p. 134. ^ Northrup 1998, pp. 94–95. ^ Northrup 1998, p. 95. ^ Northrup 1998, p. 97. ^ Northrup 1998, p. 101. ^ Northrup 1998, p. 102. ^ Northrup 1998, p. 105. ^ Northrup 1998, pp. 106–107. ^ Northrup 1998, p. 109. ^ Northrup 1998, p. 112. ^ Northrup 1998, pp. 130–132. ^ Northrup 1998, p. 136. ^ a b Northrup 1998, p. 137. ^ a b c Clifford 2013, p. 150. Bibliography Balog, Paul (1969). "A dirhem of Al-Kāmil Shams Al-Dīn Sunqur, rebel sultān of Syria, hitherto unrecorded in numismatics (679 H.=1280 A.D.)". Revue Numismatique. 6 (11): 296–299. doi:10.3406/numi.1969.991. Clifford, Winslow William (2013). Conermann, Stephan (ed.). State formation and the structure of politics in Mamluk Syro-Egypt, 648–741 A.H./1250–1340 C.E. Bonn University Press: V and R Unipress. ISBN 978-3-8471-0091-1. Northrup, Linda S. (1998). From Slave to Sultan: The Career of Al-Manṣūr Qalāwūn and the Consolidation of Mamluk Rule in Egypt and Syria (678–689 A.H./1279–1290 A.D.). Franz Steiner. ISBN 3-515-06861-9. Rabbat, Nasser O. (1995). The Citadel of Cairo: A New Interpretation of Royal Mamluk Architecture. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 90-04-10124-1. Yosef, Koby (2022). "The Names of the Mamluks: Ethnic Groups and Ethnic Solidarity in the Mamluk Sultanate (648-922, 1250-1517)". In Levanoni, Amalia (ed.). Egypt and Syria under Mamluk Rule: Political, Social and Cultural Aspects. Leiden: Brill. pp. 59–118. ISBN 978-90-04-45951-9.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Turuntay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turuntay&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"al-Ashraf Khalil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ashraf_Khalil"}],"text":"Sunqur's rule came to an end with the capture of Sahyun by Qalawun's deputy Turuntay in 1287. Sunqur returned to Cairo, where he was given the highest military ranks and considerable honors and benefits by Qalawun. The latter's son and successor, al-Ashraf Khalil (r. 1290–1293) imprisoned Sunqur and had him executed in 1293 for defying his orders to hand over part of the wealth he ended up controlling after the sultan's earlier execution of Turuntay.","title":"Sunqur al-Ashqar"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalog1969296-1"},{"link_name":"Mongol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongols"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYosef202278-2"},{"link_name":"mamluk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluk"},{"link_name":"al-Salih Ayyub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Salih_Ayyub"},{"link_name":"Ayyubid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayyubid"},{"link_name":"Bahriyya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahri_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Roda Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roda_Island"},{"link_name":"Cairo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo"},{"link_name":"Mamluk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Qalawun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qalawun"},{"link_name":"Aybak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aybak"},{"link_name":"Faris al-Din Aktay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faris_al-Din_Aktay"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorthrup199890-3"},{"link_name":"al-Karak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Karak"},{"link_name":"al-Mughith Khidr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Mughith_Khidr&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Baybars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baybars"},{"link_name":"al-Nasir Yusuf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Nasir_Yusuf"},{"link_name":"Mongol invasion of Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Syria"},{"link_name":"conquered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Aleppo_(1260)"},{"link_name":"Qutuz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qutuz"},{"link_name":"Battle of Ain Jalut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ain_Jalut"},{"link_name":"Battle of Mari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mari"},{"link_name":"Cilician Armenians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilician_Armenia"},{"link_name":"Leo II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_II,_King_of_Armenia"},{"link_name":"Hethoum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hethum_I,_King_of_Armenia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClifford201385,_note_7-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorthrup199891-5"},{"link_name":"Badr al-Din al-Baysari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Badr_al-Din_al-Baysari&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabbat1995114-6"},{"link_name":"iwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwan"},{"link_name":"majlis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majlis"},{"link_name":"qa'a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qa%27a_(room)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabbat1995115-7"},{"link_name":"al-Sa'id Baraka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Said_Barakah"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClifford2013115-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClifford2013119-9"},{"link_name":"Kunduk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kunduk&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorthrup199891-5"}],"text":"Sunqur was nicknamed al-Ashqar al-Rumi (lit. 'the blond, the Greek').[1] He was born around 1223 and was an ethnic Mongol.[2] He was a mamluk (slave soldier) of al-Salih Ayyub (r. 1240–1249), the Ayyubid sultan of Egypt, who appointed him to the Bahriyya (adj. 'Bahri'), a mamluk regiment based in Roda Island in the capital Cairo. The Bahri mamluks were part of the large Salihiyya corps, i.e. the mamluks of al-Salih Ayyub. During this period, he became acquainted with another Bahri mamluk of al-Salih Ayyub, the future Mamluk sultan Qalawun. The Ayyubids of Egypt were toppled by their mamluks in 1250, inaugurating the Mamluk state. Sunqur and Qalawun were associates of the powerful deputy of Mamluk sultan Aybak (r. 1250–1257), Faris al-Din Aktay. When the latter was murdered in the Bahri citadel on Aybak's orders in 1254, Sunqur and Qalawun fled the citadel for Ayyubid Syria.[3]During their time in Syria, the Bahri exiles became divided, with one faction, including Sunqur, defecting to the Ayyubid emir of al-Karak, al-Mughith Khidr, while the other, led by Baybars, joined the Ayyubid emir of Damascus, al-Nasir Yusuf. The defectors to Khidr were eventually imprisoned by al-Nasir Yusuf, but during the Mongol invasion of Syria, Sunqur was freed by the Mongols, who conquered the Ayyubid principalities there and made Sunqur their honored guest. Baybars, by now having returned to Egypt under the new sultan Qutuz, led the Mamluk victory against the Mongols in Syria at the Battle of Ain Jalut, capturing most of the region in 1260. Six years later, during the Battle of Mari against the Cilician Armenians, Baybars captured Leo II, a son of their king, Hethoum, and used him to ransom Sunqur from the Mongols, who were allies of the Armenians. Sunqur initially reacted with hesitation at the prospect of being released to Baybars, as he feared punishment for his previous defection from him during their service with the Ayyubids.[4] According to the historian Linda Northrup, the effort to release Sunqur was an indication of the high regard Baybars held for him.[5]Along with another Bahri mamluk, Badr al-Din al-Baysari, Sunqur became the most devoted loyalist of Baybars, who had acceded as sultan in late 1260, with Sunqur and al-Baysari referred to in the sources as \"the two wings\" of Baybars.[6] Baybars built a house for Sunqur next to his own in Cairo in 1267. While its location and specific descriptions of its structure do not exist, it contained an iwan, majlis (private reception room) and a type of qa'a (roofed reception area) called a hurmiyya.[7]Baybars was succeeded by his son, al-Sa'id Baraka (r. 1277–1279). Sunqur and al-Baysari practically ran the Mamluk state in the immediate aftermath of Baybars's death. Advised by his upstart emirs to assert his sultanic authority, al-Sa'id had them both arrested. This caused major controversy among the mamluks, with higher-ranking emirs confronting the sultan to reverse course. Al-Sa'id soon after freed Sunqur and al-Baysari.[8] Sunqur eventually gained the good graces of al-Sa'id's khushdashiyya, who supported his promotion to the office of viceroy of the sultan. This was probably due to Sunqur's willingness to allow al-Sa'id's loyalists to pilfer the state coffers in exchange for their support.[9] Sunqur served as an envoy for al-Sa'id with other senior mamluks, such as Qalawun and one of the sultan's disaffected viceroys, Kunduk.[5]","title":"Early career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Viceroy of Syria"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Solamish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solamish"},{"link_name":"Damascus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorthrup199891-5"},{"link_name":"Friday prayers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friday_prayers"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorthrup199891%E2%80%9392-10"}],"sub_title":"Appointment and sultanic ambitions","text":"Sunqur may have resented al-Sa'id's rule, believing himself better suited to rule than the young sultan. He practically defected from him, when he refused to accompany him back to Cairo. Al-Sa'id died soon after and was succeeded by his brother Solamish, who was seven years old at the time. Sunqur did not act on his ambitions for power, preferring to wait out events. When Qalawun became the atabek al-asakir (commander-in-chief), and thus the practical ruler of the sultanate, Sunqur joined his entourage. He was appointed viceroy of Damascus, the second highest-ranking post in the sultanate, in September 1279. Soon after Sunqur arrived to assume office in Damascus, Qalawun had been elevated to sultan.[5]While the office of viceroy of Syria brought Sunqur control over substantial wealth, fortresses, and troops, as well as eminence among the other mamluks, he probably viewed the appointment as a move by Qalawun to sideline him from the center of power in Cairo and remove him as a potential rival to the sultanate. He viewed himself as more worthy of the sultanate. His dissatisfaction at the political situation was reflected in his absence from Qalawun's coronation ceremony, whilst all other senior mamluks were in attendance. Nevertheless, in December 1279, Qalawun's name was pronounced in the Friday prayers sermons in Syria's cities, a formal recognition of his sultanate in Sunqur's domains.[10]","title":"Viceroy of Syria"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorthrup199892%E2%80%9393-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClifford2013132-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorthrup199892-13"},{"link_name":"al-Arish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Arish"},{"link_name":"Euphrates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphrates"},{"link_name":"Hama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hama"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClifford2013132-12"},{"link_name":"Gaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_City"},{"link_name":"Ramla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramla"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClifford2013133-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClifford2013133%E2%80%93134-15"},{"link_name":"fatwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatwa"},{"link_name":"Ibn Khallikan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khallikan"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorthrup1998204-16"},{"link_name":"Baalbek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baalbek"},{"link_name":"Al Fadl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Fadl"},{"link_name":"Isa ibn Muhanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isa_ibn_Muhanna"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorthrup199894-17"},{"link_name":"confrontation at al-Jassora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_al-Jassora"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClifford2013134-18"},{"link_name":"al-Rahba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Rahba"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorthrup199894%E2%80%9395-19"},{"link_name":"aman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aman_(Islam)"},{"link_name":"Lajin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lajin"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorthrup199895-20"}],"sub_title":"Rebellion in Damascus","text":"Under the Ayyubids, Syrian territories were ruled by members of the ruling family, who viewed themselves as equals of their relative, the sultan of Egypt. They frequently attempted to rule independently, a pattern which continued under the early Mamluk sultans.[11] Qalawun's toppling of Solamish in Cairo was taken as a signal by Sunqur to act as sovereign in Syria.[12]Sunqur responded favorably to the invitation by the Ayyubid emir, al-Mughith Khidr, to join the Syrian opposition to Qalawun. In early 1280, Sunqur declared himself independent, adopting the regnal title al-Malik al-Kamil, leading a royal procession in Damascus, and having his name read in the Friday prayer sermons.[13] He proposed to Qalawun that be left to control the region between al-Arish and the Euphrates valley. He did not advocate secession from the sultanate, but autonomy of the kind enjoyed by the Ayyubid emir of Hama, a principality spared full absorption by the Mamluk state.[12]Qalawun initially responded by diplomatic means, sending Salihi emissaries to appeal to the khushdashiyya between Sunqur and Qalawun and invite the former back to obedience. Sunqur maintained his rebellion, attracting the other Salihi mamluks in Damascus to his side. Qalawun dispatched a small force to Palestine, which engaged with a small troop loyal to Sunqur in Gaza. Sunqur's men were put to flight, regrouping in Ramla.[14] A larger force, numbering 6,000 men, was sent by Qalawun against Damascus, likely with the intention to intimidate Sunqur into submission.[15] Sunqur gained a fatwa from the scholar Ibn Khallikan of Damascus, permitting him to challenge the Egyptian army.[16] Sunqur gathered 14,000 mamluks and other troops from across Syria, especially from the Mamluk governors of Aleppo and Baalbek, the Ayyubid governor of Hama, and the Al Fadl, Bedouin Arabs of the Syrian steppe, under Isa ibn Muhanna.[17] Despite their greater numbers, most defected to the Egyptian army during a confrontation at al-Jassora in June 1280.[18] Sunqur, while having fought with distinction, was deprived of his mamluk troops and retreated with the Bedouins of Isa ibn Muhanna and a small coteries of loyalists to the fortress of al-Rahba, along the Euphrates.[19] Damascus surrendered to Qalawun's forces after securing aman (guarantee of safety). Sunqur was formally replaced as na'ib al-saltana of Damascus by one of his former prisoners, the mamluk Lajin.[20]","title":"Viceroy of Syria"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Citadel_of_Salah_Ed-din.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sahyun Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahyun_Castle"},{"link_name":"Sahyun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahyun"},{"link_name":"Latakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latakia"},{"link_name":"northern coastal mountains of Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Coastal_Mountain_Range"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorthrup199897-21"},{"link_name":"Sufi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufi"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorthrup1998101-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorthrup1998102-23"},{"link_name":"Aytamish al-Sa'di","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aytamish_al-Sa%27di&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorthrup1998105-24"},{"link_name":"Shaizar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaizar"},{"link_name":"iqta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iqta"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorthrup1998106%E2%80%93107-25"},{"link_name":"Manku Timur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B6ngke_Tem%C3%BCr_(Ilkhanate)"},{"link_name":"Homs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homs"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorthrup1998109-26"},{"link_name":"battle outside Homs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Homs"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorthrup1998112-27"},{"link_name":"Margat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margat"},{"link_name":"Crusader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusades"},{"link_name":"Bulunyas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baniyas"},{"link_name":"Maraclea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maraclea"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorthrup1998130%E2%80%93132-28"},{"link_name":"Turuntay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turuntay&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorthrup1998136-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorthrup1998137-30"}],"text":"The Sahyun CastleMamluk troops soon after pursued Sunqur, who thereafter left Isa ibn Muhanna's company in the Syrian desert for refuge in the castle of Sahyun, near the Crusader-held port city of Latakia in the northern coastal mountains of Syria.[21] At Sahyun, Sunqur corresponded with the Mongols, promising to join with their forces in the event of a Mongol invasion. However, when the Mongols invaded Syria in late 1280, Sunqur threw in his lot with the Mamluks. Several versions explaining Sunqur's motives exist, including requests by Qalawun's envoys to present a united front against the Mongols and beratement by Isa ibn Muhanna or Sufi sheikhs to not defect from Islam by joining the Mongols at his old age. In any case, Sunqur and his relatively small detachment of troops joined the Mamluk army assembled at Hama, but without integrating under its command.[22] The Mongols captured Aleppo, which had been abandoned by its inhabitants and Mamluk garrison, but withdrew two days later, after which the Muslim troops at Hama pursued them. The Mongols' abandonment of their invasion was ascribed by the sources to the unexpected defection of Sunqur, the assembly of a large Mamluk force at Hama, or the demonstration of power by Qalawun. Following this event, more of Sunqur's men defected to Qalawun.[23]After Qalawun executed Kunduk and other leading emirs in reaction to an assassination plot against him, another leading emir, Aytamish al-Sa'di, defected to Sunqur at Sahyun with 300 of his horsemen.[24] In the meantime, Sunqur had gained the defection of the Mamluk emir of Shaizar fortress, to the west of Hama. The fortress was assaulted by Qalawun's troops and its commander died. Negotiations ensued between Qalawun and Sunqur, whereby it was agreed that Sunqur would surrender Shaizar in return for a pardon and continued control over Sahyun as an iqta (akin to a fief).[25] After this agreement was struck, Mongol armies under Manku Timur invaded northern Syria. Qalawun hurried to confront the challenge, setting up camp with the emirs of the Mamluk armies of Egypt and Syria at a site near Homs. Qalawun summoned Sunqur to join the effort, which he complied with in return for promises that he would be allowed to return to Sahyun. His arrival, along with that of Aytamish, at the sultan's camp significantly boosted the morale of the Mamluk troops.[26] The Mongols were routed at the battle outside Homs, forcing their retreat from Syria. Sunqur was allowed to return to Sahyun.[27]In May 1285, Qalawun captured Margat, a Crusader fortress in the coastal mountain south of Sahyun. He proceeded against the Crusaders further, capturing from them the nearby inland fort of Bulunyas and the island fortress of Maraclea. Marqab was preserved and garrisoned. These developments enabled him to focus on finally subduing Sunqur at Sahyun.[28] In 1286/1287 the sultan commissioned his deputy, Turuntay, to besiege Sahyun. Turuntay arrived in early 1287, offering Sunqur the opportunity to surrender peacefully in return for the sultan's pardon. He refused, but relented after the assault against the fortress commenced.[29] Sunqur surrendered Sahyun and its satellite fortresses in April or May 1287.[30]","title":"Control of Sahyun"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cairo Citadel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo_Citadel"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorthrup1998137-30"},{"link_name":"al-Ashraf Khalil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ashraf_Khalil"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClifford2013150-31"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClifford2013150-31"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClifford2013150-31"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYosef202278-2"}],"text":"Sunqur arrived with Turuntay in Cairo afterward, where he received a grand reception by Qalalwun, his sons, the family of Baybars, the Mamluk armies, the leading emirs and his fellow Salihi mamluks. The sultan gave him the highest rank, amir mi'a, muqaddam alf (emir of one hundred cavalry, commander of one thousand mamluks). He was given the prestigious honor of quarters in the Cairo Citadel, the seat of the empire, and became an adviser and friend of the sultan, who continued to treat him honorably through the end of his reign in 1290. According to Northrup, Qalawun's \"magnanimous\" treatment of Sunqur and other senior rivals \"was not entirely altruistic\". As the sultan still lacked full support among the mamluk factions, he aimed to gain their goodwill by giving Sunqur and the sons of Baybars considerable freedom and benefits.[30]Sunqur initially enjoyed close ties with Qalawun's successor, his son al-Ashraf Khalil (r. 1290–1293), who promised to restore to him the fortress of Sahyun. When Turuntay, the second-in-command to the sultan, ran afoul of al-Ashraf Khalil, Sunqur inherited his position. However, Clifford holds this favor \"spoiled him as it had Turuntay\".[31] Wary of Sunqur overstepping his power, al-Ashraf Khalil ordered him to surrender some of the assets of Turuntay, which Sunqur rejected. After initial hesitation to act against Sunqur, al-Ashraf Khalil was persuaded by his advisers to imprison Sunqur.[31] He was executed in 1293.[31][2]","title":"Return to Cairo and later career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"A dirhem of Al-Kāmil Shams Al-Dīn Sunqur, rebel sultān of Syria, hitherto unrecorded in numismatics (679 H.=1280 A.D.)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.persee.fr/doc/numi_0484-8942_1969_num_6_11_991"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.3406/numi.1969.991","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.3406%2Fnumi.1969.991"},{"link_name":"State formation and the structure of politics in Mamluk Syro-Egypt, 648–741 A.H./1250–1340 C.E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=WYSN8bMlJZ8C"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-8471-0091-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8471-0091-1"},{"link_name":"From Slave to Sultan: The Career of Al-Manṣūr Qalāwūn and the Consolidation of Mamluk Rule in Egypt and Syria (678–689 A.H./1279–1290 A.D.)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=DivRsJGJaKwC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-515-06861-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-515-06861-9"},{"link_name":"The Citadel of Cairo: A New Interpretation of Royal Mamluk Architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=ZWxPEAAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"90-04-10124-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-10124-1"},{"link_name":"Egypt and Syria under Mamluk Rule: Political, Social and Cultural Aspects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=HP1TEAAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-90-04-45951-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-45951-9"}],"text":"Balog, Paul (1969). \"A dirhem of Al-Kāmil Shams Al-Dīn Sunqur, rebel sultān of Syria, hitherto unrecorded in numismatics (679 H.=1280 A.D.)\". Revue Numismatique. 6 (11): 296–299. doi:10.3406/numi.1969.991.\nClifford, Winslow William (2013). Conermann, Stephan (ed.). State formation and the structure of politics in Mamluk Syro-Egypt, 648–741 A.H./1250–1340 C.E. Bonn University Press: V and R Unipress. ISBN 978-3-8471-0091-1.\nNorthrup, Linda S. (1998). From Slave to Sultan: The Career of Al-Manṣūr Qalāwūn and the Consolidation of Mamluk Rule in Egypt and Syria (678–689 A.H./1279–1290 A.D.). Franz Steiner. ISBN 3-515-06861-9.\nRabbat, Nasser O. (1995). The Citadel of Cairo: A New Interpretation of Royal Mamluk Architecture. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 90-04-10124-1.Yosef, Koby (2022). \"The Names of the Mamluks: Ethnic Groups and Ethnic Solidarity in the Mamluk Sultanate (648-922, 1250-1517)\". In Levanoni, Amalia (ed.). Egypt and Syria under Mamluk Rule: Political, Social and Cultural Aspects. Leiden: Brill. pp. 59–118. ISBN 978-90-04-45951-9.","title":"Bibliography"}]
[{"image_text":"The Sahyun Castle","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Citadel_of_Salah_Ed-din.jpg/390px-Citadel_of_Salah_Ed-din.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Balog, Paul (1969). \"A dirhem of Al-Kāmil Shams Al-Dīn Sunqur, rebel sultān of Syria, hitherto unrecorded in numismatics (679 H.=1280 A.D.)\". Revue Numismatique. 6 (11): 296–299. doi:10.3406/numi.1969.991.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.persee.fr/doc/numi_0484-8942_1969_num_6_11_991","url_text":"\"A dirhem of Al-Kāmil Shams Al-Dīn Sunqur, rebel sultān of Syria, hitherto unrecorded in numismatics (679 H.=1280 A.D.)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fnumi.1969.991","url_text":"10.3406/numi.1969.991"}]},{"reference":"Clifford, Winslow William (2013). Conermann, Stephan (ed.). State formation and the structure of politics in Mamluk Syro-Egypt, 648–741 A.H./1250–1340 C.E. Bonn University Press: V and R Unipress. ISBN 978-3-8471-0091-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WYSN8bMlJZ8C","url_text":"State formation and the structure of politics in Mamluk Syro-Egypt, 648–741 A.H./1250–1340 C.E"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8471-0091-1","url_text":"978-3-8471-0091-1"}]},{"reference":"Northrup, Linda S. (1998). From Slave to Sultan: The Career of Al-Manṣūr Qalāwūn and the Consolidation of Mamluk Rule in Egypt and Syria (678–689 A.H./1279–1290 A.D.). Franz Steiner. ISBN 3-515-06861-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DivRsJGJaKwC","url_text":"From Slave to Sultan: The Career of Al-Manṣūr Qalāwūn and the Consolidation of Mamluk Rule in Egypt and Syria (678–689 A.H./1279–1290 A.D.)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-515-06861-9","url_text":"3-515-06861-9"}]},{"reference":"Rabbat, Nasser O. (1995). The Citadel of Cairo: A New Interpretation of Royal Mamluk Architecture. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 90-04-10124-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZWxPEAAAQBAJ","url_text":"The Citadel of Cairo: A New Interpretation of Royal Mamluk Architecture"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-10124-1","url_text":"90-04-10124-1"}]},{"reference":"Yosef, Koby (2022). \"The Names of the Mamluks: Ethnic Groups and Ethnic Solidarity in the Mamluk Sultanate (648-922, 1250-1517)\". In Levanoni, Amalia (ed.). Egypt and Syria under Mamluk Rule: Political, Social and Cultural Aspects. Leiden: Brill. pp. 59–118. ISBN 978-90-04-45951-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HP1TEAAAQBAJ","url_text":"Egypt and Syria under Mamluk Rule: Political, Social and Cultural Aspects"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-45951-9","url_text":"978-90-04-45951-9"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willem_Pijper
Willem Pijper
["1 Life","2 Music","3 List of works","4 Notes","5 References","6 External links","7 Further reading"]
Dutch composer, music critic and teacher (1894–1947) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Willem Pijper" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Willem PijperPijper c. 1935BornWillem Frederik Johannes Pijper(1894-09-08)8 September 1894Zeist, NetherlandsDied18 March 1947(1947-03-18) (aged 52)Utrecht, NetherlandsEducationUtrecht Academy of MusicOccupationsComposermusic criticmusic teacherKnown forHaving the Dutch term for "octatonic scale" named after him (Pijper toonladder) Willem Frederik Johannes Pijper (Dutch pronunciation: ; 8 September 1894 – 18 March 1947) was a Dutch composer, music critic and music teacher. Pijper is considered to be among the most important Dutch composers of the first half of the 20th century. Life Pijper was born at Zeist, near Utrecht, on 8 September 1894 of strict Calvinist working-class parents. His father, who sometimes played psalm accompaniments on the harmonium, taught him the names of the notes of the treble clef when he was five. Willem subsequently discovered the use of sharps and flats and began composing simple melodies. His fascination with symmetrical musical structures was evident even at this early age. At ten he began formal piano lessons and made rapid progress. Poor health as a child meant that he was educated at home until age 13, but in 1912, after three years study at the gymnasium (high school), Pijper entered the Utrecht Academy of Music, where he was taught composition by Johan Wagenaar, passing examinations in theoretical subjects in 1915. Apart from his brief study with Wagenaar he was entirely self-taught as a composer. Pijper occasionally gave piano recitals, but his activity as a critic was of greater importance. At the end of the First World War, he became a critic for the Utrechtsch Dagblad, and in that capacity was at least partly responsible for the departure of Jan van Gilse, then chief conductor of the Utrechts Stedelijk Orkest. Pijper’s constant vitriolic (and often ad hominem) attacks upon Van Gilse forced the latter to demand that the orchestra board refuse Pijper admittance to concerts; after the board had stalled on the issue for some time, Van Gilse resigned in 1921. Pijper has since been criticised for his role in the affair, also because his combined functions of critic and advisor for the Tivoli concert hall at least suggested a conflict of interest (Article about the Van Gilse/Pijper conflict in De Volkskrant (in Dutch)). In 1926, with Paul F. Sanders, he established the periodical De Muziek, to which he contributed many essays. Collections of his essays were published by Querido under the title De Quintencirckel and De Stemvork. Pijper spent much of his time during the war years working on a new opera, Merlijn, based on the Arthurian legend. Although he worked on the project for over six years, the work was never completed. In late 1946, he was diagnosed with cancer. During the closing weeks of his life he rewrote the orchestration to his Concerto for Violoncello and Orchestra. Pijper died in Utrecht on 18 March 1947. Music Pijper quickly chose his own path as a composer. The difference in style between his First Symphony (Pan; 1917) (in which Mahler's influence is evident) and the Second (1921) is significant, and between 1918 and 1922 he grew into one of the more advanced composers in Europe. In each successive work he went a step further, starting from his conception that every work of art arises out of a number of "germ cells" (somewhat akin to Igor Stravinsky's early "cell technique"). From 1919, Pijper's music can be described as polytonal. Yet there is no question of Pijper's consciously abandoning tonality; rather his polyphonic way of thinking and his sense of counterpoint made his harmonic style evolve in that direction. In that sense, he stands quite close to the music of his contemporary Matthijs Vermeulen, but his music does not quite reach the ecstatic level of Vermeulen's. Nonetheless, Pijper remained a composer of strong emotional character, to which his Third Symphony (1926) bears witness. In Pijper's later works the harmonic expression seems at times to approach monotonality. The octatonic scale has been called the "Pijper scale" in Dutch. As a teacher, Pijper had a great influence on modern Dutch music, teaching many prominent Dutch composers of the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s. He was senior teacher of instrumentation at the Amsterdam Conservatoire, and from 1930 until his death in 1947 he acted as principal of the Rotterdam Conservatoire. List of works Orchestral music Symphony No. 1 Pan (1917) Symphony No. 2 (1921) Symphony No. 3 (1926) Six Adagios (1940) Six Symphonic Epigrams (1928) Concerto for Piano & Orchestra (1927) Orchestral Piece with Piano (1915) Concerto for Violin & Orchestra (1938–39) Concerto for Violoncello Solo & Orchestra (1936/47) Chamber music Septet for flute/piccolo, oboe/English horn, clarinet, bassoon, horn, double bass & piano (1920) Sextet for flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon, horn & piano (1923) Phantasie for flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon, horn & piano (1927) on Mozart's Phantasie für eine Spieluhr, 1791 Quintet for woodwinds: flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon & horn (1929) String Quartet No. 1 (1914) String Quartet No. 2 (1920) String Quartet No. 3 (1923) String Quartet No. 4 (1928) String Quartet No. 5 (1946) Quattro Pezzi Antichi for 3 violins & violoncello (1923) Trio for flute, clarinet & bassoon (1926–27) Trio No. 1 for violin, violoncello & piano (1914) Trio No. 2 for violin, violoncello & piano (1921) Sonata for flute & piano (1925) Sonata No. 1 for violin & piano (1919) Sonata No. 2 for violin & piano (1922) Sonata No. 1 for violoncello & piano (1919) Sonata No. 2 for violoncello & piano (1924) Sonata for violin solo (1931) Passepied for carillon (1916) Piano music De Boufon, Het Patertje Langs den Kant, Scharmoes for piano solo (1926) in the series "Folk Dances of the World" Sonata for piano (1930) Sonata for two pianos (1935) Sonatina No. 1 for piano (1917) Sonatina No. 2 for piano (1925) Sonatina No. 3 for piano (1925) Theme and Five Variations for piano solo (1913) Three Aphorisms for piano solo (1915) Choral La fille morte dans ses amours (1921) from "Deux Ballades de Paul Fort" Le marchand de sable geork nos. 1 & 2 (1934) from "Deux Ballades de Paul Fort" Chanson "Réveilles-vous piccars" (1932–33) De Lente Komt (1917) (René de Clercq) Op den Weefstoel (1918) (René de Clercq) Heer Danielken (1925) Heer Halewijn (1920) Vanden Coning van Castilien (1936) Vocal (with instrumental accompaniment) Fête Galantes (1916) (Paul Verlaine) Hymne (1941–43) (Pieter Cornelis Boutens) Songs from "The Tempest" (1930) (William Shakespeare) Die Nächliche Heerschau (1922/43) (Carl Löwe) Romance sans paroles, C'est le chien de Jean de Nivelle (1921) (Paul Verlaine) Voice and piano Allerseelen (1914) (H. von Gilm) Douwdeuntje (1916) (René de Clercq) Fêtes Galantes (1916) (Paul Verlaine) Two Songs on Ancient Dutch Texts (1923) Four Songs (1916) (Bertha de Bruyn) La Maumariée (1919–20) Huit Noëls de France (1919) Acht oud-Hollandsche liederen, first series (1924) Acht oud-Hollandsche liederen, second series (1935) Oud-Hollandsche minneliederen (1920/1942) Vieilles chansons de France (1918/1946) Twee Wachterliederen (1934) Zestiende-eeuwsch Marialied (1929) Incidental music Antigone (1920/1926) (Sophocles/Balthazar Verhagen) De Bacchanten (1924) (Euripides/Verhagen) De Cycloop (1925) (Euripides/Verhagen) Faëton of Reuckelose Stoutheit (1937) (Joost van den Vondel) The Tempest (1929–30) (William Shakespeare) Opera Halewijn (1932–34), Symphonic drama in 9 scenes Merlijn (1939–42) (Unfinished), Symphonic drama in 3 acts (Simon Vestdijk, libretto) Adapted with permission from John Craton's Willem Pijper web page Selected recordings The complete String Quartets. The Schönberg Quartet, Olympia Explorer, 1994 Notes ^ The part of the first violin in this quartet has to be played by a mute violin. References ^ The New Grove Dictionary of Music & Musicians, 2010, Oxford University Press, ed. Sadie and Tyrrell. ^ See http://www.ripm.org/?page=JournalInfo&ABB=MZK (accessed 10 August 2017). ^ Van der Merwe, Peter (2004). Roots of the Classical: The Popular Origins of Western Music, p.217, 106. ISBN 9780191513268. Also: . External links Willem Pijper: Biography & list of works (in English and French) Willem Pijper: Het papieren gevaar (online at dbnl) Free scores by Willem Pijper at the International Music Score Library Project (IMSLP) Further reading Dierick, Augustinus P. "WILLEM PIJPER: AN APERCU". Canadian Journal of Netherlandic Studies, Volume XXIII,I [2002[: 11-31. Kooij, Hans Eduard. "COMPOSITION BY USE OF GERM CELLS- A Botanical-Musical Analogy in the Willem Pijper Sonata for Piano". Tijdschrift van de Koninklijke Vereniging voor Nederlandse Muziekgeschiedenis. Volume LIV-2, 2004: 119-131 Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Israel Belgium United States Czech Republic Netherlands Poland Academics CiNii Artists MusicBrainz People Netherlands Trove Other RISM SNAC IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[ˈʋɪləm ˈpɛipər]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Dutch"},{"link_name":"composer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composer"},{"link_name":"music critic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_critic"},{"link_name":"music teacher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_teacher"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Willem Frederik Johannes Pijper (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈʋɪləm ˈpɛipər]; 8 September 1894 – 18 March 1947) was a Dutch composer, music critic and music teacher. Pijper is considered to be among the most important Dutch composers of the first half of the 20th century.[1]","title":"Willem Pijper"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zeist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeist"},{"link_name":"Utrecht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utrecht"},{"link_name":"Calvinist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvinist"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Johan Wagenaar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Wagenaar"},{"link_name":"Jan van Gilse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_van_Gilse"},{"link_name":"Article about the Van Gilse/Pijper conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.xs4all.nl/~fvdwaa/art/vk1447.htm"},{"link_name":"De Volkskrant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Volkskrant"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Querido","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Querido"},{"link_name":"Arthurian legend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_arthur"}],"text":"Pijper was born at Zeist, near Utrecht, on 8 September 1894 of strict Calvinist working-class parents. His father, who sometimes played psalm accompaniments on the harmonium, taught him the names of the notes of the treble clef when he was five. Willem subsequently discovered the use of sharps and flats and began composing simple melodies. His fascination with symmetrical musical structures was evident even at this early age. At ten he began formal piano lessons and made rapid progress.[citation needed]Poor health as a child meant that he was educated at home until age 13, but in 1912, after three years study at the gymnasium (high school), Pijper entered the Utrecht Academy of Music, where he was taught composition by Johan Wagenaar, passing examinations in theoretical subjects in 1915. Apart from his brief study with Wagenaar he was entirely self-taught as a composer.Pijper occasionally gave piano recitals, but his activity as a critic was of greater importance. At the end of the First World War, he became a critic for the Utrechtsch Dagblad, and in that capacity was at least partly responsible for the departure of Jan van Gilse, then chief conductor of the Utrechts Stedelijk Orkest. Pijper’s constant vitriolic (and often ad hominem) attacks upon Van Gilse forced the latter to demand that the orchestra board refuse Pijper admittance to concerts; after the board had stalled on the issue for some time, Van Gilse resigned in 1921. Pijper has since been criticised for his role in the affair, also because his combined functions of critic and advisor for the Tivoli concert hall at least suggested a conflict of interest (Article about the Van Gilse/Pijper conflict in De Volkskrant (in Dutch)).In 1926, with Paul F. Sanders, he established the periodical De Muziek, to which he contributed many essays.[2] Collections of his essays were published by Querido under the title De Quintencirckel and De Stemvork.Pijper spent much of his time during the war years working on a new opera, Merlijn, based on the Arthurian legend. Although he worked on the project for over six years, the work was never completed. In late 1946, he was diagnosed with cancer. During the closing weeks of his life he rewrote the orchestration to his Concerto for Violoncello and Orchestra. Pijper died in Utrecht on 18 March 1947.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(music)"},{"link_name":"Igor Stravinsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky"},{"link_name":"polytonal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytonality"},{"link_name":"Matthijs Vermeulen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthijs_Vermeulen"},{"link_name":"octatonic scale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octatonic_scale"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Pijper quickly chose his own path as a composer. The difference in style between his First Symphony (Pan; 1917) (in which Mahler's influence is evident) and the Second (1921) is significant, and between 1918 and 1922 he grew into one of the more advanced composers in Europe. In each successive work he went a step further, starting from his conception that every work of art arises out of a number of \"germ cells\" (somewhat akin to Igor Stravinsky's early \"cell technique\").From 1919, Pijper's music can be described as polytonal. Yet there is no question of Pijper's consciously abandoning tonality; rather his polyphonic way of thinking and his sense of counterpoint made his harmonic style evolve in that direction. In that sense, he stands quite close to the music of his contemporary Matthijs Vermeulen, but his music does not quite reach the ecstatic level of Vermeulen's. Nonetheless, Pijper remained a composer of strong emotional character, to which his Third Symphony (1926) bears witness. In Pijper's later works the harmonic expression seems at times to approach monotonality.The octatonic scale has been called the \"Pijper scale\" in Dutch.[3] As a teacher, Pijper had a great influence on modern Dutch music, teaching many prominent Dutch composers of the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s. He was senior teacher of instrumentation at the Amsterdam Conservatoire, and from 1930 until his death in 1947 he acted as principal of the Rotterdam Conservatoire.","title":"Music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Orchestral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchestra"},{"link_name":"Chamber music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamber_music"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"carillon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carillon"},{"link_name":"Piano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano"},{"link_name":"check spelling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Typo_help_inline"},{"link_name":"Heer Halewijn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heer_Halewijn"},{"link_name":"Pieter Cornelis Boutens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Cornelis_Boutens"},{"link_name":"Paul Verlaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Verlaine"},{"link_name":"Paul Verlaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Verlaine"},{"link_name":"Incidental music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incidental_music"},{"link_name":"Sophocles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophocles"},{"link_name":"Euripides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euripides"},{"link_name":"Joost van den Vondel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joost_van_den_Vondel"},{"link_name":"William Shakespeare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespeare"},{"link_name":"Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera"},{"link_name":"Halewijn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heer_Halewijn"},{"link_name":"Merlijn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Merlijn&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Simon Vestdijk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Vestdijk"},{"link_name":"Willem Pijper web page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.craton.net/biographies/pijper/pijper.htm"}],"text":"Orchestral music\nSymphony No. 1 Pan (1917)\nSymphony No. 2 (1921)\nSymphony No. 3 (1926)\nSix Adagios (1940)\nSix Symphonic Epigrams (1928)\nConcerto for Piano & Orchestra (1927)\nOrchestral Piece with Piano (1915)\nConcerto for Violin & Orchestra (1938–39)\nConcerto for Violoncello Solo & Orchestra (1936/47)\nChamber music\nSeptet for flute/piccolo, oboe/English horn, clarinet, bassoon, horn, double bass & piano (1920)\nSextet for flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon, horn & piano (1923)\nPhantasie for flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon, horn & piano (1927) on Mozart's Phantasie für eine Spieluhr, 1791\nQuintet for woodwinds: flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon & horn (1929)\nString Quartet No. 1 (1914)[a]\nString Quartet No. 2 (1920)\nString Quartet No. 3 (1923)\nString Quartet No. 4 (1928)\nString Quartet No. 5 (1946)\nQuattro Pezzi Antichi for 3 violins & violoncello (1923)\nTrio for flute, clarinet & bassoon (1926–27)\nTrio No. 1 for violin, violoncello & piano (1914)\nTrio No. 2 for violin, violoncello & piano (1921)\nSonata for flute & piano (1925)\nSonata No. 1 for violin & piano (1919)\nSonata No. 2 for violin & piano (1922)\nSonata No. 1 for violoncello & piano (1919)\nSonata No. 2 for violoncello & piano (1924)\nSonata for violin solo (1931)\nPassepied for carillon (1916)\nPiano music\nDe Boufon, Het Patertje Langs den Kant, Scharmoes for piano solo (1926) in the series \"Folk Dances of the World\"\nSonata for piano (1930)\nSonata for two pianos (1935)\nSonatina No. 1 for piano (1917)\nSonatina No. 2 for piano (1925)\nSonatina No. 3 for piano (1925)\nTheme and Five Variations for piano solo (1913)\nThree Aphorisms for piano solo (1915)\nChoral\nLa fille morte dans ses amours (1921) from \"Deux Ballades de Paul Fort\"\nLe marchand de sable geork[check spelling] nos. 1 & 2 (1934) from \"Deux Ballades de Paul Fort\"\nChanson \"Réveilles-vous piccars\" (1932–33)\nDe Lente Komt (1917) (René de Clercq)\nOp den Weefstoel (1918) (René de Clercq)\nHeer Danielken (1925)\nHeer Halewijn (1920)\nVanden Coning van Castilien (1936)\nVocal (with instrumental accompaniment)\nFête Galantes (1916) (Paul Verlaine)\nHymne (1941–43) (Pieter Cornelis Boutens)\nSongs from \"The Tempest\" (1930) (William Shakespeare)\nDie Nächliche Heerschau (1922/43) (Carl Löwe)\nRomance sans paroles, C'est le chien de Jean de Nivelle (1921) (Paul Verlaine)\nVoice and piano\nAllerseelen (1914) (H. von Gilm)\nDouwdeuntje (1916) (René de Clercq)\nFêtes Galantes (1916) (Paul Verlaine)\nTwo Songs on Ancient Dutch Texts (1923)\nFour Songs (1916) (Bertha de Bruyn)\nLa Maumariée (1919–20)\nHuit Noëls de France (1919)\nAcht oud-Hollandsche liederen, first series (1924)\nAcht oud-Hollandsche liederen, second series (1935)\nOud-Hollandsche minneliederen (1920/1942)\nVieilles chansons de France (1918/1946)\nTwee Wachterliederen (1934)\nZestiende-eeuwsch Marialied (1929)\nIncidental music\nAntigone (1920/1926) (Sophocles/Balthazar Verhagen)\nDe Bacchanten (1924) (Euripides/Verhagen)\nDe Cycloop (1925) (Euripides/Verhagen)\nFaëton of Reuckelose Stoutheit (1937) (Joost van den Vondel)\nThe Tempest (1929–30) (William Shakespeare)\nOpera\nHalewijn (1932–34), Symphonic drama in 9 scenes\nMerlijn (1939–42) (Unfinished), Symphonic drama in 3 acts (Simon Vestdijk, libretto)Adapted with permission from John Craton's Willem Pijper web pageSelected recordings[edit]The complete String Quartets. The Schönberg Quartet, Olympia Explorer, 1994","title":"List of works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"mute violin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mute_violin"}],"text":"^ The part of the first violin in this quartet has to be played by a mute violin.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canadian Journal of Netherlandic Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Journal_of_Netherlandic_Studies"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q195114#identifiers"},{"link_name":"FAST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//id.worldcat.org/fast/174241/"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000118726828"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/7580813"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJhXcrvvHvMPM37hpVvrbd"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb139594969"},{"link_name":"BnF data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb139594969"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/118792156"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007274512005171"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/13924663"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n85160639"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=mzk2014838479&CON_LNG=ENG"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069598347"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810586244205606"},{"link_name":"CiNii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA11307741?l=en"},{"link_name":"MusicBrainz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//musicbrainz.org/artist/6a0bb83a-f80a-49e8-90e2-821f6ba30ac2"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.biografischportaal.nl/en/persoon/60154295"},{"link_name":"Trove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//trove.nla.gov.au/people/1164610"},{"link_name":"RISM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//rism.online/people/30106346"},{"link_name":"SNAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6fr19z3"},{"link_name":"IdRef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.idref.fr/161171265"}],"text":"Dierick, Augustinus P. \"WILLEM PIJPER: AN APERCU\". Canadian Journal of Netherlandic Studies, Volume XXIII,I [2002[: 11-31.\nKooij, Hans Eduard. \"COMPOSITION BY USE OF GERM CELLS- A Botanical-Musical Analogy in the Willem Pijper Sonata for Piano\". Tijdschrift van de Koninklijke Vereniging voor Nederlandse Muziekgeschiedenis. Volume LIV-2, 2004: 119-131Authority control databases International\nFAST\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nFrance\nBnF data\nGermany\nIsrael\nBelgium\nUnited States\nCzech Republic\nNetherlands\nPoland\nAcademics\nCiNii\nArtists\nMusicBrainz\nPeople\nNetherlands\nTrove\nOther\nRISM\nSNAC\nIdRef","title":"Further reading"}]
[]
null
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Pollard_Sr.
Nicholas Pollard Sr.
["1 References","2 External links"]
Belizean politician and trade union leader Nicholas Anthony Ignatius Pollard Sr. (March 22, 1924 - January 21, 2003) was a Belizean politician and trade union leader. He was born in 1924 in Bacalar, Quintana Roo, Mexico to Belizean parents, Stella Alberta Gill and Juanito Castro Pollard. He was a founding member of the People's United Party (PUP) in 1950. The same year, he was elected president of the General Workers Union. He made major contributions to the development of the trade union movement in Belize. On September 29, 1956, Pollard and nationalist leader George Cadle Price co-founded the Belize Times, now one of the largest newspapers in Belize. In 1958, Pollard broke away from the PUP and formed the Christian Democratic Party of Belize (CDP). The CDP contested the 1961 elections, but the PUP won all 18 seats. He served as Executive Secretary of the English-speaking Caribbean region of the Confederación Latino Americana de Sindicatos Cristianos (CLASC; also known in English as the Latin American Confederation of Christian Unionists) from 1961 to 1969. With the support of CLASC he founded the National Federation of Christian Trade Unions in Belize in 1962. In the 1970s, Pollard left public life and worked in the private sector. He became an educator in the 1980s and 1990s. He died in January 2003. He was married to Elizabeth Hoffman-Pollard, and the couple had twelve children. The first child was Nicholas Pollard, Jr. who became heavily involved in several national sports organizations. References ^ "Nicholas Pollard: dead at 79". Great Belize Television. January 22, 2003. Retrieved 2021-08-27. Francis, Michael J. "Revolutionary Labor in Latin America: The CLASC." Journal of Inter-American Studies. 10:4 (October 1968). Grant, Cedric H. The Making of Modern Belize: Politics, Society, and British Colonialism in Central America. London: Cambridge University Press, 1976. Ysaguirre, William. "Trade Unions Honour Labour Leader Antonio Soberanis." Belize Reporter. July 14, 2006. External links Nicholas Pollard Sr. dedication site This article about a Belizean politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Belizean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belize"},{"link_name":"politician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politician"},{"link_name":"trade union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union"},{"link_name":"Bacalar, Quintana Roo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacalar,_Quintana_Roo"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"People's United Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_United_Party"},{"link_name":"George Cadle Price","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Cadle_Price"},{"link_name":"Belize Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belize_Times"},{"link_name":"Christian Democratic Party of Belize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_and_Agricultural_Labour_Party"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"Caribbean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean"},{"link_name":"Confederación Latino Americana de Sindicatos Cristianos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Confederaci%C3%B3n_Latino_Americana_de_Sindicatos_Cristianos&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"National Federation of Christian Trade Unions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Federation_of_Christian_Trade_Unions"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Pollard, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicholas_Pollard,_Jr.&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Nicholas Anthony Ignatius Pollard Sr. (March 22, 1924 - January 21, 2003) was a Belizean politician and trade union leader.He was born in 1924 in Bacalar, Quintana Roo, Mexico to Belizean parents, Stella Alberta Gill and Juanito Castro Pollard.He was a founding member of the People's United Party (PUP) in 1950. The same year, he was elected president of the General Workers Union. He made major contributions to the development of the trade union movement in Belize.On September 29, 1956, Pollard and nationalist leader George Cadle Price co-founded the Belize Times, now one of the largest newspapers in Belize.In 1958, Pollard broke away from the PUP and formed the Christian Democratic Party of Belize (CDP). The CDP contested the 1961 elections, but the PUP won all 18 seats.He served as Executive Secretary of the English-speaking Caribbean region of the Confederación Latino Americana de Sindicatos Cristianos (CLASC; also known in English as the Latin American Confederation of Christian Unionists) from 1961 to 1969. With the support of CLASC he founded the National Federation of Christian Trade Unions in Belize in 1962.In the 1970s, Pollard left public life and worked in the private sector. He became an educator in the 1980s and 1990s.He died in January 2003.[1] He was married to Elizabeth Hoffman-Pollard, and the couple had twelve children. The first child was Nicholas Pollard, Jr. who became heavily involved in several national sports organizations.","title":"Nicholas Pollard Sr."}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Nicholas Pollard: dead at 79\". Great Belize Television. January 22, 2003. Retrieved 2021-08-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://edition.channel5belize.com/archives/15803","url_text":"\"Nicholas Pollard: dead at 79\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Belize_Television","url_text":"Great Belize Television"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Gallant
Ryan Gallant
["1 Early life","2 Professional career","2.1 Sponsors","3 Videography","4 Video game appearances","5 References","6 External links"]
American skateboarder This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Ryan Gallant" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Ryan GallantGallant in 2007Born (1982-05-25) May 25, 1982 (age 42)Southboro, Massachusetts, U.S.SpouseSummer Gallant Ryan Gallant (born May 25, 1982) is an American professional skateboarder with a goofy-footed stance. Early life Gallant was born in Waltham, Massachusetts. He began skateboarding as a youth in waltham, where the skateboarding scene was abundant and robust with such skateboarders as Matt Schnorr ( Null Skateboards, Es' shoes, Eastern Boarder and Next gen skateshop), Chi Chi Rodriguez, And Matthew Place (Place Matt) (Next Gen Skateshop, Concepts Skateshop, MNC flowteam) as well as many others from the local "skate scene" although he was later raised in Southborough, Massachusetts. Professional career Gallant was first noticed in the skate video PJ Ladd's Wonderful Horrible Life, a shop video from Boston, Massachusetts's Coliseum skate shop. He is also affiliated with True East Skateshop, which is an East Coast-based chain of "mom and pop" shops. Gallant was first sponsored by Expedition One skateboards and appeared in the company's first video Alone. In April 2009, Gallant left his longtime sponsor DC Shoes and established a sponsorship deal with Circa. The "Gallant Grind" is a skateboard trick that is named after Gallant. Sponsors As of December 2015, Gallant is sponsored by Expedition One, Bones Swiss Bearings, Gold Wheels, MOB Grip, Silver Trucks,. Videography Digital: Who Let the Dogs out (2001) Monkey Business: Project of a lifetime (2002) Gold Wheels: Got Gold? (2002) Expedition-One "Alone" (2002) PJ Ladd's Wonderful Horrible Life (2002) DC: The DC Video (2003) Digital "Everyday" (2003) The Kayo Corp: Promo (2004) Transworld Skateboarding: First Love (2005) Plan B: Live After Death (2006) Plan B: "Superfuture" (2008) C1rca: "Welcome" (2011) Expedition: "Madness" (2011) Expedition: "All Ages" (2013) Da Playground: "Honor Roll" (2013) Video game appearances Gallant is a playable character in the Electronic Arts video games Skate, Skate 2 and Skate 3. References ^ "Ryan Gallant Skater Profile, News, Photos, Videos, Coverage, and More at SPoT". Skateparkoftampa.com. September 26, 2013. Retrieved September 12, 2021. ^ "SKATE 3 - EA Games". Skate.ea.com. Archived from the original on October 15, 2012. Retrieved October 3, 2013. ^ "Ryan Gallant Profile < Skately Library". Skately.com. May 25, 1982. Retrieved October 3, 2013. ^ a b Brooks, Josh (January 19, 2010), "Ryan Gallant Back on Expedition-One", espn.go.com, retrieved January 24, 2012 ^ "Introducing Ryan Gallant", C1RCA, April 24, 2009, archived from the original on November 21, 2010, retrieved January 24, 2012 ^ "Ryan Gallant", ProSkaterBase.com, archived from the original on June 29, 2014, retrieved January 24, 2012 ^ "Ads". Gold Wheels & Apparel. Kayo Corp. May 2013. Archived from the original on December 4, 2012. Retrieved May 13, 2013. ^ "Silver Skateboard Trucks - Ryan Gallant". Silver. December 2013. Archived from the original on December 6, 2013. Retrieved December 5, 2013. ^ "EA Skate : Profiles : Ryan Gallant", EA Skate, retrieved January 24, 2012 External links Expedition-One Skateboard All Ages Video Da Playground Honor Roll Transworld First Love Pj Ladd's wonderful horrible Life EA Skate Profile
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"goofy-footed stance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Footedness#Regular_and_goofy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Ryan Gallant (born May 25, 1982) is an American professional skateboarder with a goofy-footed stance.[1][2][3]","title":"Ryan Gallant"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Waltham, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waltham,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Southborough, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southborough,_Massachusetts"}],"text":"Gallant was born in Waltham, Massachusetts. He began skateboarding as a youth in waltham, where the skateboarding scene was abundant and robust with such skateboarders as Matt Schnorr ( Null Skateboards, Es' shoes, Eastern Boarder and Next gen skateshop), Chi Chi Rodriguez, And Matthew Place (Place Matt) (Next Gen Skateshop, Concepts Skateshop, MNC flowteam) as well as many others from the local \"skate scene\" although he was later raised in Southborough, Massachusetts.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"skate shop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skate_shop"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESPN_2010-4"},{"link_name":"East Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"mom and pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mom_and_pop"},{"link_name":"Expedition One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expedition_One"},{"link_name":"DC Shoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Shoes"},{"link_name":"Circa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circa_(company)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-circa-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ProSkaterBase.com-6"}],"text":"Gallant was first noticed in the skate video PJ Ladd's Wonderful Horrible Life, a shop video from Boston, Massachusetts's Coliseum skate shop.[4] He is also affiliated with True East Skateshop, which is an East Coast-based chain of \"mom and pop\" shops.Gallant was first sponsored by Expedition One skateboards and appeared in the company's first video Alone. In April 2009, Gallant left his longtime sponsor DC Shoes and established a sponsorship deal with Circa.[5]The \"Gallant Grind\" is a skateboard trick that is named after Gallant.[6]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESPN_2010-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Sponsors","text":"As of December 2015, Gallant is sponsored by Expedition One,[4] Bones Swiss Bearings, Gold Wheels,[7] MOB Grip, Silver Trucks,.[8]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Transworld Skateboarding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transworld_Skateboarding"}],"text":"Digital: Who Let the Dogs out (2001)\nMonkey Business: Project of a lifetime (2002)\nGold Wheels: Got Gold? (2002)\nExpedition-One \"Alone\" (2002)\nPJ Ladd's Wonderful Horrible Life (2002)\nDC: The DC Video (2003)\nDigital \"Everyday\" (2003)\nThe Kayo Corp: Promo (2004)\nTransworld Skateboarding: First Love (2005)\nPlan B: Live After Death (2006)\nPlan B: \"Superfuture\" (2008)\nC1rca: \"Welcome\" (2011)\nExpedition: \"Madness\" (2011)\nExpedition: \"All Ages\" (2013)\nDa Playground: \"Honor Roll\" (2013)","title":"Videography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Electronic Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Arts"},{"link_name":"Skate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skate_(2007_video_game)"},{"link_name":"Skate 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skate_2"},{"link_name":"Skate 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skate_3"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EA-9"}],"text":"Gallant is a playable character in the Electronic Arts video games Skate, Skate 2 and Skate 3.[9]","title":"Video game appearances"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Ryan Gallant Skater Profile, News, Photos, Videos, Coverage, and More at SPoT\". Skateparkoftampa.com. September 26, 2013. Retrieved September 12, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://skateparkoftampa.com/spot/sk.aspx?ID=1071","url_text":"\"Ryan Gallant Skater Profile, News, Photos, Videos, Coverage, and More at SPoT\""}]},{"reference":"\"SKATE 3 - EA Games\". Skate.ea.com. Archived from the original on October 15, 2012. Retrieved October 3, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121015003352/http://skate.ea.com/profiles.action?profileId=RyanGallant-rgallant.xml","url_text":"\"SKATE 3 - EA Games\""},{"url":"http://skate.ea.com/profiles.action?profileId=RyanGallant-rgallant.xml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ryan Gallant Profile < Skately Library\". Skately.com. May 25, 1982. Retrieved October 3, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://skately.com/library/people/ryan-gallant","url_text":"\"Ryan Gallant Profile < Skately Library\""}]},{"reference":"Brooks, Josh (January 19, 2010), \"Ryan Gallant Back on Expedition-One\", espn.go.com, retrieved January 24, 2012","urls":[{"url":"http://espn.go.com/action/skateboarding/news/story?id=4682252","url_text":"\"Ryan Gallant Back on Expedition-One\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espn.go.com","url_text":"espn.go.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Introducing Ryan Gallant\", C1RCA, April 24, 2009, archived from the original on November 21, 2010, retrieved January 24, 2012","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101121024719/http://c1rca.com/mainline/index.php/2009/04/24/introducing-ryan-gallant/","url_text":"\"Introducing Ryan Gallant\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C1RCA","url_text":"C1RCA"},{"url":"http://c1rca.com/mainline/index.php/2009/04/24/introducing-ryan-gallant/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ryan Gallant\", ProSkaterBase.com, archived from the original on June 29, 2014, retrieved January 24, 2012","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140629160403/http://proskaterbase.com/skaters/ryan_gallant.html","url_text":"\"Ryan Gallant\""},{"url":"http://proskaterbase.com/skaters/ryan_gallant.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ads\". Gold Wheels & Apparel. Kayo Corp. May 2013. Archived from the original on December 4, 2012. Retrieved May 13, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121204033758/http://www.goldwheels.com/ads/","url_text":"\"Ads\""},{"url":"http://www.goldwheels.com/ads/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Silver Skateboard Trucks - Ryan Gallant\". Silver. December 2013. Archived from the original on December 6, 2013. Retrieved December 5, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131206175621/http://www.silvertruckco.com/team_ryan_gallant.html","url_text":"\"Silver Skateboard Trucks - Ryan Gallant\""},{"url":"http://silvertruckco.com/team_ryan_gallant.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"EA Skate : Profiles : Ryan Gallant\", EA Skate, retrieved January 24, 2012","urls":[{"url":"http://skate.ea.com/mobile/profiles?itemId=RyanGallant-rgallant.xml","url_text":"\"EA Skate : Profiles : Ryan Gallant\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skate_(2007_video_game)","url_text":"EA Skate"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krvavi_Most
Krvavi Most
["1 Sources"]
Coordinates: 45°48′53″N 15°58′33″E / 45.8147°N 15.9759°E / 45.8147; 15.9759Street in Zagreb, Croatia Krvavi Most Krvavi most (lit. "Bloody Bridge") is a street in the heart of Zagreb, capital of Croatia. It is named after the former bridge over the Medveščak creek, which was rendered useless after the covering of the creek. Although the bridge became the street, the name stayed because of historical reasons – as a reminder of history and a witness of Zagreb's past. The bridge gained its name because of the constant conflicts happening on its wooden beams between the citizens of the two parts of Zagreb: Gradec and present day Kaptol. Sources "Krvavi most". zagreb.hr (in Croatian). City of Zagreb. Retrieved 20 September 2012. 45°48′53″N 15°58′33″E / 45.8147°N 15.9759°E / 45.8147; 15.9759 vteZagrebHistoryvteHistory of ZagrebEvolution Andautonia Kaptol Gradec Zagreb Novi Zagreb City of Zagreb Zagreb County Timeline Coat of arms of ZagrebEvents Golden Bull of 1242 Great Zagreb earthquake Visit of Emperor Franz Joseph World War II 1974 Zagreb train disaster 1976 Zagreb mid-air collision 1987 Summer Universiade Eurovision Song Contest 1990 Bombing of the Banski Dvori Zagreb rocket attacks 2020 (Earthquake Flash flood COVID-19 Shooting Petrinja earthquake) 2022 Tu-141 crash 2024 protest Structures Croatian Parliament Zagreb Cathedral St. Mark's Church Medvedgrad Ban Jelačić Square St. Mark's Square Pleso Airport Zagreb Fair Zagreb Stock Exchange Stone Gate Vatroslav Lisinski Concert Hall Mirogoj Cemetery Buildings Kallina House Esplanade Zagreb Hotel Manors of Kaptol National Home Palace Banski dvori Cibona Tower Zagrepčanka Vjesnik Building Neboder (Ilica 1) Chromos Tower Coat of arms of ZagrebDistricts Brezovica Črnomerec Donja Dubrava Donji grad Gornja Dubrava Gornji Grad–Medveščak Maksimir Novi Zagreb-istok Novi Zagreb-zapad Peščenica-Žitnjak Podsljeme Podsused-Vrapče Sesvete Stenjevec Trešnjevka-jug Trešnjevka-sjever Trnje Buildings and landmarks 1 Ilica Street Banski dvori Cibona Tower Esplanade Zagreb Hotel General Post Office Kallina House Villa Kallina Lotrščak Tower Medvedgrad Meštrović Pavilion Mirogoj Cemetery National Home Palace Nine Views Old City Hall Rudolf barracks Stone Gate Sabor Palace Villa Rebar Zagrepčanka Sky Office Tower Adriatic Bridge Homeland Bridge HOTO Tower Eurotower Mamutica Squaresand streets Ban Jelačić Square British Square Croatian Nobles Square Dolac Market Eugen Kvaternik Square Ilica Street Krvavi Most Lenuci Horseshoe Nova Ves Oktogon Republic of Croatia Square Nikola Šubić Zrinski Square St. Mark's Square Tkalčićeva Street Square of the Victims of Fascism Parks, gardens,and recreation Lenuci Horseshoe Nikola Šubić Zrinski Square Maksimir Park Botanical Garden Bundek Jarun Medvednica Zagreb Zoo Places ofworship Zagreb Cathedral St. Mark's Church St. Catherine's Church Orthodox Cathedral Zagreb Mosque Zagreb Synagogue Evangelical Church Greek Catholic Co-cathedral Basilica of the Heart of Jesus Church of Saint Blaise Culture Croatian National Theatre Gavella Drama Theatre Mala Scena Theatre Vatroslav Lisinski Concert Hall National and University Library Zagreb Philharmonic Orchestra The Cravat Regiment Zagreb Film Zagreb school of animated films Galleries and museums Archaeological Museum Art Pavilion Croatian History Museum Croatian Museum of Naïve Art Croatian Natural History Museum Croatian Railway Museum Ethnographic Museum Glyptotheque Klovićevi Dvori Gallery Lauba Mimara Museum Modern Gallery Museum of Arts and Crafts Museum of Broken Relationships Museum of Contemporary Art Strossmayer Gallery Technical Museum Zagreb City Museum Education High schools in Zagreb Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts University of Zagreb Academies: Dramatic Art Fine Arts Music Faculties: Architecture Chemical Engineering Dental Medicine Economics and Business Electrical Engineering and Computing Geodesy Humanities and Social Sciences Medicine Science Teacher Education Sports venues Arena Zagreb Dom Sportova Dražen Petrović Basketball Hall Maksimir Stadium Kranjčevićeva Stadium ŠRC Sesvete Stadium NŠC Stjepan Spajić Stadium Transport Zagreb International Airport Zagreb Glavni kolodvor Zagreb Zapadni railway station Funicular Trams Commuter Rail Metro (proposed) Events Animafest Zagreb INmusic Festival Interliber Music Biennale Zagreb Zagreb Film Festival ZagrebDox Zagreb Fair Subversive Festival Sport events Golden Spin (ice skating) Hanžeković Memorial (track and field athletics) Snow Queen Trophy (skiing) Zagreb Indoors (tennis) Zagreb Marathon Media Jutarnji list Večernji list Sportske novosti Jabuka TV Z1 TV Zagreb TV Tower Category:Zagreb This Zagreb-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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Indoors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagreb_Indoors"},{"link_name":"Zagreb Marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagreb_Marathon"},{"link_name":"Jutarnji list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jutarnji_list"},{"link_name":"Večernji list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ve%C4%8Dernji_list"},{"link_name":"Sportske novosti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sportske_novosti"},{"link_name":"Jabuka TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabuka_TV"},{"link_name":"Z1 TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z1_(television)"},{"link_name":"Zagreb TV Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagreb_TV_Tower"},{"link_name":"Category:Zagreb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Zagreb"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Zagreb.svg"},{"link_name":"Zagreb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagreb"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding 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City of Zagreb. Retrieved 20 September 2012.45°48′53″N 15°58′33″E / 45.8147°N 15.9759°E / 45.8147; 15.9759vteZagrebHistoryvteHistory of ZagrebEvolution\nAndautonia\nKaptol\nGradec\nZagreb\nNovi Zagreb\nCity of Zagreb\nZagreb County\nTimeline\nCoat of arms of ZagrebEvents\nGolden Bull of 1242\nGreat Zagreb earthquake\nVisit of Emperor Franz Joseph\nWorld War II\n1974 Zagreb train disaster\n1976 Zagreb mid-air collision\n1987 Summer Universiade\nEurovision Song Contest 1990\nBombing of the Banski Dvori\nZagreb rocket attacks\n2020 (Earthquake\nFlash flood\nCOVID-19\nShooting\nPetrinja earthquake)\n2022 Tu-141 crash\n2024 protest\nStructures\nCroatian Parliament\nZagreb Cathedral\nSt. Mark's Church\nMedvedgrad\nBan Jelačić Square\nSt. Mark's Square\nPleso Airport\nZagreb Fair\nZagreb Stock Exchange\nStone Gate\nVatroslav Lisinski Concert Hall\nMirogoj Cemetery\nBuildings\nKallina House\nEsplanade Zagreb Hotel\nManors of Kaptol\nNational Home Palace\nBanski dvori\nCibona Tower\nZagrepčanka\nVjesnik Building\nNeboder (Ilica 1)\nChromos Tower\nCoat of arms of ZagrebDistricts\nBrezovica\nČrnomerec\nDonja Dubrava\nDonji grad\nGornja Dubrava\nGornji Grad–Medveščak\nMaksimir\nNovi Zagreb-istok\nNovi Zagreb-zapad\nPeščenica-Žitnjak\nPodsljeme\nPodsused-Vrapče\nSesvete\nStenjevec\nTrešnjevka-jug\nTrešnjevka-sjever\nTrnje\nBuildings and landmarks\n1 Ilica Street\nBanski dvori\nCibona Tower\nEsplanade Zagreb Hotel\nGeneral Post Office\nKallina House\nVilla Kallina\nLotrščak Tower\nMedvedgrad\nMeštrović Pavilion\nMirogoj Cemetery\nNational Home Palace\nNine Views\nOld City Hall\nRudolf barracks\nStone Gate\nSabor Palace\nVilla Rebar\nZagrepčanka\nSky Office Tower\nAdriatic Bridge\nHomeland Bridge\nHOTO Tower\nEurotower\nMamutica\nSquaresand streets\nBan Jelačić Square\nBritish Square\nCroatian Nobles Square\nDolac Market\nEugen Kvaternik Square\nIlica Street\nKrvavi Most\nLenuci Horseshoe\nNova Ves\nOktogon\nRepublic of Croatia Square\nNikola Šubić Zrinski Square\nSt. Mark's Square\nTkalčićeva Street\nSquare of the Victims of Fascism\nParks, gardens,and recreation\nLenuci Horseshoe\nNikola Šubić Zrinski Square\nMaksimir Park\nBotanical Garden\nBundek\nJarun\nMedvednica\nZagreb Zoo\nPlaces ofworship\nZagreb Cathedral\nSt. Mark's Church\nSt. Catherine's Church\nOrthodox Cathedral\nZagreb Mosque\nZagreb Synagogue\nEvangelical Church\nGreek Catholic Co-cathedral\nBasilica of the Heart of Jesus\nChurch of Saint Blaise\nCulture\nCroatian National Theatre\nGavella Drama Theatre\nMala Scena Theatre\nVatroslav Lisinski Concert Hall\nNational and University Library\nZagreb Philharmonic Orchestra\nThe Cravat Regiment\nZagreb Film\nZagreb school of animated films\nGalleries and museums\nArchaeological Museum\nArt Pavilion\nCroatian History Museum\nCroatian Museum of Naïve Art\nCroatian Natural History Museum\nCroatian Railway Museum\nEthnographic Museum\nGlyptotheque\nKlovićevi Dvori Gallery\nLauba\nMimara Museum\nModern Gallery\nMuseum of Arts and Crafts\nMuseum of Broken Relationships\nMuseum of Contemporary Art\nStrossmayer Gallery\nTechnical Museum\nZagreb City Museum\nEducation\nHigh schools in Zagreb\nCroatian Academy of Sciences and Arts\nUniversity of Zagreb\nAcademies: Dramatic Art\nFine Arts\nMusic\nFaculties: Architecture\nChemical Engineering\nDental Medicine\nEconomics and Business\nElectrical Engineering and Computing\nGeodesy\nHumanities and Social Sciences\nMedicine\nScience\nTeacher Education\nSports venues\nArena Zagreb\nDom Sportova\nDražen Petrović Basketball Hall\nMaksimir Stadium\nKranjčevićeva Stadium\nŠRC Sesvete Stadium\nNŠC Stjepan Spajić Stadium\nTransport\nZagreb International Airport\nZagreb Glavni kolodvor\nZagreb Zapadni railway station\nFunicular\nTrams\nCommuter Rail\nMetro (proposed)\nEvents\nAnimafest Zagreb\nINmusic Festival\nInterliber\nMusic Biennale Zagreb\nZagreb Film Festival\nZagrebDox\nZagreb Fair\nSubversive Festival\nSport events\nGolden Spin (ice skating)\nHanžeković Memorial (track and field athletics)\nSnow Queen Trophy (skiing)\nZagreb Indoors (tennis)\nZagreb Marathon\nMedia\nJutarnji list\nVečernji list\nSportske novosti\nJabuka TV\nZ1 TV\nZagreb TV Tower\n Category:ZagrebThis Zagreb-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Sources"}]
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrovalerone
Pyrovalerone
["1 See also","2 References"]
Chemical compound PyrovaleroneClinical dataRoutes ofadministrationOralATC codenoneLegal statusLegal status AU: S4 (Prescription only) BR: Class B1 (Psychoactive drugs) CA: Schedule IV DE: Anlage II (Authorized trade only, not prescriptible) UK: Class C US: Schedule V Identifiers IUPAC name (RS)-1-(4-methylphenyl)-2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)pentan-1-one CAS Number3563-49-3 N 1147-62-2 (hydrochloride)PubChem CID14373ChemSpider13733 YUNIIVOU69C02JPKEGGD05663 YChEMBLChEMBL201960 YCompTox Dashboard (EPA)DTXSID20863194 ECHA InfoCard100.230.426 Chemical and physical dataFormulaC16H23NOMolar mass245.366 g·mol−13D model (JSmol)Interactive imageChiralityRacemic mixture SMILES O=C(C(CCC)N1CCCC1)C2=CC=C(C)C=C2 InChI InChI=1S/C16H23NO/c1-3-6-15(17-11-4-5-12-17)16(18)14-9-7-13(2)8-10-14/h7-10,15H,3-6,11-12H2,1-2H3 YKey:SWUVZKWCOBGPTH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y  NY (what is this?)  (verify) Pyrovalerone (Centroton, 4-Methyl-β-keto-prolintane, Thymergix, O-2371) is a psychoactive drug with stimulant effects via acting as a norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor (NDRI). It was developed in the 1980s and had briefly been approved in Spain and France for chronic fatigue or lethargy and as an anorectic or appetite suppressant, but was withdrawn from both markets around 2001 due to safety concerns including problems with abuse and dependence. It is closely related on a structural level to a number of other cathinone stimulants, such as α-PVP, MDPV and prolintane (Promotil, Katovit). Side effects of pyrovalerone include anorexia or loss of appetite, anxiety, fragmented sleep or insomnia, and trembling, shaking, or muscle tremors. Withdrawal following abuse upon discontinuation often results in depression. The R-enantiomer of pyrovalerone is devoid of pharmacologic activity. See also Look up pyrovalerone in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. 4-Et-PVP α-Pyrrolidinohexiophenone (α-PHP) α-Pyrrolidinopentiothiophenone (α-PVT) Methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) Naphyrone (O-2482) Prolintane (Promotil, Katovit) 4'-Methyl-α-pyrrolidinohexiophenone (MPHP, 4-MPHP) References ^ Anvisa (2023-03-31). "RDC Nº 784 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial" (in Brazilian Portuguese). Diário Oficial da União (published 2023-04-04). Archived from the original on 2023-08-03. Retrieved 2023-08-16. ^ US Patent 3314970 ^ Gardos G, Cole JO (October 1971). "Evaluation of pyrovalerone in chronically fatigued volunteers". Current Therapeutic Research, Clinical and Experimental. 13 (10): 631–5. PMID 4402508. ^ Deniker P, Lôo H, Cuche H, Roux JM (November 1975). "". Annales médico-psychologiques. 2 (4): 745–8. PMID 9895. ^ Meltzer PC, Butler D, Deschamps JR, Madras BK (February 2006). "1-(4-Methylphenyl)-2-pyrrolidin-1-yl-pentan-1-one (Pyrovalerone) analogues: a promising class of monoamine uptake inhibitors". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 49 (4): 1420–32. doi:10.1021/jm050797a. PMC 2602954. PMID 16480278. vteStimulantsAdamantanes Adapromine Amantadine Bromantane Memantine Rimantadine Adenosine antagonists 8-Chlorotheophylline 8-Cyclopentyltheophylline 8-Phenyltheophylline Aminophylline Caffeine CGS-15943 Dimethazan Istradefylline Paraxanthine SCH-58261 Theobromine Theophylline Alkylamines Cyclopentamine Cypenamine Cyprodenate Heptaminol Isometheptene Levopropylhexedrine Methylhexaneamine Octodrine Propylhexedrine Tuaminoheptane Ampakines CX-516 CX-546 CX-614 CX-691 CX-717 IDRA-21 LY-404,187 LY-503,430 Nooglutyl Org 26576 PEPA S-18986 Sunifiram Unifiram Arylcyclohexylamines Benocyclidine Dieticyclidine Esketamine Eticyclidine Gacyclidine Ketamine Phencyclamine Phencyclidine Rolicyclidine Tenocyclidine Tiletamine Benzazepines 6-Br-APB SKF-77434 SKF-81297 SKF-82958 Cathinones 3-Fluoromethcathinone 3,4-DMMC 4-BMC 4-CMC 4-Methylbuphedrone 4-Methylcathinone 4-MEAP 4-Methylpentedrone Amfepramone Benzedrone Buphedrone Bupropion Butylone Cathinone Dimethylcathinone Ethcathinone Ethylone Flephedrone Hexedrone Isoethcathinone Mephedrone Methcathinone Methedrone Methylenedioxycathinone Methylone Mexedrone N-Ethylbuphedrone N-Ethylhexedrone Pentedrone Pentylone Phthalimidopropiophenone Cholinergics A-84,543 A-366,833 ABT-202 ABT-418 AR-R17779 Altinicline Anabasine Arecoline Bradanicline Cotinine Cytisine Dianicline Epibatidine Epiboxidine GTS-21 Ispronicline Nicotine PHA-543,613 PNU-120,596 PNU-282,987 Pozanicline Rivanicline Sazetidine A SIB-1553A SSR-180,711 TC-1698 TC-1827 TC-2216 Tebanicline UB-165 Varenicline WAY-317,538 Convulsants Anatoxin-a Bicuculline DMCM Flurothyl Gabazine Pentetrazol Picrotoxin Strychnine Thujone Eugeroics Adrafinil Armodafinil CRL-40,940 CRL-40,941 Fluorenol Modafinil Oxazolines 4-Methylaminorex Aminorex Clominorex Cyclazodone Fenozolone Fluminorex Pemoline Thozalinone Phenethylamines 1-(4-Methylphenyl)-2-aminobutane 1-Methylamino-1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)propane 2-Fluoroamphetamine 2-Fluoromethamphetamine 2-OH-PEA 2-Phenyl-3-aminobutane 2,3-MDA 3-Fluoroamphetamine 3-Fluoroethamphetamine 3-Methoxyamphetamine 3-Methylamphetamine 4-Fluoroamphetamine 4-Fluoromethamphetamine 4-MA 4-MMA 4-MTA 6-FNE AL-1095 Alfetamine a-Ethylphenethylamine Amfecloral Amfepentorex Amidephrine 2-Amino-1,2-dihydronaphthalene 2-Aminoindane 5-(2-Aminopropyl)indole 2-Aminotetralin Acridorex Amphetamine (Dextroamphetamine, Levoamphetamine) Amphetaminil Arbutamine β-Methylphenethylamine β-Phenylmethamphetamine Benfluorex Benzphetamine BDB BOH 3-Benzhydrylmorpholine BPAP Camfetamine Cathine Chlorphentermine Cilobamine Cinnamedrine Clenbuterol Clobenzorex Cloforex Clortermine Cypenamine D-Deprenyl Denopamine Dimethoxyamphetamine Dimethylamphetamine Dobutamine DOPA (Dextrodopa, Levodopa) Dopamine Dopexamine Droxidopa EBDB Ephedrine Epinephrine Epinine Etafedrine Ethylnorepinephrine Etilamfetamine Etilefrine Famprofazone Fencamfamin Fencamine Fenethylline Fenfluramine (Dexfenfluramine, Levofenfluramine) Fenproporex Feprosidnine Fludorex Formetorex Furfenorex Gepefrine Hexapradol HMMA Hordenine 4-Hydroxyamphetamine 5-Iodo-2-aminoindane Ibopamine Indanylamphetamine Iofetamine Isoetarine Isoprenaline L-Deprenyl (Selegiline) Lefetamine Lisdexamfetamine Lophophine MBDB MDA (tenamfetamine) MDBU MDEA MDMA (midomafetamine) MDMPEA MDOH MDPR MDPEA Mefenorex Mephentermine Metanephrine Metaraminol Mesocarb Methamphetamine (Dextromethamphetamine, Levomethamphetamine) Methoxamine Methoxyphenamine MMA Methoxyphenamine MMDA MMDMA MMMA Morforex N,alpha-Diethylphenylethylamine N,N-Dimethylphenethylamine Naphthylamphetamine Nisoxetine Norepinephrine Norfenefrine Norfenfluramine Normetanephrine L-Norpseudoephedrine Octopamine Orciprenaline Ortetamine Oxifentorex Oxilofrine PBA PCA PCMA PHA Pentorex Phenatine Phenpromethamine Phentermine Phenylalanine Phenylephrine Phenylpropanolamine Pholedrine PIA PMA PMEA PMMA PPAP Prenylamine Propylamphetamine Pseudoephedrine Ropinirole Salbutamol (Levosalbutamol) Sibutramine Solriamfetol Synephrine Theodrenaline Tiflorex Tranylcypromine Tyramine Tyrosine Xylopropamine Zylofuramine Phenylmorpholines 3-Fluorophenmetrazine Fenbutrazate Fenmetramide G-130 Manifaxine Morazone Morforex Oxaflozane PD-128,907 Phendimetrazine Phenmetrazine 2-Phenyl-3,6-dimethylmorpholine Pseudophenmetrazine Radafaxine Piperazines 2C-B-BZP 3C-PEP BZP CM156 DBL-583 GBR-12783 GBR-12935 GBR-13069 GBR-13098 GBR-13119 MeOPP MBZP oMPP Vanoxerine Piperidines 1-Benzyl-4-(2-(diphenylmethoxy)ethyl)piperidine 2-Benzylpiperidine 2-Methyl-3-phenylpiperidine 3,4-Dichloromethylphenidate 4-Benzylpiperidine 4-Fluoromethylphenidate 4-Methylmethylphenidate Desoxypipradrol Difemetorex Diphenylpyraline Ethylnaphthidate Ethylphenidate Methylnaphthidate Isopropylphenidate JZ-IV-10 Methylphenidate (Dexmethylphenidate) Nocaine Phacetoperane Pipradrol Propylphenidate Serdexmethylphenidate SCH-5472 Pyrrolidines 2-Diphenylmethylpyrrolidine 4-Cl-PVP 5-DBFPV α-PPP α-PBP α-PCYP α-PHiP α-PHP α-PHPP α-PVP α-PVT Diphenylprolinol DMPVP FPOP FPVP MDPPP MDPBP MPBP MPHP MPPP MOPVP MOPPP Indapyrophenidone MDPV Naphyrone PEP Picilorex Prolintane Pyrovalerone Racetams Oxiracetam Phenylpiracetam Phenylpiracetam hydrazide Tropanes 4-fluorotropacocaine 4'-Fluorococaine Altropane (IACFT) Brasofensine CFT (WIN 35,428) β-CIT (RTI-55) Cocaethylene Cocaine Dichloropane (RTI-111) Difluoropine FE-β-CPPIT FP-β-CPPIT Ioflupane (123I) Norcocaine PIT PTT RTI-31 RTI-32 RTI-51 RTI-112 RTI-113 RTI-120 RTI-121 (IPCIT) RTI-126 RTI-150 RTI-177 RTI-229 RTI-336 RTI-354 RTI-371 RTI-386 Salicylmethylecgonine Tesofensine Troparil (β-CPT, WIN 35,065-2) Tropoxane WF-23 WF-33 Tryptamines 4-HO-αMT 4-Methyl-αET 4-Methyl-αMT 5-Chloro-αMT 5-Fluoro-αMT 5-MeO-αET 5-MeO-αMT 5-MeO-DIPT 6-Fluoro-αMT 7-Methyl-αET αET αMT Others 2-MDP 3,3-Diphenylcyclobutanamine Amfonelic acid Amineptine Amiphenazole Atipamezole Atomoxetine Bemegride Benzydamine BTQ BTS 74,398 Centanafadine Ciclazindol Clofenciclan Cropropamide Crotetamide D-161 Desipramine Diclofensine Dimethocaine Efaroxan Etamivan Fenisorex Fenpentadiol Gamfexine Gilutensin GSK1360707F GYKI-52895 Hexacyclonate Idazoxan Indanorex Indatraline JNJ-7925476 Lazabemide Leptacline Lomevactone LR-5182 Mazindol Meclofenoxate Medifoxamine Mefexamide Methamnetamine Methastyridone Methiopropamine Naphthylaminopropane Nefopam Nikethamide Nomifensine O-2172 Oxaprotiline PNU-99,194 PRC200-SS Rasagiline Rauwolscine Rubidium chloride Setazindol Tametraline Tandamine Thiopropamine Thiothinone Trazium UH-232 Yohimbine ATC code: N06B vteAntiobesity agents/Anorectics (A08)StimulantsAmphetamines and phenethylamines 4-Methylamphetamine‡ Amfecloral Amfepentorex Amfepramone Amphetamine Amphetaminil Benzphetamine Cathine Cathinone Chlorphentermine Clobenzorex Cloforex Clortermine Dextroamphetamine Dimethylcathinone Ephedrine Ephedra‡ Etilamfetamine Etolorex Fenethylline Fenproporex Fludorex Furfenorex‡ Khat Lisdexamfetamine Mefenorex Methamphetamine Norfenfluramine Pentorex Phentermine (+topiramate) Xylopropamine Zylofuramine Adrenergic agonists Albuterol Clenbuterol§ Ephedrine Ephedra‡ Levopropylhexedrine Synephrine Terbutaline Yohimbine (Yohimbe) Other Aminorex‡ Atomoxetine Benfluorex‡ Bupropion (+naltrexone) Dexfenfluramine‡ Dexmethylphenidate Difemetorex‡ Fenbutrazate Fenfluramine (+phentermine‡) Manifaxine Mazindol Methylphenidate Phendimetrazine Phenethylamine Phenmetrazine Phenylpropanolamine Pipradrol Propylhexedrine Pyrovalerone Sibutramine‡ Tesofensine Cannabinoidantagonists Drinabant§ Ibipinabant§ Otenabant§ Rimonabant‡ Rosonabant§ Surinabant§ Taranabant§ GLP-1, GIP, and / orglucagon agonists AMG 133 Cinchonine Cotadutide Danuglipron Ecnoglutide Exenatide† Liraglutide Orforglipron Oxyntomodulin§ Retatrutide Semaglutide (+cagrilintide†) Tirzepatide† DACRAs Cagrilintide (+semaglutide†) 5-HT2Creceptor agonists 5-HTP Lorcaserin‡ Absorption inhibitors Cetilistat Dirlotapide Mitratapide Orlistat Simmondsin Uncouplers 2,4-Dinitrophenol‡ Others Beloranib§ Bimagrumab§ Desiccated thyroid‡ Metformin Metreleptin Naltrexone Setmelanotide Topiramate ZGN-1061 Zonisamide Water #WHO-EM ‡Withdrawn from market Clinical trials: †Phase III §Never to phase III vteMonoamine reuptake inhibitorsDATTooltip Dopamine transporter(DRIsTooltip Dopamine reuptake inhibitors) Piperazines: DBL-583 GBR-12783 GBR-12935 GBR-13069 GBR-13098 Nefazodone Vanoxerine Piperidines: 4-Fluoropethidine Benocyclidine (BTCP) Desoxypipradrol Dexmethylphenidate Difemetorex Ethylphenidate HDMP-28 Methylphenidate Pethidine (meperidine) Phencyclidine Pipradrol Serdexmethylphenidate Tenocyclidine Pyrrolidines: Diphenylprolinol MDPV Naphyrone Prolintane Pyrovalerone Tropanes: Altropane Benzatropine (benztropine) Brasofensine CFT Cocaine Dichloropane Difluoropine Etybenzatropine (ethybenztropine) FE-β-CPPIT FP-β-CPPIT Ioflupane (123I) RTI-55 RTI-112 RTI-113 RTI-121 RTI-126 RTI-150 RTI-177 RTI-229 RTI-336 Tesofensine Troparil Tropoxane WF-11 WF-23 WF-31 WF-33 Others: Adrafinil Amifitadine Armodafinil Amfonelic acid Amineptine Ansofaxine BTQ BTS 74,398 Bupropion Chaenomeles speciosa Ciclazindol Dasotraline Desmethylsertraline Desmethylsibutramine (BTS-54354) Diclofensine Didesmethylsibutramine (BTS-54505) Dimethocaine Diphenylpyraline Dizocilpine (MK-801) DOV-102,677 DOV-216,303 Efavirenz Ephenidine Esketamine EXP-561 Fencamfamin Fezolamine Fluorenol GYKI-52895 Hydroxybupropion Indatraline Ketamine Lefetamine Levophacetoperane Liafensine LR-5182 Manifaxine Mazindol Medifoxamine Mesocarb Metaphit MIN-117 (WF-516) Modafinil Nefopam Nomifensine NS-2359 O-2172 Oroxylin A Perafensine Pridefine Radafaxine Rimcazole Sertraline Sibutramine Solriamfetol Tametraline Tedatioxetine Threohydrobupropion Tripelennamine Venlafaxine NETTooltip Norepinephrine transporter(NRIsTooltip Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors) Selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors: Amedalin Alseroxylon Ciclazindol Daledalin Edivoxetine Esreboxetine Lortalamine Mazindol Nisoxetine Reboxetine Talopram Talsupram Tandamine Teniloxazine Viloxazine Norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitors: Amineptine Bupropion Fencamine Fencamfamin Hydroxybupropion Lefetamine Levophacetoperane LR-5182 Manifaxine Methylphenidate Nomifensine O-2172 Radafaxine Serdexmethylphenidate Solriamfetol Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors: Atomoxetine (tomoxetine) CP-39,332 Desvenlafaxine Duloxetine Eclanamine Levomilnacipran McN5652 Milnacipran N-Methyl-PPPA Nafenodone PPPA Tofenacin Venlafaxine Serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitors: 3,3-Diphenylcyclobutanamine Amifitadine Ansofaxine Bicifadine Brasofensine Centanafadine Cocaine Dasotraline Desmethylsertraline Desmethylsibutramine (BTS-54354) Diclofensine Didesmethylsibutramine (BTS-54505) DOV-102677 DOV-216303 EXP-561 Fezolamine HDMP-28 HP-505 Indatraline JNJ-7925476 JZ-IV-10 Liafensine Mazindol Naphyrone Nefazodone Nefopam NS-2359 Perafensine PRC200 Pridefine SEP-228431 SEP-228432 Sibutramine Tedatioxetine Tesofensine Threohydrobupropion Tropanes (e.g., cocaine) Tricyclic antidepressants: Amitriptyline Butriptyline Cianopramine Clomipramine Desipramine Dosulepin (dothiepin) Doxepin Imipramine Lofepramine Melitracen Nortriptyline Protriptyline Trimipramine Tetracyclic antidepressants: Amoxapine Maprotiline Mianserin Oxaprotiline Setiptiline Others: Antihistamines (e.g., brompheniramine, chlorphenamine, pheniramine, tripelennamine) Antipsychotics (e.g., loxapine, ziprasidone) Arylcyclohexylamines (e.g., ketamine, phencyclidine) Dopexamine Ephenidine Ginkgo biloba Indeloxazine Nefazodone Opioids (e.g., desmetramadol, methadone, pethidine (meperidine), tapentadol, tramadol, levorphanol) SERTTooltip Serotonin transporter(SRIsTooltip Serotonin reuptake inhibitors) Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: 6-Nitroquipazine Alaproclate Centpropazine Cericlamine Citalopram Dapoxetine Desmethylcitalopram Didesmethylcitalopram Escitalopram Femoxetine Fluoxetine Fluvoxamine Indalpine Ifoxetine Norfluoxetine Omiloxetine Panuramine Paroxetine PIM-35 Pirandamine RTI-353 Seproxetine Sertraline Zimelidine Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and serotonin receptor modulators: Etoperidone Litoxetine Lubazodone LY-393558 Quipazine SB-649915 TGBA01AD Trazodone Vilazodone Vortioxetine Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors: Atomoxetine (tomoxetine) Bicifadine CP-39332 Desvenlafaxine Duloxetine Eclanamine Levomilnacipran McN5652 Milnacipran N-Methyl-PPPA PPPA Tofenacin Venlafaxine Serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitors: 3,3-Diphenylcyclobutanamine Amifitadine Ansofaxine Bicifadine Brasofensine Centanafadine Cocaine Dasotraline Desmethylsertraline Desmethylsibutramine (BTS-54354) Diclofensine Didesmethylsibutramine (BTS-54505) DOV-102677 DOV-216303 EXP-561 Fezolamine HDMP-28 HP-505 Indatraline JNJ-7925476 JZ-IV-10 Liafensine Mazindol Naphyrone Nefazodone Nefopam NS-2359 Perafensine PRC200 Pridefine SEP-228431 SEP-228432 Sibutramine Tedatioxetine Tesofensine Threohydrobupropion Tropanes (e.g., cocaine) Tricyclic antidepressants: Amitriptyline Cianopramine Clomipramine Cyanodothiepin Desipramine Dosulepin (dothiepin) Doxepin Imipramine Lofepramine Nortriptyline Pipofezine Protriptyline Others: A-80426 Amoxapine Antihistamines (e.g., brompheniramine, chlorphenamine, dimenhydrinate, diphenhydramine, mepyramine (pyrilamine), pheniramine, tripelennamine) Antipsychotics (e.g., loxapine, ziprasidone) Arylcyclohexylamines (e.g., 3-MeO-PCP, esketamine, ketamine, methoxetamine, phencyclidine) Cyclobenzaprine Delucemine Dextromethorphan Dextrorphan Efavirenz Hypidone Medifoxamine Mesembrine Mifepristone MIN-117 (WF-516) N-Me-5-HT Opioids (e.g., dextropropoxyphene, methadone, pethidine (meperidine), levorphanol, tapentadol, tramadol) Roxindole VMATsTooltip Vesicular monoamine transporters Amiodarone Amphetamines (e.g., amphetamine, methamphetamine, MDMA) APP AZIK Bietaserpine Deserpidine Deutetrabenazine Dihydrotetrabenazine Efavirenz GBR-12935 GZ-793A Ibogaine Ketanserin Lobeline Methoxytetrabenazine Reserpine Rose bengal Tetrabenazine Valbenazine Vanoxerine (GBR-12909) Others DAT enhancers: Luteolin DAT modulators: Agonist-like: SoRI-9804 SoRI-20040; Antagonist-like: SoRI-20041 See also: Receptor/signaling modulators • Monoamine releasing agents • Adrenergics • Dopaminergics • Serotonergics • Monoamine metabolism modulators • Monoamine neurotoxins This drug article relating to the gastrointestinal system is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"psychoactive drug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoactive_drug"},{"link_name":"stimulant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimulant"},{"link_name":"effects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapeutic_effect"},{"link_name":"acting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_action"},{"link_name":"norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norepinephrine-dopamine_reuptake_inhibitor"},{"link_name":"developed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_development"},{"link_name":"chronic fatigue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_fatigue_syndrome"},{"link_name":"lethargy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lethargy"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"anorectic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anorectic"},{"link_name":"appetite suppressant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appetite_suppressant"},{"link_name":"abuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_abuse"},{"link_name":"dependence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_dependence"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"structural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_structure"},{"link_name":"α-PVP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91-PVP"},{"link_name":"MDPV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDPV"},{"link_name":"prolintane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolintane"},{"link_name":"Side effects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverse_effect"},{"link_name":"anorexia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anorexia_(symptom)"},{"link_name":"loss of appetite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loss_of_appetite"},{"link_name":"anxiety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety"},{"link_name":"sleep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep"},{"link_name":"insomnia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insomnia"},{"link_name":"trembling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trembling"},{"link_name":"shaking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tremor"},{"link_name":"muscle tremors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle_tremor"},{"link_name":"Withdrawal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_withdrawal"},{"link_name":"depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depression_(mood)"},{"link_name":"enantiomer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enantiomer"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Pyrovalerone (Centroton, 4-Methyl-β-keto-prolintane, Thymergix, O-2371)[2] is a psychoactive drug with stimulant effects via acting as a norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor (NDRI). It was developed in the 1980s and had briefly been approved in Spain and France for chronic fatigue or lethargy[3] and as an anorectic or appetite suppressant, but was withdrawn from both markets around 2001 due to safety concerns including problems with abuse and dependence.[4] It is closely related on a structural level to a number of other cathinone stimulants, such as α-PVP, MDPV and prolintane (Promotil, Katovit).Side effects of pyrovalerone include anorexia or loss of appetite, anxiety, fragmented sleep or insomnia, and trembling, shaking, or muscle tremors. Withdrawal following abuse upon discontinuation often results in depression.The R-enantiomer of pyrovalerone is devoid of pharmacologic activity.[5]","title":"Pyrovalerone"}]
[]
[{"title":"pyrovalerone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/pyrovalerone"},{"title":"4-Et-PVP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-Et-PVP"},{"title":"α-Pyrrolidinohexiophenone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-Pyrrolidinohexiophenone"},{"title":"α-Pyrrolidinopentiothiophenone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-Pyrrolidinopentiothiophenone"},{"title":"Methylenedioxypyrovalerone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylenedioxypyrovalerone"},{"title":"Naphyrone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naphyrone"},{"title":"Prolintane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolintane"},{"title":"4'-Methyl-α-pyrrolidinohexiophenone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4%27-Methyl-%CE%B1-pyrrolidinohexiophenone"}]
[{"reference":"Anvisa (2023-03-31). \"RDC Nº 784 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial\" [Collegiate Board Resolution No. 784 - Lists of Narcotic, Psychotropic, Precursor, and Other Substances under Special Control] (in Brazilian Portuguese). Diário Oficial da União (published 2023-04-04). Archived from the original on 2023-08-03. Retrieved 2023-08-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Health_Regulatory_Agency","url_text":"Anvisa"},{"url":"https://www.in.gov.br/en/web/dou/-/resolucao-rdc-n-784-de-31-de-marco-de-2023-474904992","url_text":"\"RDC Nº 784 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C3%A1rio_Oficial_da_Uni%C3%A3o","url_text":"Diário Oficial da União"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230803143925/https://www.in.gov.br/en/web/dou/-/resolucao-rdc-n-784-de-31-de-marco-de-2023-474904992","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Gardos G, Cole JO (October 1971). \"Evaluation of pyrovalerone in chronically fatigued volunteers\". Current Therapeutic Research, Clinical and Experimental. 13 (10): 631–5. PMID 4402508.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4402508","url_text":"4402508"}]},{"reference":"Deniker P, Lôo H, Cuche H, Roux JM (November 1975). \"[Abuse of pyrovalerone by drug addicts]\". Annales médico-psychologiques. 2 (4): 745–8. PMID 9895.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9895","url_text":"9895"}]},{"reference":"Meltzer PC, Butler D, Deschamps JR, Madras BK (February 2006). \"1-(4-Methylphenyl)-2-pyrrolidin-1-yl-pentan-1-one (Pyrovalerone) analogues: a promising class of monoamine uptake inhibitors\". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 49 (4): 1420–32. doi:10.1021/jm050797a. PMC 2602954. PMID 16480278.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2602954","url_text":"\"1-(4-Methylphenyl)-2-pyrrolidin-1-yl-pentan-1-one (Pyrovalerone) analogues: a promising class of monoamine uptake inhibitors\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fjm050797a","url_text":"10.1021/jm050797a"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2602954","url_text":"2602954"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16480278","url_text":"16480278"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_D-Men
The Fifth Estate (band)
["1 Early years (as The D-Men)","2 The Fifth Estate","3 Members","4 Discography","4.1 Singles","4.2 Albums","5 References","6 External links"]
American rock band The Fifth EstateBackground informationAlso known asThe D-Men (1963-1965)OriginStamford, Connecticut, U.S.Genres Garage rock folk rock psychedelia Years active1963 – presentLabels United Artists Kapp Red Bird Jubilee Fuel 2000/Universal Music Group Varèse Sarabande Overseas: London EMI Columbia Members Rick Engler Bob Klein Doug Ferrara Ken Evans Bill Shute Past members Wayne Wadhams Chuck LeGrow Websitethefifthestateband.com The Fifth Estate, formerly known as The D-Men, is an American rock band formed in 1963 in Stamford, Connecticut. Early years (as The D-Men) "The D-Men 1964". The band began in Stamford, Connecticut, in 1963, as The D-Men. Early on, as The D-Men, the band played many small shows and local clubs but soon gravitated to Greenwich Village and larger clubs where they often played six nights a week for long stretches. Guitarist Carl Sabatini also played a role in the band's earliest conception. They released three singles, two on Veep/United Artists and one on the Kapp labels, which along with much of their later material have become collectors' items and established them as a central part of the garage rock movement. Boston Skyline released a 28-song collection of their music in 1993 and published a 41-page booklet of their story. The band made a number of appearances on television, including several on the Clay Cole Show, with one featuring The Rolling Stones’ first American East Coast TV appearance, and Hullabaloo, on which the D-Men performed "I Just Don't Care". The program was at that time co-hosted by Brian Epstein, who expressed an interest in signing them. They later won a Murray the K call-in contest for best new release over The Dave Clark Five and The Animals in 1965. In 1966 they changed their name to "The Fifth Estate". The Fifth Estate The Fifth Estate released the single "Love Is All A Game" on the Red Bird label, which became a regional hit. Following a successful string of club performances, they had an international hit in 1967 with a sunshine pop version of "Ding-Dong! The Witch Is Dead", which reached No. 11 on the Billboard Hot 100. The song was recorded and released around the world in five different languages (Japanese, Italian, French, German and English), and incorporated parts of "La Bouree" in the instrumental break and coda from Terpsichore by 17th-century composer Michael Praetorius. According to Cashbox, the track was in the Top 100 record releases of 1967 and achieved the highest American chart position of any Harold Arlen or Wizard of Oz song. That same year, the group recorded their version of "Heigh Ho!", another film theme, this time from Disney's first feature length film, 1937's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs. Although it made the top 40 on the Canadian CHUM chart, sales for both "Heigh Ho!" and their next single, "Do Drop Inn", proved disappointing in the US. "Heigh Ho!" failed to chart and "Do Drop Inn" skimmed the bottom of the American charts. Although not making an impact in America, in 1968 "Morning Morning", an original song that incorporated the band's core guitar and harpsichord driven sound, was a hit in Australia on the Stateside label. The original five members performed together for six years during which they recorded about 100 songs, and released 13 singles and one album. Sam & Dave joined them on stage and sang "Soul Man" with them at one of their theater shows, while one of the Vandellas sang and recorded one of their tunes, "How Can I Find A Way," with them as her next release. They also appeared in a 1967 TV episode of Malibu U. In 1968, on "The Frodis Caper", the last of their 58 television show episodes, The Monkees covered The Fifth Estate's version of "Ding Dong! The Witch Is Dead". The Fifth Estate toured with acts such as Count Five, The Electric Prunes, The Music Explosion, The Buckinghams, The Ronettes, Gene Pitney, The Lovin' Spoonful, The Turtles, The Byrds, The Easybeats. They also appeared on Upbeat with another Greenwich Village band, The Velvet Underground. In 1970, group members went off on different projects. Bill Shute released two albums with Lisa Null, The Feathered Maiden and Other Ballads (1977) and American Primitive (1980), and multiple albums with other collaborators. The band has since reformed and continue to perform and record. Their album Time Tunnel was recorded in 2010/11 and released on January 2, 2012. It was produced with the assistance of and mixed by Shel Talmy. On September 19, 2012, The Fifth Estate - Anthology 1 was released by Fuel 2000/Universal Music Group. A double CD with a 20-page booklet and 40 songs, more than half the tracks were previously unreleased. In May, 2014, the German label Break-A-Way Records released a 14-song vinyl album of the band's early 1964 - 1966 material called I Wanna Shout! On August 12, 2014, following the continued success of the 2012 Anthology 1 release, Fuel 2000 released a 14-song CD of new material, Take The Fifth. This album was also mixed and executive-produced by Shel Talmy. Members Rick Engler - guitar, fuzz bass, lead vocals, harmonica Ken 'Furvus' Evans - drums, vocals Doug 'Duke' Ferrara - bass, lead harmony vocals Wayne 'Wads' Wadhams (died 19 August 2008) - harpsichord, piano, organ, lead vocals Bill Shute - guitar, shugro 8, vocals Chuck LeGros - vocals, harmonica (1966) Bob 'Bobby Lee' Klein - lead vocals, keyboards, guitar (1969 + 2006-) Discography Singles as The D-Men "Don't You Know" b/w "No Hope For Me" (Veep/United Artists 1206 / July 1964) "I Just Don't Care" b/w "Messin Around" (Veep/United Artists 1209 / March 1965) "So Little Time" b/w "Every Minute of Every Day" (Kapp 691 / May 1965) as The Fifth Estate "Love Is All a Game" b/w "Like I Love You" (Red Bird RB 10-064 / May 1966) "Ding Dong! The Witch Is Dead" b/w "Rub-a-Dub" (Jubilee 45-5573 / May 1967) "The Goofin Song" b/w "Lost Generation" (Jubilee 5588 / July 1967) "Heigh-Ho" b/w "It's Waiting There for You" (Jubilee 5595 / October 1967) "Morning, Morning" b/w "Tomorrow Is My Turn" (Jubilee 5607 / November 1967) "Do Drop Inn" b/w "That's Love" (Jubilee 5617 / February 1968) "Coney Island Sally" b/w "Tomorrow Is My Turn" (Jubilee 5627 / July 1968) "Night on Fire" b/w "I've Never Been So High" (3 members as Medicine Mike) (Evolution 1011 / August 1969) In 1969, two singles by studio musicians were released under the band's name without their permission or participation: "The Mickey Mouse Club March" b/w "I Knew You Before I Met You" (Jubilee 5655 / April 1969) "Parade of the Wooden Soldiers" b/w "I Knew You Before I Met You" (Jubilee 5683 / November 1969) Albums Ding Dong! The Witch Is Dead (Jubilee Records JGS 8005 / 1967) Ding Dong! The Witch Is Back: 1964-1969 (Boston Skyline BSD 116/1992) Time Tunnel (Roxon Records LLC RR1001 / 2011) The Fifth Estate - Anthology 1 1964-1969 (Fuel 2000 / Universal Music Group, 2012) I Wanna Shout! (Break-A-Way Records 039 / 2014) Take The Fifth (Fuel 2000 Records 302 062 017 2 / 2014) Surf, Rocks & Fuzz (Roxon Records LLC RR1002 / 2016) - 1963 & 1964 recordings I Wanna Shout! (Roxon Records LLC RR1003 / 2016) - digital and vinyl, 1965 recordings On The Road (Roxon Records LLC RR1004 / 2016) - 1966 recordings The Best Of - The Fifth Estate (Roxon Records LLC RR1005 / 20016) - 1964 to 1970 recordings Higher Density (Roxon Records LLC RR1006 / 2016) - 1968 recordings Live, Loud & Lo-Fi (Roxon Records LLC RR1007 / 2016) - 1964 to 2012 live recordings Garunge Deluxe (Roxon Records LC RR1008 / 2020) - more garage and RnR material References ^ a b c d Deming, Mark. "The Fifth Estate". AllMusic. Retrieved March 5, 2021. ^ Ding Dong! The Witch Is Back! 1964-1969 (CD booklet). The Fifth Estate. Boston Skyline. 1993. BSD 116 – via Discogs.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) ^ Fox, Hank (August 6, 1966). "Fifth Estate Has Broad Bag of Rock Material" (PDF). Billboard. p. 14. Retrieved November 13, 2022. ^ Colin Larkin, ed. (1997). The Virgin Encyclopedia of Sixties Music (First ed.). Virgin Books. p. 195. ISBN 0-7535-0149-X. ^ Cashbox Top 100 ^ Reuters: McPhee's "Rainbow" hits Oz gold. (BILLBOARD article) ^ The Frodis Caper. The Monkees. March 25, 1968.{{cite AV media}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) ^ "Pitney Package Finishes Tour" (PDF). Billboard. August 26, 1967. p. 8. Retrieved November 13, 2022. ^ Bingham, Tom (February 1981). "The Fifth Estate". Goldmine. No. 57. p. 19. ^ Kurtz, Warren (August 1, 2017). "Goldmine Giveaway - Connecticut Rock 'n' Roll / Fifth Estate Interview". Goldmine. Retrieved November 13, 2022. Roxon, Lillian: Lilian Roxon's Rock Encyclopedia, (Grosset and Dunlop, Universal Library Edition, 1972), p. 182, ISBN 0-448-00255-8 External links The Fifth Estate Official Site Authority control databases: Artists MusicBrainz
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music"},{"link_name":"Stamford, Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamford,_Connecticut"}],"text":"The Fifth Estate, formerly known as The D-Men, is an American rock band formed in 1963 in Stamford, Connecticut.","title":"The Fifth Estate (band)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_D-Men_1964.JPG"},{"link_name":"Stamford, Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamford,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Greenwich Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwich_Village"},{"link_name":"garage rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garage_rock"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Boston-2"},{"link_name":"the Clay Cole Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Clay_Cole_Show"},{"link_name":"The Rolling Stones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones"},{"link_name":"Hullabaloo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hullabaloo_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Brian Epstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Epstein"},{"link_name":"Murray the K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_the_K"},{"link_name":"The Dave Clark Five","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dave_Clark_Five"},{"link_name":"The Animals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Animals"}],"text":"\"The D-Men 1964\".The band began in Stamford, Connecticut, in 1963, as The D-Men. Early on, as The D-Men, the band played many small shows and local clubs but soon gravitated to Greenwich Village and larger clubs where they often played six nights a week for long stretches. Guitarist Carl Sabatini also played a role in the band's earliest conception. They released three singles, two on Veep/United Artists and one on the Kapp labels, which along with much of their later material have become collectors' items and established them as a central part of the garage rock movement. Boston Skyline released a 28-song collection of their music in 1993 and published a 41-page booklet of their story.[2]The band made a number of appearances on television, including several on the Clay Cole Show, with one featuring The Rolling Stones’ first American East Coast TV appearance, and Hullabaloo, on which the D-Men performed \"I Just Don't Care\". The program was at that time co-hosted by Brian Epstein, who expressed an interest in signing them. They later won a Murray the K call-in contest for best new release over The Dave Clark Five and The Animals in 1965. In 1966 they changed their name to \"The Fifth Estate\".","title":"Early years (as The D-Men)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Ding-Dong! 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Following a successful string of club performances,[3] they had an international hit in 1967 with a sunshine pop version of \"Ding-Dong! The Witch Is Dead\", which reached No. 11 on the Billboard Hot 100.[4] The song was recorded and released around the world in five different languages (Japanese, Italian, French, German and English), and incorporated parts of \"La Bouree\" in the instrumental break and coda from Terpsichore by 17th-century composer Michael Praetorius. According to Cashbox, the track was in the Top 100 record releases of 1967[5] and achieved the highest American chart position of any Harold Arlen or Wizard of Oz song.[6] That same year, the group recorded their version of \"Heigh Ho!\", another film theme, this time from Disney's first feature length film, 1937's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs. Although it made the top 40 on the Canadian CHUM chart, sales for both \"Heigh Ho!\" and their next single, \"Do Drop Inn\", proved disappointing in the US. \"Heigh Ho!\" failed to chart and \"Do Drop Inn\" skimmed the bottom of the American charts. Although not making an impact in America, in 1968 \"Morning Morning\", an original song that incorporated the band's core guitar and harpsichord driven sound, was a hit in Australia on the Stateside label.The original five members performed together for six years during which they recorded about 100 songs, and released 13 singles and one album. Sam & Dave joined them on stage and sang \"Soul Man\" with them at one of their theater shows, while one of the Vandellas sang and recorded one of their tunes, \"How Can I Find A Way,\" with them as her next release. They also appeared in a 1967 TV episode of Malibu U. In 1968, on \"The Frodis Caper\", the last of their 58 television show episodes, The Monkees covered The Fifth Estate's version of \"Ding Dong! The Witch Is Dead\".[7]The Fifth Estate toured with acts such as Count Five, The Electric Prunes, The Music Explosion, The Buckinghams, The Ronettes, Gene Pitney, The Lovin' Spoonful, The Turtles, The Byrds, The Easybeats.[8] They also appeared on Upbeat with another Greenwich Village band, The Velvet Underground.In 1970, group members went off on different projects. Bill Shute released two albums with Lisa Null, The Feathered Maiden and Other Ballads (1977) and American Primitive (1980), and multiple albums with other collaborators.[9] The band has since reformed and continue to perform and record. Their album Time Tunnel was recorded in 2010/11 and released on January 2, 2012. It was produced with the assistance of and mixed by Shel Talmy.On September 19, 2012, The Fifth Estate - Anthology 1 was released by Fuel 2000/Universal Music Group. A double CD with a 20-page booklet and 40 songs, more than half the tracks were previously unreleased.In May, 2014, the German label Break-A-Way Records released a 14-song vinyl album of the band's early 1964 - 1966 material called I Wanna Shout!On August 12, 2014, following the continued success of the 2012 Anthology 1 release, Fuel 2000 released a 14-song CD of new material, Take The Fifth. This album was also mixed and executive-produced by Shel Talmy.","title":"The Fifth Estate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Rick Engler - guitar, fuzz bass, lead vocals, harmonica\nKen 'Furvus' Evans - drums, vocals\nDoug 'Duke' Ferrara - bass, lead harmony vocals\nWayne 'Wads' Wadhams (died 19 August 2008) - harpsichord, piano, organ, lead vocals\nBill Shute - guitar, shugro 8, vocals [10]\nChuck LeGros - vocals, harmonica (1966)\nBob 'Bobby Lee' Klein - lead vocals, keyboards, guitar (1969 + 2006-)","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Veep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veep_Records"},{"link_name":"Kapp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapp_Records"},{"link_name":"Red Bird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Bird_Records"},{"link_name":"Ding Dong! The Witch Is Dead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ding-Dong!_The_Witch_Is_Dead"},{"link_name":"Jubilee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jubilee_Records"},{"link_name":"Heigh-Ho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heigh-Ho"},{"link_name":"Evolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_Records"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AM-1"}],"sub_title":"Singles","text":"as The D-Men\"Don't You Know\" b/w \"No Hope For Me\" (Veep/United Artists 1206 / July 1964)\n\"I Just Don't Care\" b/w \"Messin Around\" (Veep/United Artists 1209 / March 1965)\n\"So Little Time\" b/w \"Every Minute of Every Day\" (Kapp 691 / May 1965)as The Fifth Estate\"Love Is All a Game\" b/w \"Like I Love You\" (Red Bird RB 10-064 / May 1966)\n\"Ding Dong! The Witch Is Dead\" b/w \"Rub-a-Dub\" (Jubilee 45-5573 / May 1967)\n\"The Goofin Song\" b/w \"Lost Generation\" (Jubilee 5588 / July 1967)\n\"Heigh-Ho\" b/w \"It's Waiting There for You\" (Jubilee 5595 / October 1967)\n\"Morning, Morning\" b/w \"Tomorrow Is My Turn\" (Jubilee 5607 / November 1967)\n\"Do Drop Inn\" b/w \"That's Love\" (Jubilee 5617 / February 1968)\n\"Coney Island Sally\" b/w \"Tomorrow Is My Turn\" (Jubilee 5627 / July 1968)\n\"Night on Fire\" b/w \"I've Never Been So High\" (3 members as Medicine Mike) (Evolution 1011 / August 1969)In 1969, two singles by studio musicians were released under the band's name without their permission or participation:[1]\"The Mickey Mouse Club March\" b/w \"I Knew You Before I Met You\" (Jubilee 5655 / April 1969)\n\"Parade of the Wooden Soldiers\" b/w \"I Knew You Before I Met You\" (Jubilee 5683 / November 1969)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Albums","text":"Ding Dong! The Witch Is Dead (Jubilee Records JGS 8005 / 1967)\nDing Dong! The Witch Is Back: 1964-1969 (Boston Skyline BSD 116/1992)\nTime Tunnel (Roxon Records LLC RR1001 / 2011)\nThe Fifth Estate - Anthology 1 1964-1969 (Fuel 2000 / Universal Music Group, 2012)\nI Wanna Shout! (Break-A-Way Records 039 / 2014)\nTake The Fifth (Fuel 2000 Records 302 062 017 2 / 2014)\nSurf, Rocks & Fuzz (Roxon Records LLC RR1002 / 2016) - 1963 & 1964 recordings\nI Wanna Shout! (Roxon Records LLC RR1003 / 2016) - digital and vinyl, 1965 recordings\nOn The Road (Roxon Records LLC RR1004 / 2016) - 1966 recordings\nThe Best Of - The Fifth Estate (Roxon Records LLC RR1005 / 20016) - 1964 to 1970 recordings\nHigher Density (Roxon Records LLC RR1006 / 2016) - 1968 recordings\nLive, Loud & Lo-Fi (Roxon Records LLC RR1007 / 2016) - 1964 to 2012 live recordings\nGarunge Deluxe (Roxon Records LC RR1008 / 2020) - more garage and RnR material","title":"Discography"}]
[{"image_text":"\"The D-Men 1964\".","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/The_D-Men_1964.JPG/220px-The_D-Men_1964.JPG"}]
null
[{"reference":"Deming, Mark. \"The Fifth Estate\". AllMusic. Retrieved March 5, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/the-fifth-estate-mn0000059350/biography","url_text":"\"The Fifth Estate\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"Ding Dong! The Witch Is Back! 1964-1969 (CD booklet). The Fifth Estate. Boston Skyline. 1993. BSD 116 – via Discogs.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.discogs.com/release/3864410-The-Fifth-Estate-The-D-Men-Ding-Dong-The-Witch-Is-Back-1964-1969#images/12760342","url_text":"Ding Dong! The Witch Is Back! 1964-1969"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discogs","url_text":"Discogs"}]},{"reference":"Fox, Hank (August 6, 1966). \"Fifth Estate Has Broad Bag of Rock Material\" (PDF). Billboard. p. 14. Retrieved November 13, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Billboard/60s/1966/BB-1966-08-06.pdf","url_text":"\"Fifth Estate Has Broad Bag of Rock Material\""}]},{"reference":"Colin Larkin, ed. (1997). The Virgin Encyclopedia of Sixties Music (First ed.). Virgin Books. p. 195. ISBN 0-7535-0149-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Larkin_(writer)","url_text":"Colin Larkin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Popular_Music","url_text":"The Virgin Encyclopedia of Sixties Music"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Books","url_text":"Virgin Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7535-0149-X","url_text":"0-7535-0149-X"}]},{"reference":"The Frodis Caper. The Monkees. March 25, 1968.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Monkees_(TV_series)","url_text":"The Monkees"}]},{"reference":"\"Pitney Package Finishes Tour\" (PDF). Billboard. August 26, 1967. p. 8. Retrieved November 13, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Music/Billboard-Index/IDX/1967/Billboard-1967-08-26-OCR-Page-0008.pdf","url_text":"\"Pitney Package Finishes Tour\""}]},{"reference":"Bingham, Tom (February 1981). \"The Fifth Estate\". Goldmine. No. 57. p. 19.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldmine_(magazine)","url_text":"Goldmine"}]},{"reference":"Kurtz, Warren (August 1, 2017). \"Goldmine Giveaway - Connecticut Rock 'n' Roll / Fifth Estate Interview\". Goldmine. Retrieved November 13, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.goldminemag.com/goldmine-giveaways/goldmine-giveaway-connecticut-rock-n-roll-book-fifth-estate-interview","url_text":"\"Goldmine Giveaway - Connecticut Rock 'n' Roll / Fifth Estate Interview\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldmine_(magazine)","url_text":"Goldmine"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://thefifthestateband.com/","external_links_name":"thefifthestateband.com"},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/the-fifth-estate-mn0000059350/biography","external_links_name":"\"The Fifth Estate\""},{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/release/3864410-The-Fifth-Estate-The-D-Men-Ding-Dong-The-Witch-Is-Back-1964-1969#images/12760342","external_links_name":"Ding Dong! The Witch Is Back! 1964-1969"},{"Link":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Billboard/60s/1966/BB-1966-08-06.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Fifth Estate Has Broad Bag of Rock Material\""},{"Link":"https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Music/Billboard-Index/IDX/1967/Billboard-1967-08-26-OCR-Page-0008.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Pitney Package Finishes Tour\""},{"Link":"https://www.goldminemag.com/goldmine-giveaways/goldmine-giveaway-connecticut-rock-n-roll-book-fifth-estate-interview","external_links_name":"\"Goldmine Giveaway - Connecticut Rock 'n' Roll / Fifth Estate Interview\""},{"Link":"http://www.thefifthestateband.com/","external_links_name":"The Fifth Estate Official Site"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/2cc14bcf-c7c6-4fb0-a214-8b45ffc88340","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosamund_(Gepid)
Rosamund (queen)
["1 Life","2 Rosamund in later culture","3 See also","4 Notes","5 External links"]
Lombard queen RosamundRosamund forced to drink from the skull of her father by Pietro della VecchiaQueen consort of the LombardsTenure567 - 28 June 572/573Born540Died572 or 573RavennaSpouseAlboinHelmichisFatherCunimund Rosamund (fl. 572) was a Lombard queen. She was the daughter of Cunimund, king of the Gepids, and wife of Alboin, king of the Lombards. Life Alboin and Rosamund by workshop of Peter Paul RubensRosamund was born into a kingdom in crisis, as the Gepid people had been fighting a losing battle against the Lombards since 546, firstly within the context of a Lombardic-East Roman alliance, and later against the Lombards and the Avar nomads. These wars had taken the lives of not only her grandfather king Thurisind, but also her uncle, Thurismund, both of which served to establish a long-standing hatred of the Lombards in her father, Cunimund, which he passed down to her. This hatred was what spawned the final war of the Gepids, as Cunimund attempted to win back lost lands against the Lombards. The war, however, quickly turned, and in 567, the Gepid Kingdom would be completely subdued by a mixture of Lombard and Avar forces, her father was decapitated and she, along with many other Gepids, was taken as a prisoner of the Lombards (see Lombard–Gepid War (567)). However, in an attempt to secure a male heir and following the death of his first wife Clotsuinda of Frankia, Alboin took her as his wife. Alboin was noted for his cruelty towards her; his most famous act of cruelty was reported by Paulus Diaconus, who states that at a royal banquet in Verona, Alboin forced her to drink from the skull of her dead father (which he carried around his belt), inviting her "to drink merrily with her father". After this, she began plotting to have her husband assassinated. Thus, Rosamund met with the king's arms bearer and her lover, Helmichis, who suggested using Peredeo, "a very strong man", to accomplish the assassination. Peredeo refused to help, and that night mistakenly had intercourse with Rosamund, who was disguised as a servant. After learning that he had committed adultery with his king's wife, Peredeo agreed to take part in an assassination attempt in fear of the king's retribution. After the great feast, Alboin went to bed inebriated, at which point Rosamund ordered the king's sword bound to his bedpost, so that should he wake in the middle of the assassination attempt, he would be defenseless. Alboin did wake, only to find himself unarmed. He fended off his attackers temporarily with a footstool, but was killed. Due in part to the work of Paulus Diaconus, there seems to be some confusion about who actually killed Alboin, with both Helmichis and Peredeo assigned as sole murderer. Immediately afterwards, Helmichis planned to marry Rosamund and usurp the throne by claiming kingship. However, this plan gained little support from the various duchies of the Lombard kingdom, so Rosamund, Helmichis, and Albsuinda, Alboin's daughter by his first wife, fled together to the East Roman stronghold of Ravenna with a large proportion of Alboin's private treasures. Rosamund and Helmichis married in Ravenna, but were soon divided when Rosamund, in an attempt to curry favour, took as a lover Longinus, the exarch, who had helped them plan the murder of Alboin. At the urging of Longinus, who promised to marry her, she attempted to murder her former lover Helmichis by poisoning, handing him the drink after he had washed; however, she was instead murdered by Helmichis, who forced her to drink the poison before committing suicide by the same means. Rosamund in later culture See also: Alboin § Cultural references Rosamund would inspire many later tragedies, based on her life, particularly in Italy, where the folk song "Donna Lumbarda" was passed down orally through the generations, inspiring later renditions of the tale. She's a heroine of Boccaccio's De casibus virorum illustrium (book 8). Medieval folk tales and legends developed. The first true tragedy, Giovanni Rucellai's Rosmunda, was first performed in 1525 and would serve as the basis for many later tellings of the story in the Italian language, such as Vittorio Alfieri's 1783 work of the same name and a Sam Benelli play of 1911. The conspiracy to murder Alboin also inspired the 1961/2 film Rosmunda e Alboino, aka Sword of the Conqueror etc., by Carlo Campogalliani. In 1665 Urban Hjärne wrote a comedy in Swedish on the same matter, Rosimunda. It is the first original play in that language known to have actually been staged, as entertainment for the young Charles XI while he studied at Uppsala university. In the English language, the story would also be considered a tragedy, albeit more often neglected than in the Italian tradition, but it was the subject of Robert Burton Rodney's mid 19th C. poem Alboin and Rosamond, and would be treated by the pre-Raphaelite poet Algernon Charles Swinburne in his 1899 work Rosamund, Queen of the Lombards. In Meg Cabot's young adult novel series The Princess Diaries published from 2000 on, Rosimunda is renamed 'Rosagunde'. While the story of her marriage to Alboin is the same, in Cabot's re-telling she is granted Genovia by the king of Italy as a reward for killing Alboin, making her the first princess of Genovia and an ancestor to the series' protagonist Mia Thermopolis. See also Cleopatra VII Theodora Notes ^ a b Diaconus, Paulus, Foulke, William Dudley (2004), Historia gentis Langobardorum, Adamant Media Corporation, Boston, p. 81 ^ Peredeo is not a Germanic name; it's may be a Latin (nick)name meaning "by God" (per Deo/Deus). ^ Hodgkin, Thomas (1895), Italy and Her Invaders, volume V, Oxford-Clarendon Press, Clarendon, p. 170 ^ Herwig, Wolfram (1997), The Roman Empire and its Germanic Peoples, University of California Press, California, p. 291 ^ Guerber, Helene Adeline (1896), Myths and Legends Series: Middle Ages, George C. Harrap & Co., pp. 102-105 External links Media related to Rosamund at Wikimedia Commons vteQueens of Italy Audofleda (493–526) Amalasuintha (526–534) Matasuntha (536–540) Berthora (549–552) Chlothsind (560s) Rosamund (567–573) Theodelinda (589–616) Gundiberga (626–652) Guntrude (712–744) Tassia (744–749) Ansa (756–774) Hildegard (774–783) Fastrada of Franconia (784–794) Luitgard of Sundgau (794–800) Bertha of Gellone (?) Cunigunda of Laon (?) Ermengarde of Tours (821–851) Engelberga of Parma (851–875) Richilde of Provence (875–877) Richardis of Swabia (879–888) Bertila of Spoleto (888–889) Ageltrude of Benevento (889–894) Ota of Neustria (896–899) Anna of Constantinople (900–905) Bertila of Spoleto (905–915) Anna of Provence (915–924) Bertha of Swabia (922–926) Alda (924–932) Marozia of Tusculum (932–933) Bertha of Swabia (937–948) Adelaide of Italy (948–950) Willa of Tuscany (950–953) Gerberga (957–963) Adelaide of Italy (951–973) Theophanu of Constantinople (972–983) Berta di Luni (1002–14) Cunigunde of Luxembourg (1004–24) Gisela of Swabia (1026–39) Agnes of Poitou (1043–56) Bertha of Savoy (1080–87) Eupraxia of Kiev (1089–93) Constance of Sicily (1095–98) Matilda of England (1114–25) Richenza of Northeim (1128–37) Beatrice I of Burgundy (1156–84) Constance of Sicily (1191–97) Beatrice of Hohenstaufen (1212) Constance of Aragon (1212–22) Isabella II of Jerusalem (1225–28) Isabella of England (1235–41) Bianca Lancia (1244?) Margaret of Brabant (1311) Margaret II of Hainaut (1327–47) Anna of Świdnica (1355–62) Elizabeth of Pomerania (1363–78) Barbara of Cilli (1431–37) Eleanor of Portugal (1452–67) Isabella of Portugal (1530–39) Joséphine de Beauharnais (1805–10) Marie Louise of Austria (1810–14) Margherita of Savoy (1878–1900) Elena of Montenegro (1900–46) Marie-José of Belgium (1946) Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Germany
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cunimund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cunimund"},{"link_name":"Gepids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gepids"},{"link_name":"Alboin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alboin"},{"link_name":"king of the Lombards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_the_Lombards"}],"text":"Rosamund (fl. 572) was a Lombard queen. She was the daughter of Cunimund, king of the Gepids, and wife of Alboin, king of the Lombards.","title":"Rosamund (queen)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:School_of_Rubens_-_Alboin_and_Rosamunde.jpg"},{"link_name":"Peter Paul Rubens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens"},{"link_name":"Avar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannonian_Avars"},{"link_name":"Thurisind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thurisind"},{"link_name":"Thurismund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thurismund"},{"link_name":"Gepid Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gepid_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Lombard–Gepid War (567)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombard%E2%80%93Gepid_War_(567)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Historia-1"},{"link_name":"Helmichis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmichis"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Historia-1"},{"link_name":"Paulus Diaconus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulus_Diaconus"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Albsuinda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albsuinda"},{"link_name":"Ravenna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exarchate_of_Ravenna"},{"link_name":"exarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exarch_of_Ravenna"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Alboin and Rosamund by workshop of Peter Paul RubensRosamund was born into a kingdom in crisis, as the Gepid people had been fighting a losing battle against the Lombards since 546, firstly within the context of a Lombardic-East Roman alliance, and later against the Lombards and the Avar nomads. These wars had taken the lives of not only her grandfather king Thurisind, but also her uncle, Thurismund, both of which served to establish a long-standing hatred of the Lombards in her father, Cunimund, which he passed down to her.This hatred was what spawned the final war of the Gepids, as Cunimund attempted to win back lost lands against the Lombards. The war, however, quickly turned, and in 567, the Gepid Kingdom would be completely subdued by a mixture of Lombard and Avar forces, her father was decapitated and she, along with many other Gepids, was taken as a prisoner of the Lombards (see Lombard–Gepid War (567)). However, in an attempt to secure a male heir and following the death of his first wife Clotsuinda of Frankia, Alboin took her as his wife. Alboin was noted for his cruelty towards her; his most famous act of cruelty was reported by Paulus Diaconus, who states that at a royal banquet in Verona, Alboin forced her to drink from the skull of her dead father (which he carried around his belt), inviting her \"to drink merrily with her father\".[1]After this, she began plotting to have her husband assassinated. Thus, Rosamund met with the king's arms bearer and her lover, Helmichis, who suggested using Peredeo,[2] \"a very strong man\",[1] to accomplish the assassination. Peredeo refused to help, and that night mistakenly had intercourse with Rosamund, who was disguised as a servant. After learning that he had committed adultery with his king's wife, Peredeo agreed to take part in an assassination attempt in fear of the king's retribution. After the great feast, Alboin went to bed inebriated, at which point Rosamund ordered the king's sword bound to his bedpost, so that should he wake in the middle of the assassination attempt, he would be defenseless. Alboin did wake, only to find himself unarmed. He fended off his attackers temporarily with a footstool, but was killed. Due in part to the work of Paulus Diaconus, there seems to be some confusion about who actually killed Alboin, with both Helmichis and Peredeo assigned as sole murderer.[3]Immediately afterwards, Helmichis planned to marry Rosamund and usurp the throne by claiming kingship. However, this plan gained little support from the various duchies of the Lombard kingdom, so Rosamund, Helmichis, and Albsuinda, Alboin's daughter by his first wife, fled together to the East Roman stronghold of Ravenna with a large proportion of Alboin's private treasures. Rosamund and Helmichis married in Ravenna, but were soon divided when Rosamund, in an attempt to curry favour, took as a lover Longinus, the exarch, who had helped them plan the murder of Alboin.[4] At the urging of Longinus, who promised to marry her, she attempted to murder her former lover Helmichis by poisoning, handing him the drink after he had washed; however, she was instead murdered by Helmichis, who forced her to drink the poison before committing suicide by the same means.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alboin § Cultural references","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alboin#Cultural_references"},{"link_name":"De casibus virorum illustrium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_casibus_virorum_illustrium"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Rucellai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_di_Bernardo_Rucellai"},{"link_name":"Vittorio Alfieri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vittorio_Alfieri"},{"link_name":"Sam Benelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sam_Benelli&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rosmunda e Alboino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sword_of_the_Conqueror"},{"link_name":"Carlo Campogalliani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Campogalliani"},{"link_name":"Urban Hjärne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_Hj%C3%A4rne"},{"link_name":"Charles XI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_XI_of_Sweden"},{"link_name":"Uppsala university","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uppsala_university"},{"link_name":"English language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"Robert Burton Rodney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Burton_Rodney&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Algernon Charles Swinburne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algernon_Charles_Swinburne"},{"link_name":"Rosamund, Queen of the Lombards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Algernon_Charles_Swinburne#Rosamund,_Queen_of_the_Lombards_(1899)"},{"link_name":"Meg Cabot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meg_Cabot"},{"link_name":"The Princess Diaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Princess_Diaries"}],"text":"See also: Alboin § Cultural referencesRosamund would inspire many later tragedies, based on her life, particularly in Italy, where the folk song \"Donna Lumbarda\" was passed down orally through the generations, inspiring later renditions of the tale.She's a heroine of Boccaccio's De casibus virorum illustrium (book 8).Medieval folk tales and legends developed.[5] The first true tragedy, Giovanni Rucellai's Rosmunda, was first performed in 1525 and would serve as the basis for many later tellings of the story in the Italian language, such as Vittorio Alfieri's 1783 work of the same name and a Sam Benelli play of 1911. The conspiracy to murder Alboin also inspired the 1961/2 film Rosmunda e Alboino, aka Sword of the Conqueror etc., by Carlo Campogalliani.In 1665 Urban Hjärne wrote a comedy in Swedish on the same matter, Rosimunda. It is the first original play in that language known to have actually been staged, as entertainment for the young Charles XI while he studied at Uppsala university.In the English language, the story would also be considered a tragedy, albeit more often neglected than in the Italian tradition, but it was the subject of Robert Burton Rodney's mid 19th C. poem Alboin and Rosamond, and would be treated by the pre-Raphaelite poet Algernon Charles Swinburne in his 1899 work Rosamund, Queen of the Lombards.In Meg Cabot's young adult novel series The Princess Diaries published from 2000 on, Rosimunda is renamed 'Rosagunde'. While the story of her marriage to Alboin is the same, in Cabot's re-telling she is granted Genovia by the king of Italy as a reward for killing Alboin, making her the first princess of Genovia and an ancestor to the series' protagonist Mia Thermopolis.","title":"Rosamund in later culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Historia_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Historia_1-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"per","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/per#Latin"},{"link_name":"Deo/Deus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/deo#Latin"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"}],"text":"^ a b Diaconus, Paulus, Foulke, William Dudley (2004), Historia gentis Langobardorum, Adamant Media Corporation, Boston, p. 81\n\n^ Peredeo is not a Germanic name; it's may be a Latin (nick)name meaning \"by God\" (per Deo/Deus).\n\n^ Hodgkin, Thomas (1895), Italy and Her Invaders, volume V, Oxford-Clarendon Press, Clarendon, p. 170\n\n^ Herwig, Wolfram (1997), The Roman Empire and its Germanic Peoples, University of California Press, California, p. 291\n\n^ Guerber, Helene Adeline (1896), Myths and Legends Series: Middle Ages, George C. Harrap & Co., pp. 102-105","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"Alboin and Rosamund by workshop of Peter Paul Rubens","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/School_of_Rubens_-_Alboin_and_Rosamunde.jpg/300px-School_of_Rubens_-_Alboin_and_Rosamunde.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Cleopatra VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleopatra"},{"title":"Theodora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodora_(6th_century)"}]
[]
[{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/67263868","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqKgdFj9VCYxK4f47BByd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/118888145","external_links_name":"Germany"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.651.1
G.651.1
["1 History","2 References"]
ITU-T Recommendation G.651.1Characteristics of a 50/125 µm multimode graded index optical fibre cable for the optical access networkStatusIn forceYear started2007Latest version2.0November 2018OrganizationITU-TCommitteeITU-T Study Group 15Related standardsG.652, G.657, G.8201DomaintelecommunicationLicenseFreely availableWebsitehttps://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-G.651.1 G.651.1 is an international standard developed by the Standardization Sector of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU-T) that specifies multi-mode optical fiber (MMF) cable. History The G.651.1 Recommendation builds on a previous fiber optic specification in G.651. G.651.1 was first published in 2007. Revisions of the standard were since published in 2008, and 2018 (November). References ^ "Optical Fiber Types". www.thefoa.org. The Fiber Optic Association. Retrieved 2021-04-07. ^ "G.651.1: Characteristics of a 50/125 µm multimode graded index optical fibre cable for the optical access network". www.itu.int. Archived from the original on 2021-04-07. Retrieved 2021-04-07. ^ "G.651.1: Characteristics of a 50/125 µm multimode graded index optical fibre cable for the optical access network". www.itu.int. Retrieved 2021-06-28.
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Dixon_(Royal_Navy_officer)
George Dixon (Royal Navy officer)
["1 Notes","2 References","3 External links"]
English explorer (1748–1795) George DixonBorn1748 (1748)Kirkoswald, CumbriaDied11 November 1795(1795-11-11) (aged 46–47)BermudaAllegiance United KingdomService/branch Royal NavyYears of servicec. 1776–1791Commands held Queen Charlotte George Dixon (1748 – 11 November 1795) was an English sea captain, explorer, and maritime fur trader. George Dixon was "born in Leath Ward, a native of Kirkoswald". The son of Thomas Dixon, he was baptised in Kirkoswald on 8 July 1748. He served under Captain Cook in his third voyage, on HMS Resolution, as armourer. In the course of the voyage he learned about the commercial possibilities along the North West Coast of America. History has not served Dixon well; for he is the least known of those who served and or were taught by Captain Cook and is only rarely mentioned in history books. When he is mentioned, he is relegated to a minor figure, overshadowed by the more dramatic figures of Cook and William Bligh, another officer on Cook's ill-fated third trip. In 1782, George Dixon was engaged by William Bolts. The Wiener Zeitung newspaper of 29 June 1782 carried a report from Fiume that, "in the early days of this month, Mr. von Bolts, Director of the Triestine East India Company, together with the English captain, Mr. Digson, arrived in this city". George Dixon wrote in the introduction to his account of the voyage he made for the Etches Company to the North West Coast in 1785–1788: So early as 1781, William Bolts, Esq; fitted out the Cobenzell, an armed ship of 700 tons, for the North-West Coast of America. She was to have sailed from Trieste (accompanied by a tender of forty-five tons) under Imperial colours, and was equally fitted out for trade or discovery: men of eminence in every department of science were engaged on board; all the maritime Courts of Europe were written to, in order to secure a good reception for these vessels, at their respective ports, and favourable answers were returned; yet, after all, this expedition, so exceedingly promising in every point of view, was overcome by a set of interested men, then in power in Vienna. The Triestine Society sent the Cobenzell in September 1783 on a commercial voyage to the Malabar Coast and China by way of the Cape of Good Hope. After leaving Trieste, she proceeded to Marseilles, where she took in the principal part of her cargo and departed that port in December. Apparently, Bolts still wished to carry out his North West Coast venture in connection with this voyage, and asked George Dixon to participate. However, Dixon went back to England, where he attempted to interest Sir Joseph Banks and English merchants in the North West Coast fur trade. This resulted in the formation of the Etches consortium, of which Dixon became a member with appointment as captain of the Queen Charlotte. The similarity is notable between the plan of the consortium and that elaborated by Bolts, which was apparently communicated to them by Dixon. In 1785, Dixon became a partner in Richard Cadman Etches and Company, commonly called the King George's Sound Company to develop fur trade in present-day British Columbia and Alaska. In September 1785 Dixon and fellow trader Nathaniel Portlock sailed from England. Portlock was in command of the larger vessel, the 320-ton bm King George, with a crew of 59. Dixon commanded the 200 ton (bm) Queen Charlotte, with a crew of 33. Dixon and Portlock sailed together for most of their three-year voyage. Illustration of Oahu, from the French translation of Dixon's book A Voyage Round the World In the summers of 1786 and 1787, Dixon explored the shores of present-day British Columbia and southeastern Alaska. He spent the intervening winter in the Hawaiian Islands, where he became the first European to visit the island of Molokaʻi. He anchored in Kealakekua Bay, where Cook had been killed, but did not come ashore. His chief areas of exploration were Haida Gwaii and Queen Charlotte Sound, Yakutat Bay (Port Mulgrave), Sitka Sound (Norfolk Bay), and the Dixon Entrance. While not the first European to explore the region of Haida Gwaii, he was the first to realize they were islands and not part of the mainland. On the northwestern part of Graham Island he acquired a large number of sea otter cloaks in trade with the Haida of Kiusta, under Chief Cuneah. Because of the many cloaks, he named the bay where he anchored "Cloak Bay". After visiting China and selling his cargo, he returned to England in 1788 and published, in 1789, A Voyage Round the World, but More Particularly to the North-West Coast of America. The book was a collection of descriptive letters by William Beresford, his cargo officer, and valuable charts and appendices by Dixon. There was a controversy between Dixon and John Meares, another explorer who had published a book claiming credit for discoveries Dixon thought were made by others. This controversy resulted in three pamphlets by Dixon and Meares denouncing each other. In 1789 Dixon met with Alexander Dalrymple, the Examiner of Sea Journals for the East India Company and an influential advocate of maritime exploration, and the Under-Secretary of the Home and Colonial Office, Evan Nepean. He urged on Nepean the need to take up Dalrymple's plan for a settlement on the North West Coast to prevent the Russians, Americans or Spanish from establishing themselves there. Dixon was afraid that if nothing was done the coast and its trade would be lost to Britain. On 20 October 1789, he wrote to Sir Joseph Banks regarding the expedition being fitted out under the command of his former Discovery shipmate, Henry Roberts, for discovery in the South Seas. He offered suggestions on the type of vessels that would be suitable and proposed the Queen Charlotte Islands as the best place to form a settlement on the North West Coast. There was a George Dixon who taught navigation at Gosport, England and wrote a treatise entitled The Navigator's Assistant in 1791. This may or may not be the same George Dixon. Dixon arrived in Bermuda with his wife, Ann, via New York in February 1794. His intention was to revert to his original training and work as a silversmith/jeweller. This is borne out by an advertisement in The Bermuda Gazette in April 1794 announcing his intentions: "George Dixon, jeweller from London". The Bermuda Gazette soon reported that Dixon's wife Ann, "lately from England", died in childbirth in May 1794: she was buried at St George, Bermuda on 20 May 1794. Dixon was left with his only child, Marianna. He himself died shortly afterwards on 11 November 1795, as confirmed by a notice in the Cumberland Pacquet in February 1796: " November 11 at Bermuda, Capt Dixon, the circumnavigator, a native of Kirkoswald in this county". The orphaned Marianna Dixon married a Bermudian merchant, Charles Bryan Hayward, in 1814. Notes ^ Gough, Barry M. (1979). "Dixon, George". In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. IV (1771–1800) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press. ^ Jefferson, Samuel (1840), The History and Antiquities of Leath Ward in the County of Cumberland, with Biographical Notices and Memoirs, Carlisle, p. 484, OCLC 2026870 ^ "Dixon's Voyage Round the World", The Monthly Review, 80: 502–511, June 1789, OCLC 1772616 ^ see also Augsburgisches Extra-Blatt, №159, Thursday 4 July 1782 ^ George Dixon, A Voyage Round the World, London, 1789, p.xx ^ Robert J. King, "Heinrich Zimmermann and the Proposed Voyage of the Royal and Imperial Ship Cobenzell to the North West Coast in 1782–1783", The Northern Mariner, vol.21, no.3, July 2011, pp.235-262. ^ Robert J. King, "William Bolts and the Austrian Origins of the Lapérouse Expedition", Terrae Incognitae, vol.40, 2008, pp.1–28 ^ Pethick, Derek (1976). First Approaches to the Northwest Coast. Vancouver: J.J. Douglas. pp. 97–100. ISBN 0-88894-056-4. ^ Henry B. Restarick (1928). "Historic Kealakekua Bay". Papers of the Hawaiian Historical Society. Honolulu: The Bulletin Publishing Company. hdl:10524/964. ^ Hayes, Derek (1999). Historical Atlas of the Pacific Northwest: Maps of exploration and Discovery. Sasquatch Books. p. 57. ISBN 1-57061-215-3. ^ "Cloak Bay". BC Geographical Names. ^ Dixon, (1789) ^ Dixon to Evan Nepean, 14 July 1789, National Archives, Kew, CO 42/72, ff.24–31 and at Public Archives of Canada, Ottawa, Q series, vol.49, p.354, printed in Report on Canadian Archives 1889, Ottawa, 1890, p. 29; cited in Barry M. Gough, "The Northwest Coast in Late 18th Century British Expansion", in Thomas Vaughan (ed.), The Western Shore, Portland, Oregon Historical Society and American Revolution Bicentennial Commission of Oregon, 1975, pp.48–80, p.67. ^ Dixon to Sir Joseph Banks, 20 October 1789, reproduced in Richard H. Dillon, "Letters of Captain George Dixon in the Banks Collection", British Columbia Historical Quarterly, vol.XIV, no.3, 1950, pp.167–171. ^ Duncan L. McDowall, "Captain Dixon's Last Port of Call: The Mystery of George Dixon's Last Years", Bermuda Journal of Archaeology and Maritime History, no.14, 2003, pp.7–21.; John Robson, The Men who sailed with Captain James Cook, John Robson's homepage http://pages.quicksilver.net.nz/jcr/~cookmen3.html#George%20Dixon Archived 2 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine References Wiener Zeitung, 15 and 18 January 1783 Dixon, George (1789), A voyage round the world but more particularly to the north-west coast of America: performed in 1785, 1786, 1787, and 1788, in the King George and Queen Charlotte, Captains Portlock and Dixon, London: G. Goulding, OCLC 243542399, OL 22121376M Portlock, Nathaniel (1789), A voyage round the world but more particularly to the north-west coast of America: performed in 1785, 1786, 1787, and 1788, in the King George and Queen Charlotte, Captains Portlock and Dixon, London: J. Stockdale, and G. Goulding, OCLC 221899194, OL 6961184M Temple, Sir Richard, "Austria's Commercial Venture in India in the Eighteenth Century", Indian Antiquary, XLVII (April 1918): 85–92 Fulvio Babudieri, Trieste e gli Interessi austriaci in Asia nei Secoli XVIII e XIX, Padova, CEDAM, 1966, doc.26, "Certificato azionario della Société Triestine". The Universal Daily Register, 10 October 1785 Dixon to Banks, 27 August 1784 and Banks to Dixon, 29 August 1784, British Museum (Natural History), Dawson Turner Transcripts of Banks Correspondence, vol. IV, ff.47-49; cited in David Mackay, In the Wake of Cook: Exploration, Science & Empire, 1780 1801, Wellington (NZ), Victoria UP, 1985, pp. 60–61 George Dixon, Letter and Memorandum from Capt. George Dixon to Sir Joseph Banks regarding the Fur Trade on the Northwest Coast, 1789, San Francisco, The White Knight Press, 1941. George Dixon (Johann Reinhold Forster übersetzt), Der Kapitaine Portlock’s und Dixon’s Reise um die Welt, Berlin, Voss, 1790, Vorrede des Uebersetzers, p. 11; V.T. Harlow, The Founding of the Second British Empire, Vol.2, London, Longmans, 1964, p. 420 Instructions to Portlock and Dixon, September 1785; quoted in , A Continuation of an Authentic Statement of All the Facts Relative to Nootka Sound, London, Fores, 1790, pp. 18–29, OL 23759290M The Etches consortium scheme is discussed in Robert J. King, "'A regular and reciprocal System of Commerce'—Botany Bay, Nootka Sound, and the isles of Japan", The Great Circle (Journal of the Australian Association for Maritime History) vol.19, no.1, 1997, pp. 1–29. External links George Dixon. "A voyage round the world, but more particularly to the north-west coast of America". John Robson. "The Men who sailed with Captain James Cook". Archived from the original on 15 October 2008. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF 2 WorldCat 2 National Germany United States Czech Republic Poland Artists Scientific illustrators Other IdRef
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research?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research"},{"link_name":"The Bermuda Gazette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bermuda_Gazette"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"George Dixon (1748 – 11 November 1795) was an English sea captain, explorer, and maritime fur trader.[1] George Dixon was \"born in Leath Ward, a native of Kirkoswald\".[2] The son of Thomas Dixon, he was baptised in Kirkoswald on 8 July 1748.He served under Captain Cook in his third voyage, on HMS Resolution, as armourer. In the course of the voyage he learned about the commercial possibilities along the North West Coast of America.[3]History has not served Dixon well; for he is the least known of those who served and or were taught by Captain Cook and is only rarely mentioned in history books. When he is mentioned, he is relegated to a minor figure, overshadowed by the more dramatic figures of Cook and William Bligh, another officer on Cook's ill-fated third trip.In 1782, George Dixon was engaged by William Bolts. The Wiener Zeitung newspaper of 29 June 1782 carried a report from Fiume that, \"in the early days of this month, Mr. von Bolts, Director of the Triestine East India Company, together with the English captain, Mr. Digson, arrived in this city\".[4] George Dixon wrote in the introduction to his account of the voyage he made for the Etches Company to the North West Coast in 1785–1788:So early as 1781, William Bolts, Esq; fitted out the Cobenzell, an armed ship of 700 tons, for the North-West Coast of America. She was to have sailed from Trieste (accompanied by a tender of forty-five tons) under Imperial colours, and was equally fitted out for trade or discovery: men of eminence in every department of science were engaged on board; all the maritime Courts of Europe were written to, in order to secure a good reception for these vessels, at their respective ports, and favourable answers were returned; yet, after all, this expedition, so exceedingly promising in every point of view, was overcome by a set of interested men, then in power in Vienna.[5]The Triestine Society sent the Cobenzell in September 1783 on a commercial voyage to the Malabar Coast and China by way of the Cape of Good Hope. After leaving Trieste, she proceeded to Marseilles, where she took in the principal part of her cargo and departed that port in December. Apparently, Bolts still wished to carry out his North West Coast venture in connection with this voyage, and asked George Dixon to participate.[6] However, Dixon went back to England, where he attempted to interest Sir Joseph Banks and English merchants in the North West Coast fur trade. This resulted in the formation of the Etches consortium, of which Dixon became a member with appointment as captain of the Queen Charlotte. The similarity is notable between the plan of the consortium and that elaborated by Bolts, which was apparently communicated to them by Dixon.[7]In 1785, Dixon became a partner in Richard Cadman Etches and Company, commonly called the King George's Sound Company to develop fur trade in present-day British Columbia and Alaska. In September 1785 Dixon and fellow trader Nathaniel Portlock sailed from England. Portlock was in command of the larger vessel, the 320-ton bm King George, with a crew of 59. Dixon commanded the 200 ton (bm) Queen Charlotte, with a crew of 33. Dixon and Portlock sailed together for most of their three-year voyage.[8]Illustration of Oahu, from the French translation of Dixon's book A Voyage Round the WorldIn the summers of 1786 and 1787, Dixon explored the shores of present-day British Columbia and southeastern Alaska. He spent the intervening winter in the Hawaiian Islands, where he became the first European to visit the island of Molokaʻi. He anchored in Kealakekua Bay, where Cook had been killed, but did not come ashore.[9]His chief areas of exploration were Haida Gwaii and Queen Charlotte Sound, Yakutat Bay (Port Mulgrave), Sitka Sound (Norfolk Bay), and the Dixon Entrance. While not the first European to explore the region of Haida Gwaii, he was the first to realize they were islands and not part of the mainland.[10] On the northwestern part of Graham Island he acquired a large number of sea otter cloaks in trade with the Haida of Kiusta, under Chief Cuneah. Because of the many cloaks, he named the bay where he anchored \"Cloak Bay\".[11]After visiting China and selling his cargo, he returned to England in 1788 and published, in 1789, A Voyage Round the World, but More Particularly to the North-West Coast of America.[12]\nThe book was a collection of descriptive letters by William Beresford, his cargo officer, and valuable charts and appendices by Dixon.There was a controversy between Dixon and John Meares, another explorer who had published a book claiming credit for discoveries Dixon thought were made by others. This controversy resulted in three pamphlets by Dixon and Meares denouncing each other.In 1789 Dixon met with Alexander Dalrymple, the Examiner of Sea Journals for the East India Company and an influential advocate of maritime exploration, and the Under-Secretary of the Home and Colonial Office, Evan Nepean. He urged on Nepean the need to take up Dalrymple's plan for a settlement on the North West Coast to prevent the Russians, Americans or Spanish from establishing themselves there. Dixon was afraid that if nothing was done the coast and its trade would be lost to Britain.[13] On 20 October 1789, he wrote to Sir Joseph Banks regarding the expedition being fitted out under the command of his former Discovery shipmate, Henry Roberts, for discovery in the South Seas. He offered suggestions on the type of vessels that would be suitable and proposed the Queen Charlotte Islands as the best place to form a settlement on the North West Coast.[14]There was a George Dixon who taught navigation at Gosport, England and wrote a treatise entitled The Navigator's Assistant in 1791. This may or may not be the same George Dixon.[original research?]Dixon arrived in Bermuda with his wife, Ann, via New York in February 1794. His intention was to revert to his original training and work as a silversmith/jeweller. This is borne out by an advertisement in The Bermuda Gazette in April 1794 announcing his intentions: \"George Dixon, jeweller from London\". The Bermuda Gazette soon reported that Dixon's wife Ann, \"lately from England\", died in childbirth in May 1794: she was buried at St George, Bermuda on 20 May 1794. Dixon was left with his only child, Marianna. He himself died shortly afterwards on 11 November 1795, as confirmed by a notice in the Cumberland Pacquet in February 1796: \"[died] November 11 at Bermuda, Capt Dixon, the circumnavigator, a native of Kirkoswald in this county\". The orphaned Marianna Dixon married a Bermudian merchant, Charles Bryan Hayward, in 1814.[15]","title":"George Dixon (Royal Navy officer)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Dixon, George\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.biographi.ca/en/bio/dixon_george_1776_91_4E.html"},{"link_name":"Dictionary of Canadian Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_Canadian_Biography"},{"link_name":"University of Toronto Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"The History and Antiquities of Leath Ward in the County of Cumberland, with Biographical Notices and Memoirs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=hRlTAAAAYAAJ"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2026870","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/2026870"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Dixon's Voyage Round the World\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/monthlyreview105grifgoog"},{"link_name":"The Monthly Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monthly_Review_(London)"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1772616","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1772616"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"see also Augsburgisches Extra-Blatt, №159, Thursday 4 July 1782","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//web.viu.ca/black/amrc/index.htm?home.htm&2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-88894-056-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88894-056-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-bay_9-0"},{"link_name":"hdl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10524/964","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hdl.handle.net/10524%2F964"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"Sasquatch Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasquatch_Books"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-57061-215-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57061-215-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"\"Cloak Bay\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/38401.html"},{"link_name":"BC Geographical Names","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BC_Geographical_Names"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"Report on Canadian Archives 1889","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/reportoncanadian1889publuoft"},{"link_name":"Barry M. Gough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_M._Gough"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"http://pages.quicksilver.net.nz/jcr/~cookmen3.html#George%20Dixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//pages.quicksilver.net.nz/jcr/~cookmen3.html#George%20Dixon"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20071102045906/http://pages.quicksilver.net.nz/jcr/~cookmen3.html"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"}],"text":"^ Gough, Barry M. (1979). \"Dixon, George\". In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. IV (1771–1800) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.\n\n^ Jefferson, Samuel (1840), The History and Antiquities of Leath Ward in the County of Cumberland, with Biographical Notices and Memoirs, Carlisle, p. 484, OCLC 2026870\n\n^ \"Dixon's Voyage Round the World\", The Monthly Review, 80: 502–511, June 1789, OCLC 1772616\n\n^ see also Augsburgisches Extra-Blatt, №159, Thursday 4 July 1782\n\n^ George Dixon, A Voyage Round the World, London, 1789, p.xx\n\n^ Robert J. King, \"Heinrich Zimmermann and the Proposed Voyage of the Royal and Imperial Ship Cobenzell to the North West Coast in 1782–1783\", The Northern Mariner, vol.21, no.3, July 2011, pp.235-262.\n\n^ Robert J. King, \"William Bolts and the Austrian Origins of the Lapérouse Expedition\", Terrae Incognitae, vol.40, 2008, pp.1–28\n\n^ Pethick, Derek (1976). First Approaches to the Northwest Coast. Vancouver: J.J. Douglas. pp. 97–100. ISBN 0-88894-056-4.\n\n^ Henry B. Restarick (1928). \"Historic Kealakekua Bay\". Papers of the Hawaiian Historical Society. Honolulu: The Bulletin Publishing Company. hdl:10524/964.\n\n^ Hayes, Derek (1999). Historical Atlas of the Pacific Northwest: Maps of exploration and Discovery. Sasquatch Books. p. 57. ISBN 1-57061-215-3.\n\n^ \"Cloak Bay\". BC Geographical Names.\n\n^ Dixon, (1789)\n\n^ Dixon to Evan Nepean, 14 July 1789, National Archives, Kew, CO 42/72, ff.24–31 and at Public Archives of Canada, Ottawa, Q series, vol.49, p.354, printed in Report on Canadian Archives 1889, Ottawa, 1890, p. 29; cited in Barry M. Gough, \"The Northwest Coast in Late 18th Century British Expansion\", in Thomas Vaughan (ed.), The Western Shore, Portland, Oregon Historical Society and American Revolution Bicentennial Commission of Oregon, 1975, pp.48–80, p.67.\n\n^ Dixon to Sir Joseph Banks, 20 October 1789, reproduced in Richard H. Dillon, \"Letters of Captain George Dixon in the Banks Collection\", British Columbia Historical Quarterly, vol.XIV, no.3, 1950, pp.167–171.\n\n^ Duncan L. McDowall, \"Captain Dixon's Last Port of Call: The Mystery of George Dixon's Last Years\", Bermuda Journal of Archaeology and Maritime History, no.14, 2003, pp.7–21.; John Robson, The Men who sailed with Captain James Cook, John Robson's homepage http://pages.quicksilver.net.nz/jcr/~cookmen3.html#George%20Dixon Archived 2 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"Illustration of Oahu, from the French translation of Dixon's book A Voyage Round the World","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Voyage_autour_du_monde_-_planche_IIe_-_Vue_de_la_Baie_de_Woahoo.jpg/220px-Voyage_autour_du_monde_-_planche_IIe_-_Vue_de_la_Baie_de_Woahoo.jpg"}]
null
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Goulding, OCLC 243542399, OL 22121376M","urls":[{"url_text":"Dixon, George"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/243542399","url_text":"243542399"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OL_(identifier)","url_text":"OL"},{"url":"https://openlibrary.org/books/OL22121376M","url_text":"22121376M"}]},{"reference":"Portlock, Nathaniel (1789), A voyage round the world but more particularly to the north-west coast of America: performed in 1785, 1786, 1787, and 1788, in the King George and Queen Charlotte, Captains Portlock and Dixon, London: J. Stockdale, and G. Goulding, OCLC 221899194, OL 6961184M","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel_Portlock","url_text":"Portlock, Nathaniel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/221899194","url_text":"221899194"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OL_(identifier)","url_text":"OL"},{"url":"https://openlibrary.org/books/OL6961184M","url_text":"6961184M"}]},{"reference":"Temple, Sir Richard, \"Austria's Commercial Venture in India in the Eighteenth Century\", Indian Antiquary, XLVII (April 1918): 85–92","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Carnac_Temple","url_text":"Temple, Sir Richard"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/indianantiquary035099mbp","url_text":"\"Austria's Commercial Venture in India in the Eighteenth Century\""}]},{"reference":"George Dixon. \"A voyage round the world, but more particularly to the north-west coast of America\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.27968","url_text":"\"A voyage round the world, but more particularly to the north-west coast of America\""}]},{"reference":"John Robson. \"The Men who sailed with Captain James Cook\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NoMan
T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents
["1 Publication history","1.1 Tower Comics","1.2 JC Comics","1.3 L. Miller & Son, Ltd.","1.4 Texas Comics","1.5 Deluxe Comics","1.6 Solson Publications","1.7 1990s","1.8 21st century","2 Fictional team history","3 Members","3.1 Agents","3.2 Thunder Squad","4 Film adaptation","5 Collected editions","5.1 T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents original series reprints","5.2 T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents anthologies","5.3 New series","6 References","7 Further reading","8 External links"]
Superhero team T.H.U.N.D.E.R. AgentsT.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents #12 (Tower Comics, April 1967), art by Wallace Wood.Publication informationPublisherTower ComicsJC ComicsDeluxe ComicsDC ComicsIDW PublicationsScheduleBimonthlyPublication date(Tower)November 1965 – November 1969(JC)May 1983 – January 1984(Deluxe)November 1984 – October 1986(DC)January 2011 – June 2012(IDW)August 2013 – April 2014No. of issues(Tower)20(JC)2(Deluxe)5(DC) (vol. 1) 10 (vol. 2) 6 (IDW)8Main character(s)DynamoLightningMenthorNoManJames "Egghead" AndorDynamiteKathryn "Kitten" KaneWilliam "Weed" WylieRavenUndersea AgentVulcanCreative teamWritten byLen BrownLarry IvieBill PearsonSteve SkeatesNick SpencerArtist(s)Wallace WoodDan AdkinsGil KaneSteve DitkoPaul ReinmanMike SekowskyChic StoneManny Stallman T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents is a fictional team of superheroes that appeared in comic books originally published by Tower Comics in the 1960s. They were an arm of the United Nations and were notable for their depiction of the heroes as everyday people whose heroic careers were merely their day jobs. The series was also notable for featuring some of the better artists of the day, such as Wallace Wood and Gil Kane. The team first appeared in T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents #1 (cover-dated Nov. 1965). The name is an acronym for "The Higher United Nations Defense Enforcement Reserves". The team has appeared in several versions via several publishers since the early 1980s. Publication history Tower Comics T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents was a bimonthly comic book published by Tower Comics. It ran for 20 issues (Nov. 1965 – Nov. 1969), plus two short-lived spin-off series starring the most popular super agents (Dynamo and NoMan). To launch the project, Wallace Wood huddled with scripter Len Brown (and possibly Larry Ivie) on a superhero concept Brown had described to Wood a year earlier. Brown recalled: "Wally had remembered my concept and asked me to write a 12-page origin story. I submitted a Captain Thunderbolt story in which he fought a villain named Dynamo". With a few changes by Wood and a title obviously inspired by the success of the spy-fi television series The Man from U.N.C.L.E. and the then-current James Bond film Thunderball, the series got underway. Tower Comics went out of business in 1969, and the T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents went into limbo. JC Comics In 1981 the rights to T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents were bought by John Carbonaro, who published two issues of a new series in the early 1980s under his JC Comics line, the storyline of which concluded in Blue Ribbon Comics #12, published by Archie Comics' Red Circle Comics line. L. Miller & Son, Ltd. Meanwhile, in the UK, L. Miller & Son, Ltd. and some of its successors published large monthly compendiums of uncoloured American superhero comics up until the 1980s, often reproducing T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents material. Texas Comics In 1983, the T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents appeared in Texas Comics' Justice Machine Annual #1, written by William Messner-Loebs, with art by Bill Reinhold, Jeff Dee, and Bill Anderson. Deluxe Comics In 1984, David M. Singer's Deluxe Comics began publishing a new series, Wally Wood's T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents, featuring some of the best artists of the era, including George Pérez, Dave Cockrum, Keith Giffen, Murphy Anderson, Steve Ditko, Rich Buckler, and Jerry Ordway. Singer claimed the group was in the public domain. A lawsuit by Carbonaro claimed otherwise. The lawsuit was eventually decided in US District Court in favor of Carbonaro, with Singer acknowledging Carbonaro's registered copyrights and trademark. Under the decision, Carbonaro also received, among other things, an assignment of all rights to Wally Wood's T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents, and an undisclosed sum of money. Deluxe Comics closed its doors in 1986 when several major distributors failed to pay sizeable past-due invoices. Solson Publications In 1987, Solson Publications produced one issue of T.H.U.N.D.E.R., a planned four-issue limited series which was never completed. A second issue was almost done. This series was not quite set in the same universe as the original series and took the characters in a different direction. 1990s In the early 1990s, Rob Liefeld stated that he had the rights to publish T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents, and advanced Dave Cockrum money to illustrate the series through Liefeld's Extreme Studios. Ads for a T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents series appeared in Extreme Studios and Maximum Press books cover-dated February 1996 indicating that the series would feature "stories by Rob Liefeld, Jim Valentino, Stephen Platt, Chap Yaep and Dan Fraga". Another revival was attempted by John Carbonaro in Penthouse Comix's Omni Comix #3 (1995). 21st century Promotional art for the 2010 revamp by Frank Quitely. In the early 2000s, DC Comics planned to release a new T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents series under license from Carbonaro. Work for about two issues of a new series was completed, but Carbonaro put a stop to it as it made radical alterations to the characters. DC failed to create a series in line with the original series and tone, but began publishing reprints of the original Tower series in their hardcover DC Archive Editions format in a total of six volumes. After Carbonaro died in early 2009, DC acquired the rights from his estate the same year. At that point, T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents was planned to be brought into the DC Universe, as DC had recently done with the Milestone Media and MLJ Comics heroes. A new series began publishing in November 2010 with a creative team of writer Nick Spencer and artist CAFU. The team consists of the original NoMan and a team of new heroes wearing the classic T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents costumes. In a departure from the classic series, the new Lightning is African. The series lasted 10 issues. In late 2011, DC published a six-issue miniseries. In 2012, the rights to T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents were transferred to IDW Publishing. This publication lasted eight issues. Fictional team history The first issue introduced the first three T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents: Dynamo, NoMan and Menthor. United Nations soldiers storm a mountain laboratory of a UN scientist, Professor Emil Jennings, driving off the forces of the Warlord. The scientist dies, but leaves behind several inventions—super weapons to combat the Warlord's worldwide attacks. Leonard Brown is given the Thunder Belt, which makes him super strong and invulnerable for a short amount of time, and is code-named Dynamo. Dying scientist Anthony Dunn transfers his mind into an android body of his own design. With a wide number of identical bodies, he can transfer his mind to any of them should something happen to his current one. He is given an invisibility cloak and becomes NoMan. John Janus gains mental powers from the Menthor helmet. He is a double-agent for the Warlord, but when he wears the helmet, he turns to good. Joining these super agents is the T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Squad, a special team of agents who fight the Warlord. This team included Virgil "Guy" Gilbert, Dynamite (Daniel John Adkins), William "Weed" Wylie, Kathryn "Kitten" Kane, and James "Egghead" Andor. In subsequent issues, additional agents were added. Gilbert of the T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Squad is given the Lightning Suit and becomes a super agent in the fourth issue. In the second issue, the Warlord is revealed as a Subterranean, and his forces are humanoids who live under the surface and have engaged in a war to reclaim the surface world from humans. Also in this issue, Egghead is killed in action but later reappears as a villain in an issue of Wally Wood's T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents. In issue #7, Menthor is killed. In issue #8, Craig Lawson is given an experimental rocket pack and becomes The Raven, and the Subterraneans are defeated. Later post-Tower additions included sonic-powered agent Vulcan (Travis F. Riley), two different Undersea Agents (Lt. David "Davy" Jones and his daughter Theresa) and two later versions of "new" agents who wore the Menthor helmet. With the threat of the Subterraneans ended, new villains appeared in the original series. Issue #9 introduced S.P.I.D.E.R. (Secret People's International Directorate for Extralegal Revenue), the main villains for the rest of the series. Other menaces included the Iron Maiden, an armored mastermind (introduced in the first issue as a possible love interest for Dynamo) who worked for the Subterraneans; Andor, a fast-healing telekinetic superhuman created by the Subterraneans who was introduced in Dynamo #1; along with Red Star (Communist menace) and others. In the 2010 DC Comics series, S.P.I.D.E.R. kidnaps the Raven and kills Dynamo and Lightning. New versions of Lightning and Dynamo are recruited, and the original NoMan, who had left the team because he was losing his humanity, was replaced. By this time, a number of people had been behind the costume of each T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agent, since the devices that gave them their powers are eventually fatal. Also introduced are T.H.U.N.D.E.R.'s recruiters, field agent Colleen Franklin and salesman Toby Heston. In the assault on S.P.I.D.E.R. to rescue the Raven, Toby is revealed as the brother of S.P.I.D.E.R.'s new leader, given a false personality to infiltrate T.H.U.N.D.E.R. When he attempts to use the Menthor helmet to gain the Raven's secrets however, he regains the "Toby" personality, similar to the effect it had on Janus. Colleen is revealed to be the daughter of Len Brown, the original Dynamo and the Iron Maiden. They live quietly in Sydney, Australia, but the T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Squad raid their home and captured the family. Brown wears the Dynamo belt one last time in exchange for his daughter and the Iron Maiden's life and apparently dies during the mission. The Iron Maiden escapes T.H.U.N.D.E.R.'s custody, leaving Colleen to be raised by T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Years later, Colleen tracks down the Iron Maiden and after extracting information from her with the help of Toby Heston, leaves her to be killed by the daughter of one of her former victims. Soon, the Subterraneans, defeated back in the early 70s, start an uprising led by Demo. It was the existence of the Subterraneans that lead to the establishment of the Higher United Nations and T.H.U.N.D.E.R. The new Dynamo is killed and a new Raven is introduced. In a backup series, a new UNDERSEA Agent is introduced. Members Agents Wally Wood cover for Dynamo #3 (March 1967). Dynamo – Leonard Brown wears the Thunder Belt, which makes him super-strong and invulnerable for thirty minutes. Going past the time limit puts a great strain on his body. Due to this, a safety measure was implemented in the belt that causes it to automatically turn off after thirty minutes. Menthor – John Janus gains mental powers from the Menthor Helmet. Actually a double agent for the Warlord, when he wears the helmet, he turns to good. After Janus dies in issue #7, two later agents wear the Menthor Helmet. NoMan – dying scientist Anthony Dunn transfers his mind into an android body of his own design. With a wide number of these identical bodies, he can transfer his mind to any of them should something happen to the one he is in. The addition of an Invisibility Cloak completes the transformation into NoMan. However, he can only use the cloak for ten minutes, as they drain his body's batteries. Lightning – Virgil "Guy" Gilbert wears the Lightning Suit, which gives him super-speed but also ages him at an accelerated rate. Raven – Craig Lawson wears an experimental rocket pack, and possesses superhuman vision and hearing. Undersea Agent – Lt. David "Davy" Jones and his daughter Theresa both wear the suit. Vulcan – Travis F. Riley is a sonic-powered agent. Thunder Squad James "Egghead" Andor – a brilliant strategist, Andor dies in issue #2, reappearing as a villain in later issues. Dynamite – Daniel John Adkins is the "weapons man". Kathryn "Kitten" Kane – technical device expert. William "Weed" Wylie – locksmith and safecracker. Colleen Franklin – T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agent recruiter, later revealed to be the daughter of Len Brown (Dynamo). Toby Heston – salesman and T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agent recruiter, he is actually the brother of S.P.I.D.E.R.'s new leader. Film adaptation In 2015, the film adaptation was announced to be produced by China's Huayi Brothers Media, with Batman producer Michael Uslan to launch a franchise based on the comic book series. Collected editions T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents original series reprints T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents Archives, Vol. 1–7, DC Comics, 2002–2011: T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents Archives, Vol. 1 (reprints T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents #1–4), December 2002, ISBN 1-56389-903-5 T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents Archives, Vol. 2 (reprints T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents #5–7; Dynamo #1), June 2003, ISBN 1-56389-970-1 T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents Archives, Vol. 3 (reprints T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents #8–10; Dynamo #2), March 2004, ISBN 1-4012-0015-X T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents Archives, Vol. 4 (reprints T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents #11; NoMan #1–2; Dynamo #3), June 2005, ISBN 1-4012-0152-0 T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents Archives, Vol. 5 (reprints T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents #12–14; Dynamo #4), 2005, ISBN 1-4012-0164-4 T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents Archives, Vol. 6 (reprints T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents #15–20; plus covers of four Undersea Agent issues), February 2006, ISBN 1-4012-0416-3 T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents Archives, Vol. 7 (reprints Deluxe Comic's Wally Wood's T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents #1–5 and a story from OMNI Comix #3), July 2011, ISBN 1-4012-3148-9 T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents Classics, Vol. 1–6, IDW Publishing, 2013–2015: T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents Classics vol. 1 (reprints T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents # 1–4), August 2013 T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents Classics vol. 2 (reprints T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents # 5–7; Dynamo #1), December 2013 T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents Classics vol. 3 (reprints T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents #8–10; Dynamo #2), April 2014 T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents Classics vol. 4 (reprints T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents #11; NoMan #1–2; Dynamo #3), August 2014 T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents Classics vol. 5 (reprints T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents #12–14; Dynamo #4), March 2015 T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents Classics vol. 6 (reprints T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents #15–19), November 2015 T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents anthologies T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents: The Best of Wally Wood, IDW Publishing, Oct 2014 (Hard Cover; 148 pages) Wally Wood’s T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents: Artist’s Edition Portfolio, IDW Publishing, April 2016 (a selection of Wood art, all scanned from the originals and printed at full size) New series T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents, Vol. 1 (reprints DC's T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents #1–10), November 2011, ISBN 1-4012-3254-X References ^ Markstein, Don. "Dynamo". Don Markstein's Toonopedia. Retrieved 2 April 2020. ^ Wells, John (2014). American Comic Book Chronicles: 1965-1969. TwoMorrows Publishing. p. 53. ISBN 978-1-60549-055-7. ^ Ivie, Larry (July 2001). "Ivie League Heroes". Comic Book Artist (#14): 64–68. ^ Misiroglu, Gina, The Superhero Book: The Ultimate Encyclopedia of Comic-Book Icons and Hollywood Heroes (Visible Ink Press, 2012), p. 374. ^ a b c d e f g h Sodaro, Robert J. "The Resplendent Sound of T.H.U.N.D.E.R.!", Comics Value Annual (1999). Archived on ThunderAgents.com. Accessed Feb. 8, 2014. ^ "News from Hither and Yon: JCP News". The Comics Journal (#71): 16. April 1982. Archived from the original on August 19, 2012. Retrieved August 12, 2012. Additional, August 19, 2012. ^ "Blood and T.H.U.N.D.E.R.", The Comics Journal #97 (April 1985), pp. 7–11. ^ "Deluxe suspends T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents", The Comics Journal #100 (July 1985), pp. 20–22. ^ "CCI: DC Universe Panel". comicbookresources.com. July 7, 2009. ^ Segura, Alex (July 19, 2010). "Meet the T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents". The Source, DCComics.com. ^ Segura, Alex (August 18, 2010). "A first look at CAFU's T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents". The Source, DCComics.com. Archived from the original on February 27, 2012. ^ Phegley, Keil (October 26, 2012). "IDW RECRUITS WALLY WOOD'S "T.H.U.N.D.E.R. AGENTS"". Comic Book Resources. Retrieved October 26, 2012. ^ Wells, John (2014). American Comic Book Chronicles: 1965-1969. TwoMorrows Publishing. p. 103. ISBN 978-1-60549-055-7. ^ Unknown (w), Wood, Wallace (a). "Dynamo Battles the Subterraneans" T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents, no. 3 (March 1966). ^ Frater, Patrick (October 12, 2015). "China's Huayi Brothers Sets Superhero Franchise Pact With Michael Uslan". Variety. Retrieved October 14, 2015. Further reading Jon B. Cooke, The Thunder Agents Companion, TwoMorrows Publishing, 2005 – book-length history of the T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents, combining material from Comic Book Artist with previously unpublished work. ISBN 1-893905-43-8 External links T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents at the International Catalogue of Superheroes Official T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents site Len Brown and the origin of T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents A Hero History of Dynamo
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fictional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiction"},{"link_name":"superheroes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superheroes"},{"link_name":"comic books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_book"},{"link_name":"Tower Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_Comics"},{"link_name":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"link_name":"Wallace Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallace_Wood"},{"link_name":"Gil Kane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gil_Kane"},{"link_name":"cover-dated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cover-date"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents is a fictional team of superheroes that appeared in comic books originally published by Tower Comics in the 1960s. They were an arm of the United Nations and were notable for their depiction of the heroes as everyday people whose heroic careers were merely their day jobs. The series was also notable for featuring some of the better artists of the day, such as Wallace Wood and Gil Kane. The team first appeared in T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents #1 (cover-dated Nov. 1965).[1] The name is an acronym for \"The Higher United Nations Defense Enforcement Reserves\". The team has appeared in several versions via several publishers since the early 1980s.","title":"T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Publication history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tower Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_Comics"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Len Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Len_Brown_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Larry Ivie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Ivie"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"spy-fi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spy-fi_(neologism)"},{"link_name":"The Man from U.N.C.L.E.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Man_from_U.N.C.L.E."},{"link_name":"James Bond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Bond"},{"link_name":"Thunderball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunderball_(film)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Tower Comics","text":"T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents was a bimonthly comic book published by Tower Comics. It ran for 20 issues (Nov. 1965 – Nov. 1969), plus two short-lived spin-off series starring the most popular super agents (Dynamo and NoMan).[2] To launch the project, Wallace Wood huddled with scripter Len Brown (and possibly Larry Ivie)[3] on a superhero concept Brown had described to Wood a year earlier. Brown recalled: \"Wally had remembered my concept and asked me to write a 12-page origin story. I submitted a Captain Thunderbolt story in which he fought a villain named Dynamo\".[citation needed] With a few changes by Wood and a title obviously inspired by the success of the spy-fi television series The Man from U.N.C.L.E. and the then-current James Bond film Thunderball,[4] the series got underway. Tower Comics went out of business in 1969, and the T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents went into limbo.","title":"Publication history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Carbonaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Carbonaro"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sodaro-5"},{"link_name":"JC Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JC_Comics"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Archie Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archie_Comics"},{"link_name":"Red Circle Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Circle_Comics"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sodaro-5"}],"sub_title":"JC Comics","text":"In 1981 the rights to T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents were bought by John Carbonaro,[5] who published two issues of a new series in the early 1980s under his JC Comics line,[6] the storyline of which concluded in Blue Ribbon Comics #12, published by Archie Comics' Red Circle Comics line.[5]","title":"Publication history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"L. Miller & Son, Ltd.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._Miller_%26_Son,_Ltd."},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sodaro-5"}],"sub_title":"L. Miller & Son, Ltd.","text":"Meanwhile, in the UK, L. Miller & Son, Ltd. and some of its successors published large monthly compendiums of uncoloured American superhero comics up until the 1980s, often reproducing T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents material.[5]","title":"Publication history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Justice Machine Annual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_Machine"},{"link_name":"William Messner-Loebs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Messner-Loebs"},{"link_name":"Bill Reinhold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Reinhold"},{"link_name":"Jeff Dee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Dee"}],"sub_title":"Texas Comics","text":"In 1983, the T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents appeared in Texas Comics' Justice Machine Annual #1, written by William Messner-Loebs, with art by Bill Reinhold, Jeff Dee, and Bill Anderson.","title":"Publication history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Deluxe Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deluxe_Comics"},{"link_name":"Wally Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wally_Wood"},{"link_name":"George Pérez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_P%C3%A9rez"},{"link_name":"Dave Cockrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Cockrum"},{"link_name":"Keith Giffen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Giffen"},{"link_name":"Murphy Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murphy_Anderson"},{"link_name":"Steve Ditko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Ditko"},{"link_name":"Rich Buckler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rich_Buckler"},{"link_name":"Jerry Ordway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Ordway"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sodaro-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sodaro-5"}],"sub_title":"Deluxe Comics","text":"In 1984, David M. Singer's Deluxe Comics began publishing a new series, Wally Wood's T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents, featuring some of the best artists of the era, including George Pérez, Dave Cockrum, Keith Giffen, Murphy Anderson, Steve Ditko, Rich Buckler, and Jerry Ordway. Singer claimed the group was in the public domain.[5] A lawsuit by Carbonaro claimed otherwise.[7] The lawsuit was eventually decided in US District Court in favor of Carbonaro,[8] with Singer acknowledging Carbonaro's registered copyrights and trademark. Under the decision, Carbonaro also received, among other things, an assignment of all rights to Wally Wood's T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents, and an undisclosed sum of money. Deluxe Comics closed its doors in 1986 when several major distributors failed to pay sizeable past-due invoices.[5]","title":"Publication history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Solson Publications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solson_Publications"},{"link_name":"limited series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited_series_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sodaro-5"}],"sub_title":"Solson Publications","text":"In 1987, Solson Publications produced one issue of T.H.U.N.D.E.R., a planned four-issue limited series which was never completed. A second issue was almost done. This series was not quite set in the same universe as the original series and took the characters in a different direction.[5]","title":"Publication history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rob Liefeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Liefeld"},{"link_name":"Dave Cockrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Cockrum"},{"link_name":"Extreme Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awesome_Comics#Extreme_Studios_and_Maximum_Press"},{"link_name":"Penthouse Comix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penthouse_Comix"},{"link_name":"Omni Comix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omni_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sodaro-5"}],"sub_title":"1990s","text":"In the early 1990s, Rob Liefeld stated that he had the rights to publish T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents, and advanced Dave Cockrum money to illustrate the series through Liefeld's Extreme Studios. Ads for a T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents series appeared in Extreme Studios and Maximum Press books cover-dated February 1996 indicating that the series would feature \"stories by Rob Liefeld, Jim Valentino, Stephen Platt, Chap Yaep and Dan Fraga\".Another revival was attempted by John Carbonaro in Penthouse Comix's Omni Comix #3 (1995).[5]","title":"Publication history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:T.H.U.N.D.E.R._Agents_(Quitely_promo_art).jpg"},{"link_name":"Frank Quitely","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Quitely"},{"link_name":"DC Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Comics"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sodaro-5"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"DC Archive Editions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Archive_Editions"},{"link_name":"DC Universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Universe"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Milestone Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milestone_Media"},{"link_name":"MLJ Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archie_Comics#MLJ_Magazines"},{"link_name":"Nick Spencer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Spencer"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"IDW Publishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IDW_Publishing"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cbr41846-12"}],"sub_title":"21st century","text":"Promotional art for the 2010 revamp by Frank Quitely.In the early 2000s, DC Comics planned to release a new T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents series under license from Carbonaro.[5] Work for about two issues of a new series was completed, but Carbonaro put a stop to it as it made radical alterations to the characters.[citation needed] DC failed to create a series in line with the original series and tone, but began publishing reprints of the original Tower series in their hardcover DC Archive Editions format in a total of six volumes. After Carbonaro died in early 2009, DC acquired the rights from his estate the same year. At that point, T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents was planned to be brought into the DC Universe,[9] as DC had recently done with the Milestone Media and MLJ Comics heroes.A new series began publishing in November 2010 with a creative team of writer Nick Spencer and artist CAFU. The team consists of the original NoMan and a team of new heroes wearing the classic T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents costumes.[10] In a departure from the classic series, the new Lightning is African.[11] The series lasted 10 issues. In late 2011, DC published a six-issue miniseries.In 2012, the rights to T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents were transferred to IDW Publishing.[12] This publication lasted eight issues.","title":"Publication history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Sydney, Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney,_Australia"}],"text":"The first issue introduced the first three T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents: Dynamo, NoMan and Menthor. United Nations soldiers storm a mountain laboratory of a UN scientist, Professor Emil Jennings, driving off the forces of the Warlord. The scientist dies, but leaves behind several inventions—super weapons to combat the Warlord's worldwide attacks. Leonard Brown is given the Thunder Belt, which makes him super strong and invulnerable for a short amount of time, and is code-named Dynamo. Dying scientist Anthony Dunn transfers his mind into an android body of his own design. With a wide number of identical bodies, he can transfer his mind to any of them should something happen to his current one. He is given an invisibility cloak and becomes NoMan. John Janus gains mental powers from the Menthor helmet. He is a double-agent for the Warlord, but when he wears the helmet, he turns to good. Joining these super agents is the T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Squad, a special team of agents who fight the Warlord. This team included Virgil \"Guy\" Gilbert, Dynamite (Daniel John Adkins), William \"Weed\" Wylie, Kathryn \"Kitten\" Kane, and James \"Egghead\" Andor.In subsequent issues, additional agents were added. Gilbert of the T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Squad is given the Lightning Suit and becomes a super agent in the fourth issue. In the second issue, the Warlord is revealed as a Subterranean, and his forces are humanoids who live under the surface and have engaged in a war to reclaim the surface world from humans. Also in this issue, Egghead is killed in action but later reappears as a villain in an issue of Wally Wood's T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents.[13] In issue #7, Menthor is killed. In issue #8, Craig Lawson is given an experimental rocket pack and becomes The Raven, and the Subterraneans are defeated. Later post-Tower additions included sonic-powered agent Vulcan (Travis F. Riley), two different Undersea Agents (Lt. David \"Davy\" Jones and his daughter Theresa) and two later versions of \"new\" agents who wore the Menthor helmet.With the threat of the Subterraneans ended, new villains appeared in the original series. Issue #9 introduced S.P.I.D.E.R. (Secret People's International Directorate for Extralegal Revenue), the main villains for the rest of the series. Other menaces included the Iron Maiden, an armored mastermind (introduced in the first issue as a possible love interest for Dynamo) who worked for the Subterraneans; Andor, a fast-healing telekinetic superhuman created by the Subterraneans who was introduced in Dynamo #1; along with Red Star (Communist menace) and others.In the 2010 DC Comics series, S.P.I.D.E.R. kidnaps the Raven and kills Dynamo and Lightning. New versions of Lightning and Dynamo are recruited, and the original NoMan, who had left the team because he was losing his humanity, was replaced. By this time, a number of people had been behind the costume of each T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agent, since the devices that gave them their powers are eventually fatal.Also introduced are T.H.U.N.D.E.R.'s recruiters, field agent Colleen Franklin and salesman Toby Heston. In the assault on S.P.I.D.E.R. to rescue the Raven, Toby is revealed as the brother of S.P.I.D.E.R.'s new leader, given a false personality to infiltrate T.H.U.N.D.E.R. When he attempts to use the Menthor helmet to gain the Raven's secrets however, he regains the \"Toby\" personality, similar to the effect it had on Janus.Colleen is revealed to be the daughter of Len Brown, the original Dynamo and the Iron Maiden. They live quietly in Sydney, Australia, but the T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Squad raid their home and captured the family. Brown wears the Dynamo belt one last time in exchange for his daughter and the Iron Maiden's life and apparently dies during the mission. The Iron Maiden escapes T.H.U.N.D.E.R.'s custody, leaving Colleen to be raised by T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Years later, Colleen tracks down the Iron Maiden and after extracting information from her with the help of Toby Heston, leaves her to be killed by the daughter of one of her former victims.Soon, the Subterraneans, defeated back in the early 70s, start an uprising led by Demo. It was the existence of the Subterraneans that lead to the establishment of the Higher United Nations and T.H.U.N.D.E.R. The new Dynamo is killed and a new Raven is introduced. In a backup series, a new UNDERSEA Agent is introduced.","title":"Fictional team history"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DynamoNumber3.jpg"},{"link_name":"Wally Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wally_Wood"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Agents","text":"Wally Wood cover for Dynamo #3 (March 1967).Dynamo – Leonard Brown wears the Thunder Belt, which makes him super-strong and invulnerable for thirty minutes. Going past the time limit puts a great strain on his body. Due to this, a safety measure was implemented in the belt that causes it to automatically turn off after thirty minutes.[14]\nMenthor – John Janus gains mental powers from the Menthor Helmet. Actually a double agent for the Warlord, when he wears the helmet, he turns to good. After Janus dies in issue #7, two later agents wear the Menthor Helmet.\nNoMan – dying scientist Anthony Dunn transfers his mind into an android body of his own design. With a wide number of these identical bodies, he can transfer his mind to any of them should something happen to the one he is in. The addition of an Invisibility Cloak completes the transformation into NoMan. However, he can only use the cloak for ten minutes, as they drain his body's batteries.\nLightning – Virgil \"Guy\" Gilbert wears the Lightning Suit, which gives him super-speed but also ages him at an accelerated rate.\nRaven – Craig Lawson wears an experimental rocket pack, and possesses superhuman vision and hearing.\nUndersea Agent – Lt. David \"Davy\" Jones and his daughter Theresa both wear the suit.\nVulcan – Travis F. Riley is a sonic-powered agent.","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"locksmith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locksmith"},{"link_name":"safecracker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safecracker"}],"sub_title":"Thunder Squad","text":"James \"Egghead\" Andor – a brilliant strategist, Andor dies in issue #2, reappearing as a villain in later issues.\nDynamite – Daniel John Adkins is the \"weapons man\".\nKathryn \"Kitten\" Kane – technical device expert.\nWilliam \"Weed\" Wylie – locksmith and safecracker.\nColleen Franklin – T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agent recruiter, later revealed to be the daughter of Len Brown (Dynamo).\nToby Heston – salesman and T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agent recruiter, he is actually the brother of S.P.I.D.E.R.'s new leader.","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Huayi Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huayi_Brothers"},{"link_name":"Batman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman"},{"link_name":"Michael Uslan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Uslan"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"In 2015, the film adaptation was announced to be produced by China's Huayi Brothers Media, with Batman producer Michael Uslan to launch a franchise based on the comic book series.[15]","title":"Film adaptation"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Collected editions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-56389-903-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56389-903-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-56389-970-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56389-970-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-4012-0015-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4012-0015-X"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-4012-0152-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4012-0152-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-4012-0164-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4012-0164-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-4012-0416-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4012-0416-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-4012-3148-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4012-3148-9"}],"sub_title":"T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents original series reprints","text":"T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents Archives, Vol. 1–7, DC Comics, 2002–2011:T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents Archives, Vol. 1 (reprints T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents #1–4), December 2002, ISBN 1-56389-903-5\nT.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents Archives, Vol. 2 (reprints T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents #5–7; Dynamo #1), June 2003, ISBN 1-56389-970-1\nT.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents Archives, Vol. 3 (reprints T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents #8–10; Dynamo #2), March 2004, ISBN 1-4012-0015-X\nT.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents Archives, Vol. 4 (reprints T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents #11; NoMan #1–2; Dynamo #3), June 2005, ISBN 1-4012-0152-0\nT.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents Archives, Vol. 5 (reprints T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents #12–14; Dynamo #4), 2005, ISBN 1-4012-0164-4\nT.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents Archives, Vol. 6 (reprints T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents #15–20; plus covers of four Undersea Agent issues), February 2006, ISBN 1-4012-0416-3\nT.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents Archives, Vol. 7 (reprints Deluxe Comic's Wally Wood's T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents #1–5 and a story from OMNI Comix #3), July 2011, ISBN 1-4012-3148-9T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents Classics, Vol. 1–6, IDW Publishing, 2013–2015:T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents Classics vol. 1 (reprints T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents # 1–4), August 2013\nT.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents Classics vol. 2 (reprints T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents # 5–7; Dynamo #1), December 2013\nT.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents Classics vol. 3 (reprints T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents #8–10; Dynamo #2), April 2014\nT.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents Classics vol. 4 (reprints T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents #11; NoMan #1–2; Dynamo #3), August 2014\nT.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents Classics vol. 5 (reprints T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents #12–14; Dynamo #4), March 2015\nT.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents Classics vol. 6 (reprints T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents #15–19), November 2015","title":"Collected editions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents anthologies","text":"T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents: The Best of Wally Wood, IDW Publishing, Oct 2014 (Hard Cover; 148 pages)\nWally Wood’s T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents: Artist’s Edition Portfolio, IDW Publishing, April 2016 (a selection of Wood art, all scanned from the originals and printed at full size)","title":"Collected editions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-4012-3254-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4012-3254-X"}],"sub_title":"New series","text":"T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents, Vol. 1 (reprints DC's T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents #1–10), November 2011, ISBN 1-4012-3254-X","title":"Collected editions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Comic Book Artist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_Book_Artist"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-893905-43-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-893905-43-8"}],"text":"Jon B. Cooke, The Thunder Agents Companion, TwoMorrows Publishing, 2005 – book-length history of the T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents, combining material from Comic Book Artist with previously unpublished work. ISBN 1-893905-43-8","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Promotional art for the 2010 revamp by Frank Quitely.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/23/T.H.U.N.D.E.R._Agents_%28Quitely_promo_art%29.jpg/200px-T.H.U.N.D.E.R._Agents_%28Quitely_promo_art%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Wally Wood cover for Dynamo #3 (March 1967).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/DynamoNumber3.jpg/220px-DynamoNumber3.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Markstein, Don. \"Dynamo\". Don Markstein's Toonopedia. Retrieved 2 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.toonopedia.com/dynamo.htm","url_text":"\"Dynamo\""}]},{"reference":"Wells, John (2014). American Comic Book Chronicles: 1965-1969. TwoMorrows Publishing. p. 53. ISBN 978-1-60549-055-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60549-055-7","url_text":"978-1-60549-055-7"}]},{"reference":"Ivie, Larry (July 2001). \"Ivie League Heroes\". Comic Book Artist (#14): 64–68.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_Book_Artist","url_text":"Comic Book Artist"}]},{"reference":"\"News from Hither and Yon: JCP News\". The Comics Journal (#71): 16. April 1982. Archived from the original on August 19, 2012. Retrieved August 12, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tcj.com/archive-viewer-issue-71/?pid=4643","url_text":"\"News from Hither and Yon: JCP News\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Comics_Journal","url_text":"The Comics Journal"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120819062213/http://www.tcj.com/archive-viewer-issue-71/?pid=4643","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"CCI: DC Universe Panel\". comicbookresources.com. July 7, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.comicbookresources.com/?page=article&id=22233","url_text":"\"CCI: DC Universe Panel\""}]},{"reference":"Segura, Alex (July 19, 2010). \"Meet the T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents\". The Source, DCComics.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://dcu.blog.dccomics.com/2010/07/19/meet-the-thunder-agents/","url_text":"\"Meet the T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents\""}]},{"reference":"Segura, Alex (August 18, 2010). \"A first look at CAFU's T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents\". The Source, DCComics.com. Archived from the original on February 27, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120227161832/http://dcu.blog.dccomics.com/2010/08/18/a-first-look-at-cafu%E2%80%99s-thunder-agents/","url_text":"\"A first look at CAFU's T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents\""},{"url":"http://dcu.blog.dccomics.com/2010/08/18/a-first-look-at-cafu%E2%80%99s-thunder-agents/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Phegley, Keil (October 26, 2012). \"IDW RECRUITS WALLY WOOD'S \"T.H.U.N.D.E.R. AGENTS\"\". Comic Book Resources. Retrieved October 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.comicbookresources.com/?page=article&id=41846","url_text":"\"IDW RECRUITS WALLY WOOD'S \"T.H.U.N.D.E.R. AGENTS\"\""}]},{"reference":"Wells, John (2014). American Comic Book Chronicles: 1965-1969. TwoMorrows Publishing. p. 103. ISBN 978-1-60549-055-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60549-055-7","url_text":"978-1-60549-055-7"}]},{"reference":"Frater, Patrick (October 12, 2015). \"China's Huayi Brothers Sets Superhero Franchise Pact With Michael Uslan\". Variety. Retrieved October 14, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2015/film/asia/huayi-brothers-michael-uslan-pact-for-thunder-agents-franchise-1201615725/","url_text":"\"China's Huayi Brothers Sets Superhero Franchise Pact With Michael Uslan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety.com","url_text":"Variety"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.toonopedia.com/dynamo.htm","external_links_name":"\"Dynamo\""},{"Link":"http://www.thunderagents.com/rsot.html","external_links_name":"ThunderAgents.com"},{"Link":"http://www.tcj.com/archive-viewer-issue-71/?pid=4643","external_links_name":"\"News from Hither and Yon: JCP News\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120819062213/http://www.tcj.com/archive-viewer-issue-71/?pid=4643","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.comicbookresources.com/?page=article&id=22233","external_links_name":"\"CCI: DC Universe Panel\""},{"Link":"http://dcu.blog.dccomics.com/2010/07/19/meet-the-thunder-agents/","external_links_name":"\"Meet the T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120227161832/http://dcu.blog.dccomics.com/2010/08/18/a-first-look-at-cafu%E2%80%99s-thunder-agents/","external_links_name":"\"A first look at CAFU's T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents\""},{"Link":"http://dcu.blog.dccomics.com/2010/08/18/a-first-look-at-cafu%E2%80%99s-thunder-agents/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.comicbookresources.com/?page=article&id=41846","external_links_name":"\"IDW RECRUITS WALLY WOOD'S \"T.H.U.N.D.E.R. AGENTS\"\""},{"Link":"https://variety.com/2015/film/asia/huayi-brothers-michael-uslan-pact-for-thunder-agents-franchise-1201615725/","external_links_name":"\"China's Huayi Brothers Sets Superhero Franchise Pact With Michael Uslan\""},{"Link":"http://www.internationalhero.co.uk/t/thunder.htm","external_links_name":"T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/19981212033436/http://www.thunderagents.com/","external_links_name":"Official T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents site"},{"Link":"http://potrzebie.blogspot.com/2005_10_01_potrzebie_archive.html","external_links_name":"Len Brown and the origin of T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents"},{"Link":"http://majorspoilers.com/2009/12/06/hero-history-dynamo/","external_links_name":"A Hero History of Dynamo"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trogiomorpha
Trogiomorpha
["1 Internal phylogeny","2 Classification","3 References","4 Further reading"]
Group of booklice TrogiomorphaTemporal range: Barremian–Recent PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Dorypteryx domestica Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Order: Psocodea Suborder: TrogiomorphaRoesler, 1940 Infraorders See text Trogiomorpha is one of the three major suborders of barklice, booklice, and parasitic lice in the order Psocodea (formerly Psocoptera), alongside Troctomorpha and Psocomorpha. There are about 8 families and more than 430 described species in Trogiomorpha. Trogiomorpha is widely agreed to be the earliest diverging of the three suborders, and retains the most primitive characteristics. Trogium pulsatorium Internal phylogeny The cladogram below shows the position of Trogiomorpha within Psocodea: Psocodea Troctomorpha Phthiraptera Liposcelididae Pachytroctidae Sphaeropsocidae Amphientometae Psocomorpha Trogiomorpha Atropetae Psyllipsocetae Prionoglaridetae (paraphyletic) Classification Trogiomorpha contains 3 infraorders and 5 extant (living) families, as well as three identified extinct families: Atropetae †Archaeatropidae Baz & Ortuño, 2000 †Empheriidae Baz & Ortuño, 2000 Lepidopsocidae Enderlein, 1903 (scaly-winged barklice) Psoquillidae Lienhard & Smithers, 2002 (bird nest barklice) Trogiidae Roesler, 1944 (granary booklice) Psyllipsocetae Psyllipsocidae Lienhard & Smithers, 2002 (cave barklice) Prionoglaridetae (paraphyletic) Prionoglarididae Azar, Huang & Nel, 2017 (large-winged psocids) Unplaced: †Cormopsocidae Yoshizawa & Lienhard, 2020 References ^ a b de Moya, Robert S; Yoshizawa, Kazunori; Walden, Kimberly K O; Sweet, Andrew D; Dietrich, Christopher H; Kevin P, Johnson (2021-06-16). Buckley, Thomas (ed.). "Phylogenomics of Parasitic and Nonparasitic Lice (Insecta: Psocodea): Combining Sequence Data and Exploring Compositional Bias Solutions in Next Generation Data Sets". Systematic Biology. 70 (4): 719–738. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syaa075. ISSN 1063-5157. ^ Johnson, Kevin P.; Smith, Vincent S. (2019). "Psocodea Species File Online". Retrieved 2019-06-14. ^ Bess, Emilie; Smith, Vince; Lienhard, Charles; Johnson, Kevin P. (2006). "Psocodea". Tree of Life. Retrieved 2019-06-14. ^ "Trogiomorpha Report". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 2019-05-04. ^ "Trogiomorpha suborder Information". BugGuide.net. Retrieved 2019-05-04. ^ Johnson, Kevin P.; Smith, Vincent S. (2019). "suborder Trogiomorpha". Psocodea species file online, Version 5.0. Retrieved 2019-05-04. ^ Yoshizawa, Kazunori; Lienhard, Charles (June 2020). "†Cormopsocidae: A new family of the suborder Trogiomorpha (Insecta: Psocodea) from Burmese amber". Entomological Science. 23 (2): 208–215. doi:10.1111/ens.12414. ISSN 1343-8786. Further reading Lyal, Ch H. C. (1985). "Phylogeny and classification of the Psocodea, with particular reference to the lice (Psocodea: Phthiraptera)". Systematic Entomology. 10 (2): 145–165. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3113.1985.tb00525.x. ISSN 0307-6970. vteExtant Psocodea families Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Subclass: Pterygota Infraclass: Neoptera Superorder: Paraneoptera Suborder TrogiomorphaAtropetae Lepidopsocidae Psoquillidae Trogiidae Prionoglaridetae Prionoglarididae (paraphyletic) Psyllipsocetae Psyllipsocidae Suborder TroctomorphaAmphientometae Amphientomidae Compsocidae Manicapsocidae Musapsocidae Protroctopsocidae Troctopsocidae Nanopsocetae Liposcelididae Pachytroctidae Sphaeropsocidae Phthiraptera(lice)Amblycera Ancistronidae Boopidae Colpocephalidae Gliricolidae Gyropidae Laemobothriidae Menoponidae (chicken body lice) Pseudomenoponidae Ricinidae Somaphantidae Trimenoponidae Trinotonidae Anoplura(sucking lice) Echinophthiriidae (seal lice) Enderleinellidae Haematopinidae (ungulate lice) Hamophthiriidae Hoplopleuridae (armoured lice) Hybothiridae Linognathidae (pale lice) Microthoraciidae Neolinognathidae Pecaroecidae Pedicinidae Pediculidae (body lice, head lice) Polyplacidae (spiny rat lice) Pthiridae (crab lice or pubic lice) Ratemiidae Ischnocera(paraphyletic) Bovicolidae Dasyonygidae Goniodidae Heptapsogasteridae Lipeuridae Philopteridae (paraphyletic) Trichodectidae Trichophilopteridae Rhyncophthirina Haematomyzidae Ischnocera, Rhyncophthirina and Amblycera comprise paraphyletic suborder Mallophaga (chewing lice).Suborder PsocomorphaArchipsocetae Archipsocidae Caeciliusetae Amphipsocidae Asiopsocidae Caeciliusidae Dasydemellidae Paracaeciliidae Stenopsocidae Epipsocetae Cladiopsocidae Dolabellopsocidae Epipsocidae Ptiloneuridae Spurostigmatidae Homilopsocidea Ectopsocidae Elipsocidae Lachesillidae Lesneiidae Mesopsocidae Peripsocidae Sabulopsocidae Philotarsetae Philotarsidae Pseudocaeciliidae Trichopsocidae Psocetae Hemipsocidae Myopsocidae Psilopsocidae Psocidae Order Psocodea is comprised of paraphyletic Psocoptera (book lice or bark lice) and monophyletic Phthiraptera (lice), both previously classified as orders. Taxon identifiersTrogiomorpha Wikidata: Q4051792 Wikispecies: Trogiomorpha AFD: Trogiomorpha BugGuide: 536518 CoL: 8MP9C Fauna Europaea: 12129 Fauna Europaea (new): a08cf520-9a72-4e20-bd7b-cdc64327fea7 iNaturalist: 212153 ITIS: 103321 NCBI: 159969 NZOR: bd6063c7-8068-405d-81b9-fa5856263c5b Paleobiology Database: 216237 Psocodea Species File (old): 1191651 This Psocoptera-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"suborders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suborder"},{"link_name":"order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Psocodea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psocodea"},{"link_name":"Psocoptera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psocoptera"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Johnson2019a-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bess2006-3"},{"link_name":"Troctomorpha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troctomorpha"},{"link_name":"Psocomorpha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psocomorpha"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-itis-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-buglink-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Johnson2019-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trogium_pulsatorium.jpg"},{"link_name":"Trogium pulsatorium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trogium_pulsatorium"}],"text":"Trogiomorpha is one of the three major suborders of barklice, booklice, and parasitic lice in the order Psocodea (formerly Psocoptera),[2][3] alongside Troctomorpha and Psocomorpha. There are about 8 families and more than 430 described species in Trogiomorpha.[4][5][6] Trogiomorpha is widely agreed to be the earliest diverging of the three suborders, and retains the most primitive characteristics.[7]Trogium pulsatorium","title":"Trogiomorpha"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cladogram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladogram"},{"link_name":"Psocodea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psocodea"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-deMoya2021-1"},{"link_name":"Psocodea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psocodea"},{"link_name":"Troctomorpha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troctomorpha"},{"link_name":"Phthiraptera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phthiraptera"},{"link_name":"Liposcelididae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liposcelididae"},{"link_name":"Pachytroctidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachytroctidae"},{"link_name":"Sphaeropsocidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphaeropsocidae"},{"link_name":"Amphientometae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphientometae"},{"link_name":"Psocomorpha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psocomorpha"},{"link_name":"Atropetae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atropetae"},{"link_name":"Psyllipsocetae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psyllipsocetae"},{"link_name":"Prionoglaridetae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prionoglaridetae"},{"link_name":"paraphyletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraphyletic"}],"text":"The cladogram below shows the position of Trogiomorpha within Psocodea:[1]Psocodea\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTroctomorpha\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nPhthiraptera\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLiposcelididae\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nPachytroctidae\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSphaeropsocidae\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAmphientometae\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nPsocomorpha\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTrogiomorpha\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAtropetae\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nPsyllipsocetae\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nPrionoglaridetae (paraphyletic)","title":"Internal phylogeny"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"infraorders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infraorder"},{"link_name":"extant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extant_taxon"},{"link_name":"families","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(biology)"},{"link_name":"extinct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinct"},{"link_name":"Atropetae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atropetae"},{"link_name":"Archaeatropidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeatropidae"},{"link_name":"Empheriidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empheriidae"},{"link_name":"Lepidopsocidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepidopsocidae"},{"link_name":"Psoquillidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psoquillidae"},{"link_name":"Trogiidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trogiidae"},{"link_name":"Psyllipsocetae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psyllipsocetae"},{"link_name":"Psyllipsocidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psyllipsocidae"},{"link_name":"Prionoglaridetae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prionoglaridetae"},{"link_name":"paraphyletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraphyletic"},{"link_name":"Prionoglarididae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prionoglarididae"},{"link_name":"Cormopsocidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cormopsocidae"}],"text":"Trogiomorpha contains 3 infraorders and 5 extant (living) families, as well as three identified extinct families:Atropetae\n†Archaeatropidae Baz & Ortuño, 2000\n†Empheriidae Baz & Ortuño, 2000\nLepidopsocidae Enderlein, 1903 (scaly-winged barklice)\nPsoquillidae Lienhard & Smithers, 2002 (bird nest barklice)\nTrogiidae Roesler, 1944 (granary booklice)\nPsyllipsocetae\nPsyllipsocidae Lienhard & Smithers, 2002 (cave barklice)\nPrionoglaridetae (paraphyletic)\nPrionoglarididae Azar, Huang & Nel, 2017 (large-winged psocids)\nUnplaced:\n\n†Cormopsocidae Yoshizawa & Lienhard, 2020","title":"Classification"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1111/j.1365-3113.1985.tb00525.x","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-3113.1985.tb00525.x"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0307-6970","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0307-6970"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Psocodea"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Psocodea"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Psocodea"},{"link_name":"Psocodea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psocodea"},{"link_name":"Animalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal"},{"link_name":"Arthropoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthropod"},{"link_name":"Insecta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect"},{"link_name":"Pterygota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pterygota"},{"link_name":"Neoptera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoptera"},{"link_name":"Paraneoptera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraneoptera"},{"link_name":"Trogiomorpha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Atropetae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atropetae"},{"link_name":"Lepidopsocidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepidopsocidae"},{"link_name":"Psoquillidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psoquillidae"},{"link_name":"Trogiidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trogiidae"},{"link_name":"Prionoglaridetae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prionoglaridetae"},{"link_name":"Prionoglarididae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prionoglarididae"},{"link_name":"Psyllipsocetae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psyllipsocetae"},{"link_name":"Psyllipsocidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psyllipsocidae"},{"link_name":"Troctomorpha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troctomorpha"},{"link_name":"Amphientometae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphientometae"},{"link_name":"Amphientomidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphientomidae"},{"link_name":"Compsocidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compsocidae"},{"link_name":"Manicapsocidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manicapsocidae"},{"link_name":"Musapsocidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musapsocidae"},{"link_name":"Protroctopsocidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protroctopsocidae"},{"link_name":"Troctopsocidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troctopsocidae"},{"link_name":"Nanopsocetae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanopsocetae"},{"link_name":"Liposcelididae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liposcelididae"},{"link_name":"Pachytroctidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachytroctidae"},{"link_name":"Sphaeropsocidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphaeropsocidae"},{"link_name":"Phthiraptera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louse"},{"link_name":"Amblycera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amblycera"},{"link_name":"Ancistronidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ancistronidae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Boopidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boopidae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Colpocephalidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colpocephalidae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gliricolidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gliricolidae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gyropidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyropidae"},{"link_name":"Laemobothriidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laemobothriidae"},{"link_name":"Menoponidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menoponidae"},{"link_name":"Pseudomenoponidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pseudomenoponidae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ricinidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricinidae"},{"link_name":"Somaphantidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Somaphantidae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Trimenoponidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimenoponidae"},{"link_name":"Trinotonidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trinotonidae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Anoplura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sucking_louse"},{"link_name":"Echinophthiriidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinophthiriidae"},{"link_name":"Enderleinellidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enderleinellidae"},{"link_name":"Haematopinidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haematopinus"},{"link_name":"Hamophthiriidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hamophthiriidae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hoplopleuridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoplopleuridae"},{"link_name":"Hybothiridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybothiridae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Linognathidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linognathidae"},{"link_name":"Microthoraciidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microthoraciidae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Neolinognathidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neolinognathidae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pecaroecidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pecaroecidae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pedicinidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedicinus"},{"link_name":"Pediculidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pediculus"},{"link_name":"Polyplacidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyplacidae"},{"link_name":"Pthiridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pthirus"},{"link_name":"Ratemiidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ratemiidae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ischnocera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ischnocera"},{"link_name":"Bovicolidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bovicolidae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dasyonygidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dasyonygidae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Goniodidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Goniodidae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Heptapsogasteridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heptapsogasteridae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lipeuridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lipeuridae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Philopteridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philopteridae"},{"link_name":"Trichodectidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichodectidae"},{"link_name":"Trichophilopteridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trichophilopteridae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rhyncophthirina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haematomyzus"},{"link_name":"Haematomyzidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haematomyzus"},{"link_name":"Ischnocera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ischnocera"},{"link_name":"Rhyncophthirina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haematomyzus"},{"link_name":"Amblycera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amblycera"},{"link_name":"Mallophaga (chewing lice)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallophaga"},{"link_name":"Psocomorpha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psocomorpha"},{"link_name":"Archipsocetae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archipsocidae"},{"link_name":"Archipsocidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archipsocidae"},{"link_name":"Caeciliusetae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caeciliusetae"},{"link_name":"Amphipsocidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphipsocidae"},{"link_name":"Asiopsocidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiopsocidae"},{"link_name":"Caeciliusidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caeciliusidae"},{"link_name":"Dasydemellidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dasydemellidae"},{"link_name":"Paracaeciliidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paracaeciliidae"},{"link_name":"Stenopsocidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stenopsocidae"},{"link_name":"Epipsocetae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epipsocetae"},{"link_name":"Cladiopsocidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladiopsocidae"},{"link_name":"Dolabellopsocidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolabellopsocidae"},{"link_name":"Epipsocidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epipsocidae"},{"link_name":"Ptiloneuridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptiloneuridae"},{"link_name":"Spurostigmatidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spurostigmatidae"},{"link_name":"Homilopsocidea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homilopsocidea"},{"link_name":"Ectopsocidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ectopsocidae"},{"link_name":"Elipsocidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elipsocidae"},{"link_name":"Lachesillidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lachesillidae"},{"link_name":"Lesneiidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lesneiidae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mesopsocidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopsocidae"},{"link_name":"Peripsocidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripsocidae"},{"link_name":"Sabulopsocidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabulopsocidae"},{"link_name":"Philotarsetae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philotarsetae"},{"link_name":"Philotarsidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philotarsidae"},{"link_name":"Pseudocaeciliidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudocaeciliidae"},{"link_name":"Trichopsocidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichopsocidae"},{"link_name":"Psocetae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psocetae"},{"link_name":"Hemipsocidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemipsocidae"},{"link_name":"Myopsocidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myopsocidae"},{"link_name":"Psilopsocidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psilopsocidae"},{"link_name":"Psocidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psocidae"},{"link_name":"Psocoptera (book lice or bark lice)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psocoptera"},{"link_name":"Phthiraptera (lice)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louse"},{"link_name":"Taxon identifiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers"},{"link_name":"Wikidata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikidata"},{"link_name":"Q4051792","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4051792"},{"link_name":"Wikispecies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikispecies"},{"link_name":"Trogiomorpha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Trogiomorpha"},{"link_name":"AFD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Faunal_Directory"},{"link_name":"Trogiomorpha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Trogiomorpha"},{"link_name":"BugGuide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BugGuide"},{"link_name":"536518","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bugguide.net/node/view/536518"},{"link_name":"CoL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life"},{"link_name":"8MP9C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/8MP9C"},{"link_name":"Fauna Europaea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauna_Europaea"},{"link_name":"12129","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.eu-nomen.eu/portal/taxon.php?GUID=urn:lsid:faunaeur.org:taxname:12129"},{"link_name":"Fauna Europaea (new)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauna_Europaea"},{"link_name":"a08cf520-9a72-4e20-bd7b-cdc64327fea7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fauna-eu.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/a08cf520-9a72-4e20-bd7b-cdc64327fea7"},{"link_name":"iNaturalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INaturalist"},{"link_name":"212153","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//inaturalist.org/taxa/212153"},{"link_name":"ITIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System"},{"link_name":"103321","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=103321"},{"link_name":"NCBI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information"},{"link_name":"159969","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=159969"},{"link_name":"bd6063c7-8068-405d-81b9-fa5856263c5b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nzor.org.nz/names/bd6063c7-8068-405d-81b9-fa5856263c5b"},{"link_name":"Paleobiology Database","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleobiology_Database"},{"link_name":"216237","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=216237"},{"link_name":"1191651","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//psocodea.speciesfile.org/Common/basic/Taxa.aspx?TaxonNameID=1191651"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Psocoptera_icon.png"},{"link_name":"Psocoptera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psocoptera"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trogiomorpha&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Psocoptera-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Psocoptera-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Psocoptera-stub"}],"text":"Lyal, Ch H. C. (1985). \"Phylogeny and classification of the Psocodea, with particular reference to the lice (Psocodea: Phthiraptera)\". Systematic Entomology. 10 (2): 145–165. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3113.1985.tb00525.x. ISSN 0307-6970.vteExtant Psocodea families\nKingdom: Animalia\nPhylum: Arthropoda\nClass: Insecta\nSubclass: Pterygota\nInfraclass: Neoptera\nSuperorder: Paraneoptera\nSuborder TrogiomorphaAtropetae\nLepidopsocidae\nPsoquillidae\nTrogiidae\nPrionoglaridetae\nPrionoglarididae (paraphyletic)\nPsyllipsocetae\nPsyllipsocidae\nSuborder TroctomorphaAmphientometae\nAmphientomidae\nCompsocidae\nManicapsocidae\nMusapsocidae\nProtroctopsocidae\nTroctopsocidae\nNanopsocetae\nLiposcelididae\nPachytroctidae\nSphaeropsocidae\nPhthiraptera(lice)Amblycera\nAncistronidae\nBoopidae\nColpocephalidae\nGliricolidae\nGyropidae\nLaemobothriidae\nMenoponidae (chicken body lice)\nPseudomenoponidae\nRicinidae\nSomaphantidae\nTrimenoponidae\nTrinotonidae\nAnoplura(sucking lice)\nEchinophthiriidae (seal lice)\nEnderleinellidae\nHaematopinidae (ungulate lice)\nHamophthiriidae\nHoplopleuridae (armoured lice)\nHybothiridae\nLinognathidae (pale lice)\nMicrothoraciidae\nNeolinognathidae\nPecaroecidae\nPedicinidae\nPediculidae (body lice, head lice)\nPolyplacidae (spiny rat lice)\nPthiridae (crab lice or pubic lice)\nRatemiidae\nIschnocera(paraphyletic)\nBovicolidae\nDasyonygidae\nGoniodidae\nHeptapsogasteridae\nLipeuridae\nPhilopteridae (paraphyletic)\nTrichodectidae\nTrichophilopteridae\nRhyncophthirina\nHaematomyzidae\nIschnocera, Rhyncophthirina and Amblycera comprise paraphyletic suborder Mallophaga (chewing lice).Suborder PsocomorphaArchipsocetae\nArchipsocidae\nCaeciliusetae\nAmphipsocidae\nAsiopsocidae\nCaeciliusidae\nDasydemellidae\nParacaeciliidae\nStenopsocidae\nEpipsocetae\nCladiopsocidae\nDolabellopsocidae\nEpipsocidae\nPtiloneuridae\nSpurostigmatidae\nHomilopsocidea\nEctopsocidae\nElipsocidae\nLachesillidae\nLesneiidae\nMesopsocidae\nPeripsocidae\nSabulopsocidae\nPhilotarsetae\nPhilotarsidae\nPseudocaeciliidae\nTrichopsocidae\nPsocetae\nHemipsocidae\nMyopsocidae\nPsilopsocidae\nPsocidae\nOrder Psocodea is comprised of paraphyletic Psocoptera (book lice or bark lice) and monophyletic Phthiraptera (lice), both previously classified as orders.Taxon identifiersTrogiomorpha\nWikidata: Q4051792\nWikispecies: Trogiomorpha\nAFD: Trogiomorpha\nBugGuide: 536518\nCoL: 8MP9C\nFauna Europaea: 12129\nFauna Europaea (new): a08cf520-9a72-4e20-bd7b-cdc64327fea7\niNaturalist: 212153\nITIS: 103321\nNCBI: 159969\nNZOR: bd6063c7-8068-405d-81b9-fa5856263c5b\nPaleobiology Database: 216237\nPsocodea Species File (old): 1191651This Psocoptera-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Trogium pulsatorium","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Trogium_pulsatorium.jpg/220px-Trogium_pulsatorium.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"de Moya, Robert S; Yoshizawa, Kazunori; Walden, Kimberly K O; Sweet, Andrew D; Dietrich, Christopher H; Kevin P, Johnson (2021-06-16). Buckley, Thomas (ed.). \"Phylogenomics of Parasitic and Nonparasitic Lice (Insecta: Psocodea): Combining Sequence Data and Exploring Compositional Bias Solutions in Next Generation Data Sets\". Systematic Biology. 70 (4): 719–738. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syaa075. ISSN 1063-5157.","urls":[{"url":"https://academic.oup.com/sysbio/article/70/4/719/5912026","url_text":"\"Phylogenomics of Parasitic and Nonparasitic Lice (Insecta: Psocodea): Combining Sequence Data and Exploring Compositional Bias Solutions in Next Generation Data Sets\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fsysbio%2Fsyaa075","url_text":"10.1093/sysbio/syaa075"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1063-5157","url_text":"1063-5157"}]},{"reference":"Johnson, Kevin P.; Smith, Vincent S. (2019). \"Psocodea Species File Online\". Retrieved 2019-06-14.","urls":[{"url":"http://psocodea.speciesfile.org/","url_text":"\"Psocodea Species File Online\""}]},{"reference":"Bess, Emilie; Smith, Vince; Lienhard, Charles; Johnson, Kevin P. (2006). \"Psocodea\". Tree of Life. Retrieved 2019-06-14.","urls":[{"url":"http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Psocodea","url_text":"\"Psocodea\""}]},{"reference":"\"Trogiomorpha Report\". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 2019-05-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=103321","url_text":"\"Trogiomorpha Report\""}]},{"reference":"\"Trogiomorpha suborder Information\". BugGuide.net. Retrieved 2019-05-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://bugguide.net/node/view/536518","url_text":"\"Trogiomorpha suborder Information\""}]},{"reference":"Johnson, Kevin P.; Smith, Vincent S. (2019). \"suborder Trogiomorpha\". Psocodea species file online, Version 5.0. Retrieved 2019-05-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://psocodea.speciesfile.org/Common/basic/Taxa.aspx?TaxonNameID=1191651","url_text":"\"suborder Trogiomorpha\""}]},{"reference":"Yoshizawa, Kazunori; Lienhard, Charles (June 2020). \"†Cormopsocidae: A new family of the suborder Trogiomorpha (Insecta: Psocodea) from Burmese amber\". Entomological Science. 23 (2): 208–215. doi:10.1111/ens.12414. ISSN 1343-8786.","urls":[{"url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ens.12414","url_text":"\"†Cormopsocidae: A new family of the suborder Trogiomorpha (Insecta: Psocodea) from Burmese amber\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fens.12414","url_text":"10.1111/ens.12414"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1343-8786","url_text":"1343-8786"}]},{"reference":"Lyal, Ch H. C. (1985). \"Phylogeny and classification of the Psocodea, with particular reference to the lice (Psocodea: Phthiraptera)\". Systematic Entomology. 10 (2): 145–165. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3113.1985.tb00525.x. ISSN 0307-6970.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-3113.1985.tb00525.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1365-3113.1985.tb00525.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0307-6970","url_text":"0307-6970"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrafluorohydrazine
Tetrafluorohydrazine
["1 Synthesis","2 Properties","3 Uses","4 Safety","5 References"]
Tetrafluorohydrazine Names IUPAC name 1,1,2,2-tetrafluorohydrazine Other names Tetrafluorohydrazine, perfluorohydrazine, UN 1955 Identifiers CAS Number 10036-47-2 N 3D model (JSmol) Interactive image ChemSpider 23228 Y ECHA InfoCard 100.030.091 PubChem CID 24845 UNII RR3J2QP9MG Y CompTox Dashboard (EPA) DTXSID9064922 InChI InChI=1S/F4N2/c1-5(2)6(3)4 YKey: GFADZIUESKAXAK-UHFFFAOYSA-N YInChI=1/F4N2/c1InChI=1/F4N2/c1-5(2)6(3)4Key: GFADZIUESKAXAK-UHFFFAOYAX SMILES FN(F)N(F)F Properties Chemical formula N2F4 Molar mass 104.008 g·mol−1 Appearance Colourless gas Melting point −164.5 °C (−264.1 °F; 108.6 K) Boiling point −73 °C (−99 °F; 200 K) Hazards Occupational safety and health (OHS/OSH): Main hazards Explosion Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC): LD50 (median dose) 10 mL/kg (rat, intraperitoneal) LC50 (median concentration) 440 mg/m3 (mouse, inhalation)900 ppm/1H (guinea pig, inhalation) Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C , 100 kPa). N verify (what is YN ?) Infobox references Chemical compound Tetrafluorohydrazine or perfluorohydrazine, N2F4, is a colourless, nonflammable, reactive inorganic gas. It is a fluorinated analog of hydrazine. Synthesis Tetrafluorohydrazine was originally prepared from nitrogen trifluoride using an copper as a fluorine atom acceptor: 2NF3 + Cu → N2F4 + CuF2 A number of F-atom acceptors can be used, including carbon, other metals, and nitric oxide. These reactions exploit the relatively weak N-F bond in NF3. Properties Tetrafluorohydrazine is in equilibrium with its radical monomer nitrogen difluoride. N2F4 ⇌ 2 •NF2 At room temperature N2F4 is mostly associated with only 0.7% in the form of NF2 at 5mm Hg pressure. When the temperature rises to 225 °C, it mostly dissociates with 99% in the form of NF2. The energy needed to break the N−N bond in N2F4 is 20.8 kcal/mol, with an entropy change of 38.6 eu. For comparison, the dissociation energy of the N−N bond is 14.6 kcal/mol (61 kJ/mol) in N2O4, 10.2 kcal/mol (43 kJ/mol) in N2O2, and 60 kcal/mol (250 kJ/mol) in N2H4. The enthalpy of formation of N2F4 (ΔfH°) is 34.421 kJ/mol. Uses Tetrafluorohydrazine is used in organic synthesis and some rocket propellant formulations. It adds across double bonds to give vicinal di(difluoroamine)s. In chemical syntheses, as a precursor or a catalyst. It was considered for use as a high-energy liquid oxidizer in some never-flown rocket fuel formulas in 1959. Safety Tetrafluorohydrazine is a highly hazardous chemical that explodes in the presence of organic materials. It is a toxic chemical which irritates skin, eyes and lungs. It is a neurotoxin and may cause methemoglobinemia. May be fatal if inhaled or absorbed through skin. Vapors may be irritating and corrosive. It is a strong oxidizing agent. Contact with this chemical may cause burns and severe injury. Fire produces irritating, corrosive and toxic gases. Vapors from liquefied gas are initially heavier than air and spread across the ground. Tetrafluorohydrazine explodes or ignites on contact with reducing agents at room temperature, including hydrogen, hydrocarbons, alcohols, thiols, amines, ammonia, hydrazines, dicyanogen, nitroalkanes, alkylberylliums, silanes, boranes or powdered metals. Prolonged exposure of the container of tetrafluorohydrazine to high heat may cause it to rupture violently and rocket. Tetrafluorohydrazine itself can explode at high temperatures or with shock or blast when under pressure. When heated to decomposition in air, it emits highly toxic fumes of fluorine and oxides of nitrogen. There is a fatal case in which during opening of valves to check the pressure, the cylinder exploded, killing one man and injuring another. References ^ a b Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8. ^ a b c d e f g h "Tetrafluorohydrazine". pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 26 March 2023. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. ^ Ruff, John K. (1967). "Derivatives of Nitrogen Fluorides". Chemical Reviews. 67 (6): 665–680. doi:10.1021/cr60250a004. ^ Clark, John Drury (1972). Ignition!. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers UP. p. 82. ISBN 0-8135-0725-1. LCCN 72-185390. ^ Jäger, Susanne; von Jouanne, Jörn; Keller-Rudek, Hannelore; Koschel, Dieter; Kuhn, Peter; Merlet, Peter; Rupecht, Sigrid; Vanecek, Hans; Wagner, Joachim (1986). Koschel, Dieter; Kuhn, Peter; Merlet, Peter; Ruprecht, Sigrid; Wagner, Joachim (eds.). F Fluorine: Compounds with Oxygen and Nitrogen. Gmelin Handbook of Inorganic Chemistry. Vol. 4. Berlin: Springer. p. 162. doi:10.1007/978-3-662-06339-2. ISBN 978-3-662-06341-5. Retrieved 29 August 2015. ^ a b Bohn, Robert K.; Bauer, Simon Harvey (February 1967). "An electron diffraction study of the structures of NF2 and N2F4". Inorganic Chemistry. 6 (2): 304–309. doi:10.1021/ic50048a024. molecule dimensions and angles ^ "Nitrogen difluoride NF2(g)". www.chem.msu.su. ^ Clark 1972, pp. 167–168. ^ Tetrafluorohydrazine at DTIC.mil archived March 12, 2007 vteFluorine compounds HF He LiF BeF2 BFBF3B2F4 CF4CxFy NF3N2F4 OFOF2O2F2O2F F− Ne NaF MgF2 AlFAlF3 SiF4 P2F4PF3PF5 S2F2SF2S2F4SF4S2F10SF6 ClFClF3ClF5 HArFArF2 KF CaF2 ScF3 TiF3TiF4 VF2VF3VF4VF5 CrF2CrF3CrF4CrF5CrF6 MnF2MnF3MnF4 FeF2FeF3 CoF2CoF3 NiF2NiF3 CuFCuF2 ZnF2 GaF3 GeF4 AsF3AsF5 SeF4SeF6 BrFBrF3BrF5 KrF2KrF4KrF6 RbF SrF2 YF3 ZrF4 NbF4NbF5 MoF4MoF5MoF6 TcF6 RuF3RuF4RuF5RuF6 RhF3RhF5RhF6 PdF2Pd PdF4PdF6 AgFAgF2AgF3Ag2F CdF2 InF3 SnF2SnF4 SbF3SbF5 TeF4TeF6 IFIF3IF5IF7 XeF2XeF4XeF6XeF8 CsF BaF2 * LuF3 HfF4 TaF5 WF4WF6 ReF6ReF7 OsF4OsF5OsF6OsF7OsF8 IrF3IrF5IrF6 PtF2Pt PtF4PtF5PtF6 AuFAuF3Au2F10AuF5·F2 HgF2Hg2F2HgF4 TlFTlF3 PbF2PbF4 BiF3BiF5 PoF4PoF6 At RnF2RnF6 Fr RaF2 ** Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og ↓ * LaF3 CeF3CeF4 PrF3PrF4 NdF3 PmF3 SmF2SmF3 EuF2EuF3 GdF3 TbF3TbF4 DyF3 HoF3 ErF3 TmF2TmF3 YbF2YbF3 ** AcF3 ThF4 PaF4PaF5 UF3UF4UF5UF6 NpF3NpF4NpF5NpF6 PuF3PuF4PuF5PuF6 AmF3AmF4AmF6 CmF3 Bk Cf Es Fm Md No PF6−, AsF6−, SbF6− compounds AgPF6 KAsF6 LiAsF6 NaAsF6 HPF6 HSbF6 NH4PF6 KPF6 KSbF6 LiPF6 NaPF6 NaSbF6 TlPF6 AlF6− compounds Cs2AlF5 Li3AlF6 K3AlF6 Na3AlF6 chlorides, bromides, iodides and pseudohalogenides BaClF SiIBrClF CFN ClFO2 SiF62-, GeF62- compounds BaSiF6 BaGeF6 (NH4)2SiF6 Na2 K2 Li2GeF6 Li2SiF6 Oxyfluorides BrOF3 BrO2F BrO3F LaOF ThOF2 VOF3 TcO3F WOF4 YOF ClOF3 ClO2F3 Organofluorides CBrF3 CBr2F2 CBr3F CClF3 CCl2F2 CCl3F CF2O CF3I CHF3 CH2F2 CH3F C2Cl3F3 C2H3F C6H5F C7H5F3 C15F33N C3H5F C6H11F with transition metal, lanthanide, actinide, ammonium VOF3 CrOF4 CrF2O2 NH4F (NH4)2ZrF6 CsXeF7 Li2TiF6 Li2ZrF6 K2TiF6 Rb2TiF6 Na2TiF6 Na2ZrF6 K2NbF7 K2TaF7 K2ZrF6 UO2F2 nitric acids FNO FNO2 FNO3 bifluorides KHF2 NaHF2 NH4HF2 thionyl, phosphoryl, and iodosyl F2OS F3OP PSF3 IOF3 IO3F IOF5 IO2F IO2F3 Chemical formulas vteHydrazines 4-PTSC Acylhydrazine ADH Adjudin Agaritine Benmoxin Cadralazine Carbazide Carbidopa Carbohydrazide Daminozide Dihydralazine DNPH Endralazine Gyromitrin HBT Hydralazine Hydrazide Hydrazine Hydrazone Iproclozide Iproniazid Isocarboxazid Isoniazid Mebanazine Metfendrazine MMH Nialamide Octamoxin PEH Phenelzine Pheniprazine Phenoxypropazine Phenylhydrazine Pildralazine Pimagedine Pivalylbenzhydrazine Procarbazine Safrazine Semicarbazide Semicarbazone SDMH Tetrafluorohydrazine UDMH
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen"},{"link_name":"F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorine"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pubchem-2"},{"link_name":"inorganic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inorganic_compound"},{"link_name":"gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas"},{"link_name":"fluorinated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorination"},{"link_name":"hydrazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrazine"}],"text":"Chemical compoundTetrafluorohydrazine or perfluorohydrazine, N2F4, is a colourless, nonflammable,[2] reactive inorganic gas. It is a fluorinated analog of hydrazine.","title":"Tetrafluorohydrazine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"nitrogen trifluoride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_trifluoride"},{"link_name":"copper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ruff-3"},{"link_name":"nitric oxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitric_oxide"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Tetrafluorohydrazine was originally prepared from nitrogen trifluoride using an copper as a fluorine atom acceptor:[3]2NF3 + Cu → N2F4 + CuF2A number of F-atom acceptors can be used, including carbon, other metals, and nitric oxide. These reactions exploit the relatively weak N-F bond in NF3.[4]","title":"Synthesis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"nitrogen difluoride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_difluoride"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bohn67-6"},{"link_name":"eu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropy_unit"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bohn67-6"},{"link_name":"N2O4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinitrogen_tetroxide"},{"link_name":"N2O2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinitrogen_dioxide"},{"link_name":"N2H4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrazine"},{"link_name":"enthalpy of formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_enthalpy_of_formation"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Tetrafluorohydrazine is in equilibrium with its radical monomer nitrogen difluoride.[5]N2F4 ⇌ 2 •NF2At room temperature N2F4 is mostly associated with only 0.7% in the form of NF2 at 5mm Hg pressure. When the temperature rises to 225 °C, it mostly dissociates with 99% in the form of NF2.[6]The energy needed to break the N−N bond in N2F4 is 20.8 kcal/mol, with an entropy change of 38.6 eu.[6] For comparison, the dissociation energy of the N−N bond is 14.6 kcal/mol (61 kJ/mol) in N2O4, 10.2 kcal/mol (43 kJ/mol) in N2O2, and 60 kcal/mol (250 kJ/mol) in N2H4. The enthalpy of formation of N2F4 (ΔfH°) is 34.421 kJ/mol.[7]","title":"Properties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"organic synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_synthesis"},{"link_name":"rocket propellant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocket_propellant"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pubchem-2"},{"link_name":"adds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addition_reaction"},{"link_name":"double bonds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_bond"},{"link_name":"vicinal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicinal_(chemistry)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark1972167%E2%80%93168-8"},{"link_name":"chemical syntheses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_synthesis"},{"link_name":"catalyst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalyst"},{"link_name":"oxidizer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidizer"},{"link_name":"rocket fuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocket_fuel"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Tetrafluorohydrazine is used in organic synthesis and some rocket propellant formulations.[2] It adds across double bonds to give vicinal di(difluoroamine)s.[8] In chemical syntheses, as a precursor or a catalyst. It was considered for use as a high-energy liquid oxidizer in some never-flown rocket fuel formulas in 1959.[9]","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"organic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_compound"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pubchem-2"},{"link_name":"neurotoxin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotoxin"},{"link_name":"methemoglobinemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methemoglobinemia"},{"link_name":"oxidizing agent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidizing_agent"},{"link_name":"liquefied gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquefied_gas"},{"link_name":"air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pubchem-2"},{"link_name":"reducing agents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reducing_agents"},{"link_name":"room temperature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Room_temperature"},{"link_name":"hydrogen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen"},{"link_name":"hydrocarbons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocarbons"},{"link_name":"alcohols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohols"},{"link_name":"thiols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiols"},{"link_name":"amines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amines"},{"link_name":"ammonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonia"},{"link_name":"hydrazines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrazines"},{"link_name":"dicyanogen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicyanogen"},{"link_name":"nitroalkanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitroalkane"},{"link_name":"alkylberylliums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organoberyllium"},{"link_name":"silanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silanes"},{"link_name":"boranes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boranes"},{"link_name":"metals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metals"},{"link_name":"fluorine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorine"},{"link_name":"oxides of nitrogen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxides_of_nitrogen"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pubchem-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pubchem-2"}],"text":"Tetrafluorohydrazine is a highly hazardous chemical that explodes in the presence of organic materials.[2]It is a toxic chemical which irritates skin, eyes and lungs. It is a neurotoxin and may cause methemoglobinemia. May be fatal if inhaled or absorbed through skin. Vapors may be irritating and corrosive. It is a strong oxidizing agent. Contact with this chemical may cause burns and severe injury. Fire produces irritating, corrosive and toxic gases. Vapors from liquefied gas are initially heavier than air and spread across the ground.[2]Tetrafluorohydrazine explodes or ignites on contact with reducing agents at room temperature, including hydrogen, hydrocarbons, alcohols, thiols, amines, ammonia, hydrazines, dicyanogen, nitroalkanes, alkylberylliums, silanes, boranes or powdered metals. Prolonged exposure of the container of tetrafluorohydrazine to high heat may cause it to rupture violently and rocket. Tetrafluorohydrazine itself can explode at high temperatures or with shock or blast when under pressure. When heated to decomposition in air, it emits highly toxic fumes of fluorine and oxides of nitrogen.[2]There is a fatal case in which during opening of valves to check the pressure, the cylinder exploded, killing one man and injuring another.[2]","title":"Safety"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Greenwood","url_text":"Greenwood, Norman N."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterworth-Heinemann","url_text":"Butterworth-Heinemann"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8","url_text":"978-0-08-037941-8"}]},{"reference":"\"Tetrafluorohydrazine\". pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 26 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Tetrafluorohydrazine","url_text":"\"Tetrafluorohydrazine\""}]},{"reference":"Ruff, John K. (1967). \"Derivatives of Nitrogen Fluorides\". Chemical Reviews. 67 (6): 665–680. doi:10.1021/cr60250a004.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fcr60250a004","url_text":"10.1021/cr60250a004"}]},{"reference":"Clark, John Drury (1972). Ignition!. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers UP. p. 82. ISBN 0-8135-0725-1. LCCN 72-185390.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Drury_Clark","url_text":"Clark, John Drury"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_JZcDwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Ignition!"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8135-0725-1","url_text":"0-8135-0725-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/72-185390","url_text":"72-185390"}]},{"reference":"Jäger, Susanne; von Jouanne, Jörn; Keller-Rudek, Hannelore; Koschel, Dieter; Kuhn, Peter; Merlet, Peter; Rupecht, Sigrid; Vanecek, Hans; Wagner, Joachim (1986). Koschel, Dieter; Kuhn, Peter; Merlet, Peter; Ruprecht, Sigrid; Wagner, Joachim (eds.). F Fluorine: Compounds with Oxygen and Nitrogen. Gmelin Handbook of Inorganic Chemistry. Vol. 4. Berlin: Springer. p. 162. doi:10.1007/978-3-662-06339-2. ISBN 978-3-662-06341-5. Retrieved 29 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rpfsCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA162","url_text":"F Fluorine: Compounds with Oxygen and Nitrogen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-662-06339-2","url_text":"10.1007/978-3-662-06339-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-662-06341-5","url_text":"978-3-662-06341-5"}]},{"reference":"Bohn, Robert K.; Bauer, Simon Harvey (February 1967). \"An electron diffraction study of the structures of NF2 and N2F4\". Inorganic Chemistry. 6 (2): 304–309. doi:10.1021/ic50048a024.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fic50048a024","url_text":"10.1021/ic50048a024"}]},{"reference":"\"Nitrogen difluoride NF2(g)\". www.chem.msu.su.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chem.msu.su/rus/handbook/ivtan/100.html","url_text":"\"Nitrogen difluoride NF2(g)\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=10036-47-2","external_links_name":"10036-47-2"},{"Link":"https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=FN%28F%29N%28F%29F","external_links_name":"Interactive image"},{"Link":"https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.23228.html","external_links_name":"23228"},{"Link":"https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.030.091","external_links_name":"100.030.091"},{"Link":"https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/24845","external_links_name":"24845"},{"Link":"https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/RR3J2QP9MG","external_links_name":"RR3J2QP9MG"},{"Link":"https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID9064922","external_links_name":"DTXSID9064922"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=470603940&page2=Tetrafluorohydrazine","external_links_name":"verify"},{"Link":"https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Tetrafluorohydrazine","external_links_name":"\"Tetrafluorohydrazine\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fcr60250a004","external_links_name":"10.1021/cr60250a004"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_JZcDwAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Ignition!"},{"Link":"https://lccn.loc.gov/72-185390","external_links_name":"72-185390"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rpfsCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA162","external_links_name":"F Fluorine: Compounds with Oxygen and Nitrogen"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-662-06339-2","external_links_name":"10.1007/978-3-662-06339-2"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fic50048a024","external_links_name":"10.1021/ic50048a024"},{"Link":"http://www.chem.msu.su/rus/handbook/ivtan/100.html","external_links_name":"\"Nitrogen difluoride NF2(g)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070312051306/http://stinet.dtic.mil/oai/oai?&verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=AD0313998","external_links_name":"Tetrafluorohydrazine"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaich%C5%8D
Kaichō
["1 References","2 Further reading"]
For the Japanese corporate and organizational title of this name, see Japanese corporate title. Kaichō (開帳, in honorific form go-kaichō), from the Edo period of Japan onwards, was the public exhibition of religious objects from Buddhist temples, usually relics or statuary, that were normally not on display. Such exhibitions were often the bases for public fairs, which would involve outdoor entertainment activities, market trading, and misemono. In the period from 1654 to 1868, in Edo city there were 1566 kaichō. Kaichō literally means "the opening of the curtain", and the purpose of keeping such icons hidden from public view except on special occasions was twofold. First, it upheld the sanctity of the objects that were displayed, where making them viewable to the public all of the time would otherwise serve to devalue their religious impacts. Second, it served as both advertisement and as a fund-raiser for the temple — primarily, but not solely, to pay for building repair. Accounts of such kaichō being held in Kamakura and Kyoto can be found dating from before the Edo period, but they only became truly popular during the 17th century. The occurrence of kaichō outside of temple grounds were primarily an Edo city phenomenon. The first such exterior kaichō in Edo was in 1676. Many kaichō were also degaichō, where the activities broadened into the opening of an entire area of the temple, turning it into a form of carnival, with entertainments, food vendors, and even freak shows, or with the religious objects being transported on a tour around the country. Technically, a degaichō is a kaichō outside temple grounds, and an igaichō is a kaichō where the display is within temple grounds. In theory, attendance at a kaichō was free of charge. In practice, attendees were expected to pay a fee upon entry, and to donate an extra gratuity upon viewing the object displayed. A kaichō would create an economic boom for the businesses around the temple, and were widely advertised and promoted. Kaichō were organized with the permission of the state. Much of the information on the kaichō in Edo, for example, is recorded in Bukō nenpyō, a diary kept by Edo Kanda town official Saitō Gesshin, and in the Kaichō sashi yuyushichō, the bakufu record of the government-approved kaichō. Bakufu approval for degaichō comprised a meeting of the bakufu officials to assess the fundraising case for the proposed kaichō, which would grant permission for a kaichō lasting up to 60 days from the date that the approval was granted. Much of this regulation was imposed in order to eliminate competition for business. However, state regulation was not entirely motivated by this. Although the bakufu in Edo in the 18th century granted only five permits per season, limited to a maximum of sixty days, it was readily prepared to grant extensions to length and to grant special permits. The government saw kaichō as a means for combatting its budget deficit, by eliminating the grants that it had theretofore provided to temples in favour of temples organizing kaichō to raise their own funds. The association of kaichō with non-religious activities, and the secularization of the event, led to the name becoming a slang appellation, in 19th century Edo, for any activity where a person indulged in revelry and frolics in an unusual or inappropriate place, or, further, for a crowd caught up with gambling fever or a person lost the heat of sexual passion. References ^ a b c d e f Williams, Duncan Ryūken (2005). The other side of Zen: a social history of Sōtō Zen : Buddhism in Tokugawa Japan. Buddhisms Series. Princeton University Press. pp. 79–80, 176. ISBN 9780691119281. ^ a b Marcia Yonemoto (2003). Mapping early modern Japan: space, place, and culture in the Tokugawa period, 1603–1868. Asia: Local Studies / Global Themes. Vol. 7. University of California Press. p. 202. ISBN 9780520232693. ^ a b Ian Reader and George Joji Tanabe (1998). Practically religious: worldly benefits and the common religion of Japan. University of Hawaii Press. p. 213. ISBN 9780824820909. ^ Ian Reader and George Joji Tanabe (1998). Practically religious: worldly benefits and the common religion of Japan. University of Hawaii Press. p. 212. ISBN 9780824820909. ^ a b c David Richard Leheny (2003). The rules of play: national identity and the shaping of Japanese leisure. Cornell studies in political economy. Cornell University Press. p. 52. ISBN 9780801440915. ^ a b c d e f Nam-Lin Hur (2000). Prayer and play in late Tokugawa Japan: Asakusa Sensōji and Edo society. Harvard East Asian monographs. Vol. 185. Harvard Univ Asia Center. pp. 80–82, 217–220. ISBN 9780674002401. ^ a b Ikumi Kaminishi (2006). Explaining pictures: Buddhist propaganda and etoki storytelling in Japan. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 92–93. ISBN 9780824826970. Further reading P. F. Kornicki (Summer 1994). "Public Display and Changing Values. Early Meiji Exhibitions and Their Precursors". Monumenta Nipponica. 49 (2). Sophia University: 167–196. doi:10.2307/2385168. JSTOR 2385168. Sarah Thal (2005). Rearranging the landscape of the gods: the politics of a pilgrimage site in Japan, 1573–1912. Studies of the East Asian Institute. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226794211. — Thal describes the political and religious conflicts over "false kaichō", not approved by the Shogunate. Authority control databases: National Japan
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Japanese corporate title","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_corporate_title"},{"link_name":"Edo period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edo_period"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Buddhist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Williams2005-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yonemoto2003-2"},{"link_name":"misemono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misemono"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yonemoto2003-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReaderTanabe1998p213-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReaderTanabe1998-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Williams2005-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Leheney2003-5"},{"link_name":"Kamakura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamakura,_Kanagawa"},{"link_name":"Kyoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Williams2005-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Leheney2003-5"},{"link_name":"Edo city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edo"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Williams2005-1"},{"link_name":"freak shows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freak_show"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Leheney2003-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hur2000-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kamimishi2006-7"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Williams2005-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hur2000-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kamimishi2006-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hur2000-6"},{"link_name":"bakufu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakufu"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Williams2005-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hur2000-6"},{"link_name":"budget deficit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budget_deficit"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReaderTanabe1998p213-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hur2000-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hur2000-6"}],"text":"For the Japanese corporate and organizational title of this name, see Japanese corporate title.Kaichō (開帳, in honorific form go-kaichō), from the Edo period of Japan onwards, was the public exhibition of religious objects from Buddhist temples, usually relics or statuary, that were normally not on display.[1][2] Such exhibitions were often the bases for public fairs, which would involve outdoor entertainment activities, market trading, and misemono.[2] In the period from 1654 to 1868, in Edo city there were 1566 kaichō.[3]Kaichō literally means \"the opening of the curtain\", and the purpose of keeping such icons hidden from public view except on special occasions was twofold. First, it upheld the sanctity of the objects that were displayed, where making them viewable to the public all of the time would otherwise serve to devalue their religious impacts. Second, it served as both advertisement and as a fund-raiser for the temple[4] — primarily, but not solely, to pay for building repair.[1][5]Accounts of such kaichō being held in Kamakura and Kyoto can be found dating from before the Edo period, but they only became truly popular during the 17th century.[1][5] The occurrence of kaichō outside of temple grounds were primarily an Edo city phenomenon. The first such exterior kaichō in Edo was in 1676.[1]Many kaichō were also degaichō, where the activities broadened into the opening of an entire area of the temple, turning it into a form of carnival, with entertainments, food vendors, and even freak shows,[5][6] or with the religious objects being transported on a tour around the country.[7] Technically, a degaichō is a kaichō outside temple grounds, and an igaichō is a kaichō where the display is within temple grounds.[1] In theory, attendance at a kaichō was free of charge. In practice, attendees were expected to pay a fee upon entry, and to donate an extra gratuity upon viewing the object displayed.[6][7] A kaichō would create an economic boom for the businesses around the temple, and were widely advertised and promoted.[6]Kaichō were organized with the permission of the state. Much of the information on the kaichō in Edo, for example, is recorded in Bukō nenpyō, a diary kept by Edo Kanda town official Saitō Gesshin, and in the Kaichō sashi yuyushichō, the bakufu record of the government-approved kaichō. Bakufu approval for degaichō comprised a meeting of the bakufu officials to assess the fundraising case for the proposed kaichō, which would grant permission for a kaichō lasting up to 60 days from the date that the approval was granted.[1][6] Much of this regulation was imposed in order to eliminate competition for business. However, state regulation was not entirely motivated by this. Although the bakufu in Edo in the 18th century granted only five permits per season, limited to a maximum of sixty days, it was readily prepared to grant extensions to length and to grant special permits. The government saw kaichō as a means for combatting its budget deficit, by eliminating the grants that it had theretofore provided to temples in favour of temples organizing kaichō to raise their own funds.[3][6]The association of kaichō with non-religious activities, and the secularization of the event, led to the name becoming a slang appellation, in 19th century Edo, for any activity where a person indulged in revelry and frolics in an unusual or inappropriate place, or, further, for a crowd caught up with gambling fever or a person lost the heat of sexual passion.[6]","title":"Kaichō"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/2385168","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F2385168"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2385168","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/2385168"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780226794211","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226794211"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6347588#identifiers"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00575265"}],"text":"P. F. Kornicki (Summer 1994). \"Public Display and Changing Values. Early Meiji Exhibitions and Their Precursors\". Monumenta Nipponica. 49 (2). Sophia University: 167–196. doi:10.2307/2385168. JSTOR 2385168.\nSarah Thal (2005). Rearranging the landscape of the gods: the politics of a pilgrimage site in Japan, 1573–1912. Studies of the East Asian Institute. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226794211. — Thal describes the political and religious conflicts over \"false kaichō\", not approved by the Shogunate.Authority control databases: National \nJapan","title":"Further reading"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Apulian_regional_election
2010 Apulian regional election
["1 Background","2 Centre-left primary election","3 Results","4 References"]
2010 Apulian regional election ← 2005 28–29 March 2010 2015 → All 70 seats of the Regional Council36 seats needed for a majority   Majority party Minority party   Leader Nichi Vendola Rocco Palese Party Left Ecology Freedom People of Freedom Alliance Centre-left Centre-right Last election 42 seats, 49.8% 28 seats, 49.2% Seats won 39 27 Seat change 3 1 Popular vote 1,036,683 899,590 Percentage 48.7% 42.3% Swing 1.1% 6.9% President before election Nichi Vendola SEL Elected President Nichi Vendola SEL Politics of Apulia Statute Regional Government President: Michele Emiliano Vice President: Raffaele Piemontese Regional Council President: Loredana Capone Elections Political parties Provinces Regions of Italy Politics of Italy Politics of the European Union Other countries vte The Apulian regional election of 2010 took place in Apulia, Italy, on 28–29 March 2010. The outgoing President Nichi Vendola (SEL) was elected for a second-consecutive term, after having won a primary election in which he beat a Democrat and having benefited from the split of the centre-right, whose two candidates jointly won 51.0% of the vote. Vendola's party, SEL, had a strong showing in the Region by coming third with 9.7% of the vote, after The People of Freedom (31.1%) and the Democratic Party (20.8%). Background The incumbent left-wing president Nichi Vendola, who in 2005 surprisingly defeated a centrist in the centre-left primary election and then the outgoing President Raffaele Fitto, was under attack by his own coalition. Vendola, a gay communist President in a fairly conservative region, would have found hard to get re-election in a time when the centre-right led by Silvio Berlusconi was ahead of the centre-left both in Apulia and the whole country. Moreover Vendola, after having left the Communist Refoundation Party in early 2009, instead of joining the Democratic Party (PD), the largest party of the centre-left, started a small outfit named Left and Freedom and launched his bid. The Democrats acknowledge that they needed a larger coalition in order to beat the centre-right and they were thus trying to convince Vendola to give up his bid and to endorse a more centrist candidate that could obtain the support of the Union of Christian and Centre Democrats (UDC) and Adriana Poli Bortone's I the South movement. Michele Emiliano, Mayor of Bari and PD regional leader, had been constantly mentioned as a possible candidate who would have received the support of the UDC. For her part Poli Bortone might have been interested in the race but her right-wing upbringing (she was a member of the Italian Social Movement and of National Alliance) would undoubtedly have stirred the left. In a succession of events between late December 2009 and January 2010, Emiliano turned against Vendola (whom he supported until then), asked his party's regional assembly to unanimously endorse himself. The assembly of the party was suspended because of clashes between Emiliano and Vendola supporters, then Emiliano accepted to contest a primary election with Vendola and finally withdrew from the race, leaving the PD without a strong candidate. Finally Vendola was chosen as candidate of the centre-left in a primary election on 25 January 2010. The People of Freedom (PdL) of Berlusconi and former President Raffaele Fitto subsequently chose Rocco Palese, leader of Forza Italia–PdL group in the Regional Council and former Vice President of Fitto, while the UDC launched Poli Bortone. Centre-left primary election After that Emiliano renounced his bid, the PD proposed Francesco Boccia as its candidate and the UDC endorsed him. However, as Vendola did not intend to withdraw from the race, the PD accepted to run a coalition primary election between Vendola and Boccia. This was a re-edition of the 2005 primary election, in which Boccia was narrowly defeated by Vendola. On 25 January 2010 an unprecedented number of Apulian citizens turned out to vote in the primary and Vendola trounced Boccia in the primary, by winning over 67% of the votes cast. Candidate Party Votes % Nichi Vendola SEL 137,521 67.2 Francesco Boccia PD 66,991 32.8 Total 204,512 100.0 Source: Nichi Vendola website Results The elected Regional Council by coalition:   Centre-left (39)  Centre-right (27)  Centrists (4) 28–29 March 2010 Apulian regional election results Candidates Votes % Seats Parties Votes % Seats Nichi Vendola 1,036,638 48.69 1 Democratic Party 410,395 20.75 19 Left Ecology Freedom (incl. PSI) 192,604 9.74 9 Italy of Values 127,865 6.47 5 Apulia for Vendola 109,382 5.53 5 Federation of the Left – Greens 64,441 3.26 – Bonino-Pannella List 6,005 0.30 – Total 910,692 46.05 38 Rocco Palese 899,590 42.25 1 The People of Freedom 615,064 31.10 20 Apulia First of All 139,379 7.05 4 Apulians for Rocco Palese 95,070 4.81 2 Alliance of the Centre 11,047 0.56 – Union of Democrats for Europe 9,125 0.46 – Pensioners' Party 4,777 0.24 – Total 874,462 44.22 26 Adriana Poli Bortone 185,370 8.71 – Union of the Centre 128,542 6.50 4 I the South – MPA 57,901 2.93 – Total 186,443 9.43 4 Michele Rizzi 7,376 0.35 – Communist Alternative Party 5,834 0.30 – Total candidates 2,128,974 100.00 2 Total parties 1,977,431 100.00 68 Source: Ministry of the Interior References ^ "Archivio Corriere della Sera". archiviostorico.corriere.it. ^ a b "Archivio Corriere della Sera". archiviostorico.corriere.it. ^ "Archivio Corriere della Sera". archiviostorico.corriere.it. ^ "Archivio Corriere della Sera". archiviostorico.corriere.it. ^ "aprileonline.info". www.aprileonline.info. ^ "Archivio Corriere della Sera". archiviostorico.corriere.it. ^ "Emiliano manda sms: senza l'unanimità non mi candido - Corriere del Mezzogiorno". corrieredelmezzogiorno.corriere.it. ^ "Archivio Corriere della Sera". archiviostorico.corriere.it. ^ "Archivio Corriere della Sera". archiviostorico.corriere.it. ^ "Puglia, Emiliano ritira la candidatura "Ma la mia non è una rinuncia" - Politica - Repubblica.it". www.repubblica.it. ^ "Archivio Corriere della Sera". archiviostorico.corriere.it. ^ "Archivio Corriere della Sera". archiviostorico.corriere.it. ^ "Poli Bortone: io corro per vincere - Corriere del Mezzogiorno". corrieredelmezzogiorno.corriere.it. ^ "Archivio Corriere della Sera". archiviostorico.corriere.it. ^ "Archivio Corriere della Sera". archiviostorico.corriere.it. ^ "Archivio Corriere della Sera". archiviostorico.corriere.it. ^ "Archivio Corriere della Sera". archiviostorico.corriere.it. ^ Four regional councillors out of the eleven elected by Left Ecology Freedom, including Onofrio Introna, President of the Regional Council, belong to the Italian Socialist Party. See "Partito Socialista". Archived from the original on 2010-08-17. Retrieved 2010-07-29.. vte Regional elections in Apulia 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Apulia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apulia"},{"link_name":"Nichi Vendola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nichi_Vendola"},{"link_name":"SEL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_Ecology_Freedom"},{"link_name":"Democrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Italy)"},{"link_name":"The People of Freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_People_of_Freedom"}],"text":"The Apulian regional election of 2010 took place in Apulia, Italy, on 28–29 March 2010.The outgoing President Nichi Vendola (SEL) was elected for a second-consecutive term, after having won a primary election in which he beat a Democrat and having benefited from the split of the centre-right, whose two candidates jointly won 51.0% of the vote.Vendola's party, SEL, had a strong showing in the Region by coming third with 9.7% of the vote, after The People of Freedom (31.1%) and the Democratic Party (20.8%).","title":"2010 Apulian regional election"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nichi Vendola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nichi_Vendola"},{"link_name":"Raffaele Fitto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffaele_Fitto"},{"link_name":"Silvio Berlusconi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvio_Berlusconi"},{"link_name":"Communist Refoundation Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Refoundation_Party"},{"link_name":"Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Italy)"},{"link_name":"Left and Freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_and_Freedom"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Corriere_2009-12-09-2"},{"link_name":"Union of Christian and Centre Democrats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_Christian_and_Centre_Democrats"},{"link_name":"Adriana Poli Bortone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriana_Poli_Bortone"},{"link_name":"I the South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_the_South"},{"link_name":"Michele Emiliano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michele_Emiliano"},{"link_name":"Bari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bari"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Corriere_2009-12-09-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Italian Social Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Social_Movement"},{"link_name":"National Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Alliance_(Italy)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"The People of Freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_People_of_Freedom"},{"link_name":"Raffaele Fitto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffaele_Fitto"},{"link_name":"Rocco Palese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rocco_Palese&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Forza Italia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forza_Italia"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"The incumbent left-wing president Nichi Vendola, who in 2005 surprisingly defeated a centrist in the centre-left primary election and then the outgoing President Raffaele Fitto, was under attack by his own coalition. Vendola, a gay communist President in a fairly conservative region, would have found hard to get re-election in a time when the centre-right led by Silvio Berlusconi was ahead of the centre-left both in Apulia and the whole country. Moreover Vendola, after having left the Communist Refoundation Party in early 2009, instead of joining the Democratic Party (PD), the largest party of the centre-left, started a small outfit named Left and Freedom and launched his bid.[1][2]The Democrats acknowledge that they needed a larger coalition in order to beat the centre-right and they were thus trying to convince Vendola to give up his bid and to endorse a more centrist candidate that could obtain the support of the Union of Christian and Centre Democrats (UDC) and Adriana Poli Bortone's I the South movement. Michele Emiliano, Mayor of Bari and PD regional leader, had been constantly mentioned as a possible candidate who would have received the support of the UDC.[2][3][4] For her part Poli Bortone might have been interested in the race but her right-wing upbringing (she was a member of the Italian Social Movement and of National Alliance) would undoubtedly have stirred the left.[5]In a succession of events between late December 2009 and January 2010, Emiliano turned against Vendola[6] (whom he supported until then), asked his party's regional assembly to unanimously endorse himself.[7] The assembly of the party was suspended because of clashes between Emiliano and Vendola supporters,[8] then Emiliano accepted to contest a primary election with Vendola[9] and finally withdrew from the race,[10] leaving the PD without a strong candidate.Finally Vendola was chosen as candidate of the centre-left in a primary election on 25 January 2010.[11]The People of Freedom (PdL) of Berlusconi and former President Raffaele Fitto subsequently chose Rocco Palese, leader of Forza Italia–PdL group in the Regional Council and former Vice President of Fitto,[12] while the UDC launched Poli Bortone.[13]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Francesco Boccia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Boccia"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"After that Emiliano renounced his bid, the PD proposed Francesco Boccia as its candidate[14] and the UDC endorsed him.[15] However, as Vendola did not intend to withdraw from the race, the PD accepted to run a coalition primary election between Vendola and Boccia.[16] This was a re-edition of the 2005 primary election, in which Boccia was narrowly defeated by Vendola.[17]On 25 January 2010 an unprecedented number of Apulian citizens turned out to vote in the primary and Vendola trounced Boccia in the primary, by winning over 67% of the votes cast.","title":"Centre-left primary election"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Puglia_Regional_Council_coalition_2010.svg"},{"link_name":"Centre-left","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre-left_coalition_(Italy)"},{"link_name":"Centre-right","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre-right_coalition_(Italy)"},{"link_name":"Centrists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_the_Centre_(2002)"}],"text":"The elected Regional Council by coalition:   Centre-left (39)  Centre-right (27)  Centrists (4)","title":"Results"}]
[{"image_text":"The elected Regional Council by coalition:   Centre-left (39)  Centre-right (27)  Centrists (4)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Puglia_Regional_Council_coalition_2010.svg/300px-Puglia_Regional_Council_coalition_2010.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Apulia_Regional_Council_2010.svg/300px-Apulia_Regional_Council_2010.svg.png"}]
null
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Archived from the original on 2010-08-17. Retrieved 2010-07-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100817195920/http://www.partitosocialista.it/site/il-partito_consiglieri-regionali/491/consiglieri-regionali.aspx","url_text":"\"Partito Socialista\""},{"url":"http://www.partitosocialista.it/site/il-partito_consiglieri-regionali/491/consiglieri-regionali.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.nichivendola.it/cms-upload/riepilogo-puglia-2010.pdf","external_links_name":"Nichi Vendola website"},{"Link":"https://elezionistorico.interno.gov.it/index.php?tpel=R&dtel=28/03/2010&tpa=I&tpe=R&lev0=0&levsut0=0&lev1=16&levsut1=1&ne1=16&es0=S&es1=S&ms=S","external_links_name":"Ministry of the Interior"},{"Link":"http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2009/novembre/27/Vendola_non_cede_corro_alle_co_9_091127025.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Archivio Corriere della Sera\""},{"Link":"http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2009/dicembre/09/Campania_scelte_dopo_voto_Cosentino_co_9_091209039.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Archivio Corriere della Sera\""},{"Link":"http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2009/novembre/26/Puglia_campo_Emiliano_svolta_tra_co_8_091126028.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Archivio Corriere della Sera\""},{"Link":"http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2009/novembre/29/sia_Nichi_indicare_suo_erede_co_9_091129088.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Archivio Corriere della Sera\""},{"Link":"http://www.aprileonline.info/notizia.php?id=13837","external_links_name":"\"aprileonline.info\""},{"Link":"http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2009/dicembre/21/Emiliano_accusa_Vendola_Lavora_contro_co_9_091221006.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Archivio Corriere della Sera\""},{"Link":"http://corrieredelmezzogiorno.corriere.it/bari/notizie/politica/2009/26-dicembre-2009/emiliano-disponibile-candidarmisenza-porre-alcuna-condizione-1602210160308.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Emiliano manda sms: senza l'unanimità non mi candido - Corriere del Mezzogiorno\""},{"Link":"http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2009/dicembre/29/Caos_Puglia_salta_assemblea_del_co_8_091229024.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Archivio Corriere della Sera\""},{"Link":"http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2009/dicembre/30/Puglia_alle_primarie_Emiliano_accetta_co_8_091230049.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Archivio Corriere della Sera\""},{"Link":"http://www.repubblica.it/2009/12/sezioni/politica/regionali-2010-2/emiliano-ritiro/emiliano-ritiro.html","external_links_name":"\"Puglia, Emiliano ritira la candidatura \"Ma la mia non è una rinuncia\" - Politica - Repubblica.it\""},{"Link":"http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2010/gennaio/25/Successo_Vendola_governatore_batte_Democratici_co_8_100125087.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Archivio Corriere della Sera\""},{"Link":"http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2010/gennaio/25/Pdl_sceglie_sfidante_per_Regione_co_8_100125118.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Archivio Corriere della Sera\""},{"Link":"http://corrieredelmezzogiorno.corriere.it/bari/notizie/politica/2010/26-gennaio-2010/poli-bortone-io-corro-vincere--1602349288712.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Poli Bortone: io corro per vincere - Corriere del Mezzogiorno\""},{"Link":"http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2010/gennaio/05/Puglia_prova_con_Boccia_dell_co_8_100105020.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Archivio Corriere della Sera\""},{"Link":"http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2010/gennaio/06/Puglia_Casini_Boccia_Sosteniamo_svolta_co_8_100106007.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Archivio Corriere della Sera\""},{"Link":"http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2010/gennaio/16/Puglia_tornano_primarie_tra_Vendola_co_9_100116017.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Archivio Corriere della Sera\""},{"Link":"http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2009/dicembre/31/Attenti_alle_primarie_nel_2005_co_9_091231033.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Archivio Corriere della Sera\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100817195920/http://www.partitosocialista.it/site/il-partito_consiglieri-regionali/491/consiglieri-regionali.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Partito Socialista\""},{"Link":"http://www.partitosocialista.it/site/il-partito_consiglieri-regionali/491/consiglieri-regionali.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onur_Tukel
Onur Tukel
["1 Career","2 Filmography","3 References","4 External links"]
Turkish-american painter, actor and filmmaker Onur TukelTukel at the 2018 Montclair Film FestivalBorn (1972-08-05) August 5, 1972 (age 51)Taylorsville, North CarolinaOccupation(s)Actor, director, editor, painter, producer, writerYears active1997–present Onur Tukel (born August 5, 1972) is a Turkish-American actor, painter, and filmmaker. A notable figure in the New York City independent film community, Tukel's films often deal with issues of gender and relationships. Career In 1997, Tukel wrote and directed his first feature film House of Pancakes. His subsequent film, the vampire drama Drawing Blood, was completed in 1999. In a 2014 interview with Entertainment Weekly, Tukel recalled that Drawing Blood was "the only time made money on a movie." His next film, the comedy drama Ding-a-ling-Less, was completed in 2001. In 2005, Tukel (credited as Sergio Lapel) also wrote and directed the comedy The Pigs about a group of middle age men who arrange to have their wives murdered. In 2012, Tukel wrote, produced, directed, and starred in the comedy drama film Richard's Wedding, which featured such other independent filmmakers as Josephine Decker, Lawrence Michael Levine, and Jennifer Prediger. Despite an overall mixed critical response, the film was praised by David DeWitt of The New York Times as "a slice of the John Cassavetes, John Sayles and Richard Linklater life." Tukel's next film, the 2014 vampire horror comedy Summer of Blood, received a warmer response from critics. In a positive review of the film, Eric Kohn of Indiewire praised Tukel as possessing "contemptible goofiness" and being "the broke, post-9/11 version of an early Woody Allen character." More recently, Tukel wrote, directed, and starred in the comedy/horror film Applesauce, which premiered at the Tribeca Film Festival on April 19, 2015. As an actor, Tukel has also appeared in the 2011 film Septien, Alex Karpovsky's 2012 romantic comedy Red Flag, and Ping Pong Summer in 2014. Filmography Year Film Credited Director Credited Producer Credited Writer Credited Actor Credited Role Notes 1997 House of Pancakes Yes Yes Yes Yes Man with Atlas 1999 Drawing Blood Yes Yes Yes 2001 Ding-a-ling-Less Yes Yes Yes Penis popsicle licker Credited as "Sergio Lapel" 2005 The Pigs Yes Yes Yes Yes Bickering Boy 2011 Septien Yes Yes Amos Rawlings 2012 Richard's Wedding Yes Yes Yes Yes Tuna Red Flag Yes Henry 2014 Summer of Blood Yes Yes Yes Yes Erik Sparrow Red Right Return Yes Jack Ping Pong Summer Yes Boardwalk Artist 2015 Abby Singer/Songwriter Yes Yes Yes Onur Applesauce Yes Yes Yes Ron 2016 Catfight Yes Yes 2017 Infinity Baby Yes The Misogynists Yes Yes 2021 Scenes from an Empty Church Yes Yes Yes That Cold Dead Look in Your Eyes Yes Yes Yes Have a Nice Life Yes Conner 2022 The Third Saturday in October Yes Warden Haskins References ^ "Onur Tukel" (in Turkish). Ekşi Sözlük. Retrieved December 27, 2015. ^ Collis, Clark (October 10, 2014). "'Summer of Blood' star Onur Tukel talks laughs, gore, and topless scenes". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved January 28, 2015. ^ Scheib, Ronnie (May 30, 2012). "Review: 'Richard's Wedding'". Variety. Retrieved January 28, 2015. ^ DeWitt, David (May 31, 2012). "When Friends Get Together and Riff: 'Richard's Wedding,' Written and Directed by Onur Tukel". The New York Times. Retrieved January 28, 2015. ^ "Summer of Blood". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved January 28, 2015. ^ Kohn, Eric (April 19, 2014). "Tribeca Review: If Woody Allen Directed a Vampire Comedy, It Might Resemble Onur Tukel's Hilarious Urban Satire 'Summer of Blood'". Indiewire. Retrieved January 28, 2015. ^ Collis, Clark (April 13, 2015). "Tribeca 2015: Exclusive clip from Applesauce asks, 'What's the worst thing you've ever done?'". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved November 23, 2015. External links Onur Tukel at IMDb Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Israel United States
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_That_Breathes
All That Breathes
["1 Synopsis","2 Production","3 Release","3.1 Home media","4 Reception","4.1 Accolades","5 References","6 External links"]
Internationally co-produced documentary All That BreathesRelease posterDirected byShaunak SenProduced by Shaunak Sen Aman Mann Teddy Leifer Cinematography Ben Bernhard Riju Das Saumyananda Sahi Edited by Charlotte Munch Bengtsen Co-editor: Vedant Joshi Music byRoger GoulaProductioncompanies HBO Documentary Films Rise Films Kiterabbit Films HHMI Tangled Bank Studios Distributed by Sideshow Submarine Deluxe Release dates 22 January 2022 (2022-01-22) (Sundance) 21 October 2022 (2022-10-21) (Theatres) Running time91 minutesCountries India United Kingdom United States LanguageHindiBox officeest. US$100,637 All That Breathes is a 2022 documentary film directed by Shaunak Sen. It is produced by Shaunak Sen, Aman Mann and Teddy Leifer under the banner of Rise Films. The film follows siblings Mohammad Saud and Nadeem Shehzad, who rescue and treat injured birds in India. The film had its world premiere at the 2022 Sundance Film Festival on 22 January 2022, where it won Grand Jury Prize in World Cinema Documentary Competition. It also had a screening at Cannes Film Festival in the special screening section, where it won the Golden Eye. It was later nominated for the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature Film. Synopsis Two brothers Saud and Nadeem were raised in New Delhi, looking at a sky speckled with black kites, watching as relatives tossed meat up to these birds of prey. Muslim belief held that feeding the kites would expel troubles. Now, birds are falling from the polluted, opaque skies of New Delhi and the two brothers have made it their life’s work to care for the injured black kites. Production The documentary is the story of Nadeem Shehzad and Mohammad Saud, the two brothers who run a bird clinic in Wazirabad, Delhi where 20,000 raptors have been cured over the last 20 years. Impressed with their dedication and the spirit, Shaunak Sen, the director decided to film them. As he said, "I am drawn by the subject of the interconnectedness of an ecosystem — one that humans are a part of, not apart from. How man, animals share space and become part of the whole. It is a valuable story." Release The film had its world premiere at the 2022 Sundance Film Festival on 22 January 2022. It was also selected for screening at 2022 Cannes Film Festival in 'Special Screenings' section and was screened on 23 May. The film was released in the United States in fall 2022, along with festival screenings, by Submarine Deluxe, in association with Sideshow. The film was selected for Documentary Competition in the 46th Hong Kong International Film Festival, where it was screened on 24 August 2022 and won Firebird Award. In September 2022, it was invited to the 18th Zurich Film Festival held from 22 September to 2 October, where it was nominated in documentary competition section. In the same month, it was also selected in main slate of 2022 New York Film Festival held from 30 September – 16 October 2022. It also made it to 'Wide Angle - Documentary Showcase' section of 27th Busan International Film Festival and was screened on 9 October 2022. Next it was selected at BFI London Film Festival held from 5 October to 16 October 2022, where it won The Grierson Award in the Documentary Competition. In 2023, it was selected in 'Films on Environment' section at the 29th Kolkata International Film Festival and will be screened on 7 December 2023. Home media HBO Documentary Films bought the worldwide television rights for the film and following its theatrical run in the United States it became available on HBO and streaming service HBO Max on 7 February 2023. Reception On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 99% of 87 critics' reviews are positive, with an average rating of 8.3/10. The website's consensus reads: "A poetic tribute to tenacity, All That Breathes uses two brothers' tireless efforts to make a broader point about finding triumph within tragedy." Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the film a score of 87 out of 100, based on 19 critics, indicating "universal acclaim". Daniel Fienberg of The Hollywood Reporter, reviewing the film wrote, "Sen has encapsulated a vision of New Delhi in which modern life, particularly pollution and overpopulation, have placed new strain on the balance between humans and nature." Praising the film he further stated that the film "is one of the more dreamily provocative documentaries I’ve ever seen." Fienberg concluding his review remarked, "In this tiny marvel of a documentary, it’s a little and a lot all at once". Dennis Harvey reviewing for Variety praised the score of the film, writing, "The meditative yet ingratiating impact is furthered by Roger Goula’s score, which strikes aptly spectral notes." He also appreciated the cinematography and wrote, "There’s an inventive lyricism to the imagery here, aesthetically unified despite three credited cinematographers." Concluding his review Harvey stated, "With a tone more melancholic and charming than one might expect given the various crises at play here, Sen's deceptively casual observational documentary prefers dwelling on resistance and resilience to pronouncements of doom." Josh Flanders and Sheri Flanders of Chicago Reader termed the film, "A soaring visual masterpiece." David Ehrlich of IndieWire graded the film with B+ and praised the framework comparing it with Janusz Kamiński. Ehrlich appreciating the score, sound recording and camerawork wrote, "Roger Goula’s orgiastic synth score (a little Philip Glass, a lot of Dan Deacon) and Niladri Shekhar Roy and Moinak Bose’s visceral sound recording (brace for an entire chorus of rats) complement the micro-attention of the camerawork by hearing a tumult of life in even the most unassuming frame." He concluded, "There is so much life in All That Breathes that you won't be left clamoring for more personality." Poulomi Das reviewing for Firstpost opined, "Simply as a record of slow-burning ecological tragedy, Sen crafts All That Breathes like a meditative poem, one that is cut to mindful perfection by editors Charlotte Munch Bengtsen and Vedant Joshi. The structure itself is striking in its unadorned approach. There’s poetry in simplicity to be found here.." She also appreciated the cinematography of Ben Bernhard, Riju Das, and Saumyananda Sahi. Das stated, "Sen masterfully reveals the underbelly of the capital, seamlessly merging foreground and background, nature and atmosphere, and the seen and the under-seen. She concluded, "It’s not everyday that you get to see a narrative so attuned to the craft of filmmaking and the beauty of emotion that it results in a hypnotic viewing experience." Tomris Laffly of Harper's Bazaar reviewing the film opined, "Humanity comes in its most selfless in All That Breathes, the interconnectedness of nature and mankind as a guiding principle." Laffly stated Sen unearths something poetic in the , celebrating slivers of against-the-odds hope in generous sums. Alissa Wilkinson reviewing the film for Vox stated, " Shaunak Sen’s lyrical portrait of two men who work to save injured and sick birds in the city. Their quest to find resources for their perpetually underfunded operation winds together with meditations on the nature of the birds, particularly kites, birds of prey that have been forced to adapt to the changing city." Wilkinson in conclusion opined that the work two protagonists are doing is a "metaphor for the huge task that bringing healing to the city’s human residents might be, too." Since "we all breathe the same air." Grace Han of Asian Movie Pulse rated the film as 4/5 and praised the cinematography writing "The camera gazes in awe upon the sheer force of urbanity in the Indian capital – and nature’s ability to adapt accordingly." Terming the film as portrait she wrote "All in all, All That Breathes illustrates a portrait of a delicate ecosystem that is dangerously upset." Han concluded, "As the future heads into uncertain territory, All That Breathes spells out a plea for balance. She further opined, "In this life, everything all that breathes is connected: under the skies, through the air, and the Earth upon which we live." Bilge Ebiri reviewing for Spirituality & Health wrote, "Stunningly filmed, the film as gorgeous as it is ambitious, as stirring as it is terrifying." Ending his review Ebiri opined, "And, given the perilous situation all the creatures depicted in this picture are in, one cannot help but wonder if it’s just a matter of time before we are all similarly threatened." Shubhra Gupta of The Indian Express covering the Cannes Film Festival, wrote, "Shaunak Sen’s terrific documentary was as much of a celebration ." Accolades Award Date of ceremony Category Recipient(s) Result Ref. Sundance Film Festival 30 January 2022 Grand Jury Prize – Documentary All That Breathes Won Cannes Film Festival 28 May 2022 Golden Eye Shaunak Sen Won Hong Kong International Film Festival 31 August 2022 Firebird Award All That Breathes Won Zurich Film Festival 2 October 2022 Best International Documentary Film Nominated London Film Festival 16 October 2022 Grierson Award Won Montclair Film Festival 30 October 2022 Bruce Sinosky Award for Documentary Feature Nominated Asia Pacific Screen Awards 11 November 2022 Young Cinema Award Won Critics' Choice Documentary Awards 13 November 2022 Best Science/Nature Documentary Nominated Best Cinematography Benjamin Bernhard and Riju Das Nominated Gotham Awards 28 November 2022 Best Documentary All That Breathes Won National Board of Review 8 December 2022 Top Five Documentaries Won IDA Documentary Awards 10 December 2022 Best Feature Won Best Director Shaunak Sen Won Best Cinematography Ben Bernhard, Riju Das, Saumyananda Sahi Nominated Best Editing Charlotte Munch Bengtsen, Vedant Joshi Won Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association 12 December 2022 Best Documentary All That Breathes Nominated Dallas–Fort Worth Film Critics Association 19 December 2022 Best Documentary Film 2nd place Alliance of Women Film Journalists 5 January 2023 Best Documentary Nominated National Society of Film Critics 7 January 2023 Best Non-Fiction Film 3rd place San Francisco Bay Area Film Critics Circle 9 January 2023 Best Documentary Feature Won Cinema Eye Honors 12 January 2023 Outstanding Non-Fiction Feature Shaunak Sen, Aman Mann and Teddy Leifer Won Outstanding Direction Shaunak Sen Nominated Outstanding Production Aman Mann, Shaunak Sen and Teddy Leifer Nominated Outstanding Cinematography Ben Bernhard Won Outstanding Sound Design Niladri Shekhar Roy and Susmit "Bob" Nath Nominated Audience Choice Prize All That Breathes Nominated The Unforgettables Mohammad Saud and Nadeem Shehzad Won Georgia Film Critics Association 13 January 2023 Best Documentary Film All That Breathes Nominated Online Film Critics Society 23 January 2023 Best Documentary Nominated London Film Critics' Circle 5 February 2023 Documentary of the Year Nominated Satellite Awards 11 February 2023 Best Motion Picture – Documentary Nominated Directors Guild of America Awards 18 February 2023 Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Documentaries Shaunak Sen Nominated Producers Guild of America Awards 25 February 2023 Outstanding Producer of Documentary Theatrical Motion Pictures Aman Mann, Shaunak Sen, and Teddy Leifer Nominated British Academy Film Awards 19 February 2023 Best Documentary Shaunak Sen, Teddy Leifer, Aman Mann Nominated Independent Spirit Awards 4 March 2023 Best Documentary Feature Shaunak Sen, Teddy Leifer, Aman Mann Nominated American Society of Cinematographers 5 March 2023 Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography in Documentary Ben Bernhard and Riju Das Won Academy Awards 12 March 2023 Best Documentary Feature Shaunak Sen, Aman Mann, and Teddy Leifer Nominated Grierson Awards 9 November 2023 Best Single Documentary – International All That Breathes Won Best Cinema Documentary Won References ^ a b "All That Breathes (2022)". Box Office Mojo. IMDb. Retrieved 6 March 2023. ^ Ramnath, Nandini (25 January 2022). "In 'All That Breathes', brothers who rescue birds and a struggle for human survival". Scroll.in. Archived from the original on 10 April 2022. Retrieved 20 April 2022. ^ Deodhar, Neerja (26 February 2022). "Shaunak Sen on why his Sundance award-winning film All That Breathes is far more than an environmental documentary". Firstpost. Archived from the original on 18 April 2022. Retrieved 20 April 2022. ^ a b S, Srivatsan (1 February 2022). "Shaunak Sen's documentary 'All That Breathes' wins World Cinema Grand Jury Prize at Sundance Film Festival 2022". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 20 April 2022. Retrieved 20 April 2022. ^ Roy, Lachmi Deb (20 April 2022). "Shaunak Sen on 'All That Breathes': 'I share a personal relationship with the Delhi skies'". Firstpost. Archived from the original on 21 April 2022. Retrieved 22 April 2022. ^ Ramachandran, Naman (28 May 2022). "'All That Breathes,' 'Mariupolis 2' Win Cannes Documentary Awards". Variety. Archived from the original on 28 May 2022. Retrieved 28 May 2022. ^ Giardina, Carolyn (21 December 2022). "2023 Oscars: Shortlists for 95th Academy Awards Unveiled". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on 24 January 2023. Retrieved 5 January 2023. ^ "2023 Oscars Nominations: See the Full List". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. 24 January 2023. Archived from the original on 8 February 2023. Retrieved 24 January 2023. ^ a b "All That Breathes". Sundance Film Festival. Archived from the original on 4 May 2022. Retrieved 20 April 2022. ^ Bhowmick, Sharmila (27 December 2021). "All That Breathes: Delhi's Black Kites, Two Brothers And A Film". Outlook India. Archived from the original on 2 May 2022. Retrieved 20 April 2022. ^ Lang, Brent (9 December 2021). "Sundance Unveils 2022 Feature Lineup, Including Films From Lena Dunham, Amy Poehler and Netflix's Kanye West Doc". Variety. Archived from the original on 22 September 2022. Retrieved 20 April 2022. ^ "Indian documentary All That Breathes to screen at Cannes Film Festival 2022". Indian Express. 14 April 2022. Archived from the original on 20 April 2022. Retrieved 20 April 2022. ^ Dasgupta, Priyanka (16 April 2022). "Special screening of Indian documentary at Cannes". Times of India. Archived from the original on 16 April 2022. Retrieved 20 April 2022. ^ "All That Breathes: a dream like flight to Delhi". Cannes Festival. 23 May 2022. Archived from the original on 13 March 2023. Retrieved 24 May 2022. ^ "Shaunak Sen on HBO release of 'All That Breathes': Thrilled to join the roster". The Hindu. 24 May 2022. Archived from the original on 24 May 2022. Retrieved 24 May 2022. ^ "Documentary Competition::Firebird Awards, All That Breathes". Hong Kong International Film Festival. 24 August 2022. Archived from the original on 3 September 2022. Retrieved 3 September 2022. ^ a b Del Don, Giorgia (15 September 2022). "The Zurich Film Festival unveils the programme for its 18th edition". Cineuropa. Archived from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 9 October 2022. ^ Goldsmith, Jill (9 August 2022). "New York Film Festival Sets Main Slate For 60th Edition". Deadline. Archived from the original on 21 August 2022. Retrieved 12 August 2022. ^ "All That Breathes". Busan International Film Festival. 7 September 2022. Archived from the original on 8 September 2022. Retrieved 16 September 2022. ^ Katz, David (17 October 2022). "Corsage clinches victory at the BFI London Film Festival". Cineuropa. Archived from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 7 March 2023. ^ "Films on Environment". Kolkata International Film Festival. 30 November 2023. Retrieved 30 November 2023. ^ Ravindran, Manori (14 May 2022). "HBO Documentary Films Buys Cannes Title and Sundance Winner 'All That Breathes' (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety. Archived from the original on 24 May 2022. Retrieved 24 May 2022. ^ "All That Breathes (2022)". Rotten Tomatoes. Archived from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 9 December 2023. ^ "All That Breathes Reviews". Metacritic. Fandom, Inc. Retrieved 9 December 2023. ^ Fienberg, Daniel (28 January 2022). "'All That Breathes': Film Review: Sundance 2022". Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on 19 May 2022. Retrieved 20 April 2022. ^ Harvey, Dennis (28 January 2022). "'All That Breathes' Review: Sundance-Winning Doc Surveys Interspecies Life, Both Ailing and Flying, in Polluted Delhi". Variety. Archived from the original on 20 February 2022. Retrieved 20 April 2022. ^ Flanders, Josh (3 February 2022). "Sundance at home, again". Chicago Reader. Archived from the original on 9 March 2022. Retrieved 20 April 2022. ^ Ehrlich, David (28 January 2022). "'All That Breathes' Review: A Transfixing Doc About Brothers Devoted to Saving Delhi's Birds". IndieWire. Archived from the original on 28 April 2022. Retrieved 20 April 2022. ^ Das, Poulomi (30 January 2022). "All That Breathes review: Shaunak Sen's Sundance winner defines the art of commentary and the craft of documentary". Firstpost. Archived from the original on 18 April 2022. Retrieved 20 April 2022. ^ Laffly, Tomris (1 February 2022). "The 15 Must-See Movies from This Year's Sundance Film Festival". Harper's Bazaar. Archived from the original on 20 May 2022. Retrieved 20 April 2022. ^ Wilkinson, Alissa (4 February 2022). "From a volcano love story to an all-girl metal band, 15 documentaries you can't miss". Vox. Archived from the original on 17 May 2022. Retrieved 21 April 2022. ^ Han, Grace (4 February 2022). "Documentary Review: All That Breathes (2022) by Shaunak Sen". Asian Movie Pulse. Archived from the original on 3 February 2022. Retrieved 21 April 2022. ^ Ebiri, Bilge (26 April 2022). "Film Review: All That Breathes". Spirituality & Health. Archived from the original on 22 May 2022. Retrieved 13 May 2022. ^ Gupta, Shubhra (25 May 2022). "Cannes 2022: Splendid reception for India's All That Breathes, Pakistan's Joyland". The Indian Express. Archived from the original on 29 May 2022. Retrieved 28 May 2022. ^ "Indian film All That Breathes wins top documentary award at Cannes 2022". The Indian Express. 28 May 2022. Archived from the original on 28 May 2022. Retrieved 28 May 2022. ^ "HKIFF46 NAMES 13 FIREBIRD AWARD WINNERS AND FIPRESCI PRIZE". Hong Kong International Film Festival. 31 August 2022. Archived from the original on 1 September 2022. Retrieved 3 September 2022. ^ Frater, Patrick (31 August 2022). "'A New Old Play' and 'Mediterranean Fever' Claim Firebird Awards at Hong Kong Film Festival". Variety. Archived from the original on 3 September 2022. Retrieved 3 September 2022. ^ Ntim, Zac (16 October 2022). "London Film Festival Winners: Vicky Krieps-Starrer 'Corsage' Takes Best Film Award". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on 16 October 2022. Retrieved 16 October 2022. ^ Moye, Clarence (31 October 2022). "Montclair Film Festival Announces 2022 Award Winners". Awards Daily. Archived from the original on 23 January 2023. Retrieved 31 October 2022. ^ Frater, Patrick (11 November 2022). "Kamila Andini's 'Before Now and Then' Named Best Film at Asia-Pacific Screen Awards". Variety. Archived from the original on 11 November 2022. Retrieved 28 November 2022. ^ Davis, Clayton (17 October 2022). "'Fire of Love' and 'Good Night Oppy' Lead Critics Choice Documentary Award Nominations". Variety. Archived from the original on 6 March 2023. Retrieved 17 October 2022. ^ Huff, Lauren (28 November 2022). "Gotham Awards 2022: See the full winners list". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on 23 October 2023. Retrieved 23 October 2023. ^ Jones, Marcus (8 December 2022). "2022 National Board of Review Winners: 'Top Gun: Maverick' Takes Top Honor". IndieWire. Archived from the original on 8 December 2022. Retrieved 8 December 2022. ^ Lewis, Hilary (10 December 2022). "IDA Documentary Awards: 'All That Breathes' Tops Winners". Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on 20 December 2022. Retrieved 10 December 2022. ^ Anderson, Erik (10 December 2022). "Washington DC Film Critics nominations: 'Everything Everywhere All At Once,' 'The Fabelmans' lead". AwardsWatch. Archived from the original on 11 December 2022. Retrieved 10 December 2022. ^ Neglia, Matt (19 December 2022). "The 2022 Dallas Fort-Worth Film Critics Association (DFWFCA) Winners". Next Best Picture. Archived from the original on 20 December 2022. Retrieved 20 December 2022. ^ "2022 EDA AWARDS NOMINEES". Alliance of Women Film Journalists. Archived from the original on 23 December 2022. Retrieved 23 December 2022. ^ Zilko, Christian (7 January 2023). "'TÁR' and 'Aftersun' Win Big at National Society of Film Critics Awards (Complete Winners List)". IndieWire. Archived from the original on 7 January 2023. Retrieved 7 January 2023. ^ Myers, Randy (9 January 2023). "SF Film Critics Circle names its favorite film for 2022". The Mercury News. Archived from the original on 25 October 2023. Retrieved 25 October 2023. ^ Jones, Marcus (10 November 2022). "'Fire of Love' and 'The Territory' Lead 2023 Cinema Eye Honors Nonfiction Film Nominees". IndieWire. Archived from the original on 10 November 2022. Retrieved 10 November 2022. ^ MacCary, Julia; Shafer, Ellise (12 January 2023). "'All That Breathes,' 'Fire of Love' Lead Cinema Eye Honors". Variety. Archived from the original on 6 March 2023. Retrieved 13 January 2023. ^ Anderson, Erik (7 January 2023). "2022 Georgia Film Critics Association (GAFCA) nominations". AwardsWatch. Archived from the original on 7 January 2023. Retrieved 7 January 2023. ^ Neglia, Matt (23 January 2023). "The 2022 Online Film Critics Society (OFCS) Winners". Next Best Picture. Archived from the original on 23 January 2023. Retrieved 23 January 2023. ^ Pulver, Andrew (21 December 2022). "The Banshees of Inisherin leads pack as London film critics announce nominations". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 21 December 2022. Retrieved 22 December 2022. ^ Mouriquand, David (2 June 2023). "London Critics' Circle Film Awards: 'Tár' takes top prize amidst a big night for Irish talent". Euronews. Archived from the original on 24 October 2023. Retrieved 24 October 2023. ^ Anderson, Erik (8 December 2022). "'Top Gun: Maverick' leads International Press Academy's 27th Satellite Awards nominations". AwardsWatch. Archived from the original on 9 December 2022. Retrieved 8 December 2022. ^ Schneider, Michael (10 January 2023). "Severance, Station Eleven, The Daily Show Lead 2023 DGA Awards Television Nominations". Variety. Archived from the original on 10 January 2023. Retrieved 10 January 2023. ^ "Producers Guild of America Awards Celebrates Everything Everywhere All At Once, White Lotus, The Bear, Navalny & more with Top Honors" (Press release). Los Angeles: Producers Guild of America. 25 February 2023. Archived from the original on 2 March 2023. Retrieved 2 March 2023. ^ Carey, Matthew (12 December 2022). "PGA Awards Documentary Nominations Bring Shocks and Surprises: Nothing Compares In, All The Beauty And The Bloodshed Out". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on 28 January 2023. Retrieved 12 January 2023. ^ Ntim, Zac (19 January 2023). "BAFTA Film Awards Nominations: 'All Quiet On The Western Front,' 'Banshees Of Inisherin' & 'Everything Everywhere All At Once' Lead — The Complete List". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on 19 January 2023. Retrieved 19 January 2023. ^ Lattanzio, Ryan (22 November 2022). "2023 Film Independent Spirit Award Nominations Announced (Updating Live)". IndieWire. Archived from the original on 22 November 2022. Retrieved 22 November 2022. ^ Tangcay, Jazz (9 January 2023). "'The Batman,' 'Top Gun: Maverick,' 'Elvis' Nominated by American Society of Cinematographers". Variety. Archived from the original on 10 January 2023. Retrieved 10 January 2023. ^ Lewis, Hilary (24 January 2023). "Oscars: Full List of Nominations". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on 24 January 2023. Retrieved 24 January 2023. ^ "2023 Grierson Awards Winners Announced". The Grierson Trust. Retrieved 12 November 2023. External links Official website All That Breathes at IMDb All That Breathes at Rotten Tomatoes Awards for All That Breathes vteGotham Independent Film Award for Best Documentary The Agronomist (2004) Murderball (2005) Iraq in Fragments (2006) Sicko (2007) Trouble the Water (2008) Food, Inc. (2009) The Oath (2010) Better This World (2011) How to Survive a Plague (2012) The Act of Killing (2013) Citizenfour (2014) The Look of Silence (2015) O.J.: Made in America (2016) Strong Island (2017) Hale County This Morning, This Evening (2018) American Factory (2019) A Thousand Cuts / Time (2020) Flee (2021) All That Breathes (2022) Four Daughters (2023) vteSan Francisco Bay Area Film Critics Circle Award for Best Documentary Film Rivers and Tides (2002) Capturing the Friedmans (2003) Fahrenheit 9/11 (2004) Grizzly Man (2005) An Inconvenient Truth (2006) No End in Sight (2007) My Winnipeg (2008) Anvil! The Story of Anvil (2009) The Tillman Story (2010) Tabloid (2011) The Waiting Room (2012) The Act of Killing (2013) Citizenfour (2014) Listen to Me Marlon (2015) I Am Not Your Negro (2016) Faces Places (2017) Won't You Be My Neighbor? (2018) Apollo 11 (2019) Collective (2020) Summer of Soul (2021) All That Breathes (2022) 20 Days in Mariupol (2023)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"documentary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documentary_film"},{"link_name":"Shaunak Sen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaunak_Sen"},{"link_name":"Teddy Leifer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teddy_Leifer"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"2022 Sundance Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Sundance_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-award:hindu-4"},{"link_name":"Cannes Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Cannes_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Golden Eye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27%C5%92il_d%27or"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Documentary_Feature_Film"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oscar:hr-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"All That Breathes is a 2022 documentary film directed by Shaunak Sen. It is produced by Shaunak Sen, Aman Mann and Teddy Leifer under the banner of Rise Films. The film follows siblings Mohammad Saud and Nadeem Shehzad, who rescue and treat injured birds in India.[2]The film had its world premiere at the 2022 Sundance Film Festival on 22 January 2022, where it won Grand Jury Prize in World Cinema Documentary Competition.[3][4] It also had a screening at Cannes Film Festival in the special screening section,[5] where it won the Golden Eye.[6] It was later nominated for the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature Film.[7][8]","title":"All That Breathes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"black kites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_kite"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-credits:sundance-9"}],"text":"Two brothers Saud and Nadeem were raised in New Delhi, looking at a sky speckled with black kites, watching as relatives tossed meat up to these birds of prey. Muslim belief held that feeding the kites would expel troubles. Now, birds are falling from the polluted, opaque skies of New Delhi and the two brothers have made it their life’s work to care for the injured black kites.[9]","title":"Synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wazirabad, Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wazirabad,_Delhi"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-outlook-10"}],"text":"The documentary is the story of Nadeem Shehzad and Mohammad Saud, the two brothers who run a bird clinic in Wazirabad, Delhi where 20,000 raptors have been cured over the last 20 years. Impressed with their dedication and the spirit, Shaunak Sen, the director decided to film them. As he said, \"I am drawn by the subject of the interconnectedness of an ecosystem — one that humans are a part of, not apart from. How man, animals share space and become part of the whole. It is a valuable story.\"[10]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2022 Sundance Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Sundance_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-credits:sundance-9"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"2022 Cannes Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Cannes_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Zurich Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zurich_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zff:cen-17"},{"link_name":"2022 New York Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_New_York_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"27th Busan International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/27th_Busan_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"BFI London Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BFI_London_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"29th Kolkata International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/29th_Kolkata_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"The film had its world premiere at the 2022 Sundance Film Festival on 22 January 2022.[9][11] It was also selected for screening at 2022 Cannes Film Festival in 'Special Screenings' section and was screened on 23 May.[12][13][14]The film was released in the United States in fall 2022, along with festival screenings, by Submarine Deluxe, in association with Sideshow.[15]The film was selected for Documentary Competition in the 46th Hong Kong International Film Festival, where it was screened on 24 August 2022 and won Firebird Award.[16] In September 2022, it was invited to the 18th Zurich Film Festival held from 22 September to 2 October, where it was nominated in documentary competition section.[17] In the same month, it was also selected in main slate of 2022 New York Film Festival held from 30 September – 16 October 2022.[18] It also made it to 'Wide Angle - Documentary Showcase' section of 27th Busan International Film Festival and was screened on 9 October 2022.[19] Next it was selected at BFI London Film Festival held from 5 October to 16 October 2022, where it won The Grierson Award in the Documentary Competition.[20]In 2023, it was selected in 'Films on Environment' section at the 29th Kolkata International Film Festival and will be screened on 7 December 2023.[21]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"Home media","text":"HBO Documentary Films bought the worldwide television rights for the film and following its theatrical run in the United States it became available on HBO and streaming service HBO Max on 7 February 2023.[22]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"review aggregator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Review_aggregator"},{"link_name":"Rotten Tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"weighted average","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weighted_average"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"The Hollywood Reporter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Variety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Chicago Reader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Reader"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"IndieWire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IndieWire"},{"link_name":"Janusz Kamiński","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janusz_Kami%C5%84ski"},{"link_name":"Philip Glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Glass"},{"link_name":"Dan Deacon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Deacon"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Harper's Bazaar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Vox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox_(website)"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"The Indian Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Indian_Express"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"text":"On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 99% of 87 critics' reviews are positive, with an average rating of 8.3/10. The website's consensus reads: \"A poetic tribute to tenacity, All That Breathes uses two brothers' tireless efforts to make a broader point about finding triumph within tragedy.\"[23] Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the film a score of 87 out of 100, based on 19 critics, indicating \"universal acclaim\".[24]Daniel Fienberg of The Hollywood Reporter, reviewing the film wrote, \"Sen has encapsulated a vision of New Delhi in which modern life, particularly pollution and overpopulation, have placed new strain on the balance between humans and nature.\" Praising the film he further stated that the film \"is one of the more dreamily provocative documentaries I’ve ever seen.\" Fienberg concluding his review remarked, \"In this tiny marvel of a documentary, it’s a little and a lot all at once\".[25] \nDennis Harvey reviewing for Variety praised the score of the film, writing, \"The meditative yet ingratiating impact is furthered by Roger Goula’s score, which strikes aptly spectral notes.\" He also appreciated the cinematography and wrote, \"There’s an inventive lyricism to the imagery here, aesthetically unified despite three credited cinematographers.\" Concluding his review Harvey stated, \"With a tone more melancholic and charming than one might expect given the various crises at play here, Sen's deceptively casual observational documentary prefers dwelling on resistance and resilience to pronouncements of doom.\"[26] Josh Flanders and Sheri Flanders of Chicago Reader termed the film, \"A soaring visual masterpiece.\"[27] David Ehrlich of IndieWire graded the film with B+ and praised the framework comparing it with Janusz Kamiński. Ehrlich appreciating the score, sound recording and camerawork wrote, \"Roger Goula’s orgiastic synth score (a little Philip Glass, a lot of Dan Deacon) and Niladri Shekhar Roy and Moinak Bose’s visceral sound recording (brace for an entire chorus of rats) complement the micro-attention of the camerawork by hearing a tumult of life in even the most unassuming frame.\" He concluded, \"There is so much life in All That Breathes that you won't be left clamoring for more personality.\"[28]Poulomi Das reviewing for Firstpost opined, \"Simply as a record of slow-burning ecological tragedy, Sen crafts All That Breathes like a meditative poem, one that is cut to mindful perfection by editors Charlotte Munch Bengtsen and Vedant Joshi. The structure itself is striking in its unadorned approach. There’s poetry in simplicity to be found here..\" She also appreciated the cinematography of Ben Bernhard, Riju Das, and Saumyananda Sahi. Das stated, \"Sen masterfully reveals the underbelly of the capital, seamlessly merging foreground and background, nature and atmosphere, and the seen and the under-seen. She concluded, \"It’s not everyday that you get to see a narrative so attuned to the craft of filmmaking and the beauty of emotion that it results in a hypnotic viewing experience.\"[29] Tomris Laffly of Harper's Bazaar reviewing the film opined, \"Humanity comes in its most selfless in All That Breathes, [which adopts] the interconnectedness of nature and mankind as a guiding principle.\" Laffly stated Sen unearths something poetic in the [narrative], celebrating slivers of against-the-odds hope in generous sums.[30] Alissa Wilkinson reviewing the film for Vox stated, \" Shaunak Sen’s lyrical portrait of two men who work to save injured and sick birds in the city. Their quest to find resources for their perpetually underfunded operation winds together with meditations on the nature of the birds, particularly kites, birds of prey that have been forced to adapt to the changing city.\" Wilkinson in conclusion opined that the work two protagonists are doing is a \"metaphor for the huge task that bringing healing to the city’s human residents might be, too.\" Since \"we all breathe the same air.\"[31] Grace Han of Asian Movie Pulse rated the film as 4/5 and praised the cinematography writing \"The camera gazes in awe upon the sheer force of urbanity in the Indian capital – and nature’s ability to adapt accordingly.\" Terming the film as portrait she wrote \"All in all, All That Breathes illustrates a portrait of a delicate ecosystem that is dangerously upset.\" Han concluded, \"As the future heads into uncertain territory, All That Breathes spells out a plea for balance. She further opined, \"In this life, everything all that breathes is connected: under the skies, through the air, and the Earth upon which we live.\"[32]\nBilge Ebiri reviewing for Spirituality & Health wrote, \"Stunningly filmed, the film [is] as gorgeous as it is ambitious, as stirring as it is terrifying.\" Ending his review Ebiri opined, \"And, given the perilous situation all the creatures depicted in this picture are in, one cannot help but wonder if it’s just a matter of time before we are all similarly threatened.\"[33] Shubhra Gupta of The Indian Express covering the Cannes Film Festival, wrote, \"Shaunak Sen’s terrific documentary was as much of a celebration [as Pakistan’s Joyland].\"[34]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Accolades","title":"Reception"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"\"All That Breathes (2022)\". Box Office Mojo. IMDb. Retrieved 6 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt16377862/","url_text":"\"All That Breathes (2022)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_Office_Mojo","url_text":"Box Office Mojo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb","url_text":"IMDb"}]},{"reference":"Ramnath, Nandini (25 January 2022). \"In 'All That Breathes', brothers who rescue birds and a struggle for human survival\". Scroll.in. Archived from the original on 10 April 2022. Retrieved 20 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://scroll.in/reel/1015815/in-all-that-breathes-brothers-who-rescue-birds-and-a-struggle-for-human-survival","url_text":"\"In 'All That Breathes', brothers who rescue birds and a struggle for human survival\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220410174207/https://scroll.in/reel/1015815/in-all-that-breathes-brothers-who-rescue-birds-and-a-struggle-for-human-survival","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Deodhar, Neerja (26 February 2022). \"Shaunak Sen on why his Sundance award-winning film All That Breathes is far more than an environmental documentary\". Firstpost. Archived from the original on 18 April 2022. Retrieved 20 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/shaunak-sen-on-why-his-sundance-award-winning-film-all-that-breathes-is-far-more-than-an-environmental-documentary-10369931.html","url_text":"\"Shaunak Sen on why his Sundance award-winning film All That Breathes is far more than an environmental documentary\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220418210939/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/shaunak-sen-on-why-his-sundance-award-winning-film-all-that-breathes-is-far-more-than-an-environmental-documentary-10369931.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"S, Srivatsan (1 February 2022). \"Shaunak Sen's documentary 'All That Breathes' wins World Cinema Grand Jury Prize at Sundance Film Festival 2022\". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 20 April 2022. Retrieved 20 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/all-that-breathes-wins-at-sundance/article38343085.ece","url_text":"\"Shaunak Sen's documentary 'All That Breathes' wins World Cinema Grand Jury Prize at Sundance Film Festival 2022\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hindu","url_text":"The Hindu"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220420053701/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/all-that-breathes-wins-at-sundance/article38343085.ece","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Roy, Lachmi Deb (20 April 2022). \"Shaunak Sen on 'All That Breathes': 'I share a personal relationship with the Delhi skies'\". Firstpost. Archived from the original on 21 April 2022. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Steelman
David Steelman
["1 Career","2 Electoral history","3 Personal","4 References","5 Sources"]
American politician David Steelman is an American politician from the state of Missouri. He served in the Missouri House of Representatives, including his time as minority speaker, and the University of Missouri Board of Curators. Career David SteelmanMember of the Missouri House of RepresentativesIn office1979–1985 Personal detailsPolitical partyRepublicanSpouseSarah SteelmanEducationUniversity of Missouri, Columbia (BA, JD) David Steelman earned a B.A. in economics from the University of Missouri, and graduated first in his class from the University of Missouri Law School in 1978. He is the son of the late Dorman L. Steelman, who served in the Missouri House of Representatives, as a circuit judge, and as chairman of the Missouri Republican Party. Steelman, a Republican, was elected to his first term in the Missouri House of Representatives in 1978 at the age of 25 (under the state constitution, the minimum age for a state representative is 24). He was re-elected in 1980 and 1982, and was selected as minority floor leader. Steelman did not seek re-election in 1984, returning to the practice of law in his native Rolla, Missouri. Steelman worked as an Assistant Attorney General under former House colleague William L. Webster until Webster vacated the Attorney General's office to run unsuccessfully for governor in 1992, and Steelman ran to succeed him. In the Republican primary, Steelman faced Assistant United States Attorney John Hall, a moderate Republican who previously had worked for former U.S. Senator John C. Danforth and for then-Governor Kit Bond. Danforth campaigned for Hall, while Steelman attacked Hall's relative liberalism and his Harvard pedigree. Steelman won the Republican primary but lost the general election to Jay Nixon, 51% to 45%. In 2014, then-Governor Nixon appointed Steelman to the University of Missouri Board of Curators. In 2021, governor Mike Parson demanded his resignation following concerns Steelman raised on conflict of interest activities by lobbyist Steven Tilley. As an attorney, Steelman has represented Tritium International Consulting in a case of unregulated gaming machines, and house speaker Dean Plocher in an ethics investigation. Electoral history Missouri Attorney General Election 1992 Party Candidate Votes % ±% Democratic Jay Nixon 1,154,714 49.94 Republican David L. Steelman 1,064,814 46.05 Libertarian Mitchell J. Moore 92,576 4.00 - Personal Steelman has not sought elective office since 1992, instead focusing on his law practice. His wife, Sarah Steelman served in the Missouri State Senate from 1999 to 2005, as state treasurer from 2005 to 2009, and was a candidate for Governor of Missouri in 2008, until she lost the Republican primary. In 2012 she lost a bid for the US Senate in the Republican primary against Representative Todd Akin. References ^ Keller, Rudi (2021-04-22). "Governor demands resignation of David Steelman from University of Missouri curators". Missouri Independent. Retrieved 2024-03-13. ^ Keller, Rudi (2021-04-28). "Defeat of gambling bill likely dooms legislative push against 'gray market' machines". Missouri Independent. Retrieved 2024-03-13. ^ Hancock, Jason (2024-03-12). "Dean Plocher testifies to the Missouri House ethics panel investigating him". Missouri Independent. Retrieved 2024-03-13. Sources Steelman biodata Party political offices Preceded byWilliam L. Webster Republican nominee for Missouri Attorney General 1992 Succeeded byMark J. Bredemeier This article about a Missouri politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri"},{"link_name":"University of Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Missouri_System"}],"text":"David Steelman is an American politician from the state of Missouri. He served in the Missouri House of Representatives, including his time as minority speaker, and the University of Missouri Board of Curators.","title":"David Steelman"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics"},{"link_name":"University of Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Missouri"},{"link_name":"University of Missouri Law School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Dorman L. Steelman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dorman_L._Steelman&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Missouri House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Missouri Republican Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_Republican_Party"},{"link_name":"Rolla, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolla,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"William L. Webster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_L._Webster"},{"link_name":"John C. Danforth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Danforth"},{"link_name":"Kit Bond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kit_Bond"},{"link_name":"Harvard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University"},{"link_name":"Jay Nixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Nixon"},{"link_name":"Mike Parson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Parson"},{"link_name":"Steven Tilley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Tilley"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Dean Plocher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Plocher"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"David Steelman earned a B.A. in economics from the University of Missouri, and graduated first in his class from the University of Missouri Law School in 1978. He is the son of the late Dorman L. Steelman, who served in the Missouri House of Representatives, as a circuit judge, and as chairman of the Missouri Republican Party.Steelman, a Republican, was elected to his first term in the Missouri House of Representatives in 1978 at the age of 25 (under the state constitution, the minimum age for a state representative is 24). He was re-elected in 1980 and 1982, and was selected as minority floor leader. Steelman did not seek re-election in 1984, returning to the practice of law in his native Rolla, Missouri.Steelman worked as an Assistant Attorney General under former House colleague William L. Webster until Webster vacated the Attorney General's office to run unsuccessfully for governor in 1992, and Steelman ran to succeed him. In the Republican primary, Steelman faced Assistant United States Attorney John Hall, a moderate Republican who previously had worked for former U.S. Senator John C. Danforth and for then-Governor Kit Bond. Danforth campaigned for Hall, while Steelman attacked Hall's relative liberalism and his Harvard pedigree. Steelman won the Republican primary but lost the general election to Jay Nixon, 51% to 45%.In 2014, then-Governor Nixon appointed Steelman to the University of Missouri Board of Curators. In 2021, governor Mike Parson demanded his resignation following concerns Steelman raised on conflict of interest activities by lobbyist Steven Tilley.[1]As an attorney, Steelman has represented Tritium International Consulting in a case of unregulated gaming machines,[2] and house speaker Dean Plocher in an ethics investigation.[3]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Electoral history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sarah Steelman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Steelman"},{"link_name":"Missouri State Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_State_Senate"},{"link_name":"Todd Akin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_Akin"}],"text":"Steelman has not sought elective office since 1992, instead focusing on his law practice. His wife, Sarah Steelman served in the Missouri State Senate from 1999 to 2005, as state treasurer from 2005 to 2009, and was a candidate for Governor of Missouri in 2008, until she lost the Republican primary. In 2012 she lost a bid for the US Senate in the Republican primary against Representative Todd Akin.","title":"Personal"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Steelman biodata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.steelmanandgaunt.com/Bio/DavidSteelman.asp"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Missouri.svg"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Steelman&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Missouri-politician-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Missouri-politician-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Missouri-politician-stub"}],"text":"Steelman biodataThis article about a Missouri politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Sources"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Keller, Rudi (2021-04-22). \"Governor demands resignation of David Steelman from University of Missouri curators\". Missouri Independent. Retrieved 2024-03-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://missouriindependent.com/2021/04/22/governor-demands-resignation-of-david-steelman-from-university-of-missouri-curators/","url_text":"\"Governor demands resignation of David Steelman from University of Missouri curators\""}]},{"reference":"Keller, Rudi (2021-04-28). \"Defeat of gambling bill likely dooms legislative push against 'gray market' machines\". Missouri Independent. Retrieved 2024-03-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://missouriindependent.com/2021/04/28/defeat-of-gambling-bill-likely-dooms-legislative-push-against-gray-market-machines/","url_text":"\"Defeat of gambling bill likely dooms legislative push against 'gray market' machines\""}]},{"reference":"Hancock, Jason (2024-03-12). \"Dean Plocher testifies to the Missouri House ethics panel investigating him\". Missouri Independent. Retrieved 2024-03-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://missouriindependent.com/2024/03/12/dean-plocher-testifies-to-the-missouri-house-ethics-panel-investigating-him/","url_text":"\"Dean Plocher testifies to the Missouri House ethics panel investigating him\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://missouriindependent.com/2021/04/22/governor-demands-resignation-of-david-steelman-from-university-of-missouri-curators/","external_links_name":"\"Governor demands resignation of David Steelman from University of Missouri curators\""},{"Link":"https://missouriindependent.com/2021/04/28/defeat-of-gambling-bill-likely-dooms-legislative-push-against-gray-market-machines/","external_links_name":"\"Defeat of gambling bill likely dooms legislative push against 'gray market' machines\""},{"Link":"https://missouriindependent.com/2024/03/12/dean-plocher-testifies-to-the-missouri-house-ethics-panel-investigating-him/","external_links_name":"\"Dean Plocher testifies to the Missouri House ethics panel investigating him\""},{"Link":"http://www.steelmanandgaunt.com/Bio/DavidSteelman.asp","external_links_name":"Steelman biodata"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Steelman&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peach_Belt_Conference_women%27s_basketball_tournament
Peach Belt Conference women's basketball tournament
["1 Results","2 Championship records","3 See also","4 References"]
Collegiate basketball tournament Peach Belt Conference women's basketball tournamentConference basketball championshipSportBasketballConferencePeach Belt ConferenceNumber of teams8FormatSingle-elimination tournamentPlayed1992–presentCurrent championGeorgia Southwestern (2nd)Most championshipsColumbus State (5)Lander (5)Georgia College (5)Official websitePBC women's basketball The Peach Belt Conference women's basketball tournament is the annual conference women's basketball championship tournament for the Peach Belt Conference. The tournament has been held annually since 1992. It is a single-elimination tournament and seeding is based on regular season records. The winner receives the conference's automatic bid to the NCAA Women's Division II Basketball Championship. Results Year Champions Score Runner-Up Venue 1992 Augusta State 64–46 Georgia College Christenberry Fieldhouse (Augusta, GA) 1993 Augusta State 69–60 USC Spartanburg Christenberry Fieldhouse (Augusta, GA) 1994 USC Spartanburg 61–60 Columbus State Christenberry Fieldhouse (Augusta, GA) 1995 USC Spartanburg 69–49 Armstrong State Christenberry Fieldhouse (Augusta, GA) 1996 Georgia College 55–52 Kennesaw State Centennial Center (Milledgeville, GA) 1997 Kennesaw State 78–77 Georgia College Centennial Center (Milledgeville, GA) 1998 Francis Marion 71–67 Columbus State Alumni Arena (Savannah, GA) 1999 Lander 73–69 Columbus State Alumni Arena (Savannah, GA) 2000 Columbus State 83–68 Lander Finis Horne Arena (Greenwood, SC) 2001 Columbus State 56–38 USC Aiken Finis Horne Arena (Greenwood, SC) 2002 Georgia College 68–66 North Florida Frank G. Lumpkin Center (Columbus, GA) 2003 Armstrong Atlantic State 56–55 Columbus State Frank G. Lumpkin Center (Columbus, GA) 2004 Georgia College 79–67 Lander Christenberry Fieldhouse (Augusta, GA) 2005 Clayton State 83–76 (OT) Columbus State Christenberry Fieldhouse (Augusta, GA) 2006 Georgia College 89–83 (2OT) Francis Marion Finis Horne Arena (Greenwood, SC) 2007 Clayton State 50–43 Columbus State Finis Horne Arena (Greenwood, SC) 2008 Lander 68–65 Armstrong Atlantic State Convocation Center (Aiken, SC) 2009 Lander 64–53 USC Aiken Convocation Center (Aiken, SC) 2010 Clayton State 95–74 Francis Marion Convocation Center (Aiken, SC) 2011 Georgia College 62–49 USC Aiken Convocation Center (Aiken, SC) 2012 USC Aiken 52–47 Clayton State Frank G. Lumpkin Center (Columbus, GA) 2013 Clayton State 81–54 North Georgia Frank G. Lumpkin Center (Columbus, GA) 2014 Columbus State 60–49 Georgia College Frank G. Lumpkin Center (Columbus, GA) 2015 Columbus State 63–51 Georgia College English E. Jones Center (Pembroke, NC) 2016 Lander 72–68 Columbus State Frank G. Lumpkin Center (Columbus, GA) 2017 Columbus State 76–61 Lander Finis Horne Arena (Greenwood, SC) 2018 North Georgia 76–70 Lander UNG Convocation Center (Dahlonega, GA) 2019 North Georgia 90–72 Columbus State Christenberry Fieldhouse (Augusta, GA) 2020 Lander 76–62 North Georgia Finis Horne Arena (Greenwood, SC) 2021 North Georgia 72–70 Lander Finis Horne Arena (Greenwood, SC) 2022 North Georgia 72–65 Clayton State UNG Convocation Center (Dahlonega, GA) 2023 Georgia Southwestern 83–64 Young Harris Storm Dome (Americus, GA) 2024 Georgia Southwestern 57–52 Columbus State Championship records School Finals Record Finals Appearances Years Columbus State 5–9 14 2000, 2001, 2014, 2015, 2017 Lander 5–5 10 1999, 2008, 2009, 2016, 2020 Georgia College 5–4 9 1996, 2002, 2004, 2006, 2011 North Georgia 4–2 6 2018, 2019, 2021, 2022 Clayton State 4–2 6 2006, 2007, 2010, 2013 USC Upstate(USC Spartanburg) 2–1 3 1994, 1995 Georgia Southwestern 2–0 2 2023, 2024 Augusta(Augusta State, Georgia Regents) 2–0 2 1992, 1993 USC Aiken 1–3 4 2012 Armstrong State(Armstrong Atlantic State) 1–2 3 2003 Francis Marion 1–2 3 1998 Kennesaw State 1–1 2 1997 North Florida 0–1 1 Young Harris 0–1 1 Flagler and USC Beaufort have not yet reached the finals of the Peach Belt tournament. Montevallo and UNC Pembroke never reached the finals of the Peach Belt tournament before leaving the conference. Schools highlighted in pink are former members of the Peach Belt Conference See also Peach Belt Conference men's basketball tournament References ^ "Peach Belt Women's Basketball Records" (PDF). Peach Belt Conference. 2021. Retrieved 11 March 2021. vtePeach Belt ConferenceMembers Augusta Jaguars Clayton State Lakers Columbus State Cougars Flagler Saints Georgia College Bobcats Georgia Southwestern State Hurricanes Lander Bearcats Middle Georgia State Knights (joining in 2025) North Georgia Nighthawks USC Aiken Pacers USC Beaufort Sand Sharks Affiliates Alabama–Huntsville Chargers Albany State Golden Rams Central State Marauders Claflin Panthers Embry–Riddle Eagles Montevallo Falcons Nova Southeastern Sharks (leaving in 2024) Shorter Hawks (leaving in 2024) vteNCAA women's college basketball tournamentsDivision IEarly season Battle 4 Atlantis Baha Mar Hoops Pink Flamingo Cancún Challenge Daytona Beach Invitational Goombay Splash Great Alaska Shootout Gulf Coast Showcase Holiday Hoops Classic Paradise Jam San Juan Shootout Savannah Invitational Southland Basketball Tip-Off South Point Thanksgiving Shootout St Pete Showcase Tulane DoubleTree Classic Vancouver Showcase West Palm Beach Invitational Preseason WNIT Conferencepostseason ACC America East The American ASUN Atlantic 10 Big 12 Big East Big Sky Big South Big Ten Big West CAA Conference USA Horizon Ivy MAAC MEAC Mid-American Missouri Valley Mountain West Northeast Ohio Valley Pac-12 Patriot SEC Southern Southland SWAC Sun Belt Summit WAC West Coast Postseason AIAW NCAA WBIT WNIT WBI Division IIConferencepostseason CACC CCAA CIAA Carolinas East Coast Great American GLIAC GLVC G-MAC Great Northwest Gulf South Lone Star MIAA Mountain East Northeast-10 Northern Sun PacWest Peach Belt PSAC RMAC South Atlantic SIAC Sunshine State Postseason NCAA Division IIIPostseason NCAA
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Bull_Terrier
Bull Terrier
["1 Appearance","2 Temperament","3 Health","4 History","5 Noted Bull Terriers","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
Not to be confused with Bull and terrier. This article's lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. (February 2022) Dog breedBull TerrierOther namesEnglish Bull TerrierBully TerrierOriginEnglandTraitsHeight Males No limits Females No limitsWeight Males No limits Females No limitsCoat Short, denseColour White, brindle, fawn, red, red smut, black, and tricolor (black, red, and white mixture).Life span 12 yearsKennel club standardsThe Kennel Club standardFédération Cynologique Internationale standardDog (domestic dog) The Bull Terrier is a breed of dog in the terrier family. There is also a miniature version of this breed which is officially known as the Miniature Bull Terrier. This breed originates in 19th century England. Originally bred for vermin control and bloodsports, this breed can be independent and stubborn. Appearance A brindle Bull Terrier showing head profile, triangular eyes, robust and very muscular body The Bull Terrier's most recognizable feature is its head, described as 'egg-shaped', when viewed from the front; the top of the skull and face is almost flat. The profile curves gently downwards from the top of the skull to the tip of the nose, which is black and bent downwards at the tip, with well-developed nostrils. The lower jaw is deep and strong. The unique, triangular eyes are small, dark, and deep-set. Bull Terriers are one of the only dogs that have triangular eyes. The body is full and round, with strong, muscular shoulders. The tail is carried horizontally. They are either white, red, fawn, black, brindle, or a combination of these. Temperament Bull Terriers can be both independent and stubborn and for this reason are not considered suitable for an inexperienced dog owner. A Bull Terrier has an even temperament and is amenable to discipline. Although obstinate, the breed is described by the Bull Terrier Club as particularly good with people. Early socialization will ensure that the dog will get along with other dogs and animals. Their personality is described as courageous, full of spirit, with a fun-loving attitude, a children-loving dog and a perfect family member. Although the breed has been a target of breed-specific legislation, a 2008 study in Germany did not find that Bull Terriers had any significant temperament difference from Golden Retrievers in overall temperament researches. Health A 2024 UK study found a life expectancy of 12 years for the breed compared to an average of 12.7 for purebreeds and 12 for crossbreeds. Deafness occurs in 20.4% of pure white Bull Terriers and 1.3% of colored Bull Terriers, often being difficult to notice at a young age. Many Bull Terriers have a tendency to develop skin allergies. Insect bites, such as those from fleas, and sometimes mosquitoes and mites, can produce a generalised allergic response of hives, rash, and itching. A UK breed survey puts their median lifespan at 10 years and their mean at 9 years (1 s.f., RSE = 13.87% 2 d. p.), with a good number of dogs living to 10–15 years. Lethal acrodermatitis, also known as Acrodermatitis of the Bull Terrier is a rare genodermatosis monogenic autosomal inherited disease found exclusively in white Bull Terriers (including the miniature Bull Terrier). The condition is usually fatal and is characterised by poor growth, decreased serum copper and zinc levels, immunodeficiency, bronchopneumonia, skin lesions, and erosions on the distal extremities. Other symptoms that occur later on include crusting, papules, pustules, erythema, hyperkeratosis, and colour dilution. The condition manifests within the first few weeks of life and most puppies affected die before the age of 2. Their size is roughly half of their unaffected litter mates at a year old. Unlike the human condition acrodermatitis enteropathica, zinc supplements do not improve symptoms. A UK study found the Bull Terrier to have a predisposition to neutrophilic cholangitis, with the breed being 25.34 times more likely to acquire the condition. History James Hinks Bull terrier A Bull Terrier circa 1915 At the start of the 19th century, the "bull and terrier" breeds were developed to satisfy the needs for vermin control and animal-based blood sports. The bull and terriers were based on the Old English Bulldog (now extinct) and Old English Terriers with possible other terriers. This new breed combined the speed and dexterity of lightly built terriers with the dour tenacity of the Bulldog, which was a poor performer in most combat situations, having been bred almost exclusively for fighting bulls and bears tied to a post. Many breeders began to breed bulldogs with terriers, arguing that such a mixture enhances the quality of fighting. Despite the fact that a cross between a bulldog and a terrier was of high value, very little or nothing was done to preserve the breed in its original form. Due to the lack of breed standards—breeding was for performance, not appearance—the "bull and terrier" eventually divided into the ancestors of "Bull Terriers" and "Staffordshire Bull Terriers", both smaller and easier to handle than the progenitor. In the mid-19th century, James Hinks started breeding bull and terriers with "English White Terriers" (now extinct), looking for a cleaner appearance with better legs and nicer head. In 1862, Hinks entered a dam called "Puss" sired by his white Bulldog called "Madman" into the Bull Terrier Class at the dog show held at the Cremorne Gardens in Chelsea, London. Originally, these dogs did not yet have the now-familiar "egg face", but kept the stop in the skull profile. The dog was immediately popular and breeding continued, using Dalmatian, Spanish Pointer, and Whippet to increase elegance and agility; and Borzoi and Rough Collie to reduce the stop. Hinks wanted his dogs white, and bred specifically for this. The first modern Bull Terrier is now recognized as "Lord Gladiator", from 1917, being the first dog with no stop at all. Due to medical problems associated with all-white breeding, Ted Lyon among others began introducing color, using Staffordshire Bull Terriers in the early 20th century. Colored Bull Terriers were recognized as a separate variety (at least by the AKC) in 1936. Brindle is the preferred color, but other colors are welcome. Along with conformation, specific behavior traits were sought. Bull Terrier With a Miniature Bull Terrier Brindle and white Bull Terrier White Bull Terrier Red and white Bull Terrier Modern-colored Bull Terrier Noted Bull Terriers Willie, wearing his regulation Army dog tag, with General Patton and the U.S. Third Army on the drive to Paris (August 1944) General George S. Patton owned a Bull Terrier named Willie. The dog had belonged to a fallen RAF pilot, and Patton bought him in England in 1944. When it got into a fight with Dwight D. Eisenhower's Scottish terrier dog Telek, Patton apologized, saying that Telek outranked Willie and would be confined to quarters. Theodore Roosevelt owned several pets, including the Bull Terrier Pete. Pete received plenty of contemporary press, having bitten a naval clerk as well as chased and bitten the French ambassador. In the 1963 film The Incredible Journey, based on Sheila Burnford's novel of the same name, a female bull terrier named Muffy played the part of Old Bodger, the eldest of the three animals. In the 1955 movie It's a Dog's Life, the main dog Wildfire is played by a white bull terrier of the same name voiced by Vic Morrow. Spuds MacKenzie is a fictional character used for an extensive advertising campaign marketing Bud Light beer in the late 1980s, portrayed by a bull terrier named Honey Tree Evil Eye. Bullseye (formerly known as Spot) is a Miniature Bull Terrier and currently the official mascot of Target Corporation. Scud is the pet Bull Terrier of Sid Phillips, the main antagonist, in Toy Story. The 1977 novel Hell Hound by Ken Greenhall centers around a homicidal white bull terrier named Baxter. It was adapted as the French film Baxter (1989), in which the titular character was played by a bull terrier named Chimbot and voiced by Maxime Leroux. Gaspard and Lisa, a pair of anthropomorphised bull terriers who feature in a series of children's books. See also Dogs portal List of dog breeds Boston Terrier Bulldog French Bulldog References ^ a b c d FCI Breed Standard ^ Mason, Walter Esplin (14 August 1915). "Dogs of all nations". – via Internet Archive. ^ a b c "BREED STANDARD - The Bull Terrier Club". Archived from the original on 20 November 2015. ^ CKC Breed Standards, ckc.ca, archived at the Wayback Machine, 20 February 2008. ^ Breeder Retriever. "Bull Terrier Temperament". Archived from the original on 3 February 2012. ^ "ADBA American Pit Bull Terrier Puppy Socialization". adbadog.com. 8 February 2018. Archived from the original on 30 July 2017. ^ Ott, Stefanie A.; Schalke, Esther; von Gaertner, Amelie M.; Hackbarth, Hansjoachim (May - June 2008). "Is there a difference? Comparison of golden retrievers and dogs affected by breed-specific legislation regarding aggressive behavior". Journal of Veterinary Behavior. Volume 3, Issue 3, Elsevier Inc. pp. 134–140 ^ McMillan, Kirsten M.; Bielby, Jon; Williams, Carys L.; Upjohn, Melissa M.; Casey, Rachel A.; Christley, Robert M. (2024-02-01). "Longevity of companion dog breeds: those at risk from early death". Scientific Reports. 14 (1). Springer Science and Business Media LLC. doi:10.1038/s41598-023-50458-w. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 10834484. ^ Breed-Specific Deafness Prevalence In Dogs (percent) Archived 28 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine. LSU.edu ^ Richards, Michael. Skin Disorders and Problems of Dogs Archived 20 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine, vetinfo4dogs.com ^ "Individual Breed Results for Purebred Dog Health Survey". Archived from the original on 4 May 2007. ^ Rhodes, Karen Helton; Werner, Alexander H. (2011-01-25). Blackwell's Five-Minute Veterinary Consult Clinical Companion. Ames, Iowa: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 473-474. ISBN 978-0-8138-1596-1. ^ Bauer, Anina; Jagannathan, Vidhya; Högler, Sandra; Richter, Barbara; McEwan, Neil A.; Thomas, Anne; Cadieu, Edouard; André, Catherine; Hytönen, Marjo K.; Lohi, Hannes; Welle, Monika M.; Roosje, Petra; Mellersh, Cathryn; Casal, Margret L.; Leeb, Tosso (2018-03-22). "MKLN1 splicing defect in dogs with lethal acrodermatitis". PLOS Genetics. 14 (3). Public Library of Science (PLoS): e1007264. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1007264. ISSN 1553-7404. PMC 5863938. ^ Bandara, Y.; Bayton, W. A.; Williams, T. L.; Scase, T.; Bexfield, N. H. (2021). "Histopathological frequency of canine hepatobiliary disease in the United Kingdom". Journal of Small Animal Practice. 62 (9): 730–736. doi:10.1111/jsap.13354. ISSN 0022-4510. ^ a b "Canterbury Bull Terrier Club". 21 November 2008. Archived from the original on 21 November 2008. ^ a b c American Kennel Club:Bull Terrier History Archived 5 August 2015 at the Wayback Machine, akc.org ^ ANKC: Extended Breed Standard of The Bull Terrier & Bull Terrier (Miniature) Archived 22 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine, ankc.org.au ^ T.W. Hogarth published The Coloured and Colour Breeding, Galashiels: A Walker & Son in 1932, which included chapters – 'Colour Breeding in Bull Terriers' by Major T Grahame and Captain J.N. Ritchie and 'Colour Inheritance in Bull-terriers' by Dr F Fraser Darling. ^ Amanda Macias, "This photo shows Gen. Patton's dog Willie after the general's death" Archived 10 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Business Insider, 21 December 2015. ^ D'Este, Carlo (24 November 2015). Eisenhower: A Soldier's Life. Henry Holt and Company. ISBN 978-1-62779-961-4. Retrieved 13 August 2020. ^ Forty, George (19 April 2015). Patton's Third Army at War. Casemate. ISBN 978-1-61200-316-0. Retrieved 13 August 2020. ^ Coren, Stanley (18 April 2002). The Pawprints of History: Dogs in the Course of Human Events. Simon and Schuster. p. 279. ISBN 978-0-7432-2770-4. ^ Dickey, Bronwen (10 May 2016). Pit Bull: The Battle over an American Icon. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 67. ISBN 978-0-307-96177-8. Retrieved 13 August 2020. ^ "21 of Theodore Roosevelt's Most Memorable Pets". Mental Floss. 23 December 2019. Retrieved 13 August 2020. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Bull Terrier (category) Bull Terrier at Curlie vteDogs originating in the United KingdomHounds Beagle Bloodhound English Foxhound Greyhound Harrier Otterhound Scottish Deerhound Welsh Hound West Country Harrier Whippet Gun dogs Clumber Spaniel Curly-Coated Retriever English Cocker Spaniel English Setter English Springer Spaniel Field Spaniel Flat-Coated Retriever Golden Retriever Gordon Setter Labrador Retriever Pointer Sussex Spaniel Welsh Springer Spaniel TerriersWorkingbreeds Airedale Terrier Bedlington Terrier Border Terrier Cairn Terrier Dandie Dinmont Terrier Jack Russell Terrier Lakeland Terrier Manchester Terrier Norfolk Terrier Norwich Terrier Parson Russell Terrier Patterdale Terrier Plummer Terrier Scottish Terrier Sealyham Terrier Skye Terrier Smooth Fox Terrier Sporting Lucas Terrier Welsh Terrier West Highland White Terrier Wire Fox Terrier Toy breeds English Toy Terrier (Black & Tan) Yorkshire Terrier Bull types Bull and terrier Bull Terrier Miniature Bull Terrier Staffordshire Bull Terrier Herding dogs Bearded Collie Border Collie Cardigan Welsh Corgi Lancashire Heeler Old English Sheepdog Pembroke Welsh Corgi Rough Collie Shetland Sheepdog Smithfield Smooth Collie Welsh Sheepdog Other Bulldog Bullmastiff Cavalier King Charles Spaniel English Mastiff King Charles Spaniel Northern Inuit Dog Extinct Black and Tan Terrier Blue Paul Terrier Buckhound Cumberland Sheepdog Cur Dumfriesshire Black and Tan Foxhound English Water Spaniel English White Terrier Norfolk Spaniel North Country Beagle Old English Bulldog Old Welsh Grey Sheepdog Paisley Terrier Southern Hound Sleuth hound Staghound Talbot Hound Toy Bulldog Toy Trawler Spaniel Turnspit dog Tweed Water Spaniel Welsh Hillman Types: Collies, Fell Terriers, Fox Terriers, Longdogs & Lurchers vteTerriersWorking breedsLong-legged Airedale Terrier Bedlington Terrier Border Terrier Ca Rater Mallorquí Chilean Terrier Irish Terrier Jagdterrier Kerry Blue Terrier Lakeland Terrier Manchester Terrier Old English Terrier Parson Russell Terrier Patterdale Terrier Plummer Terrier Ratonero Bodeguero Andaluz Ratonero Murciano Smooth Fox Terrier Soft-coated Wheaten Terrier Terrier Brasileiro Valencian Terrier Villanuco de Las Encartaciones Welsh Terrier Wire Fox Terrier Pinschers Affenpinscher Austrian Pinscher Danish–Swedish Farmdog Dobermann German Pinscher Miniature Pinscher Schnauzers Giant Schnauzer Miniature Schnauzer Standard Schnauzer Other Black Russian Terrier Dutch Smoushond Short-legged Australian Terrier Cairn Terrier Cesky Terrier Dandie Dinmont Terrier Glen of Imaal Terrier Jack Russell Terrier Japanese Terrier Miniature Fox Terrier Norfolk Terrier Norwich Terrier Rat Terrier Scottish Terrier Sealyham Terrier Skye Terrier Sporting Lucas Terrier Teddy Roosevelt Terrier Tenterfield Terrier West Highland White Terrier Cur-type hunting breeds Black Mouth Cur Blue Lacy Catahoula Leopard Dog Feist Lurcher Mountain Cur Mountain Feist Stephens Stock Treeing Cur Treeing Tennessee Brindle Bull-type breeds American Bully American Pit Bull Terrier American Staffordshire Terrier Boston Terrier Bull and terrier Bull Terrier Miniature Bull Terrier Staffordshire Bull Terrier Toy breeds English Toy Terrier (Black & Tan) Russian Toy Silky Terrier Toy Fox Terrier Toy Manchester Terrier Yorkshire Terrier Miscellaneous American Hairless Terrier Russian Black Terrier Tibetan Terrier Extinct breeds Black and Tan Terrier Blue Paul Terrier English White Terrier Paisley Terrier Types: Bull-type terriers (and Pit bulls), Feists, Fell Terriers, Fox Terriers, Pinschers, Schnauzers Authority control databases: National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Czech Republic
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Originally bred for vermin control and bloodsports, this breed can be independent and stubborn.","title":"Bull Terrier"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bullterrier.jpg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thebullterrierclub.org-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"A brindle Bull Terrier showing head profile, triangular eyes, robust and very muscular bodyThe Bull Terrier's most recognizable feature is its head, described as 'egg-shaped', when viewed from the front; the top of the skull and face is almost flat. The profile curves gently downwards from the top of the skull to the tip of the nose, which is black and bent downwards at the tip, with well-developed nostrils. The lower jaw is deep and strong. The unique, triangular eyes are small, dark, and deep-set.[2] Bull Terriers are one of the only dogs that have triangular eyes.[3] The body is full and round, with strong, muscular shoulders. The tail is carried horizontally. They are either white, red, fawn, black, brindle, or a combination of these.[4]","title":"Appearance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thebullterrierclub.org-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thebullterrierclub.org-3"},{"link_name":"breed-specific legislation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breed-specific_legislation"},{"link_name":"Golden Retrievers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Retriever"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Bull Terriers can be both independent and stubborn[5] and for this reason are not considered suitable for an inexperienced dog owner. A Bull Terrier has an even temperament and is amenable to discipline. Although obstinate, the breed is described by the Bull Terrier Club as particularly good with people.[3] Early socialization will ensure that the dog will get along with other dogs and animals.[6] Their personality is described as courageous, full of spirit, with a fun-loving attitude,[3] a children-loving dog and a perfect family member. Although the breed has been a target of breed-specific legislation, a 2008 study in Germany did not find that Bull Terriers had any significant temperament difference from Golden Retrievers in overall temperament researches.[7]","title":"Temperament"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"crossbreeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongrel"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"allergies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allergy"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"fleas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flea"},{"link_name":"mosquitoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosquito"},{"link_name":"mites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mite"},{"link_name":"s.f.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Significant_figures"},{"link_name":"RSE =","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_standard_error"},{"link_name":"d. p.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decimal_places"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"acrodermatitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrodermatitis"},{"link_name":"genodermatosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genodermatosis"},{"link_name":"bronchopneumonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronchopneumonia"},{"link_name":"distal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distal"},{"link_name":"papules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papules"},{"link_name":"pustules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pustules"},{"link_name":"erythema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythema"},{"link_name":"hyperkeratosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperkeratosis"},{"link_name":"acrodermatitis enteropathica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrodermatitis_enteropathica"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"cholangitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholangitis"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"A 2024 UK study found a life expectancy of 12 years for the breed compared to an average of 12.7 for purebreeds and 12 for crossbreeds.[8]Deafness occurs in 20.4% of pure white Bull Terriers and 1.3% of colored Bull Terriers,[9] often being difficult to notice at a young age. Many Bull Terriers have a tendency to develop skin allergies.[10] Insect bites, such as those from fleas, and sometimes mosquitoes and mites, can produce a generalised allergic response of hives, rash, and itching. A UK breed survey puts their median lifespan at 10 years and their mean at 9 years (1 s.f., RSE = 13.87% 2 d. p.), with a good number of dogs living to 10–15 years.[11]Lethal acrodermatitis, also known as Acrodermatitis of the Bull Terrier is a rare genodermatosis monogenic autosomal inherited disease found exclusively in white Bull Terriers (including the miniature Bull Terrier). The condition is usually fatal and is characterised by poor growth, decreased serum copper and zinc levels, immunodeficiency, bronchopneumonia, skin lesions, and erosions on the distal extremities. Other symptoms that occur later on include crusting, papules, pustules, erythema, hyperkeratosis, and colour dilution. The condition manifests within the first few weeks of life and most puppies affected die before the age of 2. Their size is roughly half of their unaffected litter mates at a year old. Unlike the human condition acrodermatitis enteropathica, zinc supplements do not improve symptoms.[12][13]A UK study found the Bull Terrier to have a predisposition to neutrophilic cholangitis, with the breed being 25.34 times more likely to acquire the condition.[14]","title":"Health"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hinksbullterrier.jpg"},{"link_name":"James Hinks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Hinks"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bull_Terrier_from_1915.JPG"},{"link_name":"bull and terrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bull_and_terrier"},{"link_name":"vermin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermin"},{"link_name":"blood sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_sport"},{"link_name":"Old English Bulldog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_English_Bulldog"},{"link_name":"Old English Terriers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_English_Terrier"},{"link_name":"Staffordshire Bull Terriers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staffordshire_Bull_Terrier"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Canterbury_Bull_Terrier_Club-15"},{"link_name":"James Hinks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Hinks"},{"link_name":"English White Terriers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_White_Terrier"},{"link_name":"Cremorne Gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cremorne_Gardens,_London"},{"link_name":"Chelsea, London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea,_London"},{"link_name":"stop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canine_terminology#Stop"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bull_Terrier_History-16"},{"link_name":"Dalmatian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalmatian_(dog)"},{"link_name":"Spanish Pointer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navarran_Pointer"},{"link_name":"Whippet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whippet"},{"link_name":"Borzoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borzoi"},{"link_name":"Rough Collie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rough_Collie"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Canterbury_Bull_Terrier_Club-15"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bull_Terrier_History-16"},{"link_name":"Brindle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brindle"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bull_Terrier_History-16"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bulterier_i_miniatura_LM.jpg"},{"link_name":"Miniature Bull Terrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miniature_Bull_Terrier"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bull_Terrier_Chico_10.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bull_Terrier_R_01.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Close_up_of_a_Bull_Terrier.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bullterrier_standing_in_garden.jpg"}],"text":"James Hinks Bull terrierA Bull Terrier circa 1915At the start of the 19th century, the \"bull and terrier\" breeds were developed to satisfy the needs for vermin control and animal-based blood sports. The bull and terriers were based on the Old English Bulldog (now extinct) and Old English Terriers with possible other terriers. This new breed combined the speed and dexterity of lightly built terriers with the dour tenacity of the Bulldog, which was a poor performer in most combat situations, having been bred almost exclusively for fighting bulls and bears tied to a post. Many breeders began to breed bulldogs with terriers, arguing that such a mixture enhances the quality of fighting. Despite the fact that a cross between a bulldog and a terrier was of high value, very little or nothing was done to preserve the breed in its original form. Due to the lack of breed standards—breeding was for performance, not appearance—the \"bull and terrier\" eventually divided into the ancestors of \"Bull Terriers\" and \"Staffordshire Bull Terriers\", both smaller and easier to handle than the progenitor.[15]In the mid-19th century, James Hinks started breeding bull and terriers with \"English White Terriers\" (now extinct), looking for a cleaner appearance with better legs and nicer head. In 1862, Hinks entered a dam called \"Puss\" sired by his white Bulldog called \"Madman\" into the Bull Terrier Class at the dog show held at the Cremorne Gardens in Chelsea, London. Originally, these dogs did not yet have the now-familiar \"egg face\", but kept the stop in the skull profile.[16]\nThe dog was immediately popular and breeding continued, using Dalmatian, Spanish Pointer, and Whippet to increase elegance and agility; and Borzoi and Rough Collie to reduce the stop. Hinks wanted his dogs white, and bred specifically for this. The first modern Bull Terrier is now recognized as \"Lord Gladiator\", from 1917, being the first dog with no stop at all.[15][17]Due to medical problems associated with all-white breeding, Ted Lyon among others began introducing color, using Staffordshire Bull Terriers in the early 20th century. Colored Bull Terriers were recognized as a separate variety (at least by the AKC) in 1936.[16] Brindle is the preferred color, but other colors are welcome.[16][18]Along with conformation, specific behavior traits were sought.Bull Terrier\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWith a Miniature Bull Terrier\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBrindle and white Bull Terrier\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWhite Bull Terrier\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRed and white Bull Terrier\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tModern-colored Bull Terrier","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Willie-Patton-LIFE-1944.jpg"},{"link_name":"Willie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_(dog)"},{"link_name":"General Patton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_S._Patton"},{"link_name":"drive to Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris"},{"link_name":"George S. Patton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_S._Patton"},{"link_name":"Willie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_(dog)"},{"link_name":"Dwight D. Eisenhower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower"},{"link_name":"Scottish terrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_terrier"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Theodore Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"The Incredible Journey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Incredible_Journey_(film)"},{"link_name":"Sheila Burnford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheila_Burnford"},{"link_name":"novel of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Incredible_Journey"},{"link_name":"It's a Dog's Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s_a_Dog%27s_Life_(film)"},{"link_name":"Vic Morrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vic_Morrow"},{"link_name":"Spuds MacKenzie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spuds_MacKenzie"},{"link_name":"Bud Light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bud_Light"},{"link_name":"Bullseye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullseye_(mascot)"},{"link_name":"Target Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Target_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Scud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Toy_Story_characters#Scud"},{"link_name":"Toy Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toy_Story"},{"link_name":"Baxter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baxter_(film)"},{"link_name":"Maxime Leroux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxime_Leroux"},{"link_name":"Gaspard and Lisa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaspard_and_Lisa"}],"text":"Willie, wearing his regulation Army dog tag, with General Patton and the U.S. Third Army on the drive to Paris (August 1944)General George S. Patton owned a Bull Terrier named Willie. The dog had belonged to a fallen RAF pilot, and Patton bought him in England in 1944. When it got into a fight with Dwight D. Eisenhower's Scottish terrier dog Telek, Patton apologized, saying that Telek outranked Willie and would be confined to quarters.[19][20][21]\nTheodore Roosevelt owned several pets, including the Bull Terrier Pete. Pete received plenty of contemporary press, having bitten a naval clerk as well as chased and bitten the French ambassador.[22][23][24]\nIn the 1963 film The Incredible Journey, based on Sheila Burnford's novel of the same name, a female bull terrier named Muffy played the part of Old Bodger, the eldest of the three animals.\nIn the 1955 movie It's a Dog's Life, the main dog Wildfire is played by a white bull terrier of the same name voiced by Vic Morrow.\nSpuds MacKenzie is a fictional character used for an extensive advertising campaign marketing Bud Light beer in the late 1980s, portrayed by a bull terrier named Honey Tree Evil Eye.\nBullseye (formerly known as Spot) is a Miniature Bull Terrier and currently the official mascot of Target Corporation.\nScud is the pet Bull Terrier of Sid Phillips, the main antagonist, in Toy Story.\nThe 1977 novel Hell Hound by Ken Greenhall centers around a homicidal white bull terrier named Baxter. It was adapted as the French film Baxter (1989), in which the titular character was played by a bull terrier named Chimbot and voiced by Maxime Leroux.\nGaspard and Lisa, a pair of anthropomorphised bull terriers who feature in a series of children's books.","title":"Noted Bull Terriers"}]
[{"image_text":"A brindle Bull Terrier showing head profile, triangular eyes, robust and very muscular body","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Bullterrier.jpg/220px-Bullterrier.jpg"},{"image_text":"James Hinks Bull terrier","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Hinksbullterrier.jpg/220px-Hinksbullterrier.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Bull Terrier circa 1915","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Bull_Terrier_from_1915.JPG/220px-Bull_Terrier_from_1915.JPG"},{"image_text":"Willie, wearing his regulation Army dog tag, with General Patton and the U.S. Third Army on the drive to Paris (August 1944)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Willie-Patton-LIFE-1944.jpg/220px-Willie-Patton-LIFE-1944.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Dogs portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Dogs"},{"title":"List of dog breeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_dog_breeds"},{"title":"Boston Terrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Terrier"},{"title":"Bulldog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulldog"},{"title":"French Bulldog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Bulldog"}]
[{"reference":"Mason, Walter Esplin (14 August 1915). \"Dogs of all nations\". [S.l.: s.n.] – via Internet Archive.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.org/details/dogsofallnations00masorich","url_text":"\"Dogs of all nations\""}]},{"reference":"\"BREED STANDARD - The Bull Terrier Club\". Archived from the original on 20 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thebullterrierclub.org/breed-standard/","url_text":"\"BREED STANDARD - The Bull Terrier Club\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151120022214/http://www.thebullterrierclub.org/breed-standard/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Breeder Retriever. \"Bull Terrier Temperament\". Archived from the original on 3 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.breederretriever.com/dog-breeds/116/bull-terrier.php","url_text":"\"Bull Terrier Temperament\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120203200625/http://www.breederretriever.com/dog-breeds/116/bull-terrier.php","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"ADBA American Pit Bull Terrier Puppy Socialization\". adbadog.com. 8 February 2018. Archived from the original on 30 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://adbadog.com/puppy-socialization/","url_text":"\"ADBA American Pit Bull Terrier Puppy Socialization\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170730152838/https://adbadog.com/puppy-socialization/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"McMillan, Kirsten M.; Bielby, Jon; Williams, Carys L.; Upjohn, Melissa M.; Casey, Rachel A.; Christley, Robert M. (2024-02-01). \"Longevity of companion dog breeds: those at risk from early death\". Scientific Reports. 14 (1). Springer Science and Business Media LLC. doi:10.1038/s41598-023-50458-w. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 10834484.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10834484","url_text":"\"Longevity of companion dog breeds: those at risk from early death\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-023-50458-w","url_text":"10.1038/s41598-023-50458-w"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2045-2322","url_text":"2045-2322"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10834484","url_text":"10834484"}]},{"reference":"\"Individual Breed Results for Purebred Dog Health Survey\". Archived from the original on 4 May 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thekennelclub.org.uk/item/570","url_text":"\"Individual Breed Results for Purebred Dog Health Survey\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070504083007/http://www.thekennelclub.org.uk/item/570","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Rhodes, Karen Helton; Werner, Alexander H. (2011-01-25). Blackwell's Five-Minute Veterinary Consult Clinical Companion. Ames, Iowa: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 473-474. ISBN 978-0-8138-1596-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8138-1596-1","url_text":"978-0-8138-1596-1"}]},{"reference":"Bauer, Anina; Jagannathan, Vidhya; Högler, Sandra; Richter, Barbara; McEwan, Neil A.; Thomas, Anne; Cadieu, Edouard; André, Catherine; Hytönen, Marjo K.; Lohi, Hannes; Welle, Monika M.; Roosje, Petra; Mellersh, Cathryn; Casal, Margret L.; Leeb, Tosso (2018-03-22). \"MKLN1 splicing defect in dogs with lethal acrodermatitis\". PLOS Genetics. 14 (3). Public Library of Science (PLoS): e1007264. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1007264. ISSN 1553-7404. PMC 5863938.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5863938","url_text":"\"MKLN1 splicing defect in dogs with lethal acrodermatitis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1007264","url_text":"10.1371/journal.pgen.1007264"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1553-7404","url_text":"1553-7404"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5863938","url_text":"5863938"}]},{"reference":"Bandara, Y.; Bayton, W. A.; Williams, T. L.; Scase, T.; Bexfield, N. H. (2021). \"Histopathological frequency of canine hepatobiliary disease in the United Kingdom\". Journal of Small Animal Practice. 62 (9): 730–736. doi:10.1111/jsap.13354. ISSN 0022-4510.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjsap.13354","url_text":"10.1111/jsap.13354"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-4510","url_text":"0022-4510"}]},{"reference":"\"Canterbury Bull Terrier Club\". 21 November 2008. Archived from the original on 21 November 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081121053325/http://www.canterbury.bullterriersnz.com/info.html","url_text":"\"Canterbury Bull Terrier Club\""},{"url":"http://www.canterbury.bullterriersnz.com/info.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"D'Este, Carlo (24 November 2015). Eisenhower: A Soldier's Life. Henry Holt and Company. ISBN 978-1-62779-961-4. Retrieved 13 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=g72pCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT988","url_text":"Eisenhower: A Soldier's Life"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Holt_and_Company","url_text":"Henry Holt and Company"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62779-961-4","url_text":"978-1-62779-961-4"}]},{"reference":"Forty, George (19 April 2015). Patton's Third Army at War. Casemate. ISBN 978-1-61200-316-0. Retrieved 13 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QvzkDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA71","url_text":"Patton's Third Army at War"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61200-316-0","url_text":"978-1-61200-316-0"}]},{"reference":"Coren, Stanley (18 April 2002). The Pawprints of History: Dogs in the Course of Human Events. Simon and Schuster. p. 279. ISBN 978-0-7432-2770-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JhflH2NIXxUC&pg=PA279","url_text":"The Pawprints of History: Dogs in the Course of Human Events"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-2770-4","url_text":"978-0-7432-2770-4"}]},{"reference":"Dickey, Bronwen (10 May 2016). Pit Bull: The Battle over an American Icon. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 67. ISBN 978-0-307-96177-8. Retrieved 13 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KNBfCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA67","url_text":"Pit Bull: The Battle over an American Icon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-96177-8","url_text":"978-0-307-96177-8"}]},{"reference":"\"21 of Theodore Roosevelt's Most Memorable Pets\". Mental Floss. 23 December 2019. Retrieved 13 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/610385/theodore-roosevelt-pets","url_text":"\"21 of Theodore Roosevelt's Most Memorable Pets\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_Floss","url_text":"Mental Floss"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kira_Nerys
Kira Nerys
["1 Backstory","2 Story","2.1 Personal relationships","2.2 Enemies","2.3 Non-canonical information","2.4 Mirror Universe","3 Casting","4 Scholarly reception","5 Popular reception","6 References","7 External links"]
Fictional humanoid in the TV Series Star Trek Deep Space Nine In this article, the surname is Kira. Fictional character Kira NerysStar Trek characterFirst appearance"Emissary" (1993)(Deep Space NineLast appearance"Hear All, Trust Nothing" (2022)(Lower Decks)Portrayed byNana VisitorIn-universe informationSpeciesBajoranAffiliationBajoran MilitiaStarfleetPostingDeep Space NineUSS DefiantPositionCommanding Officer(Season 7) First Officer(Seasons 1–7)Second Officer USS Defiant(Seasons 4–7)RankColonel (Bajoran Militia)(Season 7)Commander (Starfleet)(Season 7)Major (Bajoran Militia)(Seasons 1–6)PartnerBareil Antos, Shakaar Edon, Odo Kira Nerys /ˈkiːrə nɪˈriːs/ is a fictional character in the American science fiction television series Star Trek: Deep Space Nine (1993–1999). She was played by actress Nana Visitor. The character is from the fictional planet Bajor, a world which has recently emerged from a brutal foreign occupation. She was a member of the resistance, and the decades-long conflict has left her tough and uncompromising, but she is sustained by her strong faith in traditional Bajoran religion. She has been assigned to Deep Space Nine, a space station jointly operated by the United Federation of Planets and the new provisional Bajoran government, where she serves as second in command as well as the ranking representative of her people. Backstory Per Bajoran custom, her family name, Kira, precedes her given name, Nerys. She has two brothers (Kira Reon and Kira Pohl), and her parents' names are Kira Taban (played by Thomas Kopache throughout the series) and Kira Meru (played by Leslie Hope in "Wrongs Darker than Death or Night"). The backstory of the character states that Kira Nerys was born 2343, in Dakhur province, Bajor, during the 50-year Cardassian occupation of the planet. She was raised in a labor camp. Her family were members of the artisan caste, namely sculptors of clay, or potters. At age 13, Kira was recruited into the Shakaar resistance cell, part of an underground movement which carried out guerrilla attacks against Cardassian military and civilians with the ultimate goal of ending the occupation. Story Kira is assigned as the senior Bajoran Militia officer aboard Deep Space Nine (DS9), acting as the station's executive officer under the Starfleet Commander Benjamin Sisko, who commands the facility. Initially, Kira is opposed to the Federation presence on DS9, feeling that the Bajoran people should have nothing to do with the Federation, as she believes that Bajor needs to be able to stand on its own two feet, after enduring a long, brutal occupation by the Cardassians. Over time, her sentiments change and she becomes one of the strongest supporters of Bajor joining the Federation, and is a steadfast ally and friend of Sisko. She is deeply religious, which makes her relationship with Sisko somewhat complicated; not only is he her commanding officer, he is also the emissary of the Prophets, the Bajorans' gods. As a member of the Bajoran Militia, Kira is an invaluable help to Starfleet in its mission on DS9. She often commands Starfleet personnel as DS9's executive officer. In the third season, she also serves as the first officer of the Defiant, a Starfleet warship based at DS9, until Lieutenant Commander Worf assumes that role in the fourth season. When the Dominion recaptures Deep Space Nine at the start of the Dominion War, at the end of the fifth season, Kira remains aboard the station as liaison officer, as a result of Bajor's non-aggression pact with the Dominion. At the beginning of the sixth season, The Federation is losing the war against the Dominion and this, alongside a Vedek's suicide which she witnesses, galvanizes Kira to start plotting a resistance movement against the Dominion. The movement is eventually successful in helping Starfleet retake the station and driving the Dominion back behind enemy lines. Towards the end of the seventh and final season, Kira is promoted to colonel and temporarily commissioned as a Starfleet commander. She plays a significant role in helping the Cardassian Resistance wage a guerrilla war against the Dominion, being sent by Sisko to Cardassia itself to teach Damar and his followers the tactics she learned during the Cardassian occupation of Bajor. At the conclusion of the war (and the end of the series), Kira takes command of DS9 after the disappearance of Sisko. She is still in command several years later as seen in the Star Trek: Lower Decks Season 3 episode, "Hear All, Trust Nothing". Personal relationships Kira becomes romantically involved with Bareil Antos, a prominent Bajoran vedek (cleric). Following his death, she later becomes involved with Shakaar Edon, a former resistance leader during the Cardassian occupation, who later becomes Bajor's First Minister. After a couple of years, accepting that the relationship is going nowhere (and after a visit to the Kenda Shrine on Bajor), the couple decide to end their relationship. Kira then forms a romantic relationship with the shapeshifter Odo, who had pined after her for years, though this too ends when Odo rejoins his people in the Gamma Quadrant at the conclusion of the series. Due to her alter ego depiction in the Mirror Universe it is speculated that Kira is canonically bisexual. Kira also becomes the surrogate mother to Kirayoshi O'Brien, the then-unborn child of Chief Engineer Miles O'Brien and his wife Keiko. When the pregnant Keiko was injured in a shuttle accident, Dr Julian Bashir saves the fetus by transporting it into Kira's womb. Kira continues to carry the fetus until birth, essentially becoming a part of the O'Brien family. Enemies Kira's arch enemy is the former Cardassian head of Deep Space 9, Gul Dukat. At the beginning of the series, Kira despises Dukat for helping oversee the occupation of Bajor and takes every opportunity to antagonise him further. As the series progresses, the relationship slightly softens, particularly after Kira learns that Dukat has a half-Bajoran daughter named Ziyal whom he initially believed had been killed. Dukat's military career and status suffer when he takes Ziyal back to Cardassia Prime and he and Kira join forces to help defend both Cardassia and Deep Space 9 against a Klingon invasion. After Dukat, with the aid of the Dominion, reassumes command of Deep Space 9, Kira realises that he is using Ziyal to try and get close to her and, from that point onward, their relationship is chiefly adversarial. After Dukat has been driven off the station, he later contacts Kira and discloses the close relationship he had with her mother Kira Meru, which Kira confirms after using the Orb of Time to travel back to witness the beginning of the relationship, which starts due to the Cardassians needing "comfort women". Dukat and Kira have one final encounter in the seventh season when he abducts her to space station Empok Nor and reveals he has become the leader of a cult worshipping the evil Bajoran spirits known as the Pah-Wraiths. Kira only narrowly manages to stop Dukat orchestrating the deaths of his Bajoran followers through mass suicide before he transports off the station. Kira also has a fractious relationship with Vedek (later Kai) Winn, a Bajoran religious leader who is in favour of separating her people from the influence of The Federation. In the final episode of the first season, Winn travels to Deep Space 9 in order to secretly plan the assassination of her rival (and Kira's lover) Vedek Bareil but fails (although Kira is unable to concretely prove that Winn was responsible). Kira nearly prevents Winn becoming the new Kai, but realises that doing so would reveal the truth about her predecessor Kai Opaka's role in a massacre and possibly lead Bajor into a civil war. Winn and Kira remain adversaries even when working together in Bajor's interests, especially when Winn attempts to interfere in government matters. Later in the sixth season, Kira is possessed by a Prophet and nearly defeats a rival Pah-Wraith which has possessed Jake Sisko, but Winn floods the station with chroniton radiation and the reckoning is stopped; Kira is furious that Winn has defied the will of the Prophets and that the Pah-Wraiths remain at large. In the final season, Winn again visits the station and Kira tries to convince her to step aside as Kai. A furious Winn refuses and this drives her into the arms of Dukat as they plan to release the Pah-Wraiths together. Non-canonical information In the licensed Star Trek novels (which are not considered canonical by Paramount), following the conclusion of the television series Star Trek: Deep Space Nine, Kira Nerys takes charge of the Deep Space Nine space station as its permanent commanding officer. With the conclusion of the first wave of Deep Space Nine novels in Unity, Bajor finally joins the Federation, and Kira is given the Starfleet rank of Captain. Kira opens every Bajoran Orb simultaneously in a sacred place in order to defeat a monstrous enemy. This also causes the return of Benjamin Sisko from the Celestial Temple to the corporeal world. In the 2019 documentary What We Left Behind, former showrunner Ira Steven Behr and several former writers of the series participated in a "what-if" planning session for an eighth season, where Kira has resigned from Starfleet and the Bajoran Militia and is a vedek in the Bajoran religious order. Mirror Universe The character of Kira Nerys also exists in the Mirror Universe. In the DS9 episode "Crossover", Kira encounters her mirror self, who is the cruel, powerful Intendant of the station (still called Terok Nor), with Elim Garak as her first officer. Kira convinces the mirror-Sisko to rebel against the Intendant-Kira and start the Terran Resistance. This group is later successful in taking command of Terok Nor and capturing the Intendant, but she manages to escape with the help of mirror-Nog. Eventually, the escaped Intendant convinces the alternate universe's Bareil Antos to travel to the regular universe in order to obtain an Orb of the Prophets. The mirror Kira falls in love with her double from the other universe. At the time, Nana Visitor dismissed the idea of her character being bisexual, saying that she intended to portray this as "total narcissism on her part. It had nothing to do with sexuality". However, later episodes continued to show her surrounded by a mixed-gender harem, and eventually depicted her being in a romantic relationship with her universe's version of Ezri Tigan. Casting In the early stages of planning Deep Space Nine, the series' creators wanted to bring in the Bajoran character Ensign Ro Laren, who was a recurring character in Star Trek: The Next Generation. Michelle Forbes, who had portrayed Ensign Ro, turned down the offer, so a new Bajoran character was created instead. Nana Visitor had just given birth to a baby boy mere months before she was called to audition for the role of Kira Nerys, and her becoming a mother actually shaped her decision process for accepting or turning down roles. With the character of Kira Nerys, Visitor felt "completely engaged on every level by the part". Visitor almost turned down the role, as her manager told her "you will kill your career if you do this job." Visitor said, "By the end of the call, he had convinced me that I did want to be a part of it whether it impacted the rest of my career or not. When I read the script, I thought, 'That's a man's role. That's not for me.' Yet it was all I wanted to do. I hated every part that I had to play where I was chastising a husband or getting upset about the carpet. And I did a lot of those. Any time I could get my teeth into something, that was my flow state. That's why I was an actor. Major Kira was like Disneyland for an actor." Scholarly reception An article in the Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis finds the character of Kira "emotionally difficult". In Star Trek and Sacred Ground: Explorations of Star Trek, Religion, and American Culture, it is noted that Kira was not shown worshipping privately until the 1997 episode "Ties of Blood and Water". On the 25th anniversary of DS9 in 2018, Daniel Holloway and Joe Otterson discussed the character at length saying, "Fan reception to the character, and to the show as a whole, ran hot and cold. Previous female "Star Trek" characters had been helpmates—a switchboard operator (Lt. Uhura in the original series), a therapist (Counselor Troi in Next Generation), a healer (Dr. Crusher in The Next Generation). None had been a war veteran with emotional skeletons. Visitor said, "Some people in the 'Star Trek' world were like, 'That's not what a woman in "Star Trek" should be. That's the wrong thing to be teaching. But what I saw her as was a woman of appetite and gray area—lots of gray area. Very fallible, but growing and trying. And that's all over television now." Holloway and Otterson suggested the character was a precursor to Michael Burnham on Star Trek: Discovery. Popular reception In 2016, ScreenRant rated Kira Nerys as the fifth-best character in Star Trek overall. In 2018, TheWrap rated Kira as the tenth-best character of Star Trek overall, noting her role in Star Trek: Deep Space Nine. The Hollywood Reporter noted the character's role in the season one episode "Duet" which they ranked as the 7th-best episode of the series; Nana Visitor, who played Kira, praised the episode's writing. In 2009, IGN ranked Kira as the 11th-best character of Star Trek overall. In 2018, CBR ranked Kira as the 11th-best Starfleet character of Star Trek. They elaborate that Kira in the show is not actually part of Starfleet until the last episode, in that brief time she has a big impact on the Dominion war. In 2018, TheWrap placed Kira as 10th out 39 in a ranking of main cast characters of the Star Trek franchise prior to Star Trek: Discovery. In 2013, Slate magazine ranked Kira Nerys one of the ten best crew characters in the Star Trek franchise. In 2016, the character of Colonel Kira was ranked as the 7th-most-important character of Starfleet within the Star Trek science fiction universe by Wired. In 2020, ScreenRant ranked Kira one of the top 5 most likeable characters on the show. References ^ Reeves-Stevens, Judith & Reeves-Stevens, Garfield (1994). The Making of Star Trek: Deep Space Nine. Pocket Books. p. 105. ISBN 0-671-87430-6. ^ Shapiro, Marc (September 1995). "Mother with a Mission". Star Trek Monthly. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved August 31, 2007. ^ a b Holloway, Daniel (January 3, 2018). "'Star Trek: Deep Space Nine' at 25: Through the Wormhole With the Cast and Creators". Variety. ^ Forest, David V. (2005). "Consulting to Star Trek: To Boldly Go Into Dynamic Neuropsychiatry". Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis. 33 (1): 71–82. ISSN 0090-3604. ^ Porter, Jennifer E. & McLaren, Darcee L., eds. (1999). Star Trek and Sacred Ground: Explorations of Star Trek, Religion, and American Culture. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. ISBN 9780585291901. ^ "The 20 Best Characters In Star Trek History". ScreenRant. November 19, 2016. ^ Jeremy Fuster (March 21, 2018). "All 39 'Star Trek' Main Characters Ranked, From Spock to Wesley (Photos)". TheWrap. ^ "'Star Trek: Deep Space Nine' — The 20 Greatest Episodes". The Hollywood Reporter. September 22, 2016. ^ "Top 25 Star Trek Characters". IGN. 2009-05-08. Retrieved 2019-03-20. ^ "Star Trek: The 25 Best Members Of Starfleet, Ranked". CBR. 2018-10-27. Retrieved 2019-06-20. ^ Yglesias, Matthew (May 15, 2013). "Star Trek Movies, Series, and Characters Ranked". Slate Magazine. ^ McMillan, Graeme (2016-09-05). "Star Trek's 100 Most Important Crew Members, Ranked". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Retrieved 2019-03-20. ^ "Star Trek: DS9 – 5 Most Likable Characters (& 5 Fans Can't Stand)". ScreenRant. 2020-09-15. Retrieved 2021-02-16. External links Speculative fiction portalTelevision portal Kira Nerys at Memory Alpha Kira Nerys (mirror) at Memory Alpha Kay Eaton at Memory Alpha Kira Nerys at StarTrek.com vteStar Trek: Deep Space NineCharacters Julian Bashir Dax Ezri Jadzia Gul Dukat Elim Garak Vic Fontaine Ishka Kira Nerys Martok Nog Miles O'Brien Keiko O'Brien Odo Quark Rom Benjamin Sisko Jake Sisko Worf Episodes Season 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Settings Runabout (spacecraft) Deep Space Nine (space station) USS Defiant (spaceship) Bajor (planet) Holosuites Bird of Prey (spaceship) Mirror Universe Video games Crossroads of Time Harbinger The Fallen Dominion Wars Other topics Awards Cast Home video releases Characters Novels Companion Dominion War the Maquis Breen Bajoran Cardassian Starfleet Section 31 The Federation Wormhole Warp drive What We Left Behind
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The character is from the fictional planet Bajor, a world which has recently emerged from a brutal foreign occupation. She was a member of the resistance, and the decades-long conflict has left her tough and uncompromising, but she is sustained by her strong faith in traditional Bajoran religion. 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She has two brothers (Kira Reon and Kira Pohl), and her parents' names are Kira Taban (played by Thomas Kopache throughout the series) and Kira Meru (played by Leslie Hope in \"Wrongs Darker than Death or Night\").The backstory of the character states that Kira Nerys was born 2343, in Dakhur province, Bajor, during the 50-year Cardassian occupation of the planet. She was raised in a labor camp. Her family were members of the artisan caste, namely sculptors of clay, or potters. 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Initially, Kira is opposed to the Federation presence on DS9, feeling that the Bajoran people should have nothing to do with the Federation, as she believes that Bajor needs to be able to stand on its own two feet, after enduring a long, brutal occupation by the Cardassians. Over time, her sentiments change and she becomes one of the strongest supporters of Bajor joining the Federation, and is a steadfast ally and friend of Sisko. She is deeply religious, which makes her relationship with Sisko somewhat complicated; not only is he her commanding officer, he is also the emissary of the Prophets, the Bajorans' gods.As a member of the Bajoran Militia, Kira is an invaluable help to Starfleet in its mission on DS9. She often commands Starfleet personnel as DS9's executive officer. In the third season, she also serves as the first officer of the Defiant, a Starfleet warship based at DS9, until Lieutenant Commander Worf assumes that role in the fourth season. When the Dominion recaptures Deep Space Nine at the start of the Dominion War, at the end of the fifth season, Kira remains aboard the station as liaison officer, as a result of Bajor's non-aggression pact with the Dominion. At the beginning of the sixth season, The Federation is losing the war against the Dominion and this, alongside a Vedek's suicide which she witnesses, galvanizes Kira to start plotting a resistance movement against the Dominion. The movement is eventually successful in helping Starfleet retake the station and driving the Dominion back behind enemy lines.Towards the end of the seventh and final season, Kira is promoted to colonel and temporarily commissioned as a Starfleet commander. She plays a significant role in helping the Cardassian Resistance wage a guerrilla war against the Dominion, being sent by Sisko to Cardassia itself to teach Damar and his followers the tactics she learned during the Cardassian occupation of Bajor. At the conclusion of the war (and the end of the series), Kira takes command of DS9 after the disappearance of Sisko. She is still in command several years later as seen in the Star Trek: Lower Decks Season 3 episode, \"Hear All, Trust Nothing\".","title":"Story"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bareil Antos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bareil_Antos"},{"link_name":"Shakaar Edon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakaar_Edon"},{"link_name":"Odo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odo_(Star_Trek)"},{"link_name":"according to whom?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"surrogate mother","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrogate_mother"},{"link_name":"Miles O'Brien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles_O%27Brien_(Star_Trek)"},{"link_name":"Keiko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keiko_O%27Brien"},{"link_name":"Julian Bashir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Bashir"}],"sub_title":"Personal relationships","text":"Kira becomes romantically involved with Bareil Antos, a prominent Bajoran vedek (cleric). Following his death, she later becomes involved with Shakaar Edon, a former resistance leader during the Cardassian occupation, who later becomes Bajor's First Minister. After a couple of years, accepting that the relationship is going nowhere (and after a visit to the Kenda Shrine on Bajor), the couple decide to end their relationship. Kira then forms a romantic relationship with the shapeshifter Odo, who had pined after her for years, though this too ends when Odo rejoins his people in the Gamma Quadrant at the conclusion of the series. Due to her alter ego depiction in the Mirror Universe it is speculated that Kira is canonically bisexual.[according to whom?]Kira also becomes the surrogate mother to Kirayoshi O'Brien, the then-unborn child of Chief Engineer Miles O'Brien and his wife Keiko. When the pregnant Keiko was injured in a shuttle accident, Dr Julian Bashir saves the fetus by transporting it into Kira's womb. Kira continues to carry the fetus until birth, essentially becoming a part of the O'Brien family.","title":"Story"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Enemies","text":"Kira's arch enemy is the former Cardassian head of Deep Space 9, Gul Dukat. At the beginning of the series, Kira despises Dukat for helping oversee the occupation of Bajor and takes every opportunity to antagonise him further. As the series progresses, the relationship slightly softens, particularly after Kira learns that Dukat has a half-Bajoran daughter named Ziyal whom he initially believed had been killed. Dukat's military career and status suffer when he takes Ziyal back to Cardassia Prime and he and Kira join forces to help defend both Cardassia and Deep Space 9 against a Klingon invasion.After Dukat, with the aid of the Dominion, reassumes command of Deep Space 9, Kira realises that he is using Ziyal to try and get close to her and, from that point onward, their relationship is chiefly adversarial. After Dukat has been driven off the station, he later contacts Kira and discloses the close relationship he had with her mother Kira Meru, which Kira confirms after using the Orb of Time to travel back to witness the beginning of the relationship, which starts due to the Cardassians needing \"comfort women\". Dukat and Kira have one final encounter in the seventh season when he abducts her to space station Empok Nor and reveals he has become the leader of a cult worshipping the evil Bajoran spirits known as the Pah-Wraiths. Kira only narrowly manages to stop Dukat orchestrating the deaths of his Bajoran followers through mass suicide before he transports off the station.Kira also has a fractious relationship with Vedek (later Kai) Winn, a Bajoran religious leader who is in favour of separating her people from the influence of The Federation. In the final episode of the first season, Winn travels to Deep Space 9 in order to secretly plan the assassination of her rival (and Kira's lover) Vedek Bareil but fails (although Kira is unable to concretely prove that Winn was responsible). Kira nearly prevents Winn becoming the new Kai, but realises that doing so would reveal the truth about her predecessor Kai Opaka's role in a massacre and possibly lead Bajor into a civil war. Winn and Kira remain adversaries even when working together in Bajor's interests, especially when Winn attempts to interfere in government matters. Later in the sixth season, Kira is possessed by a Prophet and nearly defeats a rival Pah-Wraith which has possessed Jake Sisko, but Winn floods the station with chroniton radiation and the reckoning is stopped; Kira is furious that Winn has defied the will of the Prophets and that the Pah-Wraiths remain at large.In the final season, Winn again visits the station and Kira tries to convince her to step aside as Kai. A furious Winn refuses and this drives her into the arms of Dukat as they plan to release the Pah-Wraiths together.","title":"Story"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"novels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Star_Trek:_Deep_Space_Nine_novels"},{"link_name":"Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Federation_of_Planets"},{"link_name":"Starfleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starfleet"},{"link_name":"Captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_(naval)"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Sisko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Sisko"},{"link_name":"What We Left Behind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_We_Left_Behind"},{"link_name":"Ira Steven Behr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ira_Steven_Behr"}],"sub_title":"Non-canonical information","text":"In the licensed Star Trek novels (which are not considered canonical by Paramount), following the conclusion of the television series Star Trek: Deep Space Nine, Kira Nerys takes charge of the Deep Space Nine space station as its permanent commanding officer. With the conclusion of the first wave of Deep Space Nine novels in Unity, Bajor finally joins the Federation, and Kira is given the Starfleet rank of Captain. Kira opens every Bajoran Orb simultaneously in a sacred place in order to defeat a monstrous enemy. This also causes the return of Benjamin Sisko from the Celestial Temple to the corporeal world.In the 2019 documentary What We Left Behind, former showrunner Ira Steven Behr and several former writers of the series participated in a \"what-if\" planning session for an eighth season, where Kira has resigned from Starfleet and the Bajoran Militia and is a vedek in the Bajoran religious order.","title":"Story"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mirror Universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirror_Universe_(Star_Trek)"},{"link_name":"Crossover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossover_(Star_Trek:_Deep_Space_Nine)"},{"link_name":"Terok Nor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Space_Nine_(space_station)"},{"link_name":"Elim Garak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elim_Garak"},{"link_name":"bisexual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisexuality"},{"link_name":"narcissism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcissism"},{"link_name":"harem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harem"},{"link_name":"Ezri Tigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezri_Dax"}],"sub_title":"Mirror Universe","text":"The character of Kira Nerys also exists in the Mirror Universe. In the DS9 episode \"Crossover\", Kira encounters her mirror self, who is the cruel, powerful Intendant of the station (still called Terok Nor), with Elim Garak as her first officer. Kira convinces the mirror-Sisko to rebel against the Intendant-Kira and start the Terran Resistance. This group is later successful in taking command of Terok Nor and capturing the Intendant, but she manages to escape with the help of mirror-Nog. Eventually, the escaped Intendant convinces the alternate universe's Bareil Antos to travel to the regular universe in order to obtain an Orb of the Prophets. The mirror Kira falls in love with her double from the other universe. At the time, Nana Visitor dismissed the idea of her character being bisexual, saying that she intended to portray this as \"total narcissism on her part. It had nothing to do with sexuality\". However, later episodes continued to show her surrounded by a mixed-gender harem, and eventually depicted her being in a romantic relationship with her universe's version of Ezri Tigan.","title":"Story"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ro Laren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ro_Laren"},{"link_name":"Star Trek: The Next Generation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek:_The_Next_Generation"},{"link_name":"Michelle Forbes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_Forbes"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Holloway-3"}],"text":"In the early stages of planning Deep Space Nine, the series' creators wanted to bring in the Bajoran character Ensign Ro Laren, who was a recurring character in Star Trek: The Next Generation. Michelle Forbes, who had portrayed Ensign Ro, turned down the offer, so a new Bajoran character was created instead.[1] Nana Visitor had just given birth to a baby boy mere months before she was called to audition for the role of Kira Nerys, and her becoming a mother actually shaped her decision process for accepting or turning down roles. With the character of Kira Nerys, Visitor felt \"completely engaged on every level by the part\".[2]Visitor almost turned down the role, as her manager told her \"you will kill your career if you do this job.\" Visitor said, \"By the end of the call, he had convinced me that I did want to be a part of it whether it impacted the rest of my career or not. When I read the script, I thought, 'That's a man's role. That's not for me.' Yet it was all I wanted to do. I hated every part that I had to play where I was chastising a husband or getting upset about the carpet. And I did a lot of those. Any time I could get my teeth into something, that was my flow state. That's why I was an actor. Major Kira was like Disneyland for an actor.\"[3]","title":"Casting"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Ties of Blood and Water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ties_of_Blood_and_Water"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Uhura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uhura"},{"link_name":"Troi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deanna_Troi"},{"link_name":"Next Generation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek:_The_Next_Generation"},{"link_name":"Crusher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverly_Crusher"},{"link_name":"The Next Generation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek:_The_Next_Generation"},{"link_name":"Michael Burnham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Burnham"},{"link_name":"Star Trek: Discovery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek:_Discovery"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Holloway-3"}],"text":"An article in the Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis finds the character of Kira \"emotionally difficult\".[4] In Star Trek and Sacred Ground: Explorations of Star Trek, Religion, and American Culture, it is noted that Kira was not shown worshipping privately until the 1997 episode \"Ties of Blood and Water\".[5] On the 25th anniversary of DS9 in 2018, Daniel Holloway and Joe Otterson discussed the character at length saying, \"Fan reception to the character, and to the show as a whole, ran hot and cold. Previous female \"Star Trek\" characters had been helpmates—a switchboard operator (Lt. Uhura in the original series), a therapist (Counselor Troi in Next Generation), a healer (Dr. Crusher in The Next Generation). None had been a war veteran with emotional skeletons. Visitor said, \"Some people in the 'Star Trek' world were like, 'That's not what a woman in \"Star Trek\" should be. That's the wrong thing to be teaching. But what I saw her as was a woman of appetite and gray area—lots of gray area. Very fallible, but growing and trying. And that's all over television now.\" Holloway and Otterson suggested the character was a precursor to Michael Burnham on Star Trek: Discovery.[3]","title":"Scholarly reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ScreenRant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Rant"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"TheWrap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TheWrap"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fuster-7"},{"link_name":"The Hollywood Reporter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter"},{"link_name":"Duet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duet_(Star_Trek:_Deep_Space_Nine)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"IGN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"CBR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_Book_Resources"},{"link_name":"Starfleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starfleet"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Star Trek: Discovery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek:_Discovery"},{"link_name":"Slate magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slate_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Wired","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wired_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"In 2016, ScreenRant rated Kira Nerys as the fifth-best character in Star Trek overall.[6] In 2018, TheWrap rated Kira as the tenth-best character of Star Trek overall, noting her role in Star Trek: Deep Space Nine.[7] The Hollywood Reporter noted the character's role in the season one episode \"Duet\" which they ranked as the 7th-best episode of the series; Nana Visitor, who played Kira, praised the episode's writing.[8]In 2009, IGN ranked Kira as the 11th-best character of Star Trek overall.[9] In 2018, CBR ranked Kira as the 11th-best Starfleet character of Star Trek. They elaborate that Kira in the show is not actually part of Starfleet until the last episode, in that brief time she has a big impact on the Dominion war.[10] In 2018, TheWrap placed Kira as 10th out 39 in a ranking of main cast characters of the Star Trek franchise prior to Star Trek: Discovery.In 2013, Slate magazine ranked Kira Nerys one of the ten best crew characters in the Star Trek franchise.[11]In 2016, the character of Colonel Kira was ranked as the 7th-most-important character of Starfleet within the Star Trek science fiction universe by Wired.[12]In 2020, ScreenRant ranked Kira one of the top 5 most likeable characters on the show.[13]","title":"Popular reception"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Reeves-Stevens, Judith & Reeves-Stevens, Garfield (1994). The Making of Star Trek: Deep Space Nine. Pocket Books. p. 105. ISBN 0-671-87430-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-87430-6","url_text":"0-671-87430-6"}]},{"reference":"Shapiro, Marc (September 1995). \"Mother with a Mission\". Star Trek Monthly. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved August 31, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070927185619/http://nanavision.com/?p=17","url_text":"\"Mother with a Mission\""},{"url":"http://nanavision.com/?p=17","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Holloway, Daniel (January 3, 2018). \"'Star Trek: Deep Space Nine' at 25: Through the Wormhole With the Cast and Creators\". Variety.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2018/tv/features/star-trek-ds9-25th-anniversary-interview-1202648047","url_text":"\"'Star Trek: Deep Space Nine' at 25: Through the Wormhole With the Cast and Creators\""}]},{"reference":"Forest, David V. (2005). \"Consulting to Star Trek: To Boldly Go Into Dynamic Neuropsychiatry\". Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis. 33 (1): 71–82. ISSN 0090-3604.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0090-3604","url_text":"0090-3604"}]},{"reference":"Porter, Jennifer E. & McLaren, Darcee L., eds. (1999). Star Trek and Sacred Ground: Explorations of Star Trek, Religion, and American Culture. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. ISBN 9780585291901.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780585291901","url_text":"9780585291901"}]},{"reference":"\"The 20 Best Characters In Star Trek History\". ScreenRant. November 19, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://screenrant.com/best-star-trek-characters-ever/","url_text":"\"The 20 Best Characters In Star Trek History\""}]},{"reference":"Jeremy Fuster (March 21, 2018). \"All 39 'Star Trek' Main Characters Ranked, From Spock to Wesley (Photos)\". TheWrap.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thewrap.com/all-39-star-trek-main-characters-ranked-from-spock-to-wesley-photos/","url_text":"\"All 39 'Star Trek' Main Characters Ranked, From Spock to Wesley (Photos)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TheWrap","url_text":"TheWrap"}]},{"reference":"\"'Star Trek: Deep Space Nine' — The 20 Greatest Episodes\". The Hollywood Reporter. September 22, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/star-trek-deep-space-nine-930878/","url_text":"\"'Star Trek: Deep Space Nine' — The 20 Greatest Episodes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter","url_text":"The Hollywood Reporter"}]},{"reference":"\"Top 25 Star Trek Characters\". IGN. 2009-05-08. Retrieved 2019-03-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ign.com/articles/2009/05/08/top-25-star-trek-characters?page=3","url_text":"\"Top 25 Star Trek Characters\""}]},{"reference":"\"Star Trek: The 25 Best Members Of Starfleet, Ranked\". CBR. 2018-10-27. Retrieved 2019-06-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbr.com/star-trek-starfleet-members-ranked/","url_text":"\"Star Trek: The 25 Best Members Of Starfleet, Ranked\""}]},{"reference":"Yglesias, Matthew (May 15, 2013). \"Star Trek Movies, Series, and Characters Ranked\". Slate Magazine.","urls":[{"url":"https://slate.com/culture/2013/05/star-trek-rankings-movies-tv-series-villains-and-crew-members-from-best-to-worst.html","url_text":"\"Star Trek Movies, Series, and Characters Ranked\""}]},{"reference":"McMillan, Graeme (2016-09-05). \"Star Trek's 100 Most Important Crew Members, Ranked\". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Retrieved 2019-03-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wired.com/2016/09/star-treks-100-crew-members-ranked/","url_text":"\"Star Trek's 100 Most Important Crew Members, Ranked\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1059-1028","url_text":"1059-1028"}]},{"reference":"\"Star Trek: DS9 – 5 Most Likable Characters (& 5 Fans Can't Stand)\". ScreenRant. 2020-09-15. Retrieved 2021-02-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://screenrant.com/star-trek-deep-space-nine-most-likable-characters-fans-hate/","url_text":"\"Star Trek: DS9 – 5 Most Likable Characters (& 5 Fans Can't Stand)\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070927185619/http://nanavision.com/?p=17","external_links_name":"\"Mother with a Mission\""},{"Link":"http://nanavision.com/?p=17","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://variety.com/2018/tv/features/star-trek-ds9-25th-anniversary-interview-1202648047","external_links_name":"\"'Star Trek: Deep Space Nine' at 25: Through the Wormhole With the Cast and Creators\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0090-3604","external_links_name":"0090-3604"},{"Link":"https://screenrant.com/best-star-trek-characters-ever/","external_links_name":"\"The 20 Best Characters In Star Trek History\""},{"Link":"https://www.thewrap.com/all-39-star-trek-main-characters-ranked-from-spock-to-wesley-photos/","external_links_name":"\"All 39 'Star Trek' Main Characters Ranked, From Spock to Wesley (Photos)\""},{"Link":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/star-trek-deep-space-nine-930878/","external_links_name":"\"'Star Trek: Deep Space Nine' — The 20 Greatest Episodes\""},{"Link":"https://www.ign.com/articles/2009/05/08/top-25-star-trek-characters?page=3","external_links_name":"\"Top 25 Star Trek Characters\""},{"Link":"https://www.cbr.com/star-trek-starfleet-members-ranked/","external_links_name":"\"Star Trek: The 25 Best Members Of Starfleet, Ranked\""},{"Link":"https://slate.com/culture/2013/05/star-trek-rankings-movies-tv-series-villains-and-crew-members-from-best-to-worst.html","external_links_name":"\"Star Trek Movies, Series, and Characters Ranked\""},{"Link":"https://www.wired.com/2016/09/star-treks-100-crew-members-ranked/","external_links_name":"\"Star Trek's 100 Most Important Crew Members, Ranked\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1059-1028","external_links_name":"1059-1028"},{"Link":"https://screenrant.com/star-trek-deep-space-nine-most-likable-characters-fans-hate/","external_links_name":"\"Star Trek: DS9 – 5 Most Likable Characters (& 5 Fans Can't Stand)\""},{"Link":"https://memory-alpha.fandom.com/wiki/Kira_Nerys","external_links_name":"Kira Nerys"},{"Link":"https://memory-alpha.fandom.com/wiki/Kira_Nerys_(mirror)","external_links_name":"Kira Nerys (mirror)"},{"Link":"https://memory-alpha.fandom.com/wiki/Kay_Eaton","external_links_name":"Kay Eaton"},{"Link":"https://www.startrek.com/database_article/kira-nerys","external_links_name":"Kira Nerys"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santar%C3%A9m_District
Santarém District
["1 Municipalities","2 Summary of votes and seats won 1976–2022","3 Archeology","4 See also","5 References"]
Coordinates: 39°14′N 8°41′W / 39.233°N 8.683°W / 39.233; -8.683District of Portugal District in PortugalDistrict of SantarémDistrict Coat of armsCountryPortugalRegionCentroand AlentejoHistorical provinceRibatejo(partly Beira Baixaand Beira Litoral)No. of municipalities21No. of parishes193CapitalSantarémArea • Total6,747 km2 (2,605 sq mi)Population • Total475,344 • Density70/km2 (180/sq mi)ISO 3166 codePT-14No. of parliamentary representatives9 The District of Santarém (Portuguese: Distrito de Santarém ⓘ) is a district of Portugal, located in Portugal's Centro Region. The district capital is the city of Santarém. The district is the 3rd largest in Portugal, with an area of 6,747 km2 (2,605 sq mi), and a population of 475,344 inhabitants, giving it a population density of 70 people per sq. kilometer (180 people per sq. mile). Municipalities The district includes the following 21 municipalities. Abrantes Alcanena Almeirim Alpiarça Benavente Cartaxo Chamusca Constância Coruche Entroncamento Ferreira do Zêzere Golegã Mação Ourém Rio Maior Salvaterra de Magos Santarém Sardoal Tomar Torres Novas Vila Nova da Barquinha Summary of votes and seats won 1976–2022 Main article: Santarém constituency Summary of election results from Santarém district, 1976–2022 Parties % S % S % S % S % S % S % S % S % S % S % S % S % S % S % S % S 1976 1979 1980 1983 1985 1987 1991 1995 1999 2002 2005 2009 2011 2015 2019 2022 PS 38.4 6 27.3 3 30.4 4 38.4 5 18.6 2 21.7 3 29.4 3 45.8 5 45.5 5 38.4 4 46.1 6 33.7 4 25.9 3 32.9 3 37.1 4 41.2 5 PSD 19.5 3 In AD 24.7 3 27.8 4 47.9 7 49.1 6 31.0 3 30.2 3 38.1 4 26.4 3 27.0 3 37.6 5 In PàF 25.2 3 26.9 3 CDS-PP 13.9 2 10.0 1 7.7 1 3.6 3.3 8.7 1 8.1 1 8.4 1 6.9 11.2 1 12.3 1 4.7 1.9 PCP/APU/CDU 16.1 2 21.7 3 19.0 2 20.0 3 16.4 2 12.6 1 9.8 1 9.5 1 10.1 1 8.6 1 8.6 1 9.2 1 9.0 1 9.6 1 7.6 1 5.4 AD 41.0 6 42.1 6 PRD 23.8 3 7.3 1 1.0 BE 2.0 2.8 6.5 11.8 1 5.8 10.8 1 10.2 1 4.6 PàF 35.8 4 CHEGA 2.0 10.9 1 Total seats 13 12 10 9 Source: Comissão Nacional de Eleições Archeology the Aroeira 3 skull of a 400,000 year old Homo Heidelbergensis,The oldest trace of human history in Portugal. The village of Almonda, within the civil parish of Zibreira, is noted for the Aroeira cave, where the 400,000 year old Aroeira 3 skull of a Homo Heidelbergensis was discovered in 2014. It is the oldest trace of human habitation in Portugal. See also Arripiado, a village in the district of Santarém 1909 Benavente earthquake, a deadly seismic event centered in the district References ^ Phys Org, March 13, 2017, 400,000-year-old fossil human cranium is oldest ever found in Portugal ^ Joan Daura et al.: New Middle Pleistocene hominin cranium from Gruta da Aroeira (Portugal). In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) Online pre-release of 13 March 2017. ^ The primitive man from Portugal, Article from 16 March 2017 des Hamburger Abendblatt, accessed on March 22, 2017 ^ Crânio de 400 mil anos é o fóssil humano mais antigo descoberto em Portugal 400,000 year old skull found the oldest human fossil in Portugal, Article from 13. March 2017 he Portuguese newspaper Público, accessed on March 22, 2017 vteMunicipalities of Santarém District Abrantes Alcanena Almeirim Alpiarça Benavente Cartaxo Chamusca Constância Coruche Entroncamento Ferreira do Zêzere Golegã Mação Ourém Rio Maior Salvaterra de Magos Santarém Sardoal Tomar Torres Novas Vila Nova da Barquinha vteDistricts and Autonomous Regions of PortugalDistricts Aveiro Beja Braga Bragança Castelo Branco Coimbra Évora Faro Guarda Leiria Lisboa Portalegre Porto Santarém Setúbal Viana do Castelo Vila Real Viseu Autonomous Regions Azores Madeira 39°14′N 8°41′W / 39.233°N 8.683°W / 39.233; -8.683 Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Geographic MusicBrainz area Other IdRef
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzio_Sforza
Muzio Attendolo Sforza
["1 Biography","2 Family","3 See also","4 Other","5 References","6 Sources"]
Italian condottiero Muzio Attendolo Sforza. Muzio Attendolo Sforza (28 May 1369 – 4 January 1424), was an Italian condottiero. Founder of the Sforza dynasty, he led a Bolognese-Florentine army at the Battle of Casalecchio. He was the father of Francesco Sforza, who ruled Milan for 16 years. Biography Giacomuzzo was born in 1369 in Cotignola (Romagna) to a rich family of rural nobility, son of Giovanni Attendolo (d. 1385/1386) and Elisa. Muzio was the short form of the nickname of Giacomuzzo, which was the name of his paternal grandfather. According to tradition, young Giacomo was ploughing a field when mercenaries led by Boldrino da Panicale passed nearby in search of recruits. He then stole one of his father's horses and followed the soldiers to follow the same career. Muzio Attendolo in a 15th-century miniature. Later, together with his brothers Bosio, Francesco and Bartolo and two cousins, Muzio joined the company of Alberico da Barbiano, who nicknamed him "Sforza" ("Strong"). In 1398 he was at the service of Perugia against the Milanese troops of Gian Galeazzo Visconti, to whom Muzio soon switched his loyalty following the typical behaviour of mercenary chieftains of the time. Later Muzio fought for Florence against Visconti but in 1402, at the battle of Casalecchio, was defeated by his former master Alberico da Barbiano. By 1409, he was in the employ of Niccolò III d'Este of Ferrara, who was being menaced by Ottobono Terzi of Parma. King Ladislaus of Naples named him Gran Connestabile of his kingdom. Sforza's military qualities were mostly needed against Florence and the Pope. He remained for the rest of his life in the Kingdom of Naples, after the King's death (1414), at the service of queen Joan II. However, he attracted the jealousy of Joan's favourite, Pandolfello Alopo, who had him arrested and imprisoned. However, when Sforza's troops intervened, Alopo freed him and Joan gave him the fiefdoms of Benevento and Manfredonia. On this occasion, Sforza married Caterina Alopo, Pandolfello's sister. A few months later Sforza was again arrested after a quarrel with James of Bourbon. He was freed only in 1416, after James' fall from power, and Joan gave him back the title of Conestabile. Muzio Attendolo. In 1417 Sforza was sent by Joan to help the pope against Braccio da Montone, together with his son Francesco. Later he returned briefly to Naples, but here he was opposed by Giovanni (Sergianni) Caracciolo, Joan's new lover. In the following, confused, events that led to the arrival of Louis III of Anjou in Naples in opposition to Alfonso V of Aragon, Sforza helped Joan and Sergianni to flee to Aversa. In 1423, the city of L'Aquila rebelled against Braccio da Montone and he was sent to support it. In an attempt to save one of his pages during the fording of the Pescara River, Sforza drowned and his body was swept away by the waters. Family Sforza had sixteen known children born from five marriages: In 1409, Sforza married firstly with Antonia (d. 1411), widow of Francesco Casali, Lord of Cortona and daughter of Francesco Salimbeni, Patrician of Siena and Lord of Chiusi, Radicofani, Bagno Vignoni, Carsoli and Sarteano. They had: Bosio (1410 - 1476), Count of Cotignola (1424), Lord of Castell’Arquato and Sovereign Count of Santa Fiora by virtue of his marriage (1439) with Cecilia Aldobrandeschi, Countess of Santa Fiora and Pitigliano. On 16 June 1413, Sforza married secondly with Caterina (also named Catella; d. 1418 in childbirth), a sister of Pandolfello Piscopo "Alopo", Grand Chamberlain of the Kingdom of Naples and lover of Queen Joanna II. They had: Leonardo (1415 - 1438). Pietro (1417 - 1442), Bishop of Ascoli Piceno since 1438. Giovanna (born and died 1418). In 1421, Sforza married thirdly with Maria (d. 1440), daughter of Giacomo da Marzano, 1st Duke of Sessa, and Sovereign Countess of Celano after inheriting from her first husband Nicola de Berardi. They had: Bartolomeo (1420 - 1435), Count of Celano (1430). Carlo (15 June 1423 - 12 September 1457), later renamed Gabriele in his ordination, Archbishop of Milan since 1445. With Tamira di Cagli, Sforza had two children: Mansueto (ca. 1400 - 1467), Abbot of San Lorenzo of Cremona (1425). Onestina (1402 - 1422), a Benedictine nun. With Lucia Terzani de Martini (or Lucia Demartini according to other sources; d. 1461), They had: Francesco (23 July 1401 - 8 March 1466), Duke of Milan in 1450. Elisa (1402 - 1476), married in 1417 to Leonello of Sanseverino, Count of Cajazzo Alberico (1403 - 1423). Antonia (16 January 1404 - 1471), married firstly in 1417 to Ardizzone da Carrara, Lord of Feltre, and secondly in 1442 to Manfredo da Barbiano. Leone (May 1406 - September 1440), condottiero; married in 1435 to Marsobilia Trinci di Foligno (d. 1485). No issue. Giovanni (1407 - December 1451), condottiero; married in 1419 to Lavinia Lavello di Toscanella. No issue. Gregorio (29 October 1409 - April 1473), changed his name to Alessandro in honour to Pope Alexander V; Lord of Pesaro (1445) Orsola (1411 - 1460), a Clarisse nun. Son and grandsons of Muzio Attendolo Sforza Son:Francesco I SforzaDuke of Milan Grandson:Galeazzo Maria Sforza5th Duke of Milan Grandson:Ludovico Sforza7th Duke of Milan See also Condottieri Joan II of Naples Louis III of Anjou Micheletto Attendolo Francesco Sforza Angelo Tartaglia Other The Italian Regia Marina launched a cruiser called Muzio Attendolo in 1935. See also Condottieri class cruiser. References ^ Flavio 2005, p. 436. ^ Ruggiero 2015, p. 164. ^ Santoro 1992, p. 6. ^ a b Covini 2010, p. 95. ^ a b c d e f g h i Lubkin 1994, p. 18. Sources Flavio, Biondo (2005). White, Jeffrey A. (ed.). Italy illuminated. Vol. 1. Harvard University Press. Ruggiero, Guido (2015). The Renaissance in Italy: A Social and Cultural History of the Rinascimento. Cambridge University Press. Santoro, Caterina (1992). Gli Sforza: La casata nobiliare che resse il Ducato di Milano dal 1450 al 1535 (in Italian). Casa Editrice Corbaccio. Covini, Nadia (2010). "Attendolo, Muzio". In Rogers, Clifford J. (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. pp. 95–96. Lubkin, Gregory (1994). A Renaissance Court: Milan under Galleazzo Maria Sforza. University of California Press. Paolo Giovio, Vita di Muzio Attendolo Caterina Santoro, Gli Sforza, 1968 Litta Biumi, Pompeo. Famiglie celebri italiane (in Italian). Milano: Luciano Basadonna Editore. Claudio Rendina, I Capitani di ventura, 1994 Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain Germany United States Vatican People Italian People Deutsche Biographie
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Founder of the Sforza dynasty, he led a Bolognese-Florentine army at the Battle of Casalecchio.He was the father of Francesco Sforza, who ruled Milan for 16 years.","title":"Muzio Attendolo Sforza"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cotignola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotignola"},{"link_name":"Romagna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romagna"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlavio2005436-1"},{"link_name":"Boldrino da Panicale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boldrino_da_Panicale&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Muzio_Attendolo_Sforza_(1369-1424).jpg"},{"link_name":"Alberico da Barbiano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberico_da_Barbiano"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuggiero2015164-2"},{"link_name":"Perugia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perugia"},{"link_name":"Gian Galeazzo Visconti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gian_Galeazzo_Visconti"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESantoro19926-3"},{"link_name":"Florence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence"},{"link_name":"battle of Casalecchio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Casalecchio"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECovini201095-4"},{"link_name":"Niccolò III d'Este","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_III_d%27Este"},{"link_name":"Ferrara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrara"},{"link_name":"Ottobono Terzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ottobono_Terzi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Parma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECovini201095-4"},{"link_name":"Ladislaus of Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladislaus_of_Naples"},{"link_name":"Joan II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_II_of_Naples"},{"link_name":"favourite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Favourite"},{"link_name":"Pandolfello Alopo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pandolfello_Alopo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Benevento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benevento"},{"link_name":"Manfredonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manfredonia"},{"link_name":"James of Bourbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_II,_Count_of_La_Marche"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Muzio_Attendoli_Sforza.jpg"},{"link_name":"Braccio da Montone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braccio_da_Montone"},{"link_name":"Francesco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Sforza"},{"link_name":"Giovanni (Sergianni) Caracciolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Caracciolo"},{"link_name":"Louis III of Anjou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_III_of_Anjou"},{"link_name":"Alfonso V of Aragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_V_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"Aversa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aversa"},{"link_name":"L'Aquila rebelled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_L%27Aquila"},{"link_name":"Pescara River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aterno-Pescara"}],"text":"Giacomuzzo was born in 1369 in Cotignola (Romagna) to a rich family of rural nobility, son of Giovanni Attendolo (d. 1385/1386)[1] and Elisa. Muzio was the short form of the nickname of Giacomuzzo, which was the name of his paternal grandfather.According to tradition, young Giacomo was ploughing a field when mercenaries led by Boldrino da Panicale passed nearby in search of recruits. He then stole one of his father's horses and followed the soldiers to follow the same career.Muzio Attendolo in a 15th-century miniature.Later, together with his brothers Bosio, Francesco and Bartolo and two cousins, Muzio joined the company of Alberico da Barbiano, who nicknamed him \"Sforza\" (\"Strong\").[2] In 1398 he was at the service of Perugia against the Milanese troops of Gian Galeazzo Visconti, to whom Muzio soon switched his loyalty following the typical behaviour of mercenary chieftains of the time.[3] Later Muzio fought for Florence against Visconti but in 1402, at the battle of Casalecchio, was defeated by his former master Alberico da Barbiano.[4] By 1409, he was in the employ of Niccolò III d'Este of Ferrara, who was being menaced by Ottobono Terzi of Parma.[4]King Ladislaus of Naples named him Gran Connestabile of his kingdom. Sforza's military qualities were mostly needed against Florence and the Pope. He remained for the rest of his life in the Kingdom of Naples, after the King's death (1414), at the service of queen Joan II. However, he attracted the jealousy of Joan's favourite, Pandolfello Alopo, who had him arrested and imprisoned. However, when Sforza's troops intervened, Alopo freed him and Joan gave him the fiefdoms of Benevento and Manfredonia. On this occasion, Sforza married Caterina Alopo, Pandolfello's sister. A few months later Sforza was again arrested after a quarrel with James of Bourbon. He was freed only in 1416, after James' fall from power, and Joan gave him back the title of Conestabile.Muzio Attendolo.In 1417 Sforza was sent by Joan to help the pope against Braccio da Montone, together with his son Francesco. Later he returned briefly to Naples, but here he was opposed by Giovanni (Sergianni) Caracciolo, Joan's new lover. In the following, confused, events that led to the arrival of Louis III of Anjou in Naples in opposition to Alfonso V of Aragon, Sforza helped Joan and Sergianni to flee to Aversa.In 1423, the city of L'Aquila rebelled against Braccio da Montone and he was sent to support it. In an attempt to save one of his pages during the fording of the Pescara River, Sforza drowned and his body was swept away by the waters.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELubkin199418-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELubkin199418-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELubkin199418-5"},{"link_name":"Queen Joanna II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanna_II_of_Naples"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELubkin199418-5"},{"link_name":"Carlo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriele_Sforza"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELubkin199418-5"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Milan"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELubkin199418-5"},{"link_name":"Francesco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_I_Sforza"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELubkin199418-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELubkin199418-5"},{"link_name":"Gregorio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Sforza"},{"link_name":"Pope Alexander V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Alexander_V"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELubkin199418-5"}],"text":"Sforza had sixteen known children born from five marriages:In 1409, Sforza married firstly with Antonia (d. 1411),[5] widow of Francesco Casali, Lord of Cortona and daughter of Francesco Salimbeni, Patrician of Siena and Lord of Chiusi, Radicofani, Bagno Vignoni, Carsoli and Sarteano. They had:Bosio (1410 - 1476), Count of Cotignola (1424), Lord of Castell’Arquato and Sovereign Count of Santa Fiora by virtue of his marriage (1439) with Cecilia Aldobrandeschi, Countess of Santa Fiora and Pitigliano.[5]On 16 June 1413, Sforza married secondly with Caterina (also named Catella; d. 1418 in childbirth),[5] a sister of Pandolfello Piscopo \"Alopo\", Grand Chamberlain of the Kingdom of Naples and lover of Queen Joanna II. They had:Leonardo (1415 - 1438).\nPietro (1417 - 1442), Bishop of Ascoli Piceno since 1438.\nGiovanna (born and died 1418).In 1421, Sforza married thirdly with Maria (d. 1440),[5] daughter of Giacomo da Marzano, 1st Duke of Sessa, and Sovereign Countess of Celano after inheriting from her first husband Nicola de Berardi. They had:Bartolomeo (1420 - 1435), Count of Celano (1430).\nCarlo (15 June 1423 - 12 September 1457),[5] later renamed Gabriele in his ordination, Archbishop of Milan since 1445.With Tamira di Cagli, Sforza had two children:Mansueto (ca. 1400 - 1467), Abbot of San Lorenzo of Cremona (1425).\nOnestina (1402 - 1422), a Benedictine nun.With Lucia Terzani de Martini (or Lucia Demartini according to other sources; d. 1461),[5] They had:Francesco (23 July 1401 - 8 March 1466),[5] Duke of Milan in 1450.\nElisa (1402 - 1476), married in 1417 to Leonello of Sanseverino, Count of Cajazzo[5]\nAlberico (1403 - 1423).\nAntonia (16 January 1404 - 1471), married firstly in 1417 to Ardizzone da Carrara, Lord of Feltre, and secondly in 1442 to Manfredo da Barbiano.\nLeone (May 1406 - September 1440), condottiero; married in 1435 to Marsobilia Trinci di Foligno (d. 1485). No issue.\nGiovanni (1407 - December 1451), condottiero; married in 1419 to Lavinia Lavello di Toscanella. No issue.\nGregorio (29 October 1409 - April 1473), changed his name to Alessandro in honour to Pope Alexander V; Lord of Pesaro (1445)[5]\nOrsola (1411 - 1460), a Clarisse nun.","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Regia Marina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regia_Marina"},{"link_name":"Muzio Attendolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_cruiser_Muzio_Attendolo"},{"link_name":"Condottieri class cruiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condottieri_class_cruiser"}],"text":"The Italian Regia Marina launched a cruiser called Muzio Attendolo in 1935. See also Condottieri class cruiser.","title":"Other"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Litta Biumi, Pompeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompeo_Litta_Biumi"},{"link_name":"Famiglie celebri italiane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//gallica.bnf.fr/services/engine/search/sru?operation=searchRetrieve&version=1.2&collapsing=disabled&rk=21459;2&query=dc.relation%20all%20%22cb41249636m%22"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932356#identifiers"},{"link_name":"FAST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//id.worldcat.org/fast/231066/"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000083446059"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/72191099"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJr83yg8mcJryvyxxgVt8C"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1307964"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/118828630"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n88036933"},{"link_name":"Vatican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/29303"},{"link_name":"Italian People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/attendolo-muzio-detto-sforza_(Dizionario-Biografico)"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Biographie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118828630.html?language=en"}],"text":"Flavio, Biondo (2005). White, Jeffrey A. (ed.). Italy illuminated. Vol. 1. Harvard University Press.\nRuggiero, Guido (2015). The Renaissance in Italy: A Social and Cultural History of the Rinascimento. Cambridge University Press.\nSantoro, Caterina (1992). Gli Sforza: La casata nobiliare che resse il Ducato di Milano dal 1450 al 1535 (in Italian). Casa Editrice Corbaccio.\nCovini, Nadia (2010). \"Attendolo, Muzio\". In Rogers, Clifford J. (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. pp. 95–96.\nLubkin, Gregory (1994). A Renaissance Court: Milan under Galleazzo Maria Sforza. University of California Press.\nPaolo Giovio, Vita di Muzio Attendolo\nCaterina Santoro, Gli Sforza, 1968\nLitta Biumi, Pompeo. Famiglie celebri italiane (in Italian). Milano: Luciano Basadonna Editore.\nClaudio Rendina, I Capitani di ventura, 1994Authority control databases International\nFAST\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nSpain\nGermany\nUnited States\nVatican\nPeople\nItalian People\nDeutsche Biographie","title":"Sources"}]
[{"image_text":"Muzio Attendolo Sforza.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Muzio_Attendolo_Sforza.jpg/250px-Muzio_Attendolo_Sforza.jpg"},{"image_text":"Muzio Attendolo in a 15th-century miniature.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Muzio_Attendolo_Sforza_%281369-1424%29.jpg/220px-Muzio_Attendolo_Sforza_%281369-1424%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Muzio Attendolo.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Muzio_Attendoli_Sforza.jpg/220px-Muzio_Attendoli_Sforza.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Francesco_Sforza.jpg/70px-Francesco_Sforza.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Piero_Pollaiuolo_Portrait_of_Galeazzo_Maria_Sforza.jpg/70px-Piero_Pollaiuolo_Portrait_of_Galeazzo_Maria_Sforza.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Ludovico_Sforza_by_G.A._de_Predis_%28Donatus_Grammatica%29.jpg/70px-Ludovico_Sforza_by_G.A._de_Predis_%28Donatus_Grammatica%29.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Condottieri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condottieri"},{"title":"Joan II of Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_II_of_Naples"},{"title":"Louis III of Anjou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_III_of_Anjou"},{"title":"Micheletto Attendolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micheletto_Attendolo"},{"title":"Francesco Sforza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Sforza"},{"title":"Angelo Tartaglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelo_Tartaglia"}]
[{"reference":"Flavio, Biondo (2005). White, Jeffrey A. (ed.). Italy illuminated. Vol. 1. Harvard University Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Ruggiero, Guido (2015). The Renaissance in Italy: A Social and Cultural History of the Rinascimento. Cambridge University Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Santoro, Caterina (1992). Gli Sforza: La casata nobiliare che resse il Ducato di Milano dal 1450 al 1535 (in Italian). Casa Editrice Corbaccio.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Covini, Nadia (2010). \"Attendolo, Muzio\". In Rogers, Clifford J. (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. pp. 95–96.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Lubkin, Gregory (1994). A Renaissance Court: Milan under Galleazzo Maria Sforza. University of California Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Litta Biumi, Pompeo. Famiglie celebri italiane (in Italian). Milano: Luciano Basadonna Editore.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompeo_Litta_Biumi","url_text":"Litta Biumi, Pompeo"},{"url":"https://gallica.bnf.fr/services/engine/search/sru?operation=searchRetrieve&version=1.2&collapsing=disabled&rk=21459;2&query=dc.relation%20all%20%22cb41249636m%22","url_text":"Famiglie celebri italiane"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Erickson_(historian)
John Erickson (historian)
["1 Education and career","2 Edinburgh Conversations","2.1 Origin","2.2 Impact","3 Publications","4 References","5 External links"]
British historian (1929–2002) John EricksonBorn17 April 1929South Shields, EnglandDied10 February 2002 (2002-02-11) (aged 72)Edinburgh, ScotlandAcademic workMain interestsmilitary historian (History of warfare, World War II, Soviet Union in World War IINotable worksThe Road to Stalingrad and The Road to Berlin John Erickson, FRSE, FBA, FRSA (17 April 1929 – 10 February 2002) was a British historian and defence expert who wrote extensively on the Second World War. His two best-known books – The Road to Stalingrad and The Road to Berlin – dealt with the Soviet response to the German invasion of the Soviet Union, covering the period from 1941 to 1945. He was respected for his knowledge of the Soviet Union during the Cold War. His Russian language skills and knowledge gained him respect. Education and career John Erickson was born on 17 April 1929 in the town of South Shields (then part of County Durham), England. He was educated at South Shields High School for Boys and St John's College, Cambridge, where he graduated MA Hons. He became a research fellow of St Antony's College, Oxford, from 1956 until 1958, during which he met his future wife Ljubica Petrovic, a young Yugoslavian attending Oxford to read English. At the culmination of their courtship, they sought the permission of the Yugoslav cultural attache before their wedding in 1957. Professor Erickson then taught at the universities of St Andrews in 1958, Manchester in 1962 and then Indiana in 1964 before becoming a reader in higher defence studies at the University of Edinburgh in 1967. In 1969 he became Professor of Defence Studies, a position he held until 1988, where he founded and was the head of the Centre for Defence Studies. From 1988 to 1996 he was the director of the Centre for Defence Studies. Erickson wrote of his research for his two-volume history of Stalin's war with Germany that he was surprised with the extent of personal archives (lichnye arkhivy) held by former Red Army soldiers of many ranks, and: " .. that there is no substitute for having the late Marshal Koniev – spectacles perched on nose – read from his own personal notebook, detailing operational orders, his own personal instructions to select commanders and his tally of Soviet casualties. And while on the subject of casualties, Marshal Koniev made it plain that, though such figurers did exist, he was not prepared on his own authority to allow certain figures to be released for publication while a number of commanders were still alive. As for such figures as were published, I was assured by expert and thoroughly professional Soviet military historians that these were reliable, which is to say that they were the product of intensive and painstaking research . The comment on them or the implications of the figures were presumably a different matter. It was all the more useful, therefore, to have the opportunity to discuss these findings with Soviet military historians, on the basis of their work with formal and informal sources." Edinburgh Conversations The Edinburgh Conversations were a series of meetings that took place between 1983 and 1989 between prominent political & military leaders in Western countries and their Soviet counterparts. The purpose of the meetings were to allow face-to-face dialogue to take place in a neutral setting. The first Soviet delegation included the editor of Pravda and two army generals. Origin The UK formally suspended diplomatic contact with the Soviet Union after the 1979 invasion of Afghanistan. Erickson sought to maintain a forum of discussion between the West and the Soviet Union. The setting alternated between Edinburgh and Moscow. Although both sides approached the initial meeting with suspicion, the knowledge of Erickson and his insistence upon "academic rules" contributed to their ongoing success. Impact In recognition of Erickson's achievement, Sir Michael Eliot Howard declared that ‘Nobody deserves more credit for the ultimate dissolution of the misunderstandings that brought the Cold War to an end and enabled the peoples of Russia and their western neighbours to live in peace.’ Publications The Soviet High Command 1918-1941: A Military-Political History 1918-1941, St Martin's Press (Macmillan), London, 1962 Panslavism, Routledge & Kegan Paul, for The Historical Association, London, 1964 The Military-Technical Revolution, Praeger, New York, 1966 (Revised and updated papers from a symposium held at the Institute for the Study of the USSR, Munich, Oct. 1964) Soviet Military Power, Royal United Services Institute, London, 1976 Soviet Military Power and Performance, Palgrave Macmillan Press, London, 1979 ISBN 0-333-22081-1 The Road to Stalingrad, Stalin's War with Germany, Volume 1, Harper & Row, Publishers, New York 1975 ISBN 0-06-011141-0 The Road to Stalingrad, Stalin's War with Germany, Volume 1, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London 1975, 1983 The Road to Berlin. Stalin's War with Germany, Volume 2, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London 1983 The Soviet Ground Forces: An Operational Assessment, Westview Printing, 1986 (ISBN 0-89158-796-9) Deep Battle: The Brainchild of Marshal Tukhachevski, by Richard Simpkin in association with John Erickson, Brasseys's, 1987 The Russian Front, a four-part narrated televised series, Cromwell Films, 1998 (1. Barbarossa Hitler Turns East, 2. The Road to Stalingrad, 3. Stalingrad to Kursk and 4. The Battles for Berlin) Barbarossa: The Axis and the Allies, Erickson, John and Dilks, David, eds, Edinburgh University Press, 1994 (contributors include Dmitri Volkogonov, Harry Hinsley, Klaus-Jürgen Müller , Klaus Reinhardt) The Eastern Front in Photographs: From Barbarossa to Stalingrad and Berlin, Carlton Publishing, 2001 References ^ Dalyell, Tam (12 February 2002). "Professor John Erickson- Obituary". The Independent. Archived from the original on 11 June 2008. Retrieved 15 May 2008.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) ^ a b c Bellamy, Christopher (12 February 2002). "Obituary: Professor John Erickson". The Guardian. Retrieved 15 January 2019. ^ a b c d e "Obituary: Professor John Erickson". The Telegraph. 12 February 2002. Retrieved 15 January 2019. ^ "ERICKSON, Prof. John". Who's Who & Who Was Who. Vol. 2018 (online ed.). A & C Black. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) ^ a b Mackintosh, Malcolm (2005). "John Erickson, 1929-2002". Proceedings of the British Academy. 124. ^ Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002 (PDF). The Royal Society of Edinburgh. July 2006. ISBN 0-902-198-84-X. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 January 2013. Retrieved 18 April 2016. ^ Erickson, John (2003) . The Road to Stalingrad: Stalin's War with Germany Volume One. London: Cassell. p. 474. ISBN 0-304-36541-6. ^ "Professor John Erickson: Life and Work". Edinburgh University. Retrieved 29 May 2018. ^ East~West Talks (PDF). Edinburgh: STUDENT- Edinburgh University Student Newspaper. 3 October 1984. Retrieved 5 June 2018. ^ "Obituary: Professor John Erickson". The Scotsman. Retrieved 15 January 2019. ^ Dalyell, Tam (2012). The Importance of Being Awkward. Edinburgh: Berlinn Ltd. External links Erickson, John, 1929–2002 at Library of Congress, with 35 library catalog records (under 'Erickson, John, 1929–' without '2002') John Erickson at IMDb Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Israel Belgium United States Sweden Czech Republic Netherlands Poland People Deutsche Biographie Other SNAC IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FRSE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FRSE"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"German invasion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Cold War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-2"},{"link_name":"Russian language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tob-3"}],"text":"John Erickson, FRSE, FBA, FRSA (17 April 1929 – 10 February 2002)[1] was a British historian and defence expert who wrote extensively on the Second World War. His two best-known books – The Road to Stalingrad and The Road to Berlin – dealt with the Soviet response to the German invasion of the Soviet Union, covering the period from 1941 to 1945. He was respected for his knowledge of the Soviet Union during the Cold War.[2] His Russian language skills and knowledge gained him respect.[3]","title":"John Erickson (historian)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South Shields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Shields"},{"link_name":"South Shields High School for Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harton_Academy"},{"link_name":"St John's College, Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_John%27s_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"St Antony's College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Antony%27s_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tob-3"},{"link_name":"University of Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-POBA-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tob-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Koniev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Koniev"}],"text":"John Erickson was born on 17 April 1929 in the town of South Shields (then part of County Durham), England. He was educated at South Shields High School for Boys and St John's College, Cambridge, where he graduated MA Hons.[4]He became a research fellow of St Antony's College, Oxford, from 1956 until 1958, during which he met his future wife Ljubica Petrovic, a young Yugoslavian attending Oxford to read English. At the culmination of their courtship, they sought the permission of the Yugoslav cultural attache before their wedding in 1957.[2][3]Professor Erickson then taught at the universities of St Andrews in 1958, Manchester in 1962 and then Indiana in 1964 before becoming a reader in higher defence studies at the University of Edinburgh in 1967. In 1969 he became Professor of Defence Studies, a position he held until 1988, where he founded and was the head of the Centre for Defence Studies.[5][3] From 1988 to 1996 he was the director of the Centre for Defence Studies.[6]Erickson wrote of his research for his two-volume history of Stalin's war with Germany that he was surprised with the extent of personal archives (lichnye arkhivy) held by former Red Army soldiers of many ranks, and:[7]\" .. that there is no substitute for having the late Marshal Koniev – spectacles perched on nose – read from his own personal notebook, detailing operational orders, his own personal instructions to select commanders and his tally of Soviet casualties. And while on the subject of casualties, Marshal Koniev made it plain that, though such figurers did exist, he was not prepared on his own authority to allow certain figures to be released for publication while a number of commanders were still alive. As for such figures as were published, I was assured by expert and thoroughly professional Soviet military historians that these were reliable, which is to say that they were the product of intensive and painstaking research . The comment on them or the implications of the figures were presumably a different matter. It was all the more useful, therefore, to have the opportunity to discuss these findings with Soviet military historians, on the basis of their work with formal and informal sources.\"","title":"Education and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Pravda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pravda"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tob-3"}],"text":"The Edinburgh Conversations were a series of meetings that took place between 1983 and 1989[8][9] between prominent political & military leaders in Western countries and their Soviet counterparts. The purpose of the meetings were to allow face-to-face dialogue to take place in a neutral setting. The first Soviet delegation included the editor of Pravda and two army generals.[3]","title":"Edinburgh Conversations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1979 invasion of Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_invasion_of_Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-2"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scotsman-10"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tob-3"}],"sub_title":"Origin","text":"The UK formally suspended diplomatic contact with the Soviet Union after the 1979 invasion of Afghanistan. Erickson sought to maintain a forum of discussion between the West and the Soviet Union.[2] The setting alternated between Edinburgh and Moscow. Although both sides approached the initial meeting with suspicion, the knowledge of Erickson and his insistence upon \"academic rules\" contributed to their ongoing success.[10][3]","title":"Edinburgh Conversations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michael Eliot Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Eliot_Howard"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-POBA-5"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Impact","text":"In recognition of Erickson's achievement, Sir Michael Eliot Howard declared that ‘Nobody deserves more credit for the ultimate dissolution of the misunderstandings that brought the Cold War to an end and enabled the peoples of Russia and their western neighbours to live in peace.’[5][11]","title":"Edinburgh Conversations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal United Services Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_United_Services_Institute"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-333-22081-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-22081-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-06-011141-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-011141-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-89158-796-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89158-796-9"},{"link_name":"Richard Simpkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Simpkin"},{"link_name":"Russian Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)"},{"link_name":"Barbarossa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa"},{"link_name":"Axis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_powers"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_University"},{"link_name":"Klaus-Jürgen Müller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Klaus-J%C3%BCrgen_M%C3%BCller_(historian)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus-J%C3%BCrgen_M%C3%BCller"}],"text":"The Soviet High Command 1918-1941: A Military-Political History 1918-1941, St Martin's Press (Macmillan), London, 1962\nPanslavism, Routledge & Kegan Paul, for The Historical Association, London, 1964\nThe Military-Technical Revolution, Praeger, New York, 1966 (Revised and updated papers from a symposium held at the Institute for the Study of the USSR, Munich, Oct. 1964)\nSoviet Military Power, Royal United Services Institute, London, 1976\nSoviet Military Power and Performance, Palgrave Macmillan Press, London, 1979 ISBN 0-333-22081-1\nThe Road to Stalingrad, Stalin's War with Germany, Volume 1, Harper & Row, Publishers, New York 1975 ISBN 0-06-011141-0\nThe Road to Stalingrad, Stalin's War with Germany, Volume 1, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London 1975, 1983\nThe Road to Berlin. Stalin's War with Germany, Volume 2, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London 1983\nThe Soviet Ground Forces: An Operational Assessment, Westview Printing, 1986 (ISBN 0-89158-796-9)\nDeep Battle: The Brainchild of Marshal Tukhachevski, by Richard Simpkin in association with John Erickson, Brasseys's, 1987\nThe Russian Front, a four-part narrated televised series, Cromwell Films, 1998 (1. Barbarossa Hitler Turns East, 2. The Road to Stalingrad, 3. Stalingrad to Kursk and 4. The Battles for Berlin)\nBarbarossa: The Axis and the Allies, Erickson, John and Dilks, David, eds, Edinburgh University Press, 1994 (contributors include Dmitri Volkogonov, Harry Hinsley, Klaus-Jürgen Müller [de], Klaus Reinhardt)\nThe Eastern Front in Photographs: From Barbarossa to Stalingrad and Berlin, Carlton Publishing, 2001","title":"Publications"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Dalyell, Tam (12 February 2002). \"Professor John Erickson- Obituary\". The Independent. Archived from the original on 11 June 2008. Retrieved 15 May 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080611092508/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/professor-john-erickson-729741.html","url_text":"\"Professor John Erickson- Obituary\""}]},{"reference":"Bellamy, Christopher (12 February 2002). \"Obituary: Professor John Erickson\". The Guardian. Retrieved 15 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/news/2002/feb/12/guardianobituaries.humanities","url_text":"\"Obituary: Professor John Erickson\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"\"Obituary: Professor John Erickson\". The Telegraph. 12 February 2002. Retrieved 15 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1384537/Professor-John-Erickson.html","url_text":"\"Obituary: Professor John Erickson\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph","url_text":"The Telegraph"}]},{"reference":"\"ERICKSON, Prof. John\". Who's Who & Who Was Who. Vol. 2018 (online ed.). A & C Black.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whoswho/U15048","url_text":"\"ERICKSON, Prof. John\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Was_Who","url_text":"Who's Who & Who Was Who"}]},{"reference":"Mackintosh, Malcolm (2005). \"John Erickson, 1929-2002\". Proceedings of the British Academy. 124.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_British_Academy","url_text":"Proceedings of the British Academy"}]},{"reference":"Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002 (PDF). The Royal Society of Edinburgh. July 2006. ISBN 0-902-198-84-X. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 January 2013. Retrieved 18 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130124115814/http://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp1.pdf","url_text":"Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Royal_Society_of_Edinburgh","url_text":"The Royal Society of Edinburgh"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-902-198-84-X","url_text":"0-902-198-84-X"},{"url":"https://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp1.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Erickson, John (2003) [1975]. The Road to Stalingrad: Stalin's War with Germany Volume One. London: Cassell. p. 474. ISBN 0-304-36541-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-36541-6","url_text":"0-304-36541-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Professor John Erickson: Life and Work\". Edinburgh University. Retrieved 29 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ed.ac.uk/files/imports/fileManager/John%20Erickson%20coversheet2013.doc","url_text":"\"Professor John Erickson: Life and Work\""}]},{"reference":"East~West Talks (PDF). Edinburgh: STUDENT- Edinburgh University Student Newspaper. 3 October 1984. Retrieved 5 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ed.ac.uk/files/atoms/files/the_student_3_oct_84_p1-4.pdf","url_text":"East~West Talks"}]},{"reference":"\"Obituary: Professor John Erickson\". The Scotsman. Retrieved 15 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scotsman.com/news/obituaries/professor-john-erickson-1-597039","url_text":"\"Obituary: Professor John Erickson\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Scotsman","url_text":"The Scotsman"}]},{"reference":"Dalyell, Tam (2012). The Importance of Being Awkward. Edinburgh: Berlinn Ltd.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tam_Dalyell","url_text":"Dalyell, Tam"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_TV_(Indian_Channel)
Real (TV channel)
["1 Overview","2 Shutdown","3 Programmes","3.1 Drama","3.2 Reality","4 References"]
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Real" TV channel – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Television channel RealRealCountryIndiaBroadcast areaIndiaHeadquartersMumbai, Maharashtra, IndiaOwnershipOwnerTurner International India (now known as Warner Bros. Discovery)HistoryLaunchedMarch 2, 2009; 15 years ago (2009-03-02)ClosedMarch 2010; 14 years ago (2010-03) Real was a Hindi entertainment channel launched by Turner International India in a 50:50 joint venture with Alva Brothers Entertainment on 2 March 2009 based in Mumbai, Maharashtra. Overview This is the first Hindi entertainment channel launched by Turner Broadcasting System. The channel has been followed by an English general entertainment channel WB from the Turner stable. The New REAL TV Studios launched on 1-21-2021, the website can be found at: https://realtvstudios.com/ Gary Axion is the new producer. New show content is to be shown on the Travel Channel in mid 2021 at: https://www.travelchannel.com/ Shutdown The channel ceased all its operations in March 2010 due to low GRPs and minimum viewership. Also, the channel lacked sponsors and new shows since September 2009 and aired re-runs of its former shows. Programmes Drama Hindi Hai Hum Namak Haraam Ninja Pandav Vicky Ki Taxi Reality Sarkaar Ki Duniya Sitaron Ko Choona Hai PokerFace: Dil Sachcha Chehra Jhootha References ^ "Real reviews biz plan, downsizes ops". ITV Team. Indian Television.com. 7 September 2009. Archived from the original on 11 September 2009. Retrieved 16 December 2015. ^ "Turner shuts down Imagine TV". Rediff team. Rediff. 13 April 2012. Retrieved 16 December 2015. ^ Turner And Warner Bros. Entertainment To Entertain India With The Launch Of A New Channel: WB. Warner Bros. 4 March 2009. ^ Sangeeta, Talwar (16 February 2010). "What keeps 9X and Real up and running?". afaqs. Retrieved 17 December 2015. ^ Turner launches Hindi GEC via local JV Real shutters within a year. Television post. 2 September 2013. ^ Imagine TV to shut down as viewership declines. Livemint. Shuchi Bansal. April 2012. ^ Second Time Unlucky. The Hoot. 19 April 2012. ^ Imagine is not Real: Steve Marcopoto, Turner Broadcasting. Exchange4Media. Noor Fathima Warsia. Monday, May 9, 2011 vteWarner Bros. Discovery NetworksBroadcasting and FAST Streaming Group The CW (12.5%) The CW Plus Free TV Networks (33.3%) MeTV Toons (50%) The Cartoon Network, Inc. Boomerang Cartoon Network Adult Swim Toonami Cartoonito Discovery Family (60%) Discovery Familia Entertainment Group TBS TNT Turner Classic Movies TruTV Oprah Winfrey Network (95%) Lifestyle & Factual Group Discovery Channel Discovery en Español American Heroes Channel Animal Planet Destination America Discovery Life Food Network (69%) Cooking Channel (69%) HGTV Hogar de HGTV Investigation Discovery Science Channel Travel Channel TLC Defunct andformer venturesTimeWarner/WarnerMedia BET C4 Comedy Central Festival Four HBO Defined HBO en Español HBO Hits HBO Netherlands HBO Now HBO PPV/TVKO Take 2 HBO Home Entertainment ThreeLife TriStar Pictures Turner South Discovery, Inc. 3net Canal 8 Sport Discovery Civilization Discovery Family (France) Discovery Geschichte Discovery Health Channel Discovery People Discovery Shed Discovery Travel & Living (brand) Eurosport News FitTV Food Network NZ GXT Oh!K Quest Arabiya Setanta Sports Asia Vivolta (20%)
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[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Real reviews biz plan, downsizes ops\". ITV Team. Indian Television.com. 7 September 2009. Archived from the original on 11 September 2009. Retrieved 16 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090911053141/http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k9/sept/sept62.php","url_text":"\"Real reviews biz plan, downsizes ops\""},{"url":"http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k9/sept/sept62.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Turner shuts down Imagine TV\". Rediff team. Rediff. 13 April 2012. Retrieved 16 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rediff.com/money/report/turner-shuts-down-imagine-tv/20120413.htm","url_text":"\"Turner shuts down Imagine TV\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rediff","url_text":"Rediff"}]},{"reference":"Sangeeta, Talwar (16 February 2010). \"What keeps 9X and Real up and running?\". afaqs. Retrieved 17 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.afaqs.com/news/story/26282_What-keeps-9X-and-Real-up-and-running","url_text":"\"What keeps 9X and Real up and running?\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Six-red_World_Championship
2018 Six-red World Championship
["1 Prize money","2 Round-robin stage","2.1 Group A","2.2 Group B","2.3 Group C","2.4 Group D","2.5 Group E","2.6 Group F","2.7 Group G","2.8 Group H","3 Knockout stage","4 Final","5 Maximum breaks","6 References","7 External links"]
Six-red World ChampionshipTournament informationDates3–8 September 2018 (2018-09-03 – 2018-09-08)VenueBangkok Convention CenterCityBangkokCountryThailandOrganisationWPBSATotal prize fund10,000,000 bahtWinner's share3,500,000 bahtHighest break Stuart Bingham (75) Ding Junhui (75)(Note: A maximum break in six-red snooker is 75)FinalChampion Kyren WilsonRunner-up Ding JunhuiScore8–4← 2017 2019 → Snooker tournament The 2018 SangSom Six-red World Championship was a six-red snooker invitational tournament held between 3 and 8 September 2018 at the Bangkok Convention Center in Bangkok, Thailand. Mark Williams was the defending champion, but he lost in the last 16 to amateur player Mohammed Shehab. The event was won by Kyren Wilson, defeating Ding Junhui 8–4 in the final. Prize money The breakdown of prize money is shown below: Winner: 3,500,000 baht Runner-up: 1,300,000 baht Semi-finalists: 750,000 baht Quarter-finalists: 375,000 baht Last 16: 150,000 baht Third in Group: 75,000 baht Fourth in Group: 50,000 baht Total: 10,000,000 baht Round-robin stage Group matches were played from 3–5 September. The top two players from each group qualified for the knock-out stage. All matches were the best of 9 frames. Positions within the group were decided by the number of matches won (MW) and then, in the event of a tie, by the frame difference (FD). Where two players were still tied, the result of the match between them determined their positions. Where three players were still tied, the top position was determined by a draw and the other two positions by the result of the match between those two players. Group A POS Player MP MW ML FW FL FD 1 Mark Williams 3 3 0 15 7 +8 2 Tom Ford 3 2 1 14 10 +4 3 Ricky Walden 3 1 2 11 14 −3 4 Thepchaiya Un-Nooh 3 0 3 6 15 −9 Mark Williams 5–1 Thepchaiya Un-Nooh Tom Ford 5–4 Ricky Walden Thepchaiya Un-Nooh 4–5 Ricky Walden Mark Williams 5–4 Tom Ford Mark Williams 5–2 Ricky Walden Thepchaiya Un-Nooh 1–5 Tom Ford Group B POS Player MP MW ML FW FL FD 1 Stephen Maguire 3 3 0 15 6 +9 2 Ryan Day 3 2 1 13 8 +5 3 Luo Honghao 3 1 2 9 11 −2 4 Nutcharut Wongharuthai 3 0 3 3 15 −12 Ryan Day 5–1 Nutcharut Wongharuthai Luo Honghao 2–5 Stephen Maguire Nutcharut Wongharuthai 1–5 Stephen Maguire Ryan Day 5–2 Luo Honghao Nutcharut Wongharuthai 1–5 Luo Honghao Ryan Day 3–5 Stephen Maguire Group C POS Player MP MW ML FW FL FD 1 Stuart Bingham 3 3 0 15 6 +9 2 James Wattana 3 2 1 13 10 +3 3 Mark King 3 1 2 10 10 0 4 Shachar Ruberg 3 0 3 3 15 −12 Stuart Bingham 5–3 James Wattana Shachar Ruberg 0–5 Mark King James Wattana 5–3 Mark King Stuart Bingham 5–1 Shachar Ruberg Stuart Bingham 5–2 Mark King James Wattana 5–2 Shachar Ruberg Group D POS Player MP MW ML FW FL FD 1 Kyren Wilson 3 3 0 15 5 +10 2 Graeme Dott 3 2 1 11 6 +5 3 Marvin Lim Chun Kiat 3 1 2 6 10 −4 4 Michael White 3 0 3 4 15 −11 Michael White 0–5 Graeme Dott Kyren Wilson 5–0 Marvin Lim Chun Kiat Kyren Wilson 5–4 Michael White Marvin Lim Chun Kiat 1–5 Graeme Dott Kyren Wilson 5–1 Graeme Dott Michael White 0–5 Marvin Lim Chun Kiat Group E POS Player MP MW ML FW FL FD 1 Ding Junhui 3 3 0 15 10 +5 2 Sunny Akani 3 2 1 14 10 +4 3 Jimmy Robertson 3 1 2 12 11 +1 4 Mohamed Khairy 3 0 3 5 15 −10 Sunny Akani 5–4 Jimmy Robertson Ding Junhui 5–3 Mohamed Khairy Ding Junhui 5–4 Sunny Akani Mohamed Khairy 1–5 Jimmy Robertson Ding Junhui 5–3 Jimmy Robertson Sunny Akani 5–1 Mohamed Khairy Group F POS Player MP MW ML FW FL FD 1 Zhou Yuelong 3 2 1 13 11 +2 2 Anthony McGill 3 2 1 13 12 +1 3 Joe Perry 3 1 2 12 13 −1 4 Michael Holt 3 1 2 11 13 −2 Michael Holt 5–3 Joe Perry Anthony McGill 5–3 Zhou Yuelong Anthony McGill 5–4 Michael Holt Zhou Yuelong 5–4 Joe Perry Anthony McGill 3–5 Joe Perry Michael Holt 2–5 Zhou Yuelong Group G POS Player MP MW ML FW FL FD 1 Luca Brecel 3 2 1 14 8 +6 2 Marco Fu 3 2 1 14 12 +2 3 Noppon Saengkham 3 2 1 11 11 0 4 Kurt Dunham 3 0 3 7 15 −8 Noppon Saengkham 5–4 Marco Fu Luca Brecel 5–2 Kurt Dunham Luca Brecel 4–5 Marco Fu Noppon Saengkham 5–2 Kurt Dunham Luca Brecel 5–1 Noppon Saengkham Kurt Dunham 3–5 Marco Fu Group H POS Player MP MW ML FW FL FD 1 Mark Selby 3 3 0 15 7 +8 2 Mohammed Shehab 3 2 1 14 13 +1 3 David Gilbert 3 1 2 10 13 −3 4 Thanawat Tirapongpaiboon 3 0 3 9 15 −6 Thanawat Tirapongpaiboon 3–5 David Gilbert Mark Selby 5–4 Mohammed Shehab Mark Selby 5–1 David Gilbert Thanawat Tirapongpaiboon 4–5 Mohammed Shehab Mark Selby 5–2 Thanawat Tirapongpaiboon Mohammed Shehab 5–4 David Gilbert Source: Knockout stage The last 16 matches and quarter-finals were played on 6 September, the semi-finals on 7 September and the final on 8 September.  Last 16Best of 11 framesQuarter-finalsBest of 11 framesSemi-finalsBest of 13 framesFinalBest of 15 frames                    Mark Williams3     Mohammed Shehab6   Mohammed Shehab5     Sunny Akani6   Stephen Maguire5     Sunny Akani6   Sunny Akani 5     Kyren Wilson7   Stuart Bingham6     Marco Fu2   Stuart Bingham4     Kyren Wilson6   Kyren Wilson6     Anthony McGill3   Kyren Wilson8     Ding Junhui4   Ding Junhui6     Graeme Dott3   Ding Junhui6     James Wattana2   Zhou Yuelong5     James Wattana6   Ding Junhui7     Luca Brecel6   Luca Brecel6     Ryan Day3   Luca Brecel6     Tom Ford3   Mark Selby5    Tom Ford6   Final Final: Best of 15 frames. Referee: Peggy Li Bangkok Convention Center, Bangkok, Thailand, 8 September 2018. Kyren Wilson England 8–4 Ding Junhui China 35–18, 23–39, 1–35, 37–25, 39–0, 55–6 (55), 67–0 (67), 32–17, 24–30, 0–57, 40–0, 45–5 67 Highest break 31 2 50+ breaks 0 Maximum breaks (Note: A maximum break in 6-red is 75) Stuart Bingham Ding Junhui References ^ "Six Red World Championship - World Snooker". World Snooker. Archived from the original on 2 August 2018. Retrieved 2 August 2018. ^ "6 Reds World Championship (2018) - snooker.org". snooker.org. Archived from the original on 2 August 2018. Retrieved 2 August 2018. ^ "A Simplified Form of Snooker (ie Six Reds)" (PDF). World Snooker. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 August 2018. Retrieved 16 August 2018. ^ "Williams Takes Six Red Glory". World Snooker. 9 September 2017. Archived from the original on 13 November 2017. Retrieved 5 February 2018. ^ "Kyren Wilson Wins Six Red World Championship - SnookerHQ". SnookerHQ. Archived from the original on 11 October 2018. Retrieved 10 September 2018. ^ "SangSom 6 Red World Championship 2018" (PDF). World Snooker. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 September 2018. Retrieved 5 September 2018. ^ "International Qualifiers Announced for SangSom 6-Red World Championship | WSF l World Snooker Federation". worldsnookerfederation.org. Archived from the original on 2018-08-08. Retrieved 6 September 2018. ^ "SangSom 6 Red World Championship 2018 Additional Event Rules" (PDF). World Snooker. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 August 2018. Retrieved 16 August 2018. ^ "SangSom 6 Red World Championship 2018" (PDF). World Snooker. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 August 2018. Retrieved 16 August 2018. ^ "SangSom 6 Red World Championship" (PDF). World Snooker. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 August 2018. Retrieved 16 August 2018. ^ a b "SangSom 6 Red World Championship results" (PDF). thailandsnooker.org. Retrieved 6 September 2018. ^ "Knockout Round results" (PDF). thailandsnooker.org. Retrieved 6 September 2018. External links Official website vteSix-red World ChampionshipEditions 2008 (International) 2009 (Grand Prix) 2010 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2023 Rival event 2009 Six-red World Championship vte2018–19 snooker season « 2017–18 2019–20 » Ranking events Riga Masters World Open Paul Hunter Classic China Championship European Masters English Open International Championship Northern Ireland Open UK Championship Scottish Open German Masters World Grand Prix Welsh Open Snooker Shoot Out Indian Open Players Championship Gibraltar Open Tour Championship China Open World Snooker Championship Non-ranking events Haining Open Shanghai Masters Champion of Champions Masters Championship League Six-Red World Championship Six-red Macau Masters Team events Macau Masters Pro–am events Vienna Snooker Open Pink Ribbon Amateur events Q School Challenge Tour World Seniors Tour UK Seniors Championship Seniors Irish Masters Seniors 6-Red World Championship The Seniors Masters 2018/19 world rankings ranking points 2018 in cue sports 2019 in cue sports vteWorld championships in 2018Summer sports &indoor sports Archery field indoor Association football (men) Athletics (indoor) Badminton individual team Basketball women Basketball (3x3) Beach handball men women Bowls Boxing (women) Canoeing slalom sprint marathon Cycling road track mountain bike cyclo-cross BMX Equestrian Fencing Field hockey men women Finswimming Floorball (men) Gymnastics artistic rhythmic trampoline acrobatic aerobic Judo Karate Lacrosse (men) Modern pentathlon Muaythai Nine-pin bowling Orienteering Quidditch Racquetball Real tennis Rowing Rugby sevens men women Sailing Sambo Shooting Softball (women) Sport climbing Squash women's team Swimming (25 m) Table tennis men women team Volleyball men women Weightlifting Wrestling Winter sports Bandy men women Curling men women mixed mixed doubles Figure skating Ice hockey men women Ski flying Speed skating allround sprint short track Cue & mind sports Chess men women's match women rapid blitz Darts BDO PDC Draughts men's match women's match Pool Nine-ball Snooker six-red Motor sports Air race Endurance auto racing 2018–19 Endurance motorcycle racing 2017–18 2018–19 F1 Powerboat Formula One Motocross men women team MotoGP Moto2 Moto3 Rally Rallycross Speedway individual team Sidecarcross Superbike Supersport Supersport 300 Touring car
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SangSom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SangSom"},{"link_name":"Six-red World Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six-red_World_Championship"},{"link_name":"six-red snooker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six-red_snooker"},{"link_name":"Bangkok Convention Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok_Convention_Center"},{"link_name":"Bangkok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Mark Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Williams_(snooker_player)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Mohammed Shehab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Shehab"},{"link_name":"Kyren Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyren_Wilson"},{"link_name":"Ding Junhui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ding_Junhui"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Snooker tournamentThe 2018 SangSom Six-red World Championship was a six-red snooker invitational tournament held between 3 and 8 September 2018 at the Bangkok Convention Center in Bangkok, Thailand.[2][3]Mark Williams was the defending champion,[4] but he lost in the last 16 to amateur player Mohammed Shehab.The event was won by Kyren Wilson, defeating Ding Junhui 8–4 in the final.[5]","title":"2018 Six-red World Championship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"baht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_baht"}],"text":"The breakdown of prize money is shown below:[6]Winner: 3,500,000 baht\nRunner-up: 1,300,000 baht\nSemi-finalists: 750,000 baht\nQuarter-finalists: 375,000 baht\nLast 16: 150,000 baht\nThird in Group: 75,000 baht\nFourth in Group: 50,000 baht\nTotal: 10,000,000 baht","title":"Prize money"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-worl_Inte-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Group matches were played from 3–5 September. The top two players from each group qualified for the knock-out stage. All matches were the best of 9 frames.[7]Positions within the group were decided by the number of matches won (MW) and then, in the event of a tie, by the frame difference (FD). Where two players were still tied, the result of the match between them determined their positions. Where three players were still tied, the top position was determined by a draw and the other two positions by the result of the match between those two players.[8]","title":"Round-robin stage"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"Mark Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Williams_(snooker_player)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Tom Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Ford_(snooker_player)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Ricky Walden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricky_Walden"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"Thepchaiya Un-Nooh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thepchaiya_Un-Nooh"}],"sub_title":"Group A","text":"POS\n\nPlayer\n\nMP\n\nMW\n\nML\n\nFW\n\nFL\n\nFD\n\n\n1\n Mark Williams\n\n3\n3\n0\n15\n7\n+8\n\n\n2\n Tom Ford\n\n3\n2\n1\n14\n10\n+4\n\n\n3\n Ricky Walden\n\n3\n1\n2\n11\n14\n−3\n\n\n4\n Thepchaiya Un-Nooh\n\n3\n0\n3\n6\n15\n−9\n\n\n\n\n\nMark Williams 5–1 Thepchaiya Un-Nooh\nTom Ford 5–4 Ricky Walden\nThepchaiya Un-Nooh 4–5 Ricky Walden\nMark Williams 5–4 Tom Ford\nMark Williams 5–2 Ricky Walden\nThepchaiya Un-Nooh 1–5 Tom Ford","title":"Round-robin stage"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Stephen Maguire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Maguire"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"Ryan Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Day_(snooker_player)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Luo Honghao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luo_Honghao"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"Nutcharut Wongharuthai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutcharut_Wongharuthai"}],"sub_title":"Group B","text":"POS\n\nPlayer\n\nMP\n\nMW\n\nML\n\nFW\n\nFL\n\nFD\n\n\n1\n Stephen Maguire\n\n3\n3\n0\n15\n6\n+9\n\n\n2\n Ryan Day\n\n3\n2\n1\n13\n8\n+5\n\n\n3\n Luo Honghao\n\n3\n1\n2\n9\n11\n−2\n\n\n4\n Nutcharut Wongharuthai\n\n3\n0\n3\n3\n15\n−12\n\n\n\n\n\nRyan Day 5–1 Nutcharut Wongharuthai\nLuo Honghao 2–5 Stephen Maguire\nNutcharut Wongharuthai 1–5 Stephen Maguire\nRyan Day 5–2 Luo Honghao\nNutcharut Wongharuthai 1–5 Luo Honghao\nRyan Day 3–5 Stephen Maguire","title":"Round-robin stage"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Stuart Bingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Bingham"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"James Wattana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Wattana"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Mark King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_King_(snooker_player)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"Shachar Ruberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shachar_Ruberg&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Group C","text":"POS\n\nPlayer\n\nMP\n\nMW\n\nML\n\nFW\n\nFL\n\nFD\n\n\n1\n Stuart Bingham\n\n3\n3\n0\n15\n6\n+9\n\n\n2\n James Wattana\n\n3\n2\n1\n13\n10\n+3\n\n\n3\n Mark King\n\n3\n1\n2\n10\n10\n0\n\n\n4\n Shachar Ruberg\n\n3\n0\n3\n3\n15\n−12\n\n\n\n\n\nStuart Bingham 5–3 James Wattana\nShachar Ruberg 0–5 Mark King\nJames Wattana 5–3 Mark King\nStuart Bingham 5–1 Shachar Ruberg\nStuart Bingham 5–2 Mark King\nJames Wattana 5–2 Shachar Ruberg","title":"Round-robin stage"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Kyren Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyren_Wilson"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Graeme Dott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graeme_Dott"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"link_name":"Marvin Lim Chun Kiat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marvin_Lim_Chun_Kiat&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"Michael White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_White_(snooker_player)"}],"sub_title":"Group D","text":"POS\n\nPlayer\n\nMP\n\nMW\n\nML\n\nFW\n\nFL\n\nFD\n\n\n1\n Kyren Wilson\n\n3\n3\n0\n15\n5\n+10\n\n\n2\n Graeme Dott\n\n3\n2\n1\n11\n6\n+5\n\n\n3\n Marvin Lim Chun Kiat\n\n3\n1\n2\n6\n10\n−4\n\n\n4\n Michael White\n\n3\n0\n3\n4\n15\n−11\n\n\n\n\n\nMichael White 0–5 Graeme Dott\nKyren Wilson 5–0 Marvin Lim Chun Kiat\nKyren Wilson 5–4 Michael White\nMarvin Lim Chun Kiat 1–5 Graeme Dott\nKyren Wilson 5–1 Graeme Dott\nMichael White 0–5 Marvin Lim Chun Kiat","title":"Round-robin stage"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Ding Junhui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ding_Junhui"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"Sunny Akani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunny_Akani"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Robertson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Robertson_(snooker_player)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"Mohamed Khairy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Khairy"}],"sub_title":"Group E","text":"POS\n\nPlayer\n\nMP\n\nMW\n\nML\n\nFW\n\nFL\n\nFD\n\n\n1\n Ding Junhui\n\n3\n3\n0\n15\n10\n+5\n\n\n2\n Sunny Akani\n\n3\n2\n1\n14\n10\n+4\n\n\n3\n Jimmy Robertson\n\n3\n1\n2\n12\n11\n+1\n\n\n4\n Mohamed Khairy\n\n3\n0\n3\n5\n15\n−10\n\n\n\n\n\nSunny Akani 5–4 Jimmy Robertson\nDing Junhui 5–3 Mohamed Khairy\nDing Junhui 5–4 Sunny Akani\nMohamed Khairy 1–5 Jimmy Robertson\nDing Junhui 5–3 Jimmy Robertson\nSunny Akani 5–1 Mohamed Khairy","title":"Round-robin stage"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Zhou Yuelong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhou_Yuelong"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Anthony McGill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_McGill"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Joe Perry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Perry_(snooker_player)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Michael Holt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Holt_(snooker_player)"}],"sub_title":"Group F","text":"POS\n\nPlayer\n\nMP\n\nMW\n\nML\n\nFW\n\nFL\n\nFD\n\n\n1\n Zhou Yuelong\n\n3\n2\n1\n13\n11\n+2\n\n\n2\n Anthony McGill\n\n3\n2\n1\n13\n12\n+1\n\n\n3\n Joe Perry\n\n3\n1\n2\n12\n13\n−1\n\n\n4\n Michael Holt\n\n3\n1\n2\n11\n13\n−2\n\n\n\n\n\nMichael Holt 5–3 Joe Perry\nAnthony McGill 5–3 Zhou Yuelong\nAnthony McGill 5–4 Michael Holt\nZhou Yuelong 5–4 Joe Perry\nAnthony McGill 3–5 Joe Perry\nMichael Holt 2–5 Zhou Yuelong","title":"Round-robin stage"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Luca Brecel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luca_Brecel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Marco Fu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Fu"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"Noppon Saengkham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noppon_Saengkham"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Kurt Dunham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Dunham"}],"sub_title":"Group G","text":"POS\n\nPlayer\n\nMP\n\nMW\n\nML\n\nFW\n\nFL\n\nFD\n\n\n1\n Luca Brecel\n\n3\n2\n1\n14\n8\n+6\n\n\n2\n Marco Fu\n\n3\n2\n1\n14\n12\n+2\n\n\n3\n Noppon Saengkham\n\n3\n2\n1\n11\n11\n0\n\n\n4\n Kurt Dunham\n\n3\n0\n3\n7\n15\n−8\n\n\n\n\n\nNoppon Saengkham 5–4 Marco Fu\nLuca Brecel 5–2 Kurt Dunham\nLuca Brecel 4–5 Marco Fu\nNoppon Saengkham 5–2 Kurt Dunham\nLuca Brecel 5–1 Noppon Saengkham\nKurt Dunham 3–5 Marco Fu","title":"Round-robin stage"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Mark Selby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Selby"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates"},{"link_name":"Mohammed Shehab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Shehab"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"David Gilbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Gilbert_(snooker_player)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"Thanawat Tirapongpaiboon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thanawat_Tirapongpaiboon"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Group H","text":"POS\n\nPlayer\n\nMP\n\nMW\n\nML\n\nFW\n\nFL\n\nFD\n\n\n1\n Mark Selby\n\n3\n3\n0\n15\n7\n+8\n\n\n2\n Mohammed Shehab\n\n3\n2\n1\n14\n13\n+1\n\n\n3\n David Gilbert\n\n3\n1\n2\n10\n13\n−3\n\n\n4\n Thanawat Tirapongpaiboon\n\n3\n0\n3\n9\n15\n−6\n\n\n\n\n\nThanawat Tirapongpaiboon 3–5 David Gilbert\nMark Selby 5–4 Mohammed Shehab\nMark Selby 5–1 David Gilbert\nThanawat Tirapongpaiboon 4–5 Mohammed Shehab\nMark Selby 5–2 Thanawat Tirapongpaiboon\nMohammed Shehab 5–4 David GilbertSource:[9][10]","title":"Round-robin stage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-results-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thai_-12"}],"text":"The last 16 matches and quarter-finals were played on 6 September, the semi-finals on 7 September and the final on 8 September.[11][12]","title":"Knockout stage"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Final"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"maximum break","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_break"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-results-11"},{"link_name":"Stuart Bingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Bingham"},{"link_name":"Ding Junhui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ding_Junhui"}],"text":"(Note: A maximum break in 6-red is 75)[11]Stuart Bingham\nDing Junhui","title":"Maximum breaks"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Six Red World Championship - World Snooker\". World Snooker. Archived from the original on 2 August 2018. Retrieved 2 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.worldsnooker.com/tournaments/six-red-world-championship-2018/","url_text":"\"Six Red World Championship - World Snooker\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180802163006/http://www.worldsnooker.com/tournaments/six-red-world-championship-2018/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"6 Reds World Championship (2018) - snooker.org\". snooker.org. Archived from the original on 2 August 2018. Retrieved 2 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.snooker.org/res/index.asp?event=723","url_text":"\"6 Reds World Championship (2018) - snooker.org\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180802193044/http://www.snooker.org/res/index.asp?event=723","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"A Simplified Form of Snooker (ie Six Reds)\" (PDF). World Snooker. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 August 2018. Retrieved 16 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.worldsnooker.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Click-here-for-the-six-red-rules.pdf","url_text":"\"A Simplified Form of Snooker (ie Six Reds)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180816194349/http://www.worldsnooker.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Click-here-for-the-six-red-rules.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Williams Takes Six Red Glory\". World Snooker. 9 September 2017. Archived from the original on 13 November 2017. Retrieved 5 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.worldsnooker.com/williams-takes-six-red-glory/","url_text":"\"Williams Takes Six Red Glory\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171113194846/http://www.worldsnooker.com/williams-takes-six-red-glory/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Kyren Wilson Wins Six Red World Championship - SnookerHQ\". SnookerHQ. Archived from the original on 11 October 2018. Retrieved 10 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://snookerhq.com/2018/09/08/kyren-wilson-wins-six-red-world-championship/","url_text":"\"Kyren Wilson Wins Six Red World Championship - SnookerHQ\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181011140123/https://snookerhq.com/2018/09/08/kyren-wilson-wins-six-red-world-championship/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"SangSom 6 Red World Championship 2018\" (PDF). World Snooker. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 September 2018. Retrieved 5 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.worldsnooker.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Click-here-for-the-group-draw.pdf","url_text":"\"SangSom 6 Red World Championship 2018\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180905141134/http://www.worldsnooker.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Click-here-for-the-group-draw.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"International Qualifiers Announced for SangSom 6-Red World Championship | WSF l World Snooker Federation\". worldsnookerfederation.org. Archived from the original on 2018-08-08. Retrieved 6 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldsnookerfederation.org/international-qualifiers-announced-for-sangsom-6-red-world-championship/","url_text":"\"International Qualifiers Announced for SangSom 6-Red World Championship | WSF l World Snooker Federation\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180808202723/https://www.worldsnookerfederation.org/international-qualifiers-announced-for-sangsom-6-red-world-championship/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"SangSom 6 Red World Championship 2018 Additional Event Rules\" (PDF). World Snooker. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 August 2018. Retrieved 16 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.worldsnooker.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/click-here.pdf","url_text":"\"SangSom 6 Red World Championship 2018 Additional Event Rules\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180808172146/http://www.worldsnooker.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/click-here.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"SangSom 6 Red World Championship 2018\" (PDF). World Snooker. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 August 2018. Retrieved 16 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.worldsnooker.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Click-here-for-the-draw-3.pdf","url_text":"\"SangSom 6 Red World Championship 2018\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180808172018/http://www.worldsnooker.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Click-here-for-the-draw-3.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"SangSom 6 Red World Championship\" (PDF). World Snooker. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 August 2018. Retrieved 16 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.worldsnooker.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Click-here-for-the-match-schedule.pdf","url_text":"\"SangSom 6 Red World Championship\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180816162139/http://www.worldsnooker.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Click-here-for-the-match-schedule.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"SangSom 6 Red World Championship results\" (PDF). thailandsnooker.org. Retrieved 6 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thailandsnooker.org/data/schedules/files/1536228383_94.pdf","url_text":"\"SangSom 6 Red World Championship results\""}]},{"reference":"\"Knockout Round results\" (PDF). thailandsnooker.org. Retrieved 6 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thailandsnooker.org/data/schedules/files/1536228383_40.pdf","url_text":"\"Knockout Round results\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannibal_House
Hannibal House
["1 History","2 References"]
Coordinates: 51°29′40″N 0°05′59″W / 51.4944°N 0.0997°W / 51.4944; -0.0997Building in Southwark, London, England Hannibal HouseGeneral informationStatusDemolishedConstruction started1960Completed1965DemolishedApril 2021Technical detailsFloor count16 Hannibal House was a 1960s office building positioned above the Elephant and Castle shopping centre in Southwark, south London. History In 1968 it housed the Government offices of the Ministry of Public Building and Works, Post Office Directorate. This Directorate was responsible for the design and construction of new P.O. projects, including exchanges and P.O. buildings. This included The Post Office Research Establishment at Martlesham Heath in Suffolk. Home office work was also carried out such as building and modifications of prisons and large fire brigade projects. The Fire Brigade technical college at Moreton-in-Marsh in Gloucestershire was one of these. This Directorate, during Government reorganisation in the early 1970s, became part of The Directorate of the Environment (Public Service Agency) and moved to new office accommodation in Croydon (Apolo and Luner Houses). Until 2005, the building housed various bodies and agencies of the Department of Health, including the Devices section of the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (the Medical Devices Agency until April 2003). It achieved some fame in hosting the enquiries into the murders of Stephen Lawrence in 1997, and Victoria Climbie. Various training and religious organisations have since taken up offices. Although the building was expected to be demolished in 2012, it was announced in March 2007 that the British passport interview office for London would be based on the 9th and 10th floors. The interview office of the Identity and Passport Service opened to the public in September 2007. With the planned redevelopment of the area, tenants, which mostly included charities, were evicted in 2018. The demolition of Hannibal House and of the shopping centre it stood on started in April 2021. References ^ "Stephen Lawrence Day: We want to give a young person a chance, in Stephen's memory". The Voice. 22 April 2021. Retrieved 24 April 2021. ^ "Elephant & Castle Shopping Centre: the Battle at London's Gentrification "Ground Zero"". 24 July 2019. ^ "High Reach Demolition Starts" (PDF). April 2021. 51°29′40″N 0°05′59″W / 51.4944°N 0.0997°W / 51.4944; -0.0997 This article about a London building or structure is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Elephant and Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephant_and_Castle"},{"link_name":"Southwark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwark"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"}],"text":"Building in Southwark, London, EnglandHannibal House was a 1960s office building positioned above the Elephant and Castle shopping centre in Southwark, south London.","title":"Hannibal House"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Department of Health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Health_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicines_and_Healthcare_products_Regulatory_Agency"},{"link_name":"Stephen Lawrence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Lawrence"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Victoria Climbie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Climbie"},{"link_name":"British passport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_passport"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"In 1968 it housed the Government offices of the Ministry of Public Building and Works, Post Office Directorate. This Directorate was responsible for the design and construction of new P.O. projects, including exchanges and P.O. buildings. This included The Post Office Research Establishment at Martlesham Heath in Suffolk. Home office work was also carried out such as building and modifications of prisons and large fire brigade projects. The Fire Brigade technical college at Moreton-in-Marsh in Gloucestershire was one of these. This Directorate, during Government reorganisation in the early 1970s, became part of The Directorate of the Environment (Public Service Agency) and moved to new office accommodation in Croydon (Apolo and Luner Houses).Until 2005, the building housed various bodies and agencies of the Department of Health, including the Devices section of the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (the Medical Devices Agency until April 2003). It achieved some fame in hosting the enquiries into the murders of Stephen Lawrence in 1997,[1] and Victoria Climbie. Various training and religious organisations have since taken up offices. Although the building was expected to be demolished in 2012, it was announced in March 2007 that the British passport interview office for London would be based on the 9th and 10th floors. The interview office of the Identity and Passport Service opened to the public in September 2007.With the planned redevelopment of the area, tenants, which mostly included charities, were evicted in 2018.[2] The demolition of Hannibal House and of the shopping centre it stood on started in April 2021.[3]","title":"History"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Stephen Lawrence Day: We want to give a young person a chance, in Stephen's memory\". The Voice. 22 April 2021. Retrieved 24 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.voice-online.co.uk/opinion/2021/04/22/stephen-lawrence-day-we-want-to-give-a-young-person-a-chance-in-stephens-memory/","url_text":"\"Stephen Lawrence Day: We want to give a young person a chance, in Stephen's memory\""}]},{"reference":"\"Elephant & Castle Shopping Centre: the Battle at London's Gentrification \"Ground Zero\"\". 24 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://corporatewatch.org/elephant-castle-shopping-centre-the-battle-at-londons-gentrification-ground-zero/","url_text":"\"Elephant & Castle Shopping Centre: the Battle at London's Gentrification \"Ground Zero\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"High Reach Demolition Starts\" (PDF). April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://elephantandcastletowncentre.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Newsletter-April-2021-1.pdf","url_text":"\"High Reach Demolition Starts\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Herring
HMS Herring
[]
At least three ships of the Royal Navy have borne the name HMS Herring, after the herring, a species of fish: HMS Herring (1804) was a 4-gun Ballahoo-class schooner launched in 1804 that foundered in July 1813. HMS Herring (1856) was an Albacore-class wooden screw gunboat launched in 1856 and broken up in 1865. HMS Herring (T 307) was an anti-submarine warfare trawler launched in December 1942 and sunk in April 1943 in a collision with the French merchant vessel Cassard north-east of Blyth. List of ships with the same or similar names This article includes a list of ships with the same or similar names. If an internal link for a specific ship led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended ship article, if one exists.
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[]
null
[]
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere/HMS_Herring&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octaword
Integer (computer science)
["1 Value and representation","2 Common integral data types","2.1 Bytes and octets","2.2 Words","2.3 Standard integer","2.4 Short integer","2.5 Long integer","2.6 Long long","3 Syntax","4 See also","5 Notes","6 References"]
Datum of integral data type In computer science, an integer is a datum of integral data type, a data type that represents some range of mathematical integers. Integral data types may be of different sizes and may or may not be allowed to contain negative values. Integers are commonly represented in a computer as a group of binary digits (bits). The size of the grouping varies so the set of integer sizes available varies between different types of computers. Computer hardware nearly always provides a way to represent a processor register or memory address as an integer. Value and representation The value of an item with an integral type is the mathematical integer that it corresponds to. Integral types may be unsigned (capable of representing only non-negative integers) or signed (capable of representing negative integers as well). An integer value is typically specified in the source code of a program as a sequence of digits optionally prefixed with + or −. Some programming languages allow other notations, such as hexadecimal (base 16) or octal (base 8). Some programming languages also permit digit group separators. The internal representation of this datum is the way the value is stored in the computer's memory. Unlike mathematical integers, a typical datum in a computer has some minimal and maximum possible value. The most common representation of a positive integer is a string of bits, using the binary numeral system. The order of the memory bytes storing the bits varies; see endianness. The width, precision, or bitness of an integral type is the number of bits in its representation. An integral type with n bits can encode 2n numbers; for example an unsigned type typically represents the non-negative values 0 through 2n−1. Other encodings of integer values to bit patterns are sometimes used, for example binary-coded decimal or Gray code, or as printed character codes such as ASCII. There are four well-known ways to represent signed numbers in a binary computing system. The most common is two's complement, which allows a signed integral type with n bits to represent numbers from −2(n−1) through 2(n−1)−1. Two's complement arithmetic is convenient because there is a perfect one-to-one correspondence between representations and values (in particular, no separate +0 and −0), and because addition, subtraction and multiplication do not need to distinguish between signed and unsigned types. Other possibilities include offset binary, sign-magnitude, and ones' complement. Some computer languages define integer sizes in a machine-independent way; others have varying definitions depending on the underlying processor word size. Not all language implementations define variables of all integer sizes, and defined sizes may not even be distinct in a particular implementation. An integer in one programming language may be a different size in a different language, on a different processor, or in an execution context of different bitness; see § Words. Some older computer architectures used decimal representations of integers, stored in binary-coded decimal (BCD) or other format. These values generally require data sizes of 4 bits per decimal digit (sometimes called a nibble), usually with additional bits for a sign. Many modern CPUs provide limited support for decimal integers as an extended datatype, providing instructions for converting such values to and from binary values. Depending on the architecture, decimal integers may have fixed sizes (e.g., 7 decimal digits plus a sign fit into a 32-bit word), or may be variable-length (up to some maximum digit size), typically occupying two digits per byte (octet). Common integral data types Bits Name Range (assuming two's complement for signed) Decimal digits Uses Implementations C/C++ C# Pascal and Delphi Java SQL FORTRAN D Rust 4 nibble, semioctet Signed: From −8 to 7, from −(23) to 23 − 1 0.9 Binary-coded decimal, single decimal digit representation — — — — — — — — Unsigned: From 0 to 15, which equals 24 − 1 1.2 8 byte, octet, i8, u8 Signed: From −128 to 127, from −(27) to 27 − 1 2.11 ASCII characters, code units in the UTF-8 character encoding int8_t, signed char sbyte Shortint byte tinyint integer(1) byte i8 Unsigned: From 0 to 255, which equals 28 − 1 2.41 uint8_t, unsigned char byte Byte — unsigned tinyint — ubyte u8 16 halfword, word, short, i16, u16 Signed: From −32,768 to 32,767, from −(215) to 215 − 1 4.52 UCS-2 characters, code units in the UTF-16 character encoding int16_t, short, int short Smallint short smallint integer(2) short i16 Unsigned: From 0 to 65,535, which equals 216 − 1 4.82 uint16_t, unsigned, unsigned int ushort Word char unsigned smallint — ushort u16 32 word, long, doubleword, longword, int, i32, u32 Signed: From −2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647, from −(231) to 231 − 1 9.33 UTF-32 characters, true color with alpha, FourCC, pointers in 32-bit computing int32_t, int, long int LongInt; Integer int int integer(4) int i32 Unsigned: From 0 to 4,294,967,295, which equals 232 − 1 9.63 uint32_t, unsigned, unsigned int, unsigned long uint LongWord; DWord; Cardinal — unsigned int — uint u32 64 word, doubleword, longword, long, long long, quad, quadword, qword, int64, i64, u64 Signed: From −9,223,372,036,854,775,808 to 9,223,372,036,854,775,807, from −(263) to 263 − 1 18.96 Time (milliseconds since the Unix epoch), pointers in 64-bit computing int64_t, long, long long long Int64 long bigint integer(8) long i64 Unsigned: From 0 to 18,446,744,073,709,551,615, which equals 264 − 1 19.27 uint64_t, unsigned long long ulong UInt64; QWord — unsigned bigint — ulong u64 128 octaword, double quadword, i128, u128 Signed: From −170,141,183,460,469,231,731,687,303,715,884,105,728 to 170,141,183,460,469,231,731,687,303,715,884,105,727, from −(2127) to 2127 − 1 38.23 Complex scientific calculations, IPv6 addresses, GUIDs C: only available as non-standard compiler-specific extension — — — — integer(16) cent i128 Unsigned: From 0 to 340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,455, which equals 2128 − 1 38.53 — ucent u128 n n-bit integer (general case) Signed: −(2n−1) to (2n−1 − 1) (n − 1) log10 2 C23: _BitInt(n), signed _BitInt(n) Ada: range -2**(n-1)..2**(n-1)-1 Unsigned: 0 to (2n − 1) n log10 2 C23: unsigned _BitInt(n) Ada: range 0..2**n-1, mod 2**n; standard libraries' or third-party arbitrary arithmetic libraries' BigDecimal or Decimal classes in many languages such as Python, C++, etc. Different CPUs support different integral data types. Typically, hardware will support both signed and unsigned types, but only a small, fixed set of widths. The table above lists integral type widths that are supported in hardware by common processors. High level programming languages provide more possibilities. It is common to have a 'double width' integral type that has twice as many bits as the biggest hardware-supported type. Many languages also have bit-field types (a specified number of bits, usually constrained to be less than the maximum hardware-supported width) and range types (that can represent only the integers in a specified range). Some languages, such as Lisp, Smalltalk, REXX, Haskell, Python, and Raku, support arbitrary precision integers (also known as infinite precision integers or bignums). Other languages that do not support this concept as a top-level construct may have libraries available to represent very large numbers using arrays of smaller variables, such as Java's BigInteger class or Perl's "bigint" package. These use as much of the computer's memory as is necessary to store the numbers; however, a computer has only a finite amount of storage, so they, too, can only represent a finite subset of the mathematical integers. These schemes support very large numbers; for example one kilobyte of memory could be used to store numbers up to 2466 decimal digits long. A Boolean or Flag type is a type that can represent only two values: 0 and 1, usually identified with false and true respectively. This type can be stored in memory using a single bit, but is often given a full byte for convenience of addressing and speed of access. A four-bit quantity is known as a nibble (when eating, being smaller than a bite) or nybble (being a pun on the form of the word byte). One nibble corresponds to one digit in hexadecimal and holds one digit or a sign code in binary-coded decimal. Bytes and octets Main articles: Byte and Octet (computing) The term byte initially meant 'the smallest addressable unit of memory'. In the past, 5-, 6-, 7-, 8-, and 9-bit bytes have all been used. There have also been computers that could address individual bits ('bit-addressed machine'), or that could only address 16- or 32-bit quantities ('word-addressed machine'). The term byte was usually not used at all in connection with bit- and word-addressed machines. The term octet always refers to an 8-bit quantity. It is mostly used in the field of computer networking, where computers with different byte widths might have to communicate. In modern usage byte almost invariably means eight bits, since all other sizes have fallen into disuse; thus byte has come to be synonymous with octet. Words Main article: Word (computer architecture) The term 'word' is used for a small group of bits that are handled simultaneously by processors of a particular architecture. The size of a word is thus CPU-specific. Many different word sizes have been used, including 6-, 8-, 12-, 16-, 18-, 24-, 32-, 36-, 39-, 40-, 48-, 60-, and 64-bit. Since it is architectural, the size of a word is usually set by the first CPU in a family, rather than the characteristics of a later compatible CPU. The meanings of terms derived from word, such as longword, doubleword, quadword, and halfword, also vary with the CPU and OS. Practically all new desktop processors are capable of using 64-bit words, though embedded processors with 8- and 16-bit word size are still common. The 36-bit word length was common in the early days of computers. One important cause of non-portability of software is the incorrect assumption that all computers have the same word size as the computer used by the programmer. For example, if a programmer using the C language incorrectly declares as int a variable that will be used to store values greater than 215−1, the program will fail on computers with 16-bit integers. That variable should have been declared as long, which has at least 32 bits on any computer. Programmers may also incorrectly assume that a pointer can be converted to an integer without loss of information, which may work on (some) 32-bit computers, but fail on 64-bit computers with 64-bit pointers and 32-bit integers. This issue is resolved by C99 in stdint.h in the form of intptr_t. The bitness of a program may refer to the word size (or bitness) of the processor on which it runs, or it may refer to the width of a memory address or pointer, which can differ between execution modes or contexts. For example, 64-bit versions of Microsoft Windows support existing 32-bit binaries, and programs compiled for Linux's x32 ABI run in 64-bit mode yet use 32-bit memory addresses. Standard integer The standard integer size is platform-dependent. In C, it is denoted by int and required to be at least 16 bits. Windows and Unix systems have 32-bit ints on both 32-bit and 64-bit architectures. Short integer A short integer can represent a whole number that may take less storage, while having a smaller range, compared with a standard integer on the same machine. In C, it is denoted by short. It is required to be at least 16 bits, and is often smaller than a standard integer, but this is not required. A conforming program can assume that it can safely store values between −(215−1) and 215−1, but it may not assume that the range is not larger. In Java, a short is always a 16-bit integer. In the Windows API, the datatype SHORT is defined as a 16-bit signed integer on all machines. Common short integer sizes Programming language Data type name Signedness Size in bytes Minimum value Maximum value C and C++ short signed 2 −32,767 +32,767 unsigned short unsigned 2 0 65,535 C# short signed 2 −32,768 +32,767 ushort unsigned 2 0 65,535 Java short signed 2 −32,768 +32,767 SQL smallint signed 2 −32,768 +32,767 Long integer A long integer can represent a whole integer whose range is greater than or equal to that of a standard integer on the same machine. In C, it is denoted by long. It is required to be at least 32 bits, and may or may not be larger than a standard integer. A conforming program can assume that it can safely store values between −(231−1) and 231−1, but it may not assume that the range is not larger. Common long integer sizes Programming language Approval Type Platforms Data type name Storage in bytes Signed range Unsigned range C ISO/ANSI C99 International Standard Unix, 16/32-bit systemsWindows, 16/32/64-bit systems long 4(minimum requirement 4) −2,147,483,647 to +2,147,483,647 0 to 4,294,967,295(minimum requirement) C ISO/ANSI C99 International Standard Unix,64-bit systems long 8(minimum requirement 4) −9,223,372,036,854,775,807 to +9,223,372,036,854,775,807 0 to 18,446,744,073,709,551,615 C++ ISO/ANSI International Standard Unix, Windows,16/32-bit system long 4 (minimum requirement 4) −2,147,483,648 to +2,147,483,647 0 to 4,294,967,295(minimum requirement) C++/CLI International StandardECMA-372 Unix, Windows,16/32-bit systems long 4 (minimum requirement 4) −2,147,483,648 to +2,147,483,647 0 to 4,294,967,295(minimum requirement) VB Company Standard Windows Long 4 −2,147,483,648 to +2,147,483,647 — VBA Company Standard Windows, Mac OS X Long 4 −2,147,483,648 to +2,147,483,647 — SQL Server Company Standard Windows BigInt 8 −9,223,372,036,854,775,808 to +9,223,372,036,854,775,807 0 to 18,446,744,073,709,551,615 C#/ VB.NET ECMA International Standard Microsoft .NET long or Int64 8 −9,223,372,036,854,775,808 to +9,223,372,036,854,775,807 0 to 18,446,744,073,709,551,615 Java International/Company Standard Java platform long 8 −9,223,372,036,854,775,808 to +9,223,372,036,854,775,807 — Pascal ? Windows, UNIX int64 8 −9,223,372,036,854,775,808 to +9,223,372,036,854,775,807 0 to 18,446,744,073,709,551,615 (Qword type) Long long "long long" redirects here. Not to be confused with long or Long, Long, Long. In the C99 version of the C programming language and the C++11 version of C++, a long long type is supported that has double the minimum capacity of the standard long. This type is not supported by compilers that require C code to be compliant with the previous C++ standard, C++03, because the long long type did not exist in C++03. For an ANSI/ISO compliant compiler, the minimum requirements for the specified ranges, that is, −(263−1) to 263−1 for signed and 0 to 264−1 for unsigned, must be fulfilled; however, extending this range is permitted. This can be an issue when exchanging code and data between platforms, or doing direct hardware access. Thus, there are several sets of headers providing platform independent exact width types. The C standard library provides stdint.h; this was introduced in C99 and C++11. Syntax Literals for integers can be written as regular Arabic numerals, consisting of a sequence of digits and with negation indicated by a minus sign before the value. However, most programming languages disallow use of commas or spaces for digit grouping. Examples of integer literals are: 42 10000 -233000 There are several alternate methods for writing integer literals in many programming languages: Many programming languages, especially those influenced by C, prefix an integer literal with 0X or 0x to represent a hexadecimal value, e.g. 0xDEADBEEF. Other languages may use a different notation, e.g. some assembly languages append an H or h to the end of a hexadecimal value. Perl, Ruby, Java, Julia, D, Go, Rust and Python (starting from version 3.6) allow embedded underscores for clarity, e.g. 10_000_000, and fixed-form Fortran ignores embedded spaces in integer literals. C (starting from C23) and C++ use single quotes for this purpose. In C and C++, a leading zero indicates an octal value, e.g. 0755. This was primarily intended to be used with Unix modes; however, it has been criticized because normal integers may also lead with zero. As such, Python, Ruby, Haskell, and OCaml prefix octal values with 0O or 0o, following the layout used by hexadecimal values. Several languages, including Java, C#, Scala, Python, Ruby, OCaml, C (starting from C23) and C++ can represent binary values by prefixing a number with 0B or 0b. See also Arbitrary-precision arithmetic Binary-coded decimal (BCD) C data types Integer overflow Signed number representations Notes ^ Not all SQL dialects have unsigned datatypes. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n The sizes of char, short, int, long and long long in C/C++ are dependent upon the implementation of the language. ^ Java does not directly support arithmetic on char types. The results must be cast back into char from an int. ^ a b The sizes of Delphi's Integer and Cardinal are not guaranteed, varying from platform to platform; usually defined as LongInt and LongWord respectively. ^ a b Reserved for future use. Not implemented yet. ^ The ISO C standard allows implementations to reserve the value with sign bit 1 and all other bits 0 (for sign–magnitude and two's complement representation) or with all bits 1 (for ones' complement) for use as a "trap" value, used to indicate (for example) an overflow. References ^ Cheever, Eric. "Representation of numbers". Swarthmore College. Retrieved 2011-09-11. ^ Madhusudhan Konda (2011-09-02). "A look at Java 7's new features - O'Reilly Radar". Radar.oreilly.com. Retrieved 2013-10-15. ^ Barr, Adam (2018-10-23). The Problem with Software: Why Smart Engineers Write Bad Code. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-34821-8. ^ "Sybase Adaptive Server Enterprise 15.5: Exact Numeric Datatypes". ^ "MySQL 5.6 Numeric Datatypes". ^ "BigInteger (Java Platform SE 6)". Oracle. Retrieved 2011-09-11. ^ a b c d e Fog, Agner (2010-02-16). "Calling conventions for different C++ compilers and operating systems: Chapter 3, Data Representation" (PDF). Retrieved 2010-08-30. ^ Thorsten Leemhuis (2011-09-13). "Kernel Log: x32 ABI gets around 64-bit drawbacks". www.h-online.com. Archived from the original on 28 October 2011. Retrieved 2011-11-01. ^ Giguere, Eric (1987-12-18). "The ANSI Standard: A Summary for the C Programmer". Retrieved 2010-09-04. ^ a b Meyers, Randy (2000-12-01). "The New C: Integers in C99, Part 1". drdobbs.com. Retrieved 2010-09-04. ^ a b c d "ISO/IEC 9899:201x" (PDF). open-std.org. section 6.2.6.2, paragraph 2. Retrieved 2016-06-20. ^ a b c "ISO/IEC 9899:201x" (PDF). open-std.org. section 5.2.4.2.1. Retrieved 2016-06-20. ^ "Fundamental types in C++". cppreference.com. Retrieved 5 December 2010. ^ "Chapter 8.6.2 on page 12" (PDF). ecma-international.org. ^ VB 6.0 help file ^ "The Integer, Long, and Byte Data Types (VBA)". microsoft.com. Retrieved 2006-12-19. ^ Giguere, Eric (December 18, 1987). "The ANSI Standard: A Summary for the C Programmer". Retrieved 2010-09-04. ^ "American National Standard Programming Language C specifies the syntax and semantics of programs written in the C programming language". Archived from the original on 2010-08-22. Retrieved 2010-09-04. ^ ECMAScript 6th Edition draft: https://people.mozilla.org/~jorendorff/es6-draft.html#sec-literals-numeric-literals Archived 2013-12-16 at the Wayback Machine vteData typesUninterpreted Bit Byte Trit Tryte Word Bit array Numeric Arbitrary-precision or bignum Complex Decimal Fixed point Floating point Reduced precision Minifloat Half precision bfloat16 Single precision Double precision Quadruple precision Octuple precision Extended precision Long double Integer signedness Interval Rational Pointer Address physical virtual Reference Text Character String null-terminated Composite Algebraic data type generalized Array Associative array Class Dependent Equality Inductive Intersection List Object metaobject Option type Product Record or Struct Refinement Set Union tagged Other Boolean Bottom type Collection Enumerated type Exception Function type Opaque data type Recursive data type Semaphore Stream Strongly typed identifier Top type Type class Empty type Unit type Void Relatedtopics Abstract data type Boxing Data structure Generic Kind metaclass Parametric polymorphism Primitive data type Interface Subtyping Type constructor Type conversion Type system Type theory Variable
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"datum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data"},{"link_name":"data type","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_type"},{"link_name":"range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interval_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"integers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integer"},{"link_name":"register","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_size"}],"text":"In computer science, an integer is a datum of integral data type, a data type that represents some range of mathematical integers. Integral data types may be of different sizes and may or may not be allowed to contain negative values. Integers are commonly represented in a computer as a group of binary digits (bits). The size of the grouping varies so the set of integer sizes available varies between different types of computers. Computer hardware nearly always provides a way to represent a processor register or memory address as an integer.","title":"Integer (computer science)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"source code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_code"},{"link_name":"digit group separators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digit_group_separator"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"bits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit"},{"link_name":"binary numeral system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_numeral_system"},{"link_name":"bytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byte"},{"link_name":"endianness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endianness"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"binary-coded decimal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary-coded_decimal"},{"link_name":"Gray code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray_code"},{"link_name":"ASCII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII"},{"link_name":"ways to represent signed numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signed_number_representations"},{"link_name":"two's complement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two%27s_complement"},{"link_name":"one-to-one correspondence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bijection"},{"link_name":"addition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addition"},{"link_name":"subtraction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtraction"},{"link_name":"multiplication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplication"},{"link_name":"offset binary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offset_binary"},{"link_name":"sign-magnitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign-magnitude"},{"link_name":"ones' complement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ones%27_complement"},{"link_name":"programming language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_language"},{"link_name":"§ Words","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Words"},{"link_name":"older computer architectures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decimal_computer"},{"link_name":"binary-coded decimal (BCD)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary-coded_decimal"},{"link_name":"nibble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nibble"}],"text":"The value of an item with an integral type is the mathematical integer that it corresponds to. Integral types may be unsigned (capable of representing only non-negative integers) or signed (capable of representing negative integers as well).[1]An integer value is typically specified in the source code of a program as a sequence of digits optionally prefixed with + or −. Some programming languages allow other notations, such as hexadecimal (base 16) or octal (base 8). Some programming languages also permit digit group separators.[2]The internal representation of this datum is the way the value is stored in the computer's memory. Unlike mathematical integers, a typical datum in a computer has some minimal and maximum possible value.The most common representation of a positive integer is a string of bits, using the binary numeral system. The order of the memory bytes storing the bits varies; see endianness. The width, precision, or bitness[3] of an integral type is the number of bits in its representation. An integral type with n bits can encode 2n numbers; for example an unsigned type typically represents the non-negative values 0 through 2n−1. Other encodings of integer values to bit patterns are sometimes used, for example binary-coded decimal or Gray code, or as printed character codes such as ASCII.There are four well-known ways to represent signed numbers in a binary computing system. The most common is two's complement, which allows a signed integral type with n bits to represent numbers from −2(n−1) through 2(n−1)−1. Two's complement arithmetic is convenient because there is a perfect one-to-one correspondence between representations and values (in particular, no separate +0 and −0), and because addition, subtraction and multiplication do not need to distinguish between signed and unsigned types. Other possibilities include offset binary, sign-magnitude, and ones' complement.Some computer languages define integer sizes in a machine-independent way; others have varying definitions depending on the underlying processor word size. Not all language implementations define variables of all integer sizes, and defined sizes may not even be distinct in a particular implementation. An integer in one programming language may be a different size in a different language, on a different processor, or in an execution context of different bitness; see § Words.Some older computer architectures used decimal representations of integers, stored in binary-coded decimal (BCD) or other format. These values generally require data sizes of 4 bits per decimal digit (sometimes called a nibble), usually with additional bits for a sign. Many modern CPUs provide limited support for decimal integers as an extended datatype, providing instructions for converting such values to and from binary values. Depending on the architecture, decimal integers may have fixed sizes (e.g., 7 decimal digits plus a sign fit into a 32-bit word), or may be variable-length (up to some maximum digit size), typically occupying two digits per byte (octet).","title":"Value and representation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CPUs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_processing_unit"},{"link_name":"Lisp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisp_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"Smalltalk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smalltalk"},{"link_name":"REXX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/REXX"},{"link_name":"Haskell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haskell"},{"link_name":"Python","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"Raku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raku_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"bignums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bignum"},{"link_name":"Perl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perl"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Boolean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boolean_datatype"},{"link_name":"Flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_(computing)"},{"link_name":"nibble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nibble"},{"link_name":"hexadecimal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexadecimal"}],"text":"Different CPUs support different integral data types. Typically, hardware will support both signed and unsigned types, but only a small, fixed set of widths.The table above lists integral type widths that are supported in hardware by common processors. High level programming languages provide more possibilities. It is common to have a 'double width' integral type that has twice as many bits as the biggest hardware-supported type. Many languages also have bit-field types (a specified number of bits, usually constrained to be less than the maximum hardware-supported width) and range types (that can represent only the integers in a specified range).Some languages, such as Lisp, Smalltalk, REXX, Haskell, Python, and Raku, support arbitrary precision integers (also known as infinite precision integers or bignums). Other languages that do not support this concept as a top-level construct may have libraries available to represent very large numbers using arrays of smaller variables, such as Java's BigInteger class or Perl's \"bigint\" package.[6] These use as much of the computer's memory as is necessary to store the numbers; however, a computer has only a finite amount of storage, so they, too, can only represent a finite subset of the mathematical integers. These schemes support very large numbers; for example one kilobyte of memory could be used to store numbers up to 2466 decimal digits long.A Boolean or Flag type is a type that can represent only two values: 0 and 1, usually identified with false and true respectively. This type can be stored in memory using a single bit, but is often given a full byte for convenience of addressing and speed of access.A four-bit quantity is known as a nibble (when eating, being smaller than a bite) or nybble (being a pun on the form of the word byte). One nibble corresponds to one digit in hexadecimal and holds one digit or a sign code in binary-coded decimal.","title":"Common integral data types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"computer networking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_network"}],"sub_title":"Bytes and octets","text":"The term byte initially meant 'the smallest addressable unit of memory'. In the past, 5-, 6-, 7-, 8-, and 9-bit bytes have all been used. There have also been computers that could address individual bits ('bit-addressed machine'), or that could only address 16- or 32-bit quantities ('word-addressed machine'). The term byte was usually not used at all in connection with bit- and word-addressed machines.The term octet always refers to an 8-bit quantity. It is mostly used in the field of computer networking, where computers with different byte widths might have to communicate.In modern usage byte almost invariably means eight bits, since all other sizes have fallen into disuse; thus byte has come to be synonymous with octet.","title":"Common integral data types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_architecture"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-agnerfog-12"},{"link_name":"embedded processors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedded_system"},{"link_name":"36-bit word length","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/36-bit"},{"link_name":"stdint.h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stdint.h"},{"link_name":"Microsoft Windows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows"},{"link_name":"x32 ABI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X32_ABI"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Words","text":"The term 'word' is used for a small group of bits that are handled simultaneously by processors of a particular architecture. The size of a word is thus CPU-specific. Many different word sizes have been used, including 6-, 8-, 12-, 16-, 18-, 24-, 32-, 36-, 39-, 40-, 48-, 60-, and 64-bit. Since it is architectural, the size of a word is usually set by the first CPU in a family, rather than the characteristics of a later compatible CPU. The meanings of terms derived from word, such as longword, doubleword, quadword, and halfword, also vary with the CPU and OS.[7]Practically all new desktop processors are capable of using 64-bit words, though embedded processors with 8- and 16-bit word size are still common. The 36-bit word length was common in the early days of computers.One important cause of non-portability of software is the incorrect assumption that all computers have the same word size as the computer used by the programmer. For example, if a programmer using the C language incorrectly declares as int a variable that will be used to store values greater than 215−1, the program will fail on computers with 16-bit integers. That variable should have been declared as long, which has at least 32 bits on any computer. Programmers may also incorrectly assume that a pointer can be converted to an integer without loss of information, which may work on (some) 32-bit computers, but fail on 64-bit computers with 64-bit pointers and 32-bit integers. This issue is resolved by C99 in stdint.h in the form of intptr_t.The bitness of a program may refer to the word size (or bitness) of the processor on which it runs, or it may refer to the width of a memory address or pointer, which can differ between execution modes or contexts. For example, 64-bit versions of Microsoft Windows support existing 32-bit binaries, and programs compiled for Linux's x32 ABI run in 64-bit mode yet use 32-bit memory addresses.[8]","title":"Common integral data types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language)"}],"sub_title":"Standard integer","text":"The standard integer size is platform-dependent.In C, it is denoted by int and required to be at least 16 bits. Windows and Unix systems have 32-bit ints on both 32-bit and 64-bit architectures.","title":"Common integral data types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-c99-14"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-drdobbsinteger-15"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-c-std-6.2.6.2p2-16"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-c-std-5.2.4.2.1-17"},{"link_name":"Java","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"Windows API","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_API"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-agnerfog-12"}],"sub_title":"Short integer","text":"A short integer can represent a whole number that may take less storage, while having a smaller range, compared with a standard integer on the same machine.In C, it is denoted by short. It is required to be at least 16 bits, and is often smaller than a standard integer, but this is not required.[9][10] A conforming program can assume that it can safely store values between −(215−1)[11] and 215−1,[12] but it may not assume that the range is not larger. In Java, a short is always a 16-bit integer. In the Windows API, the datatype SHORT is defined as a 16-bit signed integer on all machines.[7]","title":"Common integral data types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"integer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integer"},{"link_name":"range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Range_(computer_science)"},{"link_name":"C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-c-std-6.2.6.2p2-16"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-c-std-5.2.4.2.1-17"}],"sub_title":"Long integer","text":"A long integer can represent a whole integer whose range is greater than or equal to that of a standard integer on the same machine.In C, it is denoted by long. It is required to be at least 32 bits, and may or may not be larger than a standard integer. A conforming program can assume that it can safely store values between −(231−1)[11] and 231−1,[12] but it may not assume that the range is not larger.","title":"Common integral data types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"long","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Long, Long, Long","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long,_Long,_Long"},{"link_name":"C99","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C99"},{"link_name":"C programming language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"C++11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B11"},{"link_name":"C++","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-c-std-6.2.6.2p2-16"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-c-std-5.2.4.2.1-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"standard library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_library"},{"link_name":"stdint.h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stdint.h"}],"sub_title":"Long long","text":"\"long long\" redirects here. Not to be confused with long or Long, Long, Long.In the C99 version of the C programming language and the C++11 version of C++, a long long type is supported that has double the minimum capacity of the standard long. This type is not supported by compilers that require C code to be compliant with the previous C++ standard, C++03, because the long long type did not exist in C++03. For an ANSI/ISO compliant compiler, the minimum requirements for the specified ranges, that is, −(263−1)[11] to 263−1 for signed and 0 to 264−1 for unsigned,[12] must be fulfilled; however, extending this range is permitted.[17][18] This can be an issue when exchanging code and data between platforms, or doing direct hardware access. Thus, there are several sets of headers providing platform independent exact width types. The C standard library provides stdint.h; this was introduced in C99 and C++11.","title":"Common integral data types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arabic numerals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_numerals"},{"link_name":"minus sign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyphen-minus"},{"link_name":"digit grouping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digit_grouping"},{"link_name":"C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"hexadecimal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexadecimal"},{"link_name":"assembly languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_language"},{"link_name":"Perl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perl"},{"link_name":"Ruby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"Java","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"Julia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"Go","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"Rust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rust_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"Python","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"underscores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underscore"},{"link_name":"Fortran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortran"},{"link_name":"C23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C23_(C_standard_revision)"},{"link_name":"C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"C++","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B"},{"link_name":"octal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octal"},{"link_name":"Unix modes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modes_(Unix)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Python","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"Ruby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"Haskell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haskell"},{"link_name":"OCaml","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCaml"},{"link_name":"Java","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"C#","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"Scala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scala_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"Python","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"Ruby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"OCaml","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCaml"}],"text":"Literals for integers can be written as regular Arabic numerals, consisting of a sequence of digits and with negation indicated by a minus sign before the value. However, most programming languages disallow use of commas or spaces for digit grouping. Examples of integer literals are:42\n10000\n-233000There are several alternate methods for writing integer literals in many programming languages:Many programming languages, especially those influenced by C, prefix an integer literal with 0X or 0x to represent a hexadecimal value, e.g. 0xDEADBEEF. Other languages may use a different notation, e.g. some assembly languages append an H or h to the end of a hexadecimal value.\nPerl, Ruby, Java, Julia, D, Go, Rust and Python (starting from version 3.6) allow embedded underscores for clarity, e.g. 10_000_000, and fixed-form Fortran ignores embedded spaces in integer literals. C (starting from C23) and C++ use single quotes for this purpose.\nIn C and C++, a leading zero indicates an octal value, e.g. 0755. This was primarily intended to be used with Unix modes; however, it has been criticized because normal integers may also lead with zero.[19] As such, Python, Ruby, Haskell, and OCaml prefix octal values with 0O or 0o, following the layout used by hexadecimal values.\nSeveral languages, including Java, C#, Scala, Python, Ruby, OCaml, C (starting from C23) and C++ can represent binary values by prefixing a number with 0B or 0b.","title":"Syntax"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-notesqla_6-0"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SybDT-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MySQLDT-5"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-notescb_7-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-notescb_7-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-notescb_7-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-notescb_7-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-notescb_7-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-notescb_7-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-notescb_7-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-notescb_7-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-notescb_7-8"},{"link_name":"j","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-notescb_7-9"},{"link_name":"k","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-notescb_7-10"},{"link_name":"l","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-notescb_7-11"},{"link_name":"m","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-notescb_7-12"},{"link_name":"n","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-notescb_7-13"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-notejavad_8-0"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-notedelphic_9-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-notedelphic_9-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-notede_10-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-notede_10-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-c-std-6.2.6.2p2-16"}],"text":"^ Not all SQL dialects have unsigned datatypes.[4][5]\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n The sizes of char, short, int, long and long long in C/C++ are dependent upon the implementation of the language.\n\n^ Java does not directly support arithmetic on char types. The results must be cast back into char from an int.\n\n^ a b The sizes of Delphi's Integer and Cardinal are not guaranteed, varying from platform to platform; usually defined as LongInt and LongWord respectively.\n\n^ a b Reserved for future use. Not implemented yet. \n\n^ The ISO C standard allows implementations to reserve the value with sign bit 1 and all other bits 0 (for sign–magnitude and two's complement representation) or with all bits 1 (for ones' complement) for use as a \"trap\" value, used to indicate (for example) an overflow.[11]","title":"Notes"}]
[]
[{"title":"Arbitrary-precision arithmetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbitrary-precision_arithmetic"},{"title":"Binary-coded decimal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary-coded_decimal"},{"title":"C data types","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_data_types"},{"title":"Integer overflow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integer_overflow"},{"title":"Signed number representations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signed_number_representations"}]
[{"reference":"Cheever, Eric. \"Representation of numbers\". Swarthmore College. Retrieved 2011-09-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.swarthmore.edu/NatSci/echeeve1/Ref/BinaryMath/NumSys.html","url_text":"\"Representation of numbers\""}]},{"reference":"Madhusudhan Konda (2011-09-02). \"A look at Java 7's new features - O'Reilly Radar\". Radar.oreilly.com. Retrieved 2013-10-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://radar.oreilly.com/2011/09/java7-features.html","url_text":"\"A look at Java 7's new features - O'Reilly Radar\""}]},{"reference":"Barr, Adam (2018-10-23). The Problem with Software: Why Smart Engineers Write Bad Code. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-34821-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=BxdxDwAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA268&dq=%22bitness%22&hl=en","url_text":"The Problem with Software: Why Smart Engineers Write Bad Code"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-34821-8","url_text":"978-0-262-34821-8"}]},{"reference":"\"Sybase Adaptive Server Enterprise 15.5: Exact Numeric Datatypes\".","urls":[{"url":"http://infocenter.sybase.com/help/index.jsp?topic=/com.sybase.infocenter.dc36271.1550/html/blocks/blocks20.htm","url_text":"\"Sybase Adaptive Server Enterprise 15.5: Exact Numeric Datatypes\""}]},{"reference":"\"MySQL 5.6 Numeric Datatypes\".","urls":[{"url":"http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.6/en/numeric-types.html","url_text":"\"MySQL 5.6 Numeric Datatypes\""}]},{"reference":"\"BigInteger (Java Platform SE 6)\". Oracle. Retrieved 2011-09-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://download.oracle.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/math/BigInteger.html","url_text":"\"BigInteger (Java Platform SE 6)\""}]},{"reference":"Fog, Agner (2010-02-16). \"Calling conventions for different C++ compilers and operating systems: Chapter 3, Data Representation\" (PDF). Retrieved 2010-08-30.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.agner.org/optimize/calling_conventions.pdf","url_text":"\"Calling conventions for different C++ compilers and operating systems: Chapter 3, Data Representation\""}]},{"reference":"Thorsten Leemhuis (2011-09-13). \"Kernel Log: x32 ABI gets around 64-bit drawbacks\". www.h-online.com. Archived from the original on 28 October 2011. Retrieved 2011-11-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111028081253/http://www.h-online.com/open/features/Kernel-Log-x32-ABI-gets-around-64-bit-drawbacks-1342061.html","url_text":"\"Kernel Log: x32 ABI gets around 64-bit drawbacks\""},{"url":"http://www.h-online.com/open/features/Kernel-Log-x32-ABI-gets-around-64-bit-drawbacks-1342061.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Giguere, Eric (1987-12-18). \"The ANSI Standard: A Summary for the C Programmer\". Retrieved 2010-09-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ericgiguere.com/articles/ansi-c-summary.html","url_text":"\"The ANSI Standard: A Summary for the C Programmer\""}]},{"reference":"Meyers, Randy (2000-12-01). \"The New C: Integers in C99, Part 1\". drdobbs.com. Retrieved 2010-09-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.drdobbs.com/184401323","url_text":"\"The New C: Integers in C99, Part 1\""}]},{"reference":"\"ISO/IEC 9899:201x\" (PDF). open-std.org. section 6.2.6.2, paragraph 2. Retrieved 2016-06-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.open-std.org/JTC1/SC22/WG14/www/docs/n1570.pdf","url_text":"\"ISO/IEC 9899:201x\""}]},{"reference":"\"ISO/IEC 9899:201x\" (PDF). open-std.org. section 5.2.4.2.1. Retrieved 2016-06-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.open-std.org/JTC1/SC22/WG14/www/docs/n1570.pdf","url_text":"\"ISO/IEC 9899:201x\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fundamental types in C++\". cppreference.com. Retrieved 5 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://cppreference.com/wiki/language/types","url_text":"\"Fundamental types in C++\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chapter 8.6.2 on page 12\" (PDF). ecma-international.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/files/ECMA-ST/ECMA-372.pdf","url_text":"\"Chapter 8.6.2 on page 12\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Integer, Long, and Byte Data Types (VBA)\". microsoft.com. Retrieved 2006-12-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://msdn2.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa164754(office.10).aspx","url_text":"\"The Integer, Long, and Byte Data Types (VBA)\""}]},{"reference":"Giguere, Eric (December 18, 1987). \"The ANSI Standard: A Summary for the C Programmer\". Retrieved 2010-09-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ericgiguere.com/articles/ansi-c-summary.html","url_text":"\"The ANSI Standard: A Summary for the C Programmer\""}]},{"reference":"\"American National Standard Programming Language C specifies the syntax and semantics of programs written in the C programming language\". Archived from the original on 2010-08-22. Retrieved 2010-09-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100822072551/http://flash-gordon.me.uk/ansi.c.txt","url_text":"\"American National Standard Programming Language C specifies the syntax and semantics of programs written in the C programming language\""},{"url":"http://flash-gordon.me.uk/ansi.c.txt","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Wrath_(TV_series)
Cape Wrath (TV series)
["1 Plot","2 Production","3 Cast","4 Episodes","5 References","6 External links"]
2007 British TV series Cape WrathUK Ad BumperAlso known asMeadowlandsGenreThrillerCreated by Robert Murphy Matthew Arlidge Directed by Duane Clark Andrew Gunn Paul Walker Starring David Morrissey Lucy Cohu Ralph Brown Tristan Gemmill Melanie Hill Nina Sosanya Felicity Jones Harry Treadaway Don Gilet Scot Williams Ella Smith Sian Brooke ComposerAdrian JohnstonCountry of originUnited KingdomOriginal languageEnglishNo. of series1No. of episodes8 (list of episodes)ProductionExecutive producers Matthew Arlidge Douglas Rae Francis Hopkinson ProducerCaroline LevyCinematography John Daly Mark Waters Editors Luke Dunkley Paul Endacott Running time45 minutesProduction companyEcosse FilmsOriginal releaseNetwork Channel 4 E4 (First Look) Showtime (US) Release17 June (2007-06-17) –5 August 2007 (2007-08-05) Cape Wrath (also known as Meadowlands) is a British thriller drama television series, created by Robert Murphy and Matthew Arlidge, that first broadcast in the United Kingdom on 10 July 2007 on Channel 4. Produced by Ecosse Films, the series focuses on the Brogan family, who are trying to escape their past while confronting an even more uncertain future. The series was a co-production between Channel 4 in the UK and Showtime in the United States, where it received its world première on 17 June 2007, at 22:00 EST. During its original broadcast on Showtime, the series was accompanied by an interactive online experience, which following each episode, featured exclusive content detailing the background of a specific character from their life before they moved to Meadowlands, including their real name. Due to low ratings, Channel 4 executives confirmed that a second series would not be commissioned. The complete series was released on Region 2 DVD on 27 August 2007. A quiz based upon the series is available to play on FunTrivia. Plot The series opens with Danny (David Morrissey) and Evelyn Brogan (Lucy Cohu) and their two teenage children, Zoe (Felicity Jones) and Mark (Harry Treadaway), entering a witness protection programme and moving to a bucolic neighbourhood known as Meadowlands to begin a new life. Picturesque and crime-free, Meadowlands appears to be a suburban paradise where the Brogan family can start a new life. However, they soon realise that it is not so easy to escape the past, and their haven becomes a world of paranoia and psychological intrigue with shocking surprises around every corner, especially the particularly stunning revelation that they can never leave. Production The series was filmed in Kent. Many of the interior sets were built in a warehouse close to The Maidstone Studios. The estate itself is in fact The Lakes, a new housing development built next to Leybourne Lakes Country Park. Kings Hill features as the local town centre. Other locations include The Kings Hill Golf Course, Wye College and Maidstone Leisure Centre. Cast Main article: List of Cape Wrath characters David Morrissey as Danny Brogan Lucy Cohu as Evelyn Brogan Ralph Brown as Bernard Wintersgill Tristan Gemmill as David York Melanie Hill as Brenda Ogilvie Nina Sosanya as Samantha Campbell Felicity Jones as Zoe Brogan Harry Treadaway as Mark Brogan Don Gilet as Freddie Marcuse Scot Williams as Tom Tyrell Ella Smith as Jezebel Ogilvie Sian Brooke as Lori Marcuse Emma Davies as Abigail York Tom Hardy as Jack Donnelly Sean Harris as Gordon Ormond Episodes No.TitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateUK airdateUK viewers(millions) 1"Episode 1"Robert MurphyDuane Clark17 June 2007 (2007-06-17)10 July 20071.83 The Brogans arrive at Meadowlands and meet their neighbours: bad boy handyman Jack Donnelly, vivacious and bubbly Brenda and general practitioner Dr. York, all of whom harbour secrets as potentially devastating as the Brogans'. 2"Episode 2"Robert MurphyDuane Clark24 June 2007 (2007-06-24)10 July 2007TBA A day that begins with hope for the future ends with tragedy when Mark's experimenting with cross-dressing results in a brutal attack that leaves him traumatised again and Danny reeling from his own murderous rage. 3"Episode 3"Chris DunlopDuane Clark30 June 2007 (2007-06-30)10 July 2007TBA Local cop Wintersgill becomes suspicious of Jack Donnelly's absence and begins investigating his disappearance, while Danny and Mark struggle to keep Jack's murder a secret. 4"Episode 4"Robert MurphyDuane Clark8 July 2007 (2007-07-08)17 July 2007TBA A vicious psychological game of cat and mouse ensues between Danny and Wintersgill, as Mark has a charged encounter with neighbour Brenda and Evelyn learns a shocking truth that affects her past and future. 5"Episode 5"Chris Denne & Joel JenkinsPaul Walker15 July 2007 (2007-07-15)24 July 2007TBA Danny's handlers frame Ormond for Jack's murder, while Evelyn pleads with Dr. York to lie about Danny's fertility test results and Zoe undertakes an investigation of Jack's death with the help of former journalist Tom Tyrell. 6"Episode 6"Robert MurphyPaul Walker22 July 2007 (2007-07-22)31 July 2007TBA Danny attempts to decipher the truth about Cape Wrath, while Samantha's visit with her dying father reveals more of the history behind Meadowlands and the romantic triangle between York, Abigail and Evelyn takes a disturbing turn. 7"Episode 7"Chris DunlopAndrew Gunn29 July 2007 (2007-07-29)7 August 2007TBA Danny launches a desperate plan to escape from Meadowlands with his family, while York becomes increasingly unhinged and demands sexual favours from Evelyn in exchange for keeping her secret. 8"Episode 8"Robert MurphyAndrew Gunn5 August 2007 (2007-08-05)7 August 2007TBA The painful truth about Danny's relationship to his children is finally revealed, as is the shocking location of Meadowlands; his escape plan gets a hand from a most unlikely source. ^ Episodes 1 & 2 were edited together into a single 77-minute episode when first broadcast on Channel 4. ^ From Episode 3 onwards, episodes were first broadcast on E4 as part of its "First Look" strand, immediately following the broadcast of the previous episode on Channel 4. ^ Episode 8 was broadcast directly after Episode 7, meaning that it was technically shown on 8 August 2007, as it was broadcast at 00:05. References ^ a b "Channel 4 - Cape Wrath". Channel 4. Retrieved 7 January 2019. ^ a b "Showtime - Meadowlands (2007)". Showtime. Archived from the original on 15 October 2008. Retrieved 7 January 2019. ^ Hemley, Matthew (28 August 2007). "Edinburgh bites: Cape Wrath no, Marchioness no, Jekyll maybe". The Stage. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 2007-08-28. ^ "Cape Wrath ". Amazon. Retrieved 7 January 2019. ^ "Welcome to Meadowlands ---Cape Wrath". Fun Trivia. Retrieved 7 January 2019. ^ a b "Kent Film Office Cape Wrath Article". Kent Film Office. Retrieved 7 January 2019. ^ "Weekly Top 30 Programmes". BARB. Retrieved 7 January 2019. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dramatic_programming"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Channel 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Channel_4-1"},{"link_name":"Ecosse Films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosse_Films"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Channel_4-1"},{"link_name":"Channel 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_4"},{"link_name":"Showtime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Showtime_(TV_network)"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"EST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Standard_Time_(North_America)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Showtime-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Showtime-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TheStage-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Amazon-4"},{"link_name":"FunTrivia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FunTrivia"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FunTrivia-5"}],"text":"Cape Wrath (also known as Meadowlands) is a British thriller drama television series, created by Robert Murphy and Matthew Arlidge, that first broadcast in the United Kingdom on 10 July 2007 on Channel 4.[1] Produced by Ecosse Films, the series focuses on the Brogan family, who are trying to escape their past while confronting an even more uncertain future.[1]The series was a co-production between Channel 4 in the UK and Showtime in the United States, where it received its world première on 17 June 2007, at 22:00 EST.[2] During its original broadcast on Showtime, the series was accompanied by an interactive online experience, which following each episode, featured exclusive content detailing the background of a specific character from their life before they moved to Meadowlands, including their real name.[2]Due to low ratings, Channel 4 executives confirmed that a second series would not be commissioned.[3] The complete series was released on Region 2 DVD on 27 August 2007.[4] A quiz based upon the series is available to play on FunTrivia.[5]","title":"Cape Wrath (TV series)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David Morrissey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Morrissey"},{"link_name":"Lucy Cohu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy_Cohu"},{"link_name":"Felicity Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felicity_Jones"},{"link_name":"Harry Treadaway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Treadaway"},{"link_name":"witness protection programme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witness_protection"}],"text":"The series opens with Danny (David Morrissey) and Evelyn Brogan (Lucy Cohu) and their two teenage children, Zoe (Felicity Jones) and Mark (Harry Treadaway), entering a witness protection programme and moving to a bucolic neighbourhood known as Meadowlands to begin a new life. Picturesque and crime-free, Meadowlands appears to be a suburban paradise where the Brogan family can start a new life. However, they soon realise that it is not so easy to escape the past, and their haven becomes a world of paranoia and psychological intrigue with shocking surprises around every corner, especially the particularly stunning revelation that they can never leave.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent"},{"link_name":"The Maidstone Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Maidstone_Studios"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kent_Film_Office-6"},{"link_name":"Kings Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kings_Hill"},{"link_name":"Wye College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wye_College"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kent_Film_Office-6"}],"text":"The series was filmed in Kent. Many of the interior sets were built in a warehouse close to The Maidstone Studios.[6] The estate itself is in fact The Lakes, a new housing development built next to Leybourne Lakes Country Park. Kings Hill features as the local town centre. Other locations include The Kings Hill Golf Course, Wye College and Maidstone Leisure Centre.[6]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David Morrissey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Morrissey"},{"link_name":"Lucy Cohu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy_Cohu"},{"link_name":"Ralph Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Brown"},{"link_name":"Tristan Gemmill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristan_Gemmill"},{"link_name":"Melanie Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanie_Hill"},{"link_name":"Nina Sosanya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nina_Sosanya"},{"link_name":"Felicity Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felicity_Jones"},{"link_name":"Harry Treadaway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Treadaway"},{"link_name":"Don Gilet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Gilet"},{"link_name":"Scot Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scot_Williams"},{"link_name":"Ella Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella_Smith_(actress)"},{"link_name":"Sian Brooke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sian_Brooke"},{"link_name":"Emma Davies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Davies_(actress)"},{"link_name":"Tom Hardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Hardy"},{"link_name":"Sean Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Harris"}],"text":"David Morrissey as Danny Brogan\nLucy Cohu as Evelyn Brogan\nRalph Brown as Bernard Wintersgill\nTristan Gemmill as David York\nMelanie Hill as Brenda Ogilvie\nNina Sosanya as Samantha Campbell\nFelicity Jones as Zoe Brogan\nHarry Treadaway as Mark Brogan\nDon Gilet as Freddie Marcuse\nScot Williams as Tom Tyrell\nElla Smith as Jezebel Ogilvie\nSian Brooke as Lori Marcuse\nEmma Davies as Abigail York\nTom Hardy as Jack Donnelly\nSean Harris as Gordon Ormond","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"E4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E4_(channel)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"}],"text":"^ Episodes 1 & 2 were edited together into a single 77-minute episode when first broadcast on Channel 4.\n\n^ From Episode 3 onwards, episodes were first broadcast on E4 as part of its \"First Look\" strand, immediately following the broadcast of the previous episode on Channel 4.\n\n^ Episode 8 was broadcast directly after Episode 7, meaning that it was technically shown on 8 August 2007, as it was broadcast at 00:05.","title":"Episodes"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defencist
Internationalist–defencist schism
["1 Division","2 Effects by country","2.1 Russia","3 Post-war impact","4 See also","5 Sources and links"]
This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (July 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Part of a series onSocialism HistoryOutline Development Age of the Enlightenment French Revolution Revolutions of 1848 Socialist calculation debate Socialist economics Ideas Calculation in kind Collective ownership Cooperative Common ownership Critique of political economy Economic democracy Economic planning Equal liberty Equal opportunity Free association Freed market Industrial democracy Input–output model Internationalism Labour-time calculation Labour voucher Material balance planning Peer‑to‑peer economics Production for use Sharing economy Spontaneism Social dividend Social ownership Socialism in one country Socialist mode of production Soviet democracy Strike action To each according to his contribution/needs Vanguardism Workers' self-management Workplace democracy Models Communalism Socialist planned economy Decentralized planning Inclusive Democracy OGAS Project Cybersyn Soviet-type Market socialism Lange model Mutualism Socialist market economy Socialist-oriented market Participatory economics Variants 21st-century African Arab Agrarian Anarchism Authoritarian Blanquism Buddhist Chinese Christian Communism Democratic Democratic road Digital Ethical Ecological Evolutionary Feminist Fourierism Free-market Gandhian Guild Islamic Jewish Laissez-faire Liberal Libertarian Marhaenism Market Marxism Municipal Nationalist Nkrumaism Owenism Popular Reformism Religious Revolutionary Ricardian Saint-Simonianism Scientific Sewer Social democracy State Syndicalism Third World Utopian Yellow Zionist People Gracchi Brothers Mazdak Ball More Winstanley Morelly Paine Hall Maréchal Roux Saint-Simon Babeuf Buonarroti Chaumette Varlet Saint-Just Owen Fourier Thompson Hodgskin Schulz Leroux Pecqueur Sue Blanqui Ledru-Rollin Dézamy Considerant Proudhon Blanc Andrews Herzen Bakunin Marx Engels Wallace Lavrov Pi Lassalle Saltykov Chernyshevsky Tolstoy Michel Morris Jones Varlin Bebel Lorenzo Mainwaring Kropotkin Carpenter Sorel Parsons Bernstein Iglesias Parsons León Malatesta Kautsky Wilde Taylor Debs Plekhanov Ferrer Dewey Barone Pouget Wells Markievicz Du Bois Gorky Connolly Goldman Gandhi Landauer Berkman Luxemburg Liebknecht Blum Russell Pannekoek Rocker Larkin Witkop Einstein Trotsky Keller Tawney Monatte Schapiro Yarchuk Pankhurst Volin Attlee Spiridonova Nikiforova Kamkov Lukács Pestaña Korsch Polanyi Peiró Seguí Vanzetti Makhno Bordiga Cole Gotman Serge Baron Gramsci Sacco Mratchny Petrichenko Tito Bilash Shchus Maksimov Mohamed Leval Nagy Durruti Soto Kuzmenko Gerhardsen Santillán Wälläri Day Marcuse James García Ascaso Erlander Mett Orwell Mattick Guérin Douglas Montseny Sartre Senghor Allende van der Lubbe Kreisky Mitterrand Chartrand Nasser Mandela Bookchin Dubček Zinn Castoriadis Gorz Thompson Lefort Ward Manley Che Chomsky Gorbachev Avrich Scargill Fotopoulos Newton Wolff Ali Lula Holloway Hampton Žižek Öcalan Corbyn Sankara West Chávez Hedges Marcos Graeber Varoufakis Saito Organizations International socialist organizations Socialist parties Related topics Anarchism Capitalism Communist society Criticism of capitalism Criticism of socialism Economic calculation problem Economic system French Left Left-libertarianism Libertarianism List of socialist economists Market abolitionism Marxist philosophy Nanosocialism Progressivism Socialism and LGBT rights Socialist calculation debate Socialist Party Socialist state Workers' council Lists Related lists Category By country Socialists Songs Socialism portal (WikiProject) Communism portal Organized Labourvte Internationalist and defencist were the broad opposing camps in the international socialist movement during and shortly after the First World War. Prior to 1914, anti-militarism had been an article of faith among most European socialist parties. Leaders of the Second International had even suggested that socialist workers might foil a declaration of war by means of a general strike. However, when war broke out in August 1914, the leaders of most European socialist parties rallied to the support of their respective countries, while a minority continued to oppose the war. Those in favour of their country's war efforts were variously called 'social patriots' or 'defencists'. Those opposed to the war called themselves 'Internationalists' and were often called 'defeatists' by their opponents. Division The 'defencist' camp included many venerable figures of European socialism: Jules Guesde and Édouard Vaillant in France, Gustav Noske and Friedrich Ebert in Germany, Georgi Plekhanov and Ekaterina Breshkovskaia among the Russians. Leaders of the anti-war 'Internationalist' camp included Jean Jaurès (who was murdered for his anti-war stance in 1914), Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg, and later also Karl Kautsky and Eduard Bernstein, in Germany, Iulii Martov, Vladimir Lenin, Viktor Chernov and Mark Natanson among the Russians. The anti-war socialists held two international conferences at Zimmerwald and Kienthal in Switzerland in 1915 and 1916. The defencist–internationalist schism did not necessarily coincide with earlier, pre-existing splits, such as that between reformists and revolutionaries, Revisionists and orthodox Marxists, Bolsheviks and Mensheviks, etc. For example, Guesde and Vaillant in France had belonged to the intransigent, revolutionary left of the Socialist Party, and in 1914, anti-war sentiment was strongest on the far left. Yet both of these veterans were ardent supporters of the French war effort, while the old reformist leader Jaurès opposed the war. Likewise, Kautsky and Bernstein had been on opposite sides during the Revisionism controversy of the 1890s, Kautsky defending orthodox Marxism and Bernstein being the principal exponent of Revisionism; they both joined the anti-war faction. Meanwhile, the left wing Marxists Paul Lensch, Heinrich Cunow and Konrad Haenisch went on to form the Lensch-Cunow-Haenisch group, which argued that the First World War was a revolutionary war against the liberal capitalism of the Triple Entente. 'Defencism' and 'Internationalism' were broad categories; within each camp, there were further differences and divisions. Out-and-out 'Social Patriots' who supported their countries' war efforts unconditionally, including territorial ambitions, were fairly rare, though they included some of the most prominent representatives of the pre-war socialist movement: people like Henry Hyndman, Plekhanov and Guesde. More common was an attitude of conditional support for the war, approving a 'defensive' war but rejecting annexations and indemnities. A special case arose in Russia in 1917: After the February Revolution, several Mensheviks and Socialist-Revolutionaries (SRs) who had previously been Internationalists and Zimmerwaldists now favoured 'revolutionary defencism' – continued war effort in defence of the revolution. This was the case with Mensheviks like Fedor Dan and Irakli Tsereteli, SRs like Avram Gots and Nikolai Avksentiev and Trudoviks like Alexander Kerensky. In 1917 some Bolsheviks took also this position, before Lenin returned to Russia and successfully opposed this view. On the Internationalist side, too, there were divisions. Most Internationalists favoured passive resistance to the war and called for an international peace agreement, 'without annexations or indemnities'. Jaurès, Kautsky, Bernstein, Martov and Chernov belonged to this camp; so, at first, did the Bolshevik Lev Kamenev. A minority led by Lenin advocated 'revolutionary defeatism': instead of seeking a peace agreement that would restore the status quo ante, socialists should seek to convert the 'imperialist war' into a revolutionary 'civil war', with each socialist party working for the defeat of its own country. Effects by country The schism caused splits in many European socialist parties. In France, the split between socialists and communists did not occur until 1920. In Germany, the Independent Social-Democrats (USPD) formally separated from the majority Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) in 1917, and the more radical Spartacist League formed the nucleus of the post-war German Communist Party (KPD). Italy was a special case: whereas, in most European socialist parties, Defencists predominated (at least at the beginning of the war), in Italy, the majority of the members and most of the leaders of the Socialist Party, from reformists to radicals, were against Italy's entry into the war, while a minority, led by the former Maximalist and future fascist dictator Benito Mussolini, campaigned for Italian intervention and was expelled from the party for it. Only the Serbian socialists remained fairly uniformly anti-war. Russia Divisions in Russia were especially complicated and affected party alignments during the Russian Revolution. The Mensheviks and Socialist-Revolutionaries were badly divided. A small minority on the right took an out-and-out Social Patriotic stance, even supporting territorial expansion as a war aim. Plekhanov and the 'Grandmother of the Revolution, Breshkovskaia, belonged to this group. Slightly more moderate were Mensheviks like Aleksandr Potresov and SRs like Vadim Rudnev. The Menshevik and SR majority, including Dan, Tsereteli, Abramovich, Liber, Gots, Avksentiev, Zenzinov and so on, were 'Revolutionary Defencists'; they had been Zimmerwaldists and opponents of the war until February 1917 but now favoured limited defensive war. Some later returned to the Internationalist camp (such as Dan and Abramovich). The Revolutionary Defencists dominated the soviets and the Provisional Government until the October Revolution of 1917. The Menshevik/SR Revolutionary Defencists in the soviet supported the Provisional Government, but with increasing misgivings. Kerensky had been one of them, a Zimmerwaldist until 1917, then a Revolutionary Defencist; however, as, initially, the only socialist in the Provisional Government, he had adopted a more and more unqualified stance in support of the war, in line with his liberal colleagues. Georgy Plekhanov and Leo Deutsch leading the demonstration in favor of the June military offensive in front of the Defense Ministry in Petrograd, June 1917 To the left of the revolutionary defencists stood Internationalists like Chernov, who collaborated with the soviet leaders and even joined the Provisional Government, although he opposed both a continuation of the war and a coalition with the liberals. More principled in his opposition to the war was the Menshevik Internationalist leader Martov, who, however, was in a minority in his party until the Bolsheviks had taken power. The Mezhraiontsy group, headed by Leon Trotsky, was firmly internationalist but not necessarily revolutionary defeatist; in 1918, Trotsky resigned his ministry rather than sign the harsh peace agreement of Brest-Litovsk proposed by the Germans. The Left Socialist-Revolutionaries, who counted the veteran Mark Natanson and many young militants among their number, were also firmly Internationalist but broke their short-lived coalition with the Bolsheviks when the latter signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. The Bolsheviks were fairly united in opposing the war, but not all Bolsheviks were comfortable with Lenin's Revolutionary Defeatism. Before Lenin's return to Russia, Joseph Stalin had even briefly adopted a Revolutionary Defencist position. Divisions over the war vitiated the attempts occasionally made, both before and after the October Revolution, to set up an all-socialist government, from the Bolsheviks to the Popular Socialists. Post-war impact After World War I was over, divisions over the war could not be healed. Many internationalists wanted nothing to do with the Defencist leaders of the old Second International. Some affiliated with Lenin's communist Third International. A minority, who opposed both communism and the Second International leadership, formed the International Working Union of Socialist Parties, based in Vienna and known as the 'Second-and-a-Half International'. This included many former Internationalists, German Independent Social-Democrats like Rudolf Hilferding, Austro-Marxists like Max and Friedrich Adler, Mensheviks like Dan, centre-left SRs like Chernov and the Left SRs. Eventually this third camp dissolved; some rejoined the majority socialist parties of their countries, others the communists. The split between Defencists and Internationalists continued to fester, however, until the Second World War was on the horizon. A belated echo of the split was the division among French socialists in the late 1930s over what attitude to take if Hitler invaded Poland. Most French socialists were firmly anti-fascist; though none contemplated the prospect of another war with Germany with joy, they were prepared to take that step if Germany attacked Poland. A minority, however, wanted to maintain peace at any cost. Some were motivated by unconditional pacifism, others by fascist sympathies which subsequently manifested themselves, as in the case of the ex-socialist and future premier of the Vichy régime, Pierre Laval. See also Social chauvinism Manifesto of the Sixteen, a defencist declaration that split the international anarchist movement Sources and links The Defencist/Internationalist split over World War I is discussed in virtually all histories of socialism, communism, anarchism, particular socialist parties or the biographies of socialist personalities then living. Lenin, V.I., The Tasks of the Proletariat in Our Revolution (1917) contains a critique of Revolutionary Defencism, online at: http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1917/tasks/ch05.htm. Lenin, V.I., The Revolution of 1917: From the March Revolution to the July Days. New York, 1929. Gorter, H., Der Imperialismus, der Weltkrieg, und die Sozialdemokratie. Amsterdam, 1915. Braunthal, J., Geschichte der Internationale. Dietz, 1963. Cole, G.D.H., Communism and Social Democracy, 1914–1931. Two parts. London, 1958. 'The Second International.' vteWorld War I Outline Military engagements Aftermath Economic history Geography Historiography Home fronts Memorials Opposition Popular culture Propaganda Puppet states Technology TheatresEuropean Balkans Serbia Western Front Eastern Front Romania Italian Front Middle Eastern Gallipoli Sinai and Palestine Caucasus Persia Mesopotamia South Arabia Central Arabia African South West East Kamerun Togoland North Asian and Pacific Tsingtao German Samoa German New Guinea Naval warfare U-boat campaign North Atlantic Mediterranean PrincipalparticipantsEntente Powers Leaders Belgium Brazil China France French Empire Greece Italy Japan Empire of Japan Montenegro Portuguese Empire Romania Russia Russian Empire Russian Republic Serbia Siam United Kingdom British Empire United States Central Powers Leaders Germany Austria-Hungary Ottoman Empire Bulgaria Senussi South African Republic Darfur TimelinePre-War conflicts Franco-Prussian War (1870–71) Scramble for Africa (1880–1914) Russo-Japanese War (1905) Tangier Crisis (1905–06) Bosnian Crisis (1908–09) Agadir Crisis (1911) Italo-Turkish War (1911–12) First Balkan War (1912–13) Second Balkan War (1913) Prelude Origins Historiography Sarajevo assassination Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo July Crisis 1914 German invasion of Belgium Battle of the Frontiers Battle of Cer Battle of Galicia Russian invasion of East Prussia Battle of Tannenberg Siege of Tsingtao First Battle of the Masurian Lakes Battle of Grand Couronné First Battle of the Marne Siege of Przemyśl Race to the Sea First Battle of Ypres Black Sea raid Battle of Kolubara Battle of Sarikamish Christmas truce 1915 Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes Battle of Łomża Second Battle of Ypres Sinking of the RMS Lusitania Battle of Gallipoli Second Battle of Artois Battles of the Isonzo Gorlice–Tarnów offensive Great Retreat Bug-Narew Offensive Siege of Novogeorgievsk Vistula–Bug offensive Second Battle of Champagne Kosovo offensive Siege of Kut Battle of Loos Battle of Robat Karim 1916 Erzurum offensive Battle of Verdun Lake Naroch offensive Battle of Asiago Battle of Jutland Battle of the Somme first day Brusilov offensive Baranovichi offensive Battle of Romani Monastir offensive Battle of Transylvania 1917 Capture of Baghdad February Revolution Zimmermann Telegram Second Battle of Arras Second Battle of the Aisne Kerensky offensive Battle of Mărăști Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele) Battle of Mărășești Third Battle of Oituz Battle of Caporetto Southern Palestine offensive October Revolution Battle of La Malmaison Battle of Cambrai Armistice of Focșani Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers 1918 Operation Faustschlag Treaty of Brest-Litovsk German spring offensive Zeebrugge Raid Treaty of Bucharest of 1918 Battle of Goychay Second Battle of the Piave River Second Battle of the Marne Hundred Days Offensive Vardar offensive Battle of Megiddo Third Transjordan attack Meuse–Argonne offensive Battle of Vittorio Veneto Armistice of Salonica Armistice of Mudros Armistice of Villa Giusti Second Romanian campaign Armistice with Germany Armistice of Belgrade Co-belligerent conflicts Somaliland campaign (1900–1920) Mexican Revolution (1910–1920) Maritz rebellion (1914–15) Muscat rebellion (1913–1920) Zaian War (1914–1921) Kurdish rebellions (1914–1917) Ovambo Uprising (1914-1917) Kelantan rebellion (1915) Senussi campaign (1915–1917) Volta-Bani War (1915–1917) National Protection War Arab Revolt (1916-1918) Central Asian Revolt (1916–17) Invasion of Darfur (1916) Easter Rising (1916) Kaocen revolt (1916–17) Russian Revolution (1917) Finnish Civil War (1918) Post-War conflicts Russian Civil War (1917–1921) Ukrainian–Soviet War (1917–1921) Armenian–Azerbaijani War (1918–1920) Armeno-Georgian War (1918) German Revolution (1918–19) Revolutions and interventions in Hungary (1918–1920) Hungarian–Romanian War (1918–19) Greater Poland Uprising (1918–19) Estonian War of Independence (1918–1920) Latvian War of Independence (1918–1920) Lithuanian Wars of Independence (1918–1920) Polish–Ukrainian War (1918–19) Third Anglo-Afghan War (1919) Egyptian Revolution (1919) Polish–Lithuanian War (1919–1920) Polish–Soviet War (1919–1921) Irish War of Independence (1919–1921) Turkish War of Independence Franco-Turkish War (1918–1921) Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922) Turkish–Armenian War (1920) Iraqi Revolt (1920) Vlora War (1920) Franco-Syrian War (1920) Soviet–Georgian War (1921) AspectsWarfare Aviation Strategic bombing Chemical weapons Cryptography Horses Logistics Naval warfare Convoy system Trench warfare Conscription Australia Canada Ottoman Empire United Kingdom Ireland United States Casualties /Civilian impact British casualties Parliamentarians Ottoman casualties Sports Rugby Olympians Disease 1899–1923 cholera pandemic 1915 typhus epidemic in Serbia Spanish flu Occupations Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia Bulgarian occupations Albania Serbia German occupations Belgium Luxembourg Northeast France Ober Ost Occupied Enemy Territory Administration Russian occupations Eastern Galicia Western Armenia POWs Germans in the United States Italians POW locations Canada Germany / camps Switzerland Refugees Belgian refugees Netherlands United Kingdom War crimes Allied blockades Eastern Mediterranean Mount Lebanon famine Germany Deportations from East Prussia Destruction of Kalisz Sack of Dinant Late Ottoman genocides Armenian genocide Assyrian genocide (Sayfo) Pontic Greek genocide Rape of Belgium Urkun (Kyrgyzstan) Massacres of Albanians Ukrainian Canadian internment DiplomacyEntry into the war Austria-Hungary France Germany Italy Japan Ottoman Empire Russia United Kingdom United States Declarations of war Austria-Hungary against Serbia UK against Germany Ottomans against the Triple Entente USA against Germany USA against Austria-Hungary Agreements Constantinople Agreement Treaty of London Damascus Protocol Bulgaria–Germany treaty Treaty of Darin Sykes–Picot Agreement Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement Paris Economy Pact Treaty of Bucharest Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne Peace treaties Modus vivendi of Acroma Treaties of Brest-Litovsk Russia–Central Powers Ukraine–Central Powers Treaty of Bucharest Paris Peace Conference Treaty of Versailles Treaty of St. Germain Treaty of Neuilly Treaty of Trianon Treaty of Sèvres Treaty of Lausanne Other Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo Mutilated victory The Golden Virgin They shall not pass Category
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_World_War"},{"link_name":"Second International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_International"},{"link_name":"defeatists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defeatism"}],"text":"Internationalist and defencist were the broad opposing camps in the international socialist movement during and shortly after the First World War. Prior to 1914, anti-militarism had been an article of faith among most European socialist parties. Leaders of the Second International had even suggested that socialist workers might foil a declaration of war by means of a general strike.However, when war broke out in August 1914, the leaders of most European socialist parties rallied to the support of their respective countries, while a minority continued to oppose the war. Those in favour of their country's war efforts were variously called 'social patriots' or 'defencists'. Those opposed to the war called themselves 'Internationalists' and were often called 'defeatists' by their opponents.","title":"Internationalist–defencist schism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jules Guesde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Guesde"},{"link_name":"Édouard Vaillant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Vaillant"},{"link_name":"Gustav Noske","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Noske"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Ebert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Ebert"},{"link_name":"Georgi Plekhanov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgi_Plekhanov"},{"link_name":"Ekaterina Breshkovskaia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekaterina_Breshkovskaia"},{"link_name":"Jean Jaurès","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s"},{"link_name":"Karl Liebknecht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Liebknecht"},{"link_name":"Rosa Luxemburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg"},{"link_name":"Karl Kautsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Kautsky"},{"link_name":"Eduard Bernstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein"},{"link_name":"Iulii Martov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Martov"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Lenin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V.I._Lenin"},{"link_name":"Viktor Chernov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Chernov"},{"link_name":"Mark Natanson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Natanson"},{"link_name":"Zimmerwald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimmerwald_Conference"},{"link_name":"Kienthal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kienthal_Conference"},{"link_name":"Bolsheviks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolsheviks"},{"link_name":"Mensheviks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mensheviks"},{"link_name":"Socialist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SFIO_Party"},{"link_name":"Paul Lensch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Lensch"},{"link_name":"Heinrich Cunow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Cunow"},{"link_name":"Konrad Haenisch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Haenisch"},{"link_name":"Lensch-Cunow-Haenisch group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lensch-Cunow-Haenisch_group"},{"link_name":"Triple Entente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_Entente"},{"link_name":"Henry Hyndman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Hyndman"},{"link_name":"February Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Mensheviks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mensheviks"},{"link_name":"Socialist-Revolutionaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist-Revolutionary_Party"},{"link_name":"revolutionary defencism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defensivism"},{"link_name":"Fedor Dan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dan"},{"link_name":"Irakli Tsereteli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irakli_Tsereteli"},{"link_name":"Avram Gots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avram_Gots"},{"link_name":"Nikolai Avksentiev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Avksentiev"},{"link_name":"Trudoviks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trudoviks"},{"link_name":"Alexander Kerensky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Kerensky"},{"link_name":"Lev Kamenev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Kamenev"},{"link_name":"revolutionary defeatism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutionary_defeatism"}],"text":"The 'defencist' camp included many venerable figures of European socialism: Jules Guesde and Édouard Vaillant in France, Gustav Noske and Friedrich Ebert in Germany, Georgi Plekhanov and Ekaterina Breshkovskaia among the Russians. Leaders of the anti-war 'Internationalist' camp included Jean Jaurès (who was murdered for his anti-war stance in 1914), Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg, and later also Karl Kautsky and Eduard Bernstein, in Germany, Iulii Martov, Vladimir Lenin, Viktor Chernov and Mark Natanson among the Russians. The anti-war socialists held two international conferences at Zimmerwald and Kienthal in Switzerland in 1915 and 1916.The defencist–internationalist schism did not necessarily coincide with earlier, pre-existing splits, such as that between reformists and revolutionaries, Revisionists and orthodox Marxists, Bolsheviks and Mensheviks, etc. For example, Guesde and Vaillant in France had belonged to the intransigent, revolutionary left of the Socialist Party, and in 1914, anti-war sentiment was strongest on the far left. Yet both of these veterans were ardent supporters of the French war effort, while the old reformist leader Jaurès opposed the war. Likewise, Kautsky and Bernstein had been on opposite sides during the Revisionism controversy of the 1890s, Kautsky defending orthodox Marxism and Bernstein being the principal exponent of Revisionism; they both joined the anti-war faction. Meanwhile, the left wing Marxists Paul Lensch, Heinrich Cunow and Konrad Haenisch went on to form the Lensch-Cunow-Haenisch group, which argued that the First World War was a revolutionary war against the liberal capitalism of the Triple Entente.'Defencism' and 'Internationalism' were broad categories; within each camp, there were further differences and divisions. Out-and-out 'Social Patriots' who supported their countries' war efforts unconditionally, including territorial ambitions, were fairly rare, though they included some of the most prominent representatives of the pre-war socialist movement: people like Henry Hyndman, Plekhanov and Guesde. More common was an attitude of conditional support for the war, approving a 'defensive' war but rejecting annexations and indemnities. A special case arose in Russia in 1917: After the February Revolution, several Mensheviks and Socialist-Revolutionaries (SRs) who had previously been Internationalists and Zimmerwaldists now favoured 'revolutionary defencism' – continued war effort in defence of the revolution. This was the case with Mensheviks like Fedor Dan and Irakli Tsereteli, SRs like Avram Gots and Nikolai Avksentiev and Trudoviks like Alexander Kerensky. In 1917 some Bolsheviks took also this position, before Lenin returned to Russia and successfully opposed this view. On the Internationalist side, too, there were divisions. Most Internationalists favoured passive resistance to the war and called for an international peace agreement, 'without annexations or indemnities'. Jaurès, Kautsky, Bernstein, Martov and Chernov belonged to this camp; so, at first, did the Bolshevik Lev Kamenev. A minority led by Lenin advocated 'revolutionary defeatism': instead of seeking a peace agreement that would restore the status quo ante, socialists should seek to convert the 'imperialist war' into a revolutionary 'civil war', with each socialist party working for the defeat of its own country.","title":"Division"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Independent Social-Democrats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"Social Democratic Party of Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"Spartacist League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spartacist_League"},{"link_name":"German Communist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"Socialist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Socialist_Party"},{"link_name":"fascist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascist"},{"link_name":"Benito Mussolini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benito_Mussolini"}],"text":"The schism caused splits in many European socialist parties. In France, the split between socialists and communists did not occur until 1920. In Germany, the Independent Social-Democrats (USPD) formally separated from the majority Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) in 1917, and the more radical Spartacist League formed the nucleus of the post-war German Communist Party (KPD). Italy was a special case: whereas, in most European socialist parties, Defencists predominated (at least at the beginning of the war), in Italy, the majority of the members and most of the leaders of the Socialist Party, from reformists to radicals, were against Italy's entry into the war, while a minority, led by the former Maximalist and future fascist dictator Benito Mussolini, campaigned for Italian intervention and was expelled from the party for it. Only the Serbian socialists remained fairly uniformly anti-war.","title":"Effects by country"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Revolution_(1917)"},{"link_name":"Aleksandr Potresov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Potresov"},{"link_name":"Vadim Rudnev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vadim_Rudnev"},{"link_name":"Abramovich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael_Abramovitch"},{"link_name":"Liber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Liber"},{"link_name":"Zenzinov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Zenzinov"},{"link_name":"Provisional Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Provisional_Government"},{"link_name":"October Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_Revolution"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plej%C3%A1novYDeichAFavorDeLaOfensivaEnMinisterioDeDefensaJunio1917.png"},{"link_name":"Georgy Plekhanov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgi_Plekhanov"},{"link_name":"Leo Deutsch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Deutsch"},{"link_name":"Mezhraiontsy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezhraiontsy"},{"link_name":"Leon Trotsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Trotsky"},{"link_name":"Left Socialist-Revolutionaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_Socialist-Revolutionaries"},{"link_name":"Mark Natanson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Natanson"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Brest-Litovsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk"},{"link_name":"Joseph Stalin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Stalin"},{"link_name":"Popular Socialists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_Socialists_(Russia)"}],"sub_title":"Russia","text":"Divisions in Russia were especially complicated and affected party alignments during the Russian Revolution. The Mensheviks and Socialist-Revolutionaries were badly divided. A small minority on the right took an out-and-out Social Patriotic stance, even supporting territorial expansion as a war aim. Plekhanov and the 'Grandmother of the Revolution, Breshkovskaia, belonged to this group. Slightly more moderate were Mensheviks like Aleksandr Potresov and SRs like Vadim Rudnev. The Menshevik and SR majority, including Dan, Tsereteli, Abramovich, Liber, Gots, Avksentiev, Zenzinov and so on, were 'Revolutionary Defencists'; they had been Zimmerwaldists and opponents of the war until February 1917 but now favoured limited defensive war.Some later returned to the Internationalist camp (such as Dan and Abramovich). The Revolutionary Defencists dominated the soviets and the Provisional Government until the October Revolution of 1917. The Menshevik/SR Revolutionary Defencists in the soviet supported the Provisional Government, but with increasing misgivings. Kerensky had been one of them, a Zimmerwaldist until 1917, then a Revolutionary Defencist; however, as, initially, the only socialist in the Provisional Government, he had adopted a more and more unqualified stance in support of the war, in line with his liberal colleagues.Georgy Plekhanov and Leo Deutsch leading the demonstration in favor of the June military offensive in front of the Defense Ministry in Petrograd, June 1917To the left of the revolutionary defencists stood Internationalists like Chernov, who collaborated with the soviet leaders and even joined the Provisional Government, although he opposed both a continuation of the war and a coalition with the liberals. More principled in his opposition to the war was the Menshevik Internationalist leader Martov, who, however, was in a minority in his party until the Bolsheviks had taken power. The Mezhraiontsy group, headed by Leon Trotsky, was firmly internationalist but not necessarily revolutionary defeatist; in 1918, Trotsky resigned his ministry rather than sign the harsh peace agreement of Brest-Litovsk proposed by the Germans.The Left Socialist-Revolutionaries, who counted the veteran Mark Natanson and many young militants among their number, were also firmly Internationalist but broke their short-lived coalition with the Bolsheviks when the latter signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. The Bolsheviks were fairly united in opposing the war, but not all Bolsheviks were comfortable with Lenin's Revolutionary Defeatism. Before Lenin's return to Russia, Joseph Stalin had even briefly adopted a Revolutionary Defencist position. Divisions over the war vitiated the attempts occasionally made, both before and after the October Revolution, to set up an all-socialist government, from the Bolsheviks to the Popular Socialists.","title":"Effects by country"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Second International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_International"},{"link_name":"Third International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_International"},{"link_name":"Second International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_International"},{"link_name":"International Working Union of Socialist Parties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Working_Union_of_Socialist_Parties"},{"link_name":"Rudolf Hilferding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Hilferding"},{"link_name":"Max","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Adler_(Marxist)"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Adler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Adler_(assassin)"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"Pierre Laval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Laval"}],"text":"After World War I was over, divisions over the war could not be healed. Many internationalists wanted nothing to do with the Defencist leaders of the old Second International. Some affiliated with Lenin's communist Third International. A minority, who opposed both communism and the Second International leadership, formed the International Working Union of Socialist Parties, based in Vienna and known as the 'Second-and-a-Half International'. This included many former Internationalists, German Independent Social-Democrats like Rudolf Hilferding, Austro-Marxists like Max and Friedrich Adler, Mensheviks like Dan, centre-left SRs like Chernov and the Left SRs. Eventually this third camp dissolved; some rejoined the majority socialist parties of their countries, others the communists. The split between Defencists and Internationalists continued to fester, however, until the Second World War was on the horizon.A belated echo of the split was the division among French socialists in the late 1930s over what attitude to take if Hitler invaded Poland. Most French socialists were firmly anti-fascist; though none contemplated the prospect of another war with Germany with joy, they were prepared to take that step if Germany attacked Poland. A minority, however, wanted to maintain peace at any cost. Some were motivated by unconditional pacifism, others by fascist sympathies which subsequently manifested themselves, as in the case of the ex-socialist and future premier of the Vichy régime, Pierre Laval.","title":"Post-war impact"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1917/tasks/ch05.htm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1917/tasks/ch05.htm"},{"link_name":"The Second International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.marxists.org/history/international/social-democracy/index.htm"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:World_War_I"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:World_War_I"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_War_I"},{"link_name":"World War 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Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1915_typhus_and_relapsing_fever_epidemic_in_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Spanish flu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_flu"},{"link_name":"Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_occupation_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_occupation_of_Albania"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_occupation_of_Serbia_(World_War_I)"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_occupation_of_Belgium_during_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_occupation_of_Luxembourg_during_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Northeast France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_occupation_of_north-east_France_during_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Ober Ost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ober_Ost"},{"link_name":"Occupied Enemy Territory Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupied_Enemy_Territory_Administration"},{"link_name":"Eastern Galicia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Eastern_Galicia_(1914%E2%80%931915)"},{"link_name":"Western Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_of_Western_Armenia"},{"link_name":"POWs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Italians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_War_I_prisoner-of-war_camps_in_Canada"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I_prisoners_of_war_in_Germany"},{"link_name":"camps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_prisoner-of-war_camps_in_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner_of_war_camps_in_Switzerland_during_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Refugees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugees_of_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_refugees_in_the_Netherlands_during_the_First_World_War"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_refugees_in_Britain_during_the_First_World_War"},{"link_name":"War crimes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_crimes_in_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Eastern Mediterranean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blockade_of_the_Eastern_Mediterranean"},{"link_name":"Mount Lebanon famine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Famine_of_Mount_Lebanon"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blockade_of_Germany_(1914%E2%80%931919)"},{"link_name":"Deportations from East Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deportations_from_East_Prussia_during_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Destruction of Kalisz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destruction_of_Kalisz"},{"link_name":"Sack of Dinant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sack_of_Dinant"},{"link_name":"Late Ottoman genocides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Ottoman_genocides"},{"link_name":"Armenian genocide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_genocide"},{"link_name":"Assyrian genocide (Sayfo)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayfo"},{"link_name":"Pontic Greek genocide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_genocide"},{"link_name":"Rape of Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rape_of_Belgium"},{"link_name":"Urkun (Kyrgyzstan)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Asian_revolt_of_1916"},{"link_name":"Massacres of Albanians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacres_of_Albanians_in_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian Canadian internment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Canadian_internment"},{"link_name":"Diplomacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Austria-Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_entry_into_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_entry_into_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_entry_into_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_entry_into_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_entry_into_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_entry_into_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_entry_into_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_entry_into_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_entry_into_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Declarations of war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declarations_of_war_during_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Austria-Hungary against Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/To_my_peoples"},{"link_name":"UK against Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_declaration_of_war_upon_Germany_(1914)"},{"link_name":"Ottomans against the Triple Entente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire_in_World_War_I#Declaration_of_jihad"},{"link_name":"USA against Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_declaration_of_war_on_Germany_(1917)"},{"link_name":"USA against Austria-Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_declaration_of_war_on_Austria-Hungary"},{"link_name":"Constantinople Agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople_Agreement"},{"link_name":"Treaty of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1915)"},{"link_name":"Damascus Protocol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus_Protocol"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria–Germany treaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria%E2%80%93Germany_treaty_(1915)"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Darin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Darin"},{"link_name":"Sykes–Picot Agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sykes%E2%80%93Picot_Agreement"},{"link_name":"Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sazonov%E2%80%93Pal%C3%A9ologue_Agreement"},{"link_name":"Paris Economy Pact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Economy_Pact"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Bucharest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1916)"},{"link_name":"Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agreement_of_Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne"},{"link_name":"Modus vivendi of Acroma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modus_vivendi_of_Acroma"},{"link_name":"Russia–Central Powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk"},{"link_name":"Ukraine–Central Powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk_(Ukraine%E2%80%93Central_Powers)"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Bucharest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1918)"},{"link_name":"Paris Peace Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Versailles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles"},{"link_name":"Treaty of St. Germain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye_(1919)"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Neuilly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Neuilly-sur-Seine"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Trianon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Sèvres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Lausanne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne"},{"link_name":"Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrest_of_a_Suspect_in_Sarajevo"},{"link_name":"Mutilated victory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutilated_victory"},{"link_name":"The Golden Virgin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Golden_Virgin"},{"link_name":"They shall not pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/They_shall_not_pass"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:World_War_I"}],"text":"The Defencist/Internationalist split over World War I is discussed in virtually all histories of socialism, communism, anarchism, particular socialist parties or the biographies of socialist personalities then living.Lenin, V.I., The Tasks of the Proletariat in Our Revolution (1917) contains a critique of Revolutionary Defencism, online at: http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1917/tasks/ch05.htm.\nLenin, V.I., The Revolution of 1917: From the March Revolution to the July Days. New York, 1929.\nGorter, H., Der Imperialismus, der Weltkrieg, und die Sozialdemokratie. Amsterdam, 1915.\nBraunthal, J., Geschichte der Internationale. Dietz, 1963.\nCole, G.D.H., Communism and Social Democracy, 1914–1931. Two parts. London, 1958.\n'The Second International.'vteWorld War I\nOutline\nMilitary engagements\nAftermath\nEconomic history\nGeography\nHistoriography\nHome fronts\nMemorials\nOpposition\nPopular culture\nPropaganda\nPuppet states\nTechnology\nTheatresEuropean\nBalkans\nSerbia\nWestern Front\nEastern Front\nRomania\nItalian Front\nMiddle Eastern\nGallipoli\nSinai and Palestine\nCaucasus\nPersia\nMesopotamia\nSouth Arabia\nCentral Arabia\nAfrican\nSouth West\nEast\nKamerun\nTogoland\nNorth\nAsian and Pacific\nTsingtao\nGerman Samoa\nGerman New Guinea\nNaval warfare\nU-boat campaign\nNorth Atlantic\nMediterranean\nPrincipalparticipantsEntente Powers\nLeaders\nBelgium\nBrazil\nChina\nFrance\nFrench Empire\nGreece\nItaly\nJapan\nEmpire of Japan\nMontenegro\nPortuguese Empire\nRomania\nRussia\nRussian Empire\nRussian Republic\nSerbia\nSiam\nUnited Kingdom\nBritish Empire\nUnited States\nCentral Powers\nLeaders\nGermany\nAustria-Hungary\nOttoman Empire\nBulgaria\nSenussi\nSouth African Republic\nDarfur\nTimelinePre-War conflicts\nFranco-Prussian War (1870–71)\nScramble for Africa (1880–1914)\nRusso-Japanese War (1905)\nTangier Crisis (1905–06)\nBosnian Crisis (1908–09)\nAgadir Crisis (1911)\nItalo-Turkish War (1911–12)\nFirst Balkan War (1912–13)\nSecond Balkan War (1913)\nPrelude\nOrigins\nHistoriography\nSarajevo assassination\nAnti-Serb riots in Sarajevo\nJuly Crisis\n1914\nGerman invasion of Belgium\nBattle of the Frontiers\nBattle of Cer\nBattle of Galicia\nRussian invasion of East Prussia\nBattle of Tannenberg\nSiege of Tsingtao\nFirst Battle of the Masurian Lakes\nBattle of Grand Couronné\nFirst Battle of the Marne\nSiege of Przemyśl\nRace to the Sea\nFirst Battle of Ypres\nBlack Sea raid\nBattle of Kolubara\nBattle of Sarikamish\nChristmas truce\n1915\nSecond Battle of the Masurian Lakes\nBattle of Łomża\nSecond Battle of Ypres\nSinking of the RMS Lusitania\nBattle of Gallipoli\nSecond Battle of Artois\nBattles of the Isonzo\nGorlice–Tarnów offensive\nGreat Retreat\nBug-Narew Offensive\nSiege of Novogeorgievsk\nVistula–Bug offensive\nSecond Battle of Champagne\nKosovo offensive\nSiege of Kut\nBattle of Loos\nBattle of Robat Karim\n1916\nErzurum offensive\nBattle of Verdun\nLake Naroch offensive\nBattle of Asiago\nBattle of Jutland\nBattle of the Somme\nfirst day\nBrusilov offensive\nBaranovichi offensive\nBattle of Romani\nMonastir offensive\nBattle of Transylvania\n1917\nCapture of Baghdad\nFebruary Revolution\nZimmermann Telegram\nSecond Battle of Arras\nSecond Battle of the Aisne\nKerensky offensive\nBattle of Mărăști\nThird Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele)\nBattle of Mărășești\nThird Battle of Oituz\nBattle of Caporetto\nSouthern Palestine offensive\nOctober Revolution\nBattle of La Malmaison\nBattle of Cambrai\nArmistice of Focșani\nArmistice between Russia and the Central Powers\n1918\nOperation Faustschlag\nTreaty of Brest-Litovsk\nGerman spring offensive\nZeebrugge Raid\nTreaty of Bucharest of 1918\nBattle of Goychay\nSecond Battle of the Piave River\nSecond Battle of the Marne\nHundred Days Offensive\nVardar offensive\nBattle of Megiddo\nThird Transjordan attack\nMeuse–Argonne offensive\nBattle of Vittorio Veneto\nArmistice of Salonica\nArmistice of Mudros\nArmistice of Villa Giusti\nSecond Romanian campaign\nArmistice with Germany\nArmistice of Belgrade\nCo-belligerent conflicts\nSomaliland campaign (1900–1920)\nMexican Revolution (1910–1920)\nMaritz rebellion (1914–15)\nMuscat rebellion (1913–1920)\nZaian War (1914–1921)\nKurdish rebellions (1914–1917)\nOvambo Uprising (1914-1917)\nKelantan rebellion (1915)\nSenussi campaign (1915–1917)\nVolta-Bani War (1915–1917)\nNational Protection War\nArab Revolt (1916-1918)\nCentral Asian Revolt (1916–17)\nInvasion of Darfur (1916)\nEaster Rising (1916)\nKaocen revolt (1916–17)\nRussian Revolution (1917)\nFinnish Civil War (1918)\nPost-War conflicts\nRussian Civil War (1917–1921)\nUkrainian–Soviet War (1917–1921)\nArmenian–Azerbaijani War (1918–1920)\nArmeno-Georgian War (1918)\nGerman Revolution (1918–19)\nRevolutions and interventions in Hungary (1918–1920)\nHungarian–Romanian War (1918–19)\nGreater Poland Uprising (1918–19)\nEstonian War of Independence (1918–1920)\nLatvian War of Independence (1918–1920)\nLithuanian Wars of Independence (1918–1920)\nPolish–Ukrainian War (1918–19)\nThird Anglo-Afghan War (1919)\nEgyptian Revolution (1919)\nPolish–Lithuanian War (1919–1920)\nPolish–Soviet War (1919–1921)\nIrish War of Independence (1919–1921)\nTurkish War of Independence\nFranco-Turkish War (1918–1921)\nGreco-Turkish War (1919–1922)\nTurkish–Armenian War (1920)\nIraqi Revolt (1920)\nVlora War (1920)\nFranco-Syrian War (1920)\nSoviet–Georgian War (1921)\nAspectsWarfare\nAviation\nStrategic bombing\nChemical weapons\nCryptography\nHorses\nLogistics\nNaval warfare\nConvoy system\nTrench warfare\n Conscription\nAustralia\nCanada\nOttoman Empire\nUnited Kingdom\nIreland\nUnited States\n\nCasualties /Civilian impact\nBritish casualties\nParliamentarians\nOttoman casualties\nSports\nRugby\nOlympians\n Disease\n1899–1923 cholera pandemic\n1915 typhus epidemic in Serbia\nSpanish flu\nOccupations\nAustro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia\nBulgarian occupations\nAlbania\nSerbia\nGerman occupations\nBelgium\nLuxembourg\nNortheast France\nOber Ost\nOccupied Enemy Territory Administration\nRussian occupations\nEastern Galicia\nWestern Armenia\nPOWs\nGermans\nin the United States\nItalians\nPOW locations\nCanada\nGermany / camps\nSwitzerland\nRefugees\nBelgian refugees\nNetherlands\nUnited Kingdom\nWar crimes\nAllied blockades\nEastern Mediterranean\nMount Lebanon famine\nGermany\nDeportations from East Prussia\nDestruction of Kalisz\nSack of Dinant\nLate Ottoman genocides\nArmenian genocide\nAssyrian genocide (Sayfo)\nPontic Greek genocide\nRape of Belgium\nUrkun (Kyrgyzstan)\nMassacres of Albanians\nUkrainian Canadian internment\n\nDiplomacyEntry into the war\nAustria-Hungary\nFrance\nGermany\nItaly\nJapan\nOttoman Empire\nRussia\nUnited Kingdom\nUnited States\nDeclarations of war\nAustria-Hungary against Serbia\nUK against Germany\nOttomans against the Triple Entente\nUSA against Germany\nUSA against Austria-Hungary\nAgreements\nConstantinople Agreement\nTreaty of London\nDamascus Protocol\nBulgaria–Germany treaty\nTreaty of Darin\nSykes–Picot Agreement\nSazonov–Paléologue Agreement\nParis Economy Pact\nTreaty of Bucharest\nAgreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne\nPeace treaties\nModus vivendi of Acroma\nTreaties of Brest-Litovsk\nRussia–Central Powers\nUkraine–Central Powers\nTreaty of Bucharest\nParis Peace Conference\nTreaty of Versailles\nTreaty of St. Germain\nTreaty of Neuilly\nTreaty of Trianon\nTreaty of Sèvres\nTreaty of Lausanne\nOther\nArrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo\nMutilated victory\nThe Golden Virgin\nThey shall not pass\n\nCategory","title":"Sources and links"}]
[{"image_text":"Georgy Plekhanov and Leo Deutsch leading the demonstration in favor of the June military offensive in front of the Defense Ministry in Petrograd, June 1917","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Plej%C3%A1novYDeichAFavorDeLaOfensivaEnMinisterioDeDefensaJunio1917.png/220px-Plej%C3%A1novYDeichAFavorDeLaOfensivaEnMinisterioDeDefensaJunio1917.png"}]
[{"title":"Social chauvinism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_chauvinism"},{"title":"Manifesto of the Sixteen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifesto_of_the_Sixteen"}]
[]
[{"Link":"https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1917/tasks/ch05.htm","external_links_name":"http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1917/tasks/ch05.htm"},{"Link":"https://www.marxists.org/history/international/social-democracy/index.htm","external_links_name":"The Second International"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philander_mcilhennyi
McIlhenny's four-eyed opossum
["1 References","2 External links"]
Species of marsupial McIlhenny's four-eyed opossum Conservation status Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Infraclass: Marsupialia Order: Didelphimorphia Family: Didelphidae Genus: Philander Species: P. mcilhennyi Binomial name Philander mcilhennyiGardner & Patton, 1972 McIlhenny's four-eyed opossum range McIlhenny's four-eyed opossum (Philander mcilhennyi) is a South American species of opossum. Found in Brazil and Peru, it is almost entirely black, except for white spots above each eye. This species is named for John Stauffer "Jack" McIlhenny (1909-1997), a grandson of the founder of the McIlhenny Company, maker of Tabasco sauce. He funded the 1968 Louisiana State University expedition that discovered the species. References ^ Costa, L.P.; Astúa, D.; Brito, D.; Cáceres, N. (2021). "Philander mcilhennyi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T136501A197311360. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T136501A197311360.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021. ^ Gardner, A.L. (2005). "Order Didelphimorphia". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494. External links John F. Eisenberg and Kent H. Redford, 2000. Mammals of Neotropics: Ecuador, Bolivia and Brazil. Maggie Heyn Richardson, "Rara avis", Imagine Louisiana magazine, Spring 2007, pp. 46–48. vteExtant Didelphimorphia (opossums) species Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Infraclass Marsupialia Subfamily CaluromyinaeCaluromys(Woolly opossums) Subgenus Caluromys Bare-tailed woolly opossum (C. philander) Subgenus Mallodelphys Derby's woolly opossum (C. derbianus) Brown-eared woolly opossum (C. lanatus) Caluromysiops Black-shouldered opossum (C. irrupta) Glironia Bushy-tailed opossum (G. venusta) Subfamily Didelphinae (cont. below)Chacodelphys Chacoan pygmy opossum (C. chacoensis) Chironectes Water opossum (C. minimus) Cryptonanus Agricola's gracile opossum (C. agricolai) Chacoan gracile opossum (C. chacoensis) Guahiba gracile opossum (C. guahybae) Unduavi gracile opossum (C. unduaviensis) Didelphis(Large Americanopossums) White-eared opossum (D. albiventris) Big-eared opossum (D. aurita) Guianan white-eared opossum (D. imperfecta) Common opossum (D. marsupialis) Andean white-eared opossum (D. pernigra) Virginia opossum (D. virginiana) Gracilinanus Aceramarca gracile opossum (G. aceramarcae) Agile gracile opossum (G. agilis) Wood sprite gracile opossum (G. dryas) Emilia's gracile opossum (G. emilae) Northern gracile opossum (G. marica) Brazilian gracile opossum (G. microtarsus) Hyladelphys Kalinowski's mouse opossum (H. kalinowskii) Lestodelphys Patagonian opossum (L. halli) Lutreolina Big lutrine opossum (L. crassicaudata) Massoia's lutrine opossum (L. massoia)) Marmosa(Mouse opossums) Alston's mouse opossum (M. alstoni) Heavy-browed mouse opossum (M. andersoni) White-bellied woolly mouse opossum (M. constantiae) Woolly mouse opossum (M. demerarae) Isthmian mouse opossum (M. isthmica) Rufous mouse opossum (M. lepida) Mexican mouse opossum (M. mexicana) Linnaeus's mouse opossum (M. murina) Tate's woolly mouse opossum (M. paraguayanus) Little woolly mouse opossum (M. phaeus) Quechuan mouse opossum (M. quichua) Bare-tailed woolly mouse opossum (M. regina) Robinson's mouse opossum (M. robinsoni) Red mouse opossum (M. rubra) Tyler's mouse opossum (M. tyleriana) Guajira mouse opossum (M. xerophila) Marmosops Bishop's slender opossum (M. bishopi) Narrow-headed slender opossum (M. cracens) Creighton's slender opossum (M. creightoni) Dorothy's slender opossum (M. dorothea) Dusky slender opossum (M. fuscatus) Handley's slender opossum (M. handleyi) Tschudi's slender opossum (M. impavidus) Gray slender opossum (M. incanus) Panama slender opossum (M. invictus) Junin slender opossum (M. juninensis) Neblina slender opossum (M. neblina) White-bellied slender opossum (M. noctivagus) Delicate slender opossum (M. parvidens) Brazilian slender opossum (M. paulensis) Pinheiro's slender opossum (M. pinheiroi) Subfamily Didelphinae (cont. above)Metachirus Brown four-eyed opossum (M. nudicaudatus) Monodelphis(Short-tailedopossums) Sepia short-tailed opossum (M. adusta) Northern three-striped opossum (M. americana) Northern red-sided opossum (M. brevicaudata) Yellow-sided opossum (M. dimidiata) Gray short-tailed opossum (M. domestica) Emilia's short-tailed opossum (M. emiliae) Amazonian red-sided opossum (M. glirina) Ihering's three-striped opossum (M. iheringi) Pygmy short-tailed opossum (M. kunsi) Marajó short-tailed opossum (M. maraxina) Osgood's short-tailed opossum (M. osgoodi) Hooded red-sided opossum (M. palliolata) Peruvian short-tailed opossum (M. peruviana) Reig's opossum (M. reigi) Ronald's opossum (M. ronaldi) Chestnut-striped opossum (M. rubida) Long-nosed short-tailed opossum (M. scalops) Southern red-sided opossum (M. sorex) Southern three-striped opossum (M. theresa) Red three-striped opossum (M. umbristriata) One-striped opossum (M. unistriata) Philander(Gray & black four-eyed opossums) Anderson's four-eyed opossum (P. andersoni) Deltaic four-eyed opossum (P. deltae) Southeastern four-eyed opossum (P. frenatus) McIlhenny's four-eyed opossum (P. mcilhennyi) Mondolfi's four-eyed opossum (P. mondolfii) Olrog's four-eyed opossum (P. olrogi) Gray four-eyed opossum (P. opossum) Thylamys Cinderella fat-tailed mouse opossum (T. cinderella) Elegant fat-tailed mouse opossum (T. elegans) Karimi's fat-tailed mouse opossum (T. karimii) Paraguayan fat-tailed mouse opossum (T. macrurus) White-bellied fat-tailed mouse opossum (T. pallidior) Common fat-tailed mouse opossum (T. pusillus) Argentine fat-tailed mouse opossum (T. sponsorius) Tate's fat-tailed mouse opossum (T. tatei) Dwarf fat-tailed mouse opossum (T. velutinus) Buff-bellied fat-tailed mouse opossum (T. venustus) Tlacuatzin Grayish mouse opossum (T. canescens) Taxon identifiersPhilander mcilhennyi Wikidata: Q194606 Wikispecies: Philander mcilhennyi BioLib: 301893 CoL: 4G4WH EoL: 1036093 GBIF: 5219947 iNaturalist: 42584 ITIS: 709377 IUCN: 136501 MDD: 1000029 MSW: 10400155 NCBI: 42729 Open Tree of Life: 84809 Paleobiology Database: 284761 This article about a marsupial is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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[{"reference":"Costa, L.P.; Astúa, D.; Brito, D.; Cáceres, N. (2021). \"Philander mcilhennyi\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T136501A197311360. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T136501A197311360.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/136501/197311360","url_text":"\"Philander mcilhennyi\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T136501A197311360.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T136501A197311360.en"}]},{"reference":"Gardner, A.L. (2005). \"Order Didelphimorphia\". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?id=10400155","url_text":"\"Order Didelphimorphia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_E._Wilson","url_text":"Wilson, D.E."},{"url":"http://www.google.com/books?id=JgAMbNSt8ikC&pg=PA16","url_text":"Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8221-0","url_text":"978-0-8018-8221-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/62265494","url_text":"62265494"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BA_y_yo_somos_tres
You and Me Are Three
["1 Cast","2 References","3 External links"]
1962 Argentine filmYou and Me Are ThreeSpanishTú y yo somos tres Directed byRafael GilWritten byRafael García SerranoRodolfo M. Taboada Rafael GilBased onYou and Me Are Threeby Enrique Jardiel PoncelaStarringAnalía GadéAlberto de MendozaPepe RubioCinematographyHeinrich GärtnerEdited byAntonio Ramírez de LoaysaMusic byCarlos FerrariManuel Parada ProductioncompaniesCoral Producciones CinematográficasInternacional Productora de Peliculas ArgentinasDistributed byChamartínRelease date 6 September 1962 (1962-09-06) Running time89 minutesCountriesArgentinaSpainLanguageSpanish You and Me Are Three (Spanish: Tú y yo somos tres) is a 1962 Argentine-Spanish comedy film directed by Rafael Gil. It is about a woman who falls in love by correspondence with a man who turns out to have a conjoined twin. It is based on a play by Enrique Jardiel Poncela. Cast Analía Gadé as Manolina Alberto de Mendoza as Rodolfo Céspedes / Adolfo Céspedes Pepe Rubio as Ramiro Ismael Merlo as Dr. Alberto Cendreras Katia Loritz as Eva Matilde Muñoz Sampedro as Manolina's aunt José Franco as Raimundo Cisneros's uncle Paula Martel  as maiden José María Tasso  as photographer Pilarín Casanova Venancio Moreno Pilar Cano Beni Deus  Laly Soldevila as street girl Erasmo Pascual  Ramón Elías José Morales Julia Caba Alba as Dominga Licia Calderón as Matilde José Isbert as President Manolo Gómez Bur as Cabo Rebollo José Luis López Vázquez as nurse Gómez Ángel de Andrés as chauffeur Gracita Morales as receptionist at the hospital References ^ de España, Rafael. Directory of Spanish and Portuguese Film-Makers and Films. Greenwood Press, 1994. p. 119. ISBN 0313294593. External links You and Me Are Three at IMDb vteFilms directed by Rafael Gil1940s The Man Who Wanted to Kill Himself (1942) Journey to Nowhere (1942) Traces of Light (1943) Eloisa Is Under an Almond Tree (1943) Lessons in Good Love (1944) The Nail (1944) Thirsty Land (1945) The Phantom and Dona Juanita (1945) The Prodigal Woman (1946) The Holy Crown (1947) Don Quixote (1947) The Faith (1947) Mare Nostrum (1948) The Sunless Street (1948) Just Any Woman (1949) Adventures of Juan Lucas (1949) 1950s Saturday Night (1950) Apollo Theatre (1950) The Great Galeoto (1951) Our Lady of Fatima (1951) The Song of Sister Maria (1952) From Madrid to Heaven (1952) I Was a Parish Priest (1953) He Died Fifteen Years Ago (1954) Judas' Kiss (1954) The Other Life of Captain Contreras (1955) The Cock Crow (1955) The Big Lie (1956) Miracle of the White Suit (1956) Let's Make the Impossible! (1958) Luxury Cabin (1959) College Boarding House (1959) 1960s Litri and His Shadow (1960) Darling (1961) Green Harvest (1961) Rogelia (1962) Queen of the Chantecler (1962) You and Me Are Three (1962) The Blackmailers (1963) Pedrito de Andía's New Life (1965) Currito of the Cross (1965) Samba (1965) Road to Rocío (1966) He's My Man! (1966) Another's Wife (1967) Fruit of Temptation (1968) The Sailor with Golden Fists (1968) A Decent Adultery (1969) Blood in the Bullring (1969) 1970s The Locket (1970) The Man Who Wanted to Kill Himself (1970) The Green Envelope (1971) The Doubt (1972) Nothing Less Than a Real Man (1972) The Guerrilla (1973) The King is the Best Mayor (1974) The Good Days Lost (1975) Forget the Drums (1975) Death's Newlyweds (1975) The Legion Like Women (1976) Two Men and Two Women Amongst Them (1977) Father Cami's Wedding (1979) 1980s Spoiled Children (1980) And in the Third Year, He Rose Again (1980) Old Shirt to New Jacket (1982) The Autonomines (1984) The Cheerful Colsada Girls (1984) This article related to an Argentine film of the 1960s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9gis_de_l%27Estourbeillon
Régis de l'Estourbeillon
["1 Publications","2 Notes"]
Régis de l'Estourbeillon dressed in Breton costume at the Celtic Congress of Caernarfon, 1904.Régis-Marie-Joseph de l'Estourbeillon de la Garnache (11 February 1858 - 7 September 1946) was a Breton aristocrat and politician who was associated with Breton regionalist activism. He is generally known as Régis de l'Estourbeillon, but held the title Marquis de l'Estourbeillon. He was born in Nantes. He became interested in preserving Breton regional identity as a young man, founding the Breton Regionalist Union in 1898. He edited La Revue de Bretagne with the Count René de Laigue. The publication appeared from 1902 to 1943. He was elected to the national Chamber of Deputies of France for the department of Morbihan, becoming one of the most active members of Action libérale, a rightist pro-Catholic faction within the Republic. L'Estourbeillon was associated with anti-Dreyfusard views, and attended a "grand reunion antisemite" in Nantes with Jules Guérin in 1898. Liberals and Drefusards left the Breton Regionalist Union to found the rival Blues of Brittany in the same year. In 1909, deputed by the first district of Vannes, he led the delegation to lobby for the teaching of the Breton language in Breton schools and colleges. He attempted to interest the Minister of State for education Gaston Doumergue who refused their request by claiming that "teaching of Breton would support the separatist tendencies". He participated in World War I as a volunteer, joining French forces at the age of 56. For his actions he was decorated with the Croix de guerre 1914-1918 and made Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur. After the war he withdrew from national politics, but continued to pursue his demands for official teaching of the Breton language. In January 1919 he wrote a public declaration reasserting the demand published by Libre parole. In the 1920s he became a member of the Breton cultural movement Seiz Breur, sometimes writing under the Breton pseudonym Hoël Broërec'h. He died at the château de Penhoët, Avessac. Publications Les frairies de la paroisse de Macerac - par le conte Régis de l'Estourbeilon - Inspecteur de la société française d'archéologie, Nantes 1883 Nominoé, père de la patrie - Marquis de l'Estourbeillon, député du Morbihan, directeur de l'Union régionale bretonne - Rennes MCMXII Le droit des langues et la liberté des peuples, Saint-Brieuc, 1919 La Nation bretonne - Conférence sur l'histoire de Bretagne - par Mr de l'Estoubeillon, ancien député du Morbihan, président de l'ORB - 8 septembre 1924 L'Ame de la Bretagne , ses légitimes revendications, rapport présenté par mr de l'Estroubeillon, ancien député au congrès de l'A.N.O. le samedi 20 mai 1933 Pour nos costumes nationaux, la presse seule peut les sauver - Hoël Broërec'h - édité par l'union régionaliste bretonne. Notes ^ Jean Guiffan, La Bretagne et l'Affaire Dreyfus, 1999, Terre de Brume, p. 119 ^ Keltia Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data United States People Sycomore Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Breton regionalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breton_nationalist"},{"link_name":"Nantes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nantes"},{"link_name":"Breton Regionalist Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breton_Regionalist_Union"},{"link_name":"Chamber of Deputies of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_of_France"},{"link_name":"Morbihan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morbihan"},{"link_name":"Action libérale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_lib%C3%A9rale"},{"link_name":"anti-Dreyfusard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Dreyfusard"},{"link_name":"Jules Guérin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Gu%C3%A9rin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Blues of Brittany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleus_de_Bretagne"},{"link_name":"Vannes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vannes"},{"link_name":"Breton language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breton_language"},{"link_name":"Gaston Doumergue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston_Doumergue"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Croix de guerre 1914-1918","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croix_de_guerre_1914-1918"},{"link_name":"Légion d'honneur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9gion_d%27honneur"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Seiz Breur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seiz_Breur"},{"link_name":"Avessac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avessac"}],"text":"Régis-Marie-Joseph de l'Estourbeillon de la Garnache (11 February 1858 - 7 September 1946) was a Breton aristocrat and politician who was associated with Breton regionalist activism. He is generally known as Régis de l'Estourbeillon, but held the title Marquis de l'Estourbeillon.He was born in Nantes. He became interested in preserving Breton regional identity as a young man, founding the Breton Regionalist Union in 1898. He edited La Revue de Bretagne with the Count René de Laigue. The publication appeared from 1902 to 1943.He was elected to the national Chamber of Deputies of France for the department of Morbihan, becoming one of the most active members of Action libérale, a rightist pro-Catholic faction within the Republic. L'Estourbeillon was associated with anti-Dreyfusard views, and attended a \"grand reunion antisemite\" in Nantes with Jules Guérin in 1898.[1] Liberals and Drefusards left the Breton Regionalist Union to found the rival Blues of Brittany in the same year.In 1909, deputed by the first district of Vannes, he led the delegation to lobby for the teaching of the Breton language in Breton schools and colleges. He attempted to interest the Minister of State for education Gaston Doumergue who refused their request by claiming that \"teaching of Breton would support the separatist tendencies\".He participated in World War I as a volunteer, joining French forces at the age of 56. For his actions he was decorated with the Croix de guerre 1914-1918 and made Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur.After the war he withdrew from national politics, but continued to pursue his demands for official teaching of the Breton language. In January 1919 he wrote a public declaration reasserting the demand published by Libre parole.[2]In the 1920s he became a member of the Breton cultural movement Seiz Breur, sometimes writing under the Breton pseudonym Hoël Broërec'h.He died at the château de Penhoët, Avessac.","title":"Régis de l'Estourbeillon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nominoé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominoe"}],"text":"Les frairies de la paroisse de Macerac - par le conte Régis de l'Estourbeilon - Inspecteur de la société française d'archéologie, Nantes 1883\nNominoé, père de la patrie - Marquis de l'Estourbeillon, député du Morbihan, directeur de l'Union régionale bretonne - Rennes MCMXII\nLe droit des langues et la liberté des peuples, Saint-Brieuc, 1919\nLa Nation bretonne - Conférence sur l'histoire de Bretagne - par Mr de l'Estoubeillon, ancien député du Morbihan, président de l'ORB - 8 septembre 1924\nL'Ame de la Bretagne , ses légitimes revendications, rapport présenté par mr de l'Estroubeillon, ancien député au congrès de l'A.N.O. le samedi 20 mai 1933\nPour nos costumes nationaux, la presse seule peut les sauver - Hoël Broërec'h - édité par l'union régionaliste bretonne.","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Keltia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.bzh.com/keltia/galleg/histoire/preuves/bretagne/dcl-0119.htm"},{"link_name":"permanent dead link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3455687#identifiers"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000031255402"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/44337329"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJhd7TVR4FpkH6WMPhrrMP"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12157019r"},{"link_name":"BnF data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12157019r"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n86871098"},{"link_name":"Sycomore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www2.assemblee-nationale.fr/sycomore/fiche/(num_dept)/4166"},{"link_name":"IdRef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.idref.fr/078716969"}],"text":"^ Jean Guiffan, La Bretagne et l'Affaire Dreyfus, 1999, Terre de Brume, p. 119\n\n^ Keltia[permanent dead link]Authority control databases International\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nFrance\nBnF data\nUnited States\nPeople\nSycomore\nOther\nIdRef","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"Régis de l'Estourbeillon dressed in Breton costume at the Celtic Congress of Caernarfon, 1904.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Estourbeillon.jpg/220px-Estourbeillon.jpg"}]
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[{"Link":"http://www.bzh.com/keltia/galleg/histoire/preuves/bretagne/dcl-0119.htm","external_links_name":"Keltia"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000031255402","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/44337329","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJhd7TVR4FpkH6WMPhrrMP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12157019r","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12157019r","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n86871098","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://www2.assemblee-nationale.fr/sycomore/fiche/(num_dept)/4166","external_links_name":"Sycomore"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/078716969","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masakin_language
Ngile language
["1 Dialects","2 References"]
Niger Congo unwritten language NgileDalokaNative toSudanRegionSouth KordofanEthnicityMesakinNative speakers39,000 (2024)Language familyNiger–Congo? KordofanianTalodi–HeibanTalodiNgile–DengebuNgileWriting systemLatin (limited use)Language codesISO 639-3jleGlottologngil1242ELPNgileNgile is classified as Severely Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger Ngile, also known as Daloka, Taloka, Darra, Masakin, Mesakin, is a Niger–Congo unwritten language in the Talodi family spoken in the southern Nuba Mountains in the south of Sudan. It is 80% lexically similar with Dengebu, which is also spoken by the Mesakin people. Dialects Dialects are (Ethnologue, 22nd edition): Masakin Tuwal dialect (spoken in Masakin and Togosilu villages) Daloka dialect (spoken in Daloka and El Aheimar villages) References ^ Ngile at Ethnologue (27th ed., 2024) vteLanguages of SudanOfficial languages Standard Arabic English IndigenouslanguagesNilo-Saharan Daza Dinka Doni Fur Kadallu Kadugli Kanga Keiga Krongo Temein Tese Tulishi Tumtum Zaghawa Niger-Congo Acheron Amira Dengebu Ebang Jomang Katla Ko Kwalib Laro Logol Lumun Moro Nding Ngile Shirumba Tagoi Tegali Tegem Tima Tiro Tocho Torona Utoro Warnang Other Beja Domari Other languages Sudanese Arabic Sudanese Sign Languages vteKordofanian languages (geographic)Talodi–HeibanHeiban Ebang Ko Kwalib Laro Logol Moro Shirumba Tiro Utoro Warnang Talodi Acheron Dagik Jomang Lumun Nding Ngile Tocho Torona Katla-RashadKatla Domorik Kaalak Rashad Tagoi Tegali KaduWestern Kanga Keiga Tulishi Eastern Krongo Tumtum Other Kadugli Lafofa Amira Tegem This article about Kordofanian languages is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Niger–Congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo"},{"link_name":"Talodi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talodi_languages"},{"link_name":"Nuba Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuba_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan"},{"link_name":"Dengebu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dengebu_language"},{"link_name":"Mesakin people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesakin_people"}],"text":"Ngile, also known as Daloka, Taloka, Darra, Masakin, Mesakin, is a Niger–Congo unwritten language in the Talodi family spoken in the southern Nuba Mountains in the south of Sudan. It is 80% lexically similar with Dengebu, which is also spoken by the Mesakin people.","title":"Ngile language"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Dialects are (Ethnologue, 22nd edition):Masakin Tuwal dialect (spoken in Masakin and Togosilu villages)\nDaloka dialect (spoken in Daloka and El Aheimar villages)","title":"Dialects"}]
[]
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[]
[{"Link":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/ngil1242","external_links_name":"ngil1242"},{"Link":"http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/4333","external_links_name":"Ngile"},{"Link":"https://www.ethnologue.com/language/jle","external_links_name":"Ngile"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ngile_language&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_93_armoured_car
Type 93 armoured car
["1 Design and history","2 Notes","3 References","4 External links"]
Japanese interwar armoured car Type 93 armoured car A Type 93 armoured car of the Special Naval Landing ForcesPlace of originEmpire of JapanProduction historyDesigned1933ManufacturerIshikawajima Motorcar Factory (Isuzu)Produced1933No. built5SpecificationsMass4.5 tonsLength4.80 metersWidth1.80 metersHeight2.30 metersCrew4 to 6Armor8-11 mmMainarmament1x 7.7mm Vickers Mk I medium machine gunSecondaryarmament4x 6.5mm Type 91 or Nambu Type 11 machine gunsEnginegasoline (petrol)85 hpSuspensionwheeledOperationalrange170 km (110 mi)Maximum speed 40 km/h road, 59.5 km/h rail The Type 93 armoured car (九三式装甲自動車) was an armoured car used by the Empire of Japan both before and during World War II in China. Design and history The Type 93 was specifically designed to be operated on rail or roads. The vehicle had three axles; to provide better balance and pitch control, a pair of auxiliary metal wheels were mounted behind the front axle. Armament consisted of one 7.7 mm machine gun and four 6.5 mm Type 91 machine guns or four Nambu Type 11 machine guns. Its anti-aircraft machine-gun mount could be stowed inside the top turret. It is also known as the Type 2593 "Hokoku" or Type 93 "Kokusan" armored car. It has also been incorrectly referred to as a Type 92, when the "right designation is Type 93". The Type 93 was originally made for use by the Japanese Navy marine units of the Special Naval Landing Forces. Production was very limited, with an estimate of only five being produced for use in China. The vehicle was considered a superior design to the Chiyoda armored car. The "gable-roof bonnet" was designed to deflect grenades and the front sloping plate of its turret allowed it to fire at the high angle needed to reach the top floors of buildings on the narrow Chinese streets. IJN armored cars were to be used in tactical deployment in the coastal regions of China near ports and Japanese bases. Japanese armored cars in the Battle for Shanghai. Vickers Crossley Armoured Cars and a Type 93 armoured car (second from left) are shown Notes ^ a b c d Taki's Imperial Japanese Army: Type 93 Armored Car ^ a b c d e Tomczyk 2002, p. 80. ^ Daugherty 2002, p. 90. ^ a b Tomczyk 2002, p. 79. ^ Tomczyk 2002, pp. 79, 80. ^ Tomczyk 2002, pp. 79, 87. ^ Tomczyk 2002, pp. 78, 79. References Daugherty, Leo J. (2002). Fighting Techniques of a Japanese Infantryman 1941-1945: Training, Techniques and Weapons. St. Paul, Minn.: MBI. ISBN 0-7603-1145-5. Tomczyk, Andrzej (2002). Japanese Armor Vol. 1. AJ Press. ISBN 83-7237-097-4. External links Taki's Imperial Japanese Army Page - Akira Takizawa vte Japanese armored fighting vehicles of World War IITankettes Type Ka Kijusha Type 92 Jyu-Sokosha Type 94 tankette Type 97 Te-Ke tankette Light tanks Ko-Gata Sensha Otsu-Gata Sensha Type 95 Ha-Go Type 98 Ke-Ni Type 2 Ke-To Type 4 Ke-Nu Medium tanks Type 89 I-Go Type 97 Chi-Ha Type 97 ShinHōtō Type 1 Chi-He Type 3 Chi-Nu Amphibious tanks Type 2 Ka-Mi Type 3 Ka-Chi Self-propelled artillery(including tank destroyers) Type 1 Ho-Ni I Type 1 Ho-Ni II Type 2 Ho-I Type 3 Ho-Ni III Type 4 Ho-Ro Type 4 Ha-To Short barrel 120 mm gun tank Armored cars Vickers Crossley armoured car Wolseley armoured car Chiyoda armored car Type 91 armored railroad car Type 93 armoured car Half-track and full-tracked vehicles Type 98 Ko-Hi Type 98 20 mm AA half-track vehicle Type 98 So-Da Type 1 Ho-Ki Type 1 Ho-Ha Type 4 Chi-So Other SS-Ki Type 94 disinfecting and gas scattering vehicle S B swamp vehicle F B swamp vehicle T B swamp scout vehicle Type 95 So-Ki Type 97 Se-Ri Type 100 Te-Re Ho-K Basso-Ki Type 4 Ka-Tsu Type 4 Work vehicle Prototypes Type 87 Chi-I Type 91 heavy tank Type 95 heavy tank 10 cm SPG Hi-Ro Sha 10 cm SPG Ji-Ro Type 92 A-I-Go Type 97 Chi-Ni Type 1 Mi-Sha Type 97 Ki-To SPAAG Type 98 Chi-Ho O-I Type 98 Ta-Se Type 98 20 mm AAG tank Type 3 Ke-Ri Special number 3 Ku-Ro Type 97 flamethrower tank Type 2 Ke-To work vehicle Type 2 Ku-Se Type 5 Ke-Ho Type 4 Chi-To Type 5 Chi-Ri Type 4 Ho-To Type 5 Ho-Ri Type 5 Ho-Ru Type 5 Ka-To Type 5 Na-To Type 5 To-Ku Naval 12 cm SPG
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"armoured car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armored_car_(military)"},{"link_name":"Empire of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"}],"text":"The Type 93 armoured car (九三式装甲自動車) was an armoured car used by the Empire of Japan both before and during World War II in China.","title":"Type 93 armoured car"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railroad"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaugherty200290-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomczyk200279-4"},{"link_name":"Nambu Type 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_11_light_machine_gun"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomczyk200279,_80-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Taki-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Taki-1"},{"link_name":"Special Naval Landing Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Naval_Landing_Forces"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomczyk200279,_87-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Taki-1"},{"link_name":"Chiyoda armored car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiyoda_armored_car"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomczyk200278,_79-7"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomczyk200279-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dispatched_armored_cars_of_the_Shanghai_Special_Naval_Force_just_after_the_Murder_of_Oyama_and_Saito.jpg"},{"link_name":"Vickers Crossley Armoured Cars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_Crossley_Armoured_Car"}],"text":"The Type 93 was specifically designed to be operated on rail or roads.[3] The vehicle had three axles; to provide better balance and pitch control, a pair of auxiliary metal wheels were mounted behind the front axle.[4] Armament consisted of one 7.7 mm machine gun and four 6.5 mm Type 91 machine guns or four Nambu Type 11 machine guns. Its anti-aircraft machine-gun mount could be stowed inside the top turret.[5][1] It is also known as the Type 2593 \"Hokoku\" or Type 93 \"Kokusan\" armored car. It has also been incorrectly referred to as a Type 92, when the \"right designation is Type 93\".[1]The Type 93 was originally made for use by the Japanese Navy marine units of the Special Naval Landing Forces.[6] Production was very limited, with an estimate of only five being produced for use in China.[1] The vehicle was considered a superior design to the Chiyoda armored car. The \"gable-roof bonnet\" was designed to deflect grenades and the front sloping plate of its turret allowed it to fire at the high angle needed to reach the top floors of buildings on the narrow Chinese streets.[7] IJN armored cars were to be used in tactical deployment in the coastal regions of China near ports and Japanese bases.[4]Japanese armored cars in the Battle for Shanghai. Vickers Crossley Armoured Cars and a Type 93 armoured car (second from left) are shown","title":"Design and history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Taki_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Taki_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Taki_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Taki_1-3"},{"link_name":"Taki's Imperial Japanese Army: Type 93 Armored Car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www3.plala.or.jp/takihome/93car.htm"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomczyk200280_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomczyk200280_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomczyk200280_2-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomczyk200280_2-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomczyk200280_2-4"},{"link_name":"Tomczyk 2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFTomczyk2002"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaugherty200290_3-0"},{"link_name":"Daugherty 2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFDaugherty2002"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomczyk200279_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomczyk200279_4-1"},{"link_name":"Tomczyk 2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFTomczyk2002"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomczyk200279,_80_5-0"},{"link_name":"Tomczyk 2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFTomczyk2002"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomczyk200279,_87_6-0"},{"link_name":"Tomczyk 2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFTomczyk2002"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomczyk200278,_79_7-0"},{"link_name":"Tomczyk 2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFTomczyk2002"}],"text":"^ a b c d Taki's Imperial Japanese Army: Type 93 Armored Car\n\n^ a b c d e Tomczyk 2002, p. 80.\n\n^ Daugherty 2002, p. 90.\n\n^ a b Tomczyk 2002, p. 79.\n\n^ Tomczyk 2002, pp. 79, 80.\n\n^ Tomczyk 2002, pp. 79, 87.\n\n^ Tomczyk 2002, pp. 78, 79.","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"Japanese armored cars in the Battle for Shanghai. Vickers Crossley Armoured Cars and a Type 93 armoured car (second from left) are shown","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Dispatched_armored_cars_of_the_Shanghai_Special_Naval_Force_just_after_the_Murder_of_Oyama_and_Saito.jpg/220px-Dispatched_armored_cars_of_the_Shanghai_Special_Naval_Force_just_after_the_Murder_of_Oyama_and_Saito.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Daugherty, Leo J. (2002). Fighting Techniques of a Japanese Infantryman 1941-1945: Training, Techniques and Weapons. St. Paul, Minn.: MBI. ISBN 0-7603-1145-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7603-1145-5","url_text":"0-7603-1145-5"}]},{"reference":"Tomczyk, Andrzej (2002). Japanese Armor Vol. 1. AJ Press. ISBN 83-7237-097-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-7237-097-4","url_text":"83-7237-097-4"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www3.plala.or.jp/takihome/93car.htm","external_links_name":"Taki's Imperial Japanese Army: Type 93 Armored Car"},{"Link":"http://www3.plala.or.jp/takihome/93car.htm","external_links_name":"Taki's Imperial Japanese Army Page - Akira Takizawa"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sfax_War_Cemetery
Sfax War Cemetery
["1 Notable interments","2 References"]
Coordinates: 34°43′13″N 10°44′01″E / 34.72034°N 10.73369°E / 34.72034; 10.73369Commonwealth War Graves Commission cemetery in Tunisia Sfax War CemeterySfax War CemeteryDetailsLocationSfaxCountryTunisiaCoordinates34°43′13″N 10°44′01″E / 34.72034°N 10.73369°E / 34.72034; 10.73369TypeCommonwealth War Graves Commission cemeteryNo. of interments1,253WebsiteOfficial website Sfax War Cemetery is a war cemetery located near Sfax, Tunisia, currently maintained by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission. It contains a single Commonwealth burial from World War I, 1253 Commonwealth burials from World War II (52 of them have yet to be identified), and the grave of one Greek soldier from World War II. Notable interments Private Eric Anderson VC Colonel Edward Orlando Kellett DSO Second Lieutenant Moana-Nui-a-Kiwa Ngarimu VC Company Havildar-Major Chhelu Ram VC Lieutenant Colonel Derek Anthony Seagrim VC References ^ "Sfax War Cemetery". Commonwealth War Graves Commission. Retrieved 1 November 2014. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sfax War Cemetery.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"war cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_cemetery"},{"link_name":"Sfax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sfax"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth War Graves Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greeks"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Commonwealth War Graves Commission cemetery in TunisiaSfax War Cemetery is a war cemetery located near Sfax, Tunisia, currently maintained by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission. It contains a single Commonwealth burial from World War I, 1253 Commonwealth burials from World War II (52 of them have yet to be identified), and the grave of one Greek soldier from World War II.[1]","title":"Sfax War Cemetery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eric Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Anderson_(VC)"},{"link_name":"VC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Cross"},{"link_name":"Edward Orlando Kellett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Orlando_Kellett"},{"link_name":"DSO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Order"},{"link_name":"Moana-Nui-a-Kiwa Ngarimu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moana-Nui-a-Kiwa_Ngarimu"},{"link_name":"Chhelu Ram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhelu_Ram"},{"link_name":"Derek Anthony Seagrim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_Anthony_Seagrim"}],"text":"Private Eric Anderson VC\nColonel Edward Orlando Kellett DSO\nSecond Lieutenant Moana-Nui-a-Kiwa Ngarimu VC\nCompany Havildar-Major Chhelu Ram VC\nLieutenant Colonel Derek Anthony Seagrim VC","title":"Notable interments"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Sfax War Cemetery\". Commonwealth War Graves Commission. Retrieved 1 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cwgc.org/find-a-cemetery/cemetery/47312/SFAX%20WAR%20CEMETERY","url_text":"\"Sfax War Cemetery\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sfax_War_Cemetery&params=34.72034_N_10.73369_E_type:landmark","external_links_name":"34°43′13″N 10°44′01″E / 34.72034°N 10.73369°E / 34.72034; 10.73369"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sfax_War_Cemetery&params=34.72034_N_10.73369_E_type:landmark","external_links_name":"34°43′13″N 10°44′01″E / 34.72034°N 10.73369°E / 34.72034; 10.73369"},{"Link":"http://www.cwgc.org/find-a-cemetery/cemetery/47312/SFAX%20WAR%20CEMETERY","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"http://www.cwgc.org/find-a-cemetery/cemetery/47312/SFAX%20WAR%20CEMETERY","external_links_name":"\"Sfax War Cemetery\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frozen_Ever_After
Frozen Ever After
["1 History","2 Ride experience","2.1 Florida, Hong Kong and Paris version","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
Coordinates: 28°22′15″N 81°32′47″W / 28.37083°N 81.54639°W / 28.37083; -81.54639Attraction at Epcot in Walt Disney World Frozen Ever AfterAttraction entranceEpcotAreaWorld Showcase, Norway pavilionCoordinates28°22′15″N 81°32′47″W / 28.37083°N 81.54639°W / 28.37083; -81.54639StatusOperatingOpening dateJune 21, 2016ReplacedMaelstrom Hong Kong DisneylandAreaWorld of FrozenStatusOperatingOpening dateNovember 20, 2023 Tokyo DisneySeaNameAnna and Elsa's Frozen JourneyAreaFantasy Springs(Frozen Kingdom)StatusOperatingSoft opening dateMay 16, 2024Opening dateJune 6, 2024 Disney Adventure WorldAreaWorld of FrozenStatusUnder constructionOpening datesecond half of 2025 Ride statisticsAttraction typeReversing Shoot the Chute/Dark rideManufacturerIntaminDesignerWalt Disney ImagineeringModelDark Boat RideThemeFrozenFrozen FeverMusicKristen Anderson-Lopez (music & lyrics) and Robert Lopez (music and lyrics)Drop28 ft (8.5 m)Length964 ft (294 m)Capacity1000 riders per hourVehicle typeViking BoatRiders per vehicle16Rows4Riders per row4 + lapsittersDuration5:00Lift count1Number of drops1 Disney Genie+ Lightning Lane Available Must transfer from wheelchair Assistive listening available Frozen Ever After (under name is Anna and Elsa's Frozen Journey) is a musical reversing Shoot the Chute dark ride in Epcot at the Walt Disney World Resort. Part of the Norway Pavilion of the Epcot's World Showcase section, the attraction features scenes inspired by Disney's animated film Frozen as well as the 2015 animated short Frozen Fever. It opened on June 21, 2016, using the ride vehicles and track layout of the former Maelstrom attraction. A version of the attraction opened at Hong Kong Disneyland on November 20, 2023, as part of The Walt Disney Company's centennial celebration and Tokyo DisneySea on June 6, 2024 with one more scheduled to open at Disney Adventure World in the spring of 2025. History On September 12, 2014, Walt Disney World officials announced that the Maelstrom attraction would be replaced by an attraction based on Frozen. Maelstrom's final day of operation was October 5, 2014. In June 2015, then-Disney Chief Operating Officer Tom Staggs revealed that plans for a Frozen attraction were discussed prior to the film's release, but were accelerated after the film's worldwide success. On responding to whether converting a portion of the Norway pavilion into an attraction based on a fictional place was appropriate for World Showcase, Staggs stated: "If the goal is to give people a taste of something like Scandinavia with the Norway pavilion, then Frozen would only increase the extent to which people would be drawn to it. To me it doesn't seem out-of-character at all." Disney also released the first details on the new attraction and revealed its final name, "Frozen Ever After." The attraction uses the same ride vehicles and course that was used for Maelstrom. The Audio-Animatronic figures for the attraction feature improvements in facial animation that were first used on the Seven Dwarfs Mine Train, which opened in 2014 at the Magic Kingdom. The Audio-Animatronics are also the first ever all-electric Audio-Animatronics, with previous Audio-Animatronics using either pneumatics or hydraulics. While there are no new songs in the attraction, some of the original songs from Frozen have revised lyrics written by the original composers. On May 20, 2016, Disney Parks revealed that the attraction would open June 21 that year. On opening day, the wait times were over five hours long, as the lines started in the China Pavilion. Epcot employees gave out ice cream and water bottles to guests in order to cool off in the hot sun. Ride experience Florida, Hong Kong and Paris version A scene from the ride The Frozen Ever After ride commemorates the anniversary of the day Princess Anna saved her sister, Queen Elsa, from an attempted assassination with an unselfish act of true love, thus thawing a frozen heart and ending the eternal winter. To celebrate the event, Elsa bestowed an "Official Summer Snow Day" upon the Arendelle citizenry, inspiring the amusement ride. Advertisements promoting the winter festival are visible to guests as they queue for the ride. Guests travel through Wandering Oaken's Trading Post and Sauna, where they find Oaken in the sauna waving to them. Riders next board a boat and sail off into a winter wonderland, where they encounter Olaf and Sven greeting guests with a rendition of "Do You Want to Build a Snowman?". Guests then pass Grand Pabbie as he recounts the story of the film to a group of young trolls. Riders next ascend a lift towards Elsa's ice palace. When they reach the top, they find Olaf ice skating and singing "For the First Time in Forever", failing comically with the lyrics. Guests soon pass a singing Anna and Kristoff, while Sven sits on the side with his tongue stuck to a pole. Two gates open and guests see Elsa, who is singing "Let It Go" while conjuring ice. The boats and riders then accelerate backwards down a small dip, passing images of Elsa creating the ice palace. Guests next encounter Marshmallow and the Snowgies from Frozen Fever. The boat moves forward as Marshmallow spits out mist, passing through the mist, and down a short drop, at which an on-ride photo is taken. Riders then pass Arendelle Castle with fireworks bursting over top. Lastly, guests reach Anna, Elsa, and Olaf, who are singing "In Summer", as they return to the village and disembark. See also List of Epcot attractions Norway Pavilion at Epcot List of Hong Kong Disneyland attractions List of Tokyo DisneySea attractions List of Disney Adventure World attractions References ^ a b Fickley-Baker, Jennifer. "Frozen Ever After Attraction Set to Open at Epcot in June". Disney Parks Blog. Retrieved 20 April 2016. ^ a b Fickley-Baker, Jennifer. "Frozen Ever After Attraction & Royal Sommerhus Set to Open at Epcot June 21". Disney Parks Blog. Retrieved 20 May 2016. ^ "Maelstrom". disneyworld.com. Coaster 101. Retrieved 3 December 2019. ^ Tom Staggs (September 12, 2014). "'Frozen' Attraction Coming to Epcot". Disney Parks Blog. Retrieved September 12, 2014. ^ McNary, Dave (September 12, 2014). "Disney Adding 'Frozen' Attraction at Epcot". Variety. Retrieved September 12, 2014. ^ Pallotta, Frank (15 September 2014). "Yet another 'Frozen' spinoff: An Epcot theme park attraction". CNN Money. Retrieved 29 September 2014. ^ "Maelstrom". disneyworld.com. Disney Parks. Archived from the original on 5 October 2014. Retrieved 5 October 2014. ^ a b c d e f Fritz, Ben (June 9, 2015). "'Frozen Ever After:' An Exclusive Look at Disney's Upcoming Attraction". wsj.com. Dow Jones & Company, Inc. Retrieved June 9, 2015. ^ Porges, Seth (October 13, 2016). "9 Things You (Probably) Didn't Know About Disney's New 'Frozen' Ride". Forbes. Retrieved November 2, 2016. ^ "Disney's 'Frozen Ever After' ride opens with 5 hour waits". External links Official site Official site Official site Media related to Frozen Ever After at Wikimedia Commons vteDisney's FrozenFeature films Frozen (2013) accolades Frozen II (2019) accolades Shorts Frozen Fever (2015) Olaf's Frozen Adventure (2017) Once Upon a Snowman (2020) Olaf Presents (2021) Characters Anna Elsa Olaf Kristoff Sven Hans MusicFrozen "Frozen Heart" "Do You Want to Build a Snowman?" "For the First Time in Forever" "Love Is an Open Door" "Let It Go" "Reindeer(s) Are Better Than People" "In Summer" "Fixer Upper" Frozen II "All Is Found" "Into the Unknown" "Lost in the Woods" "Show Yourself" "The Next Right Thing" Other "Life's Too Short" "Making Today a Perfect Day" "Monster" Live shows For the First Time in Forever: A Frozen Sing-Along Celebration Frozen – Live at the Hyperion Frozen (musical) Video games Frozen: Olaf's Quest (2013) Related Disney Infinity (2013) Disney Magical World 2 (2015) Disney Magic Kingdoms (2016) Kingdom Hearts III (2019) Disney Mirrorverse (2022) Disney Dreamlight Valley (2023) Literature The Art of Frozen Conceal, Don't Feel: A Twisted Tale Frozen 2: Dangerous Secrets Related "The Snow Queen" World of Frozen Frozen Ever After Wandering Oaken's Sliding Sleighs Fantasy Springs The Story of Frozen: Making a Disney Animated Classic (2014) Into the Unknown: Making Frozen II (2020) Ralph Breaks the Internet (2018) Once Upon a Studio (2023) Once Upon a Time (season 4) High School Musical: The Musical: The Series (season 3) "Frozen" (political advertisement) Category vteEpcotAttractionsWorld Celebration Spaceship Earth Club Cool Imagination! ImageWorks: The What-If Labs Journey into Imagination with Figment World Discovery Mission: Space Space 220 Restaurant Test Track Guardians of the Galaxy: Cosmic Rewind World Nature The Land Living with the Land Soarin' Over California The Seas The Seas with Nemo & Friends Coral Reef Restaurant Turtle Talk with Crush Journey of Water World Showcase The American Adventure Canada Canada Far and Wide China France Impressions de France Remy's Ratatouille Adventure Germany Italy Japan Luminous: The Symphony of Us Mexico Gran Fiesta Tour Starring The Three Caballeros Morocco Norway Frozen Ever After United Kingdom Annual events International Flower & Garden Festival International Food & Wine Festival Disney's Candlelight Processional Future attractions Play! Animation Academy Other Utilidor System Walt Disney World Monorail System Disney Skyliner Related EPCOT (concept) EPCOT Magazine Figment Epcot Center Ultralight Flightpark vteHong Kong DisneylandAttractionsMain Street U.S.A. Animation Academy Art of Animation Hong Kong Disneyland Railroad Adventureland Festival of the Lion King Jungle River Cruise Rafts to Tarzan Island and Tarzan's Treehouse Fantasyland Cinderella Carousel Dumbo the Flying Elephant Hong Kong Disneyland Railroad It's a Small World Mad Hatter Tea Cups The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh Mickey's PhilharMagic Castle of Magical Dreams Tomorrowland Hyperspace Mountain Orbitron Stark Expo Ant-Man and The Wasp: Nano Battle! Iron Man Experience Toy Story Land RC Racer Slinky Dog Spin Toy Soldiers Parachute Drop Grizzly Gulch Big Grizzly Mountain Runaway Mine Cars Mystic Point Mystic Manor World of Frozen Frozen Ever After Wandering Oaken's Sliding Sleighs vteTokyo DisneySeaAttractionsMediterranean Harbor DisneySea Transit Steamer Line Fortress Explorations Soaring: Fantastic Flight Venetian Gondolas American Waterfront DisneySea Electric Railway DisneySea Transit Steamer Line Tower of Terror Toy Story Mania! Turtle Talk Port Discovery Aquatopia DisneySea Electric Railway Nemo & Friends SeaRider Lost River Delta DisneySea Transit Steamer Line Indiana Jones Adventure: Temple of the Crystal Skull Raging Spirits Fantasy Springs Peter Pan's Never Land Adventure Fairy Tinker Bell's Busy Buggies Anna and Elsa's Frozen Journey Rapunzel's Lantern Festival Arabian Coast Jasmine's Flying Carpets Sindbad's Storybook Voyage Mermaid Lagoon Jumpin' Jellyfish Mysterious Island 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea Journey to the Center of the Earth Entertainment Believe! Sea of Dreams Big Band Beat Jamboree Mickey! Let's Dance! Other Storytellers Duffy the Disney Bear vteWalt Disney Studios ParkAttractionsFront Lot Disney Studio 1 Earffel Tower Toon Studio Animation Celebration Animation Academy Flying Carpets Over Agrabah Worlds of Pixar Crush's Coaster Cars Quatre Roues Rallye Cars Road Trip Ratatouille: L'Aventure Totalement Toquée de Rémy Toy Story Playland RC Racer Slinky Dog Zigzag Spin Toy Soldiers Parachute Drop Avengers Campus Paris Avengers Assemble: Flight Force Spider-Man W.E.B. Adventure Production Courtyard Studio D Stitch Live! Disney Junior Dream Factory The Twilight Zone Tower of Terror Closed Attractions CinéMagique Animagique Backlot Armageddon – Les Effets Speciaux Moteurs... Action!: Stunt Show Spectacular Rock 'n' Roller Coaster Avec Aerosmith Disney Junior - Live on Stage! Star Wars: A Galactic Celebration Studio Tram Tour: Behind the Magic Future Attractions Kingdom of Arendelle Frozen Ever After Other Partners vteAttractions at Disney ParksAdventureland Adventure Isle The Enchanted Tiki Room: Stitch Presents Aloha e Komo Mai! Indiana Jones Adventure Indiana Jones et le Temple du Péril Jungle Cruise Le Passage Enchanté d'Aladdin The Magic Carpets of Aladdin Pirates of the Caribbean Roaring Rapids Swiss Family Treehouse Tarzan's Treehouse Walt Disney's Enchanted Tiki Room Western River Railroad Africa and Rafiki's Planet Watch Gorilla Falls Exploration Trail Kilimanjaro Safaris Wildlife Express Train Asia Expedition Everest Kali River Rapids Maharajah Jungle Trek Avengers Campus(Stark Expo) Ant-Man and The Wasp: Nano Battle! Avengers Assemble: Flight Force Guardians of the Galaxy – Mission: Breakout! Iron Man Experience Web Slingers: A Spider-Man Adventure Critter Country Davy Crockett Explorer Canoes Splash Mountain DinoLand U.S.A. Dinosaur Finding Nemo: The Big Blue... and Beyond! Fantasyland 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea: Submarine Voyage Alice in Wonderland Alice's Curious Labyrinth Ariel's Grotto The Barnstormer Casey Jr. Circus Train Casey Jr. Splash 'n' Soak Station Castle of Magical Dreams Cinderella Castle Dumbo the Flying Elephant Enchanted Storybook Castle Enchanted Tale of Beauty and the Beast Fantasyland Theatre Frozen: A Sing-Along Celebration It's a Small World King Arthur Carrousel Le Carrousel de Lancelot Le Château de la Belle au Bois Dormant Mad Tea Party The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh Matterhorn Bobsleds Mickey's PhilharMagic Mr. Toad's Wild Ride Pete's Silly Sideshow Peter Pan's Flight Pinocchio's Daring Journey Pixie Hollow Pooh's Hunny Hunt Prince Charming Regal Carrousel Seven Dwarfs Mine Train Sleeping Beauty Castle Snow White Grotto Snow White's Enchanted Wish Storybook Land Canal Boats Voyage to the Crystal Grotto Frontierland(Westernland, Grizzly Gulch) Big Grizzly Mountain Runaway Mine Cars Big Thunder Mountain Railroad Country Bear Jamboree Fantasmic! Frontierland Shootin' Arcade Golden Horseshoe Saloon Mark Twain Riverboat Phantom Manor Tom Sawyer Island River Rogue Keel Boats Sailing Ship Columbia Liberty Square The Hall of Presidents Main Street, U.S.A.(World Bazaar, Mickey Avenue) The Disney Gallery Disneyland Railroad Anaheim Paris Great Moments with Mr. Lincoln Hong Kong Disneyland Railroad Walt Disney World Railroad Mickey's Toontown Gadget's Go Coaster Mickey and Minnie's Runaway Railway Mickey's House and Meet Mickey Roger Rabbit's Car Toon Spin Mystic Point Mystic Manor Pandora – The World of Avatar Avatar Flight of Passage Na'vi River Journey Pixar Pier Games of Pixar Pier Incredicoaster Jessie's Critter Carousel Pixar Pal-A-Round Tomorrowland(Discoveryland) Astro Orbiter Autopia Buzz Lightyear Astro Blasters Disneyland Monorail System Finding Nemo Submarine Voyage Jet Packs Monsters, Inc. Laugh Floor Monsters, Inc. Ride & Go Seek Les Mystères du Nautilus PeopleMover Space Mountain Starcade Star Tours – The Adventures Continue Star Wars Launch Bay Stitch Encounter Star Wars: Path of the Jedi Tron Lightcycle Power Run Videopolis Walt Disney's Carousel of Progress Former Captain EO Innoventions Jedi Training: Trials of the Temple Stitch's Great Escape! Star Wars: Galaxy's Edge Star Wars: Millennium Falcon – Smugglers Run Star Wars: Rise of the Resistance Toy Story Land(Toy Story Playland) Alien Swirling Saucers RC Racer Slinky Dog Zigzag Spin Slinky Dog Dash Toy Soldiers Parachute Drop Treasure Cove Pirates of the Caribbean: Battle for the Sunken Treasure World Celebration Spaceship Earth Imagination! Journey into Imagination with Figment World Discovery Mission: Space Test Track Guardians of the Galaxy: Cosmic Rewind World Nature The Land Living with the Land The Seas with Nemo & Friends World of Frozen(Frozen Kingdom) Frozen Ever After World Showcase The American Adventure Canada Canada Far and Wide China Reflections of China France Impressions de France Germany Italy Japan Mexico Gran Fiesta Tour Starring The Three Caballeros Morocco Norway United Kingdom All different areas Animation Academy Festival of the Lion King The Haunted Mansion The Little Mermaid: Ariel's Undersea Adventure Remy's Ratatouille Adventure Soarin' Toy Story (Midway) Mania! Turtle Talk with Crush Honey, I Shrunk the Audience! Tiana's Bayou Adventure
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shoot the Chute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoot_the_Chute"},{"link_name":"Epcot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epcot"},{"link_name":"Walt Disney World Resort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_World_Resort"},{"link_name":"Norway Pavilion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_Pavilion_at_Epcot"},{"link_name":"World Showcase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Showcase"},{"link_name":"Disney's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_Animation_Studios"},{"link_name":"Frozen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frozen_(2013_film)"},{"link_name":"Frozen Fever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frozen_Fever"},{"link_name":"Maelstrom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maelstrom_(ride)"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong Disneyland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Disneyland"},{"link_name":"Tokyo DisneySea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_DisneySea"},{"link_name":"Disney Adventure World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_Studios_Park"}],"text":"Attraction at Epcot in Walt Disney WorldFrozen Ever After (under name is Anna and Elsa's Frozen Journey) is a musical reversing Shoot the Chute dark ride in Epcot at the Walt Disney World Resort. Part of the Norway Pavilion of the Epcot's World Showcase section, the attraction features scenes inspired by Disney's animated film Frozen as well as the 2015 animated short Frozen Fever. It opened on June 21, 2016, using the ride vehicles and track layout of the former Maelstrom attraction. A version of the attraction opened at Hong Kong Disneyland on November 20, 2023, as part of The Walt Disney Company's centennial celebration and Tokyo DisneySea on June 6, 2024 with one more scheduled to open at Disney Adventure World in the spring of 2025.","title":"Frozen Ever After"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maelstrom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maelstrom_(ride)"},{"link_name":"Frozen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frozen_(franchise)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maelstorm_official_page-7"},{"link_name":"Tom Staggs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_O._Staggs"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frozen-Reveal-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frozen-Reveal-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frozen-Reveal-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frozen-Reveal-8"},{"link_name":"Audio-Animatronic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio-Animatronics"},{"link_name":"Seven Dwarfs Mine Train","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Dwarfs_Mine_Train"},{"link_name":"Magic Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frozen-Reveal-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frozen-Reveal-8"},{"link_name":"Disney Parks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_Parks_and_Resorts"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Official_Opening-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Opening_June_21-2"},{"link_name":"China Pavilion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Pavilion_at_Epcot"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"On September 12, 2014, Walt Disney World officials announced that the Maelstrom attraction would be replaced by an attraction based on Frozen.[4][5][6] Maelstrom's final day of operation was October 5, 2014.[7]In June 2015, then-Disney Chief Operating Officer Tom Staggs revealed that plans for a Frozen attraction were discussed prior to the film's release, but were accelerated after the film's worldwide success.[8] On responding to whether converting a portion of the Norway pavilion into an attraction based on a fictional place was appropriate for World Showcase, Staggs stated: \"If the goal is to give people a taste of something like Scandinavia with the Norway pavilion, then Frozen would only increase the extent to which people would be drawn to it. To me it doesn't seem out-of-character at all.\"[8]Disney also released the first details on the new attraction and revealed its final name, \"Frozen Ever After.\"[8] The attraction uses the same ride vehicles and course that was used for Maelstrom.[8] The Audio-Animatronic figures for the attraction feature improvements in facial animation that were first used on the Seven Dwarfs Mine Train, which opened in 2014 at the Magic Kingdom.[8] The Audio-Animatronics are also the first ever all-electric Audio-Animatronics, with previous Audio-Animatronics using either pneumatics or hydraulics.[9] While there are no new songs in the attraction, some of the original songs from Frozen have revised lyrics written by the original composers.[8]On May 20, 2016, Disney Parks revealed that the attraction would open June 21 that year.[1][2] On opening day, the wait times were over five hours long, as the lines started in the China Pavilion. Epcot employees gave out ice cream and water bottles to guests in order to cool off in the hot sun.[10]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Ride experience"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Frozen_Ever_After_(27746209702).jpg"},{"link_name":"Princess Anna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_(Frozen)"},{"link_name":"Queen Elsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsa_(Frozen)"},{"link_name":"Olaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olaf_(Frozen)"},{"link_name":"Sven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sven_(Frozen)"},{"link_name":"Do You Want to Build a Snowman?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do_You_Want_to_Build_a_Snowman%3F"},{"link_name":"For the First Time in Forever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/For_the_First_Time_in_Forever"},{"link_name":"Kristoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristoff_(Frozen)"},{"link_name":"Let It Go","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let_It_Go_(Disney_song)"},{"link_name":"Frozen Fever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frozen_Fever"},{"link_name":"on-ride photo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-ride_photo"},{"link_name":"In Summer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Summer"}],"sub_title":"Florida, Hong Kong and Paris version","text":"A scene from the rideThe Frozen Ever After ride commemorates the anniversary of the day Princess Anna saved her sister, Queen Elsa, from an attempted assassination with an unselfish act of true love, thus thawing a frozen heart and ending the eternal winter. To celebrate the event, Elsa bestowed an \"Official Summer Snow Day\" upon the Arendelle citizenry, inspiring the amusement ride.Advertisements promoting the winter festival are visible to guests as they queue for the ride. Guests travel through Wandering Oaken's Trading Post and Sauna, where they find Oaken in the sauna waving to them. Riders next board a boat and sail off into a winter wonderland, where they encounter Olaf and Sven greeting guests with a rendition of \"Do You Want to Build a Snowman?\". Guests then pass Grand Pabbie as he recounts the story of the film to a group of young trolls.Riders next ascend a lift towards Elsa's ice palace. When they reach the top, they find Olaf ice skating and singing \"For the First Time in Forever\", failing comically with the lyrics. Guests soon pass a singing Anna and Kristoff, while Sven sits on the side with his tongue stuck to a pole. Two gates open and guests see Elsa, who is singing \"Let It Go\" while conjuring ice. The boats and riders then accelerate backwards down a small dip, passing images of Elsa creating the ice palace.Guests next encounter Marshmallow and the Snowgies from Frozen Fever. The boat moves forward as Marshmallow spits out mist, passing through the mist, and down a short drop, at which an on-ride photo is taken. Riders then pass Arendelle Castle with fireworks bursting over top. Lastly, guests reach Anna, Elsa, and Olaf, who are singing \"In Summer\", as they return to the village and disembark.","title":"Ride experience"}]
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[{"title":"List of Epcot attractions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Epcot_attractions"},{"title":"Norway Pavilion at Epcot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_Pavilion_at_Epcot"},{"title":"List of Hong Kong Disneyland attractions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Hong_Kong_Disneyland_attractions"},{"title":"List of Tokyo DisneySea attractions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Tokyo_DisneySea_attractions"},{"title":"List of Disney Adventure World attractions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Walt_Disney_Studios_Park_attractions"}]
[{"reference":"Fickley-Baker, Jennifer. \"Frozen Ever After Attraction Set to Open at Epcot in June\". Disney Parks Blog. Retrieved 20 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://disneyparks.disney.go.com/blog/2016/04/frozen-ever-after-attraction-set-to-open-at-epcot-in-june/","url_text":"\"Frozen Ever After Attraction Set to Open at Epcot in June\""}]},{"reference":"Fickley-Baker, Jennifer. \"Frozen Ever After Attraction & Royal Sommerhus Set to Open at Epcot June 21\". Disney Parks Blog. Retrieved 20 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://disneyparks.disney.go.com/blog/2016/05/frozen-ever-after-attraction-royal-sommerhus-set-to-open-at-epcot-june-21/","url_text":"\"Frozen Ever After Attraction & Royal Sommerhus Set to Open at Epcot June 21\""}]},{"reference":"\"Maelstrom\". disneyworld.com. Coaster 101. Retrieved 3 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.coaster101.com/2016/06/24/secrets-behind-frozen-ever/","url_text":"\"Maelstrom\""}]},{"reference":"Tom Staggs (September 12, 2014). \"'Frozen' Attraction Coming to Epcot\". Disney Parks Blog. Retrieved September 12, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_O._Staggs","url_text":"Tom Staggs"},{"url":"http://disneyparks.disney.go.com/blog/2014/09/frozen-attraction-coming-to-epcot/","url_text":"\"'Frozen' Attraction Coming to Epcot\""}]},{"reference":"McNary, Dave (September 12, 2014). \"Disney Adding 'Frozen' Attraction at Epcot\". Variety. Retrieved September 12, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2014/film/news/disney-frozen-epcot-1201304634/","url_text":"\"Disney Adding 'Frozen' Attraction at Epcot\""}]},{"reference":"Pallotta, Frank (15 September 2014). \"Yet another 'Frozen' spinoff: An Epcot theme park attraction\". CNN Money. Retrieved 29 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://money.cnn.com/2014/09/12/media/disney-frozen-ride/index.html?iid=EL","url_text":"\"Yet another 'Frozen' spinoff: An Epcot theme park attraction\""}]},{"reference":"\"Maelstrom\". disneyworld.com. Disney Parks. Archived from the original on 5 October 2014. Retrieved 5 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141005175403/https://disneyworld.disney.go.com/attractions/epcot/maelstrom/","url_text":"\"Maelstrom\""},{"url":"https://disneyworld.disney.go.com/attractions/epcot/maelstrom/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Fritz, Ben (June 9, 2015). \"'Frozen Ever After:' An Exclusive Look at Disney's Upcoming Attraction\". wsj.com. Dow Jones & Company, Inc. Retrieved June 9, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2015/06/09/frozen-ever-after-an-exclusive-look-at-disneys-upcoming-attraction/","url_text":"\"'Frozen Ever After:' An Exclusive Look at Disney's Upcoming Attraction\""}]},{"reference":"Porges, Seth (October 13, 2016). \"9 Things You (Probably) Didn't Know About Disney's New 'Frozen' Ride\". Forbes. Retrieved November 2, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/sethporges/2016/10/13/9-things-you-probably-didnt-know-about-disneys-new-frozen-ride/#3523999a30df","url_text":"\"9 Things You (Probably) Didn't Know About Disney's New 'Frozen' Ride\""}]},{"reference":"\"Disney's 'Frozen Ever After' ride opens with 5 hour waits\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.clickorlando.com/theme-parks/2016/06/21/disneys-frozen-ever-after-ride-opens-with-5-hour-waits/","url_text":"\"Disney's 'Frozen Ever After' ride opens with 5 hour waits\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Frozen_Ever_After&params=28_22_15_N_81_32_47_W_region:US_type:landmark_source:kolossus-frwiki","external_links_name":"28°22′15″N 81°32′47″W / 28.37083°N 81.54639°W / 28.37083; -81.54639"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Frozen_Ever_After&params=28_22_15_N_81_32_47_W_region:US_type:landmark_source:kolossus-frwiki","external_links_name":"28°22′15″N 81°32′47″W / 28.37083°N 81.54639°W / 28.37083; -81.54639"},{"Link":"https://disneyparks.disney.go.com/blog/2016/04/frozen-ever-after-attraction-set-to-open-at-epcot-in-june/","external_links_name":"\"Frozen Ever After Attraction Set to Open at Epcot in June\""},{"Link":"https://disneyparks.disney.go.com/blog/2016/05/frozen-ever-after-attraction-royal-sommerhus-set-to-open-at-epcot-june-21/","external_links_name":"\"Frozen Ever After Attraction & Royal Sommerhus Set to Open at Epcot June 21\""},{"Link":"https://www.coaster101.com/2016/06/24/secrets-behind-frozen-ever/","external_links_name":"\"Maelstrom\""},{"Link":"http://disneyparks.disney.go.com/blog/2014/09/frozen-attraction-coming-to-epcot/","external_links_name":"\"'Frozen' Attraction Coming to Epcot\""},{"Link":"https://variety.com/2014/film/news/disney-frozen-epcot-1201304634/","external_links_name":"\"Disney Adding 'Frozen' Attraction at Epcot\""},{"Link":"https://money.cnn.com/2014/09/12/media/disney-frozen-ride/index.html?iid=EL","external_links_name":"\"Yet another 'Frozen' spinoff: An Epcot theme park attraction\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141005175403/https://disneyworld.disney.go.com/attractions/epcot/maelstrom/","external_links_name":"\"Maelstrom\""},{"Link":"https://disneyworld.disney.go.com/attractions/epcot/maelstrom/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2015/06/09/frozen-ever-after-an-exclusive-look-at-disneys-upcoming-attraction/","external_links_name":"\"'Frozen Ever After:' An Exclusive Look at Disney's Upcoming Attraction\""},{"Link":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/sethporges/2016/10/13/9-things-you-probably-didnt-know-about-disneys-new-frozen-ride/#3523999a30df","external_links_name":"\"9 Things You (Probably) Didn't Know About Disney's New 'Frozen' Ride\""},{"Link":"https://www.clickorlando.com/theme-parks/2016/06/21/disneys-frozen-ever-after-ride-opens-with-5-hour-waits/","external_links_name":"\"Disney's 'Frozen Ever After' ride opens with 5 hour waits\""},{"Link":"https://disneyworld.disney.go.com/attractions/epcot/frozen-ever-after/","external_links_name":"Official site"},{"Link":"https://www.hongkongdisneyland.com/attractions/frozen-ever-after/","external_links_name":"Official site"},{"Link":"https://www.tokyodisneyresort.jp/en/tds/attraction/detail/255/","external_links_name":"Official site"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadma_(Jamshedpur)
Kadma, Jamshedpur
["1 Civic administration","2 See also","3 References"]
Coordinates: 22°48′21″N 86°09′57″E / 22.80583°N 86.16583°E / 22.80583; 86.16583This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Kadma, Jamshedpur" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Residential area in Jamshedpur in IndiaKadmaResidential area in JamshedpurKadmaCoordinates: 22°48′21″N 86°09′57″E / 22.80583°N 86.16583°E / 22.80583; 86.16583CountryIndiaCityJamshedpurGovernment • TypeTata company quarters' area are governed by JUSCO, while large part of residential areas are governed by JNAC.Population • Total100,000Time zoneGMT + 0530PIN Code831005 Kadma is a neighbourhood in the city of Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, India. It is a residential area. The area has both the residential quarters of Tata Steel and private residential apartment buildings. Civic administration There is a police station at Kadma. See also Bistupur Sakchi Sonari, Jamshedpur List of neighbourhoods of Jamshedpur References ^ "District Police Profile – East Singhbhum". Jharkhand Police. Retrieved 30 December 2021. This article related to a location in Jharkhand is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"District Police Profile – East Singhbhum\". Jharkhand Police. Retrieved 30 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://jhpolice.gov.in/east-singhbhum","url_text":"\"District Police Profile – East Singhbhum\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TESO_(Austrian_hacker_group)
TESO (Austrian hacker group)
["1 History","2 Achievements","3 Quotes","4 Members and name","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
Hacker group This article is about a hacker group. For the Ugandan ethnic group, see Iteso. For the ferryboat service to the Dutch island of Texel, see Royal TESO. For the video game, see The Elder Scrolls Online. This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (April 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) TESO was a hacker group, which originated in Austria. It was active from 1998 to 2004, and during its peak around 2000, it was responsible for a significant share of the exploits on the bugtraq mailing list. History TESO Research Lab In 1998, Teso was founded, and quickly grew to 6 people, which first met in 1999 at the CCC Camp near Berlin. By 2000, the group was at its peak, and started speaking on various conferences, wrote articles for Phrack and released security tools and exploits at a very high pace. Some of its exploits only became known after leaking to the community. This included exploits for wu-ftp, apache, and openssh. 2000 First remote vulnerability in OpenBSD followed by a series of remote exploits against OpenBSD (some co-authored with ADM). Forced OpenBSD to remove the claim from the OpenBSD webpage "7 years without vulnerability". In September 2001 released comprehensive Format String Research Paper by scut describing uncontrolled format string vulnerabilities. In 2003, the group informally disbanded, and in 2004 the website went down. Achievements In 2000, developed hellkit, the first shellcode generator. In 2000, wrote TesoGCC, the first format string vulnerability scanner, and the first comprehensive guide on format string exploitation. BurnEye team member is widely believed to be one of the first proper ELF executable crypters. Quotes ADM and TESO made almost inappropriately large splashes in the community when they were active. Almost all their exploits were beyond the standard, and at times it seemed they were the ones finding all the new bug-classes. But at their peak, they couldn't have been very large groups. Certainly smaller than the reverse engineering and security group at a good sized IDS/IPS company these days. — Abdullah Khann, CEO and Founder of Immunity, Inc. Members and name The original crew from left to right: Typo (Paul Bohm), Scut, Oxigen, Edi, Hendy The name originally was an acronym of the nicknames of the original founders (typo, edi, stanly, oxigen), but as many of the most skilled members joined later, this interpretation quickly became meaningless. Teso originally and during its peak was a small and tightly knit group. A full list of members does not appear to exist, but if public sources can be trusted, at least the following members existed: Abdullah Khann caddis edi halvar hendy lorian oxigen palmers randomizer scut, published in September 2001 Exploiting format strings vulnerabilies paper smiler skyper stealth/S.Krahmer stanly typo aka Paul Bohm xdr/mdr zip See also Goatse Security w00w00 - A rivaling hacking group. Some research and releases were published together with w00w00 members. The Hacker's Choice - Some team-teso members joined THC after TESO was disbanded. References ^ http://archives.neohapsis.com/archives/dailydave/2005-q2/0386.html Abdullah on TESO ^ Source: http://downloads.securityfocus.com/vulnerabilities/exploits/bsdchpass-exp.c ^ a b c Source: http://www.trust-us.ch/phrack/phrack/62/p62-0x04_Prophile_on_scut.txt ^ Source: http://www.ccc.de/congress/2001/fahrplan/event/255.de.html ^ Source: http://marc.info/?l=bugtraq&m=99385173302656&w=2 ^ a b c "examples / Network Security Assessment". GitLab. Retrieved 2022-07-21. ^ Source: http://freeworld.thc.org/root/docs/loadable_kernel_modules/p58-0x06.txt ^ Source: http://mixter.void.ru/about.html ^ "Files ≈ Packet Storm". packetstormsecurity.com. Retrieved 2022-07-21. ^ http://julianor.tripod.com/bc/formatstring-1.2.pdf>Exploiting format strings vulnerabilies ^ a b "Files ≈ Packet Storm". ^ "Files ≈ Packet Storm". packetstormsecurity.com. Retrieved 2022-07-21. ^ "Files ≈ Packet Storm". packetstormsecurity.com. Retrieved 2022-07-21. External links Dave Aitel on TESO Packetstorm TESO Archive
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Iteso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iteso"},{"link_name":"Royal TESO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_TESO"},{"link_name":"The Elder Scrolls Online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Elder_Scrolls_Online"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Team_TESO_Logo.gif"},{"link_name":"hacker group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hacker_(computer_security)"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"exploits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploit_(computer_security)"},{"link_name":"bugtraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugtraq"}],"text":"This article is about a hacker group. For the Ugandan ethnic group, see Iteso. For the ferryboat service to the Dutch island of Texel, see Royal TESO. For the video game, see The Elder Scrolls Online.TESO was a hacker group, which originated in Austria. It was active from 1998 to 2004, and during its peak around 2000, it was responsible for a significant share of the exploits on the bugtraq mailing list.","title":"TESO (Austrian hacker group)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Research_Lab.jpg"},{"link_name":"CCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaos_Computer_Club"},{"link_name":"Phrack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrack"},{"link_name":"wu-ftp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu-ftp"},{"link_name":"apache","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache"},{"link_name":"openssh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Openssh"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.exploit-db.com/exploits/20271"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Format String Research Paper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//julianor.tripod.com/bc/formatstring-1.2.pdf"},{"link_name":"uncontrolled format string","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncontrolled_format_string"}],"text":"TESO Research LabIn 1998, Teso was founded, and quickly grew to 6 people, which first met in 1999 at the CCC Camp near Berlin.By 2000, the group was at its peak, and started speaking on various conferences, wrote articles for Phrack and released security tools and exploits at a very high pace. Some of its exploits only became known after leaking to the community. This included exploits for wu-ftp, apache, and openssh.2000 First remote vulnerability [1] in OpenBSD followed by a series of remote exploits against OpenBSD (some co-authored with ADM). Forced OpenBSD to remove the claim from the OpenBSD webpage \"7 years without vulnerability\"[citation needed].In September 2001 released comprehensive Format String Research Paper by scut describing uncontrolled format string vulnerabilities.In 2003, the group informally disbanded, and in 2004 the website went down.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hellkit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//packetstormsecurity.com/groups/teso/hellkit-1.2.tar.gz"},{"link_name":"shellcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shellcode"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"vulnerability scanner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulnerability_scanner"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"In 2000, developed hellkit, the first shellcode generator.[citation needed]\nIn 2000, wrote TesoGCC, the first format string vulnerability scanner, and the first comprehensive guide on format string exploitation.[citation needed]\nBurnEye team member is widely believed to be one of the first proper ELF executable crypters.[citation needed]","title":"Achievements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-neohapsis1-1"}],"text":"ADM and TESO made almost inappropriately large splashes in the community when they were active. Almost all their exploits were beyond the standard, and at times it seemed they were the ones finding all the new bug-classes. But at their peak, they couldn't have been very large groups. Certainly smaller than the reverse engineering and security group at a good sized IDS/IPS company these days.\n— Abdullah Khann, CEO and Founder of Immunity, Inc.[1]","title":"Quotes"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Teso_Crew_1999_at_CCC_Camp.jpg"},{"link_name":"Paul Bohm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Bohm&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"acronym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acronym"},{"link_name":"nicknames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickname"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-securityfocus1-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trust-us1-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ccc1-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-marc1-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oreilly1-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trust-us1-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thc1-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-void1-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-packetstormsecurity1-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oreilly1-6"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-packetstormsecurity3-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-packetstormsecurity2-12"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trust-us1-3"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-packetstormsecurity4-13"},{"link_name":"Paul Bohm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Bohm&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-packetstormsecurity3-11"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oreilly1-6"}],"text":"The original crew from left to right: Typo (Paul Bohm), Scut, Oxigen, Edi, HendyThe name originally was an acronym of the nicknames of the original founders (typo, edi, stanly, oxigen), but as many of the most skilled members joined later, this interpretation quickly became meaningless. Teso originally and during its peak was a small and tightly knit group. A full list of members does not appear to exist, but if public sources can be trusted, at least the following members existed:Abdullah Khann\ncaddis[2]\nedi[3]\nhalvar[4]\nhendy[5]\nlorian[6]\noxigen[3]\npalmers[7]\nrandomizer[8]\nscut,[9] published in September 2001[10] Exploiting format strings vulnerabilies paper\nsmiler[6]\nskyper[11]\nstealth/S.Krahmer[12]\nstanly[3]\ntypo[13] aka Paul Bohm\nxdr/mdr[11]\nzip[6]","title":"Members and name"}]
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[{"title":"Goatse Security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goatse_Security"},{"title":"w00w00","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W00w00"},{"title":"The Hacker's Choice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Hacker%27s_Choice&action=edit&redlink=1"}]
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[{"Link":"https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/20271","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://julianor.tripod.com/bc/formatstring-1.2.pdf","external_links_name":"Format String Research Paper"},{"Link":"https://packetstormsecurity.com/groups/teso/hellkit-1.2.tar.gz","external_links_name":"hellkit"},{"Link":"http://archives.neohapsis.com/archives/dailydave/2005-q2/0386.html","external_links_name":"http://archives.neohapsis.com/archives/dailydave/2005-q2/0386.html"},{"Link":"http://downloads.securityfocus.com/vulnerabilities/exploits/bsdchpass-exp.c","external_links_name":"http://downloads.securityfocus.com/vulnerabilities/exploits/bsdchpass-exp.c"},{"Link":"http://www.trust-us.ch/phrack/phrack/62/p62-0x04_Prophile_on_scut.txt","external_links_name":"http://www.trust-us.ch/phrack/phrack/62/p62-0x04_Prophile_on_scut.txt"},{"Link":"http://www.ccc.de/congress/2001/fahrplan/event/255.de.html","external_links_name":"http://www.ccc.de/congress/2001/fahrplan/event/255.de.html"},{"Link":"https://marc.info/?l=bugtraq&m=99385173302656&w=2","external_links_name":"http://marc.info/?l=bugtraq&m=99385173302656&w=2"},{"Link":"https://resources.oreilly.com/examples/9780596006112","external_links_name":"\"examples / Network Security Assessment\""},{"Link":"http://freeworld.thc.org/root/docs/loadable_kernel_modules/p58-0x06.txt","external_links_name":"http://freeworld.thc.org/root/docs/loadable_kernel_modules/p58-0x06.txt"},{"Link":"http://mixter.void.ru/about.html","external_links_name":"http://mixter.void.ru/about.html"},{"Link":"https://packetstormsecurity.com/groups/teso/teso-advisory-011.txt","external_links_name":"\"Files ≈ Packet Storm\""},{"Link":"http://julianor.tripod.com/bc/formatstring-1.2.pdf","external_links_name":"http://julianor.tripod.com/bc/formatstring-1.2.pdf"},{"Link":"http://packetstormsecurity.org/groups/teso/arpmitm-0.1.tar.gz","external_links_name":"\"Files ≈ Packet Storm\""},{"Link":"https://packetstormsecurity.com/groups/teso/adv6.tar.gz","external_links_name":"\"Files ≈ Packet Storm\""},{"Link":"https://packetstormsecurity.com/9909-exploits/dirthy.c","external_links_name":"\"Files ≈ Packet Storm\""},{"Link":"http://archives.neohapsis.com/archives/dailydave/2005-q2/0386.html","external_links_name":"Dave Aitel on TESO"},{"Link":"http://packetstormsecurity.org/groups/teso/","external_links_name":"Packetstorm TESO Archive"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linum
Linum
["1 Cultivation","2 Selected species","3 References","4 External links"]
Genus of flowering plants For the town of ancient Mysia, see Linum (Mysia). For the town in Germany, see Linum (village). Linum Linum pubescens Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Eudicots Clade: Rosids Order: Malpighiales Family: Linaceae Subfamily: Linoideae Genus: LinumL. Species about 200, see text Linum (flax) is a genus of approximately 200 species in the flowering plant family Linaceae. They are native to temperate and subtropical regions of the world. The genus includes the common flax (L. usitatissimum), the bast fibre of which is used to produce linen and the seeds to produce linseed oil. Linum narbonense The flowers of most species are blue or yellow, rarely red, white, or pink, and some are heterostylous. There is an average of 6 to 10 seeds per boll. Linum species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including the cabbage moth, the nutmeg, the setaceous Hebrew character and Coleophora striolatella, which feeds exclusively on Linum narbonense. Cultivation Several flaxes are cultivated as garden ornamentals, including the blue-flowered species blue flax (L. narbonense), Lewis' blue flax (L. lewisii), and perennial blue flax (L. perenne), the red-flowered scarlet flax (L. grandiflorum), and the yellow-flowered golden flax (L. flavum). In Eurasia, since Roman times, the genus Linum has been cultivated not only for its plant fiber, but also its seeds and tender leaves for culinary usage. Selected species Main article: List of Linum species Linum africanum Linum alatum – winged flax Linum album Linum alpinum Linum arboreum – tree flax Linum arenicola – sand flax Linum aristatum – bristle flax Linum australe – southern flax Linum austriacum – Asian flax Linum berlandieri – Berlandier's yellow flax Linum bienne (syn. L. angustifolium) – pale flax Linum campanulatum Linum cariense Linum carteri – Carter's flax Linum catharticum – fairy flax Linum compactum – Wyoming flax Linum cratericola – Galápagos Islands flax Linum dolomiticum – Dolomite Flax Linum elongatum – Laredo flax Linum flavum – golden flax Linum floridanum – Florida yellow flax Linum grandiflorum – scarlet flax, flowering flax Linum hirsutum – downy flax Linum hudsonioides – Texas flax Linum imbricatum – tufted flax Linum intercursum – sandplain flax Linum kingii – King's flax Linum leoni Linum lewisii – Lewis' blue flax, Lewis flax Linum usitatissimumLinum lundellii – Sullivan City flax Linum macrocarpum – Spring Hill flax Linum marginale – Australian native flax Linum medium – stiff yellow flax Linum monogynum – New Zealand linen flax Linum narbonense – blue flax Linum neomexicanum – New Mexico yellow flax Linum perenne – perennial blue flax Linum pratense – meadow flax Linum puberulum – plains flax Linum pubescens Linum rigidum -– stiffstem flax Linum rupestre – rock flax Linum schiedeanum – Schiede's flax Linum strictum – ridged yellow flax Linum subteres – Sprucemont flax, slenderfoot flax Linum suffruticosum Linum sulcatum – grooved flax Linum tenuifolium Linum trigynum – French flax Linum ucranicum Linum usitatissimum – common cultivated flax Linum vernal – Chihuahuan flax Linum virginianum – woodland flax Linum westii – West's flax References ^ Linum. The Jepson Manual. ^ Muravenko, O. V., et al. (2010). Karyogenomics of species of the genus Linum L. Russian Journal of Genetics 46(10), 1182-85. ^ Babylonian Talmud (Baba Bathra 92a, Rashi, s.v. ולא צמחו; Nedarim 49a), Mishnah (Peah 6:4), Tosefta (Ma'aser Rishon 3:8) External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Linum. IPNI Query Linum lepagei type sheet from Louis-Marie Herbarium (Laval University). The Flax Council of Canada Taxon identifiersLinum Wikidata: Q161100 Wikispecies: Linum APDB: 192181 APNI: 54728 CoL: 62YHH eFloraSA: Linum EPPO: 1LIUG FloraBase: 21633 FNA: 118675 FoC: 118675 GBIF: 2873855 GRIN: 6875 iNaturalist: 51309 IPNI: 24945-1 IRMNG: 1041608 ITIS: 29201 NBN: NHMSYS0000460397 NCBI: 4005 NZOR: 3c90a46a-64b3-4399-b8ef-2e88a61f082a Open Tree of Life: 1000260 PLANTS: LINUM POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:24945-1 Tropicos: 40007385 VASCAN: 1353 VicFlora: 5617b6ad-0c6c-4e48-af2d-2d4577265579 WFO: wfo-4000021903 WoRMS: 415566 Authority control databases: National Israel
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Linum (Mysia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linum_(Mysia)"},{"link_name":"Linum (village)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linum_(village)"},{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jeps-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"flowering plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowering_plant"},{"link_name":"Linaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linaceae"},{"link_name":"temperate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperateness"},{"link_name":"subtropical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtropics"},{"link_name":"common flax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flax"},{"link_name":"bast fibre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bast_fibre"},{"link_name":"linen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linen"},{"link_name":"linseed oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linseed_oil"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Linum_narbonense_flor.jpg"},{"link_name":"Linum narbonense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linum_narbonense"},{"link_name":"heterostylous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterostylous"},{"link_name":"larvae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larva"},{"link_name":"Lepidoptera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepidoptera"},{"link_name":"cabbage moth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabbage_moth"},{"link_name":"the nutmeg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutmeg_(moth)"},{"link_name":"setaceous Hebrew character","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setaceous_Hebrew_character"},{"link_name":"Coleophora striolatella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coleophora_striolatella"},{"link_name":"Linum narbonense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linum_narbonense"}],"text":"For the town of ancient Mysia, see Linum (Mysia). For the town in Germany, see Linum (village).Linum (flax) is a genus of approximately 200 species[1][2] in the flowering plant family Linaceae. They are native to temperate and subtropical regions of the world. The genus includes the common flax (L. usitatissimum), the bast fibre of which is used to produce linen and the seeds to produce linseed oil.Linum narbonenseThe flowers of most species are blue or yellow, rarely red, white, or pink, and some are heterostylous. There is an average of 6 to 10 seeds per boll.Linum species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including the cabbage moth, the nutmeg, the setaceous Hebrew character and Coleophora striolatella, which feeds exclusively on Linum narbonense.","title":"Linum"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ornamentals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornamental_plant"},{"link_name":"blue flax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linum_narbonense"},{"link_name":"Lewis' blue flax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linum_lewisii"},{"link_name":"perennial blue flax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linum_perenne"},{"link_name":"scarlet flax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linum_grandiflorum"},{"link_name":"golden flax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linum_flavum"},{"link_name":"Eurasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Several flaxes are cultivated as garden ornamentals, including the blue-flowered species blue flax (L. narbonense), Lewis' blue flax (L. lewisii), and perennial blue flax (L. perenne), the red-flowered scarlet flax (L. grandiflorum), and the yellow-flowered golden flax (L. flavum). In Eurasia, since Roman times, the genus Linum has been cultivated not only for its plant fiber, but also its seeds and tender leaves for culinary usage.[3]","title":"Cultivation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Linum africanum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linum_africanum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Linum alatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linum_alatum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Linum album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linum_album&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Linum alpinum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linum_alpinum"},{"link_name":"Linum arboreum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linum_arboreum"},{"link_name":"Linum arenicola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linum_arenicola"},{"link_name":"Linum aristatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linum_aristatum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Linum australe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linum_australe&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Linum austriacum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linum_austriacum"},{"link_name":"Linum berlandieri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linum_berlandieri&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Linum bienne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linum_bienne"},{"link_name":"Linum campanulatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linum_campanulatum"},{"link_name":"Linum cariense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linum_cariense"},{"link_name":"Linum carteri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linum_carteri&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Linum catharticum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linum_catharticum"},{"link_name":"Linum compactum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linum_compactum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Linum cratericola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linum_cratericola"},{"link_name":"Linum dolomiticum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linum_dolomiticum"},{"link_name":"Linum elongatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linum_elongatum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Linum flavum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linum_flavum"},{"link_name":"Linum floridanum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linum_floridanum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Linum grandiflorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linum_grandiflorum"},{"link_name":"Linum hirsutum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linum_hirsutum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Linum hudsonioides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linum_hudsonioides&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Linum imbricatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linum_imbricatum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Linum intercursum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linum_intercursum"},{"link_name":"Linum kingii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linum_kingii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Linum leoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linum_leoni&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Linum lewisii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linum_lewisii"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flax_flowers.jpg"},{"link_name":"Linum usitatissimum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flax"},{"link_name":"Linum lundellii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linum_lundellii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Linum macrocarpum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linum_macrocarpum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Linum marginale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linum_marginale"},{"link_name":"Linum medium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linum_medium"},{"link_name":"Linum monogynum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linum_monogynum"},{"link_name":"Linum narbonense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linum_narbonense"},{"link_name":"Linum neomexicanum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linum_neomexicanum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Linum perenne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linum_perenne"},{"link_name":"Linum pratense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linum_pratense"},{"link_name":"Linum puberulum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linum_puberulum"},{"link_name":"Linum pubescens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linum_pubescens"},{"link_name":"Linum rigidum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linum_rigidum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Linum rupestre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linum_rupestre&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Linum schiedeanum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linum_schiedeanum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Linum strictum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linum_strictum"},{"link_name":"Linum subteres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linum_subteres&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Linum suffruticosum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linum_suffruticosum"},{"link_name":"Linum sulcatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linum_sulcatum"},{"link_name":"Linum tenuifolium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linum_tenuifolium"},{"link_name":"Linum trigynum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linum_trigynum"},{"link_name":"Linum ucranicum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linum_ucranicum"},{"link_name":"Linum usitatissimum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flax"},{"link_name":"Linum vernal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linum_vernal&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Linum virginianum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linum_virginianum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Linum westii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linum_westii&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Linum africanum\nLinum alatum – winged flax\nLinum album\nLinum alpinum\nLinum arboreum – tree flax\nLinum arenicola – sand flax\nLinum aristatum – bristle flax\nLinum australe – southern flax\nLinum austriacum – Asian flax\nLinum berlandieri – Berlandier's yellow flax\nLinum bienne (syn. L. angustifolium) – pale flax\nLinum campanulatum\nLinum cariense\nLinum carteri – Carter's flax\nLinum catharticum – fairy flax\nLinum compactum – Wyoming flax\nLinum cratericola – Galápagos Islands flax\nLinum dolomiticum – Dolomite Flax\nLinum elongatum – Laredo flax\nLinum flavum – golden flax\nLinum floridanum – Florida yellow flax\nLinum grandiflorum – scarlet flax, flowering flax\nLinum hirsutum – downy flax\nLinum hudsonioides – Texas flax\nLinum imbricatum – tufted flax\nLinum intercursum – sandplain flax\nLinum kingii – King's flax\nLinum leoni\nLinum lewisii – Lewis' blue flax, Lewis flax\nLinum usitatissimumLinum lundellii – Sullivan City flax\nLinum macrocarpum – Spring Hill flax\nLinum marginale – Australian native flax\nLinum medium – stiff yellow flax\nLinum monogynum – New Zealand linen flax\nLinum narbonense – blue flax\nLinum neomexicanum – New Mexico yellow flax\nLinum perenne – perennial blue flax\nLinum pratense – meadow flax\nLinum puberulum – plains flax\nLinum pubescens\nLinum rigidum -– stiffstem flax\nLinum rupestre – rock flax\nLinum schiedeanum – Schiede's flax\nLinum strictum – ridged yellow flax\nLinum subteres – Sprucemont flax, slenderfoot flax\nLinum suffruticosum\nLinum sulcatum – grooved flax\nLinum tenuifolium\nLinum trigynum – French flax\nLinum ucranicum\nLinum usitatissimum – common cultivated flax\nLinum vernal – Chihuahuan flax\nLinum virginianum – woodland flax\nLinum westii – West's flax","title":"Selected species"}]
[{"image_text":"Linum narbonense","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Linum_narbonense_flor.jpg/220px-Linum_narbonense_flor.jpg"},{"image_text":"Linum usitatissimum","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Flax_flowers.jpg/220px-Flax_flowers.jpg"}]
null
[]
[{"Link":"http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?4965,4980","external_links_name":"Linum."},{"Link":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1134/S1022795410100091#page-1","external_links_name":"Karyogenomics of species of the genus Linum L."},{"Link":"http://www.ipni.org/ipni/plantsearch?find_wholeName=&find_family=&find_infrafamily=&find_genus=linum&find_infragenus=&find_isAPNIRecord=on&find_species=&find_infraspecies=&find_isGCIRecord=on&find_authorAbbrev=&find_publicationTitle=&find_isIKRecord=on&find_rankToReturn=all&output_format=normal&find_includePublicationAuthors=on&find_includePublicationAuthors=off&find_includeBasionymAuthors=on&find_includeBasionymAuthors=off&find_sortByFamily=on&find_sortByFamily=off&query_type=by_query&back_page=query_ipni.html","external_links_name":"IPNI Query"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110706210723/http://www.herbier.ulaval.ca/specimens_types/template.php?pid=0028026","external_links_name":"Linum lepagei type sheet"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090420235016/http://www.flaxcouncil.ca/english/index.jsp","external_links_name":"The Flax Council of Canada"},{"Link":"https://africanplantdatabase.ch/en/nomen/192181","external_links_name":"192181"},{"Link":"https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/54728","external_links_name":"54728"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/62YHH","external_links_name":"62YHH"},{"Link":"http://www.flora.sa.gov.au/cgi-bin/speciesfacts_display.cgi?form=speciesfacts&name=Linum","external_links_name":"Linum"},{"Link":"https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1LIUG","external_links_name":"1LIUG"},{"Link":"https://florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/21633","external_links_name":"21633"},{"Link":"http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=118675","external_links_name":"118675"},{"Link":"http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=118675","external_links_name":"118675"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/2873855","external_links_name":"2873855"},{"Link":"https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomygenus.aspx?id=6875","external_links_name":"6875"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/51309","external_links_name":"51309"},{"Link":"https://www.ipni.org/n/24945-1","external_links_name":"24945-1"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1041608","external_links_name":"1041608"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=29201","external_links_name":"29201"},{"Link":"https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NHMSYS0000460397","external_links_name":"NHMSYS0000460397"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=4005","external_links_name":"4005"},{"Link":"https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/3c90a46a-64b3-4399-b8ef-2e88a61f082a","external_links_name":"3c90a46a-64b3-4399-b8ef-2e88a61f082a"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=1000260","external_links_name":"1000260"},{"Link":"https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=LINUM","external_links_name":"LINUM"},{"Link":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A24945-1","external_links_name":"urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:24945-1"},{"Link":"http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/40007385","external_links_name":"40007385"},{"Link":"https://data.canadensys.net/vascan/taxon/1353","external_links_name":"1353"},{"Link":"https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/flora/taxon/5617b6ad-0c6c-4e48-af2d-2d4577265579","external_links_name":"5617b6ad-0c6c-4e48-af2d-2d4577265579"},{"Link":"https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-4000021903","external_links_name":"wfo-4000021903"},{"Link":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=415566","external_links_name":"415566"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007532164505171","external_links_name":"Israel"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ossip_K._Flechtheim
Ossip K. Flechtheim
["1 Early life","2 Emigration and Academic Career in United States","3 Return to Germany and Participation in Politics","4 Futurology","5 Notes","6 Selected works","7 Further reading"]
Ossip Kurt Flechtheim (March 5, 1909 – March 4, 1998) was a German jurist, political scientist, author, futurist, and a humanist. He is credited with coining of the term "Futurology". Early life Flechtheim was born in Nikolaev (then Russian Empire, now Mykolaiv, Ukraine), into a Jewish family, the son of bookseller Herrmann Flechtheim (1880–1960) and his wife Olga, née Farber (1884–1964). In 1910 the family moved back into the father's hometown of Westphalian Münster, where his relatives had a grain trade business, and later to Düsseldorf. The art dealer Alfred Flechtheim was his uncle. His family being secular, Flechtheim did not receive religious upbringing. In later life (after Second World War in West Berlin) he became a member (as a non-denominational humanist) of the German Freethinkers Association (later Humanist Association of Germany). After graduating from the Hindenburg School (now Humboldt-Gymnasium Düsseldorf) in 1927, he became a member of KPD which he left after five years, following a trip to Moscow (his mother's native city) in 1931, and having begun to detest the ideological narrowness of the movement. Flechtheim studied law and political science at the universities in Freiburg, Paris, Heidelberg, Berlin, and finally Cologne. From 1931 to 1933 he completed his legal clerkship at the Higher Regional Court of Düsseldorf. He was awarded his Doctorate in Law in 1934 for his work on Hegel's criminal theory, while studying in Cologne under Carl Schmitt. Emigration and Academic Career in United States After Nazi takeover of power in 1933, Flechtheim was dismissed from civil service as being Jewish and a member of Neu Beginnen. In 1935 he was jailed for a total of 22 days. He emigrated to Belgium and then to Switzerland, where he was awarded a scholarship to continue his studies at the Graduate Institute of International Studies (HEI) affiliated with the University of Geneva, where he graduated in 1939 (University of Cologne stripped him of his degree in 1938). In 1939 he established contacts with Institute for Social Research in Geneva, and then emigrated to the United States, having accepted the fellowship offered by Max Horkheimer, the director of the Institute, when it was relocated to Columbia University in New York City. There he met Erich Fromm, Herbert Marcuse, and also became acquainted with Isaac Asimov. In December 1942, he married Lili Therese Factor, the daughter of Emil Faktor, the former chief editor of the Berliner Börsen-Courier, their daughter Marion Ruth was born on September 26, 1946. Flechtheim taught at Atlanta University, a Historically Black College, in Atlanta GA until 1943, and afterwards accepted a position an Assistant Professor at the Bates College. During the Second World War Flechtheim joined the US Army. In 1946 he returned to service in a rank of lieutenant colonel, joining for several months the Office of the US Chief of Counsel for War Crimes in Germany. From 1947 to 1951 he continued his academic career in the United States as a university lecturer. Return to Germany and Participation in Politics In 1947 University of Heidelberg awarded Flechtheim a doctorate for his work (published in 1948) on KPD in Weimar Republic. He applied for the reinstatement of his law degree from Cologne University, which was also granted in 1947. From 1952 to 1959 Flechtheim was a full professor at the German University of Politics. After the integration of that institution into the Free University of Berlin in 1959, he became a professor of political science at the local Otto-Suhr-Institut, the position he held until his retirement in 1974. In political life, Flechtheim became a co-founder of the liberal-left Republican Club in West Berlin, remaining a member of Social Democratic Party of Germany for ten years until 1962, and becoming member of the Greens in 1981. He has published a variety of books, essays, and articles in newspapers (including Frankfurter Rundschau and Die Zeit). Flechtheim was a founding member and vice president of German chapter of the International Federation for Human Rights, a member of the PEN Club, the council of peace studies and the Board of Trustees of the German Society for Peace and Conflict Studies. Flechtheim was an active supporter of the International War Resisters. On August 9, 1985, in interview for Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung he commented on what he detested the most: "inhumanity" and the war of the people against each other. Following the German reunification Flechtheim was one of the few that argued in favour of "third way" of synthesis of both Western and Eastern position on a basis of "democratic socialism". Flechtheim died on the eve of his 89th birthday in his adopted hometown of Berlin, and was buried in Dahlem Cemetery plot 2, next to some of his political friends interred there. Futurology The founding father of modern futurism, if there is one, may well be a mild-mannered German professor who, as early as the mid-1940s, began speaking and writing about the need for what he termed "futurology."... Flechtheim argued that universities ought to teach about the future. In this essay, he refers to "futurology" as a new "science." Even if systematic forecasting did no more than unveil the inevitable, he asserts, it would still be of crucial value. —Alvin Toffler in his book The Futurists (1972) In 1943 Flechtheim coined the term "Futurology" as a systematic and critical treatment of problematic related to Future studies. In his 1945 publication Teaching the Future he called for the development of courses dealing with the future. In his 1969 essay Discussion on Future Research he explained that it "... was the attempt to discuss the evolution of man and his society in the hitherto forbidden future tense. I held that, by marshaling the ever growing resources of science and scholarship, we could do more than employ retrospective analysis and hypothetical predictions; we could try to establish the degree of credibility and probability of forecasts." In 1970 he published his work Futurology: The battle for the future. In it he criticized both the future studies in the West, and the technocratic approach promoted in the socialist countries, instead promoting a model of the "liberation of the future." Flechtheim's concept of futurology around that time was based on the process of social evolution that was emerging in Eastern and Western Europe, leading a "Third Road" beyond capitalist and communist systems and would mean a new democratic alternative to existing societies. Notes ^ a b c d Fromm, Eberhard (1999). "Father of Futurology". Berlinische Monatsschrift Heft 3/99 (in German). Berlin: Edition Luisenstadt: 50–57. ^ a b Kessler, Mario (2011), "Between History and Futurology: Ossip K. Flechtheim", German Scholars in Exile: New Studies in Intellectual History, Lexington Books, pp. 173–210, ISBN 9780739150481 Selected works Bolshevist and national socialist doctrines of international law, New York: Social Research, 1940 Teaching the Future, Journal for Higher Education, 16 (1945), 460-65, and in: Forum, 104 (1945), 307-11 Fundamentals of Political Science, New York: Ronald Press, 1952 History and Futurology, Meisenheim am Glan: Anton Hain, 1966 Discussion on Future Research, in: Robert Jungk and Johan Galtung (Eds.), Mankind 2000, Oslo: Universitetsforlaget, and London: Allen & Unwin, 1969 The German Left Since 1945 (with William D. Graf), Oleander Press, 1976, ISBN 978-0902675544 Futurologie. Der Kampf um die Zukunft, Köln: Wiss. u. Pol., 1982, ISBN 978-3804684157 Further reading Christian Fenner, Bernhard Blanke (ed.): System change and democratization. Dedication to Ossip K. Flechtheim. European publishing house, Frankfurt 1975, ISBN 3-434-00257-X. Andreas W. Mytze (ed.): Ossip K. Flechtheim 80th birthday (in European ideas H. 69, ISSN 0344-2888.) Arani-Verlag, Berlin 1989 Wolfram Beyer (ed.): Refuse military service - pacifism today. Tribute to Ossip K. Flechtheim. Humanist Association of Germany - Landesverband Berlin - Berlin-Kreuzberg, Berlin 2000, ISBN 3-924041-18-0. Mario Kessler: Ossip K. Flechtheim. Political scientist and futurist (1909–1998) (Historical Studies. Vol. 41). Böhlau, Köln 2007 ISBN 978-3-412-14206-3. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway France BnF data Germany Italy Israel United States Latvia Japan Czech Republic Australia Korea Netherlands Poland Academics CiNii People Deutsche Biographie Trove Other IdRef
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In 1910 the family moved back into the father's hometown of Westphalian Münster, where his relatives had a grain trade business, and later to Düsseldorf.[1] The art dealer Alfred Flechtheim was his uncle.His family being secular, Flechtheim did not receive religious upbringing. In later life (after Second World War in West Berlin) he became a member (as a non-denominational humanist) of the German Freethinkers Association (later Humanist Association of Germany).After graduating from the Hindenburg School (now Humboldt-Gymnasium Düsseldorf) in 1927, he became a member of KPD which he left after five years, following a trip to Moscow (his mother's native city) in 1931, and having begun to detest the ideological narrowness of the movement. Flechtheim studied law and political science at the universities in Freiburg, Paris, Heidelberg, Berlin, and finally Cologne.[1] From 1931 to 1933 he completed his legal clerkship at the Higher Regional Court of Düsseldorf. He was awarded his Doctorate in Law in 1934 for his work on Hegel's criminal theory, while studying in Cologne under Carl Schmitt.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nazi takeover of power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enabling_Act_of_1933"},{"link_name":"Neu Beginnen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neu_Beginnen"},{"link_name":"Graduate Institute of International Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graduate_Institute_of_International_Studies"},{"link_name":"University of Geneva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Geneva"},{"link_name":"Max Horkheimer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Horkheimer"},{"link_name":"Columbia University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Erich Fromm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Fromm"},{"link_name":"Herbert Marcuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse"},{"link_name":"Isaac Asimov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Asimov"},{"link_name":"Emil Faktor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Faktor"},{"link_name":"Berliner Börsen-Courier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berliner_B%C3%B6rsen-Courier"},{"link_name":"Bates College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bates_College"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MarioKessler2011-2"},{"link_name":"US Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Army"},{"link_name":"US Chief of Counsel for War Crimes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg_trials#American_role_in_the_trial"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EberhardFromm1999-1"}],"text":"After Nazi takeover of power in 1933, Flechtheim was dismissed from civil service as being Jewish and a member of Neu Beginnen. In 1935 he was jailed for a total of 22 days. He emigrated to Belgium and then to Switzerland, where he was awarded a scholarship to continue his studies at the Graduate Institute of International Studies (HEI) affiliated with the University of Geneva, where he graduated in 1939 (University of Cologne stripped him of his degree in 1938).In 1939 he established contacts with Institute for Social Research in Geneva, and then emigrated to the United States, having accepted the fellowship offered by Max Horkheimer, the director of the Institute, when it was relocated to Columbia University in New York City. There he met Erich Fromm, Herbert Marcuse, and also became acquainted with Isaac Asimov. In December 1942, he married Lili Therese Factor, the daughter of Emil Faktor, the former chief editor of the Berliner Börsen-Courier, their daughter Marion Ruth was born on September 26, 1946. Flechtheim taught at Atlanta University, a Historically Black College, in Atlanta GA until 1943, and afterwards accepted a position an Assistant Professor at the Bates College.[2]During the Second World War Flechtheim joined the US Army. In 1946 he returned to service in a rank of lieutenant colonel, joining for several months the Office of the US Chief of Counsel for War Crimes in Germany.[1]\nFrom 1947 to 1951 he continued his academic career in the United States as a university lecturer.","title":"Emigration and Academic Career in United States"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Heidelberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Heidelberg"},{"link_name":"Weimar Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weimar_Republic"},{"link_name":"German University of Politics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Hochschule_f%C3%BCr_Politik"},{"link_name":"Free University of Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_University_of_Berlin"},{"link_name":"Otto-Suhr-Institut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto-Suhr-Institut"},{"link_name":"Social Democratic Party of Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"Greens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Party_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"Frankfurter Rundschau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurter_Rundschau"},{"link_name":"Die Zeit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Zeit"},{"link_name":"International Federation for Human Rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_for_Human_Rights"},{"link_name":"PEN Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PEN_Club"},{"link_name":"Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurter_Allgemeine_Zeitung"},{"link_name":"German reunification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_reunification"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EberhardFromm1999-1"},{"link_name":"Dahlem Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahlem_Cemetery"}],"text":"In 1947 University of Heidelberg awarded Flechtheim a doctorate for his work (published in 1948) on KPD in Weimar Republic. He applied for the reinstatement of his law degree from Cologne University, which was also granted in 1947. From 1952 to 1959 Flechtheim was a full professor at the German University of Politics. After the integration of that institution into the Free University of Berlin in 1959, he became a professor of political science at the local Otto-Suhr-Institut, the position he held until his retirement in 1974.In political life, Flechtheim became a co-founder of the liberal-left Republican Club in West Berlin, remaining a member of Social Democratic Party of Germany for ten years until 1962, and becoming member of the Greens in 1981. He has published a variety of books, essays, and articles in newspapers (including Frankfurter Rundschau and Die Zeit). Flechtheim was a founding member and vice president of German chapter of the International Federation for Human Rights, a member of the PEN Club, the council of peace studies and the Board of Trustees of the German Society for Peace and Conflict Studies. Flechtheim was an active supporter of the International War Resisters. On August 9, 1985, in interview for Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung he commented on what he detested the most: \"inhumanity\" and the war of the people against each other.\nFollowing the German reunification Flechtheim was one of the few that argued in favour of \"third way\" of synthesis of both Western and Eastern position on a basis of \"democratic socialism\".[1]Flechtheim died on the eve of his 89th birthday in his adopted hometown of Berlin, and was buried in Dahlem Cemetery plot 2, next to some of his political friends interred there.","title":"Return to Germany and Participation in Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alvin Toffler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvin_Toffler"},{"link_name":"socialist countries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_state"},{"link_name":"social evolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociocultural_evolution"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MarioKessler2011-2"}],"text":"The founding father of modern futurism, if there is one, may well be a mild-mannered German professor who, as early as the mid-1940s, began speaking and writing about the need for what he termed \"futurology.\"... Flechtheim argued that universities ought to teach about the future. In this essay, he refers to \"futurology\" as a new \"science.\" Even if systematic forecasting did no more than unveil the inevitable, he asserts, it would still be of crucial value.\n\n\n—Alvin Toffler in his book The Futurists (1972)In 1943 Flechtheim coined the term \"Futurology\" as a systematic and critical treatment of problematic related to Future studies. In his 1945 publication Teaching the Future he called for the development of courses dealing with the future. In his 1969 essay Discussion on Future Research he explained that it \"... was the attempt to discuss the evolution of man and his society in the hitherto forbidden future tense. I held that, by marshaling the ever growing resources of science and scholarship, we could do more than employ retrospective analysis and hypothetical predictions; we could try to establish the degree of credibility and probability of forecasts.\"In 1970 he published his work Futurology: The battle for the future. In it he criticized both the future studies in the West, and the technocratic approach promoted in the socialist countries, instead promoting a model of the \"liberation of the future.\" Flechtheim's concept of futurology around that time was based on the process of social evolution that was emerging in Eastern and Western Europe, leading a \"Third Road\" beyond capitalist and communist systems and would mean a new democratic alternative to existing societies.[2]","title":"Futurology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EberhardFromm1999_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EberhardFromm1999_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EberhardFromm1999_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EberhardFromm1999_1-3"},{"link_name":"\"Father of Futurology\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.luise-berlin.de/bms/bmstxt99/9903deua.htm"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-MarioKessler2011_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-MarioKessler2011_2-1"},{"link_name":"German Scholars in Exile: New Studies in Intellectual History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=h5hfYijlxL4C"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780739150481","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780739150481"}],"text":"^ a b c d Fromm, Eberhard (1999). \"Father of Futurology\". Berlinische Monatsschrift Heft 3/99 (in German). Berlin: Edition Luisenstadt: 50–57.\n\n^ a b Kessler, Mario (2011), \"Between History and Futurology: Ossip K. Flechtheim\", German Scholars in Exile: New Studies in Intellectual History, Lexington Books, pp. 173–210, ISBN 9780739150481","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=_qtmAAAAMAAJ"},{"link_name":"Johan Galtung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Galtung"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0902675544","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0902675544"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3804684157","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3804684157"}],"text":"Bolshevist and national socialist doctrines of international law, New York: Social Research, 1940\nTeaching the Future, Journal for Higher Education, 16 (1945), 460-65, and in: Forum, 104 (1945), 307-11\nFundamentals of Political Science, New York: Ronald Press, 1952\nHistory and Futurology, Meisenheim am Glan: Anton Hain, 1966 [1]\nDiscussion on Future Research, in: Robert Jungk and Johan Galtung (Eds.), Mankind 2000, Oslo: Universitetsforlaget, and London: Allen & Unwin, 1969\nThe German Left Since 1945 (with William D. Graf), Oleander Press, 1976, ISBN 978-0902675544\nFuturologie. Der Kampf um die Zukunft, Köln: Wiss. u. Pol., 1982, ISBN 978-3804684157","title":"Selected works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-434-00257-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-434-00257-X"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-924041-18-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-924041-18-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-412-14206-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-412-14206-3"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123899#identifiers"},{"link_name":"FAST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//id.worldcat.org/fast/61220/"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000109319075"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/108757564"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJcR4XwKx7yXy7YXDxd84q"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90168805"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12752603v"},{"link_name":"BnF data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12752603v"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/118533789"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//opac.sbn.it/nome/RAVV044835"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007261253405171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n80123200"},{"link_name":"Latvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000151114&P_CON_LNG=ENG"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00439693"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=skuk0002474&CON_LNG=ENG"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35088451"},{"link_name":"Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC2018N9668"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p06917573X"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810598879405606"},{"link_name":"CiNii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01103621?l=en"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Biographie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118533789.html?language=en"},{"link_name":"Trove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//trove.nla.gov.au/people/823052"},{"link_name":"IdRef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.idref.fr/095672524"}],"text":"Christian Fenner, Bernhard Blanke (ed.): System change and democratization. Dedication to Ossip K. Flechtheim. European publishing house, Frankfurt 1975, ISBN 3-434-00257-X.\nAndreas W. Mytze (ed.): Ossip K. Flechtheim 80th birthday (in European ideas H. 69, ISSN 0344-2888.) Arani-Verlag, Berlin 1989\nWolfram Beyer (ed.): Refuse military service - pacifism today. Tribute to Ossip K. Flechtheim. Humanist Association of Germany - Landesverband Berlin - Berlin-Kreuzberg, Berlin 2000, ISBN 3-924041-18-0.\nMario Kessler: Ossip K. Flechtheim. Political scientist and futurist (1909–1998) (Historical Studies. Vol. 41). Böhlau, Köln 2007 ISBN 978-3-412-14206-3.Authority control databases International\nFAST\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nNorway\nFrance\nBnF data\nGermany\nItaly\nIsrael\nUnited States\nLatvia\nJapan\nCzech Republic\nAustralia\nKorea\nNetherlands\nPoland\nAcademics\nCiNii\nPeople\nDeutsche Biographie\nTrove\nOther\nIdRef","title":"Further reading"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Fromm, Eberhard (1999). \"Father of Futurology\". Berlinische Monatsschrift Heft 3/99 (in German). Berlin: Edition Luisenstadt: 50–57.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.luise-berlin.de/bms/bmstxt99/9903deua.htm","url_text":"\"Father of Futurology\""}]},{"reference":"Kessler, Mario (2011), \"Between History and Futurology: Ossip K. Flechtheim\", German Scholars in Exile: New Studies in Intellectual History, Lexington Books, pp. 173–210, ISBN 9780739150481","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=h5hfYijlxL4C","url_text":"German Scholars in Exile: New Studies in Intellectual History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780739150481","url_text":"9780739150481"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.luise-berlin.de/bms/bmstxt99/9903deua.htm","external_links_name":"\"Father of Futurology\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=h5hfYijlxL4C","external_links_name":"German Scholars in Exile: New Studies in Intellectual History"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_qtmAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/61220/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000109319075","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/108757564","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJcR4XwKx7yXy7YXDxd84q","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90168805","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12752603v","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12752603v","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/118533789","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://opac.sbn.it/nome/RAVV044835","external_links_name":"Italy"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007261253405171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80123200","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000151114&P_CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Latvia"},{"Link":"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00439693","external_links_name":"Japan"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=skuk0002474&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35088451","external_links_name":"Australia"},{"Link":"https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC2018N9668","external_links_name":"Korea"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p06917573X","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810598879405606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01103621?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118533789.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/823052","external_links_name":"Trove"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/095672524","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MeatballWiki
MeatballWiki
["1 Founding","2 Relationship to wiki community","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
Wiki dedicated to online communities MeatballWikiType of siteWikiCreated bySunir ShahURLmeatballwiki.orgLaunched2000Current statusActive (Read-only archive from 2013 to March 2021)Content licenseNone (Content is copyrighted by MeatballWiki or respective authors.) MeatballWiki is a wiki dedicated to online communities, network culture, and hypermedia. Containing a record of experience on running wikis, it is intended for "discussion about wiki philosophy, wiki culture, instructions and observations." According to founder Sunir Shah, it ran on "a hacked-up version of UseModWiki". In April 2013, after several spam attacks and a period of downtime, the site was made read-only. In March 2021, the site was de-spammed and reopened for editing as part of a rebuilding effort alongside Ward's Wiki and Community Wiki. Founding MeatballWiki was started in 2000 by Sunir Shah, a forum administrator from Ontario, Canada, on Clifford Adams's Internet domain usemod.com. MeatballWiki was created as a place for discussion about Ward Cunningham's WikiWikiWeb and its operation, which were beyond the scope of WikiWikiWeb. As Sunir Shah stated in the WikiWikiWeb page referring to MeatballWiki: "Community discussions about how to run the community itself should be left here. Abstract discussions, or objective analyses of community are encouraged on MeatballWiki." Shah created this site "as a friendly fork of WikiWikiWeb." About the Meatball project, the website says: "The web, and media like it, looks like a big bowl of meatball spaghetti. You've got content – the meatballs – linked together with the spaghetti." According to Igor Nikolic and Chris Davis, MeatballWiki was spun off of the Portland Pattern Repository, the first wiki. Relationship to wiki community The original intent of MeatballWiki was to offer observations and opinions about wikis and their online communities, with the intent of helping online communities, culture and hypermedia. In Good Faith Collaboration, Joseph M. Reagle Jr. describes MeatballWiki as "the wiki about wiki collaboration". Being a community about communities, MeatballWiki became the launching point for other wiki-based projects and a general resource for broader wiki concepts, reaching "cult status". It describes the general tendencies observed on wikis and other online communities, for example the life cycles of wikis and people's behavior on them. What differentiates MeatballWiki from many online meta-communities is that participants spend much of their time talking about sociology rather than technology, and when they do talk about technology, they do so in a social context. The MeatballWiki members created a "bus tour" through existing wikis. Barnstars – badges that wiki editors use to express appreciation for another editor's work – were invented on MeatballWiki and adopted by Wikipedia in 2003. Evgeny Morozov of Boston Review notes that another Wikipedia norm around voting may also have stemmed from MeatballWiki. See also Internet portal History of wikis Online community References ^ "Meatball Wiki: MeatballWikiCopyright". meatballwiki.org. Retrieved 2021-07-04. ^ a b Ebersbach, Anja; Glaser, Markus; Heigl, Richard; Warta, Alexander (2008). Wiki: Web Collaboration (2nd ed.). Springer Verlag. p. 430. ISBN 978-3-540-68173-1. a community that has reached cult status and that focuses on virtual communities, network culture and hypermedia ^ a b Nikolic, Igor; Davis, Chris (30 Apr 2012). "Self-Organization in Wikis". In Egyedi, Tineke M.; Mehos, Donna C. (eds.). Inverse Infrastructures: Disrupting Networks from Below. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 114. ISBN 9781849803014. ^ a b "Meatball Wiki". C2.com. 27 March 2006. Retrieved 2007-12-28. ^ RecentChanges; first archived "This page is read-only" page. ^ Posts on meatball:MeatballToDo and meatball:SunirShah. ^ a b "MeatballWiki". WikiIndex. 4 October 2007. Retrieved 2007-12-28. ^ "Meatball Wiki: MeatballProject". meatballwiki.org. ^ Reagle Jr., Joseph M. (2012). Good Faith Collaboration: The Culture of Wikipedia. MIT Press. p. 60. ISBN 9780262288705. ^ Vaughan, K. T. L.; Jablonski, Jon; Marlow, Cameron; Shah, Sunir; Mayfield, Ross (2004). "Beyond the Sandbox: Wikis and Blogs That Get Work Done". ASIST 2004 Annual Meeting; "Managing and Enhancing Information: Cultures and Conflicts" (ASIST AM 04). Archived from the original on 2007-10-12. Retrieved 2007-12-28. ^ "TourBusMap". meatballwiki. Retrieved 18 March 2016. ^ Matias, Nathan (3 November 2003). "What is a Wiki?". SitePoint. SitePoint. Retrieved 2007-12-28. ^ Zhu, Haiyi; Kraut, Robert E.; Kittur, Aniket (2016). "A Contingency View of Transferring and Adapting Best Practices Within Online Communities". Proceedings of the 19th ACM Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work & Social Computing. CSCW '16. New York, NY, USA: ACM. pp. 729–743. doi:10.1145/2818048.2819976. ISBN 9781450335928. Author's copy ^ Morozov, Evgeny (November 5, 2009). "Edit This Page". Boston Review. Retrieved 2023-10-04. External links Official website Official website as of March 31, 2014 web.archive.org
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"wiki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiki"},{"link_name":"online communities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_community"},{"link_name":"culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture"},{"link_name":"hypermedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypermedia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ebersbach-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nikolic-3"},{"link_name":"UseModWiki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UseModWiki"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-c2-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Ward's Wiki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ward%27s_Wiki"},{"link_name":"Community Wiki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Community_Wiki&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"MeatballWiki is a wiki dedicated to online communities, network culture, and hypermedia.[2] Containing a record of experience on running wikis, it is intended for \"discussion about wiki philosophy, wiki culture, instructions and observations.\"[3]According to founder Sunir Shah, it ran on \"a hacked-up version of UseModWiki\".[4] In April 2013, after several spam attacks and a period of downtime, the site was made read-only.[5] In March 2021, the site was de-spammed and reopened for editing as part of a rebuilding effort alongside Ward's Wiki and Community Wiki.[6]","title":"MeatballWiki"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"forum administrator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forum_administrator"},{"link_name":"Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario"},{"link_name":"Clifford Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_Adams"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WikiIndex-7"},{"link_name":"Ward Cunningham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ward_Cunningham"},{"link_name":"WikiWikiWeb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WikiWikiWeb"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-c2-4"},{"link_name":"fork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fork_(software_development)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Portland Pattern Repository","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland_Pattern_Repository"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nikolic-3"}],"text":"MeatballWiki was started in 2000 by Sunir Shah, a forum administrator from Ontario, Canada, on Clifford Adams's Internet domain usemod.com.[7] MeatballWiki was created as a place for discussion about Ward Cunningham's WikiWikiWeb and its operation, which were beyond the scope of WikiWikiWeb. As Sunir Shah stated in the WikiWikiWeb page referring to MeatballWiki: \"Community discussions about how to run the community itself should be left here. Abstract discussions, or objective analyses of community are encouraged on MeatballWiki.\"[4] Shah created this site \"as a friendly fork of WikiWikiWeb.\" About the Meatball project, the website says: \"The web, and media like it, looks like a big bowl of meatball spaghetti. You've got content – the meatballs – linked together with the spaghetti.\"[8]According to Igor Nikolic and Chris Davis, MeatballWiki was spun off of the Portland Pattern Repository, the first wiki.[3]","title":"Founding"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"online communities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_community"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Good Faith Collaboration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Faith_Collaboration"},{"link_name":"Joseph M. Reagle Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_M._Reagle_Jr."},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ebersbach-2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WikiIndex-7"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Barnstars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnstar"},{"link_name":"Wikipedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Boston Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Review"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"The original intent of MeatballWiki was to offer observations and opinions about wikis and their online communities, with the intent of helping online communities, culture and hypermedia.[citation needed]In Good Faith Collaboration, Joseph M. Reagle Jr. describes MeatballWiki as \"the wiki about wiki collaboration\".[9] Being a community about communities, MeatballWiki became the launching point for other wiki-based projects and a general resource for broader wiki concepts, reaching \"cult status\".[2] It describes the general tendencies observed on wikis and other online communities, for example the life cycles of wikis and people's behavior on them.[7]What differentiates MeatballWiki from many online meta-communities is that participants spend much of their time talking about sociology rather than technology, and when they do talk about technology, they do so in a social context.[10]The MeatballWiki members created a \"bus tour\" through existing wikis.[11][12]Barnstars – badges that wiki editors use to express appreciation for another editor's work – were invented on MeatballWiki and adopted by Wikipedia in 2003.[13]Evgeny Morozov of Boston Review notes that another Wikipedia norm around voting may also have stemmed from MeatballWiki.[14]","title":"Relationship to wiki community"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birlan
Birlan
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 37°31′54″N 45°10′17″E / 37.53167°N 45.17139°E / 37.53167; 45.17139For the asteroid, see 10034 Birlan. Village in West Azerbaijan, IranBirlan بيرلانvillageBirlanCoordinates: 37°31′54″N 45°10′17″E / 37.53167°N 45.17139°E / 37.53167; 45.17139Country IranProvinceWest AzerbaijanCountyUrmiaBakhshCentralRural DistrictBakeshluchayPopulation (2006) • Total148Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST) • Summer (DST)UTC+4:30 (IRDT) Birlan (Persian: بيرلان, also Romanized as Bīrlān; also known as Bīlān) is a village in Bakeshluchay Rural District, in the Central District of Urmia County, West Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 148, in 35 families. References ^ Birlan can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "-3813064" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database". ^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20. vte Urmia CountyCapital Urmia DistrictsCentralCities Urmia Rural districts and villagesBakeshluchay Aghcheh Qaleh Almanabad Aydinlu Balderlu Barajuq Birlan Burashan Chehreh Gosha Darghalu Dehkadeh-ye Asayesh Dizaj-e Naqaleh Elyasabad Emamzadeh Eslamlu Gabaran Gol Pashin Golmankhaneh Hajji Pirlu Hasbestan Hesar-e Hajjilar Hesar-e Tarmani Igdir Jarchelu Kashtiban Kordlar Lashenlu Marajul Mashkabad-e Olya Mashkabad-e Sofla Miavaq Posht-e Gol Qalilu Qamat Qarah Aghaj-e Olya Qarah Hasanlu-ye Khvajeh Pasha Qarajalu Qeshlaq-e Mirza Ali Qeshlaq-e Mohammad Qoli Qoturlar Reyhanabad Rikan Sadaqeh Salehabad Sangar-e Mir Abdollah Tarmani Vazirabad Yengejeh-ye Qazi Yuvalar Baranduz Aliabad-e Baran Duz Angaman Band Baran Duz Bozveh Chavrash Didan-e Olya Didan-e Sofla Dizaj-e Fathi Dizaj-e Rahim Pur Gazanehkesh Hasu Kandi Havanduk Heydarlu Jafarian Janvislu Jowrni Kelisay-e Sir Khataylu Khorramabad Narlar Saatluy Kuh Sari Beygluy-e Musai Shamlakan Sheykh Mazari Sidak Sir Varmazyar Baranduzchay-ye Jonubi(South Baranduzchay) Aghbolagh Balanej Barbaran Baruzh Bayat Bozorgabad Darin Qaleh Dulama Fuladlu Goldanlu Hesar-e Agh Bolagh Ilazgi Isalu Karvansara Kukiya Kurani Mahmudabad Mobarakabad Nivlu Qaleh Juq Qasemlu Rahimabad Seylaneh Shaban Kandi Shiru Kandi Tappeh Maki Tarzelu Tazeh Kand-e Jamalkhan Tulkan Tumatar Tupuzabad Uzan Malek Zovik Baranduzchay-ye Shomali(North Baranduzchay) Borhanlu Dizaj-e Takyeh Faqih Beyglu Gug Tappeh Qarah Aghaj Qaralar-e Kuh Qotlu Qurshalu Saralan Sari Beygluy-e Moin Satlu Shams-e Hajjian Vandai Bash Qaleh Ayeblu Berenjabad Burbur Chichagluy-e Mansur Chichakluy-e Bash Qaleh Dadeh Saqi Danqaralu Eslampanahabadi Jadid Gaznaq Guyj Ali Tappeh Guyjeh Ali Aslan Isaluy-e Heydarlu Isaluy-e Zemi Kechah Bash Mazraeh-ye Owj Ovlar Qahremanluy-e Olya Qahremanluy-e Sofla Qaleh-ye Azizbeyg Qarabqolu Qazan Ali Qezel Hajjilu Qosur Safarbehi Safarqoli Khan Kandi Sari Beygluy-e Araliq Sarijalu Shahrak-e Golmarz Sheykh Teymur Shur Kand Takalu Tupraq Qaleh Urmia Industrial Estate Yaghmur Ali Yurqunabad-e Olya Yurqunabad-e Sofla Yusefabad-e Shah Mirza Kandi Dul Balestan Bardeh Kish Cement Cooperative Dalow Darband Dash Aghol Dizaj-e Dowl Eslamabad Jolbar Kamaneh Kanan-e Olya Kanan-e Sofla Nanas Nari Nasirabad Naznaz Pirali Qameshlu Rashkan Samartu Shahrak-e Rustayi-ye Naser Soltanabad Zharabad Ziveh Nazluy-ye Jonubi (South Nazluy) Abbasabad Arabluy-e Bisheh Arabluy-e Darreh Arabluy-e Yekan Asgarabad Tappeh Barbin Bozlu Chichakluy-e Hajji Aqa Chonqeraluy-e Yekan Dastjerd Daylaq Faqibeyglu Gardabad Ghaffar Behi Irvanlu Kakalar Marangaluy-e Kuchek Owzarlu Qaraguz-e Hajji Baba Qaraguz-e Salimaqa Qaralar-e Lotfollah Qareh Guz-e Il Qerekhlu Saidlu Salim Kandi Sam Salu Sheykh Sar Mast Tazeh Kand-e Afshar Tazeh Kand-e Qeshlaq Urmia Airport Zaiyeh Kandi Rowzeh Chay Aliabad Alvach Anhar-e Olya Anhar-e Sofla Ashnaabad Badaki Balaji Balu Darazam Gajin Ganjabad Golhar Gowzgavand Jehatlu Kani Quzan Kavalaq Khalifatan Khanqah-e Alvaj Kutalan Lerni Lur Mazraeh-ye Nasrabad Mirabad Pir Morad Qarah Hasanlu Qasrik Qeshlaq-e Tarazlu Qezel Asheq Tazeh Kand-e Anhar Tezkharab Valindeh-ye Olya Valindeh-ye Sofla Yowrqanlu Zeynalu Torkaman Alqian Arablu Babarud Chub Tarash Darbarud Gharib Kandi Hasanabad Hesar-e Gapuchi Hesar-e Torkaman IRIB Broadcasting Station Jabalkandi Jeyran-e Olya Jeyran-e Sofla Khanjar Qeshlaqi Khezrabad Kusehabad Mirshekarlu Moqaddam Morad Ali-ye Olya Morad Ali-ye Sofla Moradkandi Naybin Nazarabad Qaleh Nazarabad-e Eftekhar Ordushahi Owch Ovlar Qaralar-e Aqataqi Qaralar-e Hajjqasem Qurt Tappeh Sarajuq Sardrud Shahinabad Tabbat Takah Tappeh Tappeh Torkaman Tasmalu Tazeh Kand Tizkharab Torkaman Uzan Eskandari AnzalCities Qushchi Rural districts and villagesAnzal-e Jonubi(South Anzal) Ali Kan Bahleh Bolarghu Deladar Emam Kandi Gavlan Gol Tappeh Golanik-e Olya Golanik-e Sofla Hajji Bayram Hammamlar Jabal Kandi Kahriz Kani Shurik Kaseb Khorramabad Kureh-ye Olya Kureh-ye Sofla Mahmudan Maku Kandi Meshik Nur ol Dinabad Pirgol Qahraman Qulonji Quyujoq Senjilik Shahid Ab Shanasan Garrison Sharifabad Shirakan Soltanabad Tandarak Zangabad Anzal-e Shomali(North Anzal) Bari Gurchin Qaleh Jamalabad Moqitalu Najafabad Qalqachi Qarah Bagh NazluCities Nushin Rural districts and villagesNazluchay Armudaghaj Azadegan Badelbu Bahlulabad Department of Agriculture Hajjiabad Hesar Kharabeh Janizeh Kavsi Kharabeh-ye Senji Kuseh Ahmad Nazlu Qaleh Sardar Qaleh-ye Esmail Aqa Qaralar-e Tasuji Senji Tamtaman Tapik Tazeh Kand Tazeh Kand-e Janizeh Tazeh Kand-e Qaterchi Yowrqanlu-ye Janizeh Nazlu-e Shomali(North Nazlu) Abajaluy-e Olya Ali Kandi Alibeyglu Angeneh Arnesa Asgarabad-e Kuh Babaganjeh Baghestan Bashlan Beshlu Chanaqlu Cher Chonqeraluy-e Pol Dowyran Guyjeh Yaran Hesar-e Babaganjeh Hesar-e Bahram Khan Heydarlu Heydarluy-e Beyglar Kalvan Karimabad Khaledabad Khaneqah Sorkh Lak Lalahluy-e Torab Lulham Marangaluy-e Bozorg Meskin Nakhjavan Tappeh Owkhchilar Par Qarah Qiz Qarah Quyunlu Qareh Jalu Qelinjlu Qeshlaq-e Shakur Rahimabad Saatluy-e Beyglar Sari Beygluy-e Cheragh Shirabad Tappeh-ye Babaganjeh Taqlidabad Tazeh Kand-e Baba Ganjeh Vaqasluy-e Olya Vaqasluy-e Sofla Zadehlu Zonbalan Tala Tappeh Abajaluy-e Sofla Adeh Chamaki Hesar-e Sopurghan Khaneshan Khodaverdi Khan Kandi Owsaluy-e Allahverdi Khan Owsaluy-e Kazem Sopurghan Tala Tappeh Yengejeh Zirmanlu SilvanehCities Silvaneh Rural districts and villagesDasht Bardehsur Chaman Darband Dareh Senji Dazgir Dowla Pasan Gowjar Halafaleh Kay Khvoshaku Mirabad Nushan-e Olya Nushan-e Sofla Owali Peshkeleh Pirhadi Qarayi Qasrik Razhan Salim Beyg Sulik Tui Tuli Zanglan Margavar Aleyh Aversi Bavan Berasb Berazan Best Bi Bakran Cherikabad Dizaj Dowkana Felekan Galleh Behi Gerdevan Gerdik Gerdik Naser Golestaneh Haftabad Halaj Hasanabad Hashemabad Kachaleh Kani Dastar Kani Tayer Kasian Kayer Kelasi Khurasb Lajani Lowrzini Mamakan Mansurabad Mirabad Molla Basak Nari Nergi Nuy Qaraneh Razgeh Sehgergan Shahrak-e Ziveh Shaklabad Sheykh Zard Shirakan Sudinabad Suleh Dugal Surkan Susanabad Tupuzabad Zharabad Zharazhi Ziveh Targavar Anbi Arzin Ashki Avdi Balowlan Bani Basrik Biquz Do Bareh Dustalan Gerdah Belij Haki Halulan Karimabad Khaneqah Kuraneh Kurteh Kavil Mavana Pesan Shahr-e Viran Sheyban Sheykh Shamzin Surbani Talin Tibatan Towlaki Sumay-ye BeradustCities Serow Rural districts and villagesBeradust Akhyan-e Bozorg Akhyan-e Kuchek Asengaran Avdelan-e Olya Avdelan-e Sofla Bardehzi-ye Olya Chareh Emam Kandi Eskandarabad Firuzian Gangachin Gol-e Sheykhan Gonbad Gundak-e Molla Guranabad Haftsaran Halah Qush Hangravan Ishgeh Su Kanespi Kani Shurik Kanisi Khalyan Khanik Khvoshalan Kulgani Kuraneh Mafaran Majruseh Maluneh Margarash Mastakan Neychalan Omarabad Post Qareh Aghaj Qarnesa Qasrik Rabat Ravand-e Olya Ravand-e Sofla Shegaftik-e Olya Shegaftik-e Sofla Siarak Sufi Kani Tazeh Kand-e Sheshmal Zangakan Sumay-ye Jonubi(South Sumay) Abdi Beyg Aghsaqal Bardeh Rash Barduk Bavan Gachi Gowdal Hasanlu Hashtian Hovarsin Jalqaran Juhni Jujahi Kanespi Kani Miran Kharah Gush Kuran Marnah Piranjuq Qasrik Sinabad Soltani Sufian Sumay-ye Shomali(North Sumay) Bachehjik Baraspi Bardian Bastakabad Bazhergah Galeh Khar Ghazan Goli Suyi Hasanabad Jatar Kani Rash Khanik Mamakan Mastakan Mingol Mirabad Oskandrian Quni Qurmik Rigabad Sakan Seydan Surmanabad Yengejeh Iran portal This Urmia County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"10034 Birlan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10034_Birlan"},{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"Romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanize"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Bakeshluchay Rural District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakeshluchay_Rural_District"},{"link_name":"Central District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_District_(Urmia_County)"},{"link_name":"Urmia County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urmia_County"},{"link_name":"West Azerbaijan Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Azerbaijan_Province"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"For the asteroid, see 10034 Birlan.Village in West Azerbaijan, IranBirlan (Persian: بيرلان, also Romanized as Bīrlān; also known as Bīlān)[1] is a village in Bakeshluchay Rural District, in the Central District of Urmia County, West Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 148, in 35 families.[2]","title":"Birlan"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1385/results/all/04.xls","url_text":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_Center_of_Iran","url_text":"Statistical Center of Iran"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920084728/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/04.xls","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomohisa_Yuge
Tomohisa Yuge
["1 Filmography","1.1 Drama","1.2 Film","2 References","3 External links"]
Japanese actor This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Tomohisa Yuge" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Japanese. Click for important translation instructions. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Japanese Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|ja|弓削智久}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. Tomohisa Yuge弓削智久Born (1980-05-25) May 25, 1980 (age 44)OccupationactorYears active2000–presentNotable credit(s)Kamen Rider Ryukias Goro YuraPretty Guardian Sailor Moonas Fake Tuxedo KamenHeight1.86 m (6 ft 1 in) Tomohisa Yuge (弓削智久, Yuge Tomohisa, born 25 May 1980) is a Japanese actor who has had roles in numerous TV Asahi Tokusatsu shows, including Kamen Rider Ryuki and Kamen Rider Kabuto, as well as a number of films. Filmography Drama Kamen Rider Ryuki (2003), Goro Yura Kamen Rider Ryuki Special: 13 Riders (2003), Goro Yura Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon (2003), Fake Tuxedo Kamen (Ep. 9) Sh15uya (live-action TV) (2005), Kengo Garo (2005), Piano Playing Suicide Victim (Ep. 8) H2~Kimi to Itahibi (2005), Ootake Fumio Kamen Rider Kabuto (2007), Masato Mishima (Kamen Rider TheBee in Episode 16; Gryllusworm in Ep. 48 & 49) Kamen Rider Gaim (2013), Kiyojiro Bando Death Note (2015 TV series) (2015), Shuichi Aizawa Zero: Dragon Blood (2017), Edel Todome no Kiss (2018), Tsuji Film Kamen Rider Ryuki: Episode Final (2002) Shibuya kaidan a.k.a. The Locker (2003) Shibuya kaidan 2 a.k.a. The Locker 2 (2004) Sakuramburu hatsu koi no sonata (2004) Nibanme no kanojo (2004) School Wars: Hero (2004) Koibumi-biyori (2004) Si-sei (2006) Bandage (2006) Kamen Rider Kabuto: God Speed Love (2006) Kyō Kara Hitman (2009) Higanjima (2010) as Ken Heisei Riders vs. Showa Riders: Kamen Rider Taisen feat. Super Sentai (2014) Futari no Uketorinin (2018) References ^ Special Feature: Kamen Rider Ryuki", Toei Hero MAX, Vol.1, Tatsumi Publishing, 2002, 11 pages, ISBN 978-4886417312. External links Tomohisa Yuge at IMDb This article about a Japanese actor is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"TV Asahi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Asahi"},{"link_name":"Tokusatsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokusatsu"},{"link_name":"Kamen Rider Ryuki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamen_Rider_Ryuki"},{"link_name":"Kamen Rider Kabuto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamen_Rider_Kabuto"}],"text":"Tomohisa Yuge (弓削智久, Yuge Tomohisa, born 25 May 1980) is a Japanese actor[1] who has had roles in numerous TV Asahi Tokusatsu shows, including Kamen Rider Ryuki and Kamen Rider Kabuto, as well as a number of films.","title":"Tomohisa Yuge"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kamen Rider Ryuki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamen_Rider_Ryuki"},{"link_name":"Kamen Rider Ryuki Special: 13 Riders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamen_Rider_Ryuki_Special:_13_Riders"},{"link_name":"Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretty_Guardian_Sailor_Moon_(live-action_series)"},{"link_name":"Sh15uya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh15uya"},{"link_name":"Garo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garo_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Kamen Rider Kabuto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamen_Rider_Kabuto"},{"link_name":"Kamen Rider Gaim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamen_Rider_Gaim"},{"link_name":"Death Note (2015 TV series)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_Note_(2015_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Zero: Dragon Blood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero:_Dragon_Blood"},{"link_name":"Todome no Kiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todome_no_Kiss"}],"sub_title":"Drama","text":"Kamen Rider Ryuki (2003), Goro Yura\nKamen Rider Ryuki Special: 13 Riders (2003), Goro Yura\nPretty Guardian Sailor Moon (2003), Fake Tuxedo Kamen (Ep. 9)\nSh15uya (live-action TV) (2005), Kengo\nGaro (2005), Piano Playing Suicide Victim (Ep. 8)\nH2~Kimi to Itahibi (2005), Ootake Fumio\nKamen Rider Kabuto (2007), Masato Mishima (Kamen Rider TheBee in Episode 16; Gryllusworm in Ep. 48 & 49)\nKamen Rider Gaim (2013), Kiyojiro Bando\nDeath Note (2015 TV series) (2015), Shuichi Aizawa\nZero: Dragon Blood (2017), Edel\nTodome no Kiss (2018), Tsuji","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kamen Rider Ryuki: Episode Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamen_Rider_Ryuki:_Episode_Final"},{"link_name":"Shibuya kaidan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shibuya_kaidan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Shibuya kaidan 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shibuya_kaidan_2&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sakuramburu hatsu koi no sonata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sakuramburu_hatsu_koi_no_sonata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nibanme no kanojo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nibanme_no_kanojo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"School Wars: Hero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_Wars:_Hero"},{"link_name":"Koibumi-biyori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Koibumi-biyori&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Si-sei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Si-sei&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bandage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Banfage_(2006_film)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kamen Rider Kabuto: God Speed Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamen_Rider_Kabuto:_God_Speed_Love"},{"link_name":"Kyō Kara Hitman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ky%C5%8D_Kara_Hitman"},{"link_name":"Higanjima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higanjima"},{"link_name":"Heisei Riders vs. Showa Riders: Kamen Rider Taisen feat. Super Sentai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heisei_Riders_vs._Showa_Riders:_Kamen_Rider_Taisen_feat._Super_Sentai"}],"sub_title":"Film","text":"Kamen Rider Ryuki: Episode Final (2002)\nShibuya kaidan a.k.a. The Locker (2003)\nShibuya kaidan 2 a.k.a. The Locker 2 (2004)\nSakuramburu hatsu koi no sonata (2004)\nNibanme no kanojo (2004)\nSchool Wars: Hero (2004)\nKoibumi-biyori (2004)\nSi-sei (2006)\nBandage (2006)\nKamen Rider Kabuto: God Speed Love (2006)\nKyō Kara Hitman (2009)\nHiganjima (2010) as Ken\nHeisei Riders vs. Showa Riders: Kamen Rider Taisen feat. Super Sentai (2014)\nFutari no Uketorinin (2018)","title":"Filmography"}]
[]
null
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Railway_Historical_Society
National Railway Historical Society
["1 National organization","1.1 History","1.2 Currently","1.3 \"RailCamp\" program","2 Local chapters","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
Non-profit organization established in 1935 The National Railway Historical Society (NRHS) is a non-profit organization established in 1935 in the United States to promote interest in, and appreciation for the historical development of railroads. It is headquartered in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and organized into 16 regions and 170 local chapters located in the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom. The NRHS sponsors the popular RailCamp summer orientation program in partnership with Amtrak and the National Park Service, offering high school youth hands-on experience in the railroad industry. National organization History The NRHS was formed in Baltimore, Maryland, on August 18, 1935, when railfans from Lancaster, Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Trenton, New Jersey, and New York City gathered there for a farewell excursion on the then soon-to-be-abandoned Washington, Baltimore and Annapolis Electric Railway. Officers from railfan clubs in those cities decided to merge and form a national organization, which they dubbed the "National Railway Historical Society". Leon Franks of the Lancaster club was elected the first chairman of the NRHS and William P. Hamilton III of Trenton was the first NRHS president. Currently The NRHS has around 10,000 members as of October 2015 and is one of the largest rail historical societies in the U.S. The NRHS is a non-profit section 501(c)(3) organization. Al Weber of St Louis, Missouri, is currently national president . Its mailing address is: c/o John K Fiorilla, Esq., Capehart & Scatchard PA, P.O Box 5016, Mt.Laurel, NJ 08054. The NRHS is "a historical preservation charity", with its future focus on education and preservation. SP&S #700 (pictured in 1991 at Portland, Oregon), pulled an excursion train for the 2005 NRHS national convention there. The Society holds an annual national convention, featuring exhibits and excursions using historic railroad locomotives and rolling stock. It publishes the National Railway Bulletin, a bimonthly membership newsletter containing articles, photos, and news about railroads, both past and present, as well as coverage of local chapter activities. The organization began a "Railway Heritage Grants Program" in 1991, to provide financial grants to "organizations that educate, publish, and preserve railroad history to benefit future generations", according to an NRHS news release. As described by the NRHS, projects assisted by the Railway Heritage Grants Program "range from refurbishing historic railroad stations and restoring vintage steam locomotives for operating and museum display, to the cataloging and storage of historic railroad archives". "RailCamp" program The NRHS conducts two week-long "Railcamps" each summer for high school-age youth. The program offers firsthand experience of rail history and operations, offered in partnership with the National Park Service and Amtrak and other organizations and companies in the rail industry. In 2008, participants toured Steamtown's roundhouse and shops, operating some of the shop machinery. The youth also visited Amtrak's massive Wilmington, Delaware, maintenance facility, where they went inside locomotives and met with Amtrak employees to learn about railroad careers. One participant wrote afterwards in Trains magazine that, "The experience truly increased my respect for the men and women who ... care for these huge machines." Local chapters The Dover Harbor of Washington DC chapter, on display in New York Typically, local NRHS chapters concentrate on railroad history in their specific geographic area. For example, Mid-Atlantic Region chapters are particularly interested in such lines as the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, the Pennsylvania Railroad, the Western Maryland Railway, and the Maryland and Pennsylvania Railroad, all of which once operated in the region. In addition to the study and preservation of railroad artifacts, NRHS chapter activities may include periodic excursions using historic railroad equipment, such as steam locomotives. Some chapters are involved in restoration of rail equipment and structures . Others operate rail museums or own locomotives, such as the Central New York Chapter's two former Pennsylvania Railroad EMD E8 diesel locomotives. A few chapters even own and operate entire short-line railroads, such as the New Hope Valley Railway. See also Cooperstown and Charlotte Valley Railroad Delaware Otsego Corporation Hull Street Station Rochester Subway Henry H. Rogers Ulster & Delaware Railroad Historical Society Union County Industrial Railroad Hawaiian Railway Society References ^ "RailCamp 2009". National Railway Historical Society. 2008. Retrieved 2008-10-27. ^ a b About the National Railway Historical Society Archived 2005-11-11 at the Wayback Machine ^ NRHS news release, July 2, 2004. ^ a b Weihmann, Alex (November 2008). "Teaching a new generation". Trains magazine. Vol. 68, no. 11. p. 80. ^ Steve Glischinski (May 2008). "Riding the Covered Wagon Trail". Trains magazine. External links Official website Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Germany Israel United States
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It is headquartered in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and organized into 16 regions and 170 local chapters located in the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom. 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Officers from railfan clubs in those cities decided to merge and form a national organization, which they dubbed the \"National Railway Historical Society\".[2]Leon Franks of the Lancaster club was elected the first chairman of the NRHS and William P. Hamilton III of Trenton was the first NRHS president.","title":"National organization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St Louis, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Louis,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-about-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Spokane_Portland_and_Seattle_engine_700_Union_Station.jpg"},{"link_name":"SP&S #700","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spokane,_Portland_and_Seattle_700"},{"link_name":"Portland, Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Currently","text":"The NRHS has around 10,000 members as of October 2015 and is one of the largest rail historical societies in the U.S. The NRHS is a non-profit section 501(c)(3) organization. Al Weber of St Louis, Missouri, is currently national president .[2] Its mailing address is: c/o John K Fiorilla, Esq., Capehart & Scatchard PA, P.O Box 5016, Mt.Laurel, NJ 08054. The NRHS is \"a historical preservation charity\", with its future focus on education and preservation.SP&S #700 (pictured in 1991 at Portland, Oregon), pulled an excursion train for the 2005 NRHS national convention there.The Society holds an annual national convention, featuring exhibits and excursions using historic railroad locomotives and rolling stock. It publishes the National Railway Bulletin, a bimonthly membership newsletter containing articles, photos, and news about railroads, both past and present, as well as coverage of local chapter activities.The organization began a \"Railway Heritage Grants Program\" in 1991, to provide financial grants to \"organizations that educate, publish, and preserve railroad history to benefit future generations\", according to an NRHS news release.[3] As described by the NRHS, projects assisted by the Railway Heritage Grants Program \"range from refurbishing historic railroad stations and restoring vintage steam locomotives for operating and museum display, to the cataloging and storage of historic railroad archives\".","title":"National organization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Park Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service"},{"link_name":"Amtrak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amtrak"},{"link_name":"roundhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_roundhouse"},{"link_name":"Wilmington, Delaware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmington,_Delaware"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Trains1108-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Trains1108-4"}],"sub_title":"\"RailCamp\" program","text":"The NRHS conducts two week-long \"Railcamps\" each summer for high school-age youth. The program offers firsthand experience of rail history and operations, offered in partnership with the National Park Service and Amtrak and other organizations and companies in the rail industry. In 2008, participants toured Steamtown's roundhouse and shops, operating some of the shop machinery. The youth also visited Amtrak's massive Wilmington, Delaware, maintenance facility, where they went inside locomotives and met with Amtrak employees to learn about railroad careers.[4] One participant wrote afterwards in Trains magazine that, \"The experience truly increased my respect for the men and women who ... care for these huge machines.\"[4]","title":"National organization"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NRHS_Dover_Harbor_CGMPoT_jeh.jpg"},{"link_name":"Baltimore and Ohio Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_and_Ohio_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Western Maryland Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Maryland_Railway"},{"link_name":"Maryland and Pennsylvania Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland_and_Pennsylvania_Railroad"},{"link_name":"steam locomotives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_locomotive"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Railroad"},{"link_name":"EMD E8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMD_E8"},{"link_name":"diesel locomotives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_locomotive"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"short-line railroads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-line_railroad"},{"link_name":"New Hope Valley Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hope_Valley_Railway"}],"text":"The Dover Harbor of Washington DC chapter, on display in New YorkTypically, local NRHS chapters concentrate on railroad history in their specific geographic area. For example, Mid-Atlantic Region chapters are particularly interested in such lines as the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, the Pennsylvania Railroad, the Western Maryland Railway, and the Maryland and Pennsylvania Railroad, all of which once operated in the region.In addition to the study and preservation of railroad artifacts, NRHS chapter activities may include periodic excursions using historic railroad equipment, such as steam locomotives. Some chapters are involved in restoration of rail equipment and structures . Others operate rail museums or own locomotives, such as the Central New York Chapter's two former Pennsylvania Railroad EMD E8 diesel locomotives.[5] A few chapters even own and operate entire short-line railroads, such as the New Hope Valley Railway.","title":"Local chapters"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_M%C3%BCller
Steven Müller
["1 References","2 External links"]
German sprinter Steven MüllerSteven Müller in 2015Personal informationNationalityGermanBorn (1990-09-15) 15 September 1990 (age 33)SportSportAthleticsEventSprinting Steven Müller (born 15 September 1990) is a German track and field athlete. He competed in the men's 200 metres event at the 2019 World Athletics Championships. References ^ "Steven Müller". IAAF. Retrieved 30 September 2019. ^ "200 Metres Men - Round 1" (PDF). IAAF (Doha 2019). Retrieved 30 September 2019. External links Steven Müller at World Athletics vteGerman champions in men's 200 metres 1991: Michael Huke 1992–93: Robert Kurnicki 1994: Michael Huke 1995–97: Marc Blume 1998: Daniel Bittner 1999: Stefan Holz 2000: Marc Blume 2001: Alexander Kosenkow 2002: Marc Blume 2003–05: Tobias Unger 2006: Sebastian Ernst 2007–08: Daniel Schnelting 2009: Robert Hering 2010: Daniel Schnelting 2011: Robin Erewa 2012–13: Julian Reus 2014: Robin Erewa 2015: Julian Reus 2016: Robin Erewa 2017: Julian Reus 2018: Robin Erewa 2019–20: Steven Müller Authority control databases: People World Athletics This biographical article about a German sprinter is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladosporium_psychrotolerans
Cladosporium psychrotolerans
["1 References"]
Species of fungus Cladosporium psychrotolerans Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Fungi Division: Ascomycota Class: Dothideomycetes Order: Capnodiales Family: Davidiellaceae Genus: Cladosporium Species: C. psychrotolerans Binomial name Cladosporium psychrotoleransZalar, de Hoog, Schroers, Crous, Groenewald & Gunde-Cimerman (2007) Cladosporium psychrotolerans is a fungus found in hypersaline environments. It grows well at 4 °C but not at 30 °C, and has ornamented, globoid conidia with long digitate projections. References ^ Zalar, P.; de Hoog, G.S.; Schroers, H.-J.; Crous, P.W.; Groenewald, J.Z.; Gunde-Cimerman, N. (2007). "Phylogeny and ecology of the ubiquitous saprobe Cladosporium sphaerospermum, with descriptions of seven new species from hypersaline environments". Studies in Mycology. 58 (1): 157–183. doi:10.3114/sim.2007.58.06. ISSN 0166-0616. PMC 2104741. PMID 18490999. Taxon identifiersCladosporium psychrotolerans Wikidata: Q5124965 EoL: 18194909 Fungorum: 492428 GBIF: 3501910 MycoBank: 492428 NCBI: 1052091 NZOR: 1ffc3c4b-5683-4e4f-b7a8-4e4a78ec03c9 Open Tree of Life: 580434 This Capnodiales-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Biet
Félix Biet
["1 Life","2 See also","3 References"]
French missionary and naturalist Félix-Marie BietChurchCatholic ChurchDioceseApostolic Vicariate of TibetInstalled27 August 1878Term ended9 September 1901PredecessorJoseph-Marie Chauveau SuccessorPierre-Philippe Giraudeau Other post(s)Titular Bishop of DianaOrdersConsecrationby Annet-Théophile Pinchon Personal detailsBorn(1838-10-21)21 October 1838Langres, Haute-Marne, FranceDied9 September 1901(1901-09-09) (aged 62)Saint-Cyr-au-Mont-d'Or, Lyon Metropolis, FranceOccupationPriest, missionary, entomologist, ornithologistMottoSuaviter et fortiterCoat of arms Félix Biet (1838 in Langres, Haute-Marne – 1901 in Saint-Cyr-au-Mont-d'Or) was a French missionary from Paris Foreign Missions Society and naturalist. Life Four Westerners in Tatsienlu, 1890, photographed by Prince Henri d’Orléans. From left: Léonard-Louis Déjean, Bishop Félix Biet, the American Tibetologist W.W. Rockhill and André Soulié Biet was born in 1838. He was ordained as a priest in 1864. He was next sent to Tatsienlu in Tibet (called Dartsedo by Tibetans) as a missionary and he became the Bishop of the Apostolic Vicariate of Thibet, now Diocese of Kangding, in 1898. Félix Biet collected butterflies for Charles Oberthür who dedicated three new species (Thecla bieti, Pantoporia bieti and Anthocharis bieti) to him. Alphonse Milne-Edwards described the Chinese mountain cat (Felis bieti) and the black snub-nosed monkey, (Rhinopithecus bieti), the latter collected and sent by Jean-André Soulié. The Biet's laughingthrush a Chinese endemic species was another discovery, named by Émile Oustalet in 1897. Those natural history collections from Tibet and China are in the National Museum of Natural History in Paris. He was succeeded by Pierre-Philippe Giraudeau. See also Catholic Church in Sichuan Catholic Church in Tibet References Adrien Launay (1916), Mémorial de la Société des missions étrangères Françoise Fauconnet-Buzelin (2012), Les Martyrs oubliés du Tibet. Chronique d'une rencontre manquée (1855-1940), éd. du Cerf, coll. Petit Cerf, Paris, 2012, 656 pages vteChristianity in TibetMain articleCatholic(Main article)Diocese Diocese of Kangding Churchbuildings Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception, Kangding (within Sichuan) Cathedral of the Sacred Heart of Jesus, Kangding (within Sichuan) Sacred Heart of Jesus Church, Bahang  (within Yunnan) Sacred Heart Church, Cizhong  (within Yunnan) Catholic Church of Lhasa St. Anne's Church, Moxi (within Sichuan) Sacred Heart Church, Xiaoweixi  (within Yunnan) Our Lady of the Sacred Heart Church, Yerkalo Sacred Heart Church, Zhongding (within Yunnan) Missionaries Paris Foreign Missions Society Jesuit missions in Tibet  António de Andrade Giuseppe Maria Bernini Félix Biet Augustin Bourry Jean-Baptiste Brieux  Estêvão Cacella Joseph-Marie Chauveau  Nuño Coresma  Armand David Auguste Desgodins Ippolito Desideri Jules Dubernard  Joseph Gabet Annet Genestier Pierre-Philippe Giraudeau  Francis Goré  Johann Grueber Matthias Hermanns Évariste Régis Huc Nicolas Krick Angelin Lovey  Marco della Tomba Jean-Théodore Monbeig Pascual Nadal Oltra  Odoric of Pordenone Albert d'Orville Francesco della Penna Ignatius Persico Julien Rabin  Charles-René Renou  Louis Schram  Dominik Schröder Jean-André Soulié Léon Thomine Desmazures  Maurice Tornay Pierre Valentin  Related Archdiocese of Agra Diocese of Darjeeling Batang uprising Dimaluo Village Moxi Town John Baptist Wang Ruohan  Catholic Church in Sichuan ProtestantChurchbuildings Gospel Church, Kangding (within Sichuan) Missionaries Moravian Church mission China Inland Mission Tibetan Pioneer Mission Seventh-day Adventist Tibetan Mission Edvard Amundsen John Nevins Andrews H. A. Baker Geoffrey Bull James Cameron Robert Cunningham Marion Herbert Duncan James Huston Edgar August Hermann Francke Maria Heyde Heinrich August Jäschke Zenas Sanford Loftis Karl Marx Roderick McLeod  James Clarence Ogden George Parker George Patterson Victor Guy Plymire Cecil H. Polhill Susanna Carson Rijnhart Albert Shelton William Wallace Simpson Sadhu Sundar Singh Theo Sørensen Dorothy Spicer Annie Royle Taylor Tibetan Bible Bible translations into Tibetan Heinrich August Jäschke August Hermann Francke Yoseb Gergan Related Dorris Shelton Still The West China Missionary News Journal of the West China Border Research Society Protestantism in Sichuan vteChristianity in SichuanMain articleChurch of the East Church of the East in Sichuan Fang Guan Catholic(Main article) An Account of the Entry of the Catholic Religion into Sichuan Synodus Vicariatus Sutchuensis Batang uprising Spanish Redemptorist missions in Sichuan Youyang anti-missionary riot Bailu Town Moxi Town Dioceses Chengdu Chongqing Jiading Kangding Ningyuan Shunqing Suifu Wanxian Churchbuildings Immaculate Conception Cathedral, Chengdu St. Joseph's Cathedral, Chongqing Cathedral of the Angels, Xichang Bailin Catholic Church  Annunciation Seminary, Bailu Sacred Heart of Jesus Church, Beibei  Our Lady of Lourdes Church, Bishan  St. Thérèse of Lisieux Church, Chongqing Sacred Heart Church, Cizhong  (Tibetan region) Sacred Heart Church, Dechang  Annunciation Church, Dengchigou  Fuling Catholic Church Church of Our Lady, Huili  Our Lady of Lourdes Church, Mianyang Sacred Heart of Jesus Church, Mianzhu  St. Anne's Church, Moxi (Tibetan region) Our Lady of the Sacred Heart Church, Yerkalo (Tibetan region) Holy Rosary Church, Yibin  Missionaries Paris Foreign Missions Society Jesuit missions in China Congregation of the Mission Luigi Antonio Appiani Jean Basset Stanislas Baudry  Félix Biet René-Désiré-Romain Boisguérin  Joseph Bourgain  Jean-Baptiste Brieux  Lodovico Buglio Juan Campos Rodríguez Joseph-Marie Chauveau  Célestin Chouvellon  Eugène-Paul Coupat  Armand David Constant de Deken Louis-Charles Delamarre  Joseph Desflèches Jules Dubernard  Gabriel-Taurin Dufresse Marie-Julien Dunand Paul Guillaume Farges Jean-Louis Florens  Lucien Galan  Pierre-Philippe Giraudeau  Francis Goré  Jean de Guébriant  Laurent-Joseph-Marius Imbert Louis-Gabriel-Xavier Jantzen  Georges-Marie de Jonghe d'Ardoye Joannes-Baptista Kou Jean-François Martin de La Baluère Frédéric-Vincent Lebbe Urbain Lefebvre  Charles Lemaire  Paul Liu Hanzuo Gabriel de Magalhães Joachim-Enjobert de Martiliat Jean-Théodore Monbeig Claude Motel Jean-Martin Moye Johannes Müllener  Pascual Nadal Oltra  Jacques-Léonard Pérocheau Pierre-Julien Pichon  Henri Pinault Annet-Théophile Pinchon  François Pottier  Charles-René Renou  Jacques-Victor-Marius Rouchouse Adolphe Roulland Jean-Didier de Saint-Martin Jean-André Soulié Augustine Tchao  Léon Thomine Desmazures  Pierre Valentin  Eleutherius Winance Lucy Yi Zhenmei NativeCatholics Chang Shan-tse  Joseph Chen Gong'ao  John Chen Shi-zhong John Chen Xianheng  Matthew Chen Zhemin  Paul Deng Jizhou John Dong Shizhi  Matthias Duan Yinming Paul He Zeqing Joseph Hou Guoyang John Lei Jiapei Paul Lei Shiyin Matthias Li Jun-ho  John Li Xiting  Paul Liu Hanzuo Thaddeus Liu Ruiting  Michael Liu Xianru  Liu Yuliang  Peter Luo Beizhan  Matthew Luo Duxi Peter Luo Xuegang Empress Dowager Ma Joseph Tang Yuange Wang Juguang  Wang Liangzuo  Paul Wang Wencheng  Francis Xavier Wang Zepu  Joseph Xu Zhixuan Lucy Yi Zhenmei Joseph Yuan Zaide  Related Audrey Donnithorne Artus de Lionne Joche Albert Ly Ignatius Persico Thérèse of Lisieux Maurice Tornay Agnes Tsao Kou Ying John Baptist Wang Ruohan  Basil Xu  Candida Xu St. Andrew's Abbey Our Lady of Joy Abbey Catholic Church in Tibet Protestant(Main article) China Inland Mission The West China Missionary News Journal of the West China Border Research Society West China Union University West China College of Stomatology West China Medical Center Early Rain Covenant Church Anglican(Main article)Diocese Diocese of Szechwan Churchbuildings Trinity Church, Langzhong St John's Cathedral, Langzhong St John's Church, Chengdu Gospel Church, Guanghan Gospel Church, Jiangyou Gospel Church, Mianyang Gospel Church, Mianzhu Gospel Church, Wanzhou Missionaries China Inland Mission Church Missionary Society W. H. Aldis Kenneth Bevan Frederick Boreham William Cassels Vyvyan Donnithorne Alice Entwistle Brook Hannah John Holden Sverre Holth James Heywood Horsburgh Frank Houghton Ku Ho-lin Montagu Robert Lawrence John Howard Lechler Harold Alexander Maxwell Howard Mowll Cecil H. Polhill Arthur T. Polhill Montagu Proctor-Beauchamp Douglas Sargent Song Cheng-tsi Tsai Fuh-tsu  Richard Alexander Whiteside Methodist(Main article) Sï-Shen-Tsï Methodist Church Gospel Hospital, Chengdu  The West China Missionary News Missionaries American Methodist Episcopal Mission Canadian Methodist Mission Joseph Beech George John Bond Newton Ernest Bowles Harry Lee Canright Charles Rupert Carscallen W. Y. Chen  James Endicott James Gareth Endicott Ailie Gale Francis Dunlap Gamewell Virgil Chittenden Hart  George Everson Hartwell Gertrude Howe Charles Julius Pasmore Jolliffe Leslie Gifford Kilborn Omar Leslie Kilborn William John Mortimore Susanna Carson Rijnhart Walter Small Theo Sørensen David W. Stevenson Charles Winfield Service Edward Wilson Wallace Ralph A. Ward  Lucius Nathan Wheeler Quakers(Main article)Missionaries Friends' Foreign Mission Association Tongchuan Meeting House Alice M. Beck Mira L. Cumber A. Warburton Davidson Robert John Davidson Mary Jane Davidson Frederic S. Deane Lucy E. Harris Elizabeth Joy Hodgkin Henry Hodgkin Esther L. Mason Isaac Mason H. T. Silcock Caroline N. Southall Margaret Southall Clifford Morgan Stubbs Edward B. Vardon Margaret Vardon Leonard Wigham Related W. Brian Harland Fred Rowntree Baptists(Main article) American Baptist Foreign Mission Society Alfred James Broomhall David Crockett Graham William Reginald Morse Esther Nelson Henry James Openshaw Joseph Taylor William M. Upcraft George Warner Robert Wellwood Seventh-dayAdventist(Main article) Francis Arthur Allum John Nevins Andrews Claude Lockyer Blandford Alexander Blackburn Buzzell Holman Carl Currie Johann Heinrich Effenberg Cecil Bennett Guild Alton Eugene Hughes Sidney Henton Lindt Ernest L. Lutz Ida Mae Matson Emma Neale Ortner Evaline Osborne Dorothy Spicer Merritt C. Warren Dallas R. White George L. Wilkinson Charles A. Woolsey Lutheran Holy Cross Church, Wanzhou Edvard Amundsen George Oliver Lillegard  YMCA Chengdu Young Men's Christian Association  Grace Service Robert Roy Service Y. C. James Yen Disciples ofChrist Marion Herbert Duncan Zenas Sanford Loftis James Clarence Ogden Susanna Carson Rijnhart Albert Shelton Mennonites Henry Cornelius Bartel  Nellie Schmidt Bartel Otherdenominations Gospel Church, Kangding (Tibetan region) Robert Cunningham James Huston Edgar Griffith John Robert Henry Mathews Thomas Torrance Alexander Wylie NativeProtestants Chang Chʽün Lincoln L. G. Dsang Ruth Dsang S. H. Fong Susan Huang Ku Ho-lin Li Bifeng Liu Zhongjing  Ran Yunfei Song Cheng-tsi Tsai Fuh-tsu  Wang Yi Stephen Yang Y. C. James Yen Yu Jie Zhang Jin Eastern Orthodox Eastern Orthodoxy in Sichuan Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National France BnF data
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Gaudio
Tony Gaudio
["1 Early Life and Education","2 Career","2.1 Italy","2.2 New York","2.3 Hollywood","2.3.1 1920s","2.3.1.1 Presidency","2.3.2 Director","2.3.3 Returning to the Camera","2.3.4 1930s","2.3.5 1940s","3 Personal Life","4 Legacy","4.1 The Montage","4.2 Mitchell Camera Viewfinder","4.3 Device for Photographing Exterior Night Scenes in the Daytime","4.4 First All-Talkie, All-Color Film","4.5 Documentary","5 Awards and Nominations","6 Filmography","7 References","8 Further reading"]
Italian-American cinematographer Tony GaudioTony Gaudio, ASCBornGaetano Antonio Gaudio(1883-11-20)November 20, 1883Celico, Cosenza, ItalyDiedAugust 10, 1951(1951-08-10) (aged 67)Burlingame, CaliforniaNationalityItalianTitleA.S.C. President (1924–1925)Board member ofA.S.C.SpouseRosina GaudioChildrenFrancesco "Frank" Gaudio, Tony Gaudio, Elena Gaudio Hipple, Vera Gaudio Woods.RelativesEugene Gaudio (brother)Awards1936 Academy Award for Best Cinematography This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Tony Gaudio" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Gaetano (Tony) Gaudio, A.S.C. (20 November 1883 – 10 August 1951) was a pioneer Italian-American cinematographer of more than 1000 films. Gaudio won the Academy Award for Best Cinematography for Anthony Adverse, becoming the first Italian to have won an Oscar, and was nominated five additional times for Hell's Angels, Juarez, The Letter, Corvette K-225, and A Song to Remember. He is cited as the first to have created a montage sequence for a film in The Mark of Zorro. He was among the founders of the American Society of Cinematographers, and served as President from 1924 until 1925. Early Life and Education Born Gaetano Antonio Gaudio in Celico, Cosenza, Italy in 1883 to a famous photographic family. The son of one of Italy’s foremost photographic artists, the boy was quite literally brought up in the studio, where he learned at an early age to use the still camera and to develop negatives in the darkroom. His father also gave him a liberal education in lenses, cameras, composition and the manipulation of lights so that when the time came to take up motion photography, the young Tony had a head full of useful information to start with. At two months old, Tony’s family moved from Cosenza to Rome for a short period in order for Tony to attend art school. He is indebted to his art training for his later interest in the camera as a medium of art, as opposed to a mere recording instrument. Tony was hardly nine years old when he began to play with photographic papers, making his own enlargements. After attending art school in Rome, he became an assistant to his father and older brother, Rafael (Ralph) Gaudio, a prominent portrait photographer in Italy who later became president of the Society of Photography in Europe, and was nominated as Knight of the Crown in Italy for photographic achievement. Then it became necessary to take time out from the photographic side of his education to go to military school. It was 1900 when he bade good-bye to the army and returned home, where he worked as an apprentice alongside his younger brother Eugenio (Eugene) Gaudio in the family photography studio owned by Rafael, "Foto Gaudio", in the historic center of the Calabrian city. Career Italy Eventually he segued into cinema, starting with several years with the famous Ambrosio Films in Torino- a film company popular in Italy in the early days of cinema. In 1903, 19-year-old Tony filmed “Napoleon Crossing the Alps”. Years later in a New York Times interview, Tony remembered that his only lighting problem in this film was the sun, which kept ducking behind the clouds. “It was quite bad,” Mr. Gaudio recalled. A young Gaudio shot hundreds of short subjects for Italian film companies, two or three features a week, before emigrating to America in 1906 at the age of 22 together with his brother Eugene, who would follow him to the United States. New York In 1906 a young Gaudio arrived in the United States, moving to New York City. Tony was employed by Al Simpson to produce "song slides" that could be shown in theaters so patrons could sing along with the music. Twelve hand-colored slides were made for each new popular or near popular song. After quitting Simpson in 1908, Tony worked in Vitagraph’s film development laboratories in New York. It was in 1908 that Tony acted as the cinematographer for his first film in the United States, Madame Nicotine. In 1909 the photographer moved to Flatbush — which is now as for many years it has been a part of Brooklyn — where he took full charge of the Vitagraph laboratory. Frame from the previously lost 1911 film Pictureland Then he moved across the Brooklyn Bridge to Carl Laemmle’s Independent Moving Picture CO., supervising the construction of IMP’s New York laboratories. He had complete charge of both positive and negative departments until perfectly organized when he was promoted to be a studio manager. From 1910-1912 he became the Chief of Cinematography at IMP, shooting one picture a week and fifty a year. The leading players in the Eleventh Avenue studio at that time were Mary Pickford, King Baggot, Joe Smiley, and Owen Moore, among others. There, he shot Mary Pickford’s films for director Thomas H. Ince. In addition to being her cameraman, Gaudio also wrote For the Queen’s Honor (1911), using his writing skills from the many films he wrote and directed in Italy before then. With IMP in 1910, Tony pioneered filming underwater, shooting the first submarine picture, titled “Submarine”. He went down in a submarine at Newport News in Virginia, taking pictures inside a submersible vessel. He then left IMP to work for Biograph, a studio established in Brooklyn Heights, where he was engaged with the specials the company was making for Klaw and Erlanger, stage producers in New York. Among these specials were Strongheart, and Classmates, with Blanche Sweet and Marshall Nielan. Together, the stage and screen men were adapting plays, one of the earliest instances in which a staged play was converted to the screen. Gaudio remained here until 1915. Gaudio found a home at Metro Pictures by 1916, where his brother Eugene now worked as a director. Hollywood In 1916, Gaudio made the transition to California with a troupe of the early Metro Company, one of the three organizations which would later become Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, where Eugene now worked as a director. In his unit were Harold Lockwood and May Allison, headed by Richard (Dick) Rowland. At Metro, Tony shot 10 films for director Fred J. Balshofer, produced by Yorke Film Corporation. Following the death of Lockwood in a flu epidemic, Gaudio joined forces with Alan Dwan’s company for such pictures as The Forbidden Thing, and The Sin of Martha. Dawn would also loan would loan Gaudio to R.K.O. in order to photograph the company’s first production, Kismet (1920), with Otis Skinner. 1920s In Old Kentucky (1919): (from left) cinematographer Henry Cronjager, assistant director Alfred E. Green, director Marshall Neilan, and cinematographer Tony Gaudio Beginning in 1919 and transitioning into the 1920s, Gaudio began his collaboration with First National Pictures, starting with films A Man of Honor, In Wrong, The Red Lantern, and Her Kingdom of Dreams and In Old Kentucky. In 1920, Gaudio photographed Douglas Fairbanks’ The Mark of Zorro, pioneering the use of montage. In 1921, Gaudio photographed “A Bride of the Gods”, later known as Shattered Idols. The Brahman temple scenes in the film were said to be among the most artistic shots ever made. Still from the American drama film Shattered Idols (1922) Over 1,500,000 candle-power were employed to light up this set, the greater part of the light being supplied by the fifteen sunlight arcs. Gaudio also used four generator sets on the scene. Producer J.L. Frothingham was so pleased with Gaudio’s work on this film that he retained him for his next project, The Woman He Loved. In total, Gaudio and Frothingham collaborated five times on The Ten Dollar Raise, The Other Woman, A Bride of the Gods, The Man Who Smiled and Pilgrim of Night. Tony Gaudio, August 1925After this collaboration, Gaudio stayed with First National Pictures, joining Norma Talmadge under the management of her husband and producer, Joseph Schenck. He was also a cameraman for Norma’s sister Constance Talmadge in East is West. Gaudio was given lavish praise for the photographic excellence of Secrets, directed by Frank Borzage, a long time future collaborator of Gaudio. Arrangements were made whereby he was “farmed out” to other large producers, he having thus photographed John M. Stahl’s Husbands and Lovers, Corrine Griffith’s Déclassée, and Marion Davies in Adam and Eva. For the Corrine Griffith production, the special arrangement was during the vacation of Norma Talmadge. In total, Gaudio photographed 10 Talmadge films from 1922 to 1925 as Chief Cinematographer of Joseph M. Schenck productions, most notably with The Eternal Flame, Secrets, and Ashes of Vengeance. Presidency The American Cinematographer. 1923-01 Vol. III no. 10 cover In 1924, Tony Gaudio was elected president of the American Society of Cinematographers, the highest honor at the disposal of the cinematographers. A.S.C. is the professional body his brother had helped create to promote standardization in the industry of cinematography, serving as a body of information for cameramen. At the time of the election, A.S.C. cited Gaudio as one of the world’s foremost cinematographers and pioneers in the industry. Gaudio held the position until 1925. Director In 1925, Tony Gaudio turned to directing for a brief period of time, directing a total of two films. In July of 1925 it was announced that Gaudio would be directing the Waldorf special feature production in collaboration with Columbia Pictures, starring Alice Lake and Gaston Glass, with ASC’s Sam Landers as the cinematographer, titled The Price of Success. The Price of Success (1925) with film director Tony Gaudio, Florence Turner, and Alice Lake Gaudio’s direction of the Waldorf production did not interfere with his relations with Joseph M. Schenck. He continued as Chief Cinematographer for Norma Talmadge, filming her next feature and their last together, Graustark. All eyes were on Gaudio for his directorial debut, and Schenck was impressed, clearing the way for Gaudio to direct his second feature film with Waldorf, Sealed Lips, starring Dorothy Revier and Cullen Landis. Schenck waived Gaudio’s contract in what he hoped to be a promising directorial career for the camera veteran. Returning to the Camera This directorial streak did not last for long, as Gaudio returned Metro as a cinematographer in 1926 with The Temptress, a Greta Garbo feature in which Tony lost the little finger of his left hand when he fell on the set. Tony continued to work with First National for The Blonde Saint, The Notorious Lady and An Affair of the Follies, in addition to photographing The Gaucho for Fairbanks. Also with First National was Two Arabian Knights and The Racket, both directed by Lewis Milestone, for businessman and producer Howard Hughes in collaboration with United Artists. The Gaucho featured one of the earliest two-strip Technicolor sequences. Gaudio also shot two-strip Technicolor scenes for On with the Show! (1929) and General Crack (1929) for Warner Bros. On with the Show! was the first all-talking, all-color feature. When First National was acquired by Warner Bros. in 1928, Gaudio moved over to the new studio, signing a long-term contract with Warners in 1930. 1930s Poster- Hell's Angels (1930) Gaudio hit his stride after signing with Warner Bros. in 1930, shooting Mervyn LeRoy’s gangster classic Little Caesar (1931), in a harsh style that fit the gritty subject matter. Gaudio contributed to two seminal war films in 1930, acting as second camera to A.S.C.’s Arthur Edeson for All Quiet on the Western Front, and as cinematographer for Hell’s Angels (1930), handling the dialogue scenes with co-cinematographer Harry Perry as well as the aerial cinematography. Hell’s Angels won Gaudio his first Oscar nomination for Best Cinematography, a picture that made records from the photographic side, as the film was exposed for two and a half years. By the time the picture was completed as a silent film, then came the revolution of sound. Throughout the 1930s, Gaudio collaborated with many directors repeatedly, all under the banner of Warner Bros. Tony Gaudio and Archie Mayo shot four pictures together, including Bordertown, The Man with Two Faces, Go into Your Dance, and The Case of the Lucky Legs. Gaudio was a regular cameraman for starlett Bette Davis. For Ex-Lady (1933), an early attempt to turn her into a sex symbol, Gaudio gave Davis the glamour treatment. By the time he shot Bordertown (1934), the studio realized her histrionic talents, and Gaudio brought a stark realism to the seedy Mexican setting. In 1936, Gaudio shot Warners' first three-strip Technicolor film, God's Country and the Woman, with director William Keighley, a four time collaborator of Gaudio’s. The film was made in exactly 59 shooting days, which included a long and strenuous location trip to northern Washington. With German director William Dieterle, Gaudio photographed eight pictures, most notably The Life of Emile Zola (1937), which one the 1937 Academy Award for Best Picture, and Juarez (1939). Guadio and director Michael Curtiz collaborated six times, notably on The Adventures of Robin Hood (1938), and Kid Galahad (1937), another Bette Davis joint which gave him the opportunity to contrast high-key Art Deco scenes with the smoky interiors of the boxing ring. Another main collaborator was Mervyn Leroy, with whom Gaudio shot six films, notably Anthony Adverse, for which he won his first and only oscar for the 1936 Academy Award for Best Cinematography, Black-and-White. On set of 1936 Anthony Adverse; Mervyn LeRoy (seated right) directing costars March and DeHavilland; behind LeRoy is Tony Gaudio Upon winning the Oscar, in an interview with The American Cinematographer in April, 1937, Gaudio gushes:“I am convinced there never has been one of my brother cameramen who was so happy over winning this award as I have been. For me, it has been a deep as it will be an abiding satisfaction. And my gratitude, deeper than words can express, goes to the men and women of this great industry".The years of 1938 and 1939 are busy times for Gaudio, completing his 1000th picture. Gaudio acted as Director of Photography on Edmund Goulding’s The Dawn Patrol, shooting aerial scenes as well as claustrophobic interiors. As of June 1938, Tony was the oldest cinematographer on features in the world at 55 years old. In an interview with The American Cinematographer in their June, 1938 issue, Tony comments:“Today’s cameramen are virtually a new race of artists. Sound, with its new requirements, brought a saner approach to motion picture photography. Camera work should be like that of the portrait artist, reality and character with only so much retouching as is necessary to smooth out the rougher spots. Realism and character must be preserved at all costs.” "Juarez" 1939 Title, from Trailer At the end of the decade, Gaudio photographed two more Bette Davis pictures in which he de-glamorized the actress. This includes The Old Maid (1939) and Juarez (1939), for which he earned the Oscar nomination once again for Best Cinematography, Black-and-White. The picture was the first major subject in Hollywood to be photographed on the new Eastman Plus X Panchromatic film. Not an inch of any other brand was used in the production, declares Tony Gaudio in an interview with The American Cinematographer.“The Eastman company is responsible for many improvements in photography,” he said, “but I am convinced this stock is not only a distinct advance. It is the best thing Eastman has done for the motion picture industry as a whole.”In this work he retained the same balance between highlights, half tones and shadows as he had formerly with film that preceded Plus X. This level of illumination was reduced by exactly 50 percent, which saved costs in lighting.“It is smoother, finer in grain and in speed.” the cameraman said in conclusion. “Yes, I am using Plus X in “The Old Maid”, the picture I am now on, another Bette Davis subject, and I expect to be using it as long as I am in pictures. No, I don’t think there ever will be anything really better.” 1940s Gaudio began the decade of the 1940s while still in collaboration with Warner Bros. With William Keighley, Tony shot The Fighting 69th (1940), which was labeled a “truly brilliant example of screencraft” by The Film Daily. Also in 1940, Gaudio photographed The Letter, a William Wyler picture that gave Tony his 4th Oscar nomination for Best Cinematography, Black-and-White. This was another Bette Davis picture, one of her better remembered vehicles that is distinguished by Gaudio's moody cinematography, especially the memorable opening shot, a slow track through a Malaysian rubber plantation that sets the tone for the whole picture. In 1941, Gaudio lit Raoul Walsh's crime masterwork High Sierra in an ultra realistic, documentary-like fashion that was a precursor of film noir. Tony Gaudio on Experiment Perilous, 1944 In the 40s, he photographed seven pictures with Lloyd Bacon under Warner, including Brother Orchid (1940), Affectionately Yours (1942), and Wings for the Eagle (1942). Their collaboration stopped in 1943 when Gaudio left Warner Bros. to go freelance after shooting another Raoul Walsh film, Background to Danger. After leaving the studio, Gaudio only photographed 11 more films before his death in 1951. His first film that he shot freelance was Corvette K-225 (1943) for Universal Pictures, for which he was nominated for his 5th Academy Award for Best Cinematography, Black-and-White. Next, he filmed two Jacques Tourner pictures, Experiment Perilous (1944) and Days of Glory (1944). Gaudio joined with Dieterle again for I’ll Be Seeing You (1944) before winning his last Oscar nomination for Best Cinematography, Color in 1946 for A Song To Remember (1945).In 1946, the Gaudio, Borzage, and Republic Pictures collaboration I’ve Always Loved You was a box office hit, winning the Honor Box for the Box Office Digest. In 1946 and 1947, Tony worked on 3 more films before his last film, being Swell Guy with Frank Tuttle, That’s My Man with Frank Borzage, and Love From a Stranger with Richard Whorf. Tony Gaudio’s last film was shot in 1949 with Lewis Milestone and Republic Pictures, titled The Red Pony. It was renowned for its mastery of color. Personal Life In 1939, Gaudio was nominated by King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy as a Knight of the Crown for his contributions to the art of motion picture photography. Gaudio declined to accept the honor and recognition for his work because it came from a foreign country, despite that country once being his homeland. In an interview with The American Cinematographer in their April, 1939 Issue, Gaudio explained:"It has nothing to with the present form of government in Italy. Nevertheless, I do not feel that it is right for me, now an American, to accept a foreign order."After the divorce from his first wife, Rosina Gaudio, which caused a scandal at the time, there was an estrangement with his children. After retiring from work in 1949, Gaudio moved to San Francisco with his second wife, Marie Gaudio. He died at his home on August 10, 1951 in Burlingame, California at the age of 66 of a heart attack. and is interred in the Hollywood Forever Cemetery in Hollywood, California. His brother Eugene Gaudio, also a cinematographer, died in 1920 at the age of 34. Gaudio is survived by his wife, Marie, and two sons- Frank, also a cameraman, and Antonio, a San Francisco Lawyer. Legacy Gaudio circa 1919 Tony Gaudio has always been one of the most consistently progressive members of the camera profession. He has taken part in all of the ASC’s technical researches, such as those which smoothed the introduction of monochromatic film, Mazda lighting and modern make-up. Gaudio was a revolutionary cinematographer, instituting and influencing many techniques and technologies in the craft. He has pioneered the use of “Dinky Inkies” and “precision lighting”, using spotlights almost to the exclusion of flood-lighting units. In addition, he pioneered the use of the Montage, invented the Mitchell Camera Viewfinder, worked on the first All-talkie and All-color film, as well as revolutionized photographing exterior night scenes during daylight. Gaudio's legacy lives on through his inventive and creative cinematographic mind that still impacts cinema today. The Montage Tony Gaudio was the first Hollywood photographer to use a montage. It was produced in a Douglas Fairbanks picture, “Mark of Zorro.” Mitchell Camera Viewfinder Tony was at the forefront of technical innovation in the craft of cinematography. A longtime fan and owner of the Mitchell camera, Gaudio was quoted in 1921 as stating that “The Mitchell does everything a camera ought to do and then a lot more”. In 1922, he invented a viewfinder for the new Mitchell Camera, as well as inventing the camera focusing microscope. In the 1920s, the Hollywood motion picture industry was dominated by Bell and Howell cameras, but Mitchell established a foothold and broke through by the end of the decade, propelled by cinematographers such as Gaudio who advocated for the Mitchell and its positive attributes. While the Bell and Howell produced a superior image due to its innovative pressure plate behind the lens, it was too noisy for sound work, which opened up the market to Mitchell. Mitchell Camera circ 1930s Now, any time anyone looks through the focusing microscope of a Mitchell camera, Tony Gaudio invented it. In the 1920s, when you focused a professional camera, you viewed your image either on the film itself or on a removable ground-glass focusing screen. In either event, if you had a good camera, you probably viewed this image through a simple, low-powered magnifying glass, which still gave you an image which was upside-down and turned around left or right. Gaudio believed that there was a better way of lining up a shot, and felt it would be easier if you could see your image right side up and laterally correct, and also rather highly magnified. He worked in close collaboration with the Mitchell engineers and with the Bausch and Lomb opticians. Finally after many months of experimentation, a focusing optical system was perfected. For the first time in the history of cinematography, you could look into a camera and see, magnified some 10 diameters, the actual image cast by his lens. By a turn of a small control, the vital center-area of the image could be scanned, with the magnification almost doubled. Device for Photographing Exterior Night Scenes in the Daytime Gaudio was among the first cinematographers to experiment successfully with the idea of photographing exterior night-scenes in the daytime, with filters. Faced with a unified chorus of “It can’t be done”, he succeeded. In 1923, Gaetano Gaudio invented an epochal device in lighting sets for darkness, paving the way to save millions in film production a year by the elimination of night exterior filming, revolutionizing picture making at night time. While shooting Norma Talmadge’s Joseh M. Schenck drama The Song of Love, Gaudio used his process during three days, in which night scenes of an Algerian village street were taken during the day. Gaudio was never satisfied by artificial night lighting, and looked forward to the entire industry adopting his invention, which inevitably occurred. The invention was perfected after only five weeks of experiment, and can be applied to any camera, having few attachments. The working principle rests in the preparation of the raw film. The new process gives a black sky, a light foreground, a clearly defined skyline, perfect silhouettes and stereoscopic relief with high visibility, to figures both in close-ups and even until their disappearance on the skyline. The shadows of figures walking in moonlight are strongly outlined. Gaudio announced at the time of invention that he was willing to stake his cinematographic reputation on this invention. First All-Talkie, All-Color Film Gaudio photographed “On With the Show!,” the first “all-talkie” musical in color. In a person essay for The American Cinematographer, Lighting Color on a Black-and-White Schedule from December 1936, Gaetano explained:"In those days, everything was a problem. Certain colors had to be avoided, since the process wouldn’t reproduce them, others had to be achieved by showing the camera an entirely different tone. But the biggest problem was lighting. The two-color technicolor of those old days demanded an unbelievable amount of light."Gaudio commented that color did not slow the process down significantly, and on some days they were able to make as many as 22 different set ups, which for a major studio production was about as fast as a black-and-white picture. "On With the Show" ad in The Film Daily, Jan-Jun 1929 In addition, Gaudio’s team pioneered something that had not yet been done in a Technicolor production, making projected background process shots. This can be seen in a sequence played in an airplane, flying over the lumber country of the Northwest, and finally landing. Gaudio comments on the development of color in film-making:"Picture making is picture making no matter what you’re shooting, and those of us who have spent years learning the fundamentals of the job ought to be competent to take a new development like color in our stride. Of course it means new tools to work with, new problems and new ways of expressing many new thoughts: but it is still the same basic job of putting entertainment on celluloid." Documentary The Lost Legacy of Tony Gaudio is an upcoming 2024 documentary that is about to hit festival screens that tells the story of Tony Gaudio from Calabria and Hollywood, exploring the mystery behind the disappearance of his prized statuette, the first Italian Oscar. The story follows Tony Gaudio, little known until a few years ago, born from an initiative to rediscover this artist. The documentary was implemented by the Cineteca della Calabria, which aroused the interest of a group of young authors from Cosenza and their production company "Open Fields". They proposed the idea of a documentary, obtaining the contribution of the Calabria Film Commission and the support of its counterpart Piedmontese institution. Broken Typewriter Productions from Los Angeles, CA is proud to announce their collaboration with Open Fields Productions from Cosenza, Italy for the feature documentary The Lost Legacy of Tony Gaudio. Open Fields’ Alessandro Nucci (director) and his brother Fabrizio Nucci (Producer) are in cooperation with The Margaret Herrick Academy archives and the American Society of Cinematographers. The website, The Tony Gaudio Foundation for The Cinematic Arts, was set up in efforts to fundraise and spread awareness about the documentary. The foundation’s CEO is Gino Gaudio, great nephew of Tony Gaudio, with the CFO being Chester Hipple, Tony Gaudio’s grandson. In a message on the website, it reads: "His name and contributions have been lost to the public. We would like the Gaudio name to live on and be remembered and celebrated from this day forward. “We trust The Lost Legacy of Tony Gaudio documentary will be a beautiful reminder for all film lovers of the important role of the cinematographer in films.”In April, in Gaetano Gaudio’s hometown, the first screening of the trailer of the documentary will be played. "It is the story of the first Italian winner of an Oscar, but it is also the discovery of an innovator in the field of photography; it is, at the same time, the story of the birth of cinema, in Italy and the United States, the discovery of techniques and perspectives; it is the story of the emigration of Italians; and it is also an investigation - punctuated by a fictional part - in search of the statuette won almost 90 years ago and of which traces have been lost."The documentary will feature interviews - combined with images of the works - from some American teachers and scholars and entertainment industry professionals of Italy and the US. These include Patrick Keating and Jonathan Kuntz, or personalities of US cinema, such as the Oscar winner Richard Edlund, special visual effects supervisor of films such as Star Wars, or M. David Mullen, director of photography of The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel. In addition, there will be interviews from the president of the Cineteca della Calabria, Eugenio Attanasio, and from the Calabrian director of photography and Oscar winner for Avatar, Mauro Fiore. The film will also feature interviews from Gaudio’s relatives.“This documentary – explains the director – posed a series of problems from the beginning: very little repertoire, no private photos, perhaps due to a fire that would have destroyed all the albums, and less than 100 public photos. Involving the family was absolutely necessary."After Gaudio's death, all traces of the Oscar were lost, intersecting a line between the emotional story of the grandchildren and the artistic path of the pioneer cinematographer. Awards and Nominations Academy Awards Year Category Film Result 1930 Best Cinematography Hell's Angels Nominated 1936 Best Cinematography, Black-and-White Anthony Adverse Won 1939 Best Cinematography, Black-and-White Juarez Nominated 1940 Best Cinematography, Black-and-White The Letter Nominated 1943 Best Cinematography, Black-and-White Corvette K-225 Nominated 1945 Best Cinematography, Color A Song to Remember Nominated Filmography (as per International Dictionary of Film and Filmmakers and as per AFI's database)) Year Title Role Production/Distribution Co. Director Notes 1903 Napoleon Crossing the Alps Director Cinematographer Tony Gaudio 1st film, Italy 1908 Madame Nicotine Cinematographer 1910 Submarine Cinematographer Pr./Dist. Independent Motion Pictures 1st underwater feature 1911 Shorts: Pictureland, The Dream, Maid or Man, At the Duke's Command, The Mirror, The Message in the Bottle, Her Darkest Hour, Artful Kate, A Manly Man, The Fisher-Maid, In Old Madrid, Sweet Memories, The Stampede, The Fair Dentist, For Her Brother's Sake, The Master and the Man, At a Quarter of Two, The Lighthouse Keeper, A Gasoline Engagement, Science, The Skating Bug, The Call of the Song, The Toss of a Coin, The Sentinel Asleep, The Better Way, His Dress Shirt, From the Bottom of the Sea Cinematographer Pr./Dist. Independent Motion Pictures Thomas Ince 1911 For the Queen's Honor Cinematographer Writer Pr./Dist. Independent Motion Pictures Thomas Ince 1911 Their First Misunderstanding Cinematographer Pr./Dist. Independent Motion Pictures Thomas Ince, G. Tucker 1911 Second Sight Cinematographer Pr./Dist. Independent Motion Pictures Thomas Ince, J. Smiley 1911 In the Sultan's Garden Cinematographer Pr./Dist. Independent Motion Pictures Thomas Ince, W. Clifford 1911 The Rose's Story Cinematographer Pr./Dist. Independent Motion Pictures J. Smiley, G. Tucker 1912 The Rose of California Camera Pr./Dist. Independent Motion Pictures Francis J. Grandon 1914 Classmates Cinematographer Pr./Dist. Biograph Company James Kirkwood 1914 Strongheart Cinematographer Pr. Klaw & Erlanger Dist. Biograph Company James Kirkwood 1914 The Cricket on the Hearth Cinematographer Pr./Dist. Biograph Company Lawrence Marsten 1914 The Woman in Black Cinematographer Pr. Biograph Company Dist. General Film Company Lawrence Marsten 1916 The Unpardonable Sin Cinematographer Pr. Shubert Film Corp. Barry O'Neill 1916 The Masked Rider Cinematographer Pr. Quality Pictures Co. Dist. Metro Pictures Fred J. Balshofer 1916 The River of Romance Cinematographer Pr. Yorke Film Corporation Dist. Metro Pictures Fred J. Balshofer 1916 Big Tremaine Cinematographer Pr. Yorke Film Corporation Dist. Metro Pictures Henry Otto 1916 Mister 44 Cinematographer Pr. Yorke Film Corporation Dist. Metro Pictures Henry Otto 1916 Pidgin Island Cinematographer Pr. Yorke Film Corporation Dist. Metro Pictures Fred J. Balshofer 1917 The Hidden Spring Cinematographer Pr. Yorke Film Corporation Dist. Metro Pictures E. Mason Hopper 1917 The Promise Cinematographer Pr. Yorke Film Corporation Dist. Metro Pictures Jay Hunt 1917 The Haunted Pajamas Cinematographer Pr. Yorke Film Corporation Dist. Metro Pictures Fred J. Balshofer 1917 Under Handicap Cinematographer Pr. Yorke Film Corporation Dist. Metro Pictures Fred J. Balshofer 1917 Paradise Garden Cinematographer Pr. Yorke Film Corporation Dist. Metro Pictures Fred J. Balshofer 1917 The Hidden Children Cinematographer Pr. Yorke Film Corporation Dist. Metro Pictures Oscar Apfel 1917 The Square Deceiver Cinematographer Pr. Yorke Film Corporation Dist. Metro Pictures Fred J. Balshofer 1917 The Avenging Trail Cinematographer Pr. Yorke Film Corporation Dist. Metro Pictures Francis Ford 1918 Broadway Bill Cinematographer Pr. Yorke Film Corporation Dist. Metro Pictures Fred J. Balshofer 1918 The Landloper Cinematographer Pr. Yorke Film Corporation Dist. Metro Pictures George Irving 1918 Lend Me Your Name Cinematographer Pr. Yorke Film Corporation Dist. Metro Pictures Fred J. Balshofer 1918 Pals First Cinematographer Pr. Yorke Film CorporationDist. First National Edwin Carewe 1919 The Unpardonable Sin Cinematographer Pr. Hary Garson Production Dist. World Pictures Marshall Neilan Co. Cronjaner 1919 A Man of Honor Cinematographer Dist. First National Fred J. Balshofer 1919 In Wrong Cinematographer Dist. First National James Kirkwood 1919 Atonement Cinematographer Pr. Humphrey Pictures Dist. Pioneer Pictures William J. Humphrey 1919 The Red Lantern Cinematographer Pr. Nazimova ProductionsDist. Metro Pictures Albert Capellani 1919 Her Kingdom of Dreams Cinematographer Pr. Louis B. Mayer Dist. First National Marshall Neilan 1920 The Inferior Sex Cinematographer Pr. Chaplin-Mayers Dist. First National Joseph Henabery 1920 In Old Kentucky Cinematographer Pr. Louis B. Mayer Dist. First National Marshall Neilan 1920 Whispering Devils Cinematographer Pr. Harry Garson Production Dist. Equity Pictures Harry Garson 1920 Fighting Shepherdess Cinematographer Pr. Louis B. Mayer Dist. First National Edward Jose 1920 The Mark of Zorro Cinematographer Pr. Douglas Fairbanks Dist. United Artists Fred Niblo Montage 1920 An Adventuress Cinematographer Pr. Yorke Film CorporationDist. Republic Distributing Fred J. Balshofer 1920 Kismet Cinematographer Pr. Waldorf Productions Dist. Robertson-Cole Louis J. Gasnier 1920 The Forbidden Thing Cinematographer Pr. Allan Dwan ProductionsDist. Associated Producers Allan Dwan 1921 The Sin of Martha Queed Cinematographer Pr. Mayflower PhotoplayDist. Associated Exhibitors Allan Dwan 1921 The Other Woman Cinematographer Pr. J.L. FrothinghamProductions Dist. Hodkinson Pictures Edward Sloman 1921 The Ten Dollar Raise Cinematographer Pr. J.L. Frothingham Productions Dist. Associated Producers Edward Sloman 1921 The Sin of Martha Queed Cinematographer Pr. Mayflower Photoplay Dist. Associated Exhibitors Allan Dwan 1921 Pilgrims of the Night Cinematographer Pr. J.L. FrothinghamProductions Dist. First National Edward Sloman 1922 Shattered Idols Cinematographer Pr. J.L. FrothinghamProductions Dist. First National Edward Sloman 1922 The Eternal Flame Cinematographer Pr. Talmadge ProductionsDist. First National Frank Lloyd 1922 The Woman He Loved Cinematographer Pr. J.L. FrothinghamProductions Dist. American Releasing Edward Sloman 1922 East is West Cinematographer Pr. Talmadge ProductionsDist. First National Sidney Franklin 1923 The Voice from the Minaret Cinematographer Pr. Talmadge ProductionsDist. First National Frank Lloyd 1923 Adam and Eva Cinematographer Pr. Cosmopolitan Prod. Dist. Paramount Pictures Robert G. Vignola 1923 Within the Law Cinematographer Pr. Talmadge Productions Dist. First National Frank Lloyd 1923 The Song of Love Cinematographer Pr. Talmadge ProductionsDist. First National C. Franklin, F. Marion 1923 Ashes of Vengeance Cinematographer Pr. Talmadge ProductionsDist. First National Frank Lloyd 1924 Secrets Cinematographer Pr. Talmadge ProductionsDist. First National Frank Borzage 1924 Husbands and Lovers Cinematographer Pr. Louis B. Mayer Dist. First National John M. Stahl 1924 The Only Woman Cinematographer Pr. Talmadge ProductionsDist. First National Sidney Olcott 1925 The Lady Cinematographer Pr. Talmadge ProductionsDist. First National Frank Borzage 1925 Déclassée Cinematographer Pr./Dist. First National Robert G. Vignola 1925 Sealed Lips Director Pr. Waldorf Productions Dist. Columbia Pictures Tony Gaudio U.S. Directorial Debut 1925 The Price of Success Director Pr. Waldorf Productions Dist. Columbia Pictures Tony Gaudio 1925 Graustark Cinematographer Pr. Talmadge ProductionsDist. First National Dimitri Buchowetzki 1926 The Temptress Cinematographer Pr./Dist. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Fred Niblo 1926 The Gay Deceiver Cinematographer Pr./Dist. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer John M. Stahl co. Max Fabian 1926 Upstage Cinematographer Pr./Dist. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Monta Bell 1926 The Blonde Saint Cinematographer Pr. Sam E. Rork Productions Dist. First National Svend Gade 1927 An Affair of the Follies Cinematographer Pr. Al Rockett ProductionsDist. First National Millard Webb 1927 The Notorious Lady Cinematographer Pr. Sam E. Rork Productions Dist. First National King Baggott 1927 Two Arabian Knights Cinematographer Pr. Howard Hughes Dist. United Artists Lewis Milestone 1927 The Gaucho Cinematographer Pr. Douglas Fairbanks Dist. United Artists F. Richard Jones 1928 The Racket Cinematographer Pr. Howard Hughes Dist. Paramount Pictures Lewis Milestone 1929 She Goes to War Cinematographer Pr. Inspiration Pictures Henry King Co. John P. Fulton 1929 Tiger Rose Cinematographer Pr./Dist. Warner Bros. George Fitzmaurice 1929 On with the Show! Cinematographer Pr./Dist. Warner Bros. Alan Crosland 1st all-talking all-color feature 1929 General Crack Cinematographer Pr./Dist. Warner Bros. Alan Crosland 1930 Hell's Angels Cinematographer Pr. Howard Hughes Dist. Warner Bros. Howard Hughes co. H.Perry Oscar nom 1930 Little Caesar Cinematographer Pr. First National Dist. Warner Bros. Mervyn LeRoy 1930 All Quiet on the Western Front 2nd Cameraman Pr. Universal Studios Dist. Universal Pictures Lewis Milestone cin. Edeson 1931 The Lady Who Dared Cinematographer Pr. First National Dist. Warner Bros. William Beaudine 1931 The Front Page Cinematographer Pr. Howard Hughes Dist. United Artists Lewis Milestone 1932 Tiger Shark Cinematographer Pr./Dist. First National Howard Hawks 1932 Sky Devils Cinematographer Pr. The Caddo Co. Dist. First National Edward Sutherland,Busby Berkeley 1932 The Mask of Fu Manchu Cinematographer Pr. Cosmopolitan Prod. Dist. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Charles Brabin 1933 Blondie Johnson Cinematographer Pr./Dist. Warner Bros. Ray Enright 1933 Ex-Lady Cinematographer Pr./Dist. Warner Bros. Robert Florey 1933 The Silk Express Cinematographer Pr./Dist. Warner Bros. Ray Enright 1933 The Narrow Corner Cinematographer Pr./Dist. Warner Bros. Alfred E. Green 1933 Private Detective 62 Cinematographer Pr./Dist. Warner Bros. Michael Curtiz 1933 Voltaire Cinematographer Pr./Dist. Warner Bros. John G. Adolfi 1933 Ladies Must Love Cinematographer Pr./Dist. Universal Pictures E. A. Dupont 1933 The World Changes Cinematographer Pr. First National Dist. Warner Bros. Mervyn LeRoy 1933 Lady Killer Cinematographer Pr./Dist. Warner Bros. Roy D. Ruth 1934 Mandalay Cinematographer Pr. First National Dist. Warner Bros. Michael Curtiz 1934 Upper World Cinematographer Pr./Dist. Warner Bros. Roy D. Ruth 1934 Fog Over Frisco Cinematographer Pr. First National Dist. Warner Bros. William Dieterle 1934 The Dragon Murder Case Cinematographer Pr. First National Dist. Warner Bros. H. Bruce Humberstone 1934 Happiness Ahead Cinematographer Pr. First National Dist. Warner Bros. Mervyn LeRoy 1934 Bordertown Cinematographer Pr./Dist. Warner Bros. Archie Mayo 1934 The Man with Two Faces Cinematographer Pr. First National Dist. Warner Bros. Archie Mayo 1935 The White Cockatoo Cinematographer Pr./Dist. Warner Bros. Alan Crosland 1935 Sweet Music Cinematographer Pr./Dist. Warner Bros. Alfred E. Green co. James Van Trees 1935 Oil for the Lamps of China Cinematographer Pr./Dist. First National Mervyn LeRoy 1935 Go into Your Dance Cinematographer Pr. First National Dist. Warner Bros. Archie Mayo 1935 Little Big Shot Cinematographer Pr./Dist. Warner Bros. Michael Curtiz 1935 Front Page Woman Cinematographer Pr./Dist. Warner Bros. Michael Curtiz 1935 The Case of the Lucky Legs Cinematographer Pr./Dist. Warner Bros. Archie Mayo 1935 Dr. Socrates Cinematographer Pr./Dist. Warner Bros. William Dieterle 1936 The White Angel Cinematographer Pr./Dist. Warner Bros. William Dieterle 1936 God's Country and the Woman Cinematographer Pr./Dist. Warner Bros. William Keighley 1936 Anthony Adverse Cinematographer Pr./Dist. Warner Bros. Mervyn LeRoy Oscar win 1936 The Story of Louis Pasteur Cinematographer Pr./Dist. Warner Bros. William Dieterle 1937 The Life of Emile Zola Cinematographer Pr./Dist. Warner Bros. William Dieterle 1937 The King and the Chorus Girl Cinematographer Pr./Dist. Warner Bros. Mervyn LeRoy 1937 Kid Galahad Cinematographer Pr./Dist. Warner Bros. Michael Curtiz 1937 Another Dawn Cinematographer Pr./Dist. Warner Bros. William Dieterle 1937 San Quentin 2nd Photography Pr./Dist. Warner Bros. Lloyd Bacon 1938 Torchy Blane in Panama Cinematographer Pr./Dist. Warner Bros. William Clemens 1938 The Adventures of Robin Hood Cinematographer Pr./Dist. Warner Bros. Michael Curtiz, William Keighley Co. Sol Polito 1938 The Amazing Dr. Clitterhouse Cinematographer Pr./Dist. Warner Bros. Anatole Litvak 1938 Garden of the Moon Cinematographer Pr./Dist. Warner Bros. Bubsy Berkeley 1000th film 1938 The Sisters Cinematographer Pr./Dist. Warner Bros. Anatole Litvak 1938 The Dawn Patrol Cinematographer Pr./Dist. Warner Bros. Edmund Goulding 1939 Juarez Cinematographer Pr./Dist. Warner Bros. William Dieterle Oscar nom 1939 The Old Maid Cinematographer Pr./Dist. Warner Bros. Edmund Goulding 1939 We Are Not Alone Cinematographer Pr. First National Dist. Warner Bros. Edmund Goulding 1940 The Fighting 69th Cinematographer Pr./Dist. Warner Bros. William Keighley 1940 'Til We Meet Again Cinematographer Pr./Dist. Warner Bros. Edmund Goulding, Anatole Litvak 1940 Brother Orchid Cinematographer Pr./Dist. Warner Bros. Lloyd Bacon 1940 Knute Rockne, All American Cinematographer Pr./Dist. Warner Bros. Lloyd Bacon 1940 The Letter Cinematographer Pr./Dist. Warner Bros. William Wyler Oscar nom 1941 High Sierra Cinematographer Pr./Dist. Warner Bros. Raoul Walsh 1941 The Great Lie Cinematographer Pr./Dist. Warner Bros. Edmund Goulding 1941 Affectionately Yours Cinematographer Pr./Dist. Warner Bros. Lloyd Bacon 1941 Navy Blues Cinematographer Pr./Dist. Warner Bros. Lloyd Bacon 1941 The Man Who Came to Dinner Cinematographer Pr./Dist. Warner Bros. William Keighley 1942 Larceny, Inc. Cinematographer Pr./Dist. Warner Bros. Lloyd Bacon 1942 Wings for the Eagle Cinematographer Pr./Dist. Warner Bros. Lloyd Bacon 1942 You Can't Escape Forever Cinematographer Pr./Dist. Warner Bros. Jo Graham co. James Van Trees 1943 Action in the North Atlantic Cinematographer Pr./Dist. Warner Bros. Lloyd Bacon 1943 The Constant Nymph Cinematographer Pr./Dist. Warner Bros. Edmund Goulding 1943 Background to Danger Cinematographer Pr./Dist. Warner Bros. Raoul Walsh 1943 Corvette K-225 Cinematographer Pr./Dist. Universal Pictures Richard Rosson Oscar nom 1944 Days of Glory Cinematographer Pr./Dist. RKO Radio Pictures Jacques Tourner 1944 Experiment Perilous Cinematographer Pr./Dist. RKO Radio Pictures Jacques Tourner 1944 I'll Be Seeing You Cinematographer Pr./Dist. United Artists William Dieterle 1945 A Song to Remember Cinematographer Pr./Dist. Columbia Pictures Charles Vidor Oscar nom 1946 The Bandit of Sherwood Forest Cinematographer Pr./Dist. Columbia Pictures Henry Levin, George Sherman 1946 I've Always Loved You Cinematographer Pr./Dist. Republic Pictures Frank Borzage 1946 Swell Guy Cinematographer Pr./Dist. Universal Pictures Frank Tuttle 1947 That's My Man Cinematographer Pr./Dist. Republic Pictures Frank Borzage 1947 Love from a Stranger Cinematographer Pr. Bryan Foy Productions Dist. Eagle-Lion Films Richard Whorf 1949 The Red Pony Cinematographer Pr./Dist. Republic Pictures Lewis Milestone References ^ a b c d e f "Tony Gaudio, 66, Film Cameraman". The New York Times. August 11, 1951. ^ a b c d e "Little Close-Ups of the A.S.C." The American Cinematographer. 2 (February 1922). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Long Record and More Honor for Tony Gaudio on His Screen Work". American Cinematographer. 19 (June, 1938): 230–232. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "Tony Gaudio Wins Camera Honors". American Cinematographer. 18 (April, 1937). ^ a b "Who Is Tony Gaudio?". The Tony Gaudio Foundation For The Cinematic Arts. 2023. ^ a b c d e f g h i ABENAVOLI, DI PAOLA (March 9, 2024). "From Cosenza to the American Dream: The Film About Tony Gaudio Arrives, On the Story of the First Italian to Win an Oscar (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter, Roma. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Tony in Focus". The Tony Gaudio Foundation For The Cinematic Arts. 2023. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Gallagher, John A. (2000). "Gaudio, Tony, International Dictionary of Film and Filmmakers". St. James Press. 4 (2000): 310–312. ^ a b c d Whitman, Philip H. "Pans and Tilts". The American Cinematographer. 1 (October, 1921). ^ a b c d e "A.S.C. Elects New Officers". The American Cinematographer. 5 (May, 1924): 5. ^ "In Camera Fornia". The American Cinematographer. 2 (December, 1921). ^ "In Camera Fornia". The American Cinematographer. 5 (April, 1924): 26. ^ a b c "Way Cleared for Gaudio to Direct". The American Cinematographer. 5 (August, 1925). ^ "In Camera Fornia". The American Cinematographer. 5 (May, 1924). ^ "In Camera Fornia". The American Cinematographer. 5 (December, 1924). ^ a b c d "Tony Gaudio, A.S.C. Becomes Director". The American Cinematographer. 6 (July, 1925): 13. ^ a b c d e Gaudio, Gaetano. "Lighting Color on a Black-and-White Schedule". The American Cinematographer. 17 (December, 1936). ^ a b c d "Juarez Declared Really Great Picture". The American Cinematographer. 20 (April, 1939) – via Media History Digital Library. ^ "Ten Best Pictures of 1939 in the Film Daily's Annual Poll of Critics of America". The Film Daily. 1939 – via Media History Digital Library. ^ "Tony Gaudio Photographed Two of the Best Pictures of 1939". The Film Daily. 1939 – via Media History Digital Library. ^ a b c d e f "TONY GAUDIO". American Film Institute. ^ "Honor Box, This Week REPUBLIC Wins With: I've Always Loved You (1946)". The Box Office Digest (May-Dec 1946). 1946 – via Media History Digital Library. ^ a b "Gaudio Declines". The American Cinematographer. 20 (April, 1939). ^ a b c d e f g h Blanchard, Walter. "Aces of the Camera XV: "Tony" Gaudio, A.S.C.". The American Cinematographer. 23 (March, 1942): 112–138 – via Media History Digital Library. ^ "In Camera Fornia". The American Cinematographer. 1 (December, 1921) – via Media History Digital Library. ^ a b c d e "Gaudio Inventor of Epoch-making Device". The American Cinematographer. 3 (November, 1923) – via Media History Digital Library. ^ a b c "Documentary". The Tony Gaudio Foundation For The Cinematic Arts. 2023. Further reading VERHALEN, CHARLES J. American Cinematographer,: February, 1937 (Classic Reprint). FORGOTTEN BOOKS, 2022. Tennoe, Mariam  T., Surhone, Lambert M., Henssonow, Susan F. et al. Tony Gaudio. Mager and Quinn’s Bookselllers. Langman, Larry. “Tony Gaudio.” Destination Hollywood, The Influence of Europeans on American Filmmaking, Jefferson, North Carolina, and London, 2000. “Tony Gaudio, 66, Film Cameraman.” The New York Times, 11 Aug. 1951. Obituary, https://www.nytimes.com/1951/08/11/archives/tony-gaudio-66-film-cameraman-1937-academy-award-winner-for-anthony.html. “AFI Catalog of Feature Films, Tony Gaudio.” American FIlm INstitute, catalog.afi.com/Person/148490-Tony-Gaudio?sid=6c79e45e-4a8e-4903-8668-8542deb492f3&sr=9.857439&cp=1&pos=0&isMiscCredit=false. Blanchard, Walter. “Aces of the Camera XV: ‘Tony’ Gaudio, A.S.C.” The American Cinematographer, vol. 23, no. March, 1942, pp. 112–138, https://doi.org/Media History Digital Library. Abenavoli, Di Paola. “From Cosenza to the American Dream: The Film About Tony Gaudio Arrives, On the Story of the First Italian to Win an Oscar (Exclusive).” The Hollywood Reporter Roma, 9 Mar. 2024, www.hollywoodreporter.it/film/festival-e-premi/tony-gaudio-la-storia-vera-del-primo-italiano-che-vinse-un-premio-oscar/93985/. Gallagher, John A. "Gaudio, Tony." International Dictionary of Films and Filmmakers, edited by Sara Pendergast and Tom Pendergast, 4th ed., vol. 4: Writers and Production Artists, St. James Press, 2000, pp. 310-312. Gale eBooks, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3406802321/GVRL?u=usocal_main&sid=bookmark-GVRL&xid=ce370610. American Cinematographer. ASC Holding Corp., Vol 1 (1920) to Vol. 32 (1951)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A.S.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_of_Cinematographers"},{"link_name":"cinematographer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinematographer"},{"link_name":"Academy Award for Best Cinematography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Cinematography"},{"link_name":"Anthony Adverse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Adverse"},{"link_name":"Hell's Angels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hell%27s_Angels_(film)"},{"link_name":"Juarez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juarez_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Letter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Letter_(1940_film)"},{"link_name":"Corvette K-225","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corvette_K-225"},{"link_name":"A Song to Remember","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Song_to_Remember"},{"link_name":"montage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montage_(filmmaking)"},{"link_name":"The Mark of Zorro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mark_of_Zorro_(1920_film)"},{"link_name":"American Society of Cinematographers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_of_Cinematographers"}],"text":"Gaetano (Tony) Gaudio, A.S.C. (20 November 1883 – 10 August 1951) was a pioneer Italian-American cinematographer of more than 1000 films. Gaudio won the Academy Award for Best Cinematography for Anthony Adverse, becoming the first Italian to have won an Oscar, and was nominated five additional times for Hell's Angels, Juarez, The Letter, Corvette K-225, and A Song to Remember. He is cited as the first to have created a montage sequence for a film in The Mark of Zorro. He was among the founders of the American Society of Cinematographers, and served as President from 1924 until 1925.","title":"Tony Gaudio"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Celico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celico"},{"link_name":"Cosenza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosenza"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"Knight of the Crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Crown_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"Eugenio (Eugene) Gaudio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Gaudio"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"}],"text":"Born Gaetano Antonio Gaudio in Celico, Cosenza, Italy in 1883 to a famous photographic family.[1] The son of one of Italy’s foremost photographic artists, the boy was quite literally brought up in the studio, where he learned at an early age to use the still camera and to develop negatives in the darkroom.[2] His father also gave him a liberal education in lenses, cameras, composition and the manipulation of lights so that when the time came to take up motion photography, the young Tony had a head full of useful information to start with.[2]At two months old, Tony’s family moved from Cosenza to Rome for a short period in order for Tony to attend art school.[3] He is indebted to his art training for his later interest in the camera as a medium of art, as opposed to a mere recording instrument.[3] Tony was hardly nine years old when he began to play with photographic papers, making his own enlargements.[4] After attending art school in Rome, he became an assistant to his father and older brother, Rafael (Ralph) Gaudio, a prominent portrait photographer in Italy who later became president of the Society of Photography in Europe, and was nominated as Knight of the Crown in Italy for photographic achievement.[4]Then it became necessary to take time out from the photographic side of his education to go to military school.[4] It was 1900 when he bade good-bye to the army and returned home, where he worked as an apprentice alongside his younger brother Eugenio (Eugene) Gaudio[5] in the family photography studio owned by Rafael, \"Foto Gaudio\",[4] in the historic center of the Calabrian city.","title":"Early Life and Education"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ambrosio Films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrosio_Film"},{"link_name":"Torino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turin"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:14-6"}],"sub_title":"Italy","text":"Eventually he segued into cinema, starting with several years with the famous Ambrosio Films in Torino[4]- a film company popular in Italy in the early days of cinema. In 1903, 19-year-old Tony filmed “Napoleon Crossing the Alps”. Years later in a New York Times interview, Tony remembered that his only lighting problem in this film was the sun, which kept ducking behind the clouds. “It was quite bad,” Mr. Gaudio recalled.[1] A young Gaudio shot hundreds of short subjects for Italian film companies, two or three features a week,[3] before emigrating to America in 1906 at the age of 22[5] together with his brother Eugene, who would follow him to the United States.[6]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-7"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"Vitagraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitagraph_Studios"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-8"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-1"},{"link_name":"Flatbush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flatbush"},{"link_name":"Vitagraph laboratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitagraph_Studios"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pictureland_frame.jpg"},{"link_name":"Carl Laemmle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Laemmle"},{"link_name":"Independent Moving Picture CO.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Moving_Pictures"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-2"},{"link_name":"studio manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studio_manager"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Eleventh Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleventh_Avenue_(Manhattan)"},{"link_name":"Mary Pickford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Pickford"},{"link_name":"King Baggot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Baggot"},{"link_name":"Joe Smiley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_W._Smiley"},{"link_name":"Owen Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owen_Moore"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"Mary Pickford’s films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Pickford_filmography"},{"link_name":"Thomas H. Ince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_H._Ince"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Newport News in Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport_News,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"submersible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submersible"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-1"},{"link_name":"Biograph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biograph_Company"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn Heights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Heights"},{"link_name":"Klaw and Erlanger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaw_and_Erlanger"},{"link_name":"Strongheart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strongheart_(film)"},{"link_name":"Classmates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classmates_(1914_film)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-7"}],"sub_title":"New York","text":"In 1906 a young Gaudio arrived in the United States, moving to New York City. Tony was employed by Al Simpson to produce \"song slides\" that could be shown in theaters so patrons could sing along with the music.[7] Twelve hand-colored slides were made for each new popular or near popular song.[4] After quitting Simpson in 1908, Tony worked in Vitagraph’s film development laboratories in New York.[8] It was in 1908 that Tony acted as the cinematographer for his first film in the United States, Madame Nicotine.[1] In 1909 the photographer moved to Flatbush — which is now as for many years it has been a part of Brooklyn — where he took full charge of the Vitagraph laboratory.[4]Frame from the previously lost 1911 film PicturelandThen he moved across the Brooklyn Bridge to Carl Laemmle’s Independent Moving Picture CO., supervising the construction of IMP’s New York laboratories.[2] He had complete charge of both positive and negative departments until perfectly organized when he was promoted to be a studio manager.[2] From 1910-1912 he became the Chief of Cinematography at IMP, shooting one picture a week and fifty a year.[3] The leading players in the Eleventh Avenue studio at that time were Mary Pickford, King Baggot, Joe Smiley, and Owen Moore, among others.[4] There, he shot Mary Pickford’s films for director Thomas H. Ince. In addition to being her cameraman, Gaudio also wrote For the Queen’s Honor (1911), using his writing skills from the many films he wrote and directed in Italy before then.[3] With IMP in 1910, Tony pioneered filming underwater, shooting the first submarine picture, titled “Submarine”.[3] He went down in a submarine at Newport News in Virginia, taking pictures inside a submersible vessel.[1]He then left IMP to work for Biograph, a studio established in Brooklyn Heights, where he was engaged with the specials the company was making for Klaw and Erlanger, stage producers in New York. Among these specials were Strongheart, and Classmates, with Blanche Sweet and Marshall Nielan.[2] Together, the stage and screen men were adapting plays, one of the earliest instances in which a staged play was converted to the screen. Gaudio remained here until 1915.[4] Gaudio found a home at Metro Pictures by 1916, where his brother Eugene now worked as a director.[7]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Metro Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer"},{"link_name":"Eugene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Gaudio"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-7"},{"link_name":"Harold Lockwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Lockwood"},{"link_name":"May Allison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_Allison"},{"link_name":"Richard (Dick) Rowland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_A._Rowland"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"Fred J. Balshofer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_J._Balshofer"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-7"},{"link_name":"Yorke Film Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorke_Film_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Alan Dwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Dwan"},{"link_name":"The Forbidden Thing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Forbidden_Thing"},{"link_name":"The Sin of Martha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sin_of_Martha_Queed"},{"link_name":"R.K.O.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RKO_Pictures"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"Kismet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kismet_(1920_film)"},{"link_name":"Otis Skinner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otis_Skinner"}],"sub_title":"Hollywood","text":"In 1916, Gaudio made the transition to California with a troupe of the early Metro Company,[4] one of the three organizations which would later become Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, where Eugene now worked as a director.[7] In his unit were Harold Lockwood and May Allison, headed by Richard (Dick) Rowland.[4] At Metro, Tony shot 10 films for director Fred J. Balshofer,[7] produced by Yorke Film Corporation. Following the death of Lockwood in a flu epidemic, Gaudio joined forces with Alan Dwan’s company for such pictures as The Forbidden Thing, and The Sin of Martha. Dawn would also loan would loan Gaudio to R.K.O. in order to photograph the company’s first production,[4] Kismet (1920), with Otis Skinner.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:In_Old_Kentucky_(1919)_-_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"In Old Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Old_Kentucky_(1919_film)"},{"link_name":"First National Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_National_Pictures"},{"link_name":"In Wrong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Wrong"},{"link_name":"The Red Lantern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Red_Lantern"},{"link_name":"Her Kingdom of Dreams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Her_Kingdom_of_Dreams"},{"link_name":"In Old Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Old_Kentucky_(1919_film)"},{"link_name":"Douglas Fairbanks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Fairbanks"},{"link_name":"The Mark of Zorro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mark_of_Zorro_(1920_film)"},{"link_name":"montage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montage_(filmmaking)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-7"},{"link_name":"Shattered Idols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shattered_Idols"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shattered_Idols_(1922)_-_3.jpg"},{"link_name":"Shattered Idols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shattered_Idols"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-9"},{"link_name":"J.L. Frothingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._L._Frothingham"},{"link_name":"The Woman He Loved","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Woman_He_Loved_(1922_film)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-9"},{"link_name":"The Ten Dollar Raise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ten_Dollar_Raise"},{"link_name":"The Other Woman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Other_Woman_(1921_film)"},{"link_name":"The Man Who Smiled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Man_Who_Smiled"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-10"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tony_Gaudio_-_Aug_1925_EH.jpg"},{"link_name":"First National Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_National_Pictures"},{"link_name":"Norma Talmadge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norma_Talmadge"},{"link_name":"Joseph Schenck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_M._Schenck"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Constance Talmadge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constance_Talmadge"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-10"},{"link_name":"East is West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Is_West_(1922_film)"},{"link_name":"Secrets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secrets_(1924_film)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Frank Borzage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Borzage"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-13"},{"link_name":"John M. Stahl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_M._Stahl"},{"link_name":"Husbands and Lovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husbands_and_Lovers"},{"link_name":"Corrine Griffith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corinne_Griffith"},{"link_name":"Déclassée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9class%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"Marion Davies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion_Davies"},{"link_name":"Adam and Eva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_and_Eva"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Corrine Griffith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corinne_Griffith"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-7"},{"link_name":"Joseph M. Schenck productions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_M._Schenck"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-10"},{"link_name":"The Eternal Flame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Eternal_Flame_(film)"},{"link_name":"Secrets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secrets_(1924_film)"},{"link_name":"Ashes of Vengeance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashes_of_Vengeance"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tony_Gaudio&action=edit&section=7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_American_Cinematographer._1923-01_Vol._III_no._10_cover.jpg"},{"link_name":"American Society of Cinematographers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_of_Cinematographers"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-10"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-16"},{"link_name":"A.S.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.S.C."},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-7"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-10"}],"sub_title":"Hollywood - 1920s","text":"In Old Kentucky (1919): (from left) cinematographer Henry Cronjager, assistant director Alfred E. Green, director Marshall Neilan, and cinematographer Tony GaudioBeginning in 1919 and transitioning into the 1920s, Gaudio began his collaboration with First National Pictures, starting with films A Man of Honor, In Wrong, The Red Lantern, and Her Kingdom of Dreams and In Old Kentucky. In 1920, Gaudio photographed Douglas Fairbanks’ The Mark of Zorro, pioneering the use of montage.[7] In 1921, Gaudio photographed “A Bride of the Gods”, later known as Shattered Idols.The Brahman temple scenes in the film were said to be among the most artistic shots ever made.[9]Still from the American drama film Shattered Idols (1922)Over 1,500,000 candle-power were employed to light up this set, the greater part of the light being supplied by the fifteen sunlight arcs.[9] Gaudio also used four generator sets on the scene.[9] Producer J.L. Frothingham was so pleased with Gaudio’s work on this film that he retained him for his next project, The Woman He Loved.[9] In total, Gaudio and Frothingham collaborated five times on The Ten Dollar Raise, The Other Woman, A Bride of the Gods, The Man Who Smiled and Pilgrim of Night.[10]Tony Gaudio, August 1925After this collaboration, Gaudio stayed with First National Pictures, joining Norma Talmadge under the management of her husband and producer, Joseph Schenck.[11] He was also a cameraman for Norma’s sister Constance Talmadge[10] in East is West. Gaudio was given lavish praise for the photographic excellence of Secrets,[12] directed by Frank Borzage, a long time future collaborator of Gaudio. Arrangements were made whereby he was “farmed out” to other large producers,[13] he having thus photographed John M. Stahl’s Husbands and Lovers, Corrine Griffith’s Déclassée, and Marion Davies in Adam and Eva.[14] For the Corrine Griffith production, the special arrangement was during the vacation of Norma Talmadge.[15] In total, Gaudio photographed 10 Talmadge films from 1922 to 1925[7] as Chief Cinematographer of Joseph M. Schenck productions,[10] most notably with The Eternal Flame, Secrets, and Ashes of Vengeance.Presidency[edit]The American Cinematographer. 1923-01 Vol. III no. 10 coverIn 1924, Tony Gaudio was elected president of the American Society of Cinematographers, the highest honor at the disposal of the cinematographers.[10][16] A.S.C. is the professional body his brother had helped create to promote standardization in the industry of cinematography, serving as a body of information for cameramen.[7]At the time of the election, A.S.C. cited Gaudio as one of the world’s foremost cinematographers and pioneers in the industry.[10] Gaudio held the position until 1925.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Columbia Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Pictures"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-16"},{"link_name":"Alice Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Lake"},{"link_name":"Gaston Glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston_Glass"},{"link_name":"The Price of Success","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Price_of_Success_(1925_film)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-16"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Price_of_Success_(1925)_-_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"The Price of Success","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Price_of_Success_(1925_film)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-16"},{"link_name":"Sealed Lips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sealed_Lips_(1925_film)"},{"link_name":"Dorothy Revier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Revier"},{"link_name":"Cullen Landis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cullen_Landis"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-13"}],"sub_title":"Hollywood - Director","text":"In 1925, Tony Gaudio turned to directing for a brief period of time, directing a total of two films. In July of 1925 it was announced that Gaudio would be directing the Waldorf special feature production in collaboration with Columbia Pictures,[16] starring Alice Lake and Gaston Glass, with ASC’s Sam Landers as the cinematographer, titled The Price of Success.[16]The Price of Success (1925) with film director Tony Gaudio, Florence Turner, and Alice LakeGaudio’s direction of the Waldorf production did not interfere with his relations with Joseph M. Schenck. He continued as Chief Cinematographer for Norma Talmadge, filming her next feature and their last together, Graustark.[16] All eyes were on Gaudio for his directorial debut, and Schenck was impressed, clearing the way for Gaudio to direct his second feature film with Waldorf, Sealed Lips, starring Dorothy Revier and Cullen Landis.[13] Schenck waived Gaudio’s contract in what he hoped to be a promising directorial career for the camera veteran.[13]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer"},{"link_name":"The Temptress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Temptress"},{"link_name":"Greta Garbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greta_Garbo"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"First National","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_National_Pictures"},{"link_name":"The Blonde Saint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blonde_Saint"},{"link_name":"The Notorious Lady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Notorious_Lady"},{"link_name":"An Affair of the Follies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Affair_of_the_Follies"},{"link_name":"The Gaucho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gaucho"},{"link_name":"Fairbanks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Fairbanks"},{"link_name":"Two Arabian Knights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Arabian_Knights"},{"link_name":"The Racket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Racket_(1928_film)"},{"link_name":"Lewis Milestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Milestone"},{"link_name":"Howard Hughes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Hughes"},{"link_name":"United Artists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Artists_Releasing"},{"link_name":"Technicolor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technicolor"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-8"},{"link_name":"Technicolor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technicolor"},{"link_name":"On with the Show!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_with_the_Show!_(1929_film)"},{"link_name":"General Crack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Crack"},{"link_name":"Warner Bros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros."},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-8"},{"link_name":"On with the Show!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_with_the_Show!_(1929_film)"},{"link_name":"First National","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_National_Pictures"},{"link_name":"Warner Bros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros."},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-7"}],"sub_title":"Hollywood - Returning to the Camera","text":"This directorial streak did not last for long, as Gaudio returned Metro as a cinematographer in 1926 with The Temptress, a Greta Garbo feature in which Tony lost the little finger of his left hand when he fell on the set.[3] Tony continued to work with First National for The Blonde Saint, The Notorious Lady and An Affair of the Follies, in addition to photographing The Gaucho for Fairbanks. Also with First National was Two Arabian Knights and The Racket, both directed by Lewis Milestone, for businessman and producer Howard Hughes in collaboration with United Artists. The Gaucho featured one of the earliest two-strip Technicolor sequences.[8] Gaudio also shot two-strip Technicolor scenes for On with the Show! (1929) and General Crack (1929) for Warner Bros.[8] On with the Show! was the first all-talking, all-color feature. When First National was acquired by Warner Bros. in 1928, Gaudio moved over to the new studio, signing a long-term contract with Warners in 1930.[7]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Poster_-_Hell%27s_Angels_(1930)_04.jpg"},{"link_name":"Warner Bros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros."},{"link_name":"Mervyn LeRoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mervyn_LeRoy"},{"link_name":"Little Caesar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Caesar_(film)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-8"},{"link_name":"Arthur Edeson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Edeson"},{"link_name":"All Quiet on the Western Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Quiet_on_the_Western_Front_(1930_film)"},{"link_name":"Hell’s Angels (1930)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hell%27s_Angels_(film)"},{"link_name":"Harry Perry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Perry_(cinematographer)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-8"},{"link_name":"Hell’s Angels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hell%27s_Angels_(film)"},{"link_name":"Oscar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Best Cinematography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Cinematography"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"Archie Mayo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archie_Mayo"},{"link_name":"Bordertown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordertown_(1935_film)"},{"link_name":"The Man with Two Faces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Man_with_Two_Faces_(1934_film)"},{"link_name":"Go into Your Dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_into_Your_Dance"},{"link_name":"The Case of the Lucky Legs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Case_of_the_Lucky_Legs"},{"link_name":"Bette Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bette_Davis"},{"link_name":"Ex-Lady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex-Lady"},{"link_name":"Bordertown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordertown_(1935_film)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-8"},{"link_name":"Technicolor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technicolor"},{"link_name":"God's Country and the Woman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God%27s_Country_and_the_Woman"},{"link_name":"William Keighley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Keighley"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-8"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:15-17"},{"link_name":"William Dieterle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Dieterle"},{"link_name":"The Life of Emile Zola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Life_of_Emile_Zola"},{"link_name":"Academy Award for Best Picture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Picture"},{"link_name":"Juarez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juarez_(film)"},{"link_name":"Michael Curtiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Curtiz"},{"link_name":"The Adventures of Robin Hood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Robin_Hood"},{"link_name":"Kid Galahad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kid_Galahad_(1937_film)"},{"link_name":"Bette Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bette_Davis"},{"link_name":"Art Deco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Deco"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-8"},{"link_name":"Mervyn Leroy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mervyn_LeRoy"},{"link_name":"Anthony Adverse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Adverse"},{"link_name":"Academy Award for Best Cinematography, Black-and-White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Cinematography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Filming_on_set_of_Anthony_Adverse,_1936.jpeg"},{"link_name":"The American Cinematographer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Cinematographer"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Director of Photography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Director_of_Photography"},{"link_name":"Edmund Goulding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Goulding"},{"link_name":"The Dawn Patrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dawn_Patrol_(1938_film)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-8"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"The American Cinematographer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Cinematographer"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Juarez_1939_Title.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bette Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bette_Davis"},{"link_name":"The Old Maid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Old_Maid_(1939_film)"},{"link_name":"Juarez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juarez_(film)"},{"link_name":"Best Cinematography, Black-and-White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Cinematography"},{"link_name":"Eastman Plus X Panchromatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodak"},{"link_name":"The American Cinematographer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Cinematographer"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-18"}],"sub_title":"Hollywood - 1930s","text":"Poster- Hell's Angels (1930)Gaudio hit his stride after signing with Warner Bros. in 1930, shooting Mervyn LeRoy’s gangster classic Little Caesar (1931), in a harsh style that fit the gritty subject matter.[8] Gaudio contributed to two seminal war films in 1930, acting as second camera to A.S.C.’s Arthur Edeson for All Quiet on the Western Front, and as cinematographer for Hell’s Angels (1930), handling the dialogue scenes with co-cinematographer Harry Perry as well as the aerial cinematography.[8] Hell’s Angels won Gaudio his first Oscar nomination for Best Cinematography, a picture that made records from the photographic side, as the film was exposed for two and a half years. By the time the picture was completed as a silent film, then came the revolution of sound.[4]Throughout the 1930s, Gaudio collaborated with many directors repeatedly, all under the banner of Warner Bros. Tony Gaudio and Archie Mayo shot four pictures together, including Bordertown, The Man with Two Faces, Go into Your Dance, and The Case of the Lucky Legs. Gaudio was a regular cameraman for starlett Bette Davis. For Ex-Lady (1933), an early attempt to turn her into a sex symbol, Gaudio gave Davis the glamour treatment. By the time he shot Bordertown (1934), the studio realized her histrionic talents, and Gaudio brought a stark realism to the seedy Mexican setting.[8] In 1936, Gaudio shot Warners' first three-strip Technicolor film, God's Country and the Woman, with director William Keighley, a four time collaborator of Gaudio’s.[8] The film was made in exactly 59 shooting days, which included a long and strenuous location trip to northern Washington.[17] With German director William Dieterle, Gaudio photographed eight pictures, most notably The Life of Emile Zola (1937), which one the 1937 Academy Award for Best Picture, and Juarez (1939). Guadio and director Michael Curtiz collaborated six times, notably on The Adventures of Robin Hood (1938), and Kid Galahad (1937), another Bette Davis joint which gave him the opportunity to contrast high-key Art Deco scenes with the smoky interiors of the boxing ring.[8] Another main collaborator was Mervyn Leroy, with whom Gaudio shot six films, notably Anthony Adverse, for which he won his first and only oscar for the 1936 Academy Award for Best Cinematography, Black-and-White.On set of 1936 Anthony Adverse; Mervyn LeRoy (seated right) directing costars March and DeHavilland; behind LeRoy is Tony GaudioUpon winning the Oscar, in an interview with The American Cinematographer in April, 1937,[4] Gaudio gushes:“I am convinced there never has been one of my brother cameramen who was so happy over winning this award as I have been. For me, it has been a deep as it will be an abiding satisfaction. And my gratitude, deeper than words can express, goes to the men and women of this great industry\".[4]The years of 1938 and 1939 are busy times for Gaudio, completing his 1000th picture.[3] Gaudio acted as Director of Photography on Edmund Goulding’s The Dawn Patrol, shooting aerial scenes as well as claustrophobic interiors.[8] As of June 1938, Tony was the oldest cinematographer on features in the world at 55 years old.[3] In an interview with The American Cinematographer in their June, 1938 issue,[3] Tony comments:“Today’s cameramen are virtually a new race of artists. Sound, with its new requirements, brought a saner approach to motion picture photography. Camera work should be like that of the portrait artist, reality and character with only so much retouching as is necessary to smooth out the rougher spots. Realism and character must be preserved at all costs.”[3]\"Juarez\" 1939 Title, from TrailerAt the end of the decade, Gaudio photographed two more Bette Davis pictures in which he de-glamorized the actress. This includes The Old Maid (1939) and Juarez (1939), for which he earned the Oscar nomination once again for Best Cinematography, Black-and-White. The picture was the first major subject in Hollywood to be photographed on the new Eastman Plus X Panchromatic film. Not an inch of any other brand was used in the production, declares Tony Gaudio in an interview with The American Cinematographer[18].“The Eastman company is responsible for many improvements in photography,” he said, “but I am convinced this stock is not only a distinct advance. It is the best thing Eastman has done for the motion picture industry as a whole.”[18]In this work he retained the same balance between highlights, half tones and shadows as he had formerly with film that preceded Plus X.[18] This level of illumination was reduced by exactly 50 percent, which saved costs in lighting.“It is smoother, finer in grain and in speed.” the cameraman said in conclusion. “Yes, I am using Plus X in “The Old Maid”, the picture I am now on, another Bette Davis subject, and I expect to be using it as long as I am in pictures. No, I don’t think there ever will be anything really better.”[18]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Warner Bros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros."},{"link_name":"William Keighley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Keighley"},{"link_name":"The Fighting 69th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fighting_69th"},{"link_name":"The Film Daily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Film_Daily"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"The Letter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Letter_(1940_film)"},{"link_name":"William Wyler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Wyler"},{"link_name":"Best Cinematography, Black-and-White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Cinematography"},{"link_name":"Bette Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bette_Davis"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-8"},{"link_name":"Raoul Walsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raoul_Walsh"},{"link_name":"High Sierra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Sierra_(film)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tony_Gaudio_on_Experiment_Perilous.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lloyd Bacon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd_Bacon"},{"link_name":"Warner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros."},{"link_name":"Brother Orchid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brother_Orchid"},{"link_name":"Affectionately Yours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affectionately_Yours"},{"link_name":"Wings for the Eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wings_for_the_Eagle"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-21"},{"link_name":"Warner Bros.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros."},{"link_name":"Raoul Walsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raoul_Walsh"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-7"},{"link_name":"Background to Danger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Background_to_Danger"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-21"},{"link_name":"Corvette K-225","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corvette_K-225"},{"link_name":"Universal Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Pictures"},{"link_name":"Academy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Best Cinematography, Black-and-White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Cinematography"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-7"},{"link_name":"Jacques Tourner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Tourneur"},{"link_name":"Experiment Perilous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experiment_Perilous"},{"link_name":"Days of Glory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Days_of_Glory_(1944_film)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-21"},{"link_name":"Dieterle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Dieterle"},{"link_name":"I’ll Be Seeing You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27ll_Be_Seeing_You_(1944_film)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-21"},{"link_name":"Best Cinematography, Color","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best_Cinematography,_Color"},{"link_name":"A Song To Remember","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Song_to_Remember"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-8"},{"link_name":"Borzage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Borzage"},{"link_name":"Republic Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_Pictures"},{"link_name":"I’ve Always Loved You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27ve_Always_Loved_You"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Swell Guy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swell_Guy"},{"link_name":"Frank Tuttle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Tuttle"},{"link_name":"That’s My Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/That%27s_My_Man"},{"link_name":"Frank Borzage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Borzage"},{"link_name":"Love From a Stranger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_from_a_Stranger_(1947_film)"},{"link_name":"Richard Whorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Whorf"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-21"},{"link_name":"Lewis Milestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Milestone"},{"link_name":"Republic Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_Pictures"},{"link_name":"The Red Pony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Red_Pony_(1949_film)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-7"}],"sub_title":"Hollywood - 1940s","text":"Gaudio began the decade of the 1940s while still in collaboration with Warner Bros. With William Keighley, Tony shot The Fighting 69th (1940), which was labeled a “truly brilliant example of screencraft” by The Film Daily.[19][20] Also in 1940, Gaudio photographed The Letter, a William Wyler picture that gave Tony his 4th Oscar nomination for Best Cinematography, Black-and-White. This was another Bette Davis picture, one of her better remembered vehicles that is distinguished by Gaudio's moody cinematography, especially the memorable opening shot, a slow track through a Malaysian rubber plantation that sets the tone for the whole picture.[8] In 1941, Gaudio lit Raoul Walsh's crime masterwork High Sierra in an ultra realistic, documentary-like fashion that was a precursor of film noir.[8]Tony Gaudio on Experiment Perilous, 1944In the 40s, he photographed seven pictures with Lloyd Bacon under Warner, including Brother Orchid (1940), Affectionately Yours (1942), and Wings for the Eagle (1942).[21] Their collaboration stopped in 1943 when Gaudio left Warner Bros. to go freelance after shooting another Raoul Walsh film,[7] Background to Danger. After leaving the studio, Gaudio only photographed 11 more films before his death in 1951.[21]His first film that he shot freelance was Corvette K-225 (1943) for Universal Pictures, for which he was nominated for his 5th Academy Award for Best Cinematography, Black-and-White.[7]Next, he filmed two Jacques Tourner pictures, Experiment Perilous (1944) and Days of Glory (1944).[21] Gaudio joined with Dieterle again for I’ll Be Seeing You (1944)[21] before winning his last Oscar nomination for Best Cinematography, Color in 1946 for A Song To Remember (1945)[8].In 1946, the Gaudio, Borzage, and Republic Pictures collaboration I’ve Always Loved You was a box office hit, winning the Honor Box for the Box Office Digest.[22] In 1946 and 1947, Tony worked on 3 more films before his last film, being Swell Guy with Frank Tuttle, That’s My Man with Frank Borzage, and Love From a Stranger with Richard Whorf.[21] Tony Gaudio’s last film was shot in 1949 with Lewis Milestone and Republic Pictures, titled The Red Pony. It was renowned for its mastery of color.[7]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-23"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:14-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-1"},{"link_name":"Hollywood Forever Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood_Forever_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"Eugene Gaudio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Gaudio"}],"text":"In 1939, Gaudio was nominated by King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy as a Knight of the Crown for his contributions to the art of motion picture photography. Gaudio declined to accept the honor and recognition for his work because it came from a foreign country, despite that country once being his homeland.[23] In an interview with The American Cinematographer in their April, 1939 Issue, Gaudio explained:\"It has nothing to with the present form of government in Italy. Nevertheless, I do not feel that it is right for me, now an American, to accept a foreign order.\"[23]After the divorce from his first wife, Rosina Gaudio, which caused a scandal at the time, there was an estrangement with his children. After retiring from work in 1949, Gaudio moved to San Francisco with his second wife, Marie Gaudio.[6]He died at his home on August 10, 1951 in Burlingame, California at the age of 66 of a heart attack.[1] and is interred in the Hollywood Forever Cemetery in Hollywood, California. His brother Eugene Gaudio, also a cinematographer, died in 1920 at the age of 34. Gaudio is survived by his wife, Marie, and two sons- Frank, also a cameraman, and Antonio, a San Francisco Lawyer.","title":"Personal Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TonyGaudio1919.png"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:17-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:17-24"}],"text":"Gaudio circa 1919Tony Gaudio has always been one of the most consistently progressive members of the camera profession. He has taken part in all of the ASC’s technical researches, such as those which smoothed the introduction of monochromatic film, Mazda lighting and modern make-up.[24]Gaudio was a revolutionary cinematographer, instituting and influencing many techniques and technologies in the craft. He has pioneered the use of “Dinky Inkies” and “precision lighting”, using spotlights almost to the exclusion of flood-lighting units.[24] In addition, he pioneered the use of the Montage, invented the Mitchell Camera Viewfinder, worked on the first All-talkie and All-color film, as well as revolutionized photographing exterior night scenes during daylight. Gaudio's legacy lives on through his inventive and creative cinematographic mind that still impacts cinema today.","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-1"}],"sub_title":"The Montage","text":"Tony Gaudio was the first Hollywood photographer to use a montage. It was produced in a Douglas Fairbanks picture, “Mark of Zorro.”[1]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mitchell camera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitchell_Camera"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"viewfinder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viewfinder"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Bell and Howell cameras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_%26_Howell"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mitchell_STD_(c1930s).jpg"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:17-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:17-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:17-24"},{"link_name":"Mitchell engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitchell_Camera"},{"link_name":"Bausch and Lomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bausch_%26_Lomb"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:17-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:17-24"}],"sub_title":"Mitchell Camera Viewfinder","text":"Tony was at the forefront of technical innovation in the craft of cinematography. A longtime fan and owner of the Mitchell camera, Gaudio was quoted in 1921 as stating that “The Mitchell does everything a camera ought to do and then a lot more”.[25]In 1922, he invented a viewfinder for the new Mitchell Camera, as well as inventing the camera focusing microscope.[3] In the 1920s, the Hollywood motion picture industry was dominated by Bell and Howell cameras, but Mitchell established a foothold and broke through by the end of the decade,[7] propelled by cinematographers such as Gaudio who advocated for the Mitchell and its positive attributes. While the Bell and Howell produced a superior image due to its innovative pressure plate behind the lens, it was too noisy for sound work, which opened up the market to Mitchell.[7]Mitchell Camera circ 1930sNow, any time anyone looks through the focusing microscope of a Mitchell camera, Tony Gaudio invented it. In the 1920s, when you focused a professional camera, you viewed your image either on the film itself or on a removable ground-glass focusing screen.[24] In either event, if you had a good camera, you probably viewed this image through a simple, low-powered magnifying glass, which still gave you an image which was upside-down and turned around left or right.[24]Gaudio believed that there was a better way of lining up a shot, and felt it would be easier if you could see your image right side up and laterally correct, and also rather highly magnified.[24] He worked in close collaboration with the Mitchell engineers and with the Bausch and Lomb opticians. Finally after many months of experimentation, a focusing optical system was perfected.[24] For the first time in the history of cinematography, you could look into a camera and see, magnified some 10 diameters, the actual image cast by his lens. By a turn of a small control, the vital center-area of the image could be scanned, with the magnification almost doubled.[24]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:17-24"},{"link_name":"Norma Talmadge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norma_Talmadge"},{"link_name":"Joseh M. Schenck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_M._Schenck"},{"link_name":"The Song of Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Song_of_Love_(1923_film)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:18-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:18-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:18-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:18-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:18-26"}],"sub_title":"Device for Photographing Exterior Night Scenes in the Daytime","text":"Gaudio was among the first cinematographers to experiment successfully with the idea of photographing exterior night-scenes in the daytime, with filters. Faced with a unified chorus of “It can’t be done”, he succeeded.[24] In 1923, Gaetano Gaudio invented an epochal device in lighting sets for darkness, paving the way to save millions in film production a year by the elimination of night exterior filming, revolutionizing picture making at night time. While shooting Norma Talmadge’s Joseh M. Schenck drama The Song of Love, Gaudio used his process during three days, in which night scenes of an Algerian village street were taken during the day.[26] Gaudio was never satisfied by artificial night lighting, and looked forward to the entire industry adopting his invention, which inevitably occurred.[26] The invention was perfected after only five weeks of experiment, and can be applied to any camera, having few attachments. The working principle rests in the preparation of the raw film.[26] The new process gives a black sky, a light foreground, a clearly defined skyline, perfect silhouettes and stereoscopic relief with high visibility, to figures both in close-ups and even until their disappearance on the skyline.[26] The shadows of figures walking in moonlight are strongly outlined. Gaudio announced at the time of invention that he was willing to stake his cinematographic reputation on this invention.[26]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"On With the Show!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_with_the_Show!_(1929_film)"},{"link_name":"The American Cinematographer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_American_Cinematographer"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:15-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:15-17"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%22On_With_the_Show%22_ad_in_The_Film_Daily,_Jan-Jun_1929_(page_1289_crop).jpg"},{"link_name":"Technicolor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technicolor"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:15-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:15-17"}],"sub_title":"First All-Talkie, All-Color Film","text":"Gaudio photographed “On With the Show!,” the first “all-talkie” musical in color. In a person essay for The American Cinematographer, Lighting Color on a Black-and-White Schedule from December 1936, Gaetano explained:\"In those days, everything was a problem. Certain colors had to be avoided, since the process wouldn’t reproduce them, others had to be achieved by showing the camera an entirely different tone. But the biggest problem was lighting. The two-color technicolor of those old days demanded an unbelievable amount of light.\"[17]Gaudio commented that color did not slow the process down significantly, and on some days they were able to make as many as 22 different set ups,[17] which for a major studio production was about as fast as a black-and-white picture.\"On With the Show\" ad in The Film Daily, Jan-Jun 1929In addition, Gaudio’s team pioneered something that had not yet been done in a Technicolor production, making projected background process shots. This can be seen in a sequence played in an airplane, flying over the lumber country of the Northwest, and finally landing.[17] Gaudio comments on the development of color in film-making:\"Picture making is picture making no matter what you’re shooting, and those of us who have spent years learning the fundamentals of the job ought to be competent to take a new development like color in our stride. Of course it means new tools to work with, new problems and new ways of expressing many new thoughts: but it is still the same basic job of putting entertainment on celluloid.\"[17]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:14-6"},{"link_name":"Calabria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calabria"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:16-27"},{"link_name":"Cineteca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cineteca_Italiana"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:14-6"},{"link_name":"The Margaret Herrick Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//collections.oscars.org/onesearch/"},{"link_name":"American Society of Cinematographers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_of_Cinematographers"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:16-27"},{"link_name":"The Tony Gaudio Foundation for The Cinematic Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.tonygaudiofoundation.org/"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:16-27"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:14-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:14-6"},{"link_name":"Richard Edlund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Edlund"},{"link_name":"Star Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Wars_(film)"},{"link_name":"M. David Mullen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._David_Mullen"},{"link_name":"The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Marvelous_Mrs._Maisel"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:14-6"},{"link_name":"Cineteca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cineteca_Italiana"},{"link_name":"Avatar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avatar_(2009_film)"},{"link_name":"Mauro Fiore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauro_Fiore"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:14-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:14-6"}],"sub_title":"Documentary","text":"The Lost Legacy of Tony Gaudio is an upcoming 2024 documentary that is about to hit festival screens[6] that tells the story of Tony Gaudio from Calabria and Hollywood, exploring the mystery behind the disappearance of his prized statuette, the first Italian Oscar.[27] The story follows Tony Gaudio, little known until a few years ago, born from an initiative to rediscover this artist. The documentary was implemented by the Cineteca della Calabria, which aroused the interest of a group of young authors from Cosenza and their production company \"Open Fields\".They proposed the idea of a documentary, obtaining the contribution of the Calabria Film Commission and the support of its counterpart Piedmontese institution.[6] Broken Typewriter Productions from Los Angeles, CA is proud to announce their collaboration with Open Fields Productions from Cosenza, Italy for the feature documentary The Lost Legacy of Tony Gaudio. Open Fields’ Alessandro Nucci (director) and his brother Fabrizio Nucci (Producer) are in cooperation with The Margaret Herrick Academy archives and the American Society of Cinematographers.[27] The website, The Tony Gaudio Foundation for The Cinematic Arts, was set up in efforts to fundraise and spread awareness about the documentary. The foundation’s CEO is Gino Gaudio, great nephew of Tony Gaudio, with the CFO being Chester Hipple, Tony Gaudio’s grandson. In a message on the website, it reads:\"His name and contributions have been lost to the public. We would like the Gaudio name to live on and be remembered and celebrated from this day forward. “We trust The Lost Legacy of Tony Gaudio documentary will be a beautiful reminder for all film lovers of the important role of the cinematographer in films.”[27]In April, in Gaetano Gaudio’s hometown, the first screening of the trailer of the documentary will be played.\"It is the story of the first Italian winner of an Oscar, but it is also the discovery of an innovator in the field of photography; it is, at the same time, the story of the birth of cinema, in Italy and the United States, the discovery of techniques and perspectives; it is the story of the emigration of Italians; and it is also an investigation - punctuated by a fictional part - in search of the statuette won almost 90 years ago and of which traces have been lost.\"[6]The documentary will feature interviews - combined with images of the works - from some American teachers and scholars and entertainment industry professionals of Italy and the US. These include Patrick Keating and Jonathan Kuntz, or personalities of US cinema,[6] such as the Oscar winner Richard Edlund, special visual effects supervisor of films such as Star Wars, or M. David Mullen, director of photography of The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel.[6] In addition, there will be interviews from the president of the Cineteca della Calabria, Eugenio Attanasio, and from the Calabrian director of photography and Oscar winner for Avatar, Mauro Fiore. The film will also feature interviews from Gaudio’s relatives.[6]“This documentary – explains the director – posed a series of problems from the beginning: very little repertoire, no private photos, perhaps due to a fire that would have destroyed all the albums, and less than 100 public photos. Involving the family was absolutely necessary.\"[6]After Gaudio's death, all traces of the Oscar were lost, intersecting a line between the emotional story of the grandchildren and the artistic path of the pioneer cinematographer.","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and Nominations"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"VERHALEN, CHARLES J. American Cinematographer,: February, 1937 (Classic Reprint). FORGOTTEN BOOKS, 2022.\nTennoe, Mariam  T., Surhone, Lambert M., Henssonow, Susan F. et al. Tony Gaudio. Mager and Quinn’s Bookselllers.\nLangman, Larry. “Tony Gaudio.” Destination Hollywood, The Influence of Europeans on American Filmmaking, Jefferson, North Carolina, and London, 2000.\n“Tony Gaudio, 66, Film Cameraman.” The New York Times, 11 Aug. 1951. Obituary, https://www.nytimes.com/1951/08/11/archives/tony-gaudio-66-film-cameraman-1937-academy-award-winner-for-anthony.html.\n“AFI Catalog of Feature Films, Tony Gaudio.” American FIlm INstitute, catalog.afi.com/Person/148490-Tony-Gaudio?sid=6c79e45e-4a8e-4903-8668-8542deb492f3&sr=9.857439&cp=1&pos=0&isMiscCredit=false.\nBlanchard, Walter. “Aces of the Camera XV: ‘Tony’ Gaudio, A.S.C.” The American Cinematographer, vol. 23, no. March, 1942, pp. 112–138, https://doi.org/Media History Digital Library.\nAbenavoli, Di Paola. “From Cosenza to the American Dream: The Film About Tony Gaudio Arrives, On the Story of the First Italian to Win an Oscar (Exclusive).” The Hollywood Reporter Roma, 9 Mar. 2024, www.hollywoodreporter.it/film/festival-e-premi/tony-gaudio-la-storia-vera-del-primo-italiano-che-vinse-un-premio-oscar/93985/.\nGallagher, John A. \"Gaudio, Tony.\" International Dictionary of Films and Filmmakers, edited by Sara Pendergast and Tom Pendergast, 4th ed., vol. 4: Writers and Production Artists, St. James Press, 2000, pp. 310-312. Gale eBooks, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3406802321/GVRL?u=usocal_main&sid=bookmark-GVRL&xid=ce370610.\nAmerican Cinematographer. ASC Holding Corp., Vol 1 (1920) to Vol. 32 (1951)","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Frame from the previously lost 1911 film Pictureland","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Pictureland_frame.jpg/220px-Pictureland_frame.jpg"},{"image_text":"In Old Kentucky (1919): (from left) cinematographer Henry Cronjager, assistant director Alfred E. Green, director Marshall Neilan, and cinematographer Tony Gaudio","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/In_Old_Kentucky_%281919%29_-_2.jpg/271px-In_Old_Kentucky_%281919%29_-_2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Still from the American drama film Shattered Idols (1922)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Shattered_Idols_%281922%29_-_3.jpg/220px-Shattered_Idols_%281922%29_-_3.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tony Gaudio, August 1925","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Tony_Gaudio_-_Aug_1925_EH.jpg/192px-Tony_Gaudio_-_Aug_1925_EH.jpg"},{"image_text":"The American Cinematographer. 1923-01 Vol. III no. 10 cover","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/The_American_Cinematographer._1923-01_Vol._III_no._10_cover.jpg/128px-The_American_Cinematographer._1923-01_Vol._III_no._10_cover.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Price of Success (1925) with film director Tony Gaudio, Florence Turner, and Alice Lake","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/The_Price_of_Success_%281925%29_-_1.jpg/391px-The_Price_of_Success_%281925%29_-_1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Poster- Hell's Angels (1930)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Poster_-_Hell%27s_Angels_%281930%29_04.jpg/151px-Poster_-_Hell%27s_Angels_%281930%29_04.jpg"},{"image_text":"On set of 1936 Anthony Adverse; Mervyn LeRoy (seated right) directing costars March and DeHavilland; behind LeRoy is Tony Gaudio","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Filming_on_set_of_Anthony_Adverse%2C_1936.jpeg/330px-Filming_on_set_of_Anthony_Adverse%2C_1936.jpeg"},{"image_text":"\"Juarez\" 1939 Title, from Trailer","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Juarez_1939_Title.jpg/220px-Juarez_1939_Title.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tony Gaudio on Experiment Perilous, 1944","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Tony_Gaudio_on_Experiment_Perilous.jpg/220px-Tony_Gaudio_on_Experiment_Perilous.jpg"},{"image_text":"Gaudio circa 1919","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/TonyGaudio1919.png/220px-TonyGaudio1919.png"},{"image_text":"Mitchell Camera circ 1930s","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Mitchell_STD_%28c1930s%29.jpg/220px-Mitchell_STD_%28c1930s%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"\"On With the Show\" ad in The Film Daily, Jan-Jun 1929","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/%22On_With_the_Show%22_ad_in_The_Film_Daily%2C_Jan-Jun_1929_%28page_1289_crop%29.jpg/141px-%22On_With_the_Show%22_ad_in_The_Film_Daily%2C_Jan-Jun_1929_%28page_1289_crop%29.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Tony Gaudio, 66, Film Cameraman\". The New York Times. August 11, 1951.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Little Close-Ups of the A.S.C.\" The American Cinematographer. 2 (February 1922).","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/americancinemato02amer_0/americancinemato02amer_0_djvu.txt","url_text":"\"Little Close-Ups of the A.S.C.\""}]},{"reference":"\"Long Record and More Honor for Tony Gaudio on His Screen Work\". American Cinematographer. 19 (June, 1938): 230–232.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Tony Gaudio Wins Camera Honors\". American Cinematographer. 18 (April, 1937).","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Who Is Tony Gaudio?\". The Tony Gaudio Foundation For The Cinematic Arts. 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tonygaudiofoundation.org/","url_text":"\"Who Is Tony Gaudio?\""}]},{"reference":"ABENAVOLI, DI PAOLA (March 9, 2024). \"From Cosenza to the American Dream: The Film About Tony Gaudio Arrives, On the Story of the First Italian to Win an Oscar (Exclusive)\". The Hollywood Reporter, Roma.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.it/film/festival-e-premi/tony-gaudio-la-storia-vera-del-primo-italiano-che-vinse-un-premio-oscar/93985/","url_text":"\"From Cosenza to the American Dream: The Film About Tony Gaudio Arrives, On the Story of the First Italian to Win an Oscar (Exclusive)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tony in Focus\". The Tony Gaudio Foundation For The Cinematic Arts. 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tonygaudiofoundation.org/tony-gaudio","url_text":"\"Tony in Focus\""}]},{"reference":"Gallagher, John A. (2000). \"Gaudio, Tony, International Dictionary of Film and Filmmakers\". St. James Press. 4 (2000): 310–312.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Whitman, Philip H. \"Pans and Tilts\". The American Cinematographer. 1 (October, 1921).","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"A.S.C. Elects New Officers\". The American Cinematographer. 5 (May, 1924): 5.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"In Camera Fornia\". The American Cinematographer. 2 (December, 1921).","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"In Camera Fornia\". The American Cinematographer. 5 (April, 1924): 26.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Way Cleared for Gaudio to Direct\". The American Cinematographer. 5 (August, 1925).","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"In Camera Fornia\". The American Cinematographer. 5 (May, 1924).","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"In Camera Fornia\". The American Cinematographer. 5 (December, 1924).","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Tony Gaudio, A.S.C. Becomes Director\". The American Cinematographer. 6 (July, 1925): 13.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Gaudio, Gaetano. \"Lighting Color on a Black-and-White Schedule\". The American Cinematographer. 17 (December, 1936).","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Juarez Declared Really Great Picture\". The American Cinematographer. 20 (April, 1939) – via Media History Digital Library.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Ten Best Pictures of 1939 in the Film Daily's Annual Poll of Critics of America\". The Film Daily. 1939 – via Media History Digital Library.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Tony Gaudio Photographed Two of the Best Pictures of 1939\". The Film Daily. 1939 – via Media History Digital Library.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"TONY GAUDIO\". American Film Institute.","urls":[{"url":"https://catalog.afi.com/Person/148490-Tony-Gaudio?sid=6c79e45e-4a8e-4903-8668-8542deb492f3&sr=9.857439&cp=1&pos=0&isMiscCredit=false","url_text":"\"TONY GAUDIO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Honor Box, This Week REPUBLIC Wins With: I've Always Loved You (1946)\". The Box Office Digest (May-Dec 1946). 1946 – via Media History Digital Library.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Gaudio Declines\". The American Cinematographer. 20 (April, 1939).","urls":[]},{"reference":"Blanchard, Walter. \"Aces of the Camera XV: \"Tony\" Gaudio, A.S.C.\". The American Cinematographer. 23 (March, 1942): 112–138 – via Media History Digital Library.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"In Camera Fornia\". The American Cinematographer. 1 (December, 1921) – via Media History Digital Library.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Gaudio Inventor of Epoch-making Device\". The American Cinematographer. 3 (November, 1923) – via Media History Digital Library.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Documentary\". The Tony Gaudio Foundation For The Cinematic Arts. 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tonygaudiofoundation.org/documentary","url_text":"\"Documentary\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentrich,_Derbyshire
Pentrich
["1 Pentrich rising","2 St Matthew's Church","3 In literature","4 See also","5 References","6 Bibliography","7 External links"]
Coordinates: 53°04′N 1°25′W / 53.07°N 1.42°W / 53.07; -1.42This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Pentrich" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Human settlement in EnglandPentrichPentrich ChurchPentrichLocation within DerbyshirePopulation191 (2011)OS grid referenceSK389525DistrictAmber ValleyShire countyDerbyshireRegionEast MidlandsCountryEnglandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townRIPLEYPostcode districtDE5Dialling code01773PoliceDerbyshireFireDerbyshireAmbulanceEast Midlands UK ParliamentAmber Valley List of places UK England Derbyshire 53°04′N 1°25′W / 53.07°N 1.42°W / 53.07; -1.42 Pentrich is a small village and civil parish between Belper and Alfreton in Amber Valley, Derbyshire, England. The population of the civil parish taken at the 2011 Census was 191. Pentrich rising Main article: Pentrich rising The village gave its name to the Pentrich rising, an armed uprising which occurred on the night of 9/10 June 1817. The name is controversial. While much of the planning took place in Pentrich, two of the three ringleaders were from South Wingfield and the other was from Sutton in Ashfield; the 'revolution' itself started from Hunt's Barn in South Wingfield, and the only person killed died in Wingfield Park. A gathering of some two or three hundred men (stockingers, quarrymen and iron workers), led by Jeremiah Brandreth ('The Nottingham Captain'), (an unemployed stockinger, and claimed, without substantiation, by Gyles Brandreth as an ancestor), set out from South Wingfield to march to Nottingham. They were lightly armed with pikes, scythes and a few guns, which had been hidden in a quarry in Wingfield Park, and had a set of rather unfocussed revolutionary demands, including the wiping out of the National Debt. The organizer of the event turned out to be a government spy, who became known as Oliver the Spy, and the uprising was quashed soon after it began. Three men were hanged for their participation in the uprising, including Brandreth. St Matthew's Church St Matthew's Church Whilst St Matthew's Church is not mentioned in the Domesday book (1086), a charter of 1154–9 confirms the gift of the church of Pentrich to the canons of Darley Abbey. Of this Norman church or one which shortly after replaced it the five arcades separating the aisles from the nave, parts of the west wall and south aisle and lower part of the tower remain. The tower was made higher in the late 14th century and the two aisles were rebuilt. Around 1430 a new pointed chancel arch was built, retaining the earlier capitals and piers and a clerestory was added. The tracery of the east window suggests a date of 1420–50. The font stands on a pedestal dated 1662 but the bowl has decoration typical of the Norman period. During the 19th century the bowl was absent and was used for the salting of beef. On the exterior of the south chancel wall is a scratch dial or mass clock, a sort of sundial used to show service times. Interior St Matthew's Church In literature Percy Bysshe Shelley wrote the pamphlet "We Pity the Plumage, But Forget the Dying Bird" (1817) contrasting the wretched fate of the 'Pentrich Martyrs' (Brandreth, Turner & Ludlam) to the public mourning for the death of Princess Charlotte Augusta of Wales in childbirth a day earlier. Charles Lamb wrote "The Three Graves" (1820) (which turns out to be not for the condemned men, but their accusers) ... I ask'd the fiend, for whom these rites were meant? "These graves," quoth he, "when life's brief oil is spent, When the dark night comes, and they're sinking bedwards, I mean for Castles, Oliver, and Edwards." A fictional account is given of the postwar slump, chartism, the Pentrich Revolution and industrial progress in The Reckoning, Volume 15 of The Morland Dynasty, a series of historical novels by author Cynthia Harrod-Eagles. Historical romance and erotic novelist Pam Rosenthal involves the hero and heroine of her novel The Slightest Provocation in the unmasking of the Pentrich uprising's government provocateur. Paul and Clara visit the village in D. H. Lawrence's Sons and Lovers (Chapter 12). Although this is doubtful as he often used nearby placenames as substitutes for the actual location of his novels. Real Pentrich does not fit the context of this story as they walk to "Pentrich" from chapel in Eastwood, too far for an evening stroll. It is more likely Alma Hill near Kimberley with its "ruined windmill". See also Listed buildings in Pentrich References ^ "Civil Parish population 2011". Neighbourhood Statistics. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 17 March 2016. ^ Sean Lang (2011). British History For Dummies. John Wiley & Sons. p. 308. ISBN 978-0-470-74068-2. ^ John Cannon (4 July 2009). A Dictionary of British History. Oxford University Press. p. 1106. ISBN 978-0-19-955038-8. Retrieved 17 May 2012. ^ St Matthew's Church ^ A DH Lawrence Companion by F.B. Pinion Page 297 Bibliography This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (May 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Cooper, B (1983) Transformation of a Valley: The Derbyshire Derwent Heinemann, republished 1991 Cromford: Scarthin Books Cox, J C (1879) The Churches of Derbyshire Vol 4 Pevsner, N (1978) The Buildings of England: Derbyshire External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pentrich. Pentrich Parish Council St Matthew's Church, Pentrich Pentrich Historical Society website Pentrich and South Wingfield Revolution Group
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"civil parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_parishes_in_England"},{"link_name":"Belper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belper"},{"link_name":"Alfreton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfreton"},{"link_name":"Amber Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amber_Valley"},{"link_name":"Derbyshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derbyshire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Human settlement in EnglandPentrich is a small village and civil parish between Belper and Alfreton in Amber Valley, Derbyshire, England. The population of the civil parish taken at the 2011 Census was 191.[1]","title":"Pentrich"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Jeremiah Brandreth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremiah_Brandreth"},{"link_name":"Gyles Brandreth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyles_Brandreth"},{"link_name":"South Wingfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Wingfield"},{"link_name":"Nottingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottingham"},{"link_name":"National Debt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Debt"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Oliver the Spy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_J._Oliver"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lang2011-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cannon2009-3"}],"text":"The village gave its name to the Pentrich rising, an armed uprising which occurred on the night of 9/10 June 1817. The name is controversial.[citation needed] While much of the planning took place in Pentrich, two of the three ringleaders were from South Wingfield and the other was from Sutton in Ashfield; the 'revolution' itself started from Hunt's Barn in South Wingfield, and the only person killed died in Wingfield Park.A gathering of some two or three hundred men (stockingers, quarrymen and iron workers), led by Jeremiah Brandreth ('The Nottingham Captain'), (an unemployed stockinger, and claimed, without substantiation, by Gyles Brandreth as an ancestor), set out from South Wingfield to march to Nottingham. They were lightly armed with pikes, scythes and a few guns, which had been hidden in a quarry in Wingfield Park, and had a set of rather unfocussed revolutionary demands, including the wiping out of the National Debt.The organizer of the event[citation needed] turned out to be a government spy, who became known as Oliver the Spy, and the uprising was quashed soon after it began.[2] Three men were hanged for their participation in the uprising, including Brandreth.[3]","title":"Pentrich rising"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:View_of_south_side,_St_Matthew%27s_Church,_Pentrich.JPG"},{"link_name":"St Matthew's Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Matthew%27s_Church,_Pentrich"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Domesday book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domesday_book"},{"link_name":"clerestory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clerestory"},{"link_name":"scratch dial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_dial"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Interior,_St_Matthew%27s_Church,_Pentrich.JPG"}],"text":"St Matthew's ChurchWhilst St Matthew's Church[4] is not mentioned in the Domesday book (1086), a charter of 1154–9 confirms the gift of the church of Pentrich to the canons of Darley Abbey. Of this Norman church or one which shortly after replaced it the five arcades separating the aisles from the nave, parts of the west wall and south aisle and lower part of the tower remain.The tower was made higher in the late 14th century and the two aisles were rebuilt. Around 1430 a new pointed chancel arch was built, retaining the earlier capitals and piers and a clerestory was added. The tracery of the east window suggests a date of 1420–50.The font stands on a pedestal dated 1662 but the bowl has decoration typical of the Norman period. During the 19th century the bowl was absent and was used for the salting of beef.On the exterior of the south chancel wall is a scratch dial or mass clock, a sort of sundial used to show service times.Interior St Matthew's Church","title":"St Matthew's Church"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Percy Bysshe Shelley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley"},{"link_name":"Princess Charlotte Augusta of Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Charlotte_Augusta_of_Wales"},{"link_name":"Charles Lamb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Lamb_(writer)"},{"link_name":"The Morland Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Morland_Dynasty"},{"link_name":"Cynthia Harrod-Eagles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cynthia_Harrod-Eagles"},{"link_name":"Pam Rosenthal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pam_Rosenthal"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Percy Bysshe Shelley wrote the pamphlet \"We Pity the Plumage, But Forget the Dying Bird\" (1817) contrasting the wretched fate of the 'Pentrich Martyrs' (Brandreth, Turner & Ludlam) to the public mourning for the death of Princess Charlotte Augusta of Wales in childbirth a day earlier.Charles Lamb wrote \"The Three Graves\" (1820) (which turns out to be not for the condemned men, but their accusers)...\nI ask'd the fiend, for whom these rites were meant?\n\"These graves,\" quoth he, \"when life's brief oil is spent,\nWhen the dark night comes, and they're sinking bedwards,\nI mean for Castles, Oliver, and Edwards.\"A fictional account is given of the postwar slump, chartism, the Pentrich Revolution and industrial progress in The Reckoning, Volume 15 of The Morland Dynasty, a series of historical novels by author Cynthia Harrod-Eagles.Historical romance and erotic novelist Pam Rosenthal involves the hero and heroine of her novel The Slightest Provocation in the unmasking of the Pentrich uprising's government provocateur.Paul and Clara visit the village in D. H. Lawrence's Sons and Lovers (Chapter 12). Although this is doubtful as he often used nearby placenames as substitutes for the actual location of his novels. Real Pentrich does not fit the context of this story as they walk to \"Pentrich\" from chapel in Eastwood, too far for an evening stroll. It is more likely Alma Hill near Kimberley with its \"ruined windmill\".[5]","title":"In literature"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Cooper, B (1983) Transformation of a Valley: The Derbyshire Derwent Heinemann, republished 1991 Cromford: Scarthin Books\nCox, J C (1879) The Churches of Derbyshire Vol 4\nPevsner, N (1978) The Buildings of England: Derbyshire","title":"Bibliography"}]
[{"image_text":"St Matthew's Church","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/View_of_south_side%2C_St_Matthew%27s_Church%2C_Pentrich.JPG/220px-View_of_south_side%2C_St_Matthew%27s_Church%2C_Pentrich.JPG"},{"image_text":"Interior St Matthew's Church","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Interior%2C_St_Matthew%27s_Church%2C_Pentrich.JPG/220px-Interior%2C_St_Matthew%27s_Church%2C_Pentrich.JPG"}]
[{"title":"Listed buildings in Pentrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listed_buildings_in_Pentrich"}]
[{"reference":"\"Civil Parish population 2011\". Neighbourhood Statistics. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 17 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadKeyFigures.do?a=7&b=11127506&c=Pentrich&d=16&e=62&g=6412968&i=1001x1003x1032x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1458229922266&enc=1","url_text":"\"Civil Parish population 2011\""}]},{"reference":"Sean Lang (2011). British History For Dummies. John Wiley & Sons. p. 308. ISBN 978-0-470-74068-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6CXpr3lLJjQC&pg=PA308","url_text":"British History For Dummies"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-74068-2","url_text":"978-0-470-74068-2"}]},{"reference":"John Cannon (4 July 2009). A Dictionary of British History. Oxford University Press. p. 1106. ISBN 978-0-19-955038-8. Retrieved 17 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nU32UZQ8o3wC&pg=PT1106","url_text":"A Dictionary of British History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-955038-8","url_text":"978-0-19-955038-8"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolph_III,_Count_of_Waldeck
Adolph III, Count of Waldeck
["1 Life","2 References"]
Count of Waldeck-Landau Adolph III, Count of WaldeckBorn1362Died(1431-04-19)19 April 1431Noble familyHouse of WaldeckSpouse(s)Agnes of ZiegenhainFatherHenry VI, Count of WaldeckMotherElisabeth of Berg Adolph III, Count of Waldeck (1362 – 19 April 1431) was Count of Waldeck-Landau from 1397 until his death. He was the founder of the elder Waldeck-Landau line. Life Adolph III was a son of Count Henry VI and his wife Elisabeth of Berg. His older brother was Henry VII of Waldeck-Waldeck. In 1387, Adolph married Agnes, the daughter of Count Gottfried VIII of Ziegenhain. The marriage produced a son, Otto III, who would later succeed Adolph. Adolph III and his family lived at Landau Castle, which his father had assigned to him, and remained there after the county had been divided into Waldeck-Landau and Waldeck-Waldeck after his father's death in 1397. His reign was marked with conflicts with Henry VII. He disagrees with Henry's attack on the area around Kassel in 1400, which destroyed the alliance Waldeck had had with the Landgraviate of Hesse. Hesse responded by invading Waldeck. Adolph tried to restore good relations with Hesse. In 1406, Henry published nineteen complaints about Adolph and proposed to have the issue arbitrated by the mayors and councillors from Korbach and Niederwildungen. Adolph, in turn, accused Henry of selling Schartenberg to the Archbishop of Cologne without his consent. Attempts to mediate between the brothers were unsuccessful. It was not until 1421 that Adolph's brother-in-law, Count John II of Ziegenhain, managed to mediate a compromise between the two brothers and theirs sons, Otto III and Wolrad. The division of the county was confirmed, however, the brothers also agreed that no land would be sold off or mortgaged without knowledge and consent from the other family branch. Deeds relating to either half of the county were to be archived in a common archive at Waldeck Castle. Completed fiefs would revert to joint ownership. Future disputes were to be investigated and settled by the burgmannen and councils. In later years, this agreement was renewed and refined. References Adolph Theodor Ludwig Varnhagen: Grundlage der Waldeckischen Landes- und Regentengeschichte. Band 2, Arolsen, 1853, p. 1-5 Adolph III, Count of Waldeck House of WaldeckBorn: 1362 Died: 19 April 1431 Preceded byHenry VIas Count of Waldeck Count of Waldeck-Landau 1397-1431 Succeeded byOtto III This article about a German count is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Adolph III, Count of Waldeck (1362 – 19 April 1431) was Count of Waldeck-Landau from 1397 until his death. He was the founder of the elder Waldeck-Landau line.","title":"Adolph III, Count of Waldeck"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Henry VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VI,_Count_of_Waldeck"},{"link_name":"Henry VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VII,_Count_of_Waldeck"},{"link_name":"Gottfried VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottfried_VIII,_Count_of_Ziegenhain"},{"link_name":"Ziegenhain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Ziegenhain"},{"link_name":"Otto III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_III,_Count_of_Waldeck"},{"link_name":"Landau Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Landau_Castle&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kassel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kassel"},{"link_name":"Landgraviate of Hesse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landgraviate_of_Hesse"},{"link_name":"Korbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korbach"},{"link_name":"Niederwildungen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Wildungen"},{"link_name":"John II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_II,_Count_of_Ziegenhain"},{"link_name":"Otto III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_III,_Count_of_Waldeck"},{"link_name":"Wolrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolrad_I,_Count_of_Waldeck"},{"link_name":"Waldeck Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Waldeck_Castle_(Waldeck)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fiefs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fief"},{"link_name":"burgmannen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgmann"}],"text":"Adolph III was a son of Count Henry VI and his wife Elisabeth of Berg. His older brother was Henry VII of Waldeck-Waldeck. In 1387, Adolph married Agnes, the daughter of Count Gottfried VIII of Ziegenhain. The marriage produced a son, Otto III, who would later succeed Adolph. Adolph III and his family lived at Landau Castle, which his father had assigned to him, and remained there after the county had been divided into Waldeck-Landau and Waldeck-Waldeck after his father's death in 1397.His reign was marked with conflicts with Henry VII. He disagrees with Henry's attack on the area around Kassel in 1400, which destroyed the alliance Waldeck had had with the Landgraviate of Hesse. Hesse responded by invading Waldeck. Adolph tried to restore good relations with Hesse. In 1406, Henry published nineteen complaints about Adolph and proposed to have the issue arbitrated by the mayors and councillors from Korbach and Niederwildungen. Adolph, in turn, accused Henry of selling Schartenberg to the Archbishop of Cologne without his consent. Attempts to mediate between the brothers were unsuccessful.It was not until 1421 that Adolph's brother-in-law, Count John II of Ziegenhain, managed to mediate a compromise between the two brothers and theirs sons, Otto III and Wolrad. The division of the county was confirmed, however, the brothers also agreed that no land would be sold off or mortgaged without knowledge and consent from the other family branch. Deeds relating to either half of the county were to be archived in a common archive at Waldeck Castle. Completed fiefs would revert to joint ownership. Future disputes were to be investigated and settled by the burgmannen and councils. In later years, this agreement was renewed and refined.","title":"Life"}]
[]
null
[]
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adolph_III,_Count_of_Waldeck&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bricelyn,_Minnesota
Bricelyn, Minnesota
["1 History","2 Geography","3 Demographics","3.1 2010 census","3.2 2000 census","4 References","5 External links"]
Coordinates: 43°33′39″N 93°48′47″W / 43.56083°N 93.81306°W / 43.56083; -93.81306 City in Minnesota, United States City in Minnesota, United StatesBricelynCityMotto: "A Good Place To Call Home"Location of Bricelyn, MinnesotaCoordinates: 43°33′39″N 93°48′47″W / 43.56083°N 93.81306°W / 43.56083; -93.81306CountryUnited StatesStateMinnesotaCountyFaribaultGovernment • TypeMayor - Council • MayorThomas SensArea • Total0.29 sq mi (0.75 km2) • Land0.29 sq mi (0.75 km2) • Water0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2)Elevation1,181 ft (360 m)Population (2020) • Total348 • Density1,200.00/sq mi (462.59/km2)Time zoneUTC-6 (Central (CST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-5 (CDT)ZIP code56014Area code507FIPS code27-07678GNIS feature ID2393414Websitehttp://www.co.faribault.mn.us/Bricelyn/ Bricelyn is a city in Faribault County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 365 at the 2010 census. History The town developed as a result of the railroad passing through the area. In 1899, town lots were auctioned. The city was named for John Brice, the original owner of the town site. A post office has been in operation at Bricelyn since 1899. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.29 square miles (0.75 km2), all land. Demographics Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 1900166—1910352112.0%192056460.2%1930509−9.8%194060118.1%19506396.3%1960542−15.2%1970470−13.3%19804873.6%1990426−12.5%2000379−11.0%2010365−3.7%2020348−4.7%U.S. Decennial Census 2010 census As of the census of 2010, there were 365 people, 168 households, and 97 families living in the city. The population density was 1,258.6 inhabitants per square mile (485.9/km2). There were 197 housing units at an average density of 679.3 per square mile (262.3/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 92.6% White, 2.5% African American, 1.4% Native American, 0.8% Asian, 0.5% from other races, and 2.2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 9.6% of the population. There were 168 households, of which 21.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.6% were married couples living together, 8.9% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.2% had a male householder with no wife present, and 42.3% were non-families. 38.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.17 and the average family size was 2.89. The median age in the city was 47.9 years. 22.5% of residents were under the age of 18; 6.5% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 18.6% were from 25 to 44; 27.4% were from 45 to 64; and 24.9% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 52.1% male and 47.9% female. 2000 census As of the census of 2000, there were 379 people, 182 households, and 101 families living in the city. The population density was 1,283.9 inhabitants per square mile (495.7/km2). There were 208 housing units at an average density of 704.6 per square mile (272.0/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 99.47% White, 0.26% from other races, and 0.26% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.96% of the population. There were 182 households, out of which 21.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.5% were married couples living together, 2.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 44.0% were non-families. 39.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 20.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.08 and the average family size was 2.80. In the city, the population was spread out, with 20.8% under the age of 18, 5.8% from 18 to 24, 22.4% from 25 to 44, 23.7% from 45 to 64, and 27.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 46 years. For every 100 females, there were 102.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 106.9 males. The median income for a household in the city was $29,375, and the median income for a family was $39,375. Males had a median income of $31,354 versus $21,111 for females. The per capita income for the city was $15,340. About 7.5% of families and 10.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7.5% of those under age 18 and 10.5% of those age 65 or over. References ^ a b "The City of Bricelyn Minnesota". The City of Bricelyn Minnesota. Archived from the original on January 18, 2012. Retrieved October 14, 2012. ^ "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 24, 2022. ^ a b U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Bricelyn, Minnesota ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ "2010 Census Redistricting Data (Public Law 94-171) Summary File". American FactFinder. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved April 27, 2011. ^ Chicago and North Western Railway Company (1908). A History of the Origin of the Place Names Connected with the Chicago & North Western and Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis & Omaha Railways. p. 46. ^ "Faribault County". Jim Forte Postal History. Retrieved May 29, 2015. ^ "US Gazetteer files 2010". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on January 25, 2012. Retrieved November 13, 2012. ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved November 13, 2012. External links The City of Bricelyn Minnesota ePodunk: Profile for Bricelyn, Minnesota vteMunicipalities and communities of Faribault County, Minnesota, United StatesCounty seat: Blue EarthCities Blue Earth Bricelyn Delavan Easton Elmore Frost Kiester Minnesota Lake‡ Walters Wells Winnebago Map of Minnesota highlighting Faribault CountyTownships Barber Blue Earth City Brush Creek Clark Delavan Dunbar Elmore Emerald Foster Jo Daviess Kiester Lura Minnesota Lake Pilot Grove Prescott Rome Seely Verona Walnut Lake Winnebago City Unincorporated communities Baroda Brush Creek Dell Guckeen Huntley Marna Pilot Grove Ghost towns Clayton Homedahl Walnut Lake Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Minnesota portal United States portal
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Faribault County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faribault_County,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota"},{"link_name":"2010 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2010_Census_(City)-5"}],"text":"City in Minnesota, United StatesCity in Minnesota, United StatesBricelyn is a city in Faribault County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 365 at the 2010 census.[5]","title":"Bricelyn, Minnesota"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_City_of_Bricelyn_Minnesota-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The town developed as a result of the railroad passing through the area. In 1899, town lots were auctioned.[1] The city was named for John Brice, the original owner of the town site.[6] A post office has been in operation at Bricelyn since 1899.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gazetteer_files-8"}],"text":"According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.29 square miles (0.75 km2), all land.[8]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wwwcensusgov-10"},{"link_name":"population density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"}],"sub_title":"2010 census","text":"As of the census[10] of 2010, there were 365 people, 168 households, and 97 families living in the city. The population density was 1,258.6 inhabitants per square mile (485.9/km2). There were 197 housing units at an average density of 679.3 per square mile (262.3/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 92.6% White, 2.5% African American, 1.4% Native American, 0.8% Asian, 0.5% from other races, and 2.2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 9.6% of the population.There were 168 households, of which 21.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.6% were married couples living together, 8.9% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.2% had a male householder with no wife present, and 42.3% were non-families. 38.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.17 and the average family size was 2.89.The median age in the city was 47.9 years. 22.5% of residents were under the age of 18; 6.5% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 18.6% were from 25 to 44; 27.4% were from 45 to 64; and 24.9% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 52.1% male and 47.9% female.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"sub_title":"2000 census","text":"As of the census of 2000, there were 379 people, 182 households, and 101 families living in the city. The population density was 1,283.9 inhabitants per square mile (495.7/km2). There were 208 housing units at an average density of 704.6 per square mile (272.0/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 99.47% White, 0.26% from other races, and 0.26% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.96% of the population.There were 182 households, out of which 21.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.5% were married couples living together, 2.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 44.0% were non-families. 39.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 20.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.08 and the average family size was 2.80.In the city, the population was spread out, with 20.8% under the age of 18, 5.8% from 18 to 24, 22.4% from 25 to 44, 23.7% from 45 to 64, and 27.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 46 years. For every 100 females, there were 102.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 106.9 males.The median income for a household in the city was $29,375, and the median income for a family was $39,375. Males had a median income of $31,354 versus $21,111 for females. The per capita income for the city was $15,340. About 7.5% of families and 10.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7.5% of those under age 18 and 10.5% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"}]
[{"image_text":"Map of Minnesota highlighting Faribault County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Map_of_Minnesota_highlighting_Faribault_County.svg/180px-Map_of_Minnesota_highlighting_Faribault_County.svg.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"The City of Bricelyn Minnesota\". The City of Bricelyn Minnesota. Archived from the original on January 18, 2012. Retrieved October 14, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120118151518/http://www.co.faribault.mn.us/Bricelyn/","url_text":"\"The City of Bricelyn Minnesota\""},{"url":"http://www.co.faribault.mn.us/Bricelyn/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 24, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_27.txt","url_text":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"2010 Census Redistricting Data (Public Law 94-171) Summary File\". American FactFinder. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved April 27, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_PL_GCTPL2.ST13&prodType=table","url_text":"\"2010 Census Redistricting Data (Public Law 94-171) Summary File\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"Chicago and North Western Railway Company (1908). A History of the Origin of the Place Names Connected with the Chicago & North Western and Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis & Omaha Railways. p. 46.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OspBAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA46","url_text":"A History of the Origin of the Place Names Connected with the Chicago & North Western and Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis & Omaha Railways"}]},{"reference":"\"Faribault County\". Jim Forte Postal History. Retrieved May 29, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.postalhistory.com/postoffices.asp?task=display&state=MN&county=Faribault","url_text":"\"Faribault County\""}]},{"reference":"\"US Gazetteer files 2010\". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on January 25, 2012. Retrieved November 13, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120125061959/http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt","url_text":"\"US Gazetteer files 2010\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"},{"url":"https://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of Population and Housing\". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved November 13, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Lawn_Cemetery_(Columbus,_Ohio)
Green Lawn Cemetery (Columbus, Ohio)
["1 History","1.1 Establishment of Green Lawn","1.2 Growth of the cemetery","1.3 21st century vandalism","2 Huntington Chapel","3 About Green Lawn Cemetery","3.1 Notable structures and art","4 Notable burials","5 See also","6 References","7 Bibliography","8 External links"]
Coordinates: 39°56′25″N 83°01′56″W / 39.940389°N 83.032324°W / 39.940389; -83.032324Green Lawn CemeteryMain (east) entrance of Green Lawn CemeteryDetailsEstablishedJuly 9, 1849Location1000 Greenlawn Avenue, Columbus, OhioCountryUnited StatesCoordinates39°56′25″N 83°01′56″W / 39.940389°N 83.032324°W / 39.940389; -83.032324TypePrivate nonprofitOwned byGreen Lawn Cemetery AssociationSize360 acres (150 ha)No. of graves155,000 (as of 2017)WebsiteGreen Lawn CemeteryFind a GraveGreen Lawn CemeteryThe Political GraveyardGreen Lawn CemeteryHistoric site Green Lawn Cemetery is an active historic private rural cemetery located in Columbus, Ohio, in the United States. Organized in 1848 and opened in 1849, the cemetery was the city's premier burying ground in the 1800s and beyond. An American Civil War memorial was erected there in 1891, and chapel constructed in 1902. With 360 acres (150 ha), it is Ohio's second-largest cemetery. History Franklinton Cemetery was the first cemetery established in what later became Columbus. It was built on land donated by Lucas Sullivant on River Street near Souder Avenue in 1799. Many of the early settlers of Franklinton and Columbus were buried there. The 11.5-acre (4.7 ha) North Graveyard followed in 1812, and the 11.25-acre (4.55 ha) East Graveyard in 1841. A 3-acre (1.2 ha) Roman Catholic cemetery opened in 1848 (although it had been in use as early as 1846). Establishment of Green Lawn By the mid-1840s, growing settlement in the area left the Franklinton, North, and East cemeteries too small to accommodate more burials. On February 24, 1848, the Ohio General Assembly enacted a law providing for the incorporation of cemetery associations by 10 or more people. On August 2, 1848, a group of Columbus area business and civic leaders that included A.C Brown, William G. Deshler, William A. Platt, Thomas Sparrow, Alfred P. Stone, Joseph Sullivant, William B. Thrall, and others formed the Green Lawn Cemetery Association. The group secured a charter from the Ohio General Assembly on March 23, 1849, incorporating the "Green Lawn Cemetery of Columbus". A public meeting was held on July 12, and a committee of 11 local leaders appointed to select a site and draft articles of incorporation. The committee presented the public with draft articles of incorporation on August 2. These were accepted, and the first board of directors organized on August 26. The board sought a site of about 50 to 100 acres (20 to 40 ha) of gently rolling land well-covered in trees and shrubs. The first purchase of 83 acres (34 ha) of forested land was made in the early spring of 1849 at a cost of $3,750 ($100,000 in 2022 dollars). This consisted of a 39-acre (16 ha) tract obtained from Judge Gershom M. Peters and a 44-acre (18 ha) tract from William Miner. A public picnic was held on the ground on May 23, during which a partial clearing of a small portion of the land occurred. Architect Howard Daniels was hired to lay out the roads, paths, and plots. Daniels had spent several months in Europe studying rural cemetery design there, and had recently designed his first cemetery, Cincinnati's widely praised Spring Grove Cemetery. A formal dedication of the cemetery occurred on July 9. A superintendent's cottage was erected near the main gate on Brown Road, and Richard Woolley appointed the first superintendent. Daniels, who died in December 1863, is buried in the cemetery. Growth of the cemetery Packard family mausoleum Gay family mausoleum At the time, the cemetery was located 2.5 miles (4.0 km) west of the nascent village of Columbus. The first burial at Green Lawn Cemetery was that of a child, Leonora Perry, on July 7, 1849. The second, and first adult, was Dr. B. F. Gard on July 12. The first headstone or other monument in the cemetery was erected the second week of October 1849 by William G. Deshler. It was for his wife, Olive, who had died at the age of 19. The monument consisted of an upright stone slab depicting a rose branch. The bloom itself was carved on the plinth on which the slab stood, and was inscribed "Olive, wife of William G. Deshler, age 19". After Green Lawn opened, most of the families with graves at Franklinton Cemetery moved their ancestral remains to Green Lawn. Franklinton Cemetery quickly fell out of favor as a place to be buried. Those buried at North Graveyard also disinterred loved ones' remains and moved them to Green Lawn. By 1869, about half of those buried at North Graveyard had been reinterred at Green Lawn. Green Lawn Cemetery lotholders voted to bar non-whites from being buried at Green Lawn in 1856. It was not until 1872 that this restriction was lifted, and a segregated section set aside for African Americans. In February 1864, the trustees of Green Lawn Cemetery offered to exchange burial lots with those individuals who still retained plots at North Graveyard. Green Lawn intended to build homes on the site of the abandoned North Graveyard and lease them in order to generate income. In addition, the Columbus, Chicago and Indiana Central Railway sought to condemn a portion of the burying ground for a railroad right of way. The two offers generated extensive litigation, as lotholders sought to prevent the disinterment of loved ones and those who had deeded land to the city tried to regain title to it. This litigation was not resolved until the late 1870s, and it was not until 1881 that most graves were removed from North Graveyard. On April 1, 1872, the cemetery purchased a 32-acre (13 ha) tract from Samuel Stimmel and a 30-acre (12 ha) tract from John Stimmel, bringing the cemetery's total size to 147 acres (59 ha). In 1887, Green Lawn expanded to 275 acres (111 ha), and Green Lawn Avenue opened to create an eastern entrance to the cemetery. In 1898, an iron bridge was built over a ravine between sections 54 and 55. By 1919, all the roads in the cemetery were of macadam, and had gutters. The Soldiers and Sailors' Memorial was erected at Green Lawn Cemetery in 1891. Cemetery officials first set aside a section (M) for military burials on June 10, 1862. The Ex-Soldiers and Sailors' Association of Franklin County, a group of Civil War veterans, purchased four lots in section 28 in November 1881 for the interment of veterans. Two years later, the association began a campaign to raise funds for the design and erection of a veterans memorial in that section. Another four lots in section 28 were purchased in January 1886, and in March 1886 the Ohio General Assembly authorized the commissioners of Franklin County to levy a tax to aid in the construction of the memorial. A memorial design was approved in October 1886, and the memorial erected by the New England Granite Works of Hartford, Connecticut. The $8,900 ($300,000 in 2022 dollars) memorial was completed in November 1890. 21st century vandalism This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Green Lawn Cemetery" Columbus, Ohio – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) In 2012, metal thieves damaged numerous family mausoleums, in some cases stealing entire door and window grates and in one case breaking into crypts in a family mausoleum. The perpetrators were never caught, and the cemetery extended fences to prevent after-hours vehicular entry and contract random security patrols. These measures proved insufficient when the next acts of vandalism occurred. A vandal struck Green Lawn Cemetery more than a dozen times beginning in the fall of 2014. The vandal initially knocked over gravestones, but over time the damage worsened. By early 2016, more than 600 monuments were damaged as well as glass and the historic bust of Gustavus Swan. Cemetery officials estimated the cost of repairs at more than $1.25 million ($1,500,000 in 2022 dollars). Cemetery officials contracted full nighttime security patrols in the cemetery and installed numerous security cameras which resulted in identifying the vandal, but he was never charged by law enforcement. By 2021 most of the damage was repaired except for a few broken obelisks. The enhanced security measures have, as of 2021, curtailed any similar vandalism after-hours. In the wake of the vandalism, cemetery volunteers and instructors at Columbus State Community College created a geographic information system capstone course. Taught by Doreen Whitley Rogers, nonprofit executive and wife of a cemetery trustee, students in the course donated more than $10,000 ($11,939 in 2022 dollars) in free consulting services to the cemetery. Damaged graves were identified and damage documented, potential vandal points of entry noted, repair cost analyses generated, and patterns of criminal activity in the cemetery identified. Starting in 2020, a vandal damaged nearly 100 trees over a period of several months during mornings shortly after the grounds opened. As of September 2021, evidence was being processed and charges were pending against an identified suspect. Huntington Chapel Huntington Chapel Green Lawn officials had long desired to build a chapel at the cemetery ever since its formation in 1848. A site was selected, but cemetery expansion made it less than ideal. A second site was selected, but again expansion rendered the site inappropriate. After the 1887 expansion, the board of directors felt secure enough to select a permanent location for the new chapel. Design and construction were put off until enough funds had been raised to erect a substantial building of excellent materials and workmanship. The fundraising effort neared completion in 1899, at which time the board selected architect Frank L. Packard to design the chapel. Packard was a natural choice, as he had advised the board for several years on the landscape design and aesthetics of the cemetery. This structure, originally called the Mortuary Chapel, was dedicated on November 11, 1902. The chapel is in the Renaissance Revival style, and features a rotunda capped in red vitrified tile. The dome bears a resemblance to the Ohio Statehouse (then still under construction). The structure rests on a bed of gravel 8 feet (2.4 m) below the surface. The foundations are of concrete and stone, and arches of brick and concrete support the building above. The exterior walls are of white marble, while the interior walls are clad in "English vein" Italian marble. The main entry doors are bronze and flanked by Ionic columns, while the interior floor is a geometric pattern of black and white tile. The dome, made of leaded art glass, supported by interior pilasters of bronze and marble. The chapel contains two murals (depicting Truth and Wisdom), a number of mosaics, and windows of both leaded and stained glass. The art glass murals were designed by Frederick Wilson and executed by Tiffany & Co. The stained glass windows were designed by Tiffany & Co. The north window depicts Peggy Thompson, the first white woman known to die in the area, and the south window Isaac Dalton, a superintendent of the Soldier's Home in Columbus who took special care of wounded soldiers during the American Civil War. Peletiah Huntington, founder of what became Huntington Bancshares, donated the mosaics, murals, and stained glass windows. The rest of the chapel cost $24,000 ($800,000 in 2022 dollars). The funeral space in the chapel was dedicated to Huntington in 1902 with the placement of a bronze tablet there. The Mortuary Chapel was designed to be a place where funerals could be held. Over time, few funerals were held there. Instead, the public began using the chapel as a meditative space, and requesting to be buried inside it. The chapel was renovated, a west wing with service room and bathrooms added, and a carillon with bells constructed in 1963. The leaded glass rotunda was capped with a concrete dome to protect it. The addition and carillon were in the Neoclassical style. A north wing was completed in 1979. The Thompson stained glass window was removed, and a door cut through to the new wing. The historic window was relocated to the east wall of the new wing, while a new stained glass window and fountain were placed at the west wall of the wing. The north wing serves as an indoor mausoleum. The chapel was rededicated in the early 2000s as Huntington Chapel. About Green Lawn Cemetery Section 51, one of six sections at Green Lawn Cemetery set aside for war dead and veterans Green Lawn Cemetery is privately owned by the nonprofit Green Lawn Cemetery Association. The cemetery is one of Ohio's most prominent rural (or "garden") cemeteries. Any member of the public may purchase a plot. As of 2021, Green Lawn Cemetery contained 360 acres (1.5 km2), making it Ohio's second-largest cemetery. About 80 acres (32 ha) were undeveloped, which cemetery officials said should provide burial space for another 100 to 150 years. About 27 miles (43 km) of roads wind through the burying ground. There are roughly 7,000 trees belonging to 150 species at the cemetery. This includes four "state champion" trees (the largest and tallest trees of their species anywhere in the state). In 1999, the Audubon Society recognized Green Lawn Cemetery as part of the Lower Scioto River Ohio "Important Bird Area". According to cemetery records in 2021, more than 155,000 people were buried at Green Lawn Cemetery. This included 6,000 veterans buried in seven military sections (thousands more are buried on private lots), of which 15 were generals and five Medal of Honor recipients. Portions of two of the military sections are National Cemeteries. Sections at Green Lawn Cemetery were originally lettered in the order in which they were developed. The cemetery's rapid expansion forced the cemetery to begin numbering sections after running through the alphabet. Notable structures and art The Hayden Mausoleum The Hayden family mausoleum is the cemetery's largest. Designed by local architect Frank L. Packard, it was completed for banker Charles H. Hayden in early 1905. Built at a cost of about $80,000 to $100,000 ($2,600,000 to $3,300,000 in 2022 dollars), the Neoclassical style tomb had a granite foundation, interior and exterior walls of white Vermont marble, and two Ionic columns on each side of the main entrance. The structure is 45 feet (14 m) wide, 55 feet (17 m) deep, and has a 45-foot (14 m) high dome. The interior is octagonal, and features two columns of marble with a hue like alabaster in each corner. The tomb originally contained eight marble sarcophagi, carved in Italy. The main doors were of bronze. Hayden wanted the construction of the mausoleum to be a surprise for his family, so Packard refused to tell the press or cemetery officials who commissioned the work until it was completed. A row of small, Egyptian Revival mausoleums in section 65 contains the Packard mausoleum. Architect Frank L. Packard designed the Packard family mausoleum himself. Notable burials See also: Category:Burials at Green Lawn Cemetery (Columbus, Ohio) Grave of Alfred Kelley and his immediate descendants Grave of World War I flying ace Eddie Rickenbacker Notable individuals buried at the cemetery include: Monument to the Sells family De Witt C. Badger, member of the U.S. House of Representatives and Mayor of Columbus Gordon Battelle, founder of Battelle Memorial Institute Otto Beatty Jr., attorney, politician, Civil Rights leader Thomas Blakiston, English explorer and naturalist John W. Bricker, Ohio Governor, U.S. Senator, and U.S. Vice Presidential candidate Samuel Bush, industrialist, grandfather of President George H. W. Bush, and great-grandfather of President George W. Bush James E. Campbell, Governor of Ohio and member of the U.S. House of Representatives William Turner Coggeshall, newspaper editor, spy for the Union Army, U.S. Ambassador to Ecuador James M. Comly, Civil War general in the Union Army, newspaper editor, and political backer James L. Conger, member of the U.S. House of Representatives George L. Converse, member of the U.S. House of Representatives Howard Daniels, landscape architect and rural cemetery designer Augustus Stoner Decker, Mayor of Columbus William Dennison Jr., Governor of Ohio Cromwell Dixon, aviation pioneer, first person to fly over the Continental Divide Daniel S. Earhart, member of the U.S. House of Representatives Merie Earle, actress Al G. Field, minstrel show operator James W. Forsyth, U.S. Army general, war criminal Samuel Galloway, member of the U.S. House of Representatives Wally Gerber, baseball player Washington Gladden, minister and social reformer Lincoln Goodale, first physician to practice in Columbus Stomp Gordon, jump blues pianist and singer Clinton Greaves, Buffalo Soldier and Medal of Honor recipient Phale Hale, civil rights leader and Ohio state legislator Henry Howe, historian Alfred Kelley, banker, canal builder, and railroad executive Nathan Kelley, architect, designer of the Ohio Statehouse Simon Lazarus, founder of Lazarus department stores John J. Lentz, member of the U.S. House of Representatives George H. Maetzel, Ohio architect William T. Martin, Mayor of Columbus Edward S. Matthias, longest-serving associate justice on the Supreme Court of Ohio Abram Irvin McDowell, Mayor of Columbus William L. McMillen, physician, Civil War general in the Union Army, and carpetbagger legislator Samuel Medary, newspaper owner and territorial governor of Minnesota and Kansas Grant Mitchell, actor John G. Mitchell, Civil War general in the Union Army Heman A. Moore, member of the U.S. House of Representatives George K. Nash, Governor of Ohio Edward Orton Sr., Ohio State Geologist and first president of Ohio State University Edward Orton Jr., Ohio State Geologist and ceramic engineer Joseph H. Outhwaite, member of the U.S. House of Representatives Frank Packard, architect Alice E. Heckler Peters (1845-1921), social reformer Frederick Phisterer, Civil War captain and recipient of the Medal of Honor James Preston Poindexter, abolitionist, Civil Rights activist Joseph H. Potter, American Civil War general in the Union Army James A. Rhodes, Governor of Ohio and Mayor of Columbus Eddie Rickenbacker, WWI flying ace and industrialist Joseph Ridgway, member of the U.S. House of Representatives James Linn Rodgers, American diplomat Alice Schille, watercolor artist Orland Smith, Civil War general in the Union Army James H. Snook, Ohio State University professor and convicted murderer Billy Southworth, baseball player and manager, inducted to the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 2008 Billy Southworth Jr., baseball player and bomber pilot, son of Billy Southworth Alfred P. Stone, member of the U.S. House of Representatives Lucas Sullivant, land surveyor, founder of Franklinton, Ohio Joseph Rockwell Swan, associate justice of the Supreme Court of Ohio Edward L. Taylor Jr., member of the U.S. House of Representatives William Oxley Thompson, fifth President of Ohio State University James Thurber, humorist, author, and New Yorker columnist Allen G. Thurman, member of the U.S. Senate and U.S. House of Representatives, associate justice of the Supreme Court of Ohio, and U.S. Vice Presidential candidate Dan Tipton, sailor, gambler, and posse rider with Wyatt Earp's vendetta ride Edward C. Turner, Ohio Attorney General and associate justice of the Supreme Court of Ohio John Martin Vorys, member of the U.S. House of Representatives Charles C. Walcutt, Civil War general in the Union Army and Mayor of Columbus David K. Watson, member of the U.S. House of Representatives Wallace Ralston Westlake, Mayor of Columbus Wayne Bidwell Wheeler, Prohibitionist and leader of Anti-Saloon League James Andrew Williams, Major League Baseball manager William Tecumseh Wilson, Civil War general in the Union Army George Ziegler, Civil War general in the Union Army See also Green Lawn Abbey, nearby but unrelated References Notes ^ This cemetery had no name, but was generally referred to as the "Catholic Burying-Ground" and later the "Old Catholic Burying-Ground". ^ The committee consisted of William B. Hubbard, William Kelsey, Robert McCoy, John Miller, A.F. Perry, William A. Platt, Joseph Ridgway Jr., Joseph Sullivant, William B. Thrall, and John Walton. ^ The purchase was announced on January 25, 1849. ^ Purchase of additional land was not originally contemplated, but moved and authorized at a board of directors on April 16, 1849. ^ Not all family plots were moved, and many individual graves also remained at Franklinton Cemetery. ^ The North Graveyard was only partially racially integrated when it opened. Although African Americans could be buried there, they were buried in a separate section. When the East Graveyard opened in 1841, the city required that it be racially integrated. This land was marshy, and was used as a potter's field. ^ Not all bodies were removed. Several hundred bodies were never removed, and lay just 2 to 3 feet (0.61 to 0.91 m) below the surface. ^ White Italian marble comes in three classes: Sicilian (also known as Bianco Chiaro), with cloudy and irregular veins; Statuary, which has no clouds or veins; and Vein. In the United States, Sicilian and Vein are lumped together into a single category, known as English vein. English vein is classified as grade one (no clouds, well-defined light or heavy veins), grade two (light clouds, with well-defined light or heavy veins), and grade three (clouds and veins, light or heavy, well- or ill-defined). Citations ^ a b c Lehosit 2015, p. 32. ^ a b Martin 1993, p. 161. ^ a b c d Lee 1892, p. 723. ^ a b Studer 1873, p. 225. ^ a b Miller 2008, p. 7. ^ a b c d e f Lehosit 2015, p. 33. ^ Acts of a General Nature Passed by the Forty-Sixth General Assembly 1848, pp. 97–100. ^ a b c d e Samuelson 1976, p. 249. ^ a b c d Martin 1993, p. 162. ^ Acts of a Local Nature Passed by the Forty-Eighth General Assembly 1850, pp. 583–584. ^ a b c d e f Studer 1873, p. 219. ^ a b c Lee 1892, p. 724. ^ Studer 1873, pp. 219, 223. ^ Lee 1892, pp. 724–725. ^ Cothran & Danylchak 2018, p. 148. ^ Martin 1993, p. 163. ^ "News Items". The Xenia Sentinel. Xenia, Ohio. December 22, 1863. p. 2. Retrieved January 24, 2023 – via newspapers.com. ^ Martin 1993, p. 164. ^ a b c d Lee 1892, p. 725. ^ Martin 1993, pp. 163–164. ^ Lee 1892, p. 727. ^ Lee 1892, p. 726. ^ Hendren, Sam (April 27, 2017). "A Tower Will Rise Above North Market. Below, A Graveyard Awaits". WOSU. Retrieved July 13, 2018. ^ Leland 1919, pp. 146, 147. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "A Peaceful Interlude". Smart Business Magazine. May 2015. pp. 14–15. Retrieved July 12, 2018. ^ a b Leland 1919, p. 146. ^ a b c d Hooper 1920, p. 54. ^ a b Strader 1899, p. 50. ^ a b Strader 1899, p. 49. ^ a b c d e Thompson, Emily (May 22, 2017). "To Save Green Lawn Cemetery, Columbus State Students Track The Damage". WOSU. Retrieved July 13, 2018. ^ Leland 1919, pp. 147, 148. ^ a b c d e f g h Blundo, Joe (November 29, 2012). "Cemetery, chapel teeming with history". Columbus Dispatch. Retrieved July 12, 2018. ^ a b c "Mortuary Chapel, Greenlawn Cemetery, Columbus, Ohio". The Monumental News. June 1901. p. 349. hdl:2027/uc1.c2558857. Retrieved July 31, 2018. ^ Renwick 1909, p. 73. ^ McClymont, J.J. (May 1924). "List of the World's Marbles (cont.)". Through the Ages Magazine. p. 39. ^ Leland 1919, p. 148. ^ Thomas, W.H. (May 1906). "Glass Mosaic—An Old Art With a New Distinction". The International Studio: 74–78. hdl:2027/gri.ark:/13960/t5bd0dw7d. Retrieved July 31, 2018. ^ a b Bentley 1984, p. 240. ^ Wooley & Van Brimmer 2006, p. 191. ^ Bentley 1984, p. 239. ^ Zachariah, Holly (May 26, 2017). "Green Lawn Cemetery wants to recapture founders' original intent". The Columbus Dispatch. Retrieved July 13, 2018; "Three offbeat tours of Columbus". Columbus Monthly. March 9, 2016. Retrieved July 13, 2018. ^ Division of Geological Survey (1992). Report on Ohio Mineral Industries: With Directories of Reporting Coal and Industrial Mineral Operators (Report). Columbus, Ohio: Ohio Department of Natural Resources. p. 6. ^ McCormac, Jim (November 19, 2017). "Nature: Green Lawn Cemetery's majestic old trees leave lasting impression". Columbus Dispatch. Retrieved July 13, 2018. ^ a b c Hendren, Sam (February 6, 2017). "Grave Concern: The Million-Dollar Destruction of Green Lawn Cemetery". WOSU. Retrieved July 12, 2018. ^ Deitch, Linda (August 25, 2013). "Did You Know? Park is hot spot for migrating birds". Columbus Dispatch. Retrieved July 13, 2018. ^ Wartenberg, Steve (September 29, 2013). "Century-old Atlas Building bringing more upscale living Downtown". The Columbus Dispatch. Retrieved July 31, 2018. ^ a b "Mausoleum With Unknown Owner". The Reporter. September 1904. p. 43. Retrieved July 31, 2018. ^ Darbee & Recchie 2008, p. 229. ^ United States Congress. "De Witt Clinton Badger (id: B000021)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. ^ United States Congress. "John W. Bricker (id: B000820)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. ^ United States Congress. "James E. Campbell (id: C000087)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. ^ Andrews, William D. (Summer 1972). "William T. Coggeshall: 'Booster' of Western Literature". Ohio History Journal: 213. Retrieved July 14, 2018. ^ a b c d e f g h Eicher & Eicher 2001, p. 684. ^ Hannan & Herman 2008, p. 157. ^ United States Congress. "George L. Converse (id: C000711)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. ^ Scee, Trudy Irene (2019). Garden Cemeteries of New England, 1796-2019. Lanham, Md.: Down East Books. p. 155. ISBN 9781608939077. ^ Phillips, David E. (January 1908). "Monumental Inscriptions From Green Lawn Cemetery, Columbus, Ohio". The "Old Northwest" Genealogical Quarterly: 53. Retrieved July 13, 2018. ^ Eicher & Eicher 2001, p. 206. ^ Barrett 2012, pp. 22–24. ^ United States Congress. "Daniel S. Earhart (id: E000006)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. ^ Wilson & Mank 2016, p. 216. ^ Eicher & Eicher 2001, pp. 240–241. ^ United States Congress. "Samuel Galloway (id: G000027)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. ^ Lee 2009, p. 146. ^ Eagle & LeBlanc 2013, pp. 81–82. ^ a b Reitzel, Rick (May 29, 2017). "Memorial Day services in Columbus' honor decorated Buffalo Soldier". WCMH-TV. Retrieved July 14, 2018. ^ Smith, Joseph P. (January 1896). "Henry Howe, The Historian". Ohio Archaeological and Historical Quarterly: 336. Retrieved July 14, 2018. ^ Phillips, David E. (October 1907). "Monumental Inscriptions From Green Lawn Cemetery, Columbus, Ohio". The "Old Northwest" Genealogical Quarterly: 357. Retrieved July 13, 2018. ^ Johnson, Alan (November 25, 2011). "Statehouse architect finally to get marker in Green Lawn Cemetery". Columbus Dispatch. Retrieved July 14, 2018. ^ United States Congress. "John J. Lentz (id: L000244)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. ^ "Maetzel's designs span Front Street". Columbus Dispatch. October 21, 2014. Retrieved September 4, 2022. ^ Lentz, Ed (August 19, 2013). "Martin legacy: Early Columbus history". ThisWeek. Retrieved July 14, 2018. ^ "Judge Matthias Services Set For Thursday". Sandusky Register Star News. November 3, 1953. p. 3. Retrieved July 14, 2018. ^ Phillips, David E. (July 1907). "Monumental Inscriptions From Green Lawn Cemetery, Columbus, Ohio". The "Old Northwest" Genealogical Quarterly: 252. Retrieved July 13, 2018. ^ United States Congress. "Herman A. Moore (id: M000899)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. ^ "Proclamation of Governor Herrick". Xenia Daily Gazette. October 29, 1904. p. 1. Retrieved July 13, 2018. ^ Phillips, David E. (October 1907). "Monumental Inscriptions From Green Lawn Cemetery, Columbus, Ohio". The "Old Northwest" Genealogical Quarterly: 359. Retrieved July 13, 2018. ^ "General Edward Orton, Jr.—Our Tribute". The Clay-Worker. February 1932. pp. 74–75. ^ United States Congress. "Joseph H. Outhwaite (id: O000136)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. ^ Oliphint, Joel; Rogers, Jenny; Schmidt, Kristen; Sullivan, Michelle; Thompson, Emily; Tiberio, Tom; Tonguette, Peter (December 2013). "Storied Buildings". Columbus Monthly. p. 67. Retrieved July 14, 2018. ^ "Alice E. Heckler 31 March 1845 – 1 April 1921 99T6-GVL". ident.familysearch.org. Retrieved 5 July 2022. ^ Eicher & Eicher 2001, p. 437. ^ United States Congress. "Joseph Ridgway (id: R000247)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. ^ Decker, Theodore (December 22, 2016). "Green Lawn vandals steal peace from families". Columbus Dispatch. Retrieved July 14, 2018. ^ "Ex-Manager Southworth Dies at 76". Zanesville Times Recorder. November 16, 1969. p. 25. Retrieved July 14, 2018. ^ "Billy Southworth, Jr". Baseball's Greatest Sacrifice. ^ United States Congress. "Alfred P. Stone (id: S000952)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. ^ Phillips, David E. (July 1907). "Monumental Inscriptions From Green Lawn Cemetery, Columbus, Ohio". The "Old Northwest" Genealogical Quarterly: 352–353. Retrieved July 14, 2018. ^ United States Congress. "Edward L. Taylor Jr. (id: T000071)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. ^ Lentz, Ed (August 7, 2016). "Minister left lasting OSU legacy". ThisWeek. Retrieved July 14, 2018. ^ United States Congress. "Allen G. Thurman (id: T000251)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. ^ Boardman, Mark (April 24, 2010). "Tracking a Vendetta Rider". True West Magazine. Retrieved July 14, 2018. ^ "Judge Turner Rites to be Held Saturday". Columbus Dispatch. September 14, 1950. pp. A1, A6. ^ United States Congress. "John Martin Vorys (id: V000119)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. ^ United States Congress. "David K. Watson (id: W000200)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. ^ "Obituary: Westlake". Columbus Dispatch. December 11, 1978. p. B7. ^ Lee 2009, p. 428. Bibliography Acts of a General Nature Passed by the Forty-Sixth General Assembly of the State of Ohio, Begun and Held in the City of Columbus December 6, 1847 and in the Forty-Sixth Year of Said State. Volume XLVI. Columbus, Ohio: Chas. Scott's Steam Press. 1848. hdl:2027/uc1.b3831116. Acts of a Local Nature Passed by the Forty-Eighth General Assembly of the State of Ohio, Begun and Held in the City of Columbus December 3, 1849 and in the Forty-Eighth Year of Said State. Volume XLVIII. Columbus, Ohio: Scott& Bascom. 1850. hdl:2027/osu.32437011486079. Barrett, Richard E. (2012). Aviation in Columbus. Charleston, S.C.: Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 9780738593715. Bentley, Elizabeth Petty (1984). Ohio Cemetery Records. Baltimore, Md.: Genealogical Publishing Company. ISBN 9780806310718. Cothran, James R.; Danylchak, Erica (2018). Historic American Cemeteries and the Nineteenth Century Rural Cemetery Movement. Columbia, S.C.: University of South Carolina Press. ISBN 9781611177992. Darbee, Jeffrey T.; Recchie, Nancy A. (2008). The AIA Guide to Columbus. Ohio University Press. ISBN 9780821416846. Eagle, Bob; LeBlanc, Eric S. (2013). Blues: A Regional Experience. Santa Barbara, Calif.: Praeger. ISBN 9780313344237. Eicher, John H.; Eicher, David J. (2001). Civil War High Commands. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press. ISBN 9780804736411. Hannan, Caryn; Herman, Jennifer L. (2008). Michigan Biographical Dictionary. Hamburg, Mich.: State History Publications. ISBN 9781878592958. Hooper, Osman Castle (1920). History of the City of Columbus, Ohio, From the Founding of Franklinton in 1797, Through the World War Period to the Year 1920. Columbus, Ohio: Memorial Publishing Co. Lee, Alfred Emory (1892). History of the City of Columbus, Capital of Ohio. Volume 2. Chicago: Munsell & Co. Lee, Bill (2009). The Baseball Necrology: The Post-Baseball Lives and Deaths of More 7,600 Major League Players and Others. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Co. ISBN 9780786442393. Lehosit, Sean V. (2015). West Columbus. Charleston, S.C.: Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 9781467114639. Leland, Ernest S. (August 1919). "Green Lawn Cemetery, An Appreciation". Park and Cemetery. pp. 146–148. Retrieved July 12, 2018. Martin, Martin T. (1993). History of Franklin County: A Collection of Reminiscences of the Early Settlement of the County. Columbus, Ohio: Bergman Books. ISBN 9780963603609. Miller, C.L. (2008). Mount Calvary Cemetery. Charleston, S.C.: Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 9780738552057. Renwick, William G. (1909). Marble and Marble Working. New York: D. Van Nostrand & Co. Samuelson, Robert E.; et al. (Pasquale C. Grado, Judith L. Kitchen, Jeffrey T. Darbee) (1976). Architecture: Columbus. The Foundation of The Columbus Chapter of The American Institute of Architects. OCLC 2697928. Strader, Levi T. (1899). Facts and Figures of Franklin County, Ohio. Columbus, Ohio: Strader. Studer, Jacob Henry (1873). Columbus, Ohio: Its History, Resources, and Progress, with Numerous Illustrations. Columbus, Ohio: Higginson Book Company. hdl:2027/hvd.32044013663596. Wilson, Scott; Mank, Gregory W. (2016). Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons. Jeffeerson, N.C.: McFarland & Co. ISBN 9780786479924. Wooley, Charles F.; Van Brimmer, Barbara (2006). The Second Blessing: Columbus Medicine and Health: The Early Years. South Egremont, Mass.: Science International Corp. ISBN 9780978816902. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Green Lawn Cemetery (Columbus, Ohio). Green Lawn Cemetery burial search and plat maps provided by Central Ohio Gravesearch Green Lawn Cemetery burial search and grave images provided by Franklin County, Ohio Gravestone Photos Etc. at GenealogyBug.net Authority control databases International VIAF National United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rural cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural_cemetery"},{"link_name":"Columbus, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"}],"text":"Green Lawn Cemetery is an active historic private rural cemetery located in Columbus, Ohio, in the United States. Organized in 1848 and opened in 1849, the cemetery was the city's premier burying ground in the 1800s and beyond. An American Civil War memorial was erected there in 1891, and chapel constructed in 1902. With 360 acres (150 ha), it is Ohio's second-largest cemetery.","title":"Green Lawn Cemetery (Columbus, Ohio)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lucas Sullivant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucas_Sullivant"},{"link_name":"Franklinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklinton,_Columbus,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehosit201532-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin1993161-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee1892723-3"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuder1873225-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller20087-5"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Franklinton Cemetery was the first cemetery established in what later became Columbus. It was built on land donated by Lucas Sullivant on River Street near Souder Avenue in 1799. Many of the early settlers of Franklinton and Columbus were buried there.[1] The 11.5-acre (4.7 ha)[2] North Graveyard followed in 1812, and the 11.25-acre (4.55 ha) East Graveyard in 1841.[3] A 3-acre (1.2 ha) Roman Catholic cemetery opened in 1848[4] (although it had been in use as early as 1846).[5][a]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehosit201533-7"},{"link_name":"Ohio General Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_General_Assembly"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Acts_of_a_General_Nature_Passed_by_the_Forty-Sixth_General_Assembly''184897%E2%80%93100-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuelson1976249-9"},{"link_name":"Alfred P. Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_P._Stone"},{"link_name":"Ohio General Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_General_Assembly"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin1993162-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Acts_of_a_Local_Nature_Passed_by_the_Forty-Eighth_General_Assembly''1850583%E2%80%93584-11"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee1892723-3"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuder1873219-12"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuder1873219-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee1892724-14"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuder1873219,_223-15"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuder1873219-12"},{"link_name":"[d]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin1993162-10"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee1892724%E2%80%93725-18"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuelson1976249-9"},{"link_name":"rural cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural_cemetery"},{"link_name":"Cincinnati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati"},{"link_name":"Spring Grove Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_Grove_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECothranDanylchak2018148-19"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin1993162-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuder1873219-12"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin1993163-20"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-danielsdied-21"}],"sub_title":"Establishment of Green Lawn","text":"By the mid-1840s, growing settlement in the area left the Franklinton, North, and East cemeteries too small to accommodate more burials.[6] On February 24, 1848, the Ohio General Assembly enacted a law providing for the incorporation of cemetery associations by 10 or more people.[7] On August 2, 1848,[8] a group of Columbus area business and civic leaders that included A.C Brown, William G. Deshler, William A. Platt, Thomas Sparrow, Alfred P. Stone, Joseph Sullivant, William B. Thrall, and others formed the Green Lawn Cemetery Association. The group secured a charter from the Ohio General Assembly on March 23, 1849, incorporating the \"Green Lawn Cemetery of Columbus\".[9][10] A public meeting was held on July 12,[3] and a committee of 11 local leaders appointed to select a site and draft articles of incorporation.[11][b] The committee presented the public with draft articles of incorporation on August 2. These were accepted, and the first board of directors organized on August 26.[11]The board sought a site of about 50 to 100 acres (20 to 40 ha) of gently rolling land well-covered in trees and shrubs.[12] The first purchase of 83 acres (34 ha) of forested land was made in the early spring of 1849 at a cost of $3,750 ($100,000 in 2022 dollars).[13] This consisted of a 39-acre (16 ha) tract obtained from Judge Gershom M. Peters[c] and a 44-acre (18 ha) tract from William Miner.[11][d] A public picnic was held on the ground on May 23, during which a partial clearing of a small portion of the land occurred.[9][14] Architect Howard Daniels was hired to lay out the roads, paths, and plots.[8] Daniels had spent several months in Europe studying rural cemetery design there, and had recently designed his first cemetery, Cincinnati's widely praised Spring Grove Cemetery.[15] A formal dedication of the cemetery occurred on July 9.[9] A superintendent's cottage was erected near the main gate on Brown Road,[11] and Richard Woolley appointed the first superintendent.[16] Daniels, who died in December 1863,[17] is buried in the cemetery.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Frank_Packard_Mausoleum,_Green_Lawn_Cemetery_%E2%80%94_Columbus,_Ohio.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gay_Mausoleum,_Green_Lawn_Cemetery_%E2%80%94_Columbus,_Ohio_-_53075217038.jpg"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin1993162-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuder1873219-12"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin1993164-22"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee1892725-23"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehosit201532-1"},{"link_name":"[e]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuelson1976249-9"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee1892725-23"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin1993163%E2%80%93164-25"},{"link_name":"[f]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee1892725-23"},{"link_name":"Columbus, Chicago and Indiana Central Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus,_Chicago_and_Indiana_Central_Railway"},{"link_name":"condemn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eminent_domain_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"right of way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_of_way"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee1892726-28"},{"link_name":"[g]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuder1873219-12"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeland1919146,_147-31"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-interlude-32"},{"link_name":"macadam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macadam"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeland1919146-33"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooper192054-34"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee1892725-23"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooper192054-34"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrader189950-35"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooper192054-34"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrader189950-35"},{"link_name":"Franklin County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooper192054-34"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrader189949-36"},{"link_name":"Hartford, Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartford,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrader189949-36"}],"sub_title":"Growth of the cemetery","text":"Packard family mausoleumGay family mausoleumAt the time, the cemetery was located 2.5 miles (4.0 km) west of the nascent village of Columbus.[9] The first burial at Green Lawn Cemetery was that of a child, Leonora Perry, on July 7, 1849.[11] The second, and first adult, was Dr. B. F. Gard on July 12.[18] The first headstone or other monument in the cemetery was erected the second week of October 1849 by William G. Deshler. It was for his wife, Olive, who had died at the age of 19. The monument consisted of an upright stone slab depicting a rose branch. The bloom itself was carved on the plinth on which the slab stood, and was inscribed \"Olive, wife of William G. Deshler, age 19\".[19] After Green Lawn opened, most of the families with graves at Franklinton Cemetery moved their ancestral remains to Green Lawn.[1][e] Franklinton Cemetery quickly fell out of favor as a place to be buried.[8] Those buried at North Graveyard also disinterred loved ones' remains and moved them to Green Lawn. By 1869, about half of those buried at North Graveyard had been reinterred at Green Lawn.[19]Green Lawn Cemetery lotholders voted to bar non-whites from being buried at Green Lawn in 1856.[20][f] It was not until 1872 that this restriction was lifted, and a segregated section set aside for African Americans.[19]In February 1864, the trustees of Green Lawn Cemetery offered to exchange burial lots with those individuals who still retained plots at North Graveyard. Green Lawn intended to build homes on the site of the abandoned North Graveyard and lease them in order to generate income. In addition, the Columbus, Chicago and Indiana Central Railway sought to condemn a portion of the burying ground for a railroad right of way. The two offers generated extensive litigation, as lotholders sought to prevent the disinterment of loved ones and those who had deeded land to the city tried to regain title to it. This litigation was not resolved until the late 1870s, and it was not until 1881 that most graves were removed from North Graveyard.[22][g]On April 1, 1872, the cemetery purchased a 32-acre (13 ha) tract from Samuel Stimmel and a 30-acre (12 ha) tract from John Stimmel, bringing the cemetery's total size to 147 acres (59 ha).[11] In 1887, Green Lawn expanded to 275 acres (111 ha), and Green Lawn Avenue opened to create an eastern entrance to the cemetery.[24] In 1898, an iron bridge was built over a ravine between sections 54 and 55.[25] By 1919, all the roads in the cemetery were of macadam, and had gutters.[26]The Soldiers and Sailors' Memorial was erected at Green Lawn Cemetery in 1891.[27] Cemetery officials first set aside a section (M) for military burials on June 10, 1862.[19] The Ex-Soldiers and Sailors' Association of Franklin County, a group of Civil War veterans, purchased four lots in section 28 in November 1881 for the interment of veterans.[27][28] Two years later, the association began a campaign to raise funds for the design and erection of a veterans memorial in that section.[27] Another four lots in section 28 were purchased in January 1886,[28] and in March 1886 the Ohio General Assembly authorized the commissioners of Franklin County to levy a tax to aid in the construction of the memorial.[27][29] A memorial design was approved in October 1886, and the memorial erected by the New England Granite Works of Hartford, Connecticut. The $8,900 ($300,000 in 2022 dollars) memorial was completed in November 1890.[29]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thompson-37"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thompson-37"},{"link_name":"Columbus State Community College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus_State_Community_College"},{"link_name":"geographic information system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_information_system"},{"link_name":"capstone course","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capstone_course"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thompson-37"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Green_Lawn_Cemetery_(Columbus,_Ohio)&action=edit"},{"link_name":"needs update","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"}],"sub_title":"21st century vandalism","text":"In 2012, metal thieves damaged numerous family mausoleums, in some cases stealing entire door and window grates and in one case breaking into crypts in a family mausoleum. The perpetrators were never caught, and the cemetery extended fences to prevent after-hours vehicular entry and contract random security patrols. These measures proved insufficient when the next acts of vandalism occurred.A vandal struck Green Lawn Cemetery more than a dozen times beginning in the fall of 2014. The vandal initially knocked over gravestones, but over time the damage worsened. By early 2016, more than 600 monuments were damaged as well as glass and the historic bust of Gustavus Swan.[30] Cemetery officials estimated the cost of repairs at more than $1.25 million ($1,500,000 in 2022 dollars).[30] Cemetery officials contracted full nighttime security patrols in the cemetery and installed numerous security cameras which resulted in identifying the vandal, but he was never charged by law enforcement. By 2021 most of the damage was repaired except for a few broken obelisks.The enhanced security measures have, as of 2021, curtailed any similar vandalism after-hours.In the wake of the vandalism, cemetery volunteers and instructors at Columbus State Community College created a geographic information system capstone course. Taught by Doreen Whitley Rogers, nonprofit executive and wife of a cemetery trustee, students in the course donated more than $10,000 ($11,939 in 2022 dollars) in free consulting services to the cemetery. Damaged graves were identified and damage documented, potential vandal points of entry noted, repair cost analyses generated, and patterns of criminal activity in the cemetery identified.[30]Starting in 2020, a vandal damaged nearly 100 trees over a period of several months during mornings shortly after the grounds opened. As of September 2021[update], evidence was being processed and charges were pending against an identified suspect.[needs update]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Huntington_Chapel,_Green_Lawn_Cemetery_%E2%80%94_Columbus,_Ohio.jpg"},{"link_name":"Frank L. Packard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_L._Packard_(architect)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeland1919146-33"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeland1919147,_148-38"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuelson1976249-9"},{"link_name":"Renaissance Revival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_Revival_architecture"},{"link_name":"rotunda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotunda_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blundo-39"},{"link_name":"vitrified tile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitrified_tile"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-monumental-40"},{"link_name":"Ohio Statehouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_Statehouse"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blundo-39"},{"link_name":"gravel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravel"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-monumental-40"},{"link_name":"[h]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Ionic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionic_order"},{"link_name":"pilasters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilaster"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-monumental-40"},{"link_name":"murals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mural"},{"link_name":"mosaics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosaic"},{"link_name":"leaded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Came_glasswork"},{"link_name":"stained glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stained_glass"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeland1919148-44"},{"link_name":"Frederick Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Wilson_(artist)"},{"link_name":"Tiffany & Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiffany_%26_Co."},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Tiffany & Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiffany_%26_Co."},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-interlude-32"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBentley1984240-46"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBentley1984240-46"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWooleyVan_Brimmer2006191-47"},{"link_name":"Huntington Bancshares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington_Bancshares"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blundo-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBentley1984239-48"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blundo-39"},{"link_name":"carillon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carillon"},{"link_name":"Neoclassical style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuelson1976249-9"},{"link_name":"mausoleum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mausoleum"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-interlude-32"}],"text":"Huntington ChapelGreen Lawn officials had long desired to build a chapel at the cemetery ever since its formation in 1848. A site was selected, but cemetery expansion made it less than ideal. A second site was selected, but again expansion rendered the site inappropriate. After the 1887 expansion, the board of directors felt secure enough to select a permanent location for the new chapel. Design and construction were put off until enough funds had been raised to erect a substantial building of excellent materials and workmanship. The fundraising effort neared completion in 1899, at which time the board selected architect Frank L. Packard to design the chapel. Packard was a natural choice, as he had advised the board for several years on the landscape design and aesthetics of the cemetery.[26]This structure, originally called the Mortuary Chapel,[31] was dedicated on November 11, 1902.[8] The chapel is in the Renaissance Revival style, and features a rotunda[32] capped in red vitrified tile.[33] The dome bears a resemblance to the Ohio Statehouse (then still under construction).[32] The structure rests on a bed of gravel 8 feet (2.4 m) below the surface. The foundations are of concrete and stone, and arches of brick and concrete support the building above. The exterior walls are of white marble, while the interior walls are clad in \"English vein\" Italian marble.[33][h] The main entry doors are bronze and flanked by Ionic columns, while the interior floor is a geometric pattern of black and white tile. The dome, made of leaded art glass, supported by interior pilasters of bronze and marble.[33]The chapel contains two murals (depicting Truth and Wisdom), a number of mosaics, and windows of both leaded and stained glass.[36] The art glass murals were designed by Frederick Wilson and executed by Tiffany & Co.[37] The stained glass windows were designed by Tiffany & Co.[25] The north window depicts Peggy Thompson, the first white woman known to die in the area,[38] and the south window Isaac Dalton,[38] a superintendent of the Soldier's Home in Columbus who took special care of wounded soldiers during the American Civil War.[39] Peletiah Huntington, founder of what became Huntington Bancshares, donated the mosaics, murals, and stained glass windows. The rest of the chapel cost $24,000 ($800,000 in 2022 dollars).[32] The funeral space in the chapel was dedicated to Huntington in 1902 with the placement of a bronze tablet there.[40]The Mortuary Chapel was designed to be a place where funerals could be held. Over time, few funerals were held there. Instead, the public began using the chapel as a meditative space, and requesting to be buried inside it.[32] The chapel was renovated, a west wing with service room and bathrooms added, and a carillon with bells constructed in 1963. The leaded glass rotunda was capped with a concrete dome to protect it. The addition and carillon were in the Neoclassical style.[8] A north wing was completed in 1979. The Thompson stained glass window was removed, and a door cut through to the new wing. The historic window was relocated to the east wall of the new wing, while a new stained glass window and fountain were placed at the west wall of the wing. The north wing serves as an indoor mausoleum.[citation needed]The chapel was rededicated in the early 2000s as Huntington Chapel.[25]","title":"Huntington Chapel"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Looking_W_at_sec_51_-_Green_Lawn_Cemetery.jpg"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-interlude-32"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hendren-52"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hendren-52"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-interlude-32"},{"link_name":"Audubon Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audubon_Society"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thompson-37"},{"link_name":"generals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-interlude-32"},{"link_name":"Medal of Honor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medal_of_Honor"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thompson-37"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-interlude-32"}],"text":"Section 51, one of six sections at Green Lawn Cemetery set aside for war dead and veteransGreen Lawn Cemetery is privately owned by the nonprofit Green Lawn Cemetery Association.[41] The cemetery is one of Ohio's most prominent rural (or \"garden\") cemeteries.[42] Any member of the public may purchase a plot.As of 2021, Green Lawn Cemetery contained 360 acres (1.5 km2), making it Ohio's second-largest cemetery.[43] About 80 acres (32 ha) were undeveloped, which cemetery officials said should provide burial space for another 100 to 150 years.[25] About 27 miles (43 km) of roads wind through the burying ground.[44]There are roughly 7,000 trees[44] belonging to 150 species at the cemetery. This includes four \"state champion\" trees (the largest and tallest trees of their species anywhere in the state).[25] In 1999, the Audubon Society recognized Green Lawn Cemetery as part of the Lower Scioto River Ohio \"Important Bird Area\".[45]According to cemetery records in 2021, more than 155,000 people were buried at Green Lawn Cemetery.[30] This included 6,000 veterans buried in seven military sections (thousands more are buried on private lots), of which 15 were generals[25] and five Medal of Honor recipients.[30] Portions of two of the military sections are National Cemeteries.Sections at Green Lawn Cemetery were originally lettered in the order in which they were developed. The cemetery's rapid expansion forced the cemetery to begin numbering sections after running through the alphabet.[25]","title":"About Green Lawn Cemetery"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hayden_Mausoleum,_Green_Lawn_Cemetery_%E2%80%94_Columbus,_Ohio_-_53074133942.jpg"},{"link_name":"Frank L. Packard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_L._Packard_(architect)"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unknown-55"},{"link_name":"alabaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabaster"},{"link_name":"sarcophagi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcophagus"},{"link_name":"bronze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unknown-55"},{"link_name":"Egyptian Revival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Revival_architecture"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarbeeRecchie2008229-56"}],"sub_title":"Notable structures and art","text":"The Hayden MausoleumThe Hayden family mausoleum is the cemetery's largest. Designed by local architect Frank L. Packard,[46] it was completed for banker Charles H. Hayden in early 1905.[47] Built at a cost of about $80,000 to $100,000 ($2,600,000 to $3,300,000 in 2022 dollars), the Neoclassical style tomb had a granite foundation, interior and exterior walls of white Vermont marble, and two Ionic columns on each side of the main entrance. The structure is 45 feet (14 m) wide, 55 feet (17 m) deep, and has a 45-foot (14 m) high dome. The interior is octagonal, and features two columns of marble with a hue like alabaster in each corner. The tomb originally contained eight marble sarcophagi, carved in Italy. The main doors were of bronze. Hayden wanted the construction of the mausoleum to be a surprise for his family, so Packard refused to tell the press or cemetery officials who commissioned the work until it was completed.[47]A row of small, Egyptian Revival mausoleums in section 65 contains the Packard mausoleum. Architect Frank L. Packard designed the Packard family mausoleum himself.[48]","title":"About Green Lawn Cemetery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Category:Burials at Green Lawn Cemetery (Columbus, Ohio)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Burials_at_Green_Lawn_Cemetery_(Columbus,_Ohio)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alfred_Kelley_grave_07_-_Green_Lawn_Cemetery.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eddie_Rickenbacker_-_Green_Lawn_Cemetery.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sells_Monument,_Green_Lawn_Cemetery_%E2%80%94_Columbus,_Ohio.jpg"},{"link_name":"De Witt C. 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Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_P._Stone"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"Lucas Sullivant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucas_Sullivant"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehosit201533-7"},{"link_name":"Joseph Rockwell Swan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Rockwell_Swan_(politician)"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"Edward L. Taylor Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_L._Taylor_Jr."},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"William Oxley Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Oxley_Thompson"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"James Thurber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Thurber"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehosit201533-7"},{"link_name":"Allen G. Thurman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_G._Thurman"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"Dan Tipton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Tipton"},{"link_name":"Wyatt Earp's vendetta ride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earp_Vendetta_Ride"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"Edward C. Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_C._Turner"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"John Martin Vorys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Martin_Vorys"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"Charles C. Walcutt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_C._Walcutt"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEicherEicher2001684-61"},{"link_name":"David K. Watson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_K._Watson"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"Wallace Ralston Westlake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralston_Westlake"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"Wayne Bidwell Wheeler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Bidwell_Wheeler"},{"link_name":"James Andrew Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Williams_(19th-century_baseball_manager)"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2009428-105"},{"link_name":"William Tecumseh Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Wilson"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEicherEicher2001684-61"},{"link_name":"George Ziegler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Ziegler_(general)"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEicherEicher2001684-61"}],"text":"See also: Category:Burials at Green Lawn Cemetery (Columbus, Ohio)Grave of Alfred Kelley and his immediate descendantsGrave of World War I flying ace Eddie RickenbackerNotable individuals buried at the cemetery include:Monument to the Sells familyDe Witt C. Badger, member of the U.S. House of Representatives and Mayor of Columbus[49]\nGordon Battelle, founder of Battelle Memorial Institute[25]\nOtto Beatty Jr., attorney, politician, Civil Rights leader\nThomas Blakiston, English explorer and naturalist[citation needed]\nJohn W. Bricker, Ohio Governor, U.S. Senator, and U.S. Vice Presidential candidate[50]\nSamuel Bush, industrialist, grandfather of President George H. W. Bush, and great-grandfather of President George W. Bush[6]\nJames E. Campbell, Governor of Ohio and member of the U.S. House of Representatives[51]\nWilliam Turner Coggeshall, newspaper editor, spy for the Union Army, U.S. Ambassador to Ecuador[52]\nJames M. Comly, Civil War general in the Union Army, newspaper editor, and political backer[53]\nJames L. Conger, member of the U.S. House of Representatives[54]\nGeorge L. Converse, member of the U.S. House of Representatives[55]\nHoward Daniels, landscape architect and rural cemetery designer[56]\nAugustus Stoner Decker, Mayor of Columbus[57]\nWilliam Dennison Jr., Governor of Ohio[58]\nCromwell Dixon, aviation pioneer, first person to fly over the Continental Divide[59]\nDaniel S. Earhart, member of the U.S. House of Representatives[60]\nMerie Earle, actress[61]\nAl G. Field, minstrel show operator[44]\nJames W. Forsyth, U.S. Army general, war criminal [62]\nSamuel Galloway, member of the U.S. House of Representatives[63]\nWally Gerber, baseball player[64]\nWashington Gladden, minister and social reformer[6]\nLincoln Goodale, first physician to practice in Columbus[25]\nStomp Gordon, jump blues pianist and singer[65]\nClinton Greaves, Buffalo Soldier and Medal of Honor recipient[66]\nPhale Hale, civil rights leader and Ohio state legislator[32]\nHenry Howe, historian[67]\nAlfred Kelley, banker, canal builder, and railroad executive[68]\nNathan Kelley, architect, designer of the Ohio Statehouse[69]\nSimon Lazarus, founder of Lazarus department stores[25]\nJohn J. Lentz, member of the U.S. House of Representatives[70]\nGeorge H. Maetzel, Ohio architect[71]\nWilliam T. Martin, Mayor of Columbus[72]\nEdward S. Matthias, longest-serving associate justice on the Supreme Court of Ohio[73]\nAbram Irvin McDowell, Mayor of Columbus[74]\nWilliam L. McMillen, physician, Civil War general in the Union Army, and carpetbagger legislator[53]\nSamuel Medary, newspaper owner and territorial governor of Minnesota and Kansas[53]\nGrant Mitchell, actor[6]\nJohn G. Mitchell, Civil War general in the Union Army[53]\nHeman A. Moore, member of the U.S. House of Representatives[75]\nGeorge K. Nash, Governor of Ohio[76]\nEdward Orton Sr., Ohio State Geologist and first president of Ohio State University[77]\nEdward Orton Jr., Ohio State Geologist and ceramic engineer[78]\nJoseph H. Outhwaite, member of the U.S. House of Representatives[79]\nFrank Packard, architect[80]\nAlice E. Heckler Peters (1845-1921), social reformer[81]\nFrederick Phisterer, Civil War captain and recipient of the Medal of Honor[66]\nJames Preston Poindexter, abolitionist, Civil Rights activist\nJoseph H. Potter, American Civil War general in the Union Army[82]\nJames A. Rhodes, Governor of Ohio and Mayor of Columbus[32]\nEddie Rickenbacker, WWI flying ace and industrialist[32]\nJoseph Ridgway, member of the U.S. House of Representatives[83]\nJames Linn Rodgers, American diplomat[citation needed]\nAlice Schille, watercolor artist[84]\nOrland Smith, Civil War general in the Union Army[53]\nJames H. Snook, Ohio State University professor and convicted murderer[32]\nBilly Southworth, baseball player and manager, inducted to the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 2008[85]\nBilly Southworth Jr., baseball player and bomber pilot, son of Billy Southworth[86]\nAlfred P. Stone, member of the U.S. House of Representatives[87]\nLucas Sullivant, land surveyor, founder of Franklinton, Ohio[6]\nJoseph Rockwell Swan, associate justice of the Supreme Court of Ohio[88]\nEdward L. Taylor Jr., member of the U.S. House of Representatives[89]\nWilliam Oxley Thompson, fifth President of Ohio State University[90]\nJames Thurber, humorist, author, and New Yorker columnist[6]\nAllen G. Thurman, member of the U.S. Senate and U.S. House of Representatives, associate justice of the Supreme Court of Ohio, and U.S. Vice Presidential candidate[91]\nDan Tipton, sailor, gambler, and posse rider with Wyatt Earp's vendetta ride[92]\nEdward C. Turner, Ohio Attorney General and associate justice of the Supreme Court of Ohio[93]\nJohn Martin Vorys, member of the U.S. House of Representatives[94]\nCharles C. Walcutt, Civil War general in the Union Army and Mayor of Columbus[53]\nDavid K. Watson, member of the U.S. House of Representatives[95]\nWallace Ralston Westlake, Mayor of Columbus[96]\nWayne Bidwell Wheeler, Prohibitionist and leader of Anti-Saloon League\nJames Andrew Williams, Major League Baseball manager[97]\nWilliam Tecumseh Wilson, Civil War general in the Union Army[53]\nGeorge Ziegler, Civil War general in the Union Army[53]","title":"Notable burials"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Acts of a General Nature Passed by the Forty-Sixth General Assembly of the State of Ohio, Begun and Held in the City of Columbus December 6, 1847 and in the Forty-Sixth Year of Said State. Volume XLVI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.b3831116?urlappend=%3Bseq=103"},{"link_name":"hdl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2027/uc1.b3831116","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fuc1.b3831116?urlappend=%3Bseq=103"},{"link_name":"Acts of a Local Nature Passed by the Forty-Eighth General Assembly of the State of Ohio, Begun and Held in the City of Columbus December 3, 1849 and in the Forty-Eighth Year of Said State. Volume XLVIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hdl.handle.net/2027/osu.32437011486079?urlappend=%3Bseq=588"},{"link_name":"hdl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2027/osu.32437011486079","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fosu.32437011486079?urlappend=%3Bseq=588"},{"link_name":"Aviation in Columbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=CXseEXXsYIgC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780738593715","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780738593715"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780806310718","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780806310718"},{"link_name":"Historic American Cemeteries and the Nineteenth Century Rural Cemetery Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=rbM_DwAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781611177992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781611177992"},{"link_name":"The AIA Guide to Columbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.google.com/books/edition/The_AIA_Guide_to_Columbus/m8eDadki1VAC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780821416846","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780821416846"},{"link_name":"Blues: A Regional Experience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=6ZNfAQAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780313344237","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313344237"},{"link_name":"Civil War High Commands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=Fs0Ajlnjl6AC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780804736411","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780804736411"},{"link_name":"Michigan Biographical Dictionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=aWR5HJJktL8C"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781878592958","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781878592958"},{"link_name":"History of the City of Columbus, Ohio, From the Founding of Franklinton in 1797, Through the World War Period to the Year 1920","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=WjWfaxIi7zgC"},{"link_name":"History of the City of Columbus, Capital of Ohio. Volume 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=8rECAAAAMAAJ"},{"link_name":"The Baseball Necrology: The Post-Baseball Lives and Deaths of More 7,600 Major League Players and Others","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=4oEwCgAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780786442393","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786442393"},{"link_name":"West Columbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=kkNmCgAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781467114639","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781467114639"},{"link_name":"\"Green Lawn Cemetery, An Appreciation\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=ibkxAQAAMAAJ&q=%22Green+Lawn+Cemetery%22+columbus+garden&pg=RA1-PA146"},{"link_name":"History of Franklin County: A Collection of Reminiscences of the Early Settlement of the County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=V81MDwAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780963603609","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780963603609"},{"link_name":"Mount Calvary Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=d4o9TPFMIbEC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780738552057","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780738552057"},{"link_name":"Marble and Marble Working","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=iX9CAAAAIAAJ"},{"link_name":"Architecture: Columbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.google.com/books/edition/Architecture_Columbus/ttNPAAAAMAAJ"},{"link_name":"The Columbus Chapter of The American Institute of Architects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIA_Columbus"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2697928","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/2697928"},{"link_name":"Facts and Figures of Franklin County, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=_1MVJUIISlUC"},{"link_name":"hdl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2027/hvd.32044013663596","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fhvd.32044013663596"},{"link_name":"Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=FOHgDAAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780786479924","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786479924"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780978816902","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780978816902"}],"text":"Acts of a General Nature Passed by the Forty-Sixth General Assembly of the State of Ohio, Begun and Held in the City of Columbus December 6, 1847 and in the Forty-Sixth Year of Said State. Volume XLVI. Columbus, Ohio: Chas. Scott's Steam Press. 1848. hdl:2027/uc1.b3831116.\nActs of a Local Nature Passed by the Forty-Eighth General Assembly of the State of Ohio, Begun and Held in the City of Columbus December 3, 1849 and in the Forty-Eighth Year of Said State. Volume XLVIII. Columbus, Ohio: Scott& Bascom. 1850. hdl:2027/osu.32437011486079.\nBarrett, Richard E. (2012). Aviation in Columbus. Charleston, S.C.: Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 9780738593715.\nBentley, Elizabeth Petty (1984). Ohio Cemetery Records. Baltimore, Md.: Genealogical Publishing Company. ISBN 9780806310718.\nCothran, James R.; Danylchak, Erica (2018). Historic American Cemeteries and the Nineteenth Century Rural Cemetery Movement. Columbia, S.C.: University of South Carolina Press. ISBN 9781611177992.\nDarbee, Jeffrey T.; Recchie, Nancy A. (2008). The AIA Guide to Columbus. Ohio University Press. ISBN 9780821416846.\nEagle, Bob; LeBlanc, Eric S. (2013). Blues: A Regional Experience. Santa Barbara, Calif.: Praeger. ISBN 9780313344237.\nEicher, John H.; Eicher, David J. (2001). Civil War High Commands. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press. ISBN 9780804736411.\nHannan, Caryn; Herman, Jennifer L. (2008). Michigan Biographical Dictionary. Hamburg, Mich.: State History Publications. ISBN 9781878592958.\nHooper, Osman Castle (1920). History of the City of Columbus, Ohio, From the Founding of Franklinton in 1797, Through the World War Period to the Year 1920. Columbus, Ohio: Memorial Publishing Co.\nLee, Alfred Emory (1892). History of the City of Columbus, Capital of Ohio. Volume 2. Chicago: Munsell & Co.\nLee, Bill (2009). The Baseball Necrology: The Post-Baseball Lives and Deaths of More 7,600 Major League Players and Others. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Co. ISBN 9780786442393.\nLehosit, Sean V. (2015). West Columbus. Charleston, S.C.: Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 9781467114639.\nLeland, Ernest S. (August 1919). \"Green Lawn Cemetery, An Appreciation\". Park and Cemetery. pp. 146–148. Retrieved July 12, 2018.\nMartin, Martin T. (1993). History of Franklin County: A Collection of Reminiscences of the Early Settlement of the County. Columbus, Ohio: Bergman Books. ISBN 9780963603609.\nMiller, C.L. (2008). Mount Calvary Cemetery. Charleston, S.C.: Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 9780738552057.\nRenwick, William G. (1909). Marble and Marble Working. New York: D. Van Nostrand & Co.\nSamuelson, Robert E.; et al. (Pasquale C. Grado, Judith L. Kitchen, Jeffrey T. Darbee) (1976). Architecture: Columbus. The Foundation of The Columbus Chapter of The American Institute of Architects. OCLC 2697928.\nStrader, Levi T. (1899). Facts and Figures of Franklin County, Ohio. Columbus, Ohio: Strader.\nStuder, Jacob Henry (1873). Columbus, Ohio: Its History, Resources, and Progress, with Numerous Illustrations. Columbus, Ohio: Higginson Book Company. hdl:2027/hvd.32044013663596.\nWilson, Scott; Mank, Gregory W. (2016). Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons. Jeffeerson, N.C.: McFarland & Co. ISBN 9780786479924.\nWooley, Charles F.; Van Brimmer, Barbara (2006). The Second Blessing: Columbus Medicine and Health: The Early Years. South Egremont, Mass.: Science International Corp. ISBN 9780978816902.","title":"Bibliography"}]
[{"image_text":"Packard family mausoleum","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Frank_Packard_Mausoleum%2C_Green_Lawn_Cemetery_%E2%80%94_Columbus%2C_Ohio.jpg/220px-Frank_Packard_Mausoleum%2C_Green_Lawn_Cemetery_%E2%80%94_Columbus%2C_Ohio.jpg"},{"image_text":"Gay family mausoleum","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Gay_Mausoleum%2C_Green_Lawn_Cemetery_%E2%80%94_Columbus%2C_Ohio_-_53075217038.jpg/220px-Gay_Mausoleum%2C_Green_Lawn_Cemetery_%E2%80%94_Columbus%2C_Ohio_-_53075217038.jpg"},{"image_text":"Huntington Chapel","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Huntington_Chapel%2C_Green_Lawn_Cemetery_%E2%80%94_Columbus%2C_Ohio.jpg/220px-Huntington_Chapel%2C_Green_Lawn_Cemetery_%E2%80%94_Columbus%2C_Ohio.jpg"},{"image_text":"Section 51, one of six sections at Green Lawn Cemetery set aside for war dead and veterans","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Looking_W_at_sec_51_-_Green_Lawn_Cemetery.jpg/220px-Looking_W_at_sec_51_-_Green_Lawn_Cemetery.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Hayden Mausoleum","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Hayden_Mausoleum%2C_Green_Lawn_Cemetery_%E2%80%94_Columbus%2C_Ohio_-_53074133942.jpg/220px-Hayden_Mausoleum%2C_Green_Lawn_Cemetery_%E2%80%94_Columbus%2C_Ohio_-_53074133942.jpg"},{"image_text":"Grave of Alfred Kelley and his immediate descendants","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Alfred_Kelley_grave_07_-_Green_Lawn_Cemetery.jpg/220px-Alfred_Kelley_grave_07_-_Green_Lawn_Cemetery.jpg"},{"image_text":"Grave of World War I flying ace Eddie Rickenbacker","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Eddie_Rickenbacker_-_Green_Lawn_Cemetery.jpg/220px-Eddie_Rickenbacker_-_Green_Lawn_Cemetery.jpg"},{"image_text":"Monument to the Sells family","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Sells_Monument%2C_Green_Lawn_Cemetery_%E2%80%94_Columbus%2C_Ohio.jpg/220px-Sells_Monument%2C_Green_Lawn_Cemetery_%E2%80%94_Columbus%2C_Ohio.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Green Lawn Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Lawn_Abbey"}]
[{"reference":"\"News Items\". The Xenia Sentinel. Xenia, Ohio. December 22, 1863. p. 2. Retrieved January 24, 2023 – via newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/117157476/news-items/","url_text":"\"News Items\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenia,_Ohio","url_text":"Xenia, Ohio"}]},{"reference":"Hendren, Sam (April 27, 2017). \"A Tower Will Rise Above North Market. Below, A Graveyard Awaits\". WOSU. Retrieved July 13, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://radio.wosu.org/post/tower-will-rise-above-north-market-below-graveyard-awaits#stream/0","url_text":"\"A Tower Will Rise Above North Market. Below, A Graveyard Awaits\""}]},{"reference":"\"A Peaceful Interlude\". Smart Business Magazine. May 2015. pp. 14–15. Retrieved July 12, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.smartbusinessemag.com/may2015/columbus#&pageSet=7&contentItem=0","url_text":"\"A Peaceful Interlude\""}]},{"reference":"Thompson, Emily (May 22, 2017). \"To Save Green Lawn Cemetery, Columbus State Students Track The Damage\". WOSU. Retrieved July 13, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://radio.wosu.org/post/save-green-lawn-cemetery-columbus-state-students-track-damage#stream/0","url_text":"\"To Save Green Lawn Cemetery, Columbus State Students Track The Damage\""}]},{"reference":"Blundo, Joe (November 29, 2012). \"Cemetery, chapel teeming with history\". Columbus Dispatch. Retrieved July 12, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dispatch.com/article/20121129/LIFESTYLE/311299716","url_text":"\"Cemetery, chapel teeming with history\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mortuary Chapel, Greenlawn Cemetery, Columbus, Ohio\". The Monumental News. June 1901. p. 349. hdl:2027/uc1.c2558857. Retrieved July 31, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.c2558857?urlappend=%3Bseq=242","url_text":"\"Mortuary Chapel, Greenlawn Cemetery, Columbus, Ohio\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fuc1.c2558857?urlappend=%3Bseq=242","url_text":"2027/uc1.c2558857"}]},{"reference":"McClymont, J.J. (May 1924). \"List of the World's Marbles (cont.)\". Through the Ages Magazine. p. 39.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Thomas, W.H. (May 1906). \"Glass Mosaic—An Old Art With a New Distinction\". The International Studio: 74–78. hdl:2027/gri.ark:/13960/t5bd0dw7d. Retrieved July 31, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027/gri.ark:/13960/t5bd0dw7d?urlappend=%3Bseq=121","url_text":"\"Glass Mosaic—An Old Art With a New Distinction\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fgri.ark%3A%2F13960%2Ft5bd0dw7d?urlappend=%3Bseq=121","url_text":"2027/gri.ark:/13960/t5bd0dw7d"}]},{"reference":"Zachariah, Holly (May 26, 2017). \"Green Lawn Cemetery wants to recapture founders' original intent\". The Columbus Dispatch. Retrieved July 13, 2018","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dispatch.com/news/20170526/green-lawn-cemetery-wants-to-recapture-founders-original-intent","url_text":"\"Green Lawn Cemetery wants to recapture founders' original intent\""}]},{"reference":"\"Three offbeat tours of Columbus\". Columbus Monthly. March 9, 2016. Retrieved July 13, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.columbusmonthly.com/article/20160309/LIFESTYLE/303099482","url_text":"\"Three offbeat tours of Columbus\""}]},{"reference":"Division of Geological Survey (1992). Report on Ohio Mineral Industries: With Directories of Reporting Coal and Industrial Mineral Operators (Report). Columbus, Ohio: Ohio Department of Natural Resources. p. 6.","urls":[]},{"reference":"McCormac, Jim (November 19, 2017). \"Nature: Green Lawn Cemetery's majestic old trees leave lasting impression\". Columbus Dispatch. Retrieved July 13, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dispatch.com/entertainmentlife/20171119/nature-green-lawn-cemeterys-majestic-old-trees-leave-lasting-impression","url_text":"\"Nature: Green Lawn Cemetery's majestic old trees leave lasting impression\""}]},{"reference":"Hendren, Sam (February 6, 2017). \"Grave Concern: The Million-Dollar Destruction of Green Lawn Cemetery\". WOSU. 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Coggeshall: 'Booster' of Western Literature\""}]},{"reference":"United States Congress. \"George L. Converse (id: C000711)\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=C000711","url_text":"\"George L. Converse (id: C000711)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress","url_text":"Biographical Directory of the United States Congress"}]},{"reference":"Scee, Trudy Irene (2019). Garden Cemeteries of New England, 1796-2019. Lanham, Md.: Down East Books. p. 155. ISBN 9781608939077.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=f6-hDwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Garden Cemeteries of New England, 1796-2019"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781608939077","url_text":"9781608939077"}]},{"reference":"Phillips, David E. (January 1908). \"Monumental Inscriptions From Green Lawn Cemetery, Columbus, Ohio\". The \"Old Northwest\" Genealogical Quarterly: 53. Retrieved July 13, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5zXTAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Alfred+Kelley%22+%22Green+Lawn+Cemetery%22&pg=PA357","url_text":"\"Monumental Inscriptions From Green Lawn Cemetery, Columbus, Ohio\""}]},{"reference":"United States Congress. \"Daniel S. Earhart (id: E000006)\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=E000006","url_text":"\"Daniel S. Earhart (id: E000006)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress","url_text":"Biographical Directory of the United States Congress"}]},{"reference":"United States Congress. \"Samuel Galloway (id: G000027)\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=G000027","url_text":"\"Samuel Galloway (id: G000027)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress","url_text":"Biographical Directory of the United States Congress"}]},{"reference":"Reitzel, Rick (May 29, 2017). \"Memorial Day services in Columbus' honor decorated Buffalo Soldier\". WCMH-TV. Retrieved July 14, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nbc4i.com/local-news/memorial-day-services-in-columbus-honor-decorated-buffalo-soldier_20180321075810213/1065022713","url_text":"\"Memorial Day services in Columbus' honor decorated Buffalo Soldier\""}]},{"reference":"Smith, Joseph P. (January 1896). \"Henry Howe, The Historian\". Ohio Archaeological and Historical Quarterly: 336. 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Lentz (id: L000244)\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=L000244","url_text":"\"John J. Lentz (id: L000244)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress","url_text":"Biographical Directory of the United States Congress"}]},{"reference":"\"Maetzel's designs span Front Street\". Columbus Dispatch. October 21, 2014. Retrieved September 4, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dispatch.com/story/news/local/german-village/2014/10/21/maetzel-s-designs-span-front/23155185007/","url_text":"\"Maetzel's designs span Front Street\""}]},{"reference":"Lentz, Ed (August 19, 2013). \"Martin legacy: Early Columbus history\". ThisWeek. Retrieved July 14, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thisweeknews.com/content/stories/2013/08/22/as-it-were.html","url_text":"\"Martin legacy: Early Columbus history\""}]},{"reference":"\"Judge Matthias Services Set For Thursday\". 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Moore (id: M000899)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress","url_text":"Biographical Directory of the United States Congress"}]},{"reference":"\"Proclamation of Governor Herrick\". Xenia Daily Gazette. October 29, 1904. p. 1. Retrieved July 13, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://newspaperarchive.com/xenia-daily-gazette-oct-29-1904-p-1/","url_text":"\"Proclamation of Governor Herrick\""}]},{"reference":"Phillips, David E. (October 1907). \"Monumental Inscriptions From Green Lawn Cemetery, Columbus, Ohio\". The \"Old Northwest\" Genealogical Quarterly: 359. Retrieved July 13, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5zXTAAAAMAAJ&q=Edward+Orton.++%22Green+Lawn+Cemetery%22&pg=PA359","url_text":"\"Monumental Inscriptions From Green Lawn Cemetery, Columbus, Ohio\""}]},{"reference":"\"General Edward Orton, Jr.—Our Tribute\". The Clay-Worker. February 1932. pp. 74–75.","urls":[]},{"reference":"United States Congress. \"Joseph H. Outhwaite (id: O000136)\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=O000136","url_text":"\"Joseph H. Outhwaite (id: O000136)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress","url_text":"Biographical Directory of the United States Congress"}]},{"reference":"Oliphint, Joel; Rogers, Jenny; Schmidt, Kristen; Sullivan, Michelle; Thompson, Emily; Tiberio, Tom; Tonguette, Peter (December 2013). \"Storied Buildings\". Columbus Monthly. p. 67. Retrieved July 14, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://issuu.com/columbusdispatch/docs/cm_december_lr","url_text":"\"Storied Buildings\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alice E. Heckler 31 March 1845 – 1 April 1921 99T6-GVL\". ident.familysearch.org. Retrieved 5 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.familysearch.org/tree/person/details/99T6-GVL","url_text":"\"Alice E. Heckler 31 March 1845 – 1 April 1921 99T6-GVL\""}]},{"reference":"United States Congress. \"Joseph Ridgway (id: R000247)\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=R000247","url_text":"\"Joseph Ridgway (id: R000247)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress","url_text":"Biographical Directory of the United States Congress"}]},{"reference":"Decker, Theodore (December 22, 2016). \"Green Lawn vandals steal peace from families\". Columbus Dispatch. Retrieved July 14, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dispatch.com/content/stories/local/2016/12/22/1-theodore-decker-green-lawn-vandals-steal-peace-from-families.html","url_text":"\"Green Lawn vandals steal peace from families\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ex-Manager Southworth Dies at 76\". Zanesville Times Recorder. November 16, 1969. p. 25. Retrieved July 14, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://newspaperarchive.com/zanesville-times-recorder-nov-16-1969-p-25/","url_text":"\"Ex-Manager Southworth Dies at 76\""}]},{"reference":"\"Billy Southworth, Jr\". Baseball's Greatest Sacrifice.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.baseballsgreatestsacrifice.com/biographies/southworth_billy_jr.html","url_text":"\"Billy Southworth, Jr\""}]},{"reference":"United States Congress. \"Alfred P. Stone (id: S000952)\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=S000952","url_text":"\"Alfred P. Stone (id: S000952)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress","url_text":"Biographical Directory of the United States Congress"}]},{"reference":"Phillips, David E. (July 1907). \"Monumental Inscriptions From Green Lawn Cemetery, Columbus, Ohio\". The \"Old Northwest\" Genealogical Quarterly: 352–353. Retrieved July 14, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6NsyAQAAMAAJ&q=%22Joseph+Rockwell+Swan%22+%22Green+Lawn%22&pg=PA253","url_text":"\"Monumental Inscriptions From Green Lawn Cemetery, Columbus, Ohio\""}]},{"reference":"United States Congress. \"Edward L. Taylor Jr. (id: T000071)\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=T000071","url_text":"\"Edward L. Taylor Jr. (id: T000071)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress","url_text":"Biographical Directory of the United States Congress"}]},{"reference":"Lentz, Ed (August 7, 2016). \"Minister left lasting OSU legacy\". ThisWeek. Retrieved July 14, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thisweeknews.com/content/stories/2016/08/11/as-it-were-minister-left-lasting-osu-legacy.html","url_text":"\"Minister left lasting OSU legacy\""}]},{"reference":"United States Congress. \"Allen G. Thurman (id: T000251)\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=T000251","url_text":"\"Allen G. Thurman (id: T000251)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress","url_text":"Biographical Directory of the United States Congress"}]},{"reference":"Boardman, Mark (April 24, 2010). \"Tracking a Vendetta Rider\". True West Magazine. Retrieved July 14, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://truewestmagazine.com/tracking-a-vendetta-rider/","url_text":"\"Tracking a Vendetta Rider\""}]},{"reference":"\"Judge Turner Rites to be Held Saturday\". Columbus Dispatch. September 14, 1950. pp. A1, A6.","urls":[]},{"reference":"United States Congress. \"John Martin Vorys (id: V000119)\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=V000119","url_text":"\"John Martin Vorys (id: V000119)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress","url_text":"Biographical Directory of the United States Congress"}]},{"reference":"United States Congress. \"David K. Watson (id: W000200)\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=W000200","url_text":"\"David K. Watson (id: W000200)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress","url_text":"Biographical Directory of the United States Congress"}]},{"reference":"\"Obituary: Westlake\". Columbus Dispatch. December 11, 1978. p. B7.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Acts of a General Nature Passed by the Forty-Sixth General Assembly of the State of Ohio, Begun and Held in the City of Columbus December 6, 1847 and in the Forty-Sixth Year of Said State. Volume XLVI. Columbus, Ohio: Chas. Scott's Steam Press. 1848. hdl:2027/uc1.b3831116.","urls":[{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.b3831116?urlappend=%3Bseq=103","url_text":"Acts of a General Nature Passed by the Forty-Sixth General Assembly of the State of Ohio, Begun and Held in the City of Columbus December 6, 1847 and in the Forty-Sixth Year of Said State. Volume XLVI"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fuc1.b3831116?urlappend=%3Bseq=103","url_text":"2027/uc1.b3831116"}]},{"reference":"Acts of a Local Nature Passed by the Forty-Eighth General Assembly of the State of Ohio, Begun and Held in the City of Columbus December 3, 1849 and in the Forty-Eighth Year of Said State. Volume XLVIII. Columbus, Ohio: Scott& Bascom. 1850. hdl:2027/osu.32437011486079.","urls":[{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027/osu.32437011486079?urlappend=%3Bseq=588","url_text":"Acts of a Local Nature Passed by the Forty-Eighth General Assembly of the State of Ohio, Begun and Held in the City of Columbus December 3, 1849 and in the Forty-Eighth Year of Said State. Volume XLVIII"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fosu.32437011486079?urlappend=%3Bseq=588","url_text":"2027/osu.32437011486079"}]},{"reference":"Barrett, Richard E. (2012). Aviation in Columbus. Charleston, S.C.: Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 9780738593715.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CXseEXXsYIgC","url_text":"Aviation in Columbus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780738593715","url_text":"9780738593715"}]},{"reference":"Bentley, Elizabeth Petty (1984). Ohio Cemetery Records. Baltimore, Md.: Genealogical Publishing Company. ISBN 9780806310718.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780806310718","url_text":"9780806310718"}]},{"reference":"Cothran, James R.; Danylchak, Erica (2018). Historic American Cemeteries and the Nineteenth Century Rural Cemetery Movement. Columbia, S.C.: University of South Carolina Press. ISBN 9781611177992.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rbM_DwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Historic American Cemeteries and the Nineteenth Century Rural Cemetery Movement"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781611177992","url_text":"9781611177992"}]},{"reference":"Darbee, Jeffrey T.; Recchie, Nancy A. (2008). The AIA Guide to Columbus. Ohio University Press. ISBN 9780821416846.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_AIA_Guide_to_Columbus/m8eDadki1VAC","url_text":"The AIA Guide to Columbus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780821416846","url_text":"9780821416846"}]},{"reference":"Eagle, Bob; LeBlanc, Eric S. (2013). Blues: A Regional Experience. Santa Barbara, Calif.: Praeger. ISBN 9780313344237.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6ZNfAQAAQBAJ","url_text":"Blues: A Regional Experience"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313344237","url_text":"9780313344237"}]},{"reference":"Eicher, John H.; Eicher, David J. (2001). Civil War High Commands. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press. ISBN 9780804736411.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Fs0Ajlnjl6AC","url_text":"Civil War High Commands"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780804736411","url_text":"9780804736411"}]},{"reference":"Hannan, Caryn; Herman, Jennifer L. (2008). Michigan Biographical Dictionary. Hamburg, Mich.: State History Publications. ISBN 9781878592958.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=aWR5HJJktL8C","url_text":"Michigan Biographical Dictionary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781878592958","url_text":"9781878592958"}]},{"reference":"Hooper, Osman Castle (1920). History of the City of Columbus, Ohio, From the Founding of Franklinton in 1797, Through the World War Period to the Year 1920. Columbus, Ohio: Memorial Publishing Co.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WjWfaxIi7zgC","url_text":"History of the City of Columbus, Ohio, From the Founding of Franklinton in 1797, Through the World War Period to the Year 1920"}]},{"reference":"Lee, Alfred Emory (1892). History of the City of Columbus, Capital of Ohio. Volume 2. Chicago: Munsell & Co.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8rECAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"History of the City of Columbus, Capital of Ohio. Volume 2"}]},{"reference":"Lee, Bill (2009). The Baseball Necrology: The Post-Baseball Lives and Deaths of More 7,600 Major League Players and Others. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Co. ISBN 9780786442393.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4oEwCgAAQBAJ","url_text":"The Baseball Necrology: The Post-Baseball Lives and Deaths of More 7,600 Major League Players and Others"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786442393","url_text":"9780786442393"}]},{"reference":"Lehosit, Sean V. (2015). West Columbus. Charleston, S.C.: Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 9781467114639.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kkNmCgAAQBAJ","url_text":"West Columbus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781467114639","url_text":"9781467114639"}]},{"reference":"Leland, Ernest S. (August 1919). \"Green Lawn Cemetery, An Appreciation\". Park and Cemetery. pp. 146–148. Retrieved July 12, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ibkxAQAAMAAJ&q=%22Green+Lawn+Cemetery%22+columbus+garden&pg=RA1-PA146","url_text":"\"Green Lawn Cemetery, An Appreciation\""}]},{"reference":"Martin, Martin T. (1993). History of Franklin County: A Collection of Reminiscences of the Early Settlement of the County. Columbus, Ohio: Bergman Books. ISBN 9780963603609.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=V81MDwAAQBAJ","url_text":"History of Franklin County: A Collection of Reminiscences of the Early Settlement of the County"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780963603609","url_text":"9780963603609"}]},{"reference":"Miller, C.L. (2008). Mount Calvary Cemetery. Charleston, S.C.: Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 9780738552057.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=d4o9TPFMIbEC","url_text":"Mount Calvary Cemetery"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780738552057","url_text":"9780738552057"}]},{"reference":"Renwick, William G. (1909). Marble and Marble Working. New York: D. Van Nostrand & Co.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=iX9CAAAAIAAJ","url_text":"Marble and Marble Working"}]},{"reference":"Samuelson, Robert E.; et al. (Pasquale C. Grado, Judith L. Kitchen, Jeffrey T. Darbee) (1976). Architecture: Columbus. The Foundation of The Columbus Chapter of The American Institute of Architects. OCLC 2697928.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.com/books/edition/Architecture_Columbus/ttNPAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Architecture: Columbus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIA_Columbus","url_text":"The Columbus Chapter of The American Institute of Architects"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2697928","url_text":"2697928"}]},{"reference":"Strader, Levi T. (1899). Facts and Figures of Franklin County, Ohio. Columbus, Ohio: Strader.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_1MVJUIISlUC","url_text":"Facts and Figures of Franklin County, Ohio"}]},{"reference":"Studer, Jacob Henry (1873). Columbus, Ohio: Its History, Resources, and Progress, with Numerous Illustrations. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip,_Count_of_Longueville
Philip, Count of Longueville
["1 Murder of Charles de la Cerda","2 Alliance with England","3 Revolution in Paris","4 Peace and death","5 Ancestry","6 References","7 Sources"]
You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in French. (December 2009) Click for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the French article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Consider adding a topic to this template: there are already 6,003 articles in the main category, and specifying|topic= will aid in categorization. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing French Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You should also add the template {{Translated|fr|Philippe de Navarre}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. Philip of Navarre, Count of Longueville (1336–1363) was a younger brother and supporter of Charles II of Navarre, a claimant to the French throne. The son of Philip III of Navarre and Joan II of Navarre, he married Yolande of Flanders in 1353. She was the daughter of Robert of Flanders and Joan of Brittany (from the House of Capet) and the widow of Henry IV of Bar. The marriage was childless, though by his mistress Jeannette d'Aisy Philip had two illegitimate children - Lancelot (who was granted Longueville as a gift in 1371 by his uncle Charles II of Navarre so long as he served in the company of the Duke of Brittany) and Robine (granted Longueville by her uncle Louis of Navarre in 1367). Philip and his brother Charles fought against John II of France in 1353. Murder of Charles de la Cerda Christmas 1353 he followed his brother Charles to Paris where they intended to pick a quarrel. On arrival they exchanged insults with Charles de la Cerda (also known as Charles of Spain), the Constable of France, in the king's presence, Philip even going so far a drawing his dagger. Two weeks later Charles de la Cerda was travelling unescorted through Normandy when on 7 January 1354 Philip with a band of Norman and Navarrese followers including John, Count of Harcourt, the Bascon de Mareuil and Rabigot Dury, came to the village of l'Aigle and inn where Charles was spending the night. After surrounding the inn Philip stormed into Charles bedroom saying "Charles of Spain, I am Philip, son of a King, whom you have foully slandered". According to one account Charles begged for his life and promised to leave France forever, but the Bascon de Mareuil and Rabigot Dury fell upon him with four other troopers and stabbed him to death. In all eighty wounds was found on the body of Charles of Spain. The murder of Charles of Spain brought about a break in relations between the King of Navarre and the King of France and occasioned the first of Charles of Navarre's many rapprochements with the English. This time it was not to last long. Already in February Philips brother was, formally at least, reconcile to King John II. In the Treaty of Mantes concluded 22 February Charles of Navarre gained considerable territories in Lower Normandy as well as promises of pardons for Charles, his brothers and confederates for the murder of Charles of Spain. Alliance with England On 5 April 1356, John II unexpectedly, and to contemporaries quite shockingly, personally had Charles II arrested while he was attended a council of the leading noblemen of Normandy at Rouen. And so open war broke out between the Houses of Evreux and Valois as the King of France's armies lay siege to Evreux, Charles' administrative seat in Normandy. It fell to Philip to defend his imprisoned brother's interests in Normandy. After a brief attempt to negotiate with John II he withdrew to the Cotentin where he set up headquarters at Cherbourg and proclaimed himself his brother's lieutenant in France. Though the region had a long tradition of opposition to the French Crown the local nobility were reluctant to throw in their support as the Navarrese caused appeared doomed to fail. Philip sent his chief lieutenants Martin Henriques and Pedro Remirez back to Navarre to raise troops. There Louis, the youngest of the three brothers, was already busy raising money and seeking allies in Spain and at Avignon. However Philip knew that the resources of Navarre alone could never be enough to sustain a war against France and by the end of April he had sent to emissaries to England to seek an alliance. Though initially sceptical by 4 May the English government had decided to divert Henry, Duke of Lancaster's planned invasion of Brittany to Normandy. On 28 May Philip formally renounced his homage to the King of France and declared war on his former liege. Henry of Lancaster arrived in the Contentin 1 June 1356 bringing with him some 1300 men. To this Philip added 300 of his own retainers. They were also joined by Robert Knolles bringing with him 800 men from the English garrisons in Brittany. The small but all mounted army rode out from Montebourg on 22 June. They were too late to save Evereux, but arrived in time to relieve and reinforce the Navarrese garrison at Pont-Audemer. From there they moved south reaching Conches-en-Ouche on 3 July only to find that the place had just fallen to the French. Driving off a small French army outside the walls of Breteuil they went to capture Verneuil by storm before turning west again on 8 July. By 13 July the army was back at Montebourg. They had failed to relieve Evreux, but brought back considerable booty making the short campaign a profitable venture for the participants. The raid also caused John II to be caught in a pointless siege of Breteuil instead of focusing on the threatening events taking place to the south. On 20 August he paid the garrison an enormous sum for surrendering the castle and rejoin Philip in the Cotentin. The rest of the year Philip spent in England together with his Chancellor Thomas de Ladit to settle the terms of his alliance with Edward III. Philip did homage to Edward III as King of France and Duke of Normandy and promised to serve Edward against anyone except his own brothers. The formal agreement was concluded at the king's hunting lodge at Clarendon in Wiltshire. Philip was to have possession of anything own by him or his brother and keep all his conquests up to a value of 60 000 écus, a considerable sum. Edward was to have the demesne lands of the dukes of Normandy and anything else Philip might conquer. Philip was also required to surrender any place of special military or political value. Well satisfied Philip left England in early December with letters appointing him Edward III's Lieutenant in Normandy. The capture of John II in the Battle of Poitiers on 17 September threw the French government, now headed by the Dauphin, into disarray. This allowed Philip reinforced with several shiploads of fresh soldiers from Navarre, to go on the offensive. Avranches was captured early December, by the end of 1356 Saint-Lô was the only significant place in the Cotentin holding out for the Dauphin. In 1357, the English and Navarrese began spilling out from Normandy into Île de France. In January that year Philip rode out of the Cotentin with a mounted force of 700 of his own Navarrese and Norman retainers reinforced by a 100 English and German men-at-arms under the English captain Sir Richard Totesham. Travelling east into the Bessin they occupied several castles east of Bayeux before setting out towards Paris causing considerable panic. Passing Chartres they came within 8 miles from Paris before returning home. Philip returned home to discover that the Duke of Lancaster had taken over control of Avranches and installed an English garrison there. Outraged Philip went to Lancaster's camp outside Rennes to complain. Though Lancaster agreed to reinstate the Navarrese garrison his captains remained in possession. Philip also became embroiled in another dispute with the English government. When the heirless Norman nobleman Godfrey of Harcourt fell in battle against the French in November 1356 Philip had taken possession of his castle, Saint-Sauveur-le-Vicomte, one of strongest and most valuable in the region. However Edward III sent his own men to take over the castle, citing a previous agreement with Godfrey of Harcourt had gifted the castle to the English King. Philip sent his Chancellor to Westminster to protest, but was overruled. Revolution in Paris September 1357 negotiations began in London between the English government and King John II, who was still a prisoner. Philip had attempted to persuade Edward that the release of his brother Charles should be one of the conditions for a truce with France, but met only evasions. 9 November 1357 Charles of Navarre escaped from his prison at Arleux, three weeks later he was received as a hero returned by a Paris increasingly hostile to the Dauphin's government. This sped up the proceedings considerably and the kings agreed to a draft treaty, which among other things, provided that Philip of Navarre should be restored to all that he had held in France before the outbreak of the civil war. Peace between France and England was however not in the interest of the King of Navarre who relied on the continued political instability to achieve his political ambitions. In December Charles left Paris for Normandy to build up his strength before his final showdown with the Dauphin. He returned to Paris in February 1358 where he allied with the Provost of the Merchants, Etienne Marcel. However, by July the Dauphin had gained the advantage in the power struggle; he had the support of the French aristocracy, the Parisians, provoked by the presence of English and Navarrese guards within the city, were also increasingly sympathetic to his cause. Philip answered Charles' call for reinforcements by assembling a considerable force drawn from the garrisons of Normandy and Brittany. Composed mainly of Englishmen the army also included such veteran captains as Robert Knolles and Hugh Calveley and Philip's marshal John Fotheringhay. Before Philip could arrive the mood of the city had completely turned against the King of Navarre who had been forced to barricade himself in Saint-Denis with his guards. On 31 July Paris rose up against and destroyed the regime of Etienne Marcel, the Provost himself was killed by the mob. Charles now resolved upon a full alliance with Edward III. On 2 August Charles and Philip led their army to the north side of the city where they occupied the abbey and suburb of Saint-Denis, apparently preparing to take the city by assault. However evening the same day the Dauphin entered Paris by the Porte Saint-Antoine. All hopes of capturing Paris now lost; the Navarrese army withdrew to Mantes. Spring 1359 he led a mainly English army out of Mantes to relieve the garrison of Saint-Valéry. The garrison surrendered 21 April before Philip could arrive. He instead led his army into western Champagne where he sustained himself for six weeks while evading the counterattacks of the Constable and Admiral of France, returning to Normandy in early June having achieved little of lasting value. On 20 August 1359 Charles of Navarre made his peace with the Dauphin. Philip however chose to continue in the service of the King of England as did many of the Navarrese garrisons in Normandy. Peace and death In 1360 England and France concluded the Treaty of Brétigny bringing the war to an end, for now. Later the same year Charles of Navarre signed a separate treaty with John II. But though the kings were no longer at war, peace proved elusive. The countless mercenary bands, routiers, whose loyalty to the English government had never been anything but nominal, continued to pillage and extract ransom. Philip was however able to retain some control of the Navarrese troops in the region. In summer 1363 he joined Bertrand du Guesclin in a campaign against the routier garrisons around Bayeux and Caen. Towards the end of this campaign Philip caught a chill and died August 1363. Ancestry This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Ancestors of Philip, Count of Longueville 8. Philip III of France 4. Louis of Évreux 9. Marie of Brabant 2. Philip of Évreux 10. Philip of Artois 5. Margaret of Artois 11. Blanche of Brittany 1. Philip of Longueville 12. Philip IV of France 6. Louis X of France 13. Joan I of Navarre 3. Joan II of Navarre 14. Robert II of Burgundy 7. Margaret of Burgundy 15. Agnes of France References ^ Woodacre 2013, p. xx. Sources Sumption, Jonathan, The Hundred Years War II: Trial by Fire, University of Pennsylvania Press, October 2001, ISBN 0-8122-1801-9 Woodacre, Elena (2013). The Queens Regnant of Navarre. Palgrave Macmillan.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charles II of Navarre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II_of_Navarre"},{"link_name":"Philip III of Navarre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_III_of_Navarre"},{"link_name":"Joan II of Navarre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_II_of_Navarre"},{"link_name":"Yolande of Flanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yolande_of_Dampierre"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodacre2013xx-1"},{"link_name":"House of Capet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Capet"},{"link_name":"Henry IV of Bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_IV_of_Bar"},{"link_name":"Charles II of Navarre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II_of_Navarre"},{"link_name":"Duke of Brittany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Brittany"},{"link_name":"Louis of Navarre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis,_Duke_of_Durazzo"},{"link_name":"John II of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_II_of_France"}],"text":"Philip of Navarre, Count of Longueville (1336–1363) was a younger brother and supporter of Charles II of Navarre, a claimant to the French throne. The son of Philip III of Navarre and Joan II of Navarre, he married Yolande of Flanders in 1353.[1] She was the daughter of Robert of Flanders and Joan of Brittany (from the House of Capet) and the widow of Henry IV of Bar. The marriage was childless, though by his mistress Jeannette d'Aisy Philip had two illegitimate children - Lancelot (who was granted Longueville as a gift in 1371 by his uncle Charles II of Navarre so long as he served in the company of the Duke of Brittany) and Robine (granted Longueville by her uncle Louis of Navarre in 1367). Philip and his brother Charles fought against John II of France in 1353.","title":"Philip, Count of Longueville"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charles de la Cerda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_la_Cerda"},{"link_name":"Constable of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constable_of_France"},{"link_name":"Normandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandy"},{"link_name":"John, Count of Harcourt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John,_Count_of_Harcourt&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bascon de Mareuil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bascon_de_Mareuil&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rabigot Dury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rabigot_Dury&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Mantes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Mantes"}],"text":"Christmas 1353 he followed his brother Charles to Paris where they intended to pick a quarrel. On arrival they exchanged insults with Charles de la Cerda (also known as Charles of Spain), the Constable of France, in the king's presence, Philip even going so far a drawing his dagger.Two weeks later Charles de la Cerda was travelling unescorted through Normandy when on 7 January 1354 Philip with a band of Norman and Navarrese followers including John, Count of Harcourt, the Bascon de Mareuil and Rabigot Dury, came to the village of l'Aigle and inn where Charles was spending the night. After surrounding the inn Philip stormed into Charles bedroom saying \"Charles of Spain, I am Philip, son of a King, whom you have foully slandered\". According to one account Charles begged for his life and promised to leave France forever, but the Bascon de Mareuil and Rabigot Dury fell upon him with four other troopers and stabbed him to death. In all eighty wounds was found on the body of Charles of Spain. The murder of Charles of Spain brought about a break in relations between the King of Navarre and the King of France and occasioned the first of Charles of Navarre's many rapprochements with the English. This time it was not to last long. Already in February Philips brother was, formally at least, reconcile to King John II. In the Treaty of Mantes concluded 22 February Charles of Navarre gained considerable territories in Lower Normandy as well as promises of pardons for Charles, his brothers and confederates for the murder of Charles of Spain.","title":"Murder of Charles de la Cerda"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rouen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouen"},{"link_name":"Evreux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evreux"},{"link_name":"Cotentin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotentin"},{"link_name":"Cherbourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherbourg"},{"link_name":"Martin Henriques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Henriques"},{"link_name":"Pedro Remirez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pedro_Remirez&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis,_Duke_of_Durazzo"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Avignon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avignon"},{"link_name":"Henry, Duke of Lancaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_of_Grosmont"},{"link_name":"Brittany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittany"},{"link_name":"Robert Knolles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Knolles"},{"link_name":"Montebourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montebourg"},{"link_name":"Pont-Audemer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pont-Audemer"},{"link_name":"Conches-en-Ouche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conches-en-Ouche"},{"link_name":"Breteuil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breteuil,_Eure"},{"link_name":"Verneuil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verneuil-sur-Avre"},{"link_name":"Chancellor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor"},{"link_name":"Thomas de Ladit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_de_Ladit&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Clarendon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarendon_Palace"},{"link_name":"Wiltshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiltshire"},{"link_name":"écus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cu"},{"link_name":"Battle of Poitiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Poitiers_(1356)"},{"link_name":"Dauphin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_V_of_France"},{"link_name":"Avranches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avranches"},{"link_name":"Saint-Lô","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-L%C3%B4"},{"link_name":"Île de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Ele_de_France"},{"link_name":"Richard Totesham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Totesham&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bessin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bessin"},{"link_name":"Bayeux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayeux"},{"link_name":"Chartres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartres"},{"link_name":"Godfrey of Harcourt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Godfrey_of_Harcourt&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Saint-Sauveur-le-Vicomte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Sauveur-le-Vicomte"}],"text":"On 5 April 1356, John II unexpectedly, and to contemporaries quite shockingly, personally had Charles II arrested while he was attended a council of the leading noblemen of Normandy at Rouen. And so open war broke out between the Houses of Evreux and Valois as the King of France's armies lay siege to Evreux, Charles' administrative seat in Normandy. It fell to Philip to defend his imprisoned brother's interests in Normandy. After a brief attempt to negotiate with John II he withdrew to the Cotentin where he set up headquarters at Cherbourg and proclaimed himself his brother's lieutenant in France. Though the region had a long tradition of opposition to the French Crown the local nobility were reluctant to throw in their support as the Navarrese caused appeared doomed to fail. Philip sent his chief lieutenants Martin Henriques and Pedro Remirez back to Navarre to raise troops. There Louis, the youngest of the three brothers, was already busy raising money and seeking allies in Spain and at Avignon. However Philip knew that the resources of Navarre alone could never be enough to sustain a war against France and by the end of April he had sent to emissaries to England to seek an alliance. Though initially sceptical by 4 May the English government had decided to divert Henry, Duke of Lancaster's planned invasion of Brittany to Normandy. On 28 May Philip formally renounced his homage to the King of France and declared war on his former liege.Henry of Lancaster arrived in the Contentin 1 June 1356 bringing with him some 1300 men. To this Philip added 300 of his own retainers. They were also joined by Robert Knolles bringing with him 800 men from the English garrisons in Brittany. The small but all mounted army rode out from Montebourg on 22 June. They were too late to save Evereux, but arrived in time to relieve and reinforce the Navarrese garrison at Pont-Audemer. From there they moved south reaching Conches-en-Ouche on 3 July only to find that the place had just fallen to the French. Driving off a small French army outside the walls of Breteuil they went to capture Verneuil by storm before turning west again on 8 July. By 13 July the army was back at Montebourg. They had failed to relieve Evreux, but brought back considerable booty making the short campaign a profitable venture for the participants. The raid also caused John II to be caught in a pointless siege of Breteuil instead of focusing on the threatening events taking place to the south. On 20 August he paid the garrison an enormous sum for surrendering the castle and rejoin Philip in the Cotentin.The rest of the year Philip spent in England together with his Chancellor Thomas de Ladit to settle the terms of his alliance with Edward III. Philip did homage to Edward III as King of France and Duke of Normandy and promised to serve Edward against anyone except his own brothers. The formal agreement was concluded at the king's hunting lodge at Clarendon in Wiltshire. Philip was to have possession of anything own by him or his brother and keep all his conquests up to a value of 60 000 écus, a considerable sum. Edward was to have the demesne lands of the dukes of Normandy and anything else Philip might conquer. Philip was also required to surrender any place of special military or political value. Well satisfied Philip left England in early December with letters appointing him Edward III's Lieutenant in Normandy.The capture of John II in the Battle of Poitiers on 17 September threw the French government, now headed by the Dauphin, into disarray. This allowed Philip reinforced with several shiploads of fresh soldiers from Navarre, to go on the offensive. Avranches was captured early December, by the end of 1356 Saint-Lô was the only significant place in the Cotentin holding out for the Dauphin.In 1357, the English and Navarrese began spilling out from Normandy into Île de France. In January that year Philip rode out of the Cotentin with a mounted force of 700 of his own Navarrese and Norman retainers reinforced by a 100 English and German men-at-arms under the English captain Sir Richard Totesham. Travelling east into the Bessin they occupied several castles east of Bayeux before setting out towards Paris causing considerable panic. Passing Chartres they came within 8 miles from Paris before returning home.Philip returned home to discover that the Duke of Lancaster had taken over control of Avranches and installed an English garrison there. Outraged Philip went to Lancaster's camp outside Rennes to complain. Though Lancaster agreed to reinstate the Navarrese garrison his captains remained in possession. Philip also became embroiled in another dispute with the English government. When the heirless Norman nobleman Godfrey of Harcourt fell in battle against the French in November 1356 Philip had taken possession of his castle, Saint-Sauveur-le-Vicomte, one of strongest and most valuable in the region. However Edward III sent his own men to take over the castle, citing a previous agreement with Godfrey of Harcourt had gifted the castle to the English King. Philip sent his Chancellor to Westminster to protest, but was overruled.","title":"Alliance with England"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Etienne Marcel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etienne_Marcel"},{"link_name":"Hugh Calveley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Calveley"},{"link_name":"John Fotheringhay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Fotheringhay&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Saint-Denis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Denis,_Seine-Saint-Denis"},{"link_name":"Saint-Denis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Denis,_Seine-Saint-Denis"},{"link_name":"Porte Saint-Antoine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porte_Saint-Antoine"},{"link_name":"Mantes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantes"},{"link_name":"Saint-Valéry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint-Val%C3%A9ry&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"September 1357 negotiations began in London between the English government and King John II, who was still a prisoner. Philip had attempted to persuade Edward that the release of his brother Charles should be one of the conditions for a truce with France, but met only evasions. 9 November 1357 Charles of Navarre escaped from his prison at Arleux, three weeks later he was received as a hero returned by a Paris increasingly hostile to the Dauphin's government. This sped up the proceedings considerably and the kings agreed to a draft treaty, which among other things, provided that Philip of Navarre should be restored to all that he had held in France before the outbreak of the civil war. Peace between France and England was however not in the interest of the King of Navarre who relied on the continued political instability to achieve his political ambitions.In December Charles left Paris for Normandy to build up his strength before his final showdown with the Dauphin. He returned to Paris in February 1358 where he allied with the Provost of the Merchants, Etienne Marcel. However, by July the Dauphin had gained the advantage in the power struggle; he had the support of the French aristocracy, the Parisians, provoked by the presence of English and Navarrese guards within the city, were also increasingly sympathetic to his cause. Philip answered Charles' call for reinforcements by assembling a considerable force drawn from the garrisons of Normandy and Brittany. Composed mainly of Englishmen the army also included such veteran captains as Robert Knolles and Hugh Calveley and Philip's marshal John Fotheringhay. Before Philip could arrive the mood of the city had completely turned against the King of Navarre who had been forced to barricade himself in Saint-Denis with his guards. On 31 July Paris rose up against and destroyed the regime of Etienne Marcel, the Provost himself was killed by the mob. Charles now resolved upon a full alliance with Edward III. On 2 August Charles and Philip led their army to the north side of the city where they occupied the abbey and suburb of Saint-Denis, apparently preparing to take the city by assault. However evening the same day the Dauphin entered Paris by the Porte Saint-Antoine. All hopes of capturing Paris now lost; the Navarrese army withdrew to Mantes.Spring 1359 he led a mainly English army out of Mantes to relieve the garrison of Saint-Valéry. The garrison surrendered 21 April before Philip could arrive. He instead led his army into western Champagne where he sustained himself for six weeks while evading the counterattacks of the Constable and Admiral of France, returning to Normandy in early June having achieved little of lasting value. On 20 August 1359 Charles of Navarre made his peace with the Dauphin. Philip however chose to continue in the service of the King of England as did many of the Navarrese garrisons in Normandy.","title":"Revolution in Paris"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Treaty of Brétigny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Br%C3%A9tigny"},{"link_name":"routiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routiers"},{"link_name":"Bertrand du Guesclin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_du_Guesclin"}],"text":"In 1360 England and France concluded the Treaty of Brétigny bringing the war to an end, for now. Later the same year Charles of Navarre signed a separate treaty with John II. But though the kings were no longer at war, peace proved elusive. The countless mercenary bands, routiers, whose loyalty to the English government had never been anything but nominal, continued to pillage and extract ransom. Philip was however able to retain some control of the Navarrese troops in the region. In summer 1363 he joined Bertrand du Guesclin in a campaign against the routier garrisons around Bayeux and Caen. Towards the end of this campaign Philip caught a chill and died August 1363.","title":"Peace and death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Philip III of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_III_of_France"},{"link_name":"Louis of Évreux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_of_%C3%89vreux"},{"link_name":"Marie of Brabant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_of_Brabant,_Queen_of_France"},{"link_name":"Philip of Évreux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_III_of_Navarre"},{"link_name":"Philip of Artois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_of_Artois"},{"link_name":"Margaret of Artois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_of_Artois"},{"link_name":"Blanche of Brittany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanche_of_Brittany"},{"link_name":"Philip IV of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_IV_of_France"},{"link_name":"Louis X of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_X_of_France"},{"link_name":"Joan I of Navarre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_I_of_Navarre"},{"link_name":"Joan II of Navarre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_II_of_Navarre"},{"link_name":"Robert II of Burgundy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_II_of_Burgundy"},{"link_name":"Margaret of Burgundy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_of_Burgundy,_Queen_of_France"},{"link_name":"Agnes of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnes_of_France,_Duchess_of_Burgundy"}],"text":"Ancestors of Philip, Count of Longueville 8. Philip III of France 4. Louis of Évreux 9. Marie of Brabant 2. Philip of Évreux 10. Philip of Artois 5. Margaret of Artois 11. Blanche of Brittany 1. Philip of Longueville 12. Philip IV of France 6. Louis X of France 13. Joan I of Navarre 3. Joan II of Navarre 14. Robert II of Burgundy 7. Margaret of Burgundy 15. Agnes of France","title":"Ancestry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8122-1801-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8122-1801-9"}],"text":"Sumption, Jonathan, The Hundred Years War II: Trial by Fire, University of Pennsylvania Press, October 2001, ISBN 0-8122-1801-9\nWoodacre, Elena (2013). The Queens Regnant of Navarre. Palgrave Macmillan.","title":"Sources"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"Woodacre, Elena (2013). The Queens Regnant of Navarre. Palgrave Macmillan.","urls":[]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ge%C3%A7ita%C4%9Fz%C4%B1,_%C4%B0spir
Geçitağzı, İspir
["1 References"]
Village in Turkey Neighbourhood in İspir, Erzurum, TurkeyGeçitağzıNeighbourhoodCountryTurkeyProvinceErzurumDistrictİspirPopulation (2022)45Time zoneTRT (UTC+3) Geçitağzı is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of İspir, Erzurum Province in Turkey. Its population is 45 (2022). References ^ "Mahalli İdareler" (in Turkish). İspir Kaymakamlığı. Retrieved 30 August 2023. ^ Mahalle, Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 12 July 2023. ^ "Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2022, Favorite Reports" (XLS). TÜİK. Retrieved 12 July 2023. vteNeighbourhoods of İspir District Ahlatlı Akgüney Akpınar Akseki Aksu Aktaş Alacabük Araköy Ardıçlı Armutlu Aşağıfındıklı Aşağıözbağ Atürküten Avcıköy Bademli Bahçeli Başçeşme Başköy Başpınar Bostancı Bozan Çakmaklı Çamlıca Çamlıkaya Cankurtaran Çatakkaya Çayırbaşı Çayırözü Cibali Çiçekli Değirmendere Değirmenli Demirbilek Demirkaya Devedağı Duruköy Düzköy Elmalı Gaziler Geçitağzı Göçköy Gölyurt Gülhas Güllübağ Gündoğdu Güney Halilpaşa İkisu İncesu Irmakköy İyidere Karahan Karakale Karakamış Karakaya Karaseydi Karşıyaka Kavaklı Kaynakbaşı Kirazlı Kırık Kızılhasan Koçköy Köprüköy Kümetaş Leylekköy Madenköprübaşı Mescitli Meydanlı Moryayla Mülkköy Numanpaşa Ortaköy Ortaören Özlüce Öztoprak Petekli Pınarlı Sandıklı Şenköy Sırakonak Soğuksu Taşbaşı Taşlıca Tekpınar Tepecik Ulubel Ulutaş Üzümbağı Yağlı Yaylacık Yedigöl Yedigöze Yeşiltepe Yeşilyurt Yıldıztepe Yukarı Yukarıfındıklı Yukarıözbağ Yunusköy Zeyrek This geographical article about a location in İspir District, Turkey is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"neighbourhood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahalle"},{"link_name":"İspir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0spir"},{"link_name":"Erzurum Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erzurum_Province"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Neighbourhood in İspir, Erzurum, TurkeyGeçitağzı is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of İspir, Erzurum Province in Turkey.[1][2] Its population is 45 (2022).[3]","title":"Geçitağzı, İspir"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"\"Mahalli İdareler\" (in Turkish). İspir Kaymakamlığı. Retrieved 30 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ispir.gov.tr/mahalli-idareler","url_text":"\"Mahalli İdareler\""}]},{"reference":"\"Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2022, Favorite Reports\" (XLS). TÜİK. Retrieved 12 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=95&locale=en","url_text":"\"Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2022, Favorite Reports\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%9C%C4%B0K","url_text":"TÜİK"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.ispir.gov.tr/mahalli-idareler","external_links_name":"\"Mahalli İdareler\""},{"Link":"https://www.e-icisleri.gov.tr/Anasayfa/MulkiIdariBolumleri.aspx","external_links_name":"Mahalle"},{"Link":"https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=95&locale=en","external_links_name":"\"Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2022, Favorite Reports\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ge%C3%A7ita%C4%9Fz%C4%B1,_%C4%B0spir&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Louis_Leclerc,_Comte_de_Buffon
Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon
["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Works","3.1 Publications","4 Racial studies","5 Relevance to modern biology","6 Works","7 Eponyms of Buffon","8 See also","9 References","10 External links"]
French naturalist of the 18th century For other people named Buffon, see Buffon (disambiguation). Georges-Louis Leclerc,Comte de BuffonPainting by François-Hubert DrouaisBornGeorges-Louis Leclerc(1707-09-07)7 September 1707Montbard, Burgundy, FranceDied16 April 1788(1788-04-16) (aged 80)Paris, FranceKnown forHistoire Naturelle (1749–1804)Buffon's needle problemRejection samplingScientific careerFieldsNatural historyInstitutionsAcadémie Française Signature Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon (French: ; 7 September 1707 – 16 April 1788) was a French naturalist, mathematician, and cosmologist. He held the position of intendant (director) at the Jardin du Roi, now called the Jardin des plantes. Buffon's works influenced the next two generations of naturalists, including two prominent French scientists Jean-Baptiste Lamarck and Georges Cuvier. Buffon published thirty-six quarto volumes of his Histoire Naturelle during his lifetime, with additional volumes based on his notes and further research being published in the two decades following his death. Ernst Mayr wrote that "Truly, Buffon was the father of all thought in natural history in the second half of the 18th century". Credited with being one of the first naturalists to recognize ecological succession, he was later forced by the theology committee at the University of Paris to recant his theories about geological history and animal evolution because they contradicted the biblical narrative of Creation. Early life Georges Louis Leclerc (later Comte de Buffon) was born at Montbard, in the province of Burgundy to Benjamin François Leclerc, a minor local official in charge of the salt tax and Anne-Christine Marlin also from a family of civil servants. Georges was named after his mother's uncle (his godfather) Georges Blaisot, the tax-farmer of the Duke of Savoy for all of Sicily. In 1714 Blaisot died childless, leaving a considerable fortune to his seven-year-old godson. Benjamin Leclerc then purchased an estate containing the nearby village of Buffon and moved the family to Dijon acquiring various offices there as well as a seat in the Dijon Parlement. Georges attended the Jesuit College of Godrans in Dijon from the age of ten onwards. From 1723 to 1726 he then studied law in Dijon, the prerequisite for continuing the family tradition in civil service. In 1728 Georges left Dijon to study mathematics and medicine at the University of Angers in France. At Angers in 1730 he made the acquaintance of the young English Duke of Kingston, who was on his grand tour of Europe, and traveled with him on a large and expensive entourage for a year and a half through southern France and parts of Italy. There are persistent but completely undocumented rumors from this period about duels, abductions and secret trips to England. In 1732 after the death of his mother and before the impending remarriage of his father, Georges left Kingston and returned to Dijon to secure his inheritance. Having added 'de Buffon' to his name while traveling with the Duke, he repurchased the village of Buffon, which his father had meanwhile sold off. With a fortune of about 80,000 livres Buffon set himself up in Paris to pursue science, at first primarily mathematics and mechanics, and the increase of his fortune. Career Buffon's microscope In 1732 he moved to Paris, where he made the acquaintance of Voltaire and other intellectuals. He lived in the Faubourg Saint-Germain, with Gilles-François Boulduc, first apothecary of the King, professor of chemistry at the Royal Garden of Plants, member of the Academy of Sciences. He first made his mark in the field of mathematics and, in his Sur le jeu de franc-carreau (On the game of fair-square), introduced differential and integral calculus into probability theory; the problem of Buffon's needle in probability theory is named after him. In 1734 he was admitted to the French Academy of Sciences. During this period he corresponded with the Swiss mathematician Gabriel Cramer. His protector Maurepas had asked the Academy of Sciences to do research on wood for the construction of ships in 1733. Soon afterward, Buffon began a long-term study, performing some of the most comprehensive tests to date on the mechanical properties of wood. Included were a series of tests to compare the properties of small specimens with those of large members. After carefully testing more than a thousand small specimens without knots or other defects, Buffon concluded that it was not possible to extrapolate to the properties of full-size timbers, and he began a series of tests on full-size structural members. In 1739 he was appointed head of the Parisian Jardin du Roi with the help of Maurepas; he held this position to the end of his life. Buffon was instrumental in transforming the Jardin du Roi into a major research center and museum. He also enlarged it, arranging the purchase of adjoining plots of land and acquiring new botanical and zoological specimens from all over the world. Thanks to his talent as a writer, he was invited to join Paris's second great academy, the Académie Française in 1753 and then in 1768 he was elected to the American Philosophical Society. In his Discours sur le style ("Discourse on Style"), pronounced before the Académie française, he said, "Writing well consists of thinking, feeling and expressing well, of clarity of mind, soul and taste ... The style is the man himself" ("Le style c'est l'homme même"). Unfortunately for him, Buffon's reputation as a literary stylist also gave ammunition to his detractors: the mathematician Jean le Rond d'Alembert, for example, called him "the great phrase-monger". In 1752 Buffon married Marie-Françoise de Saint-Belin-Malain, the daughter of an impoverished noble family from Burgundy, who had been enrolled in the convent school run by his sister. Madame de Buffon's second child, a son born in 1764, survived childhood; she herself died in 1769. When in 1772 Buffon became seriously ill and the promise that his son (then only 8) should succeed him as director of the Jardin became clearly impracticable and was withdrawn, the King raised Buffon's estates in Burgundy to the status of a county – and thus Buffon (and his son) became a count. He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1782. Buffon died in Paris in 1788. He was buried in a chapel adjacent to the church of Sainte-Urse Montbard; during the French Revolution, his tomb was broken into and the lead that covered the coffin was ransacked to produce bullets. His heart was initially saved, as it was guarded by Suzanne Necker (wife of Jacques Necker), but was later lost. Today, only Buffon's cerebellum remains, as it is kept in the base of the statue by Pajou that Louis XVI had commissioned in his honor in 1776, located at the Museum of Natural History in Paris. Works Statue of Buffon in the Jardin des plantes "Preuves de la théorie de la Terre", in the Buffon Museum, Montbard, Côte-d'Or, France Buffon's Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière (1749–1788: in 36 volumes; an additional volume based on his notes appeared in 1789) was originally intended to cover all three "kingdoms" of nature but the Histoire naturelle ended up being limited to the animal and mineral kingdoms, and the animals covered were only the birds and quadrupeds. "Written in a brilliant style, this work was read ... by every educated person in Europe". Those who assisted him in the production of this great work included Louis Jean-Marie Daubenton, Philibert Guéneau de Montbeillard, and Gabriel-Léopold Bexon, along with numerous artists. Buffon's Histoire naturelle was translated into many different languages, making him one of the most widely read authors of the day, a rival to Montesquieu, Rousseau, and Voltaire. In the opening volumes of the Histoire naturelle Buffon questioned the usefulness of mathematics, criticized Carl Linnaeus's taxonomical approach to natural history, outlined a history of the Earth with little relation to the Biblical account, and proposed a theory of reproduction that ran counter to the prevailing theory of pre-existence. The early volumes were condemned by the Faculty of Theology at the Sorbonne. Buffon published a retraction, but he continued publishing the offending volumes without any change. In the course of his examination of the animal world, Buffon noted that despite similar environments, different regions have distinct plants and animals, a concept later known as Buffon's Law. This is considered to be the first principle of biogeography. He made the suggestion that species may have both "improved" and "degenerated" after dispersing from a center of creation. In volume 14 he argued that all the world's quadrupeds had developed from an original set of just thirty-eight quadrupeds. On this basis, he is sometimes considered a "transformist" and a precursor of Darwin. He also asserted that climate change may have facilitated the worldwide spread of species from their centers of origin. Still, interpreting his ideas on the subject is not simple, for he returned to topics many times in the course of his work. Buffon considered the similarities between humans and apes, but ultimately rejected the possibility of a common descent. He debated with James Burnett, Lord Monboddo on the relationship of the primates to man, Monboddo insisting, against Buffon, on a close relationship. Volumes 1-12 of a 1774 edition of Supplement to Histoire Naturelle, Générale et Particulière At one point, Buffon propounded a theory that nature in the New World was inferior to that of Eurasia. He argued that the Americas were lacking in large and powerful creatures, and that even the people were less virile than their European counterparts. He ascribed this inferiority to the marsh odors and dense forests of the American continent. These remarks so incensed Thomas Jefferson that he dispatched twenty soldiers to the New Hampshire woods to find a bull moose for Buffon as proof of the "stature and majesty of American quadrupeds". In Les époques de la nature (1778) Buffon discussed the origins of the Solar System, speculating that the planets had been created by a comet's collision with the Sun. He also suggested that the Earth originated much earlier than 4004 BC, the date determined by Archbishop James Ussher. Basing his figures on the cooling rate of iron tested at his Laboratory the Petit Fontenet at Montbard, he calculated that the age of the Earth was 75,000 years. Once again, his ideas were condemned by the Sorbonne, and once again he issued a retraction to avoid further problems. Buffon knew of the existence of extinct species as mammoths or european rhinos. And some of his assumptions have inspired current models, such as continental drift. Publications Histoire naturelle, générale et particuliére, Title page of the 10th volume (1763) Histoire naturelle, générale et particuliére (in French). Vol. 3. Paris: Imprimerie Royale. 1749. Histoire naturelle, générale et particuliére (in French). Vol. 4. Paris: Imprimerie Royale. 1753. Histoire naturelle, générale et particuliére (in French). Vol. 5. Paris: Imprimerie Royale. 1755. Histoire naturelle, générale et particuliére (in French). Vol. 6. Paris: Imprimerie Royale. 1756. Histoire naturelle, générale et particuliére (in French). Vol. 7. Paris: Imprimerie Royale. 1756. Histoire naturelle, générale et particuliére (in French). Vol. 10. Paris: Imprimerie Royale. 1763. Histoire naturelle, générale et particuliére (in French). Vol. 11. Paris: Imprimerie Royale. 1754. Histoire naturelle, générale et particuliére (in French). Vol. 13. Paris: Imprimerie Royale. 1765. Histoire naturelle, générale et particuliére (in French). Vol. 14. Paris: Imprimerie Royale. 1766. Histoire naturelle, générale et particuliére (in French). Vol. 15. Paris: Imprimerie Royale. 1767. Racial studies See also: Scientific racism Buffon and Johann Blumenbach were believers in monogenism, the concept that all races have a single origin. They also believed in the "degeneration theory" of racial origins. They both said that Adam and Eve were Caucasian and that other races came about by degeneration from environmental factors, such as the sun and poor diet. They believed that the degeneration could be reversed if proper environmental control was taken, and that all contemporary forms of man could revert to the original Caucasian race. Buffon and Blumenbach claimed that pigmentation arose because of the heat of the tropical sun. They suggested cold wind caused the tawny colour of the Eskimos. They thought the Chinese relatively fair-skinned compared to the other Asian stocks because they kept mostly in towns and were protected from environmental factors. Buffon said that food and the mode of living could make races degenerate and distinguish them from the original Caucasian race. Believing in monogenism, Buffon thought that skin color could change in a single lifetime, depending on the conditions of climate and diet. Buffon was an advocate of the Asia hypothesis; in his Histoire Naturelle, he argued that humans' birthplace must be in a high temperate zone. As he believed good climate conditions would breed healthy humans, he hypothesized that the most logical place to look for the first humans' existence would be in Asia and around the Caspian Sea region. Relevance to modern biology Charles Darwin wrote in his preliminary historical sketch added to the third edition of On the Origin of Species: "Passing over ... Buffon, with whose writings I am not familiar". Then, from the fourth edition onwards, he amended this to say that "the first author who in modern times has treated it in a scientific spirit was Buffon. But as his opinions fluctuated greatly at different periods, and as he does not enter on the causes or means of the transformation of species, I need not here enter on details". Buffon's work on degeneration, however, was immensely influential on later scholars but was overshadowed by strong moral overtones. The paradox of Buffon is that, according to Ernst Mayr: He was not an evolutionary biologist, yet he was the father of evolutionism. He was the first person to discuss a large number of evolutionary problems, problems that before Buffon had not been raised by anybody ... he brought them to the attention of the scientific world. Except for Aristotle and Darwin, no other student of organisms has had as far-reaching an influence. He brought the idea of evolution into the realm of science. He developed a concept of the "unity of type", a precursor of comparative anatomy. More than anyone else, he was responsible for the acceptance of a long-time scale for the history of the earth. He was one of the first to imply that you get inheritance from your parents, in a description based on similarities between elephants and mammoths. And yet, he hindered evolution by his frequent endorsement of the immutability of species. He provided a criterion of species, fertility among members of a species, that was thought impregnable. Buffon wrote about the concept of struggle for existence. He developed a system of heredity which was similar to Darwin's hypothesis of pangenesis. Commenting on Buffon's views, Darwin stated, "If Buffon had assumed that his organic molecules had been formed by each separate unit throughout the body, his view and mine would have been very closely similar." Works Buffon, Œuvres, ed. S. Schmitt and C. Crémière, Paris: Gallimard, 2007. Complete works Vol 1. Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière, avec la description du Cabinet du Roy. Tome I (1749). Texte établi, introduit et annoté par Stéphane Schmitt avec la collaboration de Cédric Crémière, Paris: Honoré Champion, 2007, 1376 p. (ISBN 978-2-7453-1601-1) Vol 2. Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière avec la participation du Cabinet du Roy. Tome II. Texte établi, introduit et annoté par Stéphane Schmitt, avec la collaboration de Cédric Crémière, Paris: Honoré Champion, 2008, 808 p. (ISBN 978-2-7453-1729-2) Vol 3. Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière, avec la description du Cabinet du Roy. Texte établi, introduit et annoté par Stéphane Schmitt avec la collaboration de Cédric Crémière. Tome III (1749), Paris: Honoré Champion, 2009, 776 p. (ISBN 978-2-7453-1730-8) Vol 4. Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière, avec la description du Cabinet du Roi. Texte établi, introduit et annoté par Stéphane Schmitt avec la collaboration de Cédric Crémière. Tome IV (1753), Paris: Honoré Champion, 2010. 1 vol., 864 p. (ISBN 978-2-7453-1928-9) Vol 5. Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière, avec la description du Cabinet du Roi. Texte établi, introduit et annoté par Stéphane Schmitt avec la collaboration de Cédric Crémière. Tome V (1755), Paris: Honoré Champion, 2010. 1 vol., 536 p. (ISBN 978-2-7453-2057-5) Vol 6. Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière, avec la description du Cabinet du Roi. Texte établi, introduit et annoté par Stéphane Schmitt avec la collaboration de Cédric Crémière. Tome VI (1756), Paris: Honoré Champion, 2011. 1 vol., 504 p. (ISBN 978-2-7453-2150-3) Vol. 7. Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière, avec la description du Cabinet du Roi. Texte établi, introduit et annoté par Stéphane Schmitt avec la collaboration de Cédric Crémière. Tome VII (1758), Paris: Honoré Champion, 2011. 1 vol., 544 p. (ISBN 978-2-7453-2239-5) Vol. 8. Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière, avec la description du Cabinet du Roi. Texte établi, introduit et annoté par Stéphane Schmitt avec la collaboration de Cédric Crémière. Tome VIII (1760), Paris: Honoré Champion, 2014, 640 p. (ISBN 978-2-7453-2615-7) Vol. 9. Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière, avec la description du Cabinet du Roi. Texte établi, introduit et annoté par Stéphane Schmitt avec la collaboration de Cédric Crémière. Tome IX (1761), Paris: Honoré Champion, 2016, 720 p. (ISBN 978-2-7453-2994-3) Vol. 10. Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière, avec la description du Cabinet du Roi. Texte établi, introduit et annoté par Stéphane Schmitt avec la collaboration de Cédric Crémière. Tome X (1763), Paris: Honoré Champion, 2017, 814 p. (ISBN 978-2-7453-3456-5) Vol. 11. Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière, avec la description du Cabinet du Roi. Texte établi, introduit et annoté par Stéphane Schmitt avec la collaboration de Cédric Crémière. Tome XI (1764), Paris: Honoré Champion, 2018, 724 p. (ISBN 978-2-7453-4730-5) Vol. 12. Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière, avec la description du Cabinet du Roi. Texte établi, introduit et annoté par Stéphane Schmitt avec la collaboration de Cédric Crémière. Tome XII (1764), Paris: Honoré Champion, 2018, 810 p. (ISBN 978-2-7453-4732-9) Vol. 13. Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière, avec la description du Cabinet du Roi. Texte établi, introduit et annoté par Stéphane Schmitt avec la collaboration de Cédric Crémière. Tome XIII (1765), Paris: Honoré Champion, 2019, 887 p. Vol. 14. Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière, avec la description du Cabinet du Roi. Texte établi, introduit et annoté par Stéphane Schmitt avec la collaboration de Cédric Crémière. Tome XIV (1768), Paris: Honoré Champion, 2020, 605 p. Vol. 15. Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière, avec la description du Cabinet du Roi. Texte établi, introduit et annoté par Stéphane Schmitt avec la collaboration de Cédric Crémière. Tome XV (1767), Paris: Honoré Champion, 2021, 764 p. 1774 edition of Histoire Naturelle, Générale et Particulière Frontispiece of a 1774 edition of Histoire Naturelle, Générale et Particulière Table of contents of a 1774 edition of Histoire Naturelle, Générale et Particulière 1792 English translation of Buffon's Natural History Title page of a 1792 English translation of Buffon's Natural History Table of contents page of a 1792 English translation of Buffon's Natural History Preface for a 1792 English translation of Buffon's Natural History Eponyms of Buffon rue Buffon, Dijon See also Scientific Revolution Suites à Buffon Buffon's needle Rejection sampling References ^ Farber, Paul (2000). Finding Order in Nature. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 14. ^ a b c Mayr, Ernst 1981. The Growth of Biological Thought. Cambridge: Harvard. p 330 ^ Brody, David Eliot (6 August 2013). The Science Class You Wish You Had. ISBN 9780399160325. ^ Larsen, James A. (22 October 2013). Ecology of the Northern Lowland Bogs and Conifer Forests. Elsevier. ISBN 9781483269863. ^ Otis E. Fellows and Stephen F. Milliken, Buffon, Twayne's World Authors Series; TWAS 243 (New York: Twayne Publishers, 1972), 41-43. ^ Otis E. Fellows and Stephen F. Milliken, Buffon, Twayne's World Authors Series; TWAS 243 (New York: Twayne Publishers, 1972), 40-50. ^ Roger, Jacques (1997). Buffon: A Life in Natural History. Cornell University Press. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-8014-2918-7. ^ Bell, Whitfield J., and Charles Greifenstein, Jr. Patriot-Improvers: Biographical Sketches of Members of the American Philosophical Society. 3 vols. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1997, 3:569–572. ^ Fellows, Otis E. and Stephen F. Milliken 1972. Buffon. New York: Twayne. pp 149–54 ^ "Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter B" (PDF). American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 28 July 2014. ^ Buffon, Georges Louis Leclerc, Comte de", Encyclopedia of Life Sciences. Biographies Plus Illustrated, H.W. Wilson Company, 2001. vnweb.hwwilsonweb.com (Accessed December 26, 2005) ^ Roger, Jacques 1989. Buffon: un philosophe au Jardin du Roi Paris: Fayard. pp 434–5 ^ Cloyd E.L. 1972. James Burnett, Lord Monboddo (Oxford: Clarendon Press. ^ Bryson, Bill 2004. A Short History of Nearly Everything. New York: Broadway Books. p 81 ^ L'Histoire Naturelle, générale et particulière, avec la description du Cabinet du Roi ^ Jean Stengers 1974. "Buffon et la Sorbonne" in Études sur le XVIIIe siecle, ed. Roland Mortier and Hervé Hasquin. Brussels: Université de Bruxelles. pp 113–24 ^ a b Marvin Harris, The Rise of Anthropological Theory: A History of Theories of Culture, 2001, p. 84 ^ Harris, Rise of Anthropological Theory, 2001, p. 86 ^ Human Evolution: a guide to the debates, Brian Regal, p. 72 ^ Darwin, Charles 1861. On the Origin of Species, An historical sketch: 3rd edition. xiii. 4th edition of 1866 xiii. ^ Mason, P.H. (2010) Degeneracy at multiple levels of complexity, Biological Theory: Integrating Development, Evolution and Cognition, 5(3), 277-288. ^ Zirkle, Conway (25 April 1941), "Natural Selection before the Origin of Species", Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 84 (1): 71–123, JSTOR 984852 ^ Hull, David L. (1988). Science as a Process: An Evolutionary Account of the Social and Conceptual Development of Science. University of Chicago Press. p. 86. ISBN 0-226-36051-2 "As Darwin was to discover many years later, Buffon had devised a system of heredity not all that different from his own theory of pangenesis." ^ Zirkle, Conway (1935). "The Inheritance of Acquired Characters and the Provisional Hypothesis of Pangenesis". The American Naturalist. 69 (724): 417–445. doi:10.1086/280617. S2CID 84729069. External links Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Buffon, George Louis Leclerc, Comte de". Media related to Georges-Louis Leclerc, comte de Buffon at Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote has quotations related to Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon. Works by Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon at Project Gutenberg Works by Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) Works by or about Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon at Internet Archive (in French) The Buffon project : L'histoire naturelle The same, in English: L'histoire naturelle Buffon's Hypothesis about the Origin of the Earth Buffon's View of Domestic Cats Digital text Kyoto University O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews Buffon's American Degeneracy, from The Academy of Natural Sciences William Smellie's English Translation of Buffon's Natural History, General and Particular, 3rd Edition (in French) Discours sur le Style – at athena.unige.ch Gaedike, R.; Groll, E. K. & Taeger, A. 2012: Bibliography of the entomological literature from the beginning until 1863 : online database - version 1.0 - Senckenberg Deutsches Entomologisches Institut. A collection of high-resolution scans of animal illustrations from several books by Buffon, from the Linda Hall Library Buffon's Histoire naturelle des époches de la nature, (this ed. published as Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière, avec la description du cabinet du roy, suppl. vol. 5. in 1778) - digital facsimile from the Linda Hall Library "Dissertation sur les couleurs accidentelles" (PDF). Mémoire de l'Académie Royale des Sciences —- Année 1743: 147–158. 1746. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 June 2015. vteAcadémie française seat 1 Pierre Séguier (1635) Claude Bazin de Bezons (1643) Nicolas Boileau-Despréaux (1684) Jean d'Estrées (1711) Marc-René d'Argenson (1718) Jean-Joseph Languet de Gergy (1721) George-Louis Leclerc, comte de Buffon (1753) Félix Vicq-d'Azyr (1788) François-Urbain Domergue (1803) Ange-François Fariau (1810) François-Auguste Parseval-Grandmaison (1811) Narcisse-Achille de Salvandy (1835) Émile Augier (1857) Charles de Freycinet (1890) Émile Picard (1924) Louis de Broglie (1944) Michel Debré (1988) François Furet (1997) René Rémond (1998) Claude Dagens (2008) vteAge of EnlightenmentTopics Atheism Capitalism Civil liberties Classicism Counter-Enlightenment Critical thinking Deism Democracy Empiricism Encyclopédistes Enlightened absolutism Haskalah Humanism Human rights Individualism Liberalism Liberté, égalité, fraternité Lumières Methodological skepticism Midlands Modernity Natural philosophy Objectivity Progressivism Rationality Rationalism Reason Reductionism Sapere aude Science Scientific method Spanish America Universality Utopianism ThinkersEngland Addison Ashley-Cooper Bacon Bentham Collins Gibbon Godwin Harrington Hooke Johnson Locke Milton Newton Pope Price Priestley Reynolds Sidney Tindal Wollstonecraft France d'Alembert d'Argenson Bayle Beaumarchais Chamfort Châtelet Condillac Condorcet Descartes Diderot Fontenelle Gouges Helvétius d'Holbach Jaucourt La Mettrie Lavoisier Leclerc Mably Maréchal Meslier Montesquieu Morelly Pascal Quesnay Raynal Sade Turgot Voltaire Geneva Abauzit Bonnet Burlamaqui Prévost Rousseau Saussure Germany Gauss Goethe Herder Humboldt Kant Leibniz Lessing Lichtenberg Mendelssohn Pufendorf Schiller Thomasius Weishaupt Wieland Wolff Greece Farmakidis Feraios Kairis Korais Ireland Berkeley Boyle Burke Swift Toland Italy Beccaria Galiani Galvani Genovesi Pagano Verri Vico Netherlands Bekker Grotius Huygens Leeuwenhoek Nieuwentyt Spinoza Swammerdam Poland Kołłątaj Konarski Krasicki Niemcewicz Poniatowski Śniadecki Staszic Wybicki Portugal Carvalho e Melo Romania Budai-Deleanu Maior Micu-Klein Șincai Russia Catherine II Fonvizin Kantemir Kheraskov Lomonosov Novikov Radishchev Vorontsova-Dashkova Serbia Obradović Mrazović Spain Cadalso Charles III Feijóo y Montenegro Moratín Jovellanos Villarroel Scotland Beattie Black Blair Boswell Burnett Burns Cullen Ferguson Hume Hutcheson Hutton Mill Newton Playfair Reid Smith Stewart United States Franklin Jefferson Madison Mason Paine Romanticism → Category vteNatural historyPioneeringnaturalistsClassicalantiquity Aristotle (History of Animals) Theophrastus (Historia Plantarum) Aelian (De Natura Animalium) Pliny the Elder (Natural History) Dioscorides (De Materia Medica) Renaissance Ulisse Aldrovandi Gaspard Bauhin (Pinax theatri botanici) Otto Brunfels Hieronymus Bock Andrea Cesalpino Valerius Cordus Leonhart Fuchs Conrad Gessner (Historia animalium) Frederik Ruysch William Turner (Avium Praecipuarum, New Herball) John Gerard (Herball, or Generall Historie of Plantes) Enlightenment Robert Hooke (Micrographia) Marcello Malpighi Antonie van Leeuwenhoek William Derham Hans Sloane Jan Swammerdam Regnier de Graaf Carl Linnaeus (Systema Naturae) Georg Steller Joseph Banks Johan Christian Fabricius James Hutton John Ray (Historia Plantarum) Comte de Buffon (Histoire Naturelle) Bernard Germain de Lacépède Gilbert White (The Natural History of Selborne) Thomas Bewick (A History of British Birds) Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (Philosophie zoologique) 19th century George Montagu (Ornithological Dictionary) Georges Cuvier (Le Règne Animal) William Smith Charles Darwin (On the Origin of Species) Alfred Russel Wallace (The Malay Archipelago) Henry Walter Bates (The Naturalist on the River Amazons) Alexander von Humboldt John James Audubon (The Birds of America) William Buckland Charles Lyell Mary Anning Jean-Henri Fabre Louis Agassiz Philip Henry Gosse Asa Gray William Jackson Hooker Joseph Dalton Hooker William Jardine (The Naturalist's Library) Ernst Haeckel (Kunstformen der Natur) Richard Lydekker (The Royal Natural History) 20th century Martinus Beijerinck Abbott Thayer (Concealing-Coloration in the Animal Kingdom) Hugh B. Cott (Adaptive Coloration in Animals) Niko Tinbergen (The Study of Instinct) Konrad Lorenz (On Aggression) Karl von Frisch (The Dancing Bees) Ronald Lockley (Shearwaters) Topics Natural history museums (List) Parson-naturalists (List) Natural History Societies List of natural history dealers vteHistorical definitions of raceScientific racismColor terminology Black Bronze Brown Olive Red White Historical concepts Australoid Capoid Caucasoid Alpine Arabid Armenoid Aryan Atlantid Caspian Dinaric East Baltic Ethiopid Hamites Indid Iranid Mediterranean Nordic Pamirid Semites Turanid Malay Mongoloid Proto-Mongoloid Sinodonty and Sundadonty Negroid Negrito Sociological By region in India in Latin America in Brazil in Colombia in Singapore in the United States Passing Racial discrimination Racism Racial stereotypes Colorism Master race Nazism and race Racial hygiene Whiteness studies Négritude Writers Louis Agassiz John Baker Erwin Baur John Beddoe Robert Bennett Bean François Bernier Renato Biasutti Johann Friedrich Blumenbach Franz Boas Daniel Garrison Brinton Paul Broca Alice Mossie Brues Halfdan Bryn Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon Charles Caldwell Petrus Camper Samuel A. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Buffon (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffon_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Comte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count"},{"link_name":"[ʒɔʁʒ lwi ləklɛʁ kɔ̃t də byfɔ̃]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"link_name":"naturalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_history"},{"link_name":"mathematician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematician"},{"link_name":"cosmologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmology"},{"link_name":"Jardin des plantes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jardin_des_plantes"},{"link_name":"Jean-Baptiste Lamarck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Lamarck"},{"link_name":"Georges Cuvier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Cuvier"},{"link_name":"quarto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarto"},{"link_name":"Histoire Naturelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_Naturelle"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Ernst Mayr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Mayr"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mayrp330-2"},{"link_name":"ecological succession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_succession"},{"link_name":"University of Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Paris"},{"link_name":"geological history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_geology"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"For other people named Buffon, see Buffon (disambiguation).Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon (French: [ʒɔʁʒ lwi ləklɛʁ kɔ̃t də byfɔ̃]; 7 September 1707 – 16 April 1788) was a French naturalist, mathematician, and cosmologist. He held the position of intendant (director) at the Jardin du Roi, now called the Jardin des plantes.Buffon's works influenced the next two generations of naturalists, including two prominent French scientists Jean-Baptiste Lamarck and Georges Cuvier. Buffon published thirty-six quarto volumes of his Histoire Naturelle during his lifetime, with additional volumes based on his notes and further research being published in the two decades following his death.[1]Ernst Mayr wrote that \"Truly, Buffon was the father of all thought in natural history in the second half of the 18th century\".[2] Credited with being one of the first naturalists to recognize ecological succession, he was later forced by the theology committee at the University of Paris to recant his theories about geological history and animal evolution because they contradicted the biblical narrative of Creation.[3][4]","title":"Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Montbard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montbard"},{"link_name":"Burgundy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgundy"},{"link_name":"salt tax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_tax"},{"link_name":"Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicily"},{"link_name":"Buffon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffon,_C%C3%B4te-d%27Or"},{"link_name":"University of Angers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Angers"},{"link_name":"Duke of Kingston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evelyn_Pierrepont,_2nd_Duke_of_Kingston-upon-Hull"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"livres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_livre"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Georges Louis Leclerc (later Comte de Buffon) was born at Montbard, in the province of Burgundy to Benjamin François Leclerc, a minor local official in charge of the salt tax and Anne-Christine Marlin also from a family of civil servants. Georges was named after his mother's uncle (his godfather) Georges Blaisot, the tax-farmer of the Duke of Savoy for all of Sicily. In 1714 Blaisot died childless, leaving a considerable fortune to his seven-year-old godson. Benjamin Leclerc then purchased an estate containing the nearby village of Buffon and moved the family to Dijon acquiring various offices there as well as a seat in the Dijon Parlement.Georges attended the Jesuit College of Godrans in Dijon from the age of ten onwards. From 1723 to 1726 he then studied law in Dijon, the prerequisite for continuing the family tradition in civil service. In 1728 Georges left Dijon to study mathematics and medicine at the University of Angers in France. At Angers in 1730 he made the acquaintance of the young English Duke of Kingston, who was on his grand tour of Europe, and traveled with him on a large and expensive entourage for a year and a half through southern France and parts of Italy.[5]There are persistent but completely undocumented rumors from this period about duels, abductions and secret trips to England. In 1732 after the death of his mother and before the impending remarriage of his father, Georges left Kingston and returned to Dijon to secure his inheritance. Having added 'de Buffon' to his name while traveling with the Duke, he repurchased the village of Buffon, which his father had meanwhile sold off. With a fortune of about 80,000 livres Buffon set himself up in Paris to pursue science, at first primarily mathematics and mechanics, and the increase of his fortune.[6]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fran%C3%A7oise_Foliot_-_Buffon_-_Microscope_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Voltaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltaire"},{"link_name":"Faubourg Saint-Germain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faubourg_Saint-Germain"},{"link_name":"Gilles-François Boulduc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilles-Fran%C3%A7ois_Boulduc"},{"link_name":"Royal Garden of Plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jardin_des_plantes"},{"link_name":"Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Academy_of_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"calculus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculus"},{"link_name":"probability theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability_theory"},{"link_name":"Buffon's needle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffon%27s_needle_problem"},{"link_name":"probability theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability_theory"},{"link_name":"French Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Academy_of_Sciences"},{"link_name":"Gabriel Cramer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Cramer"},{"link_name":"Maurepas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Ph%C3%A9lypeaux,_Count_of_Maurepas"},{"link_name":"wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood"},{"link_name":"Jardin du Roi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jardin_des_plantes#The_Buffon_period_(1739-1788)"},{"link_name":"Académie Française","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_Fran%C3%A7aise"},{"link_name":"American Philosophical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Jean le Rond d'Alembert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_le_Rond_d%27Alembert"},{"link_name":"count","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count"},{"link_name":"American Academy of Arts and Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AAAS-10"},{"link_name":"French Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution"},{"link_name":"heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart"},{"link_name":"Suzanne Necker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzanne_Curchod"},{"link_name":"Jacques Necker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Necker"},{"link_name":"cerebellum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebellum"},{"link_name":"Pajou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustin_Pajou"},{"link_name":"Louis XVI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XVI"},{"link_name":"Museum of Natural History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_Natural_History,_France"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"}],"text":"Buffon's microscopeIn 1732 he moved to Paris, where he made the acquaintance of Voltaire and other intellectuals. He lived in the Faubourg Saint-Germain, with Gilles-François Boulduc, first apothecary of the King, professor of chemistry at the Royal Garden of Plants, member of the Academy of Sciences.[7] He first made his mark in the field of mathematics and, in his Sur le jeu de franc-carreau (On the game of fair-square), introduced differential and integral calculus into probability theory; the problem of Buffon's needle in probability theory is named after him. In 1734 he was admitted to the French Academy of Sciences. During this period he corresponded with the Swiss mathematician Gabriel Cramer.His protector Maurepas had asked the Academy of Sciences to do research on wood for the construction of ships in 1733. Soon afterward, Buffon began a long-term study, performing some of the most comprehensive tests to date on the mechanical properties of wood. Included were a series of tests to compare the properties of small specimens with those of large members. After carefully testing more than a thousand small specimens without knots or other defects, Buffon concluded that it was not possible to extrapolate to the properties of full-size timbers, and he began a series of tests on full-size structural members.In 1739 he was appointed head of the Parisian Jardin du Roi with the help of Maurepas; he held this position to the end of his life. Buffon was instrumental in transforming the Jardin du Roi into a major research center and museum. He also enlarged it, arranging the purchase of adjoining plots of land and acquiring new botanical and zoological specimens from all over the world.Thanks to his talent as a writer, he was invited to join Paris's second great academy, the Académie Française in 1753 and then in 1768 he was elected to the American Philosophical Society.[8] In his Discours sur le style (\"Discourse on Style\"), pronounced before the Académie française, he said, \"Writing well consists of thinking, feeling and expressing well, of clarity of mind, soul and taste ... The style is the man himself\" (\"Le style c'est l'homme même\").[9] Unfortunately for him, Buffon's reputation as a literary stylist also gave ammunition to his detractors: the mathematician Jean le Rond d'Alembert, for example, called him \"the great phrase-monger\".In 1752 Buffon married Marie-Françoise de Saint-Belin-Malain, the daughter of an impoverished noble family from Burgundy, who had been enrolled in the convent school run by his sister. Madame de Buffon's second child, a son born in 1764, survived childhood; she herself died in 1769. When in 1772 Buffon became seriously ill and the promise that his son (then only 8) should succeed him as director of the Jardin became clearly impracticable and was withdrawn, the King raised Buffon's estates in Burgundy to the status of a county – and thus Buffon (and his son) became a count. He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1782.[10] Buffon died in Paris in 1788.He was buried in a chapel adjacent to the church of Sainte-Urse Montbard; during the French Revolution, his tomb was broken into and the lead that covered the coffin was ransacked to produce bullets. His heart was initially saved, as it was guarded by Suzanne Necker (wife of Jacques Necker), but was later lost. Today, only Buffon's cerebellum remains, as it is kept in the base of the statue by Pajou that Louis XVI had commissioned in his honor in 1776, located at the Museum of Natural History in Paris.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GLBuffon.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jardin des plantes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jardin_des_plantes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Montbard_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Buffon_-_Preuves_de_la_th%C3%A9orie_de_la_Terre.jpg"},{"link_name":"Montbard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montbard"},{"link_name":"Côte-d'Or","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4te-d%27Or"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_Naturelle"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mayrp330-2"},{"link_name":"Louis Jean-Marie Daubenton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Jean-Marie_Daubenton"},{"link_name":"Montesquieu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montesquieu"},{"link_name":"Rousseau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau"},{"link_name":"Voltaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltaire"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Carl Linnaeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus"},{"link_name":"pre-existence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preformationism"},{"link_name":"biogeography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogeography"},{"link_name":"quadrupeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrupedalism"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"transformist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmutation_of_species"},{"link_name":"Darwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin"},{"link_name":"climate change","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_variability_and_change"},{"link_name":"common descent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_descent"},{"link_name":"James Burnett, Lord Monboddo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Burnett,_Lord_Monboddo"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Buffon-1.jpg"},{"link_name":"New World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_World"},{"link_name":"Eurasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasia"},{"link_name":"Thomas Jefferson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson"},{"link_name":"New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"moose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moose"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bullmoose-14"},{"link_name":"Solar System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_System"},{"link_name":"comet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comet"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Earth originated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Earth"},{"link_name":"James Ussher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Ussher"},{"link_name":"iron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron"},{"link_name":"Petit Fontenet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Petit_Fontenet.JPG"},{"link_name":"Montbard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montbard"},{"link_name":"Sorbonne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Paris"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"mammoths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammoth"},{"link_name":"rhinos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinoceros"},{"link_name":"continental drift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_drift"}],"text":"Statue of Buffon in the Jardin des plantes\"Preuves de la théorie de la Terre\", in the Buffon Museum, Montbard, Côte-d'Or, FranceBuffon's Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière (1749–1788: in 36 volumes; an additional volume based on his notes appeared in 1789) was originally intended to cover all three \"kingdoms\" of nature but the Histoire naturelle ended up being limited to the animal and mineral kingdoms, and the animals covered were only the birds and quadrupeds. \"Written in a brilliant style, this work was read ... by every educated person in Europe\".[2] Those who assisted him in the production of this great work included Louis Jean-Marie Daubenton, Philibert Guéneau de Montbeillard, and Gabriel-Léopold Bexon, along with numerous artists. Buffon's Histoire naturelle was translated into many different languages, making him one of the most widely read authors of the day, a rival to Montesquieu, Rousseau, and Voltaire.[11]In the opening volumes of the Histoire naturelle Buffon questioned the usefulness of mathematics, criticized Carl Linnaeus's taxonomical approach to natural history, outlined a history of the Earth with little relation to the Biblical account, and proposed a theory of reproduction that ran counter to the prevailing theory of pre-existence. The early volumes were condemned by the Faculty of Theology at the Sorbonne. Buffon published a retraction, but he continued publishing the offending volumes without any change.In the course of his examination of the animal world, Buffon noted that despite similar environments, different regions have distinct plants and animals, a concept later known as Buffon's Law. This is considered to be the first principle of biogeography. He made the suggestion that species may have both \"improved\" and \"degenerated\" after dispersing from a center of creation. In volume 14 he argued that all the world's quadrupeds had developed from an original set of just thirty-eight quadrupeds.[12] On this basis, he is sometimes considered a \"transformist\" and a precursor of Darwin. He also asserted that climate change may have facilitated the worldwide spread of species from their centers of origin. Still, interpreting his ideas on the subject is not simple, for he returned to topics many times in the course of his work.Buffon considered the similarities between humans and apes, but ultimately rejected the possibility of a common descent. He debated with James Burnett, Lord Monboddo on the relationship of the primates to man, Monboddo insisting, against Buffon, on a close relationship.[13]Volumes 1-12 of a 1774 edition of Supplement to Histoire Naturelle, Générale et ParticulièreAt one point, Buffon propounded a theory that nature in the New World was inferior to that of Eurasia. He argued that the Americas were lacking in large and powerful creatures, and that even the people were less virile than their European counterparts. He ascribed this inferiority to the marsh odors and dense forests of the American continent. These remarks so incensed Thomas Jefferson that he dispatched twenty soldiers to the New Hampshire woods to find a bull moose for Buffon as proof of the \"stature and majesty of American quadrupeds\".[14]In Les époques de la nature (1778) Buffon discussed the origins of the Solar System, speculating that the planets had been created by a comet's collision with the Sun.[15] He also suggested that the Earth originated much earlier than 4004 BC, the date determined by Archbishop James Ussher. Basing his figures on the cooling rate of iron tested at his Laboratory the Petit Fontenet at Montbard, he calculated that the age of the Earth was 75,000 years. Once again, his ideas were condemned by the Sorbonne, and once again he issued a retraction to avoid further problems.[16]Buffon knew of the existence of extinct species as mammoths or european rhinos. And some of his assumptions have inspired current models, such as continental drift.","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Buffon,_Georges_Louis_-_Leclerc,_comte_de_%E2%80%93_Histoire_naturelle,_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_et_particuli%C3%A9re,_1763_%E2%80%93_BEIC_8822844.jpg"},{"link_name":"Histoire naturelle, générale et particuliére","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=8815035"},{"link_name":"Histoire naturelle, générale et particuliére","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=8816784"},{"link_name":"Histoire naturelle, générale et particuliére","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=8818623"},{"link_name":"Histoire naturelle, générale et particuliére","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=8819928"},{"link_name":"Histoire naturelle, générale et particuliére","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=8821365"},{"link_name":"Histoire naturelle, générale et particuliére","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=8822844"},{"link_name":"Histoire naturelle, générale et particuliére","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=8824341"},{"link_name":"Histoire naturelle, générale et particuliére","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=8825994"},{"link_name":"Histoire naturelle, générale et particuliére","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=8827791"},{"link_name":"Histoire naturelle, générale et particuliére","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=8829318"}],"sub_title":"Publications","text":"Histoire naturelle, générale et particuliére, Title page of the 10th volume (1763)Histoire naturelle, générale et particuliére (in French). Vol. 3. Paris: Imprimerie Royale. 1749.\nHistoire naturelle, générale et particuliére (in French). Vol. 4. Paris: Imprimerie Royale. 1753.\nHistoire naturelle, générale et particuliére (in French). Vol. 5. Paris: Imprimerie Royale. 1755.\nHistoire naturelle, générale et particuliére (in French). Vol. 6. Paris: Imprimerie Royale. 1756.\nHistoire naturelle, générale et particuliére (in French). Vol. 7. Paris: Imprimerie Royale. 1756.\nHistoire naturelle, générale et particuliére (in French). Vol. 10. Paris: Imprimerie Royale. 1763.\nHistoire naturelle, générale et particuliére (in French). Vol. 11. Paris: Imprimerie Royale. 1754.\nHistoire naturelle, générale et particuliére (in French). Vol. 13. Paris: Imprimerie Royale. 1765.\nHistoire naturelle, générale et particuliére (in French). Vol. 14. Paris: Imprimerie Royale. 1766.\nHistoire naturelle, générale et particuliére (in French). Vol. 15. Paris: Imprimerie Royale. 1767.","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scientific racism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_racism"},{"link_name":"Johann Blumenbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Blumenbach"},{"link_name":"monogenism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monogenism"},{"link_name":"Adam and Eve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_and_Eve"},{"link_name":"Caucasian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasian_race"},{"link_name":"degeneration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_degeneration"},{"link_name":"Caucasian race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasian_race"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harris-17"},{"link_name":"pigmentation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigment"},{"link_name":"Eskimos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskimo"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_people"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harris-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Asia hypothesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asia_hypothesis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caspian Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspian_Sea"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"See also: Scientific racismBuffon and Johann Blumenbach were believers in monogenism, the concept that all races have a single origin. They also believed in the \"degeneration theory\" of racial origins. They both said that Adam and Eve were Caucasian and that other races came about by degeneration from environmental factors, such as the sun and poor diet. They believed that the degeneration could be reversed if proper environmental control was taken, and that all contemporary forms of man could revert to the original Caucasian race.[17]Buffon and Blumenbach claimed that pigmentation arose because of the heat of the tropical sun. They suggested cold wind caused the tawny colour of the Eskimos. They thought the Chinese relatively fair-skinned compared to the other Asian stocks because they kept mostly in towns and were protected from environmental factors. Buffon said that food and the mode of living could make races degenerate and distinguish them from the original Caucasian race.[17]Believing in monogenism, Buffon thought that skin color could change in a single lifetime, depending on the conditions of climate and diet.[18]Buffon was an advocate of the Asia hypothesis; in his Histoire Naturelle, he argued that humans' birthplace must be in a high temperate zone. As he believed good climate conditions would breed healthy humans, he hypothesized that the most logical place to look for the first humans' existence would be in Asia and around the Caspian Sea region.[19]","title":"Racial studies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charles Darwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin"},{"link_name":"On the Origin of Species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Origin_of_Species"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Ernst Mayr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Mayr"},{"link_name":"comparative anatomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_anatomy"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mayrp330-2"},{"link_name":"struggle for existence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Struggle_for_existence"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"heredity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heredity"},{"link_name":"pangenesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangenesis"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"Charles Darwin wrote in his preliminary historical sketch added to the third edition of On the Origin of Species: \"Passing over ... Buffon, with whose writings I am not familiar\". Then, from the fourth edition onwards, he amended this to say that \"the first author who in modern times has treated it [evolution] in a scientific spirit was Buffon. But as his opinions fluctuated greatly at different periods, and as he does not enter on the causes or means of the transformation of species, I need not here enter on details\".[20] Buffon's work on degeneration, however, was immensely influential on later scholars but was overshadowed by strong moral overtones.[21]The paradox of Buffon is that, according to Ernst Mayr:He was not an evolutionary biologist, yet he was the father of evolutionism. He was the first person to discuss a large number of evolutionary problems, problems that before Buffon had not been raised by anybody ... he brought them to the attention of the scientific world.\nExcept for Aristotle and Darwin, no other student of organisms [whole animals and plants] has had as far-reaching an influence.\n\nHe brought the idea of evolution into the realm of science. He developed a concept of the \"unity of type\", a precursor of comparative anatomy. More than anyone else, he was responsible for the acceptance of a long-time scale for the history of the earth. He was one of the first to imply that you get inheritance from your parents, in a description based on similarities between elephants and mammoths. And yet, he hindered evolution by his frequent endorsement of the immutability of species. He provided a criterion of species, fertility among members of a species, that was thought impregnable.[2]Buffon wrote about the concept of struggle for existence.[22] He developed a system of heredity which was similar to Darwin's hypothesis of pangenesis.[23] Commenting on Buffon's views, Darwin stated, \"If Buffon had assumed that his organic molecules had been formed by each separate unit throughout the body, his view and mine would have been very closely similar.\"[24]","title":"Relevance to modern biology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2-7453-1601-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7453-1601-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2-7453-1729-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7453-1729-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2-7453-1730-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7453-1730-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2-7453-1928-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7453-1928-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2-7453-2057-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7453-2057-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2-7453-2150-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7453-2150-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2-7453-2239-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7453-2239-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2-7453-2615-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7453-2615-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2-7453-2994-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7453-2994-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2-7453-3456-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7453-3456-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2-7453-4730-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7453-4730-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2-7453-4732-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7453-4732-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Buffon-2.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Buffon-1-2.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Buffon-1-3.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Buffon-2-1.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Buffon-2-2.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Buffon-2-3.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Buffon-2-4.jpg"}],"text":"Buffon, Œuvres, ed. S. Schmitt and C. Crémière, Paris: Gallimard, 2007.Complete worksVol 1. Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière, avec la description du Cabinet du Roy. Tome I (1749). Texte établi, introduit et annoté par Stéphane Schmitt avec la collaboration de Cédric Crémière, Paris: Honoré Champion, 2007, 1376 p. (ISBN 978-2-7453-1601-1)\nVol 2. Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière avec la participation du Cabinet du Roy. Tome II. Texte établi, introduit et annoté par Stéphane Schmitt, avec la collaboration de Cédric Crémière, Paris: Honoré Champion, 2008, 808 p. (ISBN 978-2-7453-1729-2)\nVol 3. Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière, avec la description du Cabinet du Roy. Texte établi, introduit et annoté par Stéphane Schmitt avec la collaboration de Cédric Crémière. Tome III (1749), Paris: Honoré Champion, 2009, 776 p. (ISBN 978-2-7453-1730-8)\nVol 4. Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière, avec la description du Cabinet du Roi. Texte établi, introduit et annoté par Stéphane Schmitt avec la collaboration de Cédric Crémière. Tome IV (1753), Paris: Honoré Champion, 2010. 1 vol., 864 p. (ISBN 978-2-7453-1928-9)\nVol 5. Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière, avec la description du Cabinet du Roi. Texte établi, introduit et annoté par Stéphane Schmitt avec la collaboration de Cédric Crémière. Tome V (1755), Paris: Honoré Champion, 2010. 1 vol., 536 p. (ISBN 978-2-7453-2057-5)\nVol 6. Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière, avec la description du Cabinet du Roi. Texte établi, introduit et annoté par Stéphane Schmitt avec la collaboration de Cédric Crémière. Tome VI (1756), Paris: Honoré Champion, 2011. 1 vol., 504 p. (ISBN 978-2-7453-2150-3)\nVol. 7. Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière, avec la description du Cabinet du Roi. Texte établi, introduit et annoté par Stéphane Schmitt avec la collaboration de Cédric Crémière. Tome VII (1758), Paris: Honoré Champion, 2011. 1 vol., 544 p. (ISBN 978-2-7453-2239-5)\nVol. 8. Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière, avec la description du Cabinet du Roi. Texte établi, introduit et annoté par Stéphane Schmitt avec la collaboration de Cédric Crémière. Tome VIII (1760), Paris: Honoré Champion, 2014, 640 p. (ISBN 978-2-7453-2615-7)\nVol. 9. Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière, avec la description du Cabinet du Roi. Texte établi, introduit et annoté par Stéphane Schmitt avec la collaboration de Cédric Crémière. Tome IX (1761), Paris: Honoré Champion, 2016, 720 p. (ISBN 978-2-7453-2994-3)\nVol. 10. Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière, avec la description du Cabinet du Roi. Texte établi, introduit et annoté par Stéphane Schmitt avec la collaboration de Cédric Crémière. Tome X (1763), Paris: Honoré Champion, 2017, 814 p. (ISBN 978-2-7453-3456-5)\nVol. 11. Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière, avec la description du Cabinet du Roi. Texte établi, introduit et annoté par Stéphane Schmitt avec la collaboration de Cédric Crémière. Tome XI (1764), Paris: Honoré Champion, 2018, 724 p. (ISBN 978-2-7453-4730-5)\nVol. 12. Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière, avec la description du Cabinet du Roi. Texte établi, introduit et annoté par Stéphane Schmitt avec la collaboration de Cédric Crémière. Tome XII (1764), Paris: Honoré Champion, 2018, 810 p. (ISBN 978-2-7453-4732-9)\nVol. 13. Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière, avec la description du Cabinet du Roi. Texte établi, introduit et annoté par Stéphane Schmitt avec la collaboration de Cédric Crémière. Tome XIII (1765), Paris: Honoré Champion, 2019, 887 p.\nVol. 14. Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière, avec la description du Cabinet du Roi. Texte établi, introduit et annoté par Stéphane Schmitt avec la collaboration de Cédric Crémière. Tome XIV (1768), Paris: Honoré Champion, 2020, 605 p.\nVol. 15. Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière, avec la description du Cabinet du Roi. Texte établi, introduit et annoté par Stéphane Schmitt avec la collaboration de Cédric Crémière. Tome XV (1767), Paris: Honoré Champion, 2021, 764 p.1774 edition of Histoire Naturelle, Générale et Particulière\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFrontispiece of a 1774 edition of Histoire Naturelle, Générale et Particulière\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTable of contents of a 1774 edition of Histoire Naturelle, Générale et Particulière\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t1792 English translation of Buffon's Natural History\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTitle page of a 1792 English translation of Buffon's Natural History\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTable of contents page of a 1792 English translation of Buffon's Natural History\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPreface for a 1792 English translation of Buffon's Natural History","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rue Buffon, Dijon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.monnuage.fr/point-d-interet/la-rue-buffon-a104424"}],"text":"rue Buffon, Dijon","title":"Eponyms of Buffon"}]
[{"image_text":"Buffon's microscope","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Fran%C3%A7oise_Foliot_-_Buffon_-_Microscope_1.jpg/220px-Fran%C3%A7oise_Foliot_-_Buffon_-_Microscope_1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Statue of Buffon in the Jardin des plantes","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/GLBuffon.jpg/170px-GLBuffon.jpg"},{"image_text":"\"Preuves de la théorie de la Terre\", in the Buffon Museum, Montbard, Côte-d'Or, France","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Montbard_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Buffon_-_Preuves_de_la_th%C3%A9orie_de_la_Terre.jpg/200px-Montbard_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Buffon_-_Preuves_de_la_th%C3%A9orie_de_la_Terre.jpg"},{"image_text":"Volumes 1-12 of a 1774 edition of Supplement to Histoire Naturelle, Générale et Particulière","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Buffon-1.jpg/220px-Buffon-1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Histoire naturelle, générale et particuliére, Title page of the 10th volume (1763)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Buffon%2C_Georges_Louis_-_Leclerc%2C_comte_de_%E2%80%93_Histoire_naturelle%2C_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_et_particuli%C3%A9re%2C_1763_%E2%80%93_BEIC_8822844.jpg/220px-Buffon%2C_Georges_Louis_-_Leclerc%2C_comte_de_%E2%80%93_Histoire_naturelle%2C_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_et_particuli%C3%A9re%2C_1763_%E2%80%93_BEIC_8822844.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Scientific Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_Revolution"},{"title":"Suites à Buffon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suites_%C3%A0_Buffon"},{"title":"Buffon's needle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffon%27s_needle_problem"},{"title":"Rejection sampling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rejection_sampling"}]
[{"reference":"Histoire naturelle, générale et particuliére (in French). Vol. 3. Paris: Imprimerie Royale. 1749.","urls":[{"url":"https://gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=8815035","url_text":"Histoire naturelle, générale et particuliére"}]},{"reference":"Histoire naturelle, générale et particuliére (in French). Vol. 4. Paris: Imprimerie Royale. 1753.","urls":[{"url":"https://gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=8816784","url_text":"Histoire naturelle, générale et particuliére"}]},{"reference":"Histoire naturelle, générale et particuliére (in French). Vol. 5. Paris: Imprimerie Royale. 1755.","urls":[{"url":"https://gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=8818623","url_text":"Histoire naturelle, générale et particuliére"}]},{"reference":"Histoire naturelle, générale et particuliére (in French). Vol. 6. Paris: Imprimerie Royale. 1756.","urls":[{"url":"https://gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=8819928","url_text":"Histoire naturelle, générale et particuliére"}]},{"reference":"Histoire naturelle, générale et particuliére (in French). Vol. 7. Paris: Imprimerie Royale. 1756.","urls":[{"url":"https://gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=8821365","url_text":"Histoire naturelle, générale et particuliére"}]},{"reference":"Histoire naturelle, générale et particuliére (in French). Vol. 10. Paris: Imprimerie Royale. 1763.","urls":[{"url":"https://gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=8822844","url_text":"Histoire naturelle, générale et particuliére"}]},{"reference":"Histoire naturelle, générale et particuliére (in French). Vol. 11. Paris: Imprimerie Royale. 1754.","urls":[{"url":"https://gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=8824341","url_text":"Histoire naturelle, générale et particuliére"}]},{"reference":"Histoire naturelle, générale et particuliére (in French). Vol. 13. Paris: Imprimerie Royale. 1765.","urls":[{"url":"https://gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=8825994","url_text":"Histoire naturelle, générale et particuliére"}]},{"reference":"Histoire naturelle, générale et particuliére (in French). Vol. 14. Paris: Imprimerie Royale. 1766.","urls":[{"url":"https://gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=8827791","url_text":"Histoire naturelle, générale et particuliére"}]},{"reference":"Histoire naturelle, générale et particuliére (in French). Vol. 15. Paris: Imprimerie Royale. 1767.","urls":[{"url":"https://gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=8829318","url_text":"Histoire naturelle, générale et particuliére"}]},{"reference":"Farber, Paul (2000). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Martin_(footballer,_born_1923)
Alan Martin (footballer, born 1923)
["1 Career","2 Style of play","3 Career statistics","4 Honours","5 References"]
English footballer For the Australian player, see Alan Martin (Australian rules footballer). Alan MartinPersonal informationFull name John Alan MartinDate of birth (1923-11-23)23 November 1923Place of birth Smallthorne, EnglandDate of death 2004 (aged 80–81)Position(s) Half-back / Inside-forwardYouth career Nettlebank VillaSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)1941–1951 Port Vale 169 (28)1951–1955 Stoke City 104 (6)1955–1957 Bangor City 1957–1959 Port Vale 19 (0) Northwich Victoria Total 292 (34)Managerial career Northwich Victoria *Club domestic league appearances and goals John Alan Martin (23 November 1923 – 2004) was an English footballer who played as a half-back and inside-forward. A pacey and intelligent player, he scored 94 goals in 292 league appearances in eleven years in the Football League. He began his career at Port Vale, turning professional in December 1942. He was sold to Stoke City in exchange for Albert Mullard and £10,000 in September 1951, and played First Division football for the "Potters". He spent 1955 to 1957 at Bangor City, before re-joining Port Vale in July 1957. He helped the "Valiants" to win the Fourth Division title in 1958–59, before moving on to Northwich Victoria. Career Martin joined Port Vale in February 1941 as an amateur, signing professional forms in December 1942. He played 14 Third Division South games in 1946–47. He scored his first senior goals at The Old Recreation Ground in a 4–1 win over Ipswich Town on 1 November 1947, and was an ever-present throughout the 1947–48 campaign, scoring eight goals. He again played every minute of the 1948–49 season, and also bagged seven goals. He scored eight goals in 28 games in 1949–50, and five goals in 46 games in 1950–51. Manager Gordon Hodgson died in June 1951, and his replacement, Ivor Powell, sold Martin to Potteries derby rivals to Stoke City in exchange for Albert Mullard and £10,000 in September 1951. This was a club record for Stoke. Martin scored twice in 34 First Division games in 1951–52, as the "Potters" narrowly avoided relegation under Bob McGrory. However, relegation was not avoided in 1952–53 under new boss Frank Taylor, with Martin scoring four goals in 30 appearances. He made 38 Second Division appearances in 1953–54 but featured just six times in 1954–55, and left the Victoria Ground for Welsh club Bangor City. Martin returned to Burslem to re-sign for Port Vale on non-contract terms in July 1957; the club were now playing at Vale Park and managed by Norman Low, though were still in the Third Division South. He featured just three times in 1957–58, but made 16 appearances in the Fourth Division title winning season of 1958–59. He then left the club to become player-manager of Northwich Victoria, and also spent time coaching the Vale juniors. Style of play Former teammate Roy Sproson said that: "Alan's assets were his pace and good control. He was extremely good on the ball and a highly intelligent player too." Career statistics Source: Club Season Division League FA Cup Total Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Port Vale 1946–47 Third Division South 14 0 0 0 14 0 1947–48 Third Division South 42 8 1 0 43 8 1948–49 Third Division South 42 6 1 1 43 7 1949–50 Third Division South 24 7 4 1 28 8 1950–51 Third Division South 42 5 4 1 46 6 1951–52 Third Division South 5 2 0 0 5 2 Total 169 28 10 3 179 31 Stoke City 1951–52 First Division 34 2 4 0 38 2 1952–53 First Division 29 4 1 0 30 4 1953–54 Second Division 38 0 3 0 41 0 1954–55 Second Division 3 0 3 0 6 0 Total 104 6 11 0 115 6 Port Vale 1957–58 Third Division South 3 0 0 0 3 0 1958–59 Fourth Division 16 0 0 0 16 0 Total 19 0 0 0 19 0 Career total 292 34 21 2 313 36 Honours Port Vale Football League Fourth Division: 1958–59 References ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Kent, Jeff (1996). Port Vale Personalities. Witan Books. p. 185. ISBN 0-9529152-0-0. ^ "Record recruits made huge impacts to justify their big-money moves". The Sentinel Green 'Un. 6 February 2016. p. 7. ^ Matthews, Tony (1994). The Encyclopaedia of Stoke City. Lion Press. ISBN 0-9524151-0-0. ^ Harper, Chris (10 February 1975). "Sproson's Eleven". The Sentinel. Archived from the original on 19 November 2008. Retrieved 23 June 2009. ^ Alan Martin at the English National Football Archive (subscription required) ^ Kent, Jeff (1990). "Fame and Fortune (1950–1959)". The Valiants' Years: The Story of Port Vale. Witan Books. pp. 171–196. ISBN 0-9508981-4-7.
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He helped the \"Valiants\" to win the Fourth Division title in 1958–59, before moving on to Northwich Victoria.","title":"Alan Martin (footballer, born 1923)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Port Vale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Vale_F.C."},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kent-1"},{"link_name":"Third Division South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Third_Division_South"},{"link_name":"1946–47","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946%E2%80%9347_Port_Vale_F.C._season"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kent-1"},{"link_name":"The Old Recreation Ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Old_Recreation_Ground"},{"link_name":"Ipswich Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipswich_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"1947–48","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1947%E2%80%9348_Port_Vale_F.C._season"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kent-1"},{"link_name":"1948–49","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948%E2%80%9349_Port_Vale_F.C._season"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kent-1"},{"link_name":"1949–50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1949%E2%80%9350_Port_Vale_F.C._season"},{"link_name":"1950–51","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1950%E2%80%9351_Port_Vale_F.C._season"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kent-1"},{"link_name":"Manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manager_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Gordon Hodgson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Hodgson"},{"link_name":"Ivor Powell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivor_Powell"},{"link_name":"Potteries derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potteries_derby"},{"link_name":"Stoke City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoke_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"Albert Mullard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Mullard"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kent-1"},{"link_name":"club record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Stoke_City_F.C._records_and_statistics"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"First Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_First_Division"},{"link_name":"1951–52","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1951%E2%80%9352_Stoke_City_F.C._season"},{"link_name":"relegation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promotion_and_relegation"},{"link_name":"Bob McGrory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_McGrory"},{"link_name":"1952–53","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952%E2%80%9353_Stoke_City_F.C._season"},{"link_name":"Frank Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Taylor_(footballer,_born_1916)"},{"link_name":"Second Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Second_Division"},{"link_name":"1953–54","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953%E2%80%9354_Stoke_City_F.C._season"},{"link_name":"1954–55","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1954%E2%80%9355_Stoke_City_F.C._season"},{"link_name":"Victoria Ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Ground"},{"link_name":"Bangor City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangor_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Encyclopaedia_of_Stoke_City-3"},{"link_name":"Burslem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burslem"},{"link_name":"contract","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football_contracts"},{"link_name":"Vale Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vale_Park"},{"link_name":"Norman Low","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Low"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kent-1"},{"link_name":"1957–58","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1957%E2%80%9358_Port_Vale_F.C._season"},{"link_name":"Fourth Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Fourth_Division"},{"link_name":"1958–59","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1958%E2%80%9359_Port_Vale_F.C._season"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kent-1"},{"link_name":"player-manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Player-coach"},{"link_name":"Northwich Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwich_Victoria_F.C."},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kent-1"}],"text":"Martin joined Port Vale in February 1941 as an amateur, signing professional forms in December 1942.[1] He played 14 Third Division South games in 1946–47.[1] He scored his first senior goals at The Old Recreation Ground in a 4–1 win over Ipswich Town on 1 November 1947, and was an ever-present throughout the 1947–48 campaign, scoring eight goals.[1] He again played every minute of the 1948–49 season, and also bagged seven goals.[1] He scored eight goals in 28 games in 1949–50, and five goals in 46 games in 1950–51.[1] Manager Gordon Hodgson died in June 1951, and his replacement, Ivor Powell, sold Martin to Potteries derby rivals to Stoke City in exchange for Albert Mullard and £10,000 in September 1951.[1] This was a club record for Stoke.[2]Martin scored twice in 34 First Division games in 1951–52, as the \"Potters\" narrowly avoided relegation under Bob McGrory. However, relegation was not avoided in 1952–53 under new boss Frank Taylor, with Martin scoring four goals in 30 appearances. He made 38 Second Division appearances in 1953–54 but featured just six times in 1954–55, and left the Victoria Ground for Welsh club Bangor City.[3]Martin returned to Burslem to re-sign for Port Vale on non-contract terms in July 1957; the club were now playing at Vale Park and managed by Norman Low, though were still in the Third Division South.[1] He featured just three times in 1957–58, but made 16 appearances in the Fourth Division title winning season of 1958–59.[1] He then left the club to become player-manager of Northwich Victoria, and also spent time coaching the Vale juniors.[1]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roy Sproson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Sproson"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Former teammate Roy Sproson said that: \"Alan's assets were his pace and good control. He was extremely good on the ball and a highly intelligent player too.\"[4]","title":"Style of play"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Source:[5]","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Football League Fourth Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Fourth_Division"},{"link_name":"1958–59","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1958%E2%80%9359_Port_Vale_F.C._season"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kent5859-6"}],"text":"Port ValeFootball League Fourth Division: 1958–59[6]","title":"Honours"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Kent, Jeff (1996). Port Vale Personalities. Witan Books. p. 185. ISBN 0-9529152-0-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9529152-0-0","url_text":"0-9529152-0-0"}]},{"reference":"\"Record recruits made huge impacts to justify their big-money moves\". The Sentinel Green 'Un. 6 February 2016. p. 7.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Matthews, Tony (1994). The Encyclopaedia of Stoke City. Lion Press. ISBN 0-9524151-0-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9524151-0-0","url_text":"0-9524151-0-0"}]},{"reference":"Harper, Chris (10 February 1975). \"Sproson's Eleven\". The Sentinel. Archived from the original on 19 November 2008. Retrieved 23 June 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081119231734/http://www.sprosonfund.com/Stories/sproson%27seleven.html","url_text":"\"Sproson's Eleven\""},{"url":"http://www.sprosonfund.com/Stories/sproson%27seleven.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kent, Jeff (1990). \"Fame and Fortune (1950–1959)\". The Valiants' Years: The Story of Port Vale. Witan Books. pp. 171–196. ISBN 0-9508981-4-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9508981-4-7","url_text":"0-9508981-4-7"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081119231734/http://www.sprosonfund.com/Stories/sproson%27seleven.html","external_links_name":"\"Sproson's Eleven\""},{"Link":"http://www.sprosonfund.com/Stories/sproson%27seleven.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.enfa.co.uk/","external_links_name":"Alan Martin"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Church,_Carew
St Mary's Church, Carew
["1 Description","2 Tombs and memorials","3 References","4 Further reading","5 External links"]
Coordinates: 51°41′22″N 4°49′40″W / 51.6895°N 4.8278°W / 51.6895; -4.8278Church in WalesSt Mary's ChurchSt Mary's ChurchLocation in Pembrokeshire51°41′22″N 4°49′40″W / 51.6895°N 4.8278°W / 51.6895; -4.8278CountryWalesHistoryDedicationSt MaryArchitectureHeritage designationGrade IArchitectural typeChurch St Mary's Church, Carew, is the parish church of Carew, Pembrokeshire, Wales and a Grade I listed building. Lewis's Topographical Dictionary of Wales states that the church is dedicated to St John the Baptist, but the reason for this is unclear. The church is in the small village of Carew Cheriton in the southwest of the parish. Description The oldest surviving parts of the building are the chancel and transept, dating to the 14th century. The nave, aisles and porch are 15th century, with the tower dating from about 1500. The tower has angle buttresses, uncommon in Pembrokeshire, and in 1842 was noted as having turrets (pinnacles) and a spire. The pinnacles were removed in the 19th century and the spire in the 20th century. A number of other alterations, externally and internally, were made during the 19th century, including to roofing and windows. Tombs and memorials In the chancel are the tombs of Sir Nicholas de Carew (died 1311, who built the Edwardian castle) and Sir John and Elizabeth Carew. There are memorials to members of the Allen and other leading families. The west window is an 1857 Crimea memorial. Old Mortuary Chapel In the churchyard is the Old Mortuary Chapel, also Grade I listed. References ^ a b c d "British Listed Buildings: Church Of St. Mary, Carew". Retrieved 10 May 2016. ^ Cadw. "Church of St Mary, Carew (Grade I) (6007)". National Historic Assets of Wales. Retrieved 30 July 2019. ^ "GENUKI: Carew 1833". Retrieved 17 November 2018. ^ "GENUKI Parish maps: Carew (map 144)". Retrieved 10 May 2016. ^ "British Listed Buildings: Old Mortuary Chapel". Retrieved 17 November 2018. Further reading R Scourfield, History of St Mary's Church, Carew (1994); W G Spurrell, History of Carew (1921), pp. 44–57, 81–87, 89–94, 103–130 External links Official website Historical information and further sources on GENUKI
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carew, Pembrokeshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carew,_Pembrokeshire"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"listed building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listed_building"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BLB-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GENUKI-3"},{"link_name":"Carew Cheriton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carew_Cheriton&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Church in WalesSt Mary's Church, Carew, is the parish church of Carew, Pembrokeshire, Wales and a Grade I listed building.[1][2] Lewis's Topographical Dictionary of Wales states that the church is dedicated to St John the Baptist, but the reason for this is unclear.[3] The church is in the small village of Carew Cheriton in the southwest of the parish.[4]","title":"St Mary's Church, Carew"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pembrokeshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembrokeshire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BLB-1"}],"text":"The oldest surviving parts of the building are the chancel and transept, dating to the 14th century. The nave, aisles and porch are 15th century, with the tower dating from about 1500. The tower has angle buttresses, uncommon in Pembrokeshire, and in 1842 was noted as having turrets (pinnacles) and a spire. The pinnacles were removed in the 19th century and the spire in the 20th century. A number of other alterations, externally and internally, were made during the 19th century, including to roofing and windows.[1]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BLB-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St_Marys_Mortuary_Chapel_Carew_Cheriton.jpg"},{"link_name":"Old Mortuary Chapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Mortuary_Chapel,_Carew"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BLB-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"In the chancel are the tombs of Sir Nicholas de Carew (died 1311, who built the Edwardian castle) and Sir John and Elizabeth Carew. There are memorials to members of the Allen and other leading families. The west window is an 1857 Crimea memorial.[1]Old Mortuary ChapelIn the churchyard is the Old Mortuary Chapel, also Grade I listed.[1][5]","title":"Tombs and memorials"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"R Scourfield, History of St Mary's Church, Carew (1994);\nW G Spurrell, History of Carew (1921), pp. 44–57, 81–87, 89–94, 103–130","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Old Mortuary Chapel","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/St_Marys_Mortuary_Chapel_Carew_Cheriton.jpg/220px-St_Marys_Mortuary_Chapel_Carew_Cheriton.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"British Listed Buildings: Church Of St. Mary, Carew\". Retrieved 10 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/wa-6007-church-of-st-mary-carew","url_text":"\"British Listed Buildings: Church Of St. Mary, Carew\""}]},{"reference":"Cadw. \"Church of St Mary, Carew (Grade I) (6007)\". National Historic Assets of Wales. Retrieved 30 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadw","url_text":"Cadw"},{"url":"https://cadwpublic-api.azurewebsites.net/reports/listedbuilding/FullReport?lang=en&id=6007","url_text":"\"Church of St Mary, Carew (Grade I) (6007)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Historic_Assets_of_Wales","url_text":"National Historic Assets of Wales"}]},{"reference":"\"GENUKI: Carew 1833\". Retrieved 17 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.genuki.org.uk/big/wal/PEM/Carew/Carew1833","url_text":"\"GENUKI: Carew 1833\""}]},{"reference":"\"GENUKI Parish maps: Carew (map 144)\". Retrieved 10 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.genuki.org.uk/files/wal/PEM/Redberth/ParishMap.html","url_text":"\"GENUKI Parish maps: Carew (map 144)\""}]},{"reference":"\"British Listed Buildings: Old Mortuary Chapel\". Retrieved 17 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/300005945-old-mortuary-chapel-carew#.W_AAF3r7TfY","url_text":"\"British Listed Buildings: Old Mortuary Chapel\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahmanabad,_Irandegan
Rahmanabad, Irandegan
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 27°40′47″N 61°03′14″E / 27.67972°N 61.05389°E / 27.67972; 61.05389Village in Sistan and Baluchestan, IranRahmanabad رحمان ابادvillageRahmanabadCoordinates: 27°40′47″N 61°03′14″E / 27.67972°N 61.05389°E / 27.67972; 61.05389Country IranProvinceSistan and BaluchestanCountyKhashBakhshIrandeganRural DistrictKahnukPopulation (2006) • Total125Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST) • Summer (DST)UTC+4:30 (IRDT) Rahmanabad (Persian: رحمان اباد, also Romanized as Raḩmānābād) is a village in Kahnuk Rural District, Irandegan District, Khash County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 125, in 33 families. References ^ Rahmanabad can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "10531149" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database". ^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20. vte Khash CountyCapital Khash DistrictsCentralCities Khash Rural Districts and villagesEsmailabad Abbasabad Akbarabad Aliabad Chah-e Sam Eftekharabad Esmailabad Espidak Gharibabad Hajjiabad Hajjiabad-e Esmailabad Hasanabad Industrial Estate Kalchat-e Heydarabad Karimabad-e Kheybar Karuji Khash Garrison Khosrowabad Mahmudabad Mashay-e Dasht Kalla Chat Menab Ab Mohammadabad Mohammadabad Mowtowr-e Davazdah Bahman Mowtowr-e Davazdah Farurdin Mowtowr-e Fajr Mowtowr-e Hajj Azim Gangu Zehi Mowtowr-e Hajji Gaza Beyk Mowtowr-e Hajji Hanif Mowtowr-e Jamhuri Mowtowr-e Jehad Mowtowr-e Nazer Mowtowr-e Panzdah Khordad Najafabad Naserabad Nasirabad Nematabad Nikabad Nushabad Qasemabad Rostamabad Rud-e Gaz Saidabad Seh Chahan Shahid Chamran Shahid Rejai Shahid Modarres Karvandar Ab Gushtukan Agosk Akramabad Allahabad Allahabad Allahabad-e Bala Chah-e Baluch Khan Chah-e Kamal Chah-e Kan Chah-e Salar Chah-e Shahi Darreh Garm Eslamabad Gadukan Gardak Gazdivan Gidbast Gol Shir Gunich Gur Mordan Tigh Ab Habibabad Hajjiabad Heydarabad Hoseynabad Hoseynabad Junazi Kahnak Karvandar Kohan Nuk Kug Mirzaabad Mohammadabad Mohammadabad Mohammadabad-e Padgan Mojtame-ye Mowtowr-e Hay Tigh Ab Mowtowr-e Nur Mohmmadabad Mowtowr-e Seyyed Mohammad Ney Padan Nukabad Nurabad-e Dasht Abkhvan Nurabad-e Sar Talap Padgan-e Golzar Pigol Rahmanabad Richkan Saidabad Shahruk Sharifabad-e Chah Kan Siah Kut Tang-e Hanzab Kuh Sefid Abbasabad Aliabad-e Garnechin Allahabad Bayatabad Borhanabad Chah-e Dar Mohammad Chah-e Gargin Chah-e Isa Chah-e Jelai Chah-e Mohammad Omar Dasht Robat Chah-e Rahmat Chah-e Saadat Emamiyeh Eslamabad-e Garnechin Gharibabad Gharibabad Gidbast Hesharkeh Judin Kalak Dinar Kalkali Kalkali-ye Now Kamalabad Khan Bibi Mahmudabad Mehrabad Mirabad Mirzaabad Mohammadabad Mohammadi Mowtowr-e Garsaz Hoseynabad Mowtowr-e Qader Bakhsh Mowtowr-e Saheb Khan Muzan Naseri Nosratabad Nukabad Posht Gorg Qasemabad Rahmatabad Saidabad Shahrak-e Piman Poshtkuh Afzalabad Allahabad Azadabad Balalabad Baluchabad Bilari Chah-e Dekal Chah-e Kamal Nurollah Chah-e Kamal Siah Jinad Chah-e Nali Chah-e Rahmat Chahok Chahtuk Dasht-e Zar Deh-e Bala Esmailabad Feyzabad Gazdanan Gazeh Shahnavazi Gazu Gurchan Hasanabad-e Dastgerd Heydarabad Hoseynabad-e Nilgun Kahn-e Karam Shah Kalleh Sakan Kam Zard Kamalabad Karimabad-e Seyyed Ali Khamenehi Kashtag-e Dastgerd Khalilabad Lulakdan Mohammadabad Mohammadabad Mowtowr-e Khvabiar Mowtowr-e Mirza Naderabad Nasrabad-e Rutak Nukabad Pil Gushkan Posht Giaban Poshteh-ye Kamal Rahmatabad-e Pain Roknabad Sabz Gaz-e Olya Sabz Gaz-e Sofla Sabz Gaz-e Vosta Shahid Qalanbar Shahrak-e Posht Giaban Shahr-e Deraz Sharifabad Tilag Sangan Aliabad-e Chah Zar Amidiyeh-ye Chah Zar Bar Abak Bulani Chah Zaman Chakol Cheh-e Zar Deh-e Now Deruk Deruneh Dorudi Dumak Espetk-e Hajji Gholam Estakhr Gazok Golkan-e Shahid Medani Gorz Gurehi Hajjiabad Kalleh Kaz Kand-e Zard Kashik Khalband Kulaku Khvoshab Mowtowr-e Hajji Abbas Paval Sangan Sangan-e Sofla Sarsaru Shundeh Suleki Tang-e Vajeg Tappeh-ye Lal Mohammad Terati Terati-ye Sang Tiab Torshab Tudi Zaghak IrandeganCities none Rural Districts and villagesIrandegan Bala Qaleh Dadkan Dahaneh Dakab-e Rughan Damikan Darin Darreh-ye Shargan Darsan Deh Qaleh Eslamabad Gar Abdy Gazaki Genz Genzerig Hakimabad Hedkan Heshik Hitgar Jangal Jangal-e Mukan Jangaluk Javadabad Kah Gishan Kaminak Kashen Kuh-e Nurk Kuh-e Pasan Nimgan Perom Pusar Shahrak Shavatk Varedan Zirkeyk Kahnuk Akbarabad Ali Morady Angiar Anjirak Anjirak Baghak Baha ol Din Barataki Bibah Binag Bok Bumask Chah-e Nikabakht Chegerd Cheshmeh-ye Kondur Dak Jamal Darenan Darkeshan Dasht Kuh-e Anjirak Deh Qola Deh-e Rais Del Morad Espah Gari Dasht Kuh Gary Gat Rais Golestan Gavatamak Gavatamak Gavi Gomn Gunak Gur Band Hashemabad Hirgan Hisek Hushab Aluk Kahurak Kal Shab Ravan Kallah Gur Kalleh Garmak Kalleh Maran Karuchi Kasab Kasap Dasht Kuh Kerstan Keshikan Khuki Kuy Patkuk Dasht Kuh Lashkeran Mahmudabad Marandegan Mareghan Kand Mirabad Nabahri Nagan Nali Nargan Nilgan Palizan Pedehi Pestak Purjangi Qaderabad Qanat-e Mir Qalandar Rahmanabad Randak Rasulabad Rishpesh Saptuk Sar Kand Seh Rud Seyah Takan Shamgat Shandan Sharaf ol Din Shirabad Shurak Sir Gavanani Sorkh Degar Sorkh Gazi Sorkhkan Sur Chahi Yek Muki Yusefabad Zardian Zardin Gar Ziarat Konar Zirogdan Zohian NukabadCities Nukabad Rural Districts and villagesEskelabad Allahabad Anjir Mehi Baluchabad-e Kahnaki Bidak-e Bala Bidak-e Pain Bidan Sarzeh Biduk-e Murtak Chahak Chah-e Nabiabad Chah-e Shur Deh-e Pabid Eskelabad Garjumak Garuk Gharibabad Gunak Gushan-e Bala Hajjiabad Kafeh Hajjiabad Kahnak Kahn-e Nuk Karimabad-e Deh Tajgi Khalilabad Khaz-e Bahari Kolli Malekabad Milman Mohammadabad Mohammadabad Murtak-e Pain Narap Rahmatabad Rigabad Rostamabad Rubahuk Sar Band Sazink-e Olya Senjedak Siah Tir-e Pain Sohrababad Takhtun Gowhar Kuh Abd ol Azizabad Aliabad Arzantak Azimabad Azizabad Bag Bahadorabad Beheshtiabad Chacheragh Chah-e Hajji Siah Khan Chah-e Mirza Deh-e Bala Ebrahimabad Eslamabad Esmailabad (south) Esmailabad (north) Eydabad Faqirabad Fiselabad Gowhar Kuh Shahrak Habibabad Hafezabad Hajjiabad Hajjiabad Hasanabad-e Shandak Hoseynabad Jadidabad-e Shandak Kalleh Shahu Kalleh-ye Espid Kalleh-ye Espid-e Eslamabad Karimabad Karimabad-e Hajji Karim Kavari Kureh-ye Bi Barg Khan Lalabad Malek Mohammadabad Mansurabad Mazraeh-ye Barani Mohsenabad Mowtowr-e Amirabad Mowtowr-e Bajar Mowtowr-e Bulan Zehi Kach Mowtowr-e Hajji Mehrab Mowtowr-e Hajji Qader Bakhsh Mowtowr-e Hajji Yar Mohammad Mowtowr-e Kamal ol Din Mohammadani Mowtowr-e Khoda Nazer Mowtowr-e Khodadad Mowtowr-e Nowruz Mowtowr-e Pasran Mahmud Isa Zehi Mowtowr-e Qalandar Mowtowr-e Saraj Naserabad Nazarabad Nazarabad Nazarabad Nematabad Nematabad Nukabad Nurabad Padagi Pardelabad Qaderabad Rahmatabad Rigabad Seyyedabad Shahid Shah Nazar Shahidayit-e Shandak Sharifabad Sherkat-e Tamp Shirabad Shurabad-e Fandaq Tajabad Vali Mohammadabad Valiabad Zafarabad Ziruki-ye Gowhar Kuh Nazil Ab Namard Ahmadabad Akbarabad Alamabad Amirabad Anari Anjirak Arzuni Azizabad Bahrabad Bidak Biduk-e Bala Biduk-e Pain Chah-e Ahmad Chah-e Hajji Ahmad Deh Nadam Deh Shahdust Dehnow Eslamabad Eslamabad Esmailabad Estakhru Gharibabad-e Allah Dad Gharibabad-e Nark Gholam Nabi Gol Gaz Gol Kan Golabad Gorgunak Gunak Hajji Rasul Hajjiabad Haqabad Hasanabad Hasanabad Hoseynabad Hoseynabad Hoseynabad Hulmadian-e Bala Hulmadian-e Pain Kalak Shiman Kalleh Shahtut Kam-e Zard Karamabad Karimabad Kheyrabad Lalabad-e Huti Mahmudabad Malekabad Mehrababad Mirabad Mohammadabad Mohammadabad Mohammadabad Mohammadabad-e Pain Talarak Mohammadabad-e Shah Nur Molla Qus Moradabad Mowtowr-e Abdol Vahad Mowtowr-e Amid Mowtowr-e Baluch Khan Mowtowr-e Emanollah Mowtowr-e Gol Zaman Mowtowr-e Golab Mowtowr-e Hajji Pir Mohammad Mowtowr-e Hajji Yar Mohammad Shah Bakhsh Mowtowr-e Khoda Nazer Mowtowr-e Mir Beyk Mowtowr-e Nader Mowtowr-e Pasand Mowtowr-e Rasul Mowtowr-e Sharif Mowtowr-e Zaman Musaabad Nabiabad Nabiabad Naimabad |Nalaki Naserabad Naserabad Naserabad Naserabad-e Talarak Nazil Nukabad Patmati Pur Janki Rahimabad Rahmatabad Rahmatabad Rasulabad Rihani Saidabad Sangary Sar Kang Sar Tall Seyah Darreh Shah Nazerabad Shahidabad-e Saruk Shahrak Shand Shirabad Shurcheh-ye Purgazy Siah Kelak Siah Kut-e Anjireh Tah Rud Tuzaki Valiabad Yusefabad Yusefabad Taftan-e Jonubi(South Taftan) Aliyeh Dorudy Biahu Dushing-e Pain Bida Setar Chah Zilan Chahak Cheshmeh-ye Abek Chihaki Darreh-ye Talayi Deh-e Mir Baluch Dejang-e Bala Dejang-e Pain Do Dar Do Rudi Do Rudi Narun Do Shang Dowlatabad Eslamabad Firuzabad Garuk Gati Gazmeh-ye Marishan Gurmurik Hamidabad Jamchin Kalleh-ye Shurehi Kamsegari Karimabad Khanak Kharaki Kheyrabad Kolangur Kusheh Kusheh-ye Gardak Kusheh-ye Qaleh Rashid Khan Kuteh Lisabad Mahmudabad Malekabad Marishan Mashin Mehran Mohammadabad Narun Narun Posht-e Zard Rahmatabad Rahmatabad Rud-e Sanib Sangan-e Kuknak Sar Kam Shandi Sihaki Sihaki Kuteh Takht Tamandan Towd Lang Tudak-e Taqiabad Vellan Yusefabad Yusefabad-e Tudak Iran portal This Khash County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"Romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanize"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Kahnuk Rural District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahnuk_Rural_District"},{"link_name":"Irandegan District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irandegan_District"},{"link_name":"Khash County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khash_County"},{"link_name":"Sistan and Baluchestan Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistan_and_Baluchestan_Province"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Village in Sistan and Baluchestan, IranRahmanabad (Persian: رحمان اباد, also Romanized as Raḩmānābād)[1] is a village in Kahnuk Rural District, Irandegan District, Khash County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 125, in 33 families.[2]","title":"Rahmanabad, Irandegan"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1385/results/all/11.xls","url_text":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_Center_of_Iran","url_text":"Statistical Center of Iran"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920084728/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/11.xls","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairfax,_New_Zealand
Fairfax, New Zealand
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 46°12′39.600″S 168°3′3.600″E / 46.21100000°S 168.05100000°E / -46.21100000; 168.05100000For the media company, see Fairfax Media. For the Otago settlement formerly known as Fairfax, see Tokoiti. Fairfax is a town in the Southland region of New Zealand's South Island. The population was 1,911 in the 2013 census. This was an increase of 111 people since the 2006 Census. References ^ 2013 Census QuickStats about a place  : Fairfax vteSouthland District, New ZealandSeat: Invercargill CityPopulated placesMararoa Waimea WardFive Rivers Area Athol Eyre Creek Garston Lowther Lumsden Mossburn Parawa Te Anau Area Manapouri Mararoa Milford Sound Te Anau Waikaia Area Balfour Riversdale Waikaia Waiau Aparima WardRiverton Area Colac Bay / Ōraka Gummies Bush Orepuki Pahia Riverton / Aparima Thornbury Waipango Tuatapere Area Blackmount Clifden Te Waewae Tuatapere Wallace Area Drummond Fairfax Heddon Bush Isla Bank Nightcaps Ohai Otautau Wairio Wreys Bush Waihopai Toetoes WardToetoes Area Curio Bay Fortification Fortrose Glenham Pine Bush Pukewao Slope Point Titiroa Te Peka Tokanui Waipapa Point Waikawa Waimahaka Wyndham Waihopai Area Ashers Dacre Gorge Road Grove Bush Kapuka Kapuka South Longbush Mabel Bush Makarewa Mokotua Oteramika Rakahouka Roslyn Bush Timpanys Woodlands Oreti WardTe Tipua Area Edendale Glencoe Mataura Island Menzies Ferry Seaward Downs Te Tipua Tuturau Waitane Wallacetown Area Lochiel Waianiwa Wallacetown Waimatuku Winton Area Browns Dipton Hedgehope Limehills Springhills Winton Stewart Island / Rakiura Oban Port Pegasus Geographic features Mavora Lakes Mokoreta River Mount Richardson Niagara Falls Porpoise Bay Waipapa Point Facilities and attractions Eyre Mountains / Taka Ra Haka Conservation Park Hawea (Clio Rocks) Marine Reserve Kahukura (Gold Arm) Marine Reserve Kutu Parera (Gaer Arm) Marine Reserve Mavora Lakes Conservation Park Moana Uta (Wet Jacket Arm) Marine Reserve Piopiotahi (Milford Sound) Marine Reserve SS Tararua Taipari Roa (Elizabeth Island) Marine Reserve Taumoana (Five Fingers Peninsula) Marine Reserve Te Awaatu Channel (The Gut) Marine Reserve Te Hapua (Sutherland Sound) Marine Reserve Te Tapuwae o Hua (Long Sound) Marine Reserve Ulva Island-Te Wharawhara Marine Reserve Waipapa Point Lighthouse Government District Council Mayor Regional Council 46°12′39.600″S 168°3′3.600″E / 46.21100000°S 168.05100000°E / -46.21100000; 168.05100000 This Southland Region geography article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fairfax Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairfax_Media"},{"link_name":"Tokoiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokoiti"},{"link_name":"Southland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southland,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"South Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Island"},{"link_name":"2013 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_New_Zealand_census"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"For the media company, see Fairfax Media. For the Otago settlement formerly known as Fairfax, see Tokoiti.Fairfax is a town in the Southland region of New Zealand's South Island.The population was 1,911 in the 2013 census. This was an increase of 111 people since the 2006 Census.[1]","title":"Fairfax, New Zealand"}]
[]
null
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koolywurtie,_South_Australia
Koolywurtie, South Australia
[]
Coordinates: 34°38′43″S 137°38′22″E / 34.645399°S 137.639484°E / -34.645399; 137.639484 Suburb of Yorke Peninsula Council, South AustraliaKoolywurtieSouth AustraliaKoolywurtieCoordinates34°38′43″S 137°38′22″E / 34.645399°S 137.639484°E / -34.645399; 137.639484Population101 (2021 census)Established1999Postcode(s)5575 Time zoneACST (UTC+9:30) • Summer (DST)ACST (UTC+10:30)Location 93 km (58 mi) W of Adelaide 20 km (12 mi) S of Maitland LGA(s)Yorke Peninsula CouncilRegionYorke and Mid NorthCountyFergussonState electorate(s)NarunggaFederal division(s)Grey Mean max temp Mean min temp Annual rainfall 22.6 °C 73 °F 9.4 °C 49 °F 353.7 mm 13.9 in Suburbs around Koolywurtie: Wauraltee Wauraltee Wauraltee Port RickabyBluff Beach Koolywurtie Curramulka Bluff Beach Minlaton Curramulka FootnotesAdjoining localities Koolywurtie is a locality in the Australian state of South Australia located on the Yorke Peninsula about 93 kilometres (58 mi) west of the state capital of Adelaide and about 20 kilometres (12 mi) south of the municipal seat of Maitland. Koolywurtie's boundaries were created on 27 May 1999 and given the “local established name” which is derived from the local aboriginal word used for some "nearby native wells." The 2021 Australian census which was conducted in August 2021 reports that Koolywurtie had a population of 101 people. Koolywurtie is located within the federal division of Grey, the state electoral district of Narungga and the local government area of the Yorke Peninsula Council. References ^ a b c d e f g "Search results for 'Koolywurtie, LOCB' with the following datasets selected - 'Suburbs and localities', 'Counties', 'Local Government Areas', 'SA Government Regions' and 'Gazetteer'". Location SA Map Viewer. Government of South Australia. Retrieved 14 December 2022. ^ a b Australian Bureau of Statistics (28 June 2022). "Koolywurtie (State Suburb)". 2021 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 14 December 2022. ^ a b Kentish, Peter McLaren (27 May 1999), "GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES ACT 1991, Notice to Assign Boundaries and Names to Places (in the District Council of Yorke Peninsula)" (PDF), The South Australian Government Gazette: 2696, retrieved 14 December 2022 – via AustLII ^ a b "Postcode for Koolywurtie, South Australia". Postcodes Australia. Retrieved 14 December 2022. ^ a b Narungga (Map). Electoral District Boundaries Commission. 2016. Retrieved 1 March 2018. ^ a b "Profile of the electoral division of Grey (SA)". Australian Electoral Commission. Retrieved 14 December 2022. ^ a b c "MINLATON AERO (nearest weather station)". Climate statistics for Australian locations. Commonwealth of Australia , Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 13 December 2022. vteLocalities of the Yorke Peninsula Council Agery Ardrossan Arthurton Balgowan Black Point Bluff Beach Brentwood Chinaman Wells Clinton Clinton Centre Coobowie Corny Point Couch Beach Cunningham Curramulka Dowlingville Edithburgh Foul Bay Hardwicke Bay Honiton Inneston James Well Kainton Koolywurtie Maitland Marion Bay Minlaton Nalyappa Parsons Beach Petersville Pine Point Point Pearce Point Souttar Point Turton Port Arthur Port Julia Port Moorowie Port Rickaby Port Victoria Port Vincent Price Ramsay Rogues Point Sandilands Sheaoak Flat South Kilkerran Stansbury Sultana Point Sunnyvale The Pines Tiddy Widdy Beach Urania Warooka Wauraltee Weetulta White Hut Winulta Wool Bay Yorke Valley Yorketown
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Yorke Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorke_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Adelaide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_city_centre"},{"link_name":"Maitland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maitland,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LMV-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-postcode-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SAGG-1999-3"},{"link_name":"2021 Australian census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Australian_census"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census2021-2"},{"link_name":"Grey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_of_Grey"},{"link_name":"Narungga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_district_of_Narungga"},{"link_name":"Yorke Peninsula Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorke_Peninsula_Council"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AEC-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LMV-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ECSA-5"}],"text":"Suburb of Yorke Peninsula Council, South AustraliaKoolywurtie is a locality in the Australian state of South Australia located on the Yorke Peninsula about 93 kilometres (58 mi) west of the state capital of Adelaide and about 20 kilometres (12 mi) south of the municipal seat of Maitland.[1][4]Koolywurtie's boundaries were created on 27 May 1999 and given the “local established name” which is derived from the local aboriginal word used for some \"nearby native wells.\"[3]The 2021 Australian census which was conducted in August 2021 reports that Koolywurtie had a population of 101 people.[2]Koolywurtie is located within the federal division of Grey, the state electoral district of Narungga and the local government area of the Yorke Peninsula Council.[6][1][5]","title":"Koolywurtie, South Australia"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"\"Search results for 'Koolywurtie, LOCB' with the following datasets selected - 'Suburbs and localities', 'Counties', 'Local Government Areas', 'SA Government Regions' and 'Gazetteer'\". Location SA Map Viewer. Government of South Australia. Retrieved 14 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://location.sa.gov.au/viewer/?map=roads&x=137.5892&y=-34.67315&z=12&uids=19,2,11,20,105&pinx=137.640860&piny=-34.643950&pinTitle=Location&pinText=Koolywurtie,+Locb","url_text":"\"Search results for 'Koolywurtie, LOCB' with the following datasets selected - 'Suburbs and localities', 'Counties', 'Local Government Areas', 'SA Government Regions' and 'Gazetteer'\""}]},{"reference":"Australian Bureau of Statistics (28 June 2022). \"Koolywurtie (State Suburb)\". 2021 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 14 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics","url_text":"Australian Bureau of Statistics"},{"url":"https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/SAL40710","url_text":"\"Koolywurtie (State Suburb)\""}]},{"reference":"Kentish, Peter McLaren (27 May 1999), \"GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES ACT 1991, Notice to Assign Boundaries and Names to Places (in the District Council of Yorke Peninsula)\" (PDF), The South Australian Government Gazette: 2696, retrieved 14 December 2022 – via AustLII","urls":[{"url":"http://www8.austlii.edu.au/au/other/sa_gazette/1999/68/2696.pdf","url_text":"\"GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES ACT 1991, Notice to Assign Boundaries and Names to Places (in the District Council of Yorke Peninsula)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AustLII","url_text":"AustLII"}]},{"reference":"\"Postcode for Koolywurtie, South Australia\". Postcodes Australia. Retrieved 14 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://postcodes-australia.com/areas/sa/adelaide/koolywurtie","url_text":"\"Postcode for Koolywurtie, South Australia\""}]},{"reference":"Narungga (Map). Electoral District Boundaries Commission. 2016. Retrieved 1 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://edbc.sa.gov.au/redistributions/2016/2016-electoral-district-maps/narungga-map-2016-pdf/download.html","url_text":"Narungga"}]},{"reference":"\"Profile of the electoral division of Grey (SA)\". Australian Electoral Commission. Retrieved 14 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aec.gov.au/profiles/sa/grey.htm","url_text":"\"Profile of the electoral division of Grey (SA)\""}]},{"reference":"\"MINLATON AERO (nearest weather station)\". Climate statistics for Australian locations. Commonwealth of Australia , Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 13 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_022031_All.shtml","url_text":"\"MINLATON AERO (nearest weather station)\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Horsley-Beresford,_2nd_Baron_Decies
John Beresford, 2nd Baron Decies
["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Personal life","3.1 Descendants","4 References"]
The Most ReverendThe Lord DeciesD.D.BornJohn Beresford(1774-01-20)20 January 1774Died1 March 1865(1865-03-01) (aged 91)Bolam, Northumberland, EnglandSpouse Charlotte Philadelphia Horsley ​ ​(m. 1810; died 1852)​ChildrenWilliam Beresford, 3rd Baron DeciesHon. Georgiana BrownLouisa Brudenell-Bruce, Marchioness of AilesburyCaroline Agnes Graham, Duchess of MontroseParent(s)William Beresford, 1st Baron DeciesElizabeth FitzGibbon John Beresford, 2nd Baron Decies (20 January 1774 – 1 March 1865) was an Anglo-Irish peer and clergyman. Early life Beresford was born on 20 January 1774. He was the second son of nine children born to William Beresford, 1st Baron Decies and Elizabeth FitzGibbon. Through his brother, the Rev. George Beresford, he was an uncle to British Army officer Marcus Beresford, MP for Northallerton and Berwick-upon-Tweed, and through his sister Louisa (through her marriage to Thomas Hope), he was an uncle to Henry Thomas Hope, MP, and Alexander Beresford Hope, MP. Louisa later married their first cousin, William Beresford, 1st Viscount Beresford. His maternal grandparents were John FitzGibbon and wife Isabella (née Grove) FitzGibbon and his uncle was John FitzGibbon, 1st Earl of Clare. His paternal grandparents were Marcus Beresford, 1st Earl of Tyrone and Lady Catharine Power (only daughter of James Power, 3rd Earl of Tyrone and 3rd Viscount Decies). Among his extended family were uncles George Beresford, 1st Marquess of Waterford and John Beresford, MP for Waterford, and aunts Catherine Beresford (wife of Thomas Christmas MP and Theophilus Jones MP), Frances Beresford (wife of Henry Flood), and Eliza Beresford (wife of Col. Thomas Cobbe MP, son of Charles Cobbe, Archbishop of Dublin). He was educated at Emmanuel College, Cambridge University. Career A clergyman in the Church of Ireland, he served as Rector of Tuam while his father was the Archbishop of Tuam from 1794 to 1819. Upon his father's death on 6 September 1819, he succeeded as the 2nd Baron Decies as his elder brother, Brig.-Gen. Marcus Beresford had died unmarried in 1804. Personal life Lord Decies' youngest daughter, Caroline Agnes Graham, Duchess of Montrose. On 26 July 1810, Beresford was married to Charlotte Philadelphia Horsley, the only daughter and heiress of the former Ellen Mary Kerr (a daughter of Andrew Seton Kerr) and Robert Horsley, of Bolam House, Northumberland. Bolam House was built by Charlotte's father using stone from the ruined ancient castle on the estate which had been purchased in 1727 by his father, John Horsley. Following his marriage, he adopted the additional surname of Horsley in accordance with the terms of his wife's inheritance. Together, they were the parents of one son and three daughters: William Robert John Horsley Beresford, 3rd Baron Decies (1811–1893), who married Catharine Anne Dent, the second daughter of Cmdr. William Dent of Shortflatt Tower. Hon. Georgiana Catherine Horsley Beresford (b. 1812), who married William Watson and, later, Henry Edward Brown in 1845. Hon. Louisa Elizabeth Horsley Beresford (1814–1891), who married Ernest Brudenell-Bruce, 3rd Marquess of Ailesbury, in 1834. Hon. Caroline Agnes Horsley Beresford, Duchess of Montrose (1818–1894), who married James Graham, 4th Duke of Montrose in 1836. After his death in 1874, she married William Stuart Stirling-Crawfurd in 1876. After his death in 1883, she married, her second cousin twice removed, Marcus Henry Milner, third son of Henry Beilby William Milner and Charlotte Henrietta Beresford (second daughter of Most Rev. Marcus Gervais Beresford, Archbishop of Armagh), in 1888. Lady Decies died on 9 March 1852. Lord Decies died on 1 March 1865 and was succeeded in the barony by his son William. Descendants Through his only son and principal heir John, he was a grandfather of Caroline Catherine Horsley-Beresford (wife of Col. George Alexander Eason Wilkinson) William Marcus de la Poer Horsley-Beresford, 4th Baron Decies, John Graham Hope Horsley de la Poer Beresford, 5th Baron Decies, Hon. Seton Robert de la Poer Horsley-Beresford (who married actress Delia Dorothy O'Sullivan and Joan Rosemary Graves-Sawle), Hon. Catherine Elizabeth Ellen Horsley-Beresford (wife of Lt.-Col. Edward J. M. Lumb), Hon. Charlotte Ernestine Horsley-Beresford (wife of Maj. Cameron Barclay), Hon. Henry William Walter Horsley-Beresford (who married Constance (née Blades) Levenston), and Hon. William Arthur de la Poer Horsley-Beresford (who married four times). Through his daughter Louisa, he was grandfather to seven, including Lady Louisa Caroline Brudenell-Bruce (wife of Sir Henry Meux, 2nd Baronet), Lady Ernestine Mary Brudenell-Bruce (wife of William Hare, 3rd Earl of Listowel), Lt. George John Brudenell-Bruce (who married Lady Evelyn Mary Craven, daughter of the 2nd Earl of Craven), James Ernest Brudenell-Bruce, Henry Augustus Brudenell-Bruce, 5th Marquess of Ailesbury, Lord Robert Thomas Brudenell-Bruce (who married Emma Leigh), and Maj. Lord Charles Frederick Brudenell-Bruce (who married Margaret Renshaw). Through his youngest daughter's first marriage, he was a grandfather of Douglas Graham, 5th Duke of Montrose, Lady Agnes Caroline Graham (wife of Lt. Col. John Murray), Lady Beatrice Violet Graham (wife of Algernon Greville, 2nd Baron Greville), and Lady Alma Imogen Leonora Carlotta Graham (wife of Gavin Campbell, 1st Marquess of Breadalbane). References Notes ^ Dutch-born Georgina Leonora Mosselmans (1900–1969) was the former wife of Barnard; Lord Sholto George Douglas (younger son of John Douglas, 9th Marquess of Queensberry); HIH Prince Mehmed Burhameddin of Turkey (son of Sultan Abdul Hamid II); Count Ferdinand de Saurigny). ^ Hon. William Arthur de la Poer Horsley-Beresford (1878–1949) married Florence Miller, a daughter of Gardner L. Miller, in 1901. They divorced in 1919 and he married Laura Coventry, eldest daughter of Capt. St John Halford Coventry, in 1919. They divorced in 1928 and he married oil heiress Georgina Leonora (née Mosselmans) de Saurigny, only daughter of Richard Frederick Hendrick Mosselmans, in 1933. They divorced in 1940 and he married Ida Kaye in 1941. Sources ^ a b c d e f g h i j Mosley, Charles, editor. Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knightage, 107th edition, 3 volumes. Wilmington, Delaware, U.S.A.: Burke's Peerage (Genealogical Books) Ltd, 2003, volume 1, page 335. ^ Casey, Martin. "BERESFORD, Marcus (1800-1876), of 16 Cavendish Square, Mdx". www.historyofparliamentonline.org. History of Parliament Online. Retrieved 1 February 2022. ^ Debrett's Peerage of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. G. Woodfall. 1831. p. 961. Retrieved 2 February 2022. ^ "BOLAM CASTLE". www.gatehouse-gazetteer.info. Retrieved 2 February 2022. ^ "Bolam Lake: A history of the area of Bolam" (PDF). www.northumberland.gov. Northumberland County Council. Retrieved 2 February 2022. ^ The Dublin almanac, and general register of Ireland, for 1847. 1847. p. 102. Retrieved 2 February 2022. ^ Hansard's Pocket Peerage. T.C. Newby. 1845. p. 66. Retrieved 2 February 2022. ^ a b c Fox-Davies, Arthur Charles (1895). Armorial Families: A Complete Peerage, Baronetage, and Knightage, and a Directory of Some Gentlemen of Coat-armour, and Being the First Attempt to Show which Arms in Use at the Moment are Borne by Legal Authority. Jack. pp. 279–280. Retrieved 31 January 2022. ^ "DEATH OF LORD DECIES". The Newcastle Weekly Courant. 8 July 1893. p. 3. Retrieved 31 January 2022. ^ Dod's Peerage, Baronetage and Knightage, of Great Britain and Ireland, for ...: Including All the Titled Classes. S. Low, Marston & Company. 1901. p. 233. Retrieved 31 January 2022. ^ Selby, Walford Dakin (1884). The Genealogist. George Bell & Sons. p. 42. Retrieved 2 February 2022. ^ Society, Harleian (1897). The Publications of the Harleian Society: Registers. The Harleian Society. Retrieved 2 February 2022. ^ a b c The Titled Nobility of Europe: An International Peerage, Or "Who's Who", of the Sovereigns, Princes and Nobles of Europe. Harrison & Sons. 1914. pp. 563–564. Retrieved 31 January 2022. ^ "Lord Decies". The Times. 1 August 1910. p. 11. Retrieved 31 January 2022. ^ "Marriage Announcement". The Times. 13 March 1901. p. 10. Retrieved 31 January 2022. ^ "LORD DECIES DIES IN ENGLAND AT 77; Soldier, Sportsman, Friend of Taxpayer--Married Gould Heiress Here in 1911". The New York Times. 2 February 1944. Retrieved 29 January 2022. ^ "Delia Dorothy (née O'Sullivan), Lady Lucas". www.npg.org.uk. National Portrait Gallery, London. Retrieved 31 January 2022. ^ 'Col Ralph Cobbold-Sawle', The Times, 8 December 1965. ^ "BERESFORD-M1LLER. PROVIDENCE. R. I.. June 17. Hon. William Beresford, son of the late Lord Decies, of England, and Miss Florence Miller, daughter of Dr. Gardiner L. Miller, of this city, were married at noon to-day at St. Stephen's Episcopal Church by the Rev. George McClellan Fiske, the pastor". Indianapolis Journal, Volume 51, Number 169 (Hoosier State Chronicles). 18 June 1901. p. 3. Retrieved 1 August 2021. ^ "Lady Sholto Douglas, 1978-1936". www.douglashistory.co.uk. Retrieved 31 January 2022. ^ "Lord Sholto Douglas Married". The Guardian. 25 April 1921. p. 10. Retrieved 31 January 2022. ^ "Georgina Leonora Barnard Douglas (née Mosselmans)". www.npg.org.uk. National Portrait Gallery, London. Retrieved 31 January 2022. ^ "His Lordship Was a Hoofer". The San Francisco Examiner. 11 December 1966. p. 139. Retrieved 31 January 2022. ^ Morris, Susan (20 April 2020). Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage 2019. eBook Partnership. ISBN 978-1-9997670-5-1. Retrieved 31 January 2022. ^ Law, Cheryl (2018). "Greville , Lady (Beatrice) Violet (1842–1932), journalist and author". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. doi:10.1093/odnb/9780198614128.013.50387. ISBN 978-0-19-861412-8. Retrieved 11 November 2020. Peerage of Ireland Preceded byWilliam Beresford Baron Decies 1819–1865 Succeeded byWilliam Robert John Horsley-Beresford
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anglo-Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Irish_people"}],"text":"John Beresford, 2nd Baron Decies (20 January 1774 – 1 March 1865) was an Anglo-Irish peer and clergyman.","title":"John Beresford, 2nd Baron Decies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Beresford, 1st Baron Decies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Beresford,_1st_Baron_Decies"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mosley2003-1"},{"link_name":"Marcus Beresford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Beresford_(British_Army_officer,_born_1800)"},{"link_name":"Northallerton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northallerton_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Berwick-upon-Tweed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berwick-upon-Tweed_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MBhop-2"},{"link_name":"Thomas Hope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hope_(banker,_born_1769)"},{"link_name":"Henry Thomas Hope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Thomas_Hope"},{"link_name":"Alexander Beresford Hope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Beresford_Hope"},{"link_name":"William Beresford, 1st Viscount Beresford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Beresford,_1st_Viscount_Beresford"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mosley2003-1"},{"link_name":"née","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names"},{"link_name":"John FitzGibbon, 1st Earl of Clare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_FitzGibbon,_1st_Earl_of_Clare"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mosley2003-1"},{"link_name":"Marcus Beresford, 1st Earl of Tyrone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Beresford,_1st_Earl_of_Tyrone"},{"link_name":"James Power, 3rd Earl of Tyrone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Power,_3rd_Earl_of_Tyrone"},{"link_name":"Viscount Decies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscount_Decies"},{"link_name":"George Beresford, 1st Marquess of Waterford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Beresford,_1st_Marquess_of_Waterford"},{"link_name":"John Beresford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Beresford_(Waterford_MP)"},{"link_name":"Thomas Christmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Christmas"},{"link_name":"Theophilus Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theophilus_Jones_(1729%E2%80%931811)"},{"link_name":"Henry Flood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Flood"},{"link_name":"Thomas Cobbe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cobbe"},{"link_name":"Charles Cobbe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Cobbe"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Dublin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mosley2003-1"},{"link_name":"Emmanuel College, Cambridge University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_College,_Cambridge_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mosley2003-1"}],"text":"Beresford was born on 20 January 1774. He was the second son of nine children born to William Beresford, 1st Baron Decies and Elizabeth FitzGibbon.[1] Through his brother, the Rev. George Beresford, he was an uncle to British Army officer Marcus Beresford, MP for Northallerton and Berwick-upon-Tweed,[2] and through his sister Louisa (through her marriage to Thomas Hope), he was an uncle to Henry Thomas Hope, MP, and Alexander Beresford Hope, MP. Louisa later married their first cousin, William Beresford, 1st Viscount Beresford.[1]His maternal grandparents were John FitzGibbon and wife Isabella (née Grove) FitzGibbon and his uncle was John FitzGibbon, 1st Earl of Clare.[1] His paternal grandparents were Marcus Beresford, 1st Earl of Tyrone and Lady Catharine Power (only daughter of James Power, 3rd Earl of Tyrone and 3rd Viscount Decies). Among his extended family were uncles George Beresford, 1st Marquess of Waterford and John Beresford, MP for Waterford, and aunts Catherine Beresford (wife of Thomas Christmas MP and Theophilus Jones MP), Frances Beresford (wife of Henry Flood), and Eliza Beresford (wife of Col. Thomas Cobbe MP, son of Charles Cobbe, Archbishop of Dublin).[1]He was educated at Emmanuel College, Cambridge University.[1]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Church of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Rector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rector_(ecclesiastical)"},{"link_name":"Tuam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Tuam"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Tuam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Tuam"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Debrett's1831-3"},{"link_name":"Baron Decies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_Decies"},{"link_name":"Marcus Beresford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Beresford_(British_Army_officer,_born_1764)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mosley2003-1"}],"text":"A clergyman in the Church of Ireland, he served as Rector of Tuam while his father was the Archbishop of Tuam from 1794 to 1819.[3]Upon his father's death on 6 September 1819, he succeeded as the 2nd Baron Decies as his elder brother, Brig.-Gen. Marcus Beresford had died unmarried in 1804.[1]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CarolineAgnes_Horsley-Beresford_(d.1894)_(DuchessOfMontrose).jpeg"},{"link_name":"Caroline Agnes Graham, Duchess of Montrose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline_Agnes_Graham,_Duchess_of_Montrose"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mosley2003-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BolamGG-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-northumberland-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dublin-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hansard's1845-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fox-Davies1895-8"},{"link_name":"William Robert John Horsley Beresford, 3rd Baron Decies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Horsley-Beresford,_3rd_Baron_Decies"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NWCObit1893-9"},{"link_name":"Shortflatt Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortflatt_Tower"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dod's1901-10"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fox-Davies1895-8"},{"link_name":"Ernest Brudenell-Bruce, 3rd Marquess of Ailesbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Brudenell-Bruce,_3rd_Marquess_of_Ailesbury"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Selby1884-11"},{"link_name":"Caroline Agnes Horsley Beresford, Duchess of Montrose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline_Agnes_Graham,_Duchess_of_Montrose"},{"link_name":"James Graham, 4th Duke of Montrose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Graham,_4th_Duke_of_Montrose"},{"link_name":"William Stuart Stirling-Crawfurd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Stuart_Stirling-Crawfurd"},{"link_name":"Marcus Henry Milner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Milner_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Marcus Gervais Beresford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Gervais_Beresford"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Armagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Armagh"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harleian1897-12"},{"link_name":"William","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Horsley-Beresford,_3rd_Baron_Decies"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mosley2003-1"}],"text":"Lord Decies' youngest daughter, Caroline Agnes Graham, Duchess of Montrose.On 26 July 1810, Beresford was married to Charlotte Philadelphia Horsley, the only daughter and heiress of the former Ellen Mary Kerr (a daughter of Andrew Seton Kerr)[1] and Robert Horsley, of Bolam House, Northumberland. Bolam House was built by Charlotte's father using stone from the ruined ancient castle on the estate which had been purchased in 1727 by his father, John Horsley.[4][5] Following his marriage, he adopted the additional surname of Horsley in accordance with the terms of his wife's inheritance.[6] Together, they were the parents of one son and three daughters:[7][8]William Robert John Horsley Beresford, 3rd Baron Decies (1811–1893),[9] who married Catharine Anne Dent, the second daughter of Cmdr. William Dent of Shortflatt Tower.[10]\nHon. Georgiana Catherine Horsley Beresford (b. 1812), who married William Watson and, later, Henry Edward Brown in 1845.[8]\nHon. Louisa Elizabeth Horsley Beresford (1814–1891), who married Ernest Brudenell-Bruce, 3rd Marquess of Ailesbury, in 1834.[11]\nHon. Caroline Agnes Horsley Beresford, Duchess of Montrose (1818–1894), who married James Graham, 4th Duke of Montrose in 1836. After his death in 1874, she married William Stuart Stirling-Crawfurd in 1876. After his death in 1883, she married, her second cousin twice removed, Marcus Henry Milner, third son of Henry Beilby William Milner and Charlotte Henrietta Beresford (second daughter of Most Rev. Marcus Gervais Beresford, Archbishop of Armagh), in 1888.[12]Lady Decies died on 9 March 1852. Lord Decies died on 1 March 1865 and was succeeded in the barony by his son William.[1]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harrison1914-13"},{"link_name":"William Marcus de la Poer Horsley-Beresford, 4th Baron Decies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Horsley-Beresford,_4th_Baron_Decies"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TimesObit1910-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1901Wedding-15"},{"link_name":"John Graham Hope Horsley de la Poer Beresford, 5th Baron Decies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Beresford,_5th_Baron_Decies"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1944LordDecies-16"},{"link_name":"Hon. Seton Robert de la Poer Horsley-Beresford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seton_Beresford"},{"link_name":"Joan Rosemary Graves-Sawle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joan_Graves-Sawle&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LadyLucas-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RCSTimesObit-18"},{"link_name":"Edward J. M. Lumb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_J._M._Lumb"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harrison1914-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harrison1914-13"},{"link_name":"née","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fox-Davies1895-8"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Sir Henry Meux, 2nd Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Henry_Meux,_2nd_Baronet"},{"link_name":"William Hare, 3rd Earl of Listowel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hare,_3rd_Earl_of_Listowel"},{"link_name":"George John Brudenell-Bruce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_John_Brudenell-Bruce&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2nd Earl of Craven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Craven,_2nd_Earl_of_Craven"},{"link_name":"Henry Augustus Brudenell-Bruce, 5th Marquess of Ailesbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Brudenell-Bruce,_5th_Marquess_of_Ailesbury"},{"link_name":"Robert Thomas Brudenell-Bruce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Thomas_Brudenell-Bruce"},{"link_name":"Charles Frederick Brudenell-Bruce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_Frederick_Brudenell-Bruce&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mosley2003-1"},{"link_name":"Douglas Graham, 5th Duke of Montrose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Graham,_5th_Duke_of_Montrose"},{"link_name":"Lady Beatrice Violet Graham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violet,_Lady_Greville"},{"link_name":"Algernon Greville, 2nd Baron Greville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algernon_Greville,_2nd_Baron_Greville"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Gavin Campbell, 1st Marquess of Breadalbane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavin_Campbell,_1st_Marquess_of_Breadalbane"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mosley2003-1"}],"sub_title":"Descendants","text":"Through his only son and principal heir John, he was a grandfather of Caroline Catherine Horsley-Beresford (wife of Col. George Alexander Eason Wilkinson)[13] William Marcus de la Poer Horsley-Beresford, 4th Baron Decies,[14][15] John Graham Hope Horsley de la Poer Beresford, 5th Baron Decies,[16] Hon. Seton Robert de la Poer Horsley-Beresford (who married actress Delia Dorothy O'Sullivan and Joan Rosemary Graves-Sawle),[17][18] Hon. Catherine Elizabeth Ellen Horsley-Beresford (wife of Lt.-Col. Edward J. M. Lumb),[13] Hon. Charlotte Ernestine Horsley-Beresford (wife of Maj. Cameron Barclay),[13] Hon. Henry William Walter Horsley-Beresford (who married Constance (née Blades) Levenston),[8] and Hon. William Arthur de la Poer Horsley-Beresford (who married four times).[b]Through his daughter Louisa, he was grandfather to seven, including Lady Louisa Caroline Brudenell-Bruce (wife of Sir Henry Meux, 2nd Baronet), Lady Ernestine Mary Brudenell-Bruce (wife of William Hare, 3rd Earl of Listowel), Lt. George John Brudenell-Bruce (who married Lady Evelyn Mary Craven, daughter of the 2nd Earl of Craven), James Ernest Brudenell-Bruce, Henry Augustus Brudenell-Bruce, 5th Marquess of Ailesbury, Lord Robert Thomas Brudenell-Bruce (who married Emma Leigh), and Maj. Lord Charles Frederick Brudenell-Bruce (who married Margaret Renshaw).[1]Through his youngest daughter's first marriage, he was a grandfather of Douglas Graham, 5th Duke of Montrose, Lady Agnes Caroline Graham (wife of Lt. Col. John Murray), Lady Beatrice Violet Graham (wife of Algernon Greville, 2nd Baron Greville),[25] and Lady Alma Imogen Leonora Carlotta Graham (wife of Gavin Campbell, 1st Marquess of Breadalbane).[1]","title":"Personal life"}]
[{"image_text":"Lord Decies' youngest daughter, Caroline Agnes Graham, Duchess of Montrose.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/CarolineAgnes_Horsley-Beresford_%28d.1894%29_%28DuchessOfMontrose%29.jpeg/220px-CarolineAgnes_Horsley-Beresford_%28d.1894%29_%28DuchessOfMontrose%29.jpeg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Casey, Martin. \"BERESFORD, Marcus (1800-1876), of 16 Cavendish Square, Mdx\". www.historyofparliamentonline.org. History of Parliament Online. Retrieved 1 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1820-1832/member/beresford-marcus-1800-1876","url_text":"\"BERESFORD, Marcus (1800-1876), of 16 Cavendish Square, Mdx\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Parliament_Online","url_text":"History of Parliament Online"}]},{"reference":"Debrett's Peerage of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. G. Woodfall. 1831. p. 961. Retrieved 2 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5e9DAQAAMAAJ","url_text":"Debrett's Peerage of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland"}]},{"reference":"\"BOLAM CASTLE\". www.gatehouse-gazetteer.info. Retrieved 2 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gatehouse-gazetteer.info/English%20sites/2410.html","url_text":"\"BOLAM CASTLE\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bolam Lake: A history of the area of Bolam\" (PDF). www.northumberland.gov. Northumberland County Council. Retrieved 2 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.northumberland.gov.uk/NorthumberlandCountyCouncil/media/Neigbourhood-and-Local-Services/Parks%20and%20open%20spaces/Bolam%20Lake%20200years%20project/17957-Bolam-Interpretation-Booklet-A5-Print2-LR.pdf","url_text":"\"Bolam Lake: A history of the area of Bolam\""}]},{"reference":"The Dublin almanac, and general register of Ireland, for 1847. 1847. p. 102. Retrieved 2 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-u8NAAAAQAAJ","url_text":"The Dublin almanac, and general register of Ireland, for 1847"}]},{"reference":"Hansard's Pocket Peerage. T.C. Newby. 1845. p. 66. Retrieved 2 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mfcDAAAAQAAJ","url_text":"Hansard's Pocket Peerage"}]},{"reference":"Fox-Davies, Arthur Charles (1895). Armorial Families: A Complete Peerage, Baronetage, and Knightage, and a Directory of Some Gentlemen of Coat-armour, and Being the First Attempt to Show which Arms in Use at the Moment are Borne by Legal Authority. Jack. pp. 279–280. Retrieved 31 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KDw6AQAAMAAJ","url_text":"Armorial Families: A Complete Peerage, Baronetage, and Knightage, and a Directory of Some Gentlemen of Coat-armour, and Being the First Attempt to Show which Arms in Use at the Moment are Borne by Legal Authority"}]},{"reference":"\"DEATH OF LORD DECIES\". The Newcastle Weekly Courant. 8 July 1893. p. 3. Retrieved 31 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/93914776/death-of-lord-decies/","url_text":"\"DEATH OF LORD DECIES\""}]},{"reference":"Dod's Peerage, Baronetage and Knightage, of Great Britain and Ireland, for ...: Including All the Titled Classes. S. Low, Marston & Company. 1901. p. 233. Retrieved 31 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DcVsAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Dod's Peerage, Baronetage and Knightage, of Great Britain and Ireland, for ...: Including All the Titled Classes"}]},{"reference":"Selby, Walford Dakin (1884). The Genealogist. George Bell & Sons. p. 42. Retrieved 2 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=L5xIAQAAMAAJ","url_text":"The Genealogist"}]},{"reference":"Society, Harleian (1897). The Publications of the Harleian Society: Registers. The Harleian Society. Retrieved 2 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-SfTAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"The Publications of the Harleian Society: Registers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harleian_Society","url_text":"Harleian Society"}]},{"reference":"The Titled Nobility of Europe: An International Peerage, Or \"Who's Who\", of the Sovereigns, Princes and Nobles of Europe. Harrison & Sons. 1914. pp. 563–564. Retrieved 31 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=PUm1lS2j-wQC","url_text":"The Titled Nobility of Europe: An International Peerage, Or \"Who's Who\", of the Sovereigns, Princes and Nobles of Europe"}]},{"reference":"\"Lord Decies\". The Times. 1 August 1910. p. 11. Retrieved 31 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/16693711/decies-4th-and-5th-1st-aug-1910-in/","url_text":"\"Lord Decies\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times","url_text":"The Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Marriage Announcement\". The Times. 13 March 1901. p. 10. Retrieved 31 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/93905806/marriage-announcement/","url_text":"\"Marriage Announcement\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times","url_text":"The Times"}]},{"reference":"\"LORD DECIES DIES IN ENGLAND AT 77; Soldier, Sportsman, Friend of Taxpayer--Married Gould Heiress Here in 1911\". The New York Times. 2 February 1944. Retrieved 29 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1944/02/02/archives/lord-decies-dies-in-england-at-77-soldier-sportsman-friend-of.html?searchResultPosition=6","url_text":"\"LORD DECIES DIES IN ENGLAND AT 77; Soldier, Sportsman, Friend of Taxpayer--Married Gould Heiress Here in 1911\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Delia Dorothy (née O'Sullivan), Lady Lucas\". www.npg.org.uk. National Portrait Gallery, London. Retrieved 31 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp139859/delia-dorothy-nee-osullivan-lady-lucas","url_text":"\"Delia Dorothy (née O'Sullivan), Lady Lucas\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London","url_text":"National Portrait Gallery, London"}]},{"reference":"\"BERESFORD-M1LLER. PROVIDENCE. R. I.. June 17. Hon. William Beresford, son of the late Lord Decies, of England, and Miss Florence Miller, daughter of Dr. Gardiner L. Miller, of this city, were married at noon to-day at St. Stephen's Episcopal Church by the Rev. George McClellan Fiske, the pastor\". Indianapolis Journal, Volume 51, Number 169 (Hoosier State Chronicles). 18 June 1901. p. 3. Retrieved 1 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://newspapers.library.in.gov/cgi-bin/indiana?a=d&d=IJ19010618.1.3&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-------","url_text":"\"BERESFORD-M1LLER. PROVIDENCE. R. I.. June 17. Hon. William Beresford, son of the late Lord Decies, of England, and Miss Florence Miller, daughter of Dr. Gardiner L. Miller, of this city, were married at noon to-day at St. Stephen's Episcopal Church by the Rev. George McClellan Fiske, the pastor\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis_Journal","url_text":"Indianapolis Journal"}]},{"reference":"\"Lady Sholto Douglas, 1978-1936\". www.douglashistory.co.uk. Retrieved 31 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.douglashistory.co.uk/history/lady_sholto_douglas.html","url_text":"\"Lady Sholto Douglas, 1978-1936\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lord Sholto Douglas Married\". The Guardian. 25 April 1921. p. 10. Retrieved 31 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/93914392/lord-sholto-douglas-married/","url_text":"\"Lord Sholto Douglas Married\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"\"Georgina Leonora Barnard Douglas (née Mosselmans)\". www.npg.org.uk. National Portrait Gallery, London. Retrieved 31 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp62429/georgina-leonora-barnard-douglas-nee-mosselmans","url_text":"\"Georgina Leonora Barnard Douglas (née Mosselmans)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London","url_text":"National Portrait Gallery, London"}]},{"reference":"\"His Lordship Was a Hoofer\". The San Francisco Examiner. 11 December 1966. p. 139. Retrieved 31 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/23858171/12-11-1966/","url_text":"\"His Lordship Was a Hoofer\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_San_Francisco_Examiner","url_text":"The San Francisco Examiner"}]},{"reference":"Morris, Susan (20 April 2020). Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage 2019. eBook Partnership. ISBN 978-1-9997670-5-1. Retrieved 31 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=99tHEAAAQBAJ","url_text":"Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage 2019"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-9997670-5-1","url_text":"978-1-9997670-5-1"}]},{"reference":"Law, Cheryl (2018). \"Greville [née Graham], Lady (Beatrice) Violet (1842–1932), journalist and author\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. doi:10.1093/odnb/9780198614128.013.50387. ISBN 978-0-19-861412-8. Retrieved 11 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-50387","url_text":"\"Greville [née Graham], Lady (Beatrice) Violet (1842–1932), journalist and author\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fodnb%2F9780198614128.013.50387","url_text":"10.1093/odnb/9780198614128.013.50387"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861412-8","url_text":"978-0-19-861412-8"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1820-1832/member/beresford-marcus-1800-1876","external_links_name":"\"BERESFORD, Marcus (1800-1876), of 16 Cavendish Square, Mdx\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5e9DAQAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Debrett's Peerage of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland"},{"Link":"http://www.gatehouse-gazetteer.info/English%20sites/2410.html","external_links_name":"\"BOLAM CASTLE\""},{"Link":"https://www.northumberland.gov.uk/NorthumberlandCountyCouncil/media/Neigbourhood-and-Local-Services/Parks%20and%20open%20spaces/Bolam%20Lake%20200years%20project/17957-Bolam-Interpretation-Booklet-A5-Print2-LR.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Bolam Lake: A history of the area of Bolam\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-u8NAAAAQAAJ","external_links_name":"The Dublin almanac, and general register of Ireland, for 1847"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mfcDAAAAQAAJ","external_links_name":"Hansard's Pocket Peerage"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KDw6AQAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Armorial Families: A Complete Peerage, Baronetage, and Knightage, and a Directory of Some Gentlemen of Coat-armour, and Being the First Attempt to Show which Arms in Use at the Moment are Borne by Legal Authority"},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/93914776/death-of-lord-decies/","external_links_name":"\"DEATH OF LORD DECIES\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DcVsAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Dod's Peerage, Baronetage and Knightage, of Great Britain and Ireland, for ...: Including All the Titled Classes"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=L5xIAQAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"The Genealogist"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-SfTAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"The Publications of the Harleian Society: Registers"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=PUm1lS2j-wQC","external_links_name":"The Titled Nobility of Europe: An International Peerage, Or \"Who's Who\", of the Sovereigns, Princes and Nobles of Europe"},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/16693711/decies-4th-and-5th-1st-aug-1910-in/","external_links_name":"\"Lord Decies\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/93905806/marriage-announcement/","external_links_name":"\"Marriage Announcement\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1944/02/02/archives/lord-decies-dies-in-england-at-77-soldier-sportsman-friend-of.html?searchResultPosition=6","external_links_name":"\"LORD DECIES DIES IN ENGLAND AT 77; Soldier, Sportsman, Friend of Taxpayer--Married Gould Heiress Here in 1911\""},{"Link":"https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp139859/delia-dorothy-nee-osullivan-lady-lucas","external_links_name":"\"Delia Dorothy (née O'Sullivan), Lady Lucas\""},{"Link":"https://newspapers.library.in.gov/cgi-bin/indiana?a=d&d=IJ19010618.1.3&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-------","external_links_name":"\"BERESFORD-M1LLER. PROVIDENCE. R. I.. June 17. Hon. William Beresford, son of the late Lord Decies, of England, and Miss Florence Miller, daughter of Dr. Gardiner L. Miller, of this city, were married at noon to-day at St. Stephen's Episcopal Church by the Rev. George McClellan Fiske, the pastor\""},{"Link":"http://www.douglashistory.co.uk/history/lady_sholto_douglas.html","external_links_name":"\"Lady Sholto Douglas, 1978-1936\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/93914392/lord-sholto-douglas-married/","external_links_name":"\"Lord Sholto Douglas Married\""},{"Link":"https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp62429/georgina-leonora-barnard-douglas-nee-mosselmans","external_links_name":"\"Georgina Leonora Barnard Douglas (née Mosselmans)\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/23858171/12-11-1966/","external_links_name":"\"His Lordship Was a Hoofer\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=99tHEAAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage 2019"},{"Link":"https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-50387","external_links_name":"\"Greville [née Graham], Lady (Beatrice) Violet (1842–1932), journalist and author\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fodnb%2F9780198614128.013.50387","external_links_name":"10.1093/odnb/9780198614128.013.50387"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mila_Doce,_Texas
Mila Doce, Texas
["1 Geography","2 Demographics","3 Education","4 References"]
Coordinates: 26°13′16″N 97°57′42″W / 26.22111°N 97.96167°W / 26.22111; -97.96167 Census-designated place in TexasMilla Doce, TexasCensus-designated placeCoordinates: 26°13′16″N 97°57′42″W / 26.22111°N 97.96167°W / 26.22111; -97.96167Country United States of AmericaState TexasCounty HidalgoArea • Total3.3 sq mi (8.5 km2) • Land3.3 sq mi (8.5 km2) • Water0.0 sq mi (0.0 km2)Elevation59 ft (18 m)Population (2010) • Total6,222 • Density1,900/sq mi (730/km2)Time zoneUTC-6 (Central (CST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-5 (CDT)FIPS code48-48320GNIS feature ID1867555 Mila Doce ("Mile Twelve" in Spanish, from the name of the road it adjoins) is a census-designated place (CDP) in Hidalgo County, Texas, United States. The population was 6,222 at the 2010 United States Census. It is part of the McAllen–Edinburg–Mission Metropolitan Statistical Area. Geography Mila Doce is located at 26°13′16″N 97°57′42″W / 26.22111°N 97.96167°W / 26.22111; -97.96167 (26.221238, -97.961795). According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 3.3 square miles (8.5 km2), all land. Demographics As of the census of 2000, there were 4,907 people, 1,020 households, and 974 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 1,492.2 inhabitants per square mile (576.1/km2). There were 1,147 housing units at an average density of 348.8 per square mile (134.7/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 94.74% White, 0.20% Native American, 4.26% from other races, and 0.79% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 99.53% of the population. Mila Doce has the highest percentage of Hispanics among United States census-designated places. There were 1,020 households, out of which 70.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 76.6% were married couples living together, 14.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 4.5% were non-families. 3.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 1.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 4.81 and the average family size was 4.89. In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 43.9% under the age of 18, 14.2% from 18 to 24, 25.9% from 25 to 44, 12.4% from 45 to 64, and 3.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 21 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.8 males. The median income for a household in the CDP was $15,944, and the median income for a family was $16,716. Males had a median income of $15,828 versus $15,025 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $4,221. About 59.1% of families and 66.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 72.9% of those under age 18 and 62.0% of those age 65 or over. Education Most of Mila Doce is served by the Weslaco Independent School District. Portions of the community are zoned to multiple WISD elementary schools: Justice Gonzales, Mario Ybarra, North Bridge, "Tony" Rico, and Airport Drive. Two middle schools, Mary Hoge and Central, serve WISD sections of Mila Doce. Weslaco East High School and Weslaco High School serve WISD sections of Mila Doce. A small portion is zoned to the Edcouch-Elsa Independent School District. The schools in grades 6-12 serving the section are: P.F.C. David Ybarra Middle School, Carlos F. Truan Junior High School, and Edcouch Elsa High School. In addition, South Texas Independent School District operates magnet schools that serve the community. References ^ a b c "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011. ^ a b "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ a b "SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP (2010 CENSUS): Hidalgo County, TX." U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved on July 9, 2017. ^ a b "2010 CENSUS - CENSUS BLOCK MAP: Mila Doce CDP, TX." U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved on July 11, 2017. ^ "Elementary School Attendance Zones." Weslaco Independent School District. Retrieved on July 11, 2017. ^ "Middle School Attendance Zones." Weslaco Independent School District. Retrieved on July 11, 2017. Persons using Mozilla Firefox to directly view this file may encounter problems ^ "High School Attendance Zones." Weslaco Independent School District. Retrieved on July 11, 2017. Persons using Mozilla Firefox to directly view this file may encounter problems vteMunicipalities and communities of Hidalgo County, Texas, United StatesCounty seat: EdinburgCities Alamo Alton Donna Edcouch Edinburg Elsa Granjeno Hidalgo La Joya La Villa McAllen Mercedes Mission Palmhurst Palmview Peñitas Pharr Progreso Progreso Lakes San Juan Sullivan City Weslaco Hidalgo County mapCDPs Abram César Chávez Citrus City Cuevitas Doffing Doolittle Harding Gill Tract Hargill Havana Heidelberg Indian Hills La Blanca La Coma Heights La Homa Laguna Seca Linn Llano Grande Lopezville Los Ebanos Midway North Midway South Mila Doce Monte Alto Muniz Murillo North Alamo Olivarez Palmview South Perezville Relampago Salida del Sol Estates San Carlos Scissors South Alamo Villa Verde West Sharyland Othercommunity McCook Texas portal United States portal
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census-designated place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census-designated_place"},{"link_name":"Hidalgo County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidalgo_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"2010 United States Census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR1-1"},{"link_name":"McAllen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McAllen,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Edinburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburg,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Mission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Statistical Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McAllen-Edinburg-Mission_metropolitan_area"}],"text":"Census-designated place in TexasMila Doce (\"Mile Twelve\" in Spanish, from the name of the road it adjoins) is a census-designated place (CDP) in Hidalgo County, Texas, United States. The population was 6,222 at the 2010 United States Census.[1] It is part of the McAllen–Edinburg–Mission Metropolitan Statistical Area.","title":"Mila Doce, Texas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"26°13′16″N 97°57′42″W / 26.22111°N 97.96167°W / 26.22111; -97.96167","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mila_Doce,_Texas&params=26_13_16_N_97_57_42_W_type:city"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR1-1"},{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"}],"text":"Mila Doce is located at 26°13′16″N 97°57′42″W / 26.22111°N 97.96167°W / 26.22111; -97.96167 (26.221238, -97.961795).[1]According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 3.3 square miles (8.5 km2), all land.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-2"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"text":"As of the census[2] of 2000, there were 4,907 people, 1,020 households, and 974 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 1,492.2 inhabitants per square mile (576.1/km2). There were 1,147 housing units at an average density of 348.8 per square mile (134.7/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 94.74% White, 0.20% Native American, 4.26% from other races, and 0.79% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 99.53% of the population. Mila Doce has the highest percentage of Hispanics among United States census-designated places.There were 1,020 households, out of which 70.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 76.6% were married couples living together, 14.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 4.5% were non-families. 3.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 1.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 4.81 and the average family size was 4.89.In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 43.9% under the age of 18, 14.2% from 18 to 24, 25.9% from 25 to 44, 12.4% from 45 to 64, and 3.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 21 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.8 males.The median income for a household in the CDP was $15,944, and the median income for a family was $16,716. Males had a median income of $15,828 versus $15,025 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $4,221. About 59.1% of families and 66.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 72.9% of those under age 18 and 62.0% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Weslaco Independent School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weslaco_Independent_School_District"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-schooldistmap-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CDPmap-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Weslaco East High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weslaco_East_High_School"},{"link_name":"Weslaco High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weslaco_High_School"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Edcouch-Elsa Independent School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edcouch-Elsa_Independent_School_District"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-schooldistmap-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CDPmap-5"},{"link_name":"Edcouch Elsa High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edcouch_Elsa_High_School"},{"link_name":"South Texas Independent School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Texas_Independent_School_District"}],"text":"Most of Mila Doce is served by the Weslaco Independent School District.[4][5] Portions of the community are zoned to multiple WISD elementary schools: Justice Gonzales, Mario Ybarra, North Bridge, \"Tony\" Rico, and Airport Drive.[6] Two middle schools, Mary Hoge and Central, serve WISD sections of Mila Doce.[7] Weslaco East High School and Weslaco High School serve WISD sections of Mila Doce.[8]A small portion is zoned to the Edcouch-Elsa Independent School District.[4][5] The schools in grades 6-12 serving the section are: P.F.C. David Ybarra Middle School, Carlos F. Truan Junior High School, and Edcouch Elsa High School.In addition, South Texas Independent School District operates magnet schools that serve the community.","title":"Education"}]
[{"image_text":"Hidalgo County map","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Map_of_Texas_highlighting_Hidalgo_County.svg/100px-Map_of_Texas_highlighting_Hidalgo_County.svg.png"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wabasha,_Minnesota
Wabasha, Minnesota
["1 Name","2 History","3 Geography","3.1 Climate","4 Demographics","4.1 2020 census","4.2 2010 census","4.3 2000 census","5 Arts and culture","6 Notable people","7 In popular culture","8 Government","9 Education","10 References","11 External links"]
Coordinates: 44°23′0.42″N 92°1′53.76″W / 44.3834500°N 92.0316000°W / 44.3834500; -92.0316000For the Sioux chiefs often called Wabasha, see Wapasha. City in Minnesota, United StatesWabasha, MinnesotaCityDowntown WabashaMotto: "Governor's Fit City"Location of the city of Wabashawithin Wabasha Countyin the state of MinnesotaCoordinates: 44°22′46″N 92°2′8″W / 44.37944°N 92.03556°W / 44.37944; -92.03556CountryUnited StatesStateMinnesotaCountyWabashaArea • Total9.25 sq mi (23.96 km2) • Land8.19 sq mi (21.22 km2) • Water1.06 sq mi (2.75 km2)Elevation686 ft (209 m)Population (2020) • Total2,559 • Density312.42/sq mi (120.62/km2)Time zoneUTC-6 (Central (CST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-5 (CDT)ZIP code55981Area code651FIPS code27-67378GNIS feature ID0653695Websitewww.wabasha.org Wabasha is a city and the county seat of Wabasha County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 2,559 at the time of the 2020 census. It is on the Mississippi River, near its confluence with the Zumbro River. Name Wabasha is named after the Mdewakanton Dakota mixed-blood (with Anishinaabe) chiefs Wapi-sha, or red leaf (wáȟpe šá - leaf red), father (1718–1806), son (1768–1855), and grandson (±1816–1876) of the same name. The second, Wabishaw the son, signed the 1830 USA treaty with the "Confederated Tribes of the Sacs and Foxes; the Medawah-Kanton, Wahpacoota, Wahpeton and Sissetong Bands or Tribes of Sioux; the Omahas, Ioways, Ottoes and Missourias" in Prairie du Chien. The grandson, Wabasha III (±1816–1876), signed the 1851 and 1858 treaties that ceded the southern half of what is now the state of Minnesota to the United States, beginning the removal of his band to the Minnesota River, then removal from Minnesota to Crow Creek Reservation in Dakota Territory, then to the Santee Reservation in Nebraska, where the last chief Wabasha died. History Wabasha was platted in 1854. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, Wabasha has an area of 9.25 square miles (23.96 km2); 8.19 square miles (21.21 km2) is land and 1.06 square miles (2.75 km2) is water. U.S. Highway 61 and Minnesota Highway 60 are two of the main routes in the city. Wisconsin Highways 25 and 35 are nearby. The city of Wabasha is on the Mississippi River at the foot of Lake Pepin. Wabasha Bridge over the Mississippi River Climate The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is "Dfb"(Warm Summer Continental Climate). Demographics Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 1860894—18701,73994.5%18802,08820.1%18902,48919.2%19002,5281.6%19102,6223.7%19202,249−14.2%19302,212−1.6%19402,3687.1%19502,4684.2%19602,5001.3%19702,371−5.2%19802,3720.0%19902,3840.5%20002,5999.0%20102,521−3.0%20202,5591.5%U.S. Decennial Census 2020 census As of the census of 2020, the population was 2,559. The population density was 312.4 inhabitants per square mile (120.6/km2). There were 1,344 housing units at an average density of 164.1 per square mile (63.4/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 93.0% White, 1.4% Black or African American, 0.4% Asian, 0.3% Native American, 0.2% Pacific Islander, 0.6% from other races, and 4.1% from two or more races. Ethnically, the population was 2.6% Hispanic or Latino of any race. 2010 census As of the census of 2010, there were 2,521 people, 1,144 households, and 654 families living in the city. The population density was 306.7 inhabitants per square mile (118.4/km2). There were 1,315 housing units at an average density of 160.0 per square mile (61.8/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 96.2% White, 0.8% African American, 0.4% Native American, 0.2% Asian, 1.0% from other races, and 1.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.3% of the population. There were 1,144 households, of which 23.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.2% were married couples living together, 9.4% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.5% had a male householder with no wife present, and 42.8% were non-families. 37.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.09 and the average family size was 2.72. The median age in the city was 48.8 years. 19.4% of residents were under the age of 18; 5.5% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 20.1% were from 25 to 44; 28.2% were from 45 to 64; and 26.8% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47.2% male and 52.8% female. 2000 census As of the census of 2000, there were 2,599 people, 1,062 households, and 665 families living in the city. The population density was 318.4 inhabitants per square mile (122.9/km2). There were 1,166 housing units at an average density of 142.9 per square mile (55.2/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 97.96% White, 0.69% African American, 0.54% Native American, 0.15% Asian, 0.19% from other races, and 0.46% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.31% of the population. There were 1,062 households, out of which 26.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.5% were married couples living together, 7.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.3% were non-families. 32.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.27 and the average family size was 2.85. In the city, the population was spread out, with 22.0% under the age of 18, 6.3% from 18 to 24, 23.3% from 25 to 44, 25.9% from 45 to 64, and 22.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 44 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84.2 males. The median income for a household in the city was $35,291, and the median income for a family was $45,391. Males had a median income of $34,223 versus $24,167 for females. The per capita income for the city was $20,374. About 5.2% of families and 10.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.8% of those under age 18 and 14.3% of those age 65 or over. Arts and culture The National Eagle Center is in Wabasha. Wabasha is also home to Minnesota's oldest Episcopal church, Grace Memorial Episcopal Church, which features a Tiffany stained-glass window. Grace Memorial Episcopal Church, Wabasha, Minnesota Notable people Larry Brandenburg, Actor John R. Foley, one-term congressman from Maryland Joyce M. Lund, journalist and Minnesota state legislator Chief Tamaha, Mdewakanton Sioux chief Tom Tiffany, Congressman from Wisconsin's 7th congressional district John Van Dyke, Congressman from New Jersey's 4th congressional district from 1847 to 1851; member of Minnesota Senate from 1872 to 1873 Jim "Baron Von" Raschke, retired professional wrestler and manager In popular culture A sign reading "Welcome to Wabasha, Home of Grumpy Old Men" stands at the city limits. This is a tribute to the 1993 film Grumpy Old Men and its 1995 sequel Grumpier Old Men, both of which are set in Wabasha. Though many of the places the films mention (such as the local VFW and Slippery's Tavern) are in Wabasha, the films were shot in other Minnesota communities. The only scene filmed near Wabasha was the "snow angel" scene, filmed in Red Wing. Government Wabasha is located in Minnesota's 1st congressional district, represented by Brad Finstad, a Republican. Emily Durand is the current mayor. Education Run by Wabasha-Kellogg Independent School District #811, Wabasha-Kellogg is a K-12 school. Alternatively, St. Felix Catholic School is a private school offering a Pre K-6 curriculum. References ^ "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 24, 2022. ^ a b "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ a b "2020 Decennial Census: Wabasha city, Minnesota". data.census.gov. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved August 3, 2022. ^ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Retrieved June 7, 2011. ^ 1830 US treaty with Native Americans on the upper Mississippi at Prairie du Chien http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/sau0305.htm ^ 1851 USA Treaty with the Sioux—Mdewakanton and Wahpakoota Bands 1851 Chief Wa-pa-sha, (The Standard, or “Red Leaf,”) http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/sio0591.htm ^ USA Treaty with the Sioux, 1858 — Mendawakanton and Wahpahoota Bands, Wa-bash-aw, his x mark. http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/sio0781.htm ^ Upham, Warren (1920). Minnesota Geographic Names: Their Origin and Historic Significance. Minnesota Historical Society. p. 559. ^ "2020 Gazetteer Files". census.gov. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved August 3, 2022. ^ "Wabasha, Minnesota Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)". Weatherbase. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved November 13, 2012. ^ "Home". National Eagle Center. ^ John Van Dyke, Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Accessed September 1, 2007. ^ Tabern, Robert (December 25, 2015). Outside the Rails: A Rail Route Guide from Chicago to St. Paul, MN (Second ed.). Lulu.com. ISBN 9781105592003. ^ "City Council". Wabasha.org. ^ "History of St. Felix Catholic School". stfelixschool.org. External links Wabasha-Kellogg (Minnesota) Convention and Visitors Bureau City of Wabasha, MN – Official Website Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wabasha, Minnesota. 44°23′0.42″N 92°1′53.76″W / 44.3834500°N 92.0316000°W / 44.3834500; -92.0316000 vteMunicipalities and communities of Wabasha County, Minnesota, United StatesCounty seat: WabashaCities Bellechester‡ Elgin Hammond Kellogg Lake City‡ Mazeppa Millville Minneiska‡ Plainview Wabasha Zumbro Falls Map of Minnesota highlighting Wabasha CountyTownships Chester Elgin Gillford Glasgow Greenfield Highland Hyde Park Lake Mazeppa Minneiska Mount Pleasant Oakwood Pepin Plainview Watopa West Albany Zumbro Unincorporatedcommunities Bear Valley Camp Lacupolis Conception Dumfries Jarrett Maple Springs Oak Center Reads Landing South Troy Theilman Weaver West Albany West Newton Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Minnesota portal United States portal vteCounty seats of Minnesota Ada Aitkin Albert Lea Alexandria Anoka Austin Bagley Baudette Bemidji Benson Blue Earth Brainerd Breckenridge Buffalo Caledonia Cambridge Carlton Center City Chaska Crookston Detroit Lakes Duluth Elbow Lake Elk River Fairmont Faribault Fergus Falls Foley Gaylord Glencoe Glenwood Grand Marais Grand Rapids Granite Falls Hallock Hastings International Falls Ivanhoe Jackson Le Center Litchfield Little Falls Long Prairie Luverne Madison Mahnomen Mankato Mantorville Marshall Milaca Minneapolis Montevideo Moorhead Mora Morris New Ulm Olivia Ortonville Owatonna Park Rapids Pine City Pipestone Preston Red Lake Falls Red Wing Redwood Falls Rochester Roseau Saint Paul Shakopee Slayton St. Cloud St. James St. Peter Stillwater Thief River Falls Two Harbors Wabasha Wadena Walker Warren Waseca Wheaton Willmar Windom Winona Worthington
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wapasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wapasha_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"county seat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_seat"},{"link_name":"Wabasha County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wabasha_County,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota"},{"link_name":"2020 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2020-census-2767378-4"},{"link_name":"Mississippi River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_River"},{"link_name":"Zumbro River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zumbro_River"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR6-5"}],"text":"For the Sioux chiefs often called Wabasha, see Wapasha.City in Minnesota, United StatesWabasha is a city and the county seat of Wabasha County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 2,559 at the time of the 2020 census.[4] It is on the Mississippi River, near its confluence with the Zumbro River.[5]","title":"Wabasha, Minnesota"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mdewakanton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mdewakanton"},{"link_name":"Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakota_people"},{"link_name":"Anishinaabe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anishinaabe"},{"link_name":"father","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wapasha_I"},{"link_name":"son","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wapasha_II"},{"link_name":"grandson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wabasha_III"},{"link_name":"Wabishaw the son","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wapasha_II"},{"link_name":"Prairie du Chien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prairie_du_Chien"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Minnesota River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_River"},{"link_name":"Crow Creek Reservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crow_Creek_Reservation"},{"link_name":"Santee Reservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santee_Sioux_Reservation"},{"link_name":"Nebraska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebraska"}],"text":"Wabasha is named after the Mdewakanton Dakota mixed-blood (with Anishinaabe) chiefs Wapi-sha, or red leaf (wáȟpe šá - leaf red), father (1718–1806), son (1768–1855), and grandson (±1816–1876) of the same name. The second, Wabishaw the son, signed the 1830 USA treaty with the \"Confederated Tribes of the Sacs and Foxes; the Medawah-Kanton, Wahpacoota, Wahpeton and Sissetong Bands or Tribes of Sioux; the Omahas, Ioways, Ottoes and Missourias\" in Prairie du Chien.[6] The grandson, Wabasha III (±1816–1876), signed the 1851[7] and 1858[8] treaties that ceded the southern half of what is now the state of Minnesota to the United States, beginning the removal of his band to the Minnesota River, then removal from Minnesota to Crow Creek Reservation in Dakota Territory, then to the Santee Reservation in Nebraska, where the last chief Wabasha died.","title":"Name"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"platted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plat"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Wabasha was platted in 1854.[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gaz2020-10"},{"link_name":"61","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_61"},{"link_name":"60","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_State_Highway_60"},{"link_name":"25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin_Highway_25"},{"link_name":"35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin_Highway_35"},{"link_name":"Mississippi River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_River"},{"link_name":"Lake Pepin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Pepin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wabasha_Bridge_1.JPG"},{"link_name":"Mississippi River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_River"}],"text":"According to the United States Census Bureau, Wabasha has an area of 9.25 square miles (23.96 km2); 8.19 square miles (21.21 km2) is land and 1.06 square miles (2.75 km2) is water.[10] U.S. Highway 61 and Minnesota Highway 60 are two of the main routes in the city. Wisconsin Highways 25 and 35 are nearby.The city of Wabasha is on the Mississippi River at the foot of Lake Pepin.Wabasha Bridge over the Mississippi River","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Köppen Climate Classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_Climate_Classification"},{"link_name":"Dfb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humid_continental_climate"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Climate","text":"The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is \"Dfb\"(Warm Summer Continental Climate).[11]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census of 2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2020-census-2767378-4"},{"link_name":"population density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Pacific Islander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Islander_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"}],"sub_title":"2020 census","text":"As of the census of 2020,[4] the population was 2,559. The population density was 312.4 inhabitants per square mile (120.6/km2). There were 1,344 housing units at an average density of 164.1 per square mile (63.4/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 93.0% White, 1.4% Black or African American, 0.4% Asian, 0.3% Native American, 0.2% Pacific Islander, 0.6% from other races, and 4.1% from two or more races. Ethnically, the population was 2.6% Hispanic or Latino of any race.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wwwcensusgov-12"},{"link_name":"population density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"}],"sub_title":"2010 census","text":"As of the census[12] of 2010, there were 2,521 people, 1,144 households, and 654 families living in the city. The population density was 306.7 inhabitants per square mile (118.4/km2). There were 1,315 housing units at an average density of 160.0 per square mile (61.8/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 96.2% White, 0.8% African American, 0.4% Native American, 0.2% Asian, 1.0% from other races, and 1.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.3% of the population.There were 1,144 households, of which 23.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.2% were married couples living together, 9.4% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.5% had a male householder with no wife present, and 42.8% were non-families. 37.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.09 and the average family size was 2.72.The median age in the city was 48.8 years. 19.4% of residents were under the age of 18; 5.5% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 20.1% were from 25 to 44; 28.2% were from 45 to 64; and 26.8% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47.2% male and 52.8% female.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-2"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"sub_title":"2000 census","text":"As of the census[2] of 2000, there were 2,599 people, 1,062 households, and 665 families living in the city. The population density was 318.4 inhabitants per square mile (122.9/km2). There were 1,166 housing units at an average density of 142.9 per square mile (55.2/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 97.96% White, 0.69% African American, 0.54% Native American, 0.15% Asian, 0.19% from other races, and 0.46% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.31% of the population.There were 1,062 households, out of which 26.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.5% were married couples living together, 7.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.3% were non-families. 32.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.27 and the average family size was 2.85.In the city, the population was spread out, with 22.0% under the age of 18, 6.3% from 18 to 24, 23.3% from 25 to 44, 25.9% from 45 to 64, and 22.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 44 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84.2 males.The median income for a household in the city was $35,291, and the median income for a family was $45,391. Males had a median income of $34,223 versus $24,167 for females. The per capita income for the city was $20,374. About 5.2% of families and 10.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.8% of those under age 18 and 14.3% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Eagle Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Eagle_Center"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Grace Memorial Episcopal Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_Memorial_Episcopal_Church_(Wabasha,_Minnesota)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GraceMemorialEpiscopalChurch2011.jpg"}],"text":"The National Eagle Center is in Wabasha.[13] Wabasha is also home to Minnesota's oldest Episcopal church, Grace Memorial Episcopal Church, which features a Tiffany stained-glass window.Grace Memorial Episcopal Church, Wabasha, Minnesota","title":"Arts and culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Larry Brandenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Brandenburg"},{"link_name":"John R. Foley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_R._Foley"},{"link_name":"Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland"},{"link_name":"Joyce M. Lund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joyce_M._Lund"},{"link_name":"Chief Tamaha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Tamaha"},{"link_name":"Mdewakanton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mdewakanton"},{"link_name":"Sioux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sioux"},{"link_name":"Tom Tiffany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Tiffany"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin's 7th congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin%27s_7th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"John Van Dyke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Van_Dyke_(politician)"},{"link_name":"New Jersey's 4th congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey%27s_4th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Minnesota Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Senate"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Jim \"Baron Von\" Raschke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_von_Raschke"},{"link_name":"professional wrestler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling"}],"text":"Larry Brandenburg, Actor\nJohn R. Foley, one-term congressman from Maryland\nJoyce M. Lund, journalist and Minnesota state legislator\nChief Tamaha, Mdewakanton Sioux chief\nTom Tiffany, Congressman from Wisconsin's 7th congressional district\nJohn Van Dyke, Congressman from New Jersey's 4th congressional district from 1847 to 1851; member of Minnesota Senate from 1872 to 1873[14]\nJim \"Baron Von\" Raschke, retired professional wrestler and manager","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grumpy Old Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grumpy_Old_Men_(film)"},{"link_name":"Grumpier Old Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grumpier_Old_Men"},{"link_name":"Red Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Wing,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"A sign reading \"Welcome to Wabasha, Home of Grumpy Old Men\" stands at the city limits. This is a tribute to the 1993 film Grumpy Old Men and its 1995 sequel Grumpier Old Men, both of which are set in Wabasha. Though many of the places the films mention (such as the local VFW and Slippery's Tavern) are in Wabasha, the films were shot in other Minnesota communities. The only scene filmed near Wabasha was the \"snow angel\" scene, filmed in Red Wing.[15]","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brad Finstad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Finstad"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Wabasha is located in Minnesota's 1st congressional district, represented by Brad Finstad, a Republican. Emily Durand is the current mayor.[16]","title":"Government"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Run by Wabasha-Kellogg Independent School District #811, Wabasha-Kellogg is a K-12 school. Alternatively, St. Felix Catholic School is a private school offering a Pre K-6 curriculum.[17]","title":"Education"}]
[{"image_text":"Wabasha Bridge over the Mississippi River","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wabasha_Bridge_1.JPG/220px-Wabasha_Bridge_1.JPG"},{"image_text":"Grace Memorial Episcopal Church, Wabasha, Minnesota","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/GraceMemorialEpiscopalChurch2011.jpg/220px-GraceMemorialEpiscopalChurch2011.jpg"},{"image_text":"Map of Minnesota highlighting Wabasha County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Map_of_Minnesota_highlighting_Wabasha_County.svg/180px-Map_of_Minnesota_highlighting_Wabasha_County.svg.png"}]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saranac_Lake,_New_York
Saranac Lake, New York
["1 History","2 Culture","2.1 Artists' residences","3 Economy","4 Transportation","5 Geography","6 Demographics","7 Sister cities","8 Climate","9 Ecology","10 See also","11 References","12 Further reading","13 External links"]
Coordinates: 44°19′34″N 74°7′51″W / 44.32611°N 74.13083°W / 44.32611; -74.13083 This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Saranac Lake, New York" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Village in New York, United StatesSaranac Lake, New YorkVillageLake Flower, from Riverside ParkNickname: The Capital of the AdirondacksSaranac LakeLocation in the state of New YorkCoordinates: 44°19′34″N 74°7′51″W / 44.32611°N 74.13083°W / 44.32611; -74.13083CountryUnited StatesStateNew YorkCountiesFranklin, EssexTownsHarrietstown, North Elba, St. ArmandGovernment • TypeMayor and Board of Trustees • MayorJimmy WilliamsArea • Total3.16 sq mi (8.18 km2) • Land2.91 sq mi (7.54 km2) • Water0.25 sq mi (0.64 km2)Elevation1,545 ft (471 m)Population (2020) • Total4,887 • Density1,678.80/sq mi (648.21/km2)Time zoneUTC−5 (Eastern (EST)) • Summer (DST)UTC−4 (EDT)ZIP Code12983Area code518FIPS code36-65233GNIS feature ID0964482Websitewww.saranaclakeny.gov Saranac Lake is a village in the state of New York, United States. As of the 2020 census, the population was 4,887, making it the largest community by population in the Adirondack Park. The village is named after Upper, Middle and Lower Saranac lakes, which are nearby. The village of Saranac Lake covers parts of three towns (Harrietstown, St. Armand, and North Elba) and two counties (Franklin and Essex). The county line is within two blocks of the center of the village. At the 2010 census, 3,897 village residents lived in Harrietstown, 1,367 lived in North Elba, and 142 lived in St. Armand. The village boundaries do not touch the shores of any of the three Saranac Lakes; Lower Saranac Lake, the nearest, is a half mile west of the village's downtown district. The northern reaches of Lake Flower, which is a wide part of the Saranac River downstream from the three Saranac Lakes, lie within the village. The town of Saranac is an entirely separate entity, 33 miles (53 km) down the Saranac River to the northeast. The village lies within the boundaries of the Adirondack Park, 9 miles (14 km) west of Lake Placid. These two villages, along with nearby Tupper Lake, comprise what is known as the Tri-Lakes region. Saranac Lake was named in 1995 the best small town in New York State and ranked 11th in the United States in The 100 Best Small Towns in America. In 1998, the National Civic League named Saranac Lake an All-America City, and in 2006 the village was named one of the "Dozen Distinctive Destinations" by the National Trust for Historic Preservation. 186 buildings in the village are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. History This area was occupied by Iroquoian-speaking peoples for hundreds of years, and by other Indigenous peoples before them. The historic Mohawk people extended their hunting grounds to this area. The area was first settled by European Americans in 1819, more than three decades after the American Revolutionary War. As the Iroquois, mostly allies of the British, had been forced to cede their land to the United States following the war, millions of acres of New York were opened up to non-Native development in the postwar period. The Jacob Smith Moody family from Keene, New Hampshire, was the first to settle here. In 1827, settlers Pliny Miller and Alric Bushnell established a logging facility with a dam and sawmill, around which the village developed. The first school was built in 1838. In 1849, William F. Martin built one of the first hotels in the Adirondack Mountains. His Saranac Lake House, known simply as "Martin's", was located on the southeast shore of Lower Saranac Lake. Martin's soon became a favorite place for hunters, woodsmen, and socialites to meet and interact. The village of Saranac Lake, with Lake Flower below and Lake Colby above, from Scarface Mountain to the Southeast. In 1876, Dr. Edward Livingston Trudeau arrived from New York City to treat his tuberculosis (TB) by a stay in the mountains. There was no medical treatment other than rest and nutrition at the time, and the disease was often fatal. Dry, cold air was considered to be good for patients, and sanitariums were also founded in European mountain resorts. Trudeau discovered that the fresh air and dry, alpine climate improved his health. In 1884, he founded his Adirondack Cottage Sanitarium, starting with a small cottage, called "Little Red". Two sisters from New York City who suffered from TB became the first patients. Little Red, the first "cure cottage", was built on a small patch of land on the north side of Mount Pisgah. The plot had been purchased for Trudeau by several of his hunting guides. As more patients visited the region, including author Robert Louis Stevenson in 1887, Trudeau's fame grew. Soon, the sanitarium had grown to such size that it was entitled to its own post office, which delivered mail to the many patients. The Trudeau Institute, an independent medical research center, developed from Trudeau's work for the sanitarium. In 1964, the Trudeau Institute began researching the functions of the immune system and how it guards against many infectious diseases, including tuberculosis. William S. Fowler was a real estate speculator and developer who owned several properties around Saranac Lake. One was a large property just outside the town on top of a hill. He named it "Spion Kop" in honor of a battle that was fought in the Boer War in South Africa. In commemoration, he placed miniature cannons on various parts of the property. Several buildings were erected as cottages where people could "cure" from TB. In 1919, Fowler sold the property to the Northwestern Fire Insurance Company. They turned it into a private sanatorium for their employees. In 1925, the sanatorium was sold to the National Vaudeville Artists. Around this time there were numerous vaudeville performers in Saranac Lake seeking cures at different locations. E. F. Albee, the owner and President of the National Vaudeville Artists, held benefit programs in New York City to raise funds to construct the large sanitarium. The older cure cottages were torn down and some were moved. By the end of the 1920s the Tudor Building was completed. It still stands today. In the 1930s the National Vaudeville Artists no longer existed. After World War II antibiotics were used to treat TB, and the mountain sanitariums were converted to other uses. The Tudor Building was purchased by the Will Rogers Memorial Commission. In 1936, one year after Rogers' death, they renamed this building as the Will Rogers Memorial Hospital. A laboratory was built in later years and named the O'Donnell Memorial Laboratory in honor of R.J. O'Donnell, a well-known theater chain manager. In the 1970s, New York State forced the closure of the hospital, as it did not meet contemporary codes and updating was cost-prohibitive. The Will Rogers building was adapted for other uses. It was operated as a night club, then as a timeshare vacation spot, and finally as apartments. Unable to attract enough renters, the owners abandoned the property, which deteriorated. In 1980, it was renovated for use as the press headquarters for the Winter Olympics. In 1995, the Kaplan Development Group purchased the property for adaptation as a retirement home for senior residents. It planned to restore the building's historic details. A tuberculosis "Cure Cottage" Telephone service was introduced in 1884, and the Chateaugay branch of the Delaware and Hudson Railroad reached Saranac Lake from Plattsburgh in 1887. Five years later, the Mohawk and Malone Railway main line reached nearby Lake Clear Junction. The New York Central and Hudson River Railroad purchased it in 1894, and it was merged into the New York Central Railroad in 1913. The NYC became the leading railroad from New York City, via Utica, into the northern Adirondacks, and its Lake Clear Junction-Saranac Lake-Lake Placid Branch was a key traffic source until NYC passenger service ended on April 24, 1965. Railroads both carried passenger traffic to the growing resort areas of the Adirondacks and shipped out the millions of feet of lumber that were harvested from this area into the early 20th century. The village was incorporated on June 16, 1892, and Dr. Trudeau was elected the first village president soon thereafter. Electricity was introduced on September 20, 1894, by installing water wheels on the former site of Pliny Miller's mill. Paul Smith purchased the Saranac Lake Electricity Co. in 1907, and formed the Paul Smith's Electric Light and Power and Railroad Company. It eventually became part of Niagara-Mohawk. At the same time, the village began to develop municipal facilities, such as public schools, and fire and police departments. In 1892, John Rudolphus Booth, the Canadian lumber king, rented a cottage at Saranac Lake for his daughter, who used it for several years in seeking a TB cure. Booth brought skis with him, and introduced the sport of skiing to the area. Knollwood Club on Lower Saranac Lake, home of George Marshall Starting in the 1890s and for the next 60 years, Saranac Lake was known as "the Western Hemisphere's foremost center for the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis". An effective antibiotic was first used on human TB patients in 1921, but only after World War II did it begin to be widely used in the US. In the postwar period, sanatorium treatment became less important and was phased out completely by 1954. Among the last of the prominent patients who sought treatment for tuberculosis was Manuel Luis Quezon y Molina, the first Filipino president of the Commonwealth of the Philippines, who died in Saranac Lake of the disease on August 1, 1944. But the village had become a center of tuberculosis care, attracting many doctors and patients from around the world. They added to and supported the culture of the area, as did the wealthy who built Great Camps on the nearby Saranac and Saint Regis Lakes, the effect was to change the sleepy village of 300 of the 1880s into the vibrant "little city" of 8,000. Like the cure cottages, downtown buildings included porches for tuberculosis patients. Author Mark Twain vacationed on Lake Flower in 1901 at the height of his fame. While there, he wrote a Conan Doyle spoof, "A Double-Barreled Detective Story". After multiple fires destroyed a large part of downtown, Saranac Lake rebuilt in the 1920s. The Hotel Saranac was built in the Art Deco style and still stands. Other permanent buildings were added to the townscape. During the Prohibition era, rum-running was common in the village, as smugglers brought liquor from over the border from Canada. Gangster Legs Diamond visited his brother Eddy, who had TB and stayed at a local cottage sanatorium. During the 1920s, entertainer Al Jolson and president Calvin Coolidge were semi-frequent visitors to the village; Jolson once performed a solo for three hours at the Pontiac Theater on Broadway. Beginning in 1936, physicist Albert Einstein had a summer home in Saranac Lake, renting the cottage of local architect William L. Distin; he often sailed with his wife on Lake Flower. During World War II, Einstein summered frequently at Knollwood Club on Lower Saranac Lake. He heard with others from the radio that on August 6, 1945, the atom bomb had been dropped on Hiroshima. A few days later, Einstein gave his first interview about this event at Knollwood. In 1954, Saranac Lake hosted the world premiere of the Biblical epic film The Silver Chalice, in which actor Paul Newman made his debut. Several of the stars, including Virginia Mayo, visited the village and participated in the winter carnival parade. Since the late 20th century, Saranac Lake has become a more conventional tourist destination. New York's former governor, Andrew Cuomo, has visited there ever since he was a teenager and regularly vacations there with his family. The Hotel Saranac is a memorable early 20th century Art Deco structure. The former sanatorium is now used as the corporate call center for the American Management Association. Numerous properties are listed on the National Register of Historic Places: the Dr. A. H. Allen Cottage, Berkeley Square Historic District, Bogie Cottage, Peyton Clark Cottage, Coulter Cottage, Cure Cottage at 43 Forest Hill Avenue, Denny Cottage, Fallon Cottage Annex, Freer Cottage, Hathaway Cottage, Helen Hill Historic District, Highland Park Historic District, Hill Cottage, The Homestead, Kennedy Cottage, Lane Cottage, Larom Cottage, Dr. Henry Leetch House, Lent Cottage, Little Red, Marquay Cottage, Marvin Cottage, Musselman Cottage, New York Central Railroad Adirondack Division Historic District, Partridge Cottage, Pittenger Cottage, Pomeroy Cottage, Will Rogers Memorial Hospital, Orin Savage Cottage, Paul Smith's Electric Light and Power and Railroad Company Complex, Prospect Point Camp, Stevenson Cottage, Stuckman Cottage, Trudeau Sanatorium, Chester Valentine House, Wilson Cottage, and Witherspoon Cottage. Culture Robert Louis Stevenson's Cure Cottage Many tourists come to the village, which is picturesque owing to its setting and the preservation of older architecture. Much of the village fronts on Lake Flower, which was created by a dam in the Saranac River and named after Governor Roswell P. Flower. There are opportunities for canoeing and boating, hiking and climbing. In the summer, the Village of Saranac Lake offers free concerts in Riverside Park on Lake Flower and the Berkeley Green park. Camping is also a popular pastime in the Saranac Lake region. Doonesbury 2005 Cross-country and downhill skiing, snowshoeing, ice skating, snowmobiling are winter activities. There is also an annual 10-day winter carnival, an event held in celebration of winter since 1897. Each year the carnival is given a theme - 2016's theme was "Adirondack Wildlife". The Winter Carnival parade reflects the theme, and Garry Trudeau, the creator of the comic strip Doonesbury who grew up in the town, creates artwork with characters from his comic strip doing things related to the theme for a button that can be purchased each winter. The carnival's main attraction is the ice palace, which is made with blocks of ice taken from Lake Flower and illuminated with colored lights, along with various winter activities and competitions. These include a parade, which normally has several bagpipe and drum marching bands and the Lawn Chair Ladies, along with more usual floats and local school bands. Each year a Winter Carnival King and Queen, who preside over carnival activities, are selected from village residents based upon their contribution to Saranac Lake, while the prince and princess are from the two local colleges, North Country Community College and Paul Smith's College. There is also a winter rugby game. A non-profit Village Improvement Society, dating from 1910, currently owns and maintains eight parks. The parkland along the lakefront, now owned by the village, is the result of the Society's earlier efforts. Every year the Can Am Rugby Tournament, the largest such tournament in the Western Hemisphere, is held in the village. Saranac Lake has a number of galleries, the Adirondacks' only year-round, professional theatre, monthly art walks June through September, and a Plein Air festival. The organization Saranac Lake ArtWorks is composed of dozens of artists and arts-related businesses. Historic Saranac Lake is an architectural heritage organization that has nominated almost two hundred properties to the National Register of Historic Places. The organization has completed the restoration of Edward Livingston Trudeau's 1894 Saranac Laboratory, now a museum, and the 1904 Union Depot. The Adirondack Carousel is an enclosed carousel in which the ride's figures are all Adirondack wildlife -- whitetail deer, moose, loon, bobcat, trout, otter and a black fly — all carved or painted by local artists. Filmmaker Fred G. Sullivan, a resident of Saranac Lake, depicted the town and many of its inhabitants with affectionate mockery in his film The Beer-Drinker's Guide to Fitness and Filmmaking. Artists' residences The composer Béla Bartók spent summers in Saranac Lake and wrote some of his best-known works there. The writer Robert Louis Stevenson spent the winter of 1887 in a cottage in Saranac Lake, which still stands, and serves as a museum dedicated to his life. The cartoonist Garry Trudeau, who draws the Doonesbury comic strip, was raised in Saranac Lake and has maintained his connections there. He is the great-grandson of Edward Trudeau, described above. Stuntwoman Leslie Hoffman was born in Saranac Lake and came back to home to retire from the Entertainment Business. Economy After the local Ames Department Store closed due to bankruptcy and residents were forced to travel 50 miles to Plattsburgh for many consumer goods, the town was approached by Walmart, which offered to build a 120,000 square foot supercenter, but the community declined the offer, fearing that Walmart would negatively impact local business and increase traffic. As an alternative, a community-owned store was organized and shares were sold to community residents. $500,000 was raised by about 600 residents, who made the goal of an average investment of $800. The store, Saranac Lake Community Store, opened in October 29, 2011, in remodeled facilities in downtown Saranac Lake. Transportation Adirondack Scenic Railway Station The Adirondack Regional Airport (SLK) is 7.3 miles (11.7 km) northwest of the village, offering daily commercial flights to New York City and Boston, along with general aviation services. Adirondack Trailways serves Saranac Lake, and is part of the Greyhound Lines bus system. There is also local bus service from Franklin County Public Transportation and local taxi services. The Adirondack Scenic Railroad (a seasonal tourist attraction) to Lake Placid originated from the village train depot. Operations were suspended in 2017. There were plans to expand the route to Tupper Lake, but the state has decided to instead convert the northernmost 34 miles of rail corridor to a rail trail. Geography The Saranac River runs through the village. Saranac Lake is located at 44°19′34″N 74°7′51″W / 44.32611°N 74.13083°W / 44.32611; -74.13083 (44.325988, −74.130944). According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 3.0 square miles (7.8 km2), of which 2.8 square miles (7.2 km2) is land and 0.23 square miles (0.6 km2), or 8.21%, is water. The village is located at the junction of the towns of North Elba and St. Armand in Essex County, and Harrietstown in Franklin County. The village is at the intersection of New York State Route 3 and New York State Route 86. Essex County Road 33 enters the village from the southeast, Franklin County Road 47 joins NY-86 immediately north of the village, and Franklin County Road 18 connects from Ampersand Avenue on the northern edge of the village to New York State Route 30 near near Saranac Inn, New York. The closest major metropolitan city is Montreal, Quebec, Canada, 103 miles (166 km) to the north. Plattsburgh is 50 miles (80 km) to the northeast, Burlington, Vermont, is 69 miles (111 km) by road to the east and Albany is 148 miles (238 km) to the south. Demographics Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 1880191—1890768302.1%19002,594237.8%19104,98392.1%19205,1743.8%19308,02055.0%19407,138−11.0%19506,913−3.2%19606,421−7.1%19706,086−5.2%19805,578−8.3%19905,377−3.6%20005,041−6.2%20105,4067.2%20204,887−9.6%U.S. Decennial Census Broadway, with Main St. at left As of the census of 2000, there were 5,041 people, 2,369 households, and 1,182 families residing in the village. The population density was 1,812.0 inhabitants per square mile (699.6/km2). There were 2,854 housing units at an average density of 1,025.9 per square mile (396.1/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 96.87% White, 0.75% African American, 0.32% Native American, 0.48% Asian, 0.26% from other races, and 1.33% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.07% of the population. There were 2,369 households, out of which 25.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 35.2% were married couples living together, 10.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 50.1% were non-families. 40.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.09 and the average family size was 2.88. In the village, the population was spread out, with 22.2% under the age of 18, 11.4% from 18 to 24, 28.3% from 25 to 44, 23.1% from 45 to 64, and 15.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.8 males. The median income for a household in the village was $29,754, and the median income for a family was $42,153. Males had a median income of $32,188 versus $24,759 for females. The per capita income for the village was $17,590. About 8.5% of families and 13.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.5% of those under age 18 and 17.6% of those age 65 or over. Sister cities Saranac Lake has two sister cities: Entrains-sur-Nohain, France Sainte-Agathe-des-Monts, Quebec, Canada The village of Saranac Lake, bottom, with Lower Saranac Lake, above, from Baker Mountain, to the East. Lake Flower is at lower left. Climate According to the Köppen climate classification system, Saranac Lake has a warm-summer, humid continental climate (Dfb). Dfb climates are characterized by at least one month having an average mean temperature ≤ 32.0 °F (0.0 °C), at least four months with an average mean temperature ≥ 50.0 °F (10.0 °C), all months with an average mean temperature < 71.6 °F (22.0 °C) and no significant precipitation difference between seasons. Although most summer days are comfortably humid in Saranac Lake, episodes of heat and high humidity can occur, with heat index values > 89 °F (32 °C). Since 1981, the highest air temperature was 94.7 °F (34.8 °C) on August 3, 1988, and the highest daily average mean dew point was 70.7 °F (21.5 °C) on August 1, 2006. Since 1981, the wettest calendar day was 3.92 inches (100 mm) on November 8, 1996. During the winter months, the average annual extreme minimum air temperature is −28.8 °F (−33.8 °C). Since 1981, the coldest air temperature was −34.9 °F (−37.2 °C) on January 16, 1994. Episodes of extreme cold and wind can occur, with wind chill values less than −43 °F (−42 °C). The average annual snowfall total (October—May) is between 100 inches (254 cm) and 125 inches (318 cm). While Old Forge and Stillwater Reservoir in the southwestern Adirondacks hold the state record cold temperature at −52 °F (−47 °C), Saranac Lake is considered the coldest town in the state overall. Climate data for Saranac Lake Airport, New York (1,663 ft or 507 m AMSL), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1903–present Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °F (°C) 62(17) 65(18) 79(26) 89(32) 94(34) 101(38) 99(37) 97(36) 92(33) 86(30) 75(24) 64(18) 101(38) Mean maximum °F (°C) 49.0(9.4) 48.7(9.3) 58.2(14.6) 74.6(23.7) 83.8(28.8) 86.7(30.4) 87.3(30.7) 86.0(30.0) 83.3(28.5) 74.7(23.7) 62.5(16.9) 51.3(10.7) 89.3(31.8) Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 24.9(−3.9) 27.6(−2.4) 36.5(2.5) 50.3(10.2) 64.4(18.0) 72.4(22.4) 76.6(24.8) 74.7(23.7) 67.9(19.9) 54.3(12.4) 41.7(5.4) 30.2(−1.0) 51.8(11.0) Daily mean °F (°C) 13.6(−10.2) 15.3(−9.3) 24.1(−4.4) 38.2(3.4) 50.5(10.3) 59.4(15.2) 63.6(17.6) 61.7(16.5) 54.4(12.4) 43.3(6.3) 31.9(−0.1) 20.7(−6.3) 39.7(4.3) Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 2.3(−16.5) 2.9(−16.2) 11.6(−11.3) 26.0(−3.3) 36.5(2.5) 46.3(7.9) 50.7(10.4) 48.7(9.3) 41.0(5.0) 32.3(0.2) 22.1(−5.5) 11.2(−11.6) 27.6(−2.4) Mean minimum °F (°C) −25.4(−31.9) −22.5(−30.3) −14.5(−25.8) 9.7(−12.4) 22.5(−5.3) 31.7(−0.2) 38.6(3.7) 35.4(1.9) 25.9(−3.4) 17.6(−8.0) 0.6(−17.4) −15.2(−26.2) −28.8(−33.8) Record low °F (°C) −46(−43) −44(−42) −35(−37) −10(−23) 10(−12) 22(−6) 29(−2) 27(−3) 15(−9) 2(−17) −21(−29) −46(−43) −46(−43) Average precipitation inches (mm) 1.94(49) 1.50(38) 2.04(52) 3.09(78) 3.70(94) 4.36(111) 4.06(103) 3.56(90) 3.47(88) 3.85(98) 2.84(72) 2.20(56) 36.61(929) Average snowfall inches (cm) 25.2(64) 22.9(58) 19.6(50) 9.0(23) 1.2(3.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.1(0.25) 1.9(4.8) 14.5(37) 24.7(63) 119.1(303.05) Average extreme snow depth inches (cm) 20.6(52) 24.0(61) 25.0(64) 10.2(26) 0.6(1.5) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 1.0(2.5) 6.4(16) 14.5(37) 29.8(76) Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 14.4 13.0 14.0 15.6 15.3 16.6 15.9 16.5 13.1 16.4 15.9 17.6 184.3 Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) 13.8 12.0 9.6 4.7 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 1.4 7.7 13.2 63.2 Source 1: NOAA Source 2: National Weather Service (snow/snow days/snow depth 1903–1998) Notes ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the highest and lowest temperature readings during an entire month or year) calculated based on data at said location from 1981 to 2010. In years with more than five missing daily values annually but with no single month exceeding five missing daily values, the annual extreme value derives from the most extreme monthly value. ^ Records maintained at Saranac Lake Airport since June 1998, at Ray Brook from April 1978 to May 1998 inclusive, and alternating between Paul Smiths and Gabriels before then. Ecology According to the A. W. Kuchler U.S. potential natural vegetation types, Saranac Lake would have a dominant vegetation type of Northern Hardwoods/Spruce (108), with a dominant vegetation form of Northern Hardwoods (23). The plant hardiness zone is 4a, with an average annual extreme minimum air temperature of −27.3 °F (−32.9 °C). The spring bloom typically peaks on approximately May 11 and fall color usually peaks around October 1. See also Adirondack Canoe Classic Church Street Historic District (Saranac Lake, New York) William L. Coulter Cure Cottages of Saranac Lake William G. Distin Historic Saranac Lake North Country Community College Martha Reben Saranac Lake High School Sound Adirondack Growth Alliance References ^ "ArcGIS REST Services Directory". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 20, 2022. ^ a b U.S. Census Bureau, 2020 Report, Saranac Lake village, New York https://www.census.gov/search-results.html?searchType=web&cssp=SERP&q=Saranac%20Lake%20village,%20New%20York Accessed Jan. 8, 2023 ^ "Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Census Summary File 1 (G001), Saranac Lake village (part), Harrietstown town, Franklin County, New York". American FactFinder. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 14, 2020. Retrieved June 13, 2016. ^ "Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Census Summary File 1 (G001), Saranac Lake village (part), North Elba town, Essex County, New York". American FactFinder. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 14, 2020. Retrieved June 13, 2016. ^ "Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Census Summary File 1 (G001), Saranac Lake village (part), St. Armand town, Essex County, New York". American FactFinder. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 14, 2020. Retrieved June 13, 2016. ^ Crampton, Norman, The 100 Best Small Towns in America, Arco, 1995. ISBN 978-0-02-860577-7 ^ National Trust - Dozen Distinctive Destinations ^ * Chalmers, Stephen (September 1912). "Sanitary Saranac Lake: A Small Town That Has Had Only Seventeen Deaths From Contagious Diseases In Twelve Years". The World's Work: A History of Our Time. XXIV: 581–585. Retrieved July 10, 2009. ^ "John R. Booth". Historic Saranac Lake. Retrieved March 14, 2013. ^ Gallos, Phillip L. (1985). "Cure Cottages of Saranac Lake", Historic Saranac Lake ISBN 0-9615159-0-2, pp. viii. ^ Gallos, Philip, Cure Cottages of Saranac Lake: Architecture and History of a Pioneer Health Resort, Saranac Lake:Historic Saranac Lake, 1985. ISBN 0-9615159-0-2 ^ "A Brief History of Saranac Lake", pamphlet available at Saranac Lake visitor information center ^ Historic Saranac Lake Archived 2010-06-28 at the Wayback Machine ^ a b c d Taylor, Robert, America's Magic Mountain, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1986. ISBN 0-395-37905-9 ^ Kaplan, Thomas (August 24, 2011). "In Mountain Village, Cuomo Finds Respite". The New York Times. Retrieved August 25, 2011. ^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010. ^ "National Register of Historic Places". Weekly List of Actions Taken on Properties: 11/19/12 through 11/23/12. National Park Service. November 30, 2012. ^ "National Register of Historic Places". Weekly List of Actions Taken on Properties: 10/19/15 through 10/23/15. National Park Service. October 30, 2015. ^ "National Register of Historic Places". Weekly List of Actions Taken on Properties: 2/23/15 through 2/27/15. National Park Service. March 6, 2015. ^ Tissot, Caperton (2012). Saranac Lake's Ice Palace: history of Winter Carnival's crown jewel (1st ed.). Saranac Lake, NY: Snowy Owl Press. p. 6. ISBN 9780615619613. ^ Tissot, p. 12, 24 ^ "Can Am Rugby Tournament". canamrugby.com. ^ "Pendragon Theatre". pendragontheatre.org/. ^ "Plein Air Festival". saranaclakeartworks.com. ^ "Saranac Lake ArtWorks". saranaclakeartworks.com. ^ Halpern, Sue (August 18, 1988). "Adirondack Film Maker Seeks Big-City Success". The New York Times. ^ Suchoff, Benjamin, Béla Bartók: A Celebration, Scarecrow Press, 2004, p. 8 ^ "Robert Louis Stevenson Museum". ^ "Slate: GB Trudeau's Doonesbury". ^ Cortese, Amy (November 12, 2011). "A Town Creates its Own Department Store". The New York Times. Retrieved November 14, 2011. Community ownership seems to resonate in these days of protest. ^ "Google maps". ^ "Trailways". ^ "Yahoo Local". ^ "APA slates hearings on railroad corridors". ^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011. ^ "Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Saranac Lake village, New York". U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder. Retrieved February 22, 2016. ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ a b "NOAA Online Weather Data – NWS Burlington". National Weather Service. Retrieved January 25, 2023. ^ "Home". threadex.rcc-acis.org. ^ "U.S. Climate Normals Quick Access – Station: Saranac RGNL AP, NY". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved January 25, 2023. ^ "U.S. Potential Natural Vegetation, Original Kuchler Types, v2.0 (Spatially Adjusted to Correct Geometric Distortions)". Retrieved October 9, 2019. ^ "USDA Interactive Plant Hardiness Map". United States Department of Agriculture. Archived from the original on June 18, 2021. Retrieved October 9, 2019. Further reading John J. Duquette (March 1992). John M. Penney (ed.). Saranac Lake, A Centennial: 1892-1992. Make-up by Carol Baker Snyder. Saranac Lake, New York: Saranac Lake 1992 Centennial Committee. Maid, Chery (February 7, 2006). "Building boom brought many local landmarks- How the 20s roared in Saranac Lake". Adirondack Enterprise. pp. 1, 9. Gallos, Phil (February 8, 2006). "Famous people you might meet on the street- How the 20s roared in Saranac Lake". Adirondack Enterprise. pp. 1, 10. Jackson, Linda. "Flaunting the booze ban- How the 20s roared in Saranac Lake". Adirondack Enterprise. pp. 1, 12. Gallos, Phillip L. (1985). Cure Cottages of Saranac Lake. Historic Saranac Lake. pp. viii. ISBN 0-9615159-0-2. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Saranac Lake, New York. Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Saranac Lake. Village of Saranac Lake official website Saranac Lake History - Historic Saranac Lake Saranac Lake Chamber of Commerce The National Trust for Historic Preservation designation of Saranac Lake as one of the "Distinctive Dozen Destinations" vteMunicipalities and communities of Essex County, New York, United StatesCounty seat: ElizabethtownTowns Chesterfield Crown Point Elizabethtown Essex Jay Keene Lewis Minerva Moriah Newcomb North Elba North Hudson Schroon St. Armand Ticonderoga Westport Willsboro Wilmington Map of New York highlighting Essex CountyVillages Lake Placid Saranac Lake‡ CDPs Elizabethtown Keeseville‡ Mineville Port Henry Schroon Lake Ticonderoga Westport Willsboro Willsboro Point Wilmington Witherbee Otherhamlets Bloomingdale Moriah Center North Pole Olmstedville Port Kent Ray Brook Ghost towns Timbuctoo Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties New York portal United States portal vteMunicipalities and communities of Franklin County, New York, United StatesCounty seat: MaloneTowns Bangor Bellmont Bombay Brandon Brighton Burke Chateaugay Constable Dickinson Duane Fort Covington Franklin Harrietstown Malone Moira Santa Clara Tupper Lake Waverly Westville Map of New York highlighting Franklin CountyVillages Brushton Burke Chateaugay Malone Saranac Lake‡ Tupper Lake CDPs Akwesasne‡ Fort Covington Paul Smiths St. Regis Falls Hamlets Brainardsville Dickinson Center Gabriels Goldsmith Hogansburg Keese Mill Lake Clear Loon Lake North Bangor Owls Head Rainbow Lake Reynoldston Saint Regis Skerry Trout River Upper St. Regis Vermontville West Bangor Whippleville Indianreservation St. Regis Mohawk Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties New York portal United States portal Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States
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As of the 2020 census, the population was 4,887, making it the largest community by population in the Adirondack Park.[2] The village is named after Upper, Middle and Lower Saranac lakes, which are nearby.The village of Saranac Lake covers parts of three towns (Harrietstown, St. Armand, and North Elba) and two counties (Franklin and Essex). The county line is within two blocks of the center of the village. At the 2010 census, 3,897 village residents lived in Harrietstown,[3] 1,367 lived in North Elba,[4] and 142 lived in St. Armand.[5] The village boundaries do not touch the shores of any of the three Saranac Lakes; Lower Saranac Lake, the nearest, is a half mile west of the village's downtown district. The northern reaches of Lake Flower, which is a wide part of the Saranac River downstream from the three Saranac Lakes, lie within the village. The town of Saranac is an entirely separate entity, 33 miles (53 km) down the Saranac River to the northeast.The village lies within the boundaries of the Adirondack Park, 9 miles (14 km) west of Lake Placid. These two villages, along with nearby Tupper Lake, comprise what is known as the Tri-Lakes region.Saranac Lake was named in 1995 the best small town in New York State and ranked 11th in the United States in The 100 Best Small Towns in America.[6] In 1998, the National Civic League named Saranac Lake an All-America City, and in 2006 the village was named one of the \"Dozen Distinctive Destinations\" by the National Trust for Historic Preservation.[7] 186 buildings in the village are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.","title":"Saranac Lake, New York"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Iroquoian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iroquoian_language"},{"link_name":"Mohawk people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohawk_people"},{"link_name":"American Revolutionary War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War"},{"link_name":"Keene, New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keene,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Adirondack Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adirondack_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Lower Saranac Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Saranac_Lake"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saranac_Lake_Village.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lake Flower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Flower"},{"link_name":"Lake Colby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Colby"},{"link_name":"Edward Livingston Trudeau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Livingston_Trudeau"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"tuberculosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosis"},{"link_name":"Adirondack Cottage Sanitarium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adirondack_Cottage_Sanitarium"},{"link_name":"cure cottage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cure_Cottages_of_Saranac_Lake"},{"link_name":"Mount Pisgah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Pisgah_(New_York)"},{"link_name":"Robert Louis Stevenson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"post office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_office"},{"link_name":"Trudeau Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trudeau_Institute"},{"link_name":"Boer War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boer_War"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"National Vaudeville Artists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Vaudeville_Artists&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"vaudeville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaudeville"},{"link_name":"E. F. Albee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._F._Albee"},{"link_name":"Will Rogers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Rogers"},{"link_name":"Will Rogers Memorial Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Rogers_Memorial_Hospital"},{"link_name":"R.J. O'Donnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R.J._O%27Donnell"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saranac_Lake_Cure_Cottage.jpg"},{"link_name":"tuberculosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosis"},{"link_name":"Delaware and Hudson Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_and_Hudson_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Plattsburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plattsburgh_(city),_New_York"},{"link_name":"water wheels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_wheel"},{"link_name":"Paul Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollos_Smith"},{"link_name":"Niagara-Mohawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niagara-Mohawk"},{"link_name":"public schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_school_(government_funded)"},{"link_name":"fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firefighting"},{"link_name":"police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police"},{"link_name":"John Rudolphus Booth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Rudolphus_Booth"},{"link_name":"cottage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cure_Cottages_of_Saranac_Lake"},{"link_name":"skiing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skiing"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Knollwood_Club_on_Lower_Saranac_Lake.jpg"},{"link_name":"Knollwood Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knollwood_Club"},{"link_name":"George Marshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Marshall_(conservationist)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Manuel Luis Quezon y Molina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_L._Quezon"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth of the Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"Great Camps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Camps"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gallos-11"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PatientPorchesDowntownSaranacLakeNewYork.jpg"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Mark Twain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Twain"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Conan Doyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Conan_Doyle"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Taylor-14"},{"link_name":"Prohibition era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prohibition_era"},{"link_name":"rum-running","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rum-running"},{"link_name":"Legs Diamond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Diamond_(gangster)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Taylor-14"},{"link_name":"Al Jolson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Jolson"},{"link_name":"Calvin Coolidge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge"},{"link_name":"Albert Einstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein"},{"link_name":"William L. Distin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_L._Distin"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Taylor-14"},{"link_name":"Knollwood Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knollwood_Club"},{"link_name":"atom bomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom_bomb"},{"link_name":"Hiroshima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroshima"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Taylor-14"},{"link_name":"The Silver Chalice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Silver_Chalice_(film)"},{"link_name":"Paul Newman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Newman"},{"link_name":"Virginia Mayo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Mayo"},{"link_name":"winter carnival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_carnival"},{"link_name":"Andrew Cuomo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Cuomo"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT_Cuomo_story-15"},{"link_name":"Art Deco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Deco"},{"link_name":"sanatorium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanatorium"},{"link_name":"call center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_center"},{"link_name":"American Management Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Management_Association"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"Dr. A. H. Allen Cottage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._A._H._Allen_Cottage"},{"link_name":"Berkeley Square Historic District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_Square_Historic_District_(Saranac_Lake,_New_York)"},{"link_name":"Bogie Cottage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogie_Cottage"},{"link_name":"Peyton Clark Cottage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peyton_Clark_Cottage"},{"link_name":"Coulter Cottage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coulter_Cottage"},{"link_name":"Cure Cottage at 43 Forest Hill Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cure_Cottage_at_43_Forest_Hill_Avenue"},{"link_name":"Denny Cottage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denny_Cottage"},{"link_name":"Fallon Cottage Annex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallon_Cottage_Annex"},{"link_name":"Freer Cottage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freer_Cottage"},{"link_name":"Hathaway Cottage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hathaway_Cottage"},{"link_name":"Helen Hill Historic District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Hill_Historic_District"},{"link_name":"Highland Park Historic District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highland_Park_Historic_District_(Saranac_Lake,_New_York)"},{"link_name":"Hill Cottage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill_Cottage_(Saranac_Lake,_New_York)"},{"link_name":"The Homestead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Homestead_(Saranac_Lake,_New_York)"},{"link_name":"Kennedy Cottage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennedy_Cottage_(Saranac_Lake,_New_York)"},{"link_name":"Lane Cottage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lane_Cottage_(Saranac_Lake,_New_York)"},{"link_name":"Larom Cottage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larom_Cottage"},{"link_name":"Dr. Henry Leetch House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Henry_Leetch_House"},{"link_name":"Lent Cottage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lent_Cottage"},{"link_name":"Little Red","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Red_(Saranac_Lake,_New_York)"},{"link_name":"Marquay Cottage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquay_Cottage"},{"link_name":"Marvin Cottage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvin_Cottage"},{"link_name":"Musselman Cottage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musselman_Cottage"},{"link_name":"New York Central Railroad Adirondack Division Historic District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Central_Railroad_Adirondack_Division_Historic_District"},{"link_name":"Partridge Cottage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partridge_Cottage"},{"link_name":"Pittenger Cottage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittenger_Cottage"},{"link_name":"Pomeroy Cottage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomeroy_Cottage"},{"link_name":"Will Rogers Memorial Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Rogers_Memorial_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Orin Savage Cottage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orin_Savage_Cottage"},{"link_name":"Paul Smith's Electric Light and Power and Railroad Company Complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Smith%27s_Electric_Light_and_Power_and_Railroad_Company_Complex"},{"link_name":"Prospect Point Camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prospect_Point_Camp"},{"link_name":"Stevenson Cottage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevenson_Cottage"},{"link_name":"Stuckman Cottage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuckman_Cottage"},{"link_name":"Trudeau Sanatorium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adirondack_Cottage_Sanitarium"},{"link_name":"Chester Valentine House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_Valentine_House"},{"link_name":"Wilson Cottage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilson_Cottage"},{"link_name":"Witherspoon Cottage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witherspoon_Cottage"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nris-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nps-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nps1-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nps2-19"}],"text":"This area was occupied by Iroquoian-speaking peoples for hundreds of years, and by other Indigenous peoples before them. The historic Mohawk people extended their hunting grounds to this area.The area was first settled by European Americans in 1819, more than three decades after the American Revolutionary War. As the Iroquois, mostly allies of the British, had been forced to cede their land to the United States following the war, millions of acres of New York were opened up to non-Native development in the postwar period.The Jacob Smith Moody family from Keene, New Hampshire, was the first to settle here. In 1827, settlers Pliny Miller and Alric Bushnell established a logging facility with a dam and sawmill, around which the village developed. The first school was built in 1838. In 1849, William F. Martin built one of the first hotels in the Adirondack Mountains. His Saranac Lake House, known simply as \"Martin's\", was located on the southeast shore of Lower Saranac Lake. Martin's soon became a favorite place for hunters, woodsmen, and socialites to meet and interact.The village of Saranac Lake, with Lake Flower below and Lake Colby above, from Scarface Mountain to the Southeast.In 1876, Dr. Edward Livingston Trudeau arrived from New York City to treat his tuberculosis (TB) by a stay in the mountains. There was no medical treatment other than rest and nutrition at the time, and the disease was often fatal. Dry, cold air was considered to be good for patients, and sanitariums were also founded in European mountain resorts. Trudeau discovered that the fresh air and dry, alpine climate improved his health. In 1884, he founded his Adirondack Cottage Sanitarium, starting with a small cottage, called \"Little Red\". Two sisters from New York City who suffered from TB became the first patients. Little Red, the first \"cure cottage\", was built on a small patch of land on the north side of Mount Pisgah. The plot had been purchased for Trudeau by several of his hunting guides.As more patients visited the region, including author Robert Louis Stevenson in 1887, Trudeau's fame grew.[8] Soon, the sanitarium had grown to such size that it was entitled to its own post office, which delivered mail to the many patients. The Trudeau Institute, an independent medical research center, developed from Trudeau's work for the sanitarium. In 1964, the Trudeau Institute began researching the functions of the immune system and how it guards against many infectious diseases, including tuberculosis.William S. Fowler was a real estate speculator and developer who owned several properties around Saranac Lake. One was a large property just outside the town on top of a hill. He named it \"Spion Kop\" in honor of a battle that was fought in the Boer War in South Africa. In commemoration, he placed miniature cannons on various parts of the property.Several buildings were erected as cottages where people could \"cure\" from TB. In 1919, Fowler sold the property to the Northwestern Fire Insurance Company. They turned it into a private sanatorium for their employees.In 1925, the sanatorium was sold to the National Vaudeville Artists. Around this time there were numerous vaudeville performers in Saranac Lake seeking cures at different locations. E. F. Albee, the owner and President of the National Vaudeville Artists, held benefit programs in New York City to raise funds to construct the large sanitarium. The older cure cottages were torn down and some were moved. By the end of the 1920s the Tudor Building was completed. It still stands today.In the 1930s the National Vaudeville Artists no longer existed. After World War II antibiotics were used to treat TB, and the mountain sanitariums were converted to other uses. The Tudor Building was purchased by the Will Rogers Memorial Commission. In 1936, one year after Rogers' death, they renamed this building as the Will Rogers Memorial Hospital. A laboratory was built in later years and named the O'Donnell Memorial Laboratory in honor of R.J. O'Donnell, a well-known theater chain manager.In the 1970s, New York State forced the closure of the hospital, as it did not meet contemporary codes and updating was cost-prohibitive. The Will Rogers building was adapted for other uses. It was operated as a night club, then as a timeshare vacation spot, and finally as apartments. Unable to attract enough renters, the owners abandoned the property, which deteriorated. In 1980, it was renovated for use as the press headquarters for the Winter Olympics. In 1995, the Kaplan Development Group purchased the property for adaptation as a retirement home for senior residents. It planned to restore the building's historic details.A tuberculosis \"Cure Cottage\"Telephone service was introduced in 1884, and the Chateaugay branch of the Delaware and Hudson Railroad reached Saranac Lake from Plattsburgh in 1887. Five years later, the Mohawk and Malone Railway main line reached nearby Lake Clear Junction. The New York Central and Hudson River Railroad purchased it in 1894, and it was merged into the New York Central Railroad in 1913. The NYC became the leading railroad from New York City, via Utica, into the northern Adirondacks, and its Lake Clear Junction-Saranac Lake-Lake Placid Branch was a key traffic source until NYC passenger service ended on April 24, 1965. Railroads both carried passenger traffic to the growing resort areas of the Adirondacks and shipped out the millions of feet of lumber that were harvested from this area into the early 20th century.The village was incorporated on June 16, 1892, and Dr. Trudeau was elected the first village president soon thereafter. Electricity was introduced on September 20, 1894, by installing water wheels on the former site of Pliny Miller's mill. Paul Smith purchased the Saranac Lake Electricity Co. in 1907, and formed the Paul Smith's Electric Light and Power and Railroad Company. It eventually became part of Niagara-Mohawk. At the same time, the village began to develop municipal facilities, such as public schools, and fire and police departments.In 1892, John Rudolphus Booth, the Canadian lumber king, rented a cottage at Saranac Lake for his daughter, who used it for several years in seeking a TB cure. Booth brought skis with him, and introduced the sport of skiing to the area.[9]Knollwood Club on Lower Saranac Lake, home of George MarshallStarting in the 1890s and for the next 60 years, Saranac Lake was known as \"the Western Hemisphere's foremost center for the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis\".[10] An effective antibiotic was first used on human TB patients in 1921, but only after World War II did it begin to be widely used in the US. In the postwar period, sanatorium treatment became less important and was phased out completely by 1954. Among the last of the prominent patients who sought treatment for tuberculosis was Manuel Luis Quezon y Molina, the first Filipino president of the Commonwealth of the Philippines, who died in Saranac Lake of the disease on August 1, 1944.But the village had become a center of tuberculosis care, attracting many doctors and patients from around the world. They added to and supported the culture of the area, as did the wealthy who built Great Camps on the nearby Saranac and Saint Regis Lakes, the effect was to change the sleepy village of 300 of the 1880s into the vibrant \"little city\" of 8,000.[11]Like the cure cottages, downtown buildings included porches for tuberculosis patients.[12]Author Mark Twain vacationed on Lake Flower in 1901[13] at the height of his fame. While there, he wrote a Conan Doyle spoof, \"A Double-Barreled Detective Story\".[14]After multiple fires destroyed a large part of downtown, Saranac Lake rebuilt in the 1920s. The Hotel Saranac was built in the Art Deco style and still stands. Other permanent buildings were added to the townscape. During the Prohibition era, rum-running was common in the village, as smugglers brought liquor from over the border from Canada. Gangster Legs Diamond visited his brother Eddy, who had TB and stayed at a local cottage sanatorium.[14] During the 1920s, entertainer Al Jolson and president Calvin Coolidge were semi-frequent visitors to the village; Jolson once performed a solo for three hours at the Pontiac Theater on Broadway.Beginning in 1936, physicist Albert Einstein had a summer home in Saranac Lake, renting the cottage of local architect William L. Distin; he often sailed with his wife on Lake Flower.[14] During World War II, Einstein summered frequently at Knollwood Club on Lower Saranac Lake. He heard with others from the radio that on August 6, 1945, the atom bomb had been dropped on Hiroshima. A few days later, Einstein gave his first interview about this event at Knollwood.[14]In 1954, Saranac Lake hosted the world premiere of the Biblical epic film The Silver Chalice, in which actor Paul Newman made his debut. Several of the stars, including Virginia Mayo, visited the village and participated in the winter carnival parade.Since the late 20th century, Saranac Lake has become a more conventional tourist destination. New York's former governor, Andrew Cuomo, has visited there ever since he was a teenager and regularly vacations there with his family.[15] The Hotel Saranac is a memorable early 20th century Art Deco structure. The former sanatorium is now used as the corporate call center for the American Management Association.Numerous properties are listed on the National Register of Historic Places: the Dr. A. H. Allen Cottage, Berkeley Square Historic District, Bogie Cottage, Peyton Clark Cottage, Coulter Cottage, Cure Cottage at 43 Forest Hill Avenue, Denny Cottage, Fallon Cottage Annex, Freer Cottage, Hathaway Cottage, Helen Hill Historic District, Highland Park Historic District, Hill Cottage, The Homestead, Kennedy Cottage, Lane Cottage, Larom Cottage, Dr. Henry Leetch House, Lent Cottage, Little Red, Marquay Cottage, Marvin Cottage, Musselman Cottage, New York Central Railroad Adirondack Division Historic District, Partridge Cottage, Pittenger Cottage, Pomeroy Cottage, Will Rogers Memorial Hospital, Orin Savage Cottage, Paul Smith's Electric Light and Power and Railroad Company Complex, Prospect Point Camp, Stevenson Cottage, Stuckman Cottage, Trudeau Sanatorium, Chester Valentine House, Wilson Cottage, and Witherspoon Cottage.[16][17][18][19]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saranac_Lake_-_Stevenson_Cottage.jpg"},{"link_name":"Robert Louis Stevenson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson"},{"link_name":"Lake Flower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Flower"},{"link_name":"Saranac River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saranac_River"},{"link_name":"Roswell P. Flower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roswell_P._Flower"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Adirondack_aloha.png"},{"link_name":"Cross-country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-country_skiing"},{"link_name":"downhill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downhill_(ski_competition)"},{"link_name":"skiing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skiing"},{"link_name":"snowshoeing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowshoeing"},{"link_name":"ice skating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_skating"},{"link_name":"snowmobiling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowmobiling"},{"link_name":"winter carnival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_carnival"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tissot-20"},{"link_name":"Garry Trudeau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garry_Trudeau"},{"link_name":"Doonesbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doonesbury"},{"link_name":"ice palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_palace"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"bagpipe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagpipe"},{"link_name":"marching bands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marching_band"},{"link_name":"North Country Community College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Country_Community_College"},{"link_name":"Paul Smith's College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Smith%27s_College"},{"link_name":"rugby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_football"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"},{"link_name":"Historic Saranac Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_Saranac_Lake"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"Edward Livingston Trudeau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Livingston_Trudeau"},{"link_name":"Saranac Laboratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saranac_Laboratory"},{"link_name":"carousel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carousel"},{"link_name":"whitetail deer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitetail_deer"},{"link_name":"moose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moose"},{"link_name":"loon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loon"},{"link_name":"bobcat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobcat"},{"link_name":"trout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trout"},{"link_name":"otter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otter"},{"link_name":"black fly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_fly"},{"link_name":"Fred G. Sullivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_G._Sullivan"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"Robert Louis Stevenson's Cure CottageMany tourists come to the village, which is picturesque owing to its setting and the preservation of older architecture. Much of the village fronts on Lake Flower, which was created by a dam in the Saranac River and named after Governor Roswell P. Flower.There are opportunities for canoeing and boating, hiking and climbing. In the summer, the Village of Saranac Lake offers free concerts in Riverside Park on Lake Flower and the Berkeley Green park. Camping is also a popular pastime in the Saranac Lake region.Doonesbury 2005Cross-country and downhill skiing, snowshoeing, ice skating, snowmobiling are winter activities. There is also an annual 10-day winter carnival, an event held in celebration of winter since 1897.[20] Each year the carnival is given a theme - 2016's theme was \"Adirondack Wildlife\". The Winter Carnival parade reflects the theme, and Garry Trudeau, the creator of the comic strip Doonesbury who grew up in the town, creates artwork with characters from his comic strip doing things related to the theme for a button that can be purchased each winter. The carnival's main attraction is the ice palace, which is made with blocks of ice taken from Lake Flower and illuminated with colored lights, along with various winter activities and competitions.[21] These include a parade, which normally has several bagpipe and drum marching bands and the Lawn Chair Ladies, along with more usual floats and local school bands. Each year a Winter Carnival King and Queen, who preside over carnival activities, are selected from village residents based upon their contribution to Saranac Lake, while the prince and princess are from the two local colleges, North Country Community College and Paul Smith's College. There is also a winter rugby game.A non-profit Village Improvement Society, dating from 1910, currently owns and maintains eight parks. The parkland along the lakefront, now owned by the village, is the result of the Society's earlier efforts.Every year the Can Am Rugby Tournament, the largest such tournament in the Western Hemisphere, is held in the village.[22]Saranac Lake has a number of galleries, the Adirondacks' only year-round, professional theatre, monthly art walks June through September, and a Plein Air festival.[23][better source needed][24] The organization Saranac Lake ArtWorks is composed of dozens of artists and arts-related businesses.[25][better source needed] Historic Saranac Lake is an architectural heritage organization that has nominated almost two hundred properties to the National Register of Historic Places. The organization has completed the restoration of Edward Livingston Trudeau's 1894 Saranac Laboratory, now a museum, and the 1904 Union Depot.The Adirondack Carousel is an enclosed carousel in which the ride's figures are all Adirondack wildlife -- whitetail deer, moose, loon, bobcat, trout, otter and a black fly — all carved or painted by local artists.Filmmaker Fred G. Sullivan, a resident of Saranac Lake, depicted the town and many of its inhabitants with affectionate mockery in his film The Beer-Drinker's Guide to Fitness and Filmmaking.[26]","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Béla Bartók","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bart%C3%B3k"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Robert Louis Stevenson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson"},{"link_name":"a cottage in Saranac Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevenson_Cottage"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Garry Trudeau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garry_Trudeau"},{"link_name":"Doonesbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doonesbury"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Leslie Hoffman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Hoffman"}],"sub_title":"Artists' residences","text":"The composer Béla Bartók spent summers in Saranac Lake and wrote some of his best-known works there.[27]The writer Robert Louis Stevenson spent the winter of 1887 in a cottage in Saranac Lake, which still stands, and serves as a museum dedicated to his life.[28]The cartoonist Garry Trudeau, who draws the Doonesbury comic strip, was raised in Saranac Lake and has maintained his connections there. He is the great-grandson of Edward Trudeau, described above.[29]Stuntwoman Leslie Hoffman was born in Saranac Lake and came back to home to retire from the Entertainment Business.","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ames Department Store","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ames_Department_Stores_Inc."},{"link_name":"Plattsburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plattsburgh_(city),_New_York"},{"link_name":"Walmart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walmart"},{"link_name":"supercenter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wal-Mart#Walmart_Supercenter"},{"link_name":"community-owned store","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_ownership"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-30"}],"text":"After the local Ames Department Store closed due to bankruptcy and residents were forced to travel 50 miles to Plattsburgh for many consumer goods, the town was approached by Walmart, which offered to build a 120,000 square foot supercenter, but the community declined the offer, fearing that Walmart would negatively impact local business and increase traffic. As an alternative, a community-owned store was organized and shares were sold to community residents. $500,000 was raised by about 600 residents, who made the goal of an average investment of $800. The store, Saranac Lake Community Store, opened in October 29, 2011, in remodeled facilities in downtown Saranac Lake.[30]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Image-Adirondack_Scenic_Railroad_-_Saranac_Lake_Stn_-_Front.jpg"},{"link_name":"Adirondack Scenic Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adirondack_Scenic_Railway"},{"link_name":"Adirondack Regional Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adirondack_Regional_Airport"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Adirondack Trailways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adirondack_Trailways"},{"link_name":"Greyhound Lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greyhound_Lines"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Franklin County Public Transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.tupperlakeinfo.com/community/publictransport.htm"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Adirondack Scenic Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adirondack_Scenic_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Tupper Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupper_Lake_(town),_New_York"},{"link_name":"rail trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_trail"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"text":"Adirondack Scenic Railway StationThe Adirondack Regional Airport (SLK) is 7.3 miles (11.7 km) northwest of the village, offering daily commercial flights to New York City and Boston, along with general aviation services.[31]\nAdirondack Trailways serves Saranac Lake, and is part of the Greyhound Lines bus system.[32]\nThere is also local bus service from Franklin County Public Transportation and local taxi services.[33]\nThe Adirondack Scenic Railroad (a seasonal tourist attraction) to Lake Placid originated from the village train depot. Operations were suspended in 2017. There were plans to expand the route to Tupper Lake, but the state has decided to instead convert the northernmost 34 miles of rail corridor to a rail trail.[34]","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saranac_Lake_-_Saranac_River_bridge.jpg"},{"link_name":"Saranac River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saranac_River"},{"link_name":"44°19′34″N 74°7′51″W / 44.32611°N 74.13083°W / 44.32611; -74.13083","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Saranac_Lake,_New_York&params=44_19_34_N_74_7_51_W_type:city"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR1-35"},{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2010-36"},{"link_name":"North Elba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Elba,_New_York"},{"link_name":"St. Armand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Armand,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Essex County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Harrietstown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrietstown,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Franklin County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"New York State Route 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_3"},{"link_name":"New York State Route 86","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_86"},{"link_name":"New York State Route 30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_30"},{"link_name":"Saranac Inn, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saranac_Inn,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal"},{"link_name":"Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec"},{"link_name":"Plattsburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plattsburgh_(city),_New_York"},{"link_name":"Burlington, Vermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burlington,_Vermont"},{"link_name":"Albany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany,_New_York"}],"text":"The Saranac River runs through the village.Saranac Lake is located at 44°19′34″N 74°7′51″W / 44.32611°N 74.13083°W / 44.32611; -74.13083 (44.325988, −74.130944).[35]According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 3.0 square miles (7.8 km2), of which 2.8 square miles (7.2 km2) is land and 0.23 square miles (0.6 km2), or 8.21%, is water.[36]The village is located at the junction of the towns of North Elba and St. Armand in Essex County, and Harrietstown in Franklin County.The village is at the intersection of New York State Route 3 and New York State Route 86. Essex County Road 33 enters the village from the southeast, Franklin County Road 47 joins NY-86 immediately north of the village, and Franklin County Road 18 connects from Ampersand Avenue on the northern edge of the village to New York State Route 30 near near Saranac Inn, New York.The closest major metropolitan city is Montreal, Quebec, Canada, 103 miles (166 km) to the north. Plattsburgh is 50 miles (80 km) to the northeast, Burlington, Vermont, is 69 miles (111 km) by road to the east and Albany is 148 miles (238 km) to the south.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saranac_Lake,_NY_-_Broadway.jpg"},{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-38"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"text":"Broadway, with Main St. at leftAs of the census[38] of 2000, there were 5,041 people, 2,369 households, and 1,182 families residing in the village. The population density was 1,812.0 inhabitants per square mile (699.6/km2). There were 2,854 housing units at an average density of 1,025.9 per square mile (396.1/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 96.87% White, 0.75% African American, 0.32% Native American, 0.48% Asian, 0.26% from other races, and 1.33% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.07% of the population.There were 2,369 households, out of which 25.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 35.2% were married couples living together, 10.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 50.1% were non-families. 40.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.09 and the average family size was 2.88.In the village, the population was spread out, with 22.2% under the age of 18, 11.4% from 18 to 24, 28.3% from 25 to 44, 23.1% from 45 to 64, and 15.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.8 males.The median income for a household in the village was $29,754, and the median income for a family was $42,153. Males had a median income of $32,188 versus $24,759 for females. The per capita income for the village was $17,590. About 8.5% of families and 13.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.5% of those under age 18 and 17.6% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Entrains-sur-Nohain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entrains-sur-Nohain"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Sainte-Agathe-des-Monts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sainte-Agathe-des-Monts"},{"link_name":"Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SaranacLake.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lower Saranac Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Saranac_Lake"}],"text":"Saranac Lake has two sister cities:Entrains-sur-Nohain, France\n Sainte-Agathe-des-Monts, Quebec, CanadaThe village of Saranac Lake, bottom, with Lower Saranac Lake, above, from Baker Mountain, to the East. Lake Flower is at lower left.","title":"Sister cities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Köppen climate classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification"},{"link_name":"humid continental climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humid_continental_climate"},{"link_name":"heat index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_index"},{"link_name":"dew point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dew_point"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NOWData-39"},{"link_name":"wind chill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_chill"},{"link_name":"Old Forge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Forge,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Saranac Lake Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saranac_Lake_Airport"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NOAA-43"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NOWData-39"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-40"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-42"},{"link_name":"Ray Brook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Brook,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Paul Smiths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Smiths,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Gabriels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriels,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"text":"According to the Köppen climate classification system, Saranac Lake has a warm-summer, humid continental climate (Dfb). Dfb climates are characterized by at least one month having an average mean temperature ≤ 32.0 °F (0.0 °C), at least four months with an average mean temperature ≥ 50.0 °F (10.0 °C), all months with an average mean temperature < 71.6 °F (22.0 °C) and no significant precipitation difference between seasons. Although most summer days are comfortably humid in Saranac Lake, episodes of heat and high humidity can occur, with heat index values > 89 °F (32 °C). Since 1981, the highest air temperature was 94.7 °F (34.8 °C) on August 3, 1988, and the highest daily average mean dew point was 70.7 °F (21.5 °C) on August 1, 2006. Since 1981, the wettest calendar day was 3.92 inches (100 mm) on November 8, 1996. During the winter months, the average annual extreme minimum air temperature is −28.8 °F (−33.8 °C).[39] Since 1981, the coldest air temperature was −34.9 °F (−37.2 °C) on January 16, 1994. Episodes of extreme cold and wind can occur, with wind chill values less than −43 °F (−42 °C). The average annual snowfall total (October—May) is between 100 inches (254 cm) and 125 inches (318 cm). While Old Forge and Stillwater Reservoir in the southwestern Adirondacks hold the state record cold temperature at −52 °F (−47 °C), Saranac Lake is considered the coldest town in the state overall.Climate data for Saranac Lake Airport, New York (1,663 ft or 507 m AMSL), 1991–2020 normals,[a] extremes 1903–present[b]\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °F (°C)\n\n62(17)\n\n65(18)\n\n79(26)\n\n89(32)\n\n94(34)\n\n101(38)\n\n99(37)\n\n97(36)\n\n92(33)\n\n86(30)\n\n75(24)\n\n64(18)\n\n101(38)\n\n\nMean maximum °F (°C)\n\n49.0(9.4)\n\n48.7(9.3)\n\n58.2(14.6)\n\n74.6(23.7)\n\n83.8(28.8)\n\n86.7(30.4)\n\n87.3(30.7)\n\n86.0(30.0)\n\n83.3(28.5)\n\n74.7(23.7)\n\n62.5(16.9)\n\n51.3(10.7)\n\n89.3(31.8)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °F (°C)\n\n24.9(−3.9)\n\n27.6(−2.4)\n\n36.5(2.5)\n\n50.3(10.2)\n\n64.4(18.0)\n\n72.4(22.4)\n\n76.6(24.8)\n\n74.7(23.7)\n\n67.9(19.9)\n\n54.3(12.4)\n\n41.7(5.4)\n\n30.2(−1.0)\n\n51.8(11.0)\n\n\nDaily mean °F (°C)\n\n13.6(−10.2)\n\n15.3(−9.3)\n\n24.1(−4.4)\n\n38.2(3.4)\n\n50.5(10.3)\n\n59.4(15.2)\n\n63.6(17.6)\n\n61.7(16.5)\n\n54.4(12.4)\n\n43.3(6.3)\n\n31.9(−0.1)\n\n20.7(−6.3)\n\n39.7(4.3)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °F (°C)\n\n2.3(−16.5)\n\n2.9(−16.2)\n\n11.6(−11.3)\n\n26.0(−3.3)\n\n36.5(2.5)\n\n46.3(7.9)\n\n50.7(10.4)\n\n48.7(9.3)\n\n41.0(5.0)\n\n32.3(0.2)\n\n22.1(−5.5)\n\n11.2(−11.6)\n\n27.6(−2.4)\n\n\nMean minimum °F (°C)\n\n−25.4(−31.9)\n\n−22.5(−30.3)\n\n−14.5(−25.8)\n\n9.7(−12.4)\n\n22.5(−5.3)\n\n31.7(−0.2)\n\n38.6(3.7)\n\n35.4(1.9)\n\n25.9(−3.4)\n\n17.6(−8.0)\n\n0.6(−17.4)\n\n−15.2(−26.2)\n\n−28.8(−33.8)\n\n\nRecord low °F (°C)\n\n−46(−43)\n\n−44(−42)\n\n−35(−37)\n\n−10(−23)\n\n10(−12)\n\n22(−6)\n\n29(−2)\n\n27(−3)\n\n15(−9)\n\n2(−17)\n\n−21(−29)\n\n−46(−43)\n\n−46(−43)\n\n\nAverage precipitation inches (mm)\n\n1.94(49)\n\n1.50(38)\n\n2.04(52)\n\n3.09(78)\n\n3.70(94)\n\n4.36(111)\n\n4.06(103)\n\n3.56(90)\n\n3.47(88)\n\n3.85(98)\n\n2.84(72)\n\n2.20(56)\n\n36.61(929)\n\n\nAverage snowfall inches (cm)\n\n25.2(64)\n\n22.9(58)\n\n19.6(50)\n\n9.0(23)\n\n1.2(3.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.1(0.25)\n\n1.9(4.8)\n\n14.5(37)\n\n24.7(63)\n\n119.1(303.05)\n\n\nAverage extreme snow depth inches (cm)\n\n20.6(52)\n\n24.0(61)\n\n25.0(64)\n\n10.2(26)\n\n0.6(1.5)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n1.0(2.5)\n\n6.4(16)\n\n14.5(37)\n\n29.8(76)\n\n\nAverage precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)\n\n14.4\n\n13.0\n\n14.0\n\n15.6\n\n15.3\n\n16.6\n\n15.9\n\n16.5\n\n13.1\n\n16.4\n\n15.9\n\n17.6\n\n184.3\n\n\nAverage snowy days (≥ 0.1 in)\n\n13.8\n\n12.0\n\n9.6\n\n4.7\n\n0.7\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.1\n\n1.4\n\n7.7\n\n13.2\n\n63.2\n\n\nSource 1: NOAA[41]\n\n\nSource 2: National Weather Service (snow/snow days/snow depth 1903–1998)[39]Notes^ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the highest and lowest temperature readings during an entire month or year) calculated based on data at said location from 1981 to 2010. In years with more than five missing daily values annually but with no single month exceeding five missing daily values, the annual extreme value derives from the most extreme monthly value.\n\n^ Records maintained at Saranac Lake Airport since June 1998, at Ray Brook from April 1978 to May 1998 inclusive, and alternating between Paul Smiths and Gabriels before then.[40]","title":"Climate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A. W. Kuchler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._W._Kuchler"},{"link_name":"potential natural vegetation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential_natural_vegetation"},{"link_name":"Hardwoods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardwood"},{"link_name":"Spruce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spruce"},{"link_name":"Hardwoods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardwood"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Conservation_Biology_Institute-44"},{"link_name":"plant hardiness zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_hardiness_zone"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USDA-45"}],"text":"According to the A. W. Kuchler U.S. potential natural vegetation types, Saranac Lake would have a dominant vegetation type of Northern Hardwoods/Spruce (108), with a dominant vegetation form of Northern Hardwoods (23).[42] The plant hardiness zone is 4a, with an average annual extreme minimum air temperature of −27.3 °F (−32.9 °C).[43] The spring bloom typically peaks on approximately May 11 and fall color usually peaks around October 1.","title":"Ecology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-9615159-0-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9615159-0-2"}],"text":"John J. Duquette (March 1992). John M. Penney (ed.). Saranac Lake, A Centennial: 1892-1992. Make-up by Carol Baker Snyder. Saranac Lake, New York: Saranac Lake 1992 Centennial Committee.\nMaid, Chery (February 7, 2006). \"Building boom brought many local landmarks- How the 20s roared in Saranac Lake\". Adirondack Enterprise. pp. 1, 9.\nGallos, Phil (February 8, 2006). \"Famous people you might meet on the street- How the 20s roared in Saranac Lake\". Adirondack Enterprise. pp. 1, 10.\nJackson, Linda. \"Flaunting the booze ban- How the 20s roared in Saranac Lake\". Adirondack Enterprise. pp. 1, 12.\nGallos, Phillip L. (1985). Cure Cottages of Saranac Lake. Historic Saranac Lake. pp. viii. ISBN 0-9615159-0-2.","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"The village of Saranac Lake, with Lake Flower below and Lake Colby above, from Scarface Mountain to the Southeast.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Saranac_Lake_Village.jpg/350px-Saranac_Lake_Village.jpg"},{"image_text":"A tuberculosis \"Cure Cottage\"","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Saranac_Lake_Cure_Cottage.jpg/220px-Saranac_Lake_Cure_Cottage.jpg"},{"image_text":"Knollwood Club on Lower Saranac Lake, home of George Marshall","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Knollwood_Club_on_Lower_Saranac_Lake.jpg/220px-Knollwood_Club_on_Lower_Saranac_Lake.jpg"},{"image_text":"Like the cure cottages, downtown buildings included porches for tuberculosis patients.[12]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/PatientPorchesDowntownSaranacLakeNewYork.jpg/220px-PatientPorchesDowntownSaranacLakeNewYork.jpg"},{"image_text":"Robert Louis Stevenson's Cure Cottage","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Saranac_Lake_-_Stevenson_Cottage.jpg/220px-Saranac_Lake_-_Stevenson_Cottage.jpg"},{"image_text":"Doonesbury 2005","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/32/Adirondack_aloha.png/100px-Adirondack_aloha.png"},{"image_text":"Adirondack Scenic Railway Station","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Image-Adirondack_Scenic_Railroad_-_Saranac_Lake_Stn_-_Front.jpg/220px-Image-Adirondack_Scenic_Railroad_-_Saranac_Lake_Stn_-_Front.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Saranac River runs through the village.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Saranac_Lake_-_Saranac_River_bridge.jpg/220px-Saranac_Lake_-_Saranac_River_bridge.jpg"},{"image_text":"Broadway, with Main St. at left","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Saranac_Lake%2C_NY_-_Broadway.jpg/220px-Saranac_Lake%2C_NY_-_Broadway.jpg"},{"image_text":"The village of Saranac Lake, bottom, with Lower Saranac Lake, above, from Baker Mountain, to the East. Lake Flower is at lower left.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/SaranacLake.jpg/300px-SaranacLake.jpg"},{"image_text":"Map of New York highlighting Essex County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Map_of_New_York_highlighting_Essex_County.svg/180px-Map_of_New_York_highlighting_Essex_County.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Map of New York highlighting Franklin County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Map_of_New_York_highlighting_Franklin_County.svg/180px-Map_of_New_York_highlighting_Franklin_County.svg.png"}]
[{"title":"Adirondack Canoe Classic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adirondack_Canoe_Classic"},{"title":"Church Street Historic District (Saranac Lake, New York)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_Street_Historic_District_(Saranac_Lake,_New_York)"},{"title":"William L. Coulter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_L._Coulter"},{"title":"Cure Cottages of Saranac Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cure_Cottages_of_Saranac_Lake"},{"title":"William G. Distin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_G._Distin"},{"title":"Historic Saranac Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_Saranac_Lake"},{"title":"North Country Community College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Country_Community_College"},{"title":"Martha Reben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Reben"},{"title":"Saranac Lake High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saranac_Lake_High_School"},{"title":"Sound Adirondack Growth Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_Adirondack_Growth_Alliance"}]
[{"reference":"\"ArcGIS REST Services Directory\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 20, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/arcgis/rest/services/TIGERweb/Places_CouSub_ConCity_SubMCD/MapServer","url_text":"\"ArcGIS REST Services Directory\""}]},{"reference":"\"Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Census Summary File 1 (G001), Saranac Lake village (part), Harrietstown town, Franklin County, New York\". American FactFinder. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 14, 2020. Retrieved June 13, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20200214001139/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/G001/0700000US360333231465233","url_text":"\"Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Census Summary File 1 (G001), Saranac Lake village (part), Harrietstown town, Franklin County, New York\""},{"url":"http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/G001/0700000US360333231465233","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Census Summary File 1 (G001), Saranac Lake village (part), North Elba town, Essex County, New York\". American FactFinder. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 14, 2020. Retrieved June 13, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20200214000629/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/G001/0700000US360315193565233","url_text":"\"Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Census Summary File 1 (G001), Saranac Lake village (part), North Elba town, Essex County, New York\""},{"url":"http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/G001/0700000US360315193565233","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Census Summary File 1 (G001), Saranac Lake village (part), St. Armand town, Essex County, New York\". American FactFinder. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 14, 2020. Retrieved June 13, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20200214000703/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/G001/0700000US360316452965233","url_text":"\"Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Census Summary File 1 (G001), Saranac Lake village (part), St. Armand town, Essex County, New York\""},{"url":"http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/G001/0700000US360316452965233","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Chalmers, Stephen (September 1912). \"Sanitary Saranac Lake: A Small Town That Has Had Only Seventeen Deaths From Contagious Diseases In Twelve Years\". The World's Work: A History of Our Time. XXIV: 581–585. Retrieved July 10, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=F4pgvOJ2Xx8C&pg=PA581","url_text":"\"Sanitary Saranac Lake: A Small Town That Has Had Only Seventeen Deaths From Contagious Diseases In Twelve Years\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%27s_Work","url_text":"The World's Work: A History of Our Time"}]},{"reference":"\"John R. Booth\". Historic Saranac Lake. Retrieved March 14, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://localwiki.org/hsl/John_R._Booth","url_text":"\"John R. Booth\""}]},{"reference":"Kaplan, Thomas (August 24, 2011). \"In Mountain Village, Cuomo Finds Respite\". The New York Times. Retrieved August 25, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/25/nyregion/for-vacation-cuomo-favors-saranac-lake.html","url_text":"\"In Mountain Village, Cuomo Finds Respite\""}]},{"reference":"\"National Register Information System\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","url_text":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"\"National Register of Historic Places\". Weekly List of Actions Taken on Properties: 11/19/12 through 11/23/12. National Park Service. November 30, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/listings/20121130.htm","url_text":"\"National Register of Historic Places\""}]},{"reference":"\"National Register of Historic Places\". Weekly List of Actions Taken on Properties: 10/19/15 through 10/23/15. National Park Service. October 30, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/listings/20151030.htm","url_text":"\"National Register of Historic Places\""}]},{"reference":"\"National Register of Historic Places\". Weekly List of Actions Taken on Properties: 2/23/15 through 2/27/15. National Park Service. March 6, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/listings/20150306.htm","url_text":"\"National Register of Historic Places\""}]},{"reference":"Tissot, Caperton (2012). Saranac Lake's Ice Palace: history of Winter Carnival's crown jewel (1st ed.). Saranac Lake, NY: Snowy Owl Press. p. 6. ISBN 9780615619613.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780615619613","url_text":"9780615619613"}]},{"reference":"\"Can Am Rugby Tournament\". canamrugby.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.canamrugby.com/","url_text":"\"Can Am Rugby Tournament\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pendragon Theatre\". pendragontheatre.org/.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pendragontheatre.org/about-us","url_text":"\"Pendragon Theatre\""}]},{"reference":"\"Plein Air Festival\". saranaclakeartworks.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.saranaclakeartworks.com/pleinair/index.htm","url_text":"\"Plein Air Festival\""}]},{"reference":"\"Saranac Lake ArtWorks\". saranaclakeartworks.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.saranaclakeartworks.com/","url_text":"\"Saranac Lake ArtWorks\""}]},{"reference":"Halpern, Sue (August 18, 1988). \"Adirondack Film Maker Seeks Big-City Success\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1988/08/18/nyregion/adirondack-film-maker-seeks-big-city-success.html","url_text":"\"Adirondack Film Maker Seeks Big-City Success\""}]},{"reference":"\"Robert Louis Stevenson Museum\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.robert-louis-stevenson.org/museums/107","url_text":"\"Robert Louis Stevenson Museum\""}]},{"reference":"\"Slate: GB Trudeau's Doonesbury\".","urls":[{"url":"http://doonesbury.slate.com/strip/cast/bio","url_text":"\"Slate: GB Trudeau's Doonesbury\""}]},{"reference":"Cortese, Amy (November 12, 2011). \"A Town Creates its Own Department Store\". The New York Times. Retrieved November 14, 2011. Community ownership seems to resonate in these days of protest.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/13/business/a-town-in-new-york-creates-its-own-department-store.html","url_text":"\"A Town Creates its Own Department Store\""}]},{"reference":"\"Google maps\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.google.com/maps/dir/Saranac+Lake,+NY/Adirondack+Regional+Airport,+96+Airport+Rd,+Saranac+Lake,+NY+12983/@44.3580525,-74.2024749,13z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m13!4m12!1m5!1m1!1s0x4ccb103211431f41:0xfce94156e5a2168c!2m2!1d-74.1312662!2d44.329496!1m5!1m1!1s0x4ccb0efbdc66df1b:0xb9c1a35e46605c7a!2m2!1d-74.204942!2d44.380925","url_text":"\"Google maps\""}]},{"reference":"\"Trailways\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.trailways.com/","url_text":"\"Trailways\""}]},{"reference":"\"Yahoo Local\".","urls":[{"url":"http://local.yahoo.com/NY/Saranac+Lake/Travel+Lodging/Taxi+Services","url_text":"\"Yahoo Local\""}]},{"reference":"\"APA slates hearings on railroad corridors\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.adirondackexplorer.org/outtakes/adirondack-rail-trail-2/","url_text":"\"APA slates hearings on railroad corridors\""}]},{"reference":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html","url_text":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Saranac Lake village, New York\". U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder. Retrieved February 22, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://factfinder2.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/G001/1600000US3665233","url_text":"\"Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Saranac Lake village, New York\""}]},{"reference":"\"Census of Population and Housing\". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"NOAA Online Weather Data – NWS Burlington\". National Weather Service. Retrieved January 25, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.weather.gov/wrh/climate?wfo=btv","url_text":"\"NOAA Online Weather Data – NWS Burlington\""}]},{"reference":"\"Home\". threadex.rcc-acis.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://threadex.rcc-acis.org/","url_text":"\"Home\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Climate Normals Quick Access – Station: Saranac RGNL AP, NY\". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved January 25, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&stations=USW00094740&format=pdf&dataTypes=MLY-TMAX-NORMAL,MLY-TMIN-NORMAL,MLY-TAVG-NORMAL,MLY-PRCP-NORMAL,MLY-SNOW-NORMAL","url_text":"\"U.S. Climate Normals Quick Access – Station: Saranac RGNL AP, NY\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Potential Natural Vegetation, Original Kuchler Types, v2.0 (Spatially Adjusted to Correct Geometric Distortions)\". Retrieved October 9, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://databasin.org/datasets/1c7a301c8e6843f2b4fe63fdb3a9fe39","url_text":"\"U.S. Potential Natural Vegetation, Original Kuchler Types, v2.0 (Spatially Adjusted to Correct Geometric Distortions)\""}]},{"reference":"\"USDA Interactive Plant Hardiness Map\". United States Department of Agriculture. Archived from the original on June 18, 2021. 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Adirondack Enterprise. pp. 1, 10.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Jackson, Linda. \"Flaunting the booze ban- How the 20s roared in Saranac Lake\". Adirondack Enterprise. pp. 1, 12.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Gallos, Phillip L. (1985). Cure Cottages of Saranac Lake. Historic Saranac Lake. pp. viii. ISBN 0-9615159-0-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9615159-0-2","url_text":"0-9615159-0-2"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%A9nh_An,_An_Giang
Vĩnh An, An Giang
["1 References"]
For other uses, see Vĩnh An. Rural commune in An Giang, VietnamVĩnh AnRural communeCountry VietnamProvinceAn GiangDistrictChâu Thành DistrictTime zoneUTC+07:00 (Indochina Time)ClimateAw Vĩnh An is a rural commune (xã) of Châu Thành District in An Giang Province, Vietnam. References ^ "Administrative subdivisions". General Statistics Office of Vietnam. To find information at reference, go to row 89, then row 892, and it is listed on row 30610. vteAn Giang province Capital: Long Xuyên Long Xuyên Mỹ Bình Mỹ Long Mỹ Xuyên Bình Khánh Mỹ Phước Đông Xuyên Mỹ Quý Mỹ Thạnh Mỹ Thới Bình Đức Mỹ Hòa Mỹ Hòa Hưng Mỹ Khánh Châu Đốc Châu Phú A Châu Phú B Núi Sam Vĩnh Mỹ Vĩnh Nguơn Vĩnh Châu Vĩnh Tế Tân Châu Long Phú Long Châu Long Hưng Long Sơn Long Thạnh Châu Phong Lê Chánh Long An Phú Lộc Phú Vĩnh Tân An Tân Thạnh Vĩnh Hòa Vĩnh Xương An Phú District An Phú Long Bình Đa Phước Khánh An Khánh Bình Nhơn Hội Phú Hội Phú Hữu Phước Hưng Quốc Thái Vĩnh Hậu Vĩnh Hội Đông Vĩnh Lộc Vĩnh Trường Châu Phú District Cái Dầu Bình Chánh Bình Long Bình Mỹ Bình Phú Bình Thủy Đào Hữu Cảnh Khánh Hòa Mỹ Đức Mỹ Phú Ô Long Vĩ Thạnh Mỹ Tây Vĩnh Thạnh Trung Châu Thành District An Châu An Hòa Bình Hòa Bình Thạnh Cần Đăng Hòa Bình Thạnh Tân Phú Vĩnh An Vĩnh Bình Vĩnh Hanh Vĩnh Lợi Vĩnh Nhuận Vĩnh Thành Chợ Mới District Chợ Mới Mỹ Luông An Thạnh Trung Bình Phước Xuân Hòa An Hòa Bình Hội An Kiến An Kiến Thành Long Điền A Long Điền B Long Giang Long Kiến Mỹ An Mỹ Hiệp Mỹ Hội Đông Nhơn Mỹ Tấn Mỹ Phú Tân District Phú Mỹ Chợ Vàm Bình Thạnh Đông Hiệp Xương Hòa Lạc Long Hòa Phú An Phú Bình Phú Hiệp Phú Hưng Phú Lâm Phú Thành Phú Thạnh Phú Thọ Phú Long Phú Xuân Tân Hòa Tân Trung Thoại Sơn District Núi Sập Óc Eo Phú Hòa An Bình Bình Thành Định Mỹ Định Thành Mỹ Phú Đông Phú Thuận Tây Phú Thoại Giang Vĩnh Chánh Vĩnh Khánh Vĩnh Phú Vĩnh Trạch Vọng Đông Vọng Thê Tịnh Biên District Tịnh Biên Chi Lăng Nhà Bàng An Cư An Hảo An Nông An Phú Nhơn Hưng Núi Voi Tân Lập Tân Lợi Thới Sơn Văn Giáo Vĩnh Trung Tri Tôn District Tri Tôn Ba Chúc An Tức Châu Lăng Cô Tô Lạc Quới Lê Trì Lương An Trà Lương Phi Núi Tô Ô Lâm Tà Đảnh Tân Tuyến Vĩnh Gia Vĩnh Phước This article about a location in An Giang province, Vietnam is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_St_Bartholomew,_Yeovilton
Church of St Bartholomew, Yeovilton
["1 History","2 Tower and bells","3 Fleet Air Arm Memorial Church","4 See also","5 References"]
Coordinates: 51°00′17″N 2°38′51″W / 51.00472°N 2.64750°W / 51.00472; -2.64750Church in Somerset, England Church of St BartholomewLocationYeovilton, Somerset, EnglandCoordinates51°00′17″N 2°38′51″W / 51.00472°N 2.64750°W / 51.00472; -2.64750Builtc. 1300 Listed Building – Grade II*Official nameChurch of Saint BartholomewDesignated19 April 1961Reference no.262788 Location of Church of St Bartholomew in Somerset The Church of St Bartholomew in the parish of Yeovilton, Somerset, England, was built around 1300. It is a Grade II* listed building. The church became the property of Montacute Priory and then part of the Diocese of Bath and Wells. It still contains some fabric and fittings from the 14th and 15th centuries but underwent a major restoration in the Victorian era. The church fell into disrepair in the 20th century but has been taken over and restored as the Fleet Air Arm’s Memorial Church following links since World War II with the nearby airbase RNAS Yeovilton. History The original Norman church was built of local lias stone with Hamstone dressings. It was granted by Sir William of Yeovilton to Montacute Priory between 1272 and 1282, who then sold it to Robert Burnell the Bishop of Bath and Wells and it eventually became part of the Diocese of Bath and Wells. From 1642 Richard Sterne held the rectory of Yeovilton before going on to become Archbishop of York. The rector between 1762 and 1805 was Daniel Dumaresq after his period as an educational consultant to Russian and Polish monarchs. The chancel contains a 14th-century piscina and some 15th-century stained glass. The nave has a 15th-century font. The vestry was added in 1872, when a major Victorian restoration was undertaken, and the wagon roof replaced. Tower and bells The three stage tower was built in 1486. The money for this was donated by Richard Swan, the rector at the time. It contains six bells, the oldest of which dates from around 1430 and was cast at the Exeter Bell foundry. The most recent was added in 1993 and was cast at the Whitechapel Bell Foundry. Fleet Air Arm Memorial Church In the first half of the 20th century the church was falling into disrepair until after World War II an association developed with the staff from the nearby RNAS Yeovilton. The churchyard contains 15 graves of British and Commonwealth forces during World War II mostly from the airbase. By 1988 the fabric of the building was considered unsafe and the church declared redundant, and was sold to the Royal Navy for £1. Restoration work was carried out funded by public donation and, in 1993, the church was reopened as the Fleet Air Arm’s Memorial Church. The church holds the Fleet Air Arm's Roll of Honour. New porch gates, which were made at HMS Daedalus and carry the emblem of the Fleet Air Arm, have been installed. Within the Fleet Air Arm Memorial Chapel modern stained glass has been installed with the badges of RNAS stations Gannet, Osprey, Heron, Seahawk and Daedalus. See also List of ecclesiastical parishes in the Diocese of Bath and Wells References ^ a b c Historic England. "Church of Saint Bartholomew (1056787)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 19 February 2013. ^ a b c R. W. Dunning (editor), A. P. Baggs, R. J. E. Bush, Margaret Tomlinson (1974). "Parishes: Yeovilton". A History of the County of Somerset: Volume 3. Institute of Historical Research. Retrieved 19 February 2013. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ a b c "St Bartholomew's Church". Fleet Air Arm Museum. Retrieved 19 February 2013. ^ Dunning, Robert (2007). Somerset Churches and Chapels: Building Repair and Restoration. Halsgrove. p. 41. ISBN 978-1841145921. ^ Pevsner, Nikolaus (2002). South and West Somerset (The Buildings of England) (Pevsner Architectural Guides: Buildings of England). Yale University Press. pp. 357–358. ISBN 978-0300096446. ^ "Yeovilton St Bartholomew". Dawson Heritage. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 19 February 2013. ^ "Yeovilton St Bartholomew". Dove's Guide for Church Bell Ringers. Retrieved 19 February 2013. ^ "The Fleet Air Arm Memorial Church". Fleet Air Arm Memorial Church. ^ "Yeovilton (St Bartholomew) Churchyard". Commonwealth War Graves Commission. Retrieved 19 February 2013. ^ "Redundant churches — Diocese of Bath and Wells" (PDF). Church of England. Retrieved 19 February 2013. ^ a b "St Bartholomew's Church, Yeovilton" (PDF). Cloudobservers. Retrieved 19 February 2013. ^ "Saint Bartholomew's, The Fleet Air Arm Memorial Church". Fly Navy Heritage Trust. Retrieved 19 February 2013.
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It is a Grade II* listed building.[1]The church became the property of Montacute Priory and then part of the Diocese of Bath and Wells. It still contains some fabric and fittings from the 14th and 15th centuries but underwent a major restoration in the Victorian era.The church fell into disrepair in the 20th century but has been taken over and restored as the Fleet Air Arm’s Memorial Church following links since World War II with the nearby airbase RNAS Yeovilton.","title":"Church of St Bartholomew, Yeovilton"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Norman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_architecture"},{"link_name":"lias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lias_Group"},{"link_name":"Hamstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamstone"},{"link_name":"Montacute Priory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montacute_Priory"},{"link_name":"Robert Burnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Burnell"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Bath and Wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Bath_and_Wells"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Bath and Wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_of_Bath_and_Wells"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bho-2"},{"link_name":"Richard Sterne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Sterne_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_York"},{"link_name":"Daniel Dumaresq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Dumaresq"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bho-2"},{"link_name":"chancel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancel"},{"link_name":"piscina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piscina"},{"link_name":"stained glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stained_glass"},{"link_name":"nave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nave"},{"link_name":"font","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptismal_font"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-faam-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bho-2"},{"link_name":"Victorian restoration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_restoration"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IoE-1"},{"link_name":"wagon roof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrel_vault"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-faam-3"}],"text":"The original Norman church was built of local lias stone with Hamstone dressings. It was granted by Sir William of Yeovilton to Montacute Priory between 1272 and 1282, who then sold it to Robert Burnell the Bishop of Bath and Wells and it eventually became part of the Diocese of Bath and Wells.[2] From 1642 Richard Sterne held the rectory of Yeovilton before going on to become Archbishop of York. The rector between 1762 and 1805 was Daniel Dumaresq after his period as an educational consultant to Russian and Polish monarchs.[2]The chancel contains a 14th-century piscina and some 15th-century stained glass. The nave has a 15th-century font.[3]The vestry was added in 1872,[2] when a major Victorian restoration was undertaken,[1] and the wagon roof replaced.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Exeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exeter"},{"link_name":"Whitechapel Bell Foundry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitechapel_Bell_Foundry"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The three stage tower was built in 1486.[4] The money for this was donated by Richard Swan, the rector at the time.[5][6] It contains six bells, the oldest of which dates from around 1430 and was cast at the Exeter Bell foundry. The most recent was added in 1993 and was cast at the Whitechapel Bell Foundry.[7]","title":"Tower and bells"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"RNAS Yeovilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNAS_Yeovilton_(HMS_Heron)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-faamc-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"redundant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redundant_church"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cloudobservers-11"},{"link_name":"Fleet Air Arm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleet_Air_Arm"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-faam-3"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"HMS Daedalus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNAS_Lee-on-Solent_(HMS_Daedalus)"},{"link_name":"Gannet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNAS_Eglinton_(HMS_Gannet)"},{"link_name":"Osprey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNAS_Portland_(HMS_Osprey)"},{"link_name":"Heron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Heron"},{"link_name":"Seahawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNAS_Culdrose_(HMS_Seahawk)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cloudobservers-11"}],"text":"In the first half of the 20th century the church was falling into disrepair until after World War II an association developed with the staff from the nearby RNAS Yeovilton.[8] The churchyard contains 15 graves of British and Commonwealth forces during World War II mostly from the airbase.[9] By 1988 the fabric of the building was considered unsafe and the church declared redundant,[10] and was sold to the Royal Navy for £1.[11] Restoration work was carried out funded by public donation and, in 1993, the church was reopened as the Fleet Air Arm’s Memorial Church. The church holds the Fleet Air Arm's Roll of Honour.[3][12]New porch gates, which were made at HMS Daedalus and carry the emblem of the Fleet Air Arm, have been installed. Within the Fleet Air Arm Memorial Chapel modern stained glass has been installed with the badges of RNAS stations Gannet, Osprey, Heron, Seahawk and Daedalus.[11]","title":"Fleet Air Arm Memorial Church"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of ecclesiastical parishes in the Diocese of Bath and Wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ecclesiastical_parishes_in_the_Diocese_of_Bath_and_Wells"}]
[{"reference":"Historic England. \"Church of Saint Bartholomew (1056787)\". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 19 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England","url_text":"Historic England"},{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1056787","url_text":"\"Church of Saint Bartholomew (1056787)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England","url_text":"National Heritage List for England"}]},{"reference":"R. W. Dunning (editor), A. P. Baggs, R. J. E. Bush, Margaret Tomlinson (1974). \"Parishes: Yeovilton\". A History of the County of Somerset: Volume 3. Institute of Historical Research. Retrieved 19 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=66496","url_text":"\"Parishes: Yeovilton\""}]},{"reference":"\"St Bartholomew's Church\". Fleet Air Arm Museum. Retrieved 19 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fleetairarm.com/faa-st-bartholomew-church.aspx","url_text":"\"St Bartholomew's Church\""}]},{"reference":"Dunning, Robert (2007). Somerset Churches and Chapels: Building Repair and Restoration. Halsgrove. p. 41. ISBN 978-1841145921.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1841145921","url_text":"978-1841145921"}]},{"reference":"Pevsner, Nikolaus (2002). South and West Somerset (The Buildings of England) (Pevsner Architectural Guides: Buildings of England). Yale University Press. pp. 357–358. ISBN 978-0300096446.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaus_Pevsner","url_text":"Pevsner, Nikolaus"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zaqpW4jc0JEC&q=St+Bartholomew+Yeovilton&pg=PA357","url_text":"South and West Somerset (The Buildings of England) (Pevsner Architectural Guides: Buildings of England)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300096446","url_text":"978-0300096446"}]},{"reference":"\"Yeovilton St Bartholomew\". Dawson Heritage. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 19 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150923212916/http://www.dawsonheritage.co.uk/somerset_churches/church.asp?ChooseChurch=Yeovilton%20St%20Bartholomew","url_text":"\"Yeovilton St Bartholomew\""},{"url":"http://www.dawsonheritage.co.uk/somerset_churches/church.asp?ChooseChurch=Yeovilton%20St%20Bartholomew","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Yeovilton St Bartholomew\". Dove's Guide for Church Bell Ringers. Retrieved 19 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://dove.cccbr.org.uk/detail.php?DoveID=YEOVILTON&showFrames=true","url_text":"\"Yeovilton St Bartholomew\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Fleet Air Arm Memorial Church\". Fleet Air Arm Memorial Church.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.faamc.co.uk/brief_history_1.html","url_text":"\"The Fleet Air Arm Memorial Church\""}]},{"reference":"\"Yeovilton (St Bartholomew) Churchyard\". Commonwealth War Graves Commission. Retrieved 19 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cwgc.org/find-a-cemetery/cemetery/2067918/Yeovilton%20(St.%20Bartholomew)%20Churchyard","url_text":"\"Yeovilton (St Bartholomew) Churchyard\""}]},{"reference":"\"Redundant churches — Diocese of Bath and Wells\" (PDF). Church of England. Retrieved 19 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.churchofengland.org/media/810289/bathandwells.pdf","url_text":"\"Redundant churches — Diocese of Bath and Wells\""}]},{"reference":"\"St Bartholomew's Church, Yeovilton\" (PDF). Cloudobservers. Retrieved 19 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://cloudobservers.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2011/10/FAA-Memorial-Church.pdf","url_text":"\"St Bartholomew's Church, Yeovilton\""}]},{"reference":"\"Saint Bartholomew's, The Fleet Air Arm Memorial Church\". Fly Navy Heritage Trust. Retrieved 19 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fnht.co.uk/fleet_air_arm_church.html","url_text":"\"Saint Bartholomew's, The Fleet Air Arm Memorial Church\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Church_of_St_Bartholomew,_Yeovilton&params=51_00_17_N_2_38_51_W_type:landmark","external_links_name":"51°00′17″N 2°38′51″W / 51.00472°N 2.64750°W / 51.00472; -2.64750"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Church_of_St_Bartholomew,_Yeovilton&params=51_00_17_N_2_38_51_W_type:landmark","external_links_name":"51°00′17″N 2°38′51″W / 51.00472°N 2.64750°W / 51.00472; -2.64750"},{"Link":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1056787","external_links_name":"\"Church of Saint Bartholomew (1056787)\""},{"Link":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=66496","external_links_name":"\"Parishes: Yeovilton\""},{"Link":"http://www.fleetairarm.com/faa-st-bartholomew-church.aspx","external_links_name":"\"St Bartholomew's Church\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zaqpW4jc0JEC&q=St+Bartholomew+Yeovilton&pg=PA357","external_links_name":"South and West Somerset (The Buildings of England) (Pevsner Architectural Guides: Buildings of England)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150923212916/http://www.dawsonheritage.co.uk/somerset_churches/church.asp?ChooseChurch=Yeovilton%20St%20Bartholomew","external_links_name":"\"Yeovilton St Bartholomew\""},{"Link":"http://www.dawsonheritage.co.uk/somerset_churches/church.asp?ChooseChurch=Yeovilton%20St%20Bartholomew","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://dove.cccbr.org.uk/detail.php?DoveID=YEOVILTON&showFrames=true","external_links_name":"\"Yeovilton St Bartholomew\""},{"Link":"http://www.faamc.co.uk/brief_history_1.html","external_links_name":"\"The Fleet Air Arm Memorial Church\""},{"Link":"http://www.cwgc.org/find-a-cemetery/cemetery/2067918/Yeovilton%20(St.%20Bartholomew)%20Churchyard","external_links_name":"\"Yeovilton (St Bartholomew) Churchyard\""},{"Link":"http://www.churchofengland.org/media/810289/bathandwells.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Redundant churches — Diocese of Bath and Wells\""},{"Link":"http://cloudobservers.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2011/10/FAA-Memorial-Church.pdf","external_links_name":"\"St Bartholomew's Church, Yeovilton\""},{"Link":"http://www.fnht.co.uk/fleet_air_arm_church.html","external_links_name":"\"Saint Bartholomew's, The Fleet Air Arm Memorial Church\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_Grant,_Nova_Scotia
Chester Grant, Nova Scotia
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 44°36′40″N 64°19′33″W / 44.61111°N 64.32583°W / 44.61111; -64.32583 (Chester Grant, Nova Scotia)Human settlement in Nova Scotia, Canada class=notpageimage| Chester Grant in Nova Scotia Chester Grant is a community in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia, located in the Chester Municipal District. 44°36′40″N 64°19′33″W / 44.61111°N 64.32583°W / 44.61111; -64.32583 (Chester Grant, Nova Scotia) References Chester Grant on Destination Nova Scotia This Lunenburg County, Nova Scotia location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turnagain_Island_(Queensland)
Turnagain Island (Queensland)
["1 Geography","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
Coordinates: 9°34′01″S 142°16′59″E / 9.567°S 142.283°E / -9.567; 142.283Island in Queensland, Australia TurnagainBuru IslandA Landsat image of Turnagain IslandA map of the Torres Strait Islands showing Turnagain in the northern central waters of Torres StraitGeographyLocationNorthern AustraliaCoordinates9°34′01″S 142°16′59″E / 9.567°S 142.283°E / -9.567; 142.283ArchipelagoTorres Strait IslandsAdjacent toTorres StraitArea11.98 km2 (4.63 sq mi)Length7.5 km (4.66 mi)Width2.2 km (1.37 mi)AdministrationAustraliaStateQueenslandLocal government areaTorres Strait Island Region Turnagain, also called Buru Island, is an island of the Western Islands region of the Torres Strait Islands archipelago, located in the northern section of Torres Strait, Queensland, Australia. Turnagain is located within the Torres Strait Island Region Local government area. Geography The island is located approximately 38 kilometres (24 mi) south of the Western Province of Papua New Guinea. Turnagain is 7.5 kilometres (4.7 mi) in length and up to 2.2 kilometres (1.4 mi) wide. Its area of 11.98 square kilometres (4.63 sq mi) is heavily wooded. It is uninhabited and is the shape of an elongated teardrop. See also Queensland portalIslands portal List of Torres Strait Islands References This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Turnagain Island" Queensland – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) External links DFAT website Australian Treaty Series 1985 No 4 vteList of Torres Strait topicsTorres Strait Islands,islets, and caysBellevue group Aipus Cap Kamutnab Keatinge Mabuiag Pulu Subur Warakuikul Talab Widul Bourke group Aukane Aureed Kabbikane Layoak Mimi Roberts Yam Duncan group Kanig Maitak Meth Inner group Port Lihou Yeta Adolphus Channel group Albany Bush Eborac Ida Middle Brother Talbot group Aubussi Boigu Moimi The Three Sisters group Bet Poll Sue Yorke group Keats Marsden Rennel Smith Ungrouped Allison Anchor Arden Badu Barn Barney Bond Booby Bramble Browne Campbell Canoe Castle Coconut Crab Dalrymple Darnley Dauan Dayman Deliverance Dove Dugong Dumaralug East East Strait Entrance Farewell Flat Friday Gabba Getullai Goods Great Woody Green Halfway Hammond Hawkesbury High Horn Kaumag Kerr Lacey Little Adolphus Little Woody Lowry Mai Meddler Moa Morilug Mouinndo Mount Adolphus Mount Ernest Murangi Murray Nepean Nicklin North North Possession North West Obelisk Packe Passage Pearce Phipps Portlock Prince of Wales Quoin Red Red Wallis Roko Saddle Saibai Salter Sassie Spencer Stephens Suarji Thursday Tobin Travers Tree Trochus Tudu Tukupai Turnagain Turtle Head Turtle Turu Twin Underdown Wednesday West Whale Woody Wallis York Yorke Zagai People, culture,communities andlanguagesNotable Torres Strait Islanders Christine Anu Seaman Dan Aaron Fa'aoso Josh Hoffman Nathan Jawai Ellen Jose Robert Lui Eddie Mabo Rachael Maza Patty Mills Rita Mills Mills Sisters Danny Morseu Tanu Nona Albert Proud Wendell Sailor Sam Thaiday Brent Webb Jesse Williams Culture Indigenous music of Australia Mabo (film) Taba Naba Communities Bamaga Kaurareg Mabuiag Meriam (people) Seisia Languages Bine Eastern Trans-Fly Gizrra Kalaw Lagaw Ya Meriam Torres Strait Creole Torres Strait English Wipi Governance andlegal mattersGovernance Shire of Torres Torres Strait Islander Flag Torres Strait Island Region Torres Strait Regional Authority Legal cases and principles Akiba v Commonwealth Mabo v Queensland No 1 No 2 Terra nullius Buildings and structures Boigu Island Airport Booby Island Light Coconut Island Airport Darnley Island Airport Eborac Island Light Goods Island Light Kubin Airport Murray Island Airport Saibai Island Airport Warraber Island Airport Wyborn Reef Light Yam Island Airport Yorke Island Airport Other Adolphus Channel Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies Birds of Boigu, Saibai and Dauan Islands Endeavour Strait Alfred Cort Haddon Margaret Lawrie Sea Swift Warul Kawa Indigenous Protected Area Category Commons See also: List of Torres Strait Islands This Queensland location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Ingram
Bill Ingram
["1 Coaching career","2 Head coaching record","3 References","4 External links"]
American football player and coach (1898–1943) For the politician, see Bill Ingram (politician). Bill IngramBiographical detailsBorn(1898-06-14)June 14, 1898Jeffersonville, Indiana, U.S.DiedJune 2, 1943(1943-06-02) (aged 44)Los Gatos, California, U.S.Playing career1916–1918Navy Coaching career (HC unless noted)1922William & Mary1923–1925Indiana1926–1930Navy1931–1934California Head coaching recordOverall75–42–9Accomplishments and honorsChampionships1 National (1926)Awards Second-team All-American (1917) College Football Hall of FameInducted in 1973 (profile) William Austin Ingram (June 14, 1898 – June 2, 1943) was an American college football player and coach. He served as the head football coach at The College of William & Mary (1922), Indiana University (1923–1925), the United States Naval Academy (1926–1930), and the University of California, Berkeley (1931–1934), compiling a career record of 75–42–9. Ingram's 1926 Navy team went 9–0–1 and was recognized as a national champion by the Boand System and the Houlgate System. Ingram was also known by the nickname "Navy Bill", due to his background at Annapolis. He was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame as a coach in 1973, and he died in his sleep while serving as a Major in the Marine Corps. Coaching career From 1923 to 1925, he guided Indiana to a 10–12–1 record. At Navy he posted a 32–13–4 record. These totals included his 1926 team, which finished with a 9–0–1 record. He coached at California and won 27 games in four years. During the 1934 West Coast waterfront strike, Ingram organized his Cal players to work as strikebreakers. Head coaching record Year Team Overall Conference Standing Bowl/playoffs William & Mary Indians (Independent) (1922) 1922 William & Mary 6–3 William & Mary: 6–3 Indiana Hoosiers (Big Ten Conference) (1923–1925) 1923 Indiana 3–4 2–2 T–5th 1924 Indiana 4–4 1–3 7th 1925 Indiana 3–4–1 0–3–1 T–9th Indiana: 10–12–1 3–8–1 Navy Midshipmen (Independent) (1926–1930) 1926 Navy 9–0–1 1927 Navy 6–3 1928 Navy 5–3–1 1929 Navy 6–2–2 1930 Navy 6–5 Navy: 32–13–4 California Golden Bears (Pacific Coast Conference) (1931–1934) 1931 California 8–2 4–1 2nd 1932 California 7–3–2 2–2–1 T–5th 1933 California 6–3–2 2–2–2 6th 1934 California 6–6 3–2 5th California: 27–14–4 11–7–3 Total: 75–42–9       National championship         Conference title         Conference division title or championship game berth References ^ a b Hochschild, Adam (29 March 2016). Spain in Our Hearts: Americans in the Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 9780547973180. p. 8: At Berkeley, hundreds of professors and students, like Merriman, ferverntly backed the strikers, while the football coach—William Ingram, an Annapolis graduate known as 'Navy Bill'—organized players to work as strikebreakers. ^ "Marine Corps Chevron 5 June 1943 — Historical Periodicals". External links Bill Ingram at the College Football Hall of Fame Bill Ingram at Find a Grave vteWilliam & Mary Tribe head football coaches No coach (1893) John W. Wright (1894) No team (1895) Bill Armstrong (1896) W. J. King (1897–1898) William H. Burke (1899) W. J. King (1900) No coach (1901–1902) Harold J. Davall (1903) J. Merrill Blanchard (1904–1905) H. W. Withers (1906) James E. Barry (1907) George E. O'Hearn (1908–1909) J. Merrill Blanchard (1910) William J. Young (1911–1912) Dexter W. Draper (1913–1915) Samuel H. Hubbard (1916) Harry Young (1917) Vernon Geddy (1918) James G. Driver (1919–1920) Bill Fincher (1921) Bill Ingram (1922) J. Wilder Tasker (1923–1927) Branch Bocock (1928–1930) John Kellison (1931–1934) Thomas Dowler (1935) Branch Bocock (1936–1938) Carl M. Voyles (1939–1942) No team (1943) Rube McCray (1944–1950) Marvin Bass (1951) Jack Freeman (1952–1956) Milt Drewer (1957–1963) Marv Levy (1964–1968) Lou Holtz (1969–1971) Jim Root (1972–1979) Jimmye Laycock (1980–2018) Mike London (2019– ) vteIndiana Hoosiers head football coaches Arthur B. Woodford (1887–1888) Evans Woollen (1889) No team (1890) Billy Herod (1891) No coach (1892–1893) Gustave Ferbert & Joseph R. Hudelson (1894) Winchester Osgood & Robert Wrenn (1895) Madison G. Gonterman (1896–1897) James H. Horne (1898–1904) James M. Sheldon (1905–1913) Clarence Childs (1914–1915) Ewald O. Stiehm (1916–1921) James P. Herron (1922) Bill Ingram (1923–1925) Harlan Page (1926–1930) Earl C. Hayes (1931–1933) Bo McMillin (1934–1947) Clyde B. Smith (1948–1951) Bernie Crimmins (1952–1956) Bob Hicks # (1957) Phil Dickens (1958–1964) John Pont (1965–1972) Lee Corso (1973–1982) Sam Wyche (1983) Bill Mallory (1984–1996) Cam Cameron (1997–2001) Gerry DiNardo (2002–2004) Terry Hoeppner (2005–2006) Bill Lynch (2007–2010) Kevin Wilson (2011–2016) Tom Allen (2016–2023) Curt Cignetti (2024– ) # denotes interim head coach vteNavy Midshipmen head football coaches No coach (1879) No team (1880–1881) Vaulx Carter (1882) No coach (1883–1891) Ben Crosby (1892) John A. Hartwell (1893) William Wurtenburg (1894) Matthew McClung (1895) Johnny Poe (1896) Bill Armstrong (1897–1899) Garrett Cochran (1900) Art Hillebrand (1901–1902) Burr Chamberlain (1903) Paul Dashiell (1904–1906) Joseph M. Reeves (1907) Frank Berrien (1908–1910) Douglas Legate Howard (1911–1914) Jonas H. Ingram (1915–1916) Gil Dobie (1917–1919) Bob Folwell (1920–1924) Jack Owsley (1925) Bill Ingram (1926–1930) Edgar Miller (1931–1933) Tom Hamilton (1934–1936) Hank Hardwick (1937–1938) Swede Larson (1939–1941) John Whelchel (1942–1943) Oscar Hagberg (1944–1945) Tom Hamilton (1946–1947) George Sauer (1948–1949) Eddie Erdelatz (1950–1958) Wayne Hardin (1959–1964) Bill Elias (1965–1968) Rick Forzano (1969–1972) George Welsh (1973–1981) Gary Tranquill (1982–1986) Elliot Uzelac (1987–1989) George Chaump (1990–1994) Charlie Weatherbie (1995–2001) Rick Lantz # (2001) Paul Johnson (2002–2007) Ken Niumatalolo (2007–2022) Brian Newberry (2023– ) # denotes interim head coach vteCalifornia Golden Bears head football coaches No coach (1882–1884) Oscar S. Howard (1885–1886) No coach (1887–1888) All games cancelled (1889) No coach (1890–1892 spring) Lee McClung (1892) Pudge Heffelfinger (1893) Charles O. Gill (1894) Frank Butterworth (1895–1896) Charles P. Nott (1897) Garrett Cochran (1898–1899) Addison Kelly (1900) Frank W. Simpson (1901) James Whipple (1902–1903) James Hopper (1904) J. W. Knibbs (1905) No team (1906–1914) Jimmie Schaeffer (1915) Andy Smith (1916–1925) Nibs Price (1926–1930) Bill Ingram (1931–1934) Stub Allison (1935–1944) Buck Shaw (1945) Frank Wickhorst (1946) Pappy Waldorf (1947–1956) Pete Elliott (1957–1959) Marv Levy (1960–1963) Ray Willsey (1964–1971) Mike White (1972–1977) Roger Theder (1978–1981) Joe Kapp (1982–1986) Bruce Snyder (1987–1991) Keith Gilbertson (1992–1995) Steve Mariucci (1996) Tom Holmoe (1997–2001) Jeff Tedford (2002–2012) Sonny Dykes (2013–2016) Justin Wilcox (2017– ) vte1926 Navy Midshipmen football—national champions Edward Burke Tom Hamilton Frank Wickhorst Head coach Bill Ingram
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bill Ingram (politician)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Ingram_(politician)"},{"link_name":"college football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_football"},{"link_name":"The College of William & Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_College_of_William_%26_Mary"},{"link_name":"Indiana University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_University_(Bloomington)"},{"link_name":"United States Naval Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy"},{"link_name":"University of California, Berkeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley"},{"link_name":"1926 Navy team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1926_Navy_Midshipmen_football_team"},{"link_name":"national champion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_football_national_championships_in_NCAA_Division_I_FBS"},{"link_name":"Boand System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boand_System"},{"link_name":"Annapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hochschild-1"},{"link_name":"College Football Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_Football_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"For the politician, see Bill Ingram (politician).William Austin Ingram (June 14, 1898 – June 2, 1943) was an American college football player and coach. He served as the head football coach at The College of William & Mary (1922), Indiana University (1923–1925), the United States Naval Academy (1926–1930), and the University of California, Berkeley (1931–1934), compiling a career record of 75–42–9. Ingram's 1926 Navy team went 9–0–1 and was recognized as a national champion by the Boand System and the Houlgate System. Ingram was also known by the nickname \"Navy Bill\", due to his background at Annapolis.[1] He was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame as a coach in 1973, and he died in his sleep while serving as a Major in the Marine Corps.[2]","title":"Bill Ingram"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1934 West Coast waterfront strike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1934_West_Coast_waterfront_strike"},{"link_name":"Cal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Golden_Bears_football"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hochschild-1"}],"text":"From 1923 to 1925, he guided Indiana to a 10–12–1 record. At Navy he posted a 32–13–4 record. These totals included his 1926 team, which finished with a 9–0–1 record. He coached at California and won 27 games in four years. During the 1934 West Coast waterfront strike, Ingram organized his Cal players to work as strikebreakers.[1]","title":"Coaching career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Head coaching record"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanguard_Sailboats
Vanguard Sailboats
["1 History","2 Sailing Community","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
Sailboat builder This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Vanguard Sailboats" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Vanguard SailboatsCompany typePrivateIndustrySailingFoundedWaukesha, Wisconsin, USA (1967)FoundersPeter Harken, Olaf HarkenHeadquartersPortsmouth, Rhode Island, USWebsitewww.laserperformance.com Vanguard Sailboats was one of the most successful sailboat builders. It was founded in 1967, and is now owned by LaserPerformance. History Vanguard Sailboats was founded in 1967 in Waukesha, Wisconsin, USA by Peter and Olaf Harken. The brothers started to gain attention after their sailing hardware was used on boats that won Olympic gold in 1968, and after Vanguard supplied the Finn class for several countries in the 1976 Olympics. The hardware segment was maintained somewhat separately, as it was marketed to competing boat builders. In 1986, the Harkens sold Vanguard to Stephen Clark, who moved the business to Portsmouth, Rhode Island. The brothers focused their efforts on the performance sailing hardware business in Pewaukee, WI under the name Harken, Inc., while Vanguard continued in boat building. In March 1997, Vanguard Sailboats, Inc., bought Sunfish Laser, Inc., which built the Laser, Sunfish and 49er sailboats. In 2007 Vanguard Sailboats was acquired by Performance Sailcraft Europe. The combined company is known as LaserPerformance. Sailing Community LaserPerformance is very active in the sailing community and was a major sponsor of the Intercollegiate Sailing Association until 2022. The ICSA is the organization that governs college sailing in North America. Most colleges and universities sail fleets of 420s, Flying Juniors or Vanguard 15s. Additionally, LaserPerformance is a sponsor of many adult and junior sailing regattas. See also LaserPerformance List of sailboat designers and manufacturers References ^ "International Sunfish Class Association". External links Company website vteBoats marketed by LaserPerformanceOne-person dinghies Laser 4.7 Laser Bug Laser Funboat Laser Pico Laser Radial Laser Standard Laser Vago Sunfish Vapor Optimist Two-person dinghies Club 420 Bahia Laser Vago Multihulls Dart 16 KeelboatsLaser Stratos KeelDiscontinued models Dart 15 Dart 20 Stampede Dart 6000 Dart Hawk (F18) Laser 2 Laser 13 Laser 16 Laser 28 Laser 4000 Laser 5000 Laser EPS Laser Stratos (Centreboard) Laser Vortex No longer associated with Laser Dart 18 Laser SB3 (SB20) Laser 2000 Laser 3000 (V3000)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"LaserPerformance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_Performance"}],"text":"Vanguard Sailboats was one of the most successful sailboat builders. It was founded in 1967, and is now owned by LaserPerformance.","title":"Vanguard Sailboats"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Waukesha, Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waukesha,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Peter and Olaf Harken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harken,_Inc."},{"link_name":"Olympic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Games"},{"link_name":"1968","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Finn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finn_(dinghy)"},{"link_name":"1976 Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Portsmouth, Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth,_Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"Pewaukee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pewaukee"},{"link_name":"Harken, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harken,_Inc."},{"link_name":"Laser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_(dinghy)"},{"link_name":"Sunfish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunfish_(sailboat)"},{"link_name":"49er","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/49er_(dinghy)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"LaserPerformance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_Performance"}],"text":"Vanguard Sailboats was founded in 1967 in Waukesha, Wisconsin, USA by Peter and Olaf Harken. The brothers started to gain attention after their sailing hardware was used on boats that won Olympic gold in 1968, and after Vanguard supplied the Finn class for several countries in the 1976 Olympics. The hardware segment was maintained somewhat separately, as it was marketed to competing boat builders. In 1986, the Harkens sold Vanguard to Stephen Clark, who moved the business to Portsmouth, Rhode Island. The brothers focused their efforts on the performance sailing hardware business in Pewaukee, WI under the name Harken, Inc., while Vanguard continued in boat building.In March 1997, Vanguard Sailboats, Inc., bought Sunfish Laser, Inc., which built the Laser, Sunfish and 49er sailboats.[1]In 2007 Vanguard Sailboats was acquired by Performance Sailcraft Europe. The combined company is known as LaserPerformance.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Intercollegiate Sailing Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercollegiate_Sailing_Association"},{"link_name":"North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America"},{"link_name":"420s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/420_(dinghy)"},{"link_name":"Flying Juniors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_Junior"},{"link_name":"Vanguard 15s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanguard_15"},{"link_name":"regattas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regattas"}],"text":"LaserPerformance is very active in the sailing community and was a major sponsor of the Intercollegiate Sailing Association until 2022. The ICSA is the organization that governs college sailing in North America. Most colleges and universities sail fleets of 420s, Flying Juniors or Vanguard 15s. Additionally, LaserPerformance is a sponsor of many adult and junior sailing regattas.","title":"Sailing Community"}]
[]
[{"title":"LaserPerformance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_Performance"},{"title":"List of sailboat designers and manufacturers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sailboat_designers_and_manufacturers"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_McKenna_(footballer)
Stephen McKenna (footballer)
["1 Playing career","1.1 Airdrie","1.2 Queen of the South","1.3 Cumnock Juniors","2 Honours","3 References","4 External links"]
Scottish footballer Stephen McKennaPersonal informationFull name Stephen McKennaDate of birth (1985-11-25) 25 November 1985 (age 38)Place of birth Glasgow, ScotlandPosition(s) MidfielderTeam informationCurrent team Cumnock JuniorsSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)2002–2003 Rangers 0 (0)2003–2009 Airdrie United 137 (2)2009–2015 Queen of the South 118 (4)2016– Cumnock Juniors *Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 12:35, 4 December 2017 (UTC) Stephen McKenna is an ex professional Scottish association football defensive midfielder. He won the Scottish Challenge Cup in 2008 with Airdrie United and in 2013 with Queen of the South also winning a divisional title with the Queen's that season. McKenna retired from senior football aged 29 to focus on a career outside the game. Playing career Airdrie McKenna joined Airdrie United from Rangers in 2003 and made over 150 first team appearances for the Diamonds. A high point was when he scored in the 2008 Scottish Challenge Cup Final. McKenna's team won on penalties against Ross County. Queen of the South On 6 August 2009, McKenna was announced as a new signing on the website of Dumfries club Queen of the South. He played 28 first team league games that season scoring on 16 February 2010 in the 3–0 home win against Ayr United at Palmerston Park. He also played in three cup games including the 2–1 defeat at home against Rangers in the Scottish League Cup. The season after McKenna played in the postponed 2010 Scottish Challenge Cup Final defeat to Ross County. McKenna scored a goal from 30 yards on 26 November 2011 in the 2–2 draw away to Morton. He scored a goal from a similar distance the following week in the 4–1 home win over Ayr United. McKenna was an integral part of the Queen's side to win a league and cup double in 2012/13. McKenna and his teammates romped away to win the Scottish Second Division title building an unassailable lead before the end of March. Less than two weeks later McKenna and co won the Scottish League Challenge Cup Final beating Partick Thistle on penalties. McKenna left senior football at the end of season 2014/15 to work on a professional career outside football. He was 29 at the time. Cumnock Juniors McKenna come out of retired at join junior club Cumnock Juniors. Honours Airdrie United 2008-09 Scottish Challenge Cup Winner Queen of the South 2012–13 Scottish Division Two Champions 2012-13 Scottish Challenge Cup Winner References ^ Stephen McKenna signs on ^ "Greenock Morton 2 – 2 Queen Of The South" www.qosfc.com 26/11/2001 ^ "Queen Of The South 4 – 1 Ayr Utd" www.qosfc.com 3 Dec 2011 ^ "Club History" on www.qosfc.com ^ "Stephen McKenna". cumnockjuniors.com. Archived from the original on 4 December 2017. ^ "Airdrie Utd 2-2 Ross County". BBC. 16 November 2008. Retrieved 30 March 2021. ^ "Queen Of The South vs Partick Thistle. Scottish Challenge Cup Final". Sky Sports. 7 April 2013. Retrieved 1 April 2021. External links Stephen McKenna at Soccerbase
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"association football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"midfielder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midfielder"},{"link_name":"Airdrie United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airdrie_United"},{"link_name":"Queen of the South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_of_the_South_F.C."}],"text":"Stephen McKenna is an ex professional Scottish association football defensive midfielder. He won the Scottish Challenge Cup in 2008 with Airdrie United and in 2013 with Queen of the South also winning a divisional title with the Queen's that season. McKenna retired from senior football aged 29 to focus on a career outside the game.","title":"Stephen McKenna (footballer)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Airdrie United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airdrie_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangers_F.C."},{"link_name":"2008 Scottish Challenge Cup Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Scottish_Challenge_Cup_Final"},{"link_name":"Ross County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_County_F.C."}],"sub_title":"Airdrie","text":"McKenna joined Airdrie United from Rangers in 2003 and made over 150 first team appearances for the Diamonds. A high point was when he scored in the 2008 Scottish Challenge Cup Final. McKenna's team won on penalties against Ross County.","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dumfries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumfries"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Ayr United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayr_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Palmerston Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmerston_Park"},{"link_name":"Scottish League Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_League_Cup"},{"link_name":"2010 Scottish Challenge Cup Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Scottish_Challenge_Cup_Final"},{"link_name":"Ross County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_County_F.C."},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Partick Thistle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partick_Thistle"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Queen of the South","text":"On 6 August 2009, McKenna was announced as a new signing on the website of Dumfries club Queen of the South.[1] He played 28 first team league games that season scoring on 16 February 2010 in the 3–0 home win against Ayr United at Palmerston Park. He also played in three cup games including the 2–1 defeat at home against Rangers in the Scottish League Cup. The season after McKenna played in the postponed 2010 Scottish Challenge Cup Final defeat to Ross County.McKenna scored a goal from 30 yards on 26 November 2011 in the 2–2 draw away to Morton.[2] He scored a goal from a similar distance the following week in the 4–1 home win over Ayr United.[3]McKenna was an integral part of the Queen's side to win a league and cup double in 2012/13. McKenna and his teammates romped away to win the Scottish Second Division title building an unassailable lead before the end of March. Less than two weeks later McKenna and co won the Scottish League Challenge Cup Final beating Partick Thistle on penalties.[4]McKenna left senior football at the end of season 2014/15 to work on a professional career outside football. He was 29 at the time.","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cumnock Juniors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumnock_Juniors_F.C."},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Cumnock Juniors","text":"McKenna come out of retired at join junior club Cumnock Juniors.[5]","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2008-09 Scottish Challenge Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008-09_Scottish_Challenge_Cup"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"2012-13 Scottish Challenge Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012-13_Scottish_Challenge_Cup"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Airdrie United2008-09 Scottish Challenge Cup Winner[6]Queen of the South2012–13 Scottish Division Two Champions\n2012-13 Scottish Challenge Cup Winner[7]","title":"Honours"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Sogliano
Sean Sogliano
["1 Playing career","2 Post-playing career","3 References"]
Italian footballer Sean SoglianoPersonal informationFull name Sean Luca SoglianoDate of birth (1971-02-28) 28 February 1971 (age 53)Place of birth Alessandria, ItalyHeight 1.76 m (5 ft 9+1⁄2 in)Position(s) DefenderTeam informationCurrent team Verona (director of football)Senior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)1988–1991 Varese 72 (0)1991–1994 Ancona 73 (2)1994–1996 Torino 27 (0)1996–1997 Lucchese 34 (1)1997–1998 Ravenna 25 (0)1998–2003 Perugia 83 (0)2003–2004 Napoli 6 (0)2004 Ancona 11 (0) *Club domestic league appearances and goals Sean Luca Sogliano (born 28 February 1971) is an Italian football director and former player, currently working for Serie A club Hellas Verona as the club's director of football. He is the son of former footballer Riccardo Sogliano. Playing career Born in Alessandria, Sogliano started his career with Serie C2 club Varese at the age of 18. In 1991, he joined Serie B outfit Ancona, with whom he won a historical first promotion to Serie A for the small club from Marche and made his personal top-flight debut in 1992. In 1994, he joined Torino, where he played a single season with little success. After a few minor league experiences with Lucchese and Ravenna, he returned to play at Serie A level with Perugia in 1998. In 2003, aged 32, Sogliano left Perugia to join Napoli, then in Serie B, in what turned to be the club's final season before being declared bankrupt; his experience in Naples proved to be rather unsuccessful, with only six appearances until January 2004, when he was sold to Serie A club Ancona. After playing 11 games with the Dorici, Sogliano retired from active football in June at the age of 33. Post-playing career In the summer of 2004 Sogliano accepted to become general manager of Varese after the club was declared bankrupt and then admitted to the Eccellenza league (sixth level of Italian football) under a new ownership that also included his father Riccardo as vice-president and member of the consortium that controlled the club. Under his tenure as general manager, Sogliano was a key factor in acquiring many of the players that led the club back into professionalism through two consecutive promotions. In 2008 entrepreneur Antonio Rosati took over the club from the previous owners but confirmed Sogliano as general manager: a few weeks after the beginning of the season, after a series of disappointing results, Sogliano agreed to remove Pietro Carmignani as head coach and hire Giuseppe Sannino as replacement. The appointment proved to be a turning point in the season, as well as in Varese's future fortunes, as the club won two successive promotions to Serie B in 2009 and 2010 under the new head coach, also thanks to Sogliano's interventions during the transfer market windows. In 2010–11, Varese gained national news as the team completed the regular season in fourth place and won a place in the promotion playoffs, then lost to fifth-placed Padova in the semi-finals. Sogliano's impressive work at Varese became popular nationwide and led to a serious interest from Maurizio Zamparini, chairman and owner of ambitious Serie A club Palermo, who offered him the director of football position that was left vacant in November 2010 after the resignation of Walter Sabatini. On 8 June 2011, Palermo officially announced to have hired Sogliano as the club's new director of football. During his stay, Sogliano also appointed then-unknown youth coach Devis Mangia in charge of first team duties. He resigned on 2 November 2011 due to his strained relationship with Zamparini, as confirmed by the latter. In June 2012 he was appointed as director of football at Serie B club Verona. In his first season in the new role, Verona won promotion to the top flight; in the second season, Sogliano was responsible for signing players such as Juan Iturbe, Rômulo and Luca Toni, who turned out being instrumental in the team's successful first season back in the Serie A. In July 2015, he signed for newly promoted Serie A club Carpi as their new director of football, replacing the departing Cristiano Giuntoli; he left the club later on November of that same year due to disagreements with the board. He then moved at Genoa just a month later, signing as their new director of football. In July 2016 he left Genoa for Bari. He left Bari after the 2017–18 Serie B, following the club's exclusion from the Italian football leagues. On 3 June 2019 he was announced as the new director of football of Padova. On 23 January 2022, he was dismissed by Padova. On 17 November 2022, Sogliano was hired by Serie A club Hellas Verona as their new director of football with immediate effect. References ^ a b c d e "ALLA SCOPERTA DI SEAN SOGLIANO" (in Italian). Mediagol.it. 9 June 2011. Archived from the original on 12 June 2011. Retrieved 9 June 2011. ^ "SOGLIANO E' IL NUOVO DIRETTORE SPORTIVO" (in Italian). US Città di Palermo. 8 June 2011. Retrieved 8 June 2011. ^ "SOGLIANO RASSEGNA LE DIMISSIONI" (in Italian). US Città di Palermo. 2 November 2011. Retrieved 5 November 2011. ^ "Il solito Zamparini Sogliano si dimette" (in Italian). la Repubblica. 2 November 2011. Retrieved 5 November 2011. ^ "Calcio, Carpi: Giuntoli saluta, inizia l'era Sogliano" (in Italian). Modena Today. 1 July 2015. Retrieved 23 January 2022. ^ "Carpi, dopo Sannino Bonacini chiude anche con il ds Sogliano" (in Italian). Calcio e Finanza. 3 November 2015. Retrieved 23 January 2022. ^ "Genoa, arriva Sogliano. Iturbe, è fatta con il Bournemouth" (in Italian). SKY Sport Italia. 22 December 2015. Retrieved 23 January 2022. ^ "Bari, Sogliano è il nuovo direttore sportivo: accordo biennale" (in Italian). SKY Sport Italia. 1 July 2016. Retrieved 23 January 2022. ^ "UFFICIALE Sean Sogliano è il nuovo direttore sportivo del Padova!" (in Italian). PadovaSport.TV. 3 June 2019. Retrieved 23 January 2022. ^ "Padova, Mirabelli nuovo ds fino al 2024. Addio con Sogliano" (in Italian). TuttoMercatoWeb. 23 January 2022. Retrieved 23 January 2022. ^ "Francesco Marroccu Responsabile Area Tecnica e Sean Sogliano Direttore Sportivo" (in Italian). Hellas Verona F.C. 17 November 2022. Retrieved 19 November 2022.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Serie A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_A"},{"link_name":"Hellas Verona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellas_Verona_F.C."},{"link_name":"Riccardo Sogliano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riccardo_Sogliano"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mediagol_biography-1"}],"text":"Sean Luca Sogliano (born 28 February 1971) is an Italian football director and former player, currently working for Serie A club Hellas Verona as the club's director of football.He is the son of former footballer Riccardo Sogliano.[1]","title":"Sean Sogliano"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alessandria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandria"},{"link_name":"Serie C2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_C2"},{"link_name":"Varese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.S._Varese_1910"},{"link_name":"Serie B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_B"},{"link_name":"Ancona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.C._Ancona"},{"link_name":"Serie A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_A"},{"link_name":"Marche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marche"},{"link_name":"Torino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torino_F.C."},{"link_name":"Lucchese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.S._Lucchese_Libertas_1905"},{"link_name":"Ravenna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravenna_Calcio"},{"link_name":"Perugia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perugia_Calcio"},{"link_name":"Napoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.S.C._Napoli"},{"link_name":"Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naples"},{"link_name":"Ancona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.C._Ancona"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mediagol_biography-1"}],"text":"Born in Alessandria, Sogliano started his career with Serie C2 club Varese at the age of 18. In 1991, he joined Serie B outfit Ancona, with whom he won a historical first promotion to Serie A for the small club from Marche and made his personal top-flight debut in 1992. In 1994, he joined Torino, where he played a single season with little success. After a few minor league experiences with Lucchese and Ravenna, he returned to play at Serie A level with Perugia in 1998. In 2003, aged 32, Sogliano left Perugia to join Napoli, then in Serie B, in what turned to be the club's final season before being declared bankrupt; his experience in Naples proved to be rather unsuccessful, with only six appearances until January 2004, when he was sold to Serie A club Ancona. After playing 11 games with the Dorici, Sogliano retired from active football in June at the age of 33.[1]","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Varese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.S._Varese_1910"},{"link_name":"Eccellenza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eccellenza"},{"link_name":"Riccardo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riccardo_Sogliano"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mediagol_biography-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mediagol_biography-1"},{"link_name":"Pietro Carmignani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietro_Carmignani"},{"link_name":"Giuseppe Sannino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Sannino"},{"link_name":"Serie B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_B"},{"link_name":"Padova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcio_Padova"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mediagol_biography-1"},{"link_name":"Maurizio Zamparini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurizio_Zamparini"},{"link_name":"Serie A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_A"},{"link_name":"Palermo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Citt%C3%A0_di_Palermo"},{"link_name":"Walter Sabatini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Sabatini"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Devis Mangia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devis_Mangia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Verona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellas_Verona_F.C."},{"link_name":"Juan Iturbe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Iturbe"},{"link_name":"Rômulo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B4mulo_Souza_Orestes_Caldeira"},{"link_name":"Luca Toni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luca_Toni"},{"link_name":"Carpi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpi_F.C._1909"},{"link_name":"Cristiano Giuntoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristiano_Giuntoli"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Genoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genoa_C.F.C."},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"2017–18 Serie B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_Serie_B"},{"link_name":"Padova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcio_Padova"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Serie A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_A"},{"link_name":"Hellas Verona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellas_Verona_F.C."},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"In the summer of 2004 Sogliano accepted to become general manager of Varese after the club was declared bankrupt and then admitted to the Eccellenza league (sixth level of Italian football) under a new ownership that also included his father Riccardo as vice-president and member of the consortium that controlled the club.[1] Under his tenure as general manager, Sogliano was a key factor in acquiring many of the players that led the club back into professionalism through two consecutive promotions.[1]In 2008 entrepreneur Antonio Rosati took over the club from the previous owners but confirmed Sogliano as general manager: a few weeks after the beginning of the season, after a series of disappointing results, Sogliano agreed to remove Pietro Carmignani as head coach and hire Giuseppe Sannino as replacement. The appointment proved to be a turning point in the season, as well as in Varese's future fortunes, as the club won two successive promotions to Serie B in 2009 and 2010 under the new head coach, also thanks to Sogliano's interventions during the transfer market windows. In 2010–11, Varese gained national news as the team completed the regular season in fourth place and won a place in the promotion playoffs, then lost to fifth-placed Padova in the semi-finals.[1]Sogliano's impressive work at Varese became popular nationwide and led to a serious interest from Maurizio Zamparini, chairman and owner of ambitious Serie A club Palermo, who offered him the director of football position that was left vacant in November 2010 after the resignation of Walter Sabatini. On 8 June 2011, Palermo officially announced to have hired Sogliano as the club's new director of football.[2] During his stay, Sogliano also appointed then-unknown youth coach Devis Mangia in charge of first team duties. He resigned on 2 November 2011 due to his strained relationship with Zamparini, as confirmed by the latter.[3][4]In June 2012 he was appointed as director of football at Serie B club Verona. In his first season in the new role, Verona won promotion to the top flight; in the second season, Sogliano was responsible for signing players such as Juan Iturbe, Rômulo and Luca Toni, who turned out being instrumental in the team's successful first season back in the Serie A.In July 2015, he signed for newly promoted Serie A club Carpi as their new director of football, replacing the departing Cristiano Giuntoli;[5] he left the club later on November of that same year due to disagreements with the board.[6] He then moved at Genoa just a month later, signing as their new director of football.[7]In July 2016 he left Genoa for Bari.[8] He left Bari after the 2017–18 Serie B, following the club's exclusion from the Italian football leagues.On 3 June 2019 he was announced as the new director of football of Padova.[9] On 23 January 2022, he was dismissed by Padova.[10]On 17 November 2022, Sogliano was hired by Serie A club Hellas Verona as their new director of football with immediate effect.[11]","title":"Post-playing career"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolyn_McCormick
Carolyn McCormick
["1 Life and career","2 Filmography","2.1 Film","2.2 Television","2.3 Video games","2.4 Audiobooks","3 References","4 External links"]
American actress Carolyn McCormickBornCarolyn Inez McCormick (1959-09-19) September 19, 1959 (age 64)Midland, Texas, United StatesAlma materWilliams College (BFA) American Conservatory Theater (MFA)OccupationActressYears active1985–presentSpouseByron Jennings (m. 1994)Children2Websitewww.carolynmccormick.com Carolyn Inez McCormick (born September 19, 1959) is an American actress who played Dr. Elizabeth Olivet in the Law & Order franchise. Life and career McCormick was born and raised in Midland, Texas, and graduated first in her class from The Kinkaid School in Houston in 1977. She graduated with honors from Williams College in 1981 with a B.F.A. She also holds an M.F.A. from the American Conservatory Theater in San Francisco. She has worked in television, movies, theatre, and voice acting. Her breakthrough role was in Enemy Mine, directed by Wolfgang Petersen with Dennis Quaid. Her other film credits include Woody Allen's Whatever Works, You Know My Name with Sam Elliott, and A Simple Twist of Fate with Steve Martin. She played Hannah's Mom in Barney's Night Before Christmas. Her first notable television credit was as district attorney Rita Fiore in Spenser: For Hire, in 1986-1987. She appeared as the holodeck simulation Minuet in "11001001", a first-season episode of Star Trek: The Next Generation, and later as Minuet Riker (William Riker's holodeck wife) in a fantasy-alternate universe during the fourth-season episode "Future Imperfect". The role for which McCormick would become best known was as Dr. Elizabeth Olivet, a consulting psychologist for the prosecution on Law & Order. She appeared in approximately half of the episodes of the NBC series between 1994 and 2006. In 1997, she played the unhappy wife of a police psychiatrist, played by Robert Pastorelli, in the short-lived Americanized version of the British series Cracker. She has been a guest star on series including Madam Secretary, Elementary, Blue Bloods, Judging Amy, The Practice, Body of Proof, Cold Case, Homicide: Life on the Street, and LA Law. McCormick also performs on stage. She appeared at the Off-Broadway Cherry Lane Theatre in Eve-olution with The Cosby Show star Sabrina Le Beauf in 2004. She has also appeared in Dinner with Friends, Oedipus, Ancestral Voices, The Donahue Sisters, Laureen's Whereabouts and In Perpetuity. She worked with Thomas Kail at The Flea Theatre in A. R. Gurney's Family Furniture (2013). In 2015, she appeared in Vanya, Sonya, Masha and Spike at the PaperMill Playhouse and What I Did Last Summer at the Signature 2015. She appeared in the Broadway productions of The Dinner Party in 2001 as Mariette Levieux, Private Lives (standby) in 2002, and in Equus in 2008 as Dora Strang. In 2012, she appeared opposite her husband, Byron Jennings, in the Off-Broadway production of Ten Chimneys. She appeared Off-Broadway in Will Eno's play The Open House in 2014 (Lucille Lortel nomination, Drama Desk Award). She has recorded many audio books, including the Hunger Games series, and has narrated many Ken Burns documentaries. Filmography Film Film Year Title Role Notes 1985 Enemy Mine Morse 1993 Rain Without Thunder Reporter 1994 A Simple Twist of Fate Elaine McCann 1999 You Know My Name Zoe 2002 Emmett's Mark Mrs. Carlin This Is Not a Chair Mrs. Morrison Short film 2005 Loverboy Ruth the Realtor 2006 Spectropia Verna 2008 Proud Iza Alice Monaco Short film Nights in Rodanthe Jenny 2009 Whatever Works Jessica 2010 True Nature Becky Pascal 2011 Downtown Express Marie The Miraculous Year The Realtor 2013 That Thing with the Cat Krystal 2015 The Shells Maryann Marzena The Real American Eleanor Short film 2016 Equity Naomi's Doctor Uncredited 2017 Maggie Black Elizabeth The Post Mrs. McNamara 2018 Mapplethorpe Joan Mapplethorpe Huntress Short film 2020 Killer Daddy Issues Grace 2021 The Last Thing Mary Saw Agnes 2023 Candlewood Maude Sherman Television Television Year Title Role Notes 1986 D.C. Cops Deborah Matheson TV movie 1986–1987 Spenser: For Hire Asst. Dist. Atty. Rita Fiore 22 episodes 1988–1990 Star Trek: The Next Generation Minuet 2 episodes 1991–2009 Law & Order Dr. Elizabeth Olivet 87 episodes (1991–1997, 1999, 2002–2010) 1996 Homicide: Life on the Street Linda Mariner 2 episodes 1997–1999 Cracker Judith Fitzgerald 16 episodes 1998 The Warlord: Battle for the Galaxy Rula Kor TV movie 1999–2001, 2013–2018 Law & Order: Special Victims Unit Dr. Elizabeth Olivet 6 episodes 2001 Women Docs Narrator Unknown episodes 2001–2004 Judging Amy AAG Ellis Bonham 3 episodes 2005 Law & Order: Trial by Jury Dr. Elizabeth Olivet Episode: "Day" 2006 Law & Order: Criminal Intent Dr. Elizabeth Olivet 2 episodes Inspector Mom Becca Lee TV movie 2007 Cold Case Elizabeth Stone Episode: "Torn" 2009 The National Parks: America's Best Idea Various historical figures Voice 2010 One Life to Live Judge Burdett 3 episodes 2011 Body of Proof Gwen Baldwin Episode: "Dead Man Walking" 2012 The Dust Bowl Caroline Henderson Miniseries Voice 4 episodes 2013 Blue Bloods Joyce Powers Episode: "Warriors" Murder in Manhattan Laura 2014 Mind Games Victoria Hood Episode: "Cauliflower Man" 2015 Elementary Denise Davis Episode: "All My Exes Live in Essex" 2016 Madam Secretary White House Doctor Episode: "Desperate Remedies" The Interestings Betsy Wolf 2017 The Blacklist: Redemption Meryl Jensen Episode: "Kevin Jensen" Billions Investment banker Episode: "Currency" 2018–2019 Bull Judge Marion Stalder 3 episodes 2020 The Good Fight Ingrid Hill Episode: "The Gang Deals with Alternate Reality" Ann Rule's A Murder to Remember Celeste TV movie 2022 A Holiday Spectacular Elisabeth Bingham TV movie Video games Video games Year Title Role Notes 2000 Deus Ex Anna Navarre / Janice Reed / Maggie Chow / Agathe / Aimee / Annette / Dr. Brittany Prinzler / Female Clinic Bum /MJ12 Lab Assistant / MJ12 Lab Bio-Weapon Scientist / MJ12 Lab Computer Scientist / MJ12 Lab Genetic Scientist / MJ12 Lab Psionics Scientist / Mole Female Voice Credited as Carolyn McCormack Audiobooks All audiobooks McCormack narrated. Audiobooks Year Title Notes 1999 Carnal Innocence Author: Nora Roberts Long After Midnight Author: Iris Johansen 2000 Sacred Sins Author: Nora Roberts 2001 Final Target Author: Iris Johansen The Wind Dancer Series, book 4 2004 3rd Degree Authors: James Patterson and Andrew Gross Women's Murder Club, book 3 Trace Author: Patricia Cornwell Kay Scarpetta Mysteries, book 13 2005 4th of July Author: James Patterson Women's Murder Club, book 4 2006 The 5th Horseman Authors: James Patterson and Maxine Paetro Women's Murder Club, book 5 Shadow Man Author: Cody McFadyen The Mephisto Club Author: Tess Gerritsen Rizzoli and Isles Series, book 6 2007 The 6th Target Authors: James Patterson and Maxine Paetro Women's Murder Club, book 6 Heartsick Author: Chelsea Cain Gretchen Lowell Series, book 1 The Bone Garden Author: Tess Gerritsen 2008 7th Heaven Authors: James Patterson and Maxine Paetro Women's Murder Club, book 7 Sweetheart Author: Chelsea Cain Gretchen Lowell Series, book 2 2009 The 8th Confession Author: James Patterson Women's Murder Club, book 8 Evil at Heart Author: Chelsea Cain Gretchen Lowell Series, book 3 The Hunger Games Author: Suzanne Collins The Hunger Games, book 1 Catching Fire Author: Suzanne Collins The Hunger Games, book 2 2010 The 9th Judgment The Women's Murder Club, book 9 Mockingjay Author: Suzanne Collins The Hunger Games, book 3 2011 10th Anniversary The Women's Murder Club, book 10 2014 Annihilation Southern Reach Trilogy, book 1 Acceptance Southern Reach Trilogy, book 3 2019 Hot Ice Author: Nora Roberts References ^ "Married Couple Byron Jennings and Carolyn McCormick to Star in Lunt and Fontanne Bio-Play Ten Chimneys". Broadway.com. August 22, 2012. Retrieved February 12, 2018. ^ Carolyn Mccormick Biography (1959-) filmreference.com ^ www.carolynmccormick.com Official site ^ "Carolyn McCormick Theatre Credits". Broadway World. Wisdom Digital Media. Retrieved May 29, 2018. ^ Gans, Andrew. "'Eve-Olution'—with 'Cosby' Star Le Beauf—to Close Dec. 12" Archived March 13, 2012, at the Wayback Machine playbill.com, December 8, 2004 ^ "Broadway credits" Internet Broadway Database, accessed March 4, 2014 ^ Gans, Andrew. "Byron Jennings and Carolyn McCormick Are The Lunts in Off-Broadway's Ten Chimneys, Opening Oct. 3" Archived May 30, 2013, at the Wayback Machine playbill.com, October 3, 2012 ^ Murray, Matthew. "Off-Broadway Review. Open House" talkinbroadway.com, March 3, 2014 ^ McCormick's hair was bleached blonde for this role. She had been recruited to take over for Barbara Stock's character of Susan Silverman, Spenser's girlfriend in the stories. This proved to be an unpopular decision, and Stock returned the next season. External links Carolyn McCormick at IMDb  Carolyn McCormick at the Internet Broadway Database Carolyn McCormick at the Internet Off-Broadway Database Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany Israel United States Netherlands Poland Artists MusicBrainz People Deutsche Synchronkartei Deutsche Biographie
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R. Gurney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._R._Gurney"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_theatre"},{"link_name":"The Dinner Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dinner_Party"},{"link_name":"Private Lives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_Lives"},{"link_name":"Equus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equus_(play)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Will Eno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Eno"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Hunger Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunger_Games"},{"link_name":"Ken Burns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Burns"}],"text":"McCormick was born and raised in Midland, Texas, and graduated first in her class from The Kinkaid School in Houston in 1977. She graduated with honors from Williams College in 1981 with a B.F.A.[2] She also holds an M.F.A. from the American Conservatory Theater in San Francisco. She has worked in television, movies, theatre, and voice acting.Her breakthrough role was in Enemy Mine, directed by Wolfgang Petersen with Dennis Quaid. Her other film credits include Woody Allen's Whatever Works, You Know My Name with Sam Elliott, and A Simple Twist of Fate with Steve Martin. She played Hannah's Mom in Barney's Night Before Christmas.\nHer first notable television credit was as district attorney Rita Fiore in Spenser: For Hire, in 1986-1987. She appeared as the holodeck simulation Minuet in \"11001001\", a first-season episode of Star Trek: The Next Generation, and later as Minuet Riker (William Riker's holodeck wife) in a fantasy-alternate universe during the fourth-season episode \"Future Imperfect\".The role for which McCormick would become best known was as Dr. Elizabeth Olivet, a consulting psychologist for the prosecution on Law & Order. She appeared in approximately half of the episodes of the NBC series between 1994 and 2006.In 1997, she played the unhappy wife of a police psychiatrist, played by Robert Pastorelli, in the short-lived Americanized version of the British series Cracker. She has been a guest star on series including Madam Secretary, Elementary, Blue Bloods, Judging Amy, The Practice, Body of Proof, Cold Case, Homicide: Life on the Street, and LA Law.[3]McCormick also performs on stage. She appeared at the Off-Broadway Cherry Lane Theatre in Eve-olution[4] with The Cosby Show star Sabrina Le Beauf in 2004. She has also appeared in Dinner with Friends, Oedipus, Ancestral Voices, The Donahue Sisters, Laureen's Whereabouts and In Perpetuity. She worked with Thomas Kail at The Flea Theatre in A. R. Gurney's Family Furniture (2013). In 2015, she appeared in Vanya, Sonya, Masha and Spike at the PaperMill Playhouse and What I Did Last Summer at the Signature 2015.[5] She appeared in the Broadway productions of The Dinner Party in 2001 as Mariette Levieux, Private Lives (standby) in 2002, and in Equus in 2008 as Dora Strang.[6] In 2012, she appeared opposite her husband, Byron Jennings, in the Off-Broadway production of Ten Chimneys.[7] She appeared Off-Broadway in Will Eno's play The Open House in 2014 (Lucille Lortel nomination, Drama Desk Award).[8] She has recorded many audio books, including the Hunger Games series, and has narrated many Ken Burns documentaries.","title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Film","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Video games","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Audiobooks","text":"All audiobooks McCormack narrated.","title":"Filmography"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Indonesia_2018
Miss Indonesia 2018
["1 Judges","2 Result","2.1 Placements","2.1.1 Top 16","2.1.2 Top 5","2.2 Fast Track Event","2.3 Special Awards","3 Contestants","4 Crossovers","5 References","6 External links"]
Beauty pageant Miss Indonesia 2018Date22 February 2018PresentersRobby Purba, Amanda Zevannya, Daniel ManantaEntertainmentJaz, HIVI!, Virgoun Tambunan, Gloria JessicaVenueMNC Studio, Kebon Jeruk, Jakarta, IndonesiaBroadcasterRCTIEntrants34Placements16WinnerAlya Nurshabrina West JavaCongenialityLudia Amaye Maryen Papua← 20172019 → Miss Indonesia 2018 is the 14th edition of the Miss Indonesia pageant. It was held on 22 February 2018, at MNC Studio, Kebon Jeruk, Jakarta, Indonesia. Miss World 2017, Manushi Chhillar of India, attended the awarding night. Achintya Holte Nielsen as Miss Indonesia 2017 from West Nusa Tenggara crowned her successor, Alya Nurshabrina from West Java. She represented Indonesia in Miss World 2018. Judges Liliana Tanoesoedibjo, founder and chairwoman of Miss Indonesia Organization. Peter F. Saerang, professional make-up and hairstylist. Wulan Tilaar Widarto, vice-chairwoman of Martha Tilaar Group. Ferry Salim, actor, entrepreneur, and ambassador of UNICEF to Indonesia. Natasha Mannuela, Miss Indonesia 2016, Runner-up 2 Miss World 2016, Miss World Asia 2016. Result Placements Result Contestant Miss Indonesia 2018 West Java - Alya Nurshabrina 1st Runner-up West Sumatra - Narda Virelia 2nd Runner-up Central Java - Nadya Astrella Juliana 3rd Runner-up North Sulawesi - Harini Merly Betrix Sondakh 4th Runner-up Aceh - Raudha Kasmir Top 15 semifinalist Banten - Haifa Nafisa Central Kalimantan - Mercy Andrea East Java - Angeline Stephani Jakarta Special Capital Region - Beatrice Elizabeth Elena Jambi - Natasya Dey North Kalimantan - Cloudia Shinta Bestari North Sumatra - Lydia Cherissa D'Cruz Sitorus Riau - Mitha Ardianti Safira South Kalimantan - Fiyona Alidjurnawan West Nusa Tenggara - Natasha Keniraras Yogyakarta Special Region - Giovanna Yudi Top 16 Banten § Riau § Jambi § Aceh § Central Java § West Java § North Sumatra South Kalimantan Yogya Special Region West Sumatra Central Kalimantan Jakarta SCR North Kalimantan East Java North Sulawesi West Nusa Tenggara § Placed into the Top 16 by Fast Track Top 5 North Sulawesi Aceh Central Java West Java West Sumatra Fast Track Event Fast track events held during preliminary round and the winners of Fast Track events are automatically qualified to enter the semifinal round. This year's fast track events include : Talent, Catwalk (Modeling), Sports, Nature and Beauty Fashion, Social Media, And Beauty with a Purpose. Category Contestant Talent Central Java - Nadya Astrella Juliana Catwalk (Top Model) Aceh - Raudha Kasmir Sports Riau - Mitha Ardianti Safira Nature and Beauty Fashion Banten - Haifa Nafisa Social Media Jambi - Natasya Dey Beauty with a Purpose West Java - Alya Nurshabrina Special Awards Award Contestant Miss Congeniality Papua - Ludia Amaye Maryen Miss Favorite South Kalimantan - Fiyona Alidjurnawan Miss Natural Beauty West Sumatra - Narda Virelia Miss Selfie in Detail Aceh - Raudha Kasmir Miss Healthy Beauty Skin Central Java - Nadya Astrella Juliana Contestants Contestants of Miss Indonesia 2018 from 34 Provinces in Indonesia. Province Delegate Age Height Hometown Aceh Raudha Kasmir 20 1.70 m (5 ft 7 in) Banda Aceh North Sumatra Lydia Cherissa D'Cruz Sitorus 22 1.76 m (5 ft 9 in) Medan West Sumatra Narda Virelia 22 1.67 m (5 ft 6 in) Padang Riau Mitha Ardianti Safira 20 1.69 m (5 ft 7 in) Pekanbaru Riau Islands Anastasha Carolyna Lya Handoyo 19 1.68 m (5 ft 6 in) Batam Jambi Natasya Dey 18 1.73 m (5 ft 8 in) Jambi City South Sumatra Claudia Jessica 23 1.73 m (5 ft 8 in) Palembang Bangka Belitung Sabrina Daniel 21 1.70 m (5 ft 7 in) Tangerang Bengkulu Meidinta Rinda Tania 22 1.70 m (5 ft 7 in) Bengkulu City Lampung Jesica Kumala Atmadja 19 1.70 m (5 ft 7 in) Bandar Lampung Jakarta Special Capital Region Beatrice Elizabeth Elena 18 1.70 m (5 ft 7 in) Jakarta Banten Haifa Nafisa 23 1.67 m (5 ft 6 in) Tangerang West Java Alya Nurshabrina 21 1.74 m (5 ft 9 in) Bandung Central Java Nadya Astrella Juliana 21 1.71 m (5 ft 7 in) Surakarta Yogyakarta Special Region Giovanna Yudi 21 1.70 m (5 ft 7 in) Yogyakarta East Java Angeline Stephanie 23 1.70 m (5 ft 7 in) Surabaya Bali Made Indah Swastiandewi 20 1.71 m (5 ft 7 in) Denpasar West Nusa Tenggara Natasha Keniraras 20 1.72 m (5 ft 8 in) Mataram East Nusa Tenggara Mayestika Dhea Dara 21 1.68 m (5 ft 6 in) West Sumba West Kalimantan Lisa Marie Djunggara 22 1.72 m (5 ft 8 in) Pontianak South Kalimantan Fiyona Alidjurnawan 23 1.68 m (5 ft 6 in) Jakarta Central Kalimantan Mercy Andrea 21 1.69 m (5 ft 7 in) Palangkaraya East Kalimantan Monica Jasmine 20 1.70 m (5 ft 7 in) Balikpapan North Kalimantan Cloudia Shinta Bestari 20 1.70 m (5 ft 7 in) Tarakan South Sulawesi Fadilah Septari Zandrah 21 1.70 m (5 ft 7 in) Palopo West Sulawesi Alicia Maria Solangia Djilin 18 1.71 m (5 ft 7 in) Mamuju Southeast Sulawesi Lita Hendratno 22 1.68 m (5 ft 6 in) Kendari Central Sulawesi Aldella Prakawardhani Handoyo 23 1.65 m (5 ft 5 in) Palu North Sulawesi Harini Merly Betrix Sondakh 22 1.70 m (5 ft 7 in) Manado Gorontalo Dinda Husnaa Dhiyaulhaq 18 1.70 m (5 ft 7 in) Semarang Maluku Alexandra Del Viera Leiwakabessy 19 1.76 m (5 ft 9 in) Ambon North Maluku Kathy Monica Kabe 23 1.70 m (5 ft 7 in) Ternate West Papua Ramzaniarta Thriyuliantiarchma 18 1.72 m (5 ft 8 in) Manokwari Papua Ludia Amaye Maryen 21 1.67 m (5 ft 6 in) Jayapura Crossovers Contestants who previously competed in other local beauty pageants or in international beauty pageants and reality modeling competition : Puteri Indonesia 2022: Bangka Belitung - Sabrina Daniel (TBA) Miss Earth Indonesia 2017: Central Kalimantan - Mercy Andrea (Top 10 & Miss Animal Welfare) Miss Global Indonesia 2017: Riau Islands - Anastasha Carolyna Lya Handoyo 2017: Papua - Ludia Amaye Maryen (Miss Congeniality) Puteri Citra Indonesia 2010: Southeast Sulawesi - Lita Hendratno (Runner-up 2) Puteri Selam Indonesia 2017: Southeast Sulawesi - Lita Hendratno Wajah Femina 2014: West Java - Alya Nurshabrina (Winner) References ^ "Alya Nurshabrina Juara Miss Indonesia 2018". 23 February 2018. External links Official site vteMiss Indonesia titleholdersMiss Indonesia (2005-present) Imelda Fransisca (2005) Kristania Virginia Besouw (2006) Kamidia Radisti (2007) Sandra Angelia Hadisiswantoro (2008) Kerenina Sunny Halim (2009) Asyifa Latief (2010) Astrid Ellena Yunadi (2011) Ines Putri Tjiptadi Chandra (2012) Vania Larissa Tan (2013) Maria Asteria Sastrayu Rahajeng (2014) Maria Harfanti (2015) Natasha Mannuela Halim (2016) Achintya Holte Nilsen (2017) Alya Nurshabrina Samadikun (2018) Princess Mikhaelia Audrey Megonondo (2019) Pricilia Carla Yules (2020) Audrey Vanessa Susilo (2022) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2022 2023 2024
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It was held on 22 February 2018, at MNC Studio, Kebon Jeruk, Jakarta, Indonesia. Miss World 2017, Manushi Chhillar of India, attended the awarding night.Achintya Holte Nielsen as Miss Indonesia 2017 from West Nusa Tenggara crowned her successor, Alya Nurshabrina from West Java.[1] She represented Indonesia in Miss World 2018.","title":"Miss Indonesia 2018"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Miss Indonesia Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"UNICEF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNICEF"},{"link_name":"Natasha Mannuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natasha_Mannuela"},{"link_name":"Miss Indonesia 2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Indonesia_2016"},{"link_name":"Miss World 2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_World_2016"}],"text":"Liliana Tanoesoedibjo, founder and chairwoman of Miss Indonesia Organization.\nPeter F. Saerang, professional make-up and hairstylist.\nWulan Tilaar Widarto, vice-chairwoman of Martha Tilaar Group.\nFerry Salim, actor, entrepreneur, and ambassador of UNICEF to Indonesia.\nNatasha Mannuela, Miss Indonesia 2016, Runner-up 2 Miss World 2016, Miss World Asia 2016.","title":"Judges"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Result"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Placements","text":"Top 16\nBanten §\nRiau §\nJambi §\nAceh §\nCentral Java §\nWest Java §\nNorth Sumatra\nSouth Kalimantan\nYogya Special Region\nWest Sumatra\nCentral Kalimantan\nJakarta SCR\nNorth Kalimantan\nEast Java\nNorth Sulawesi\nWest Nusa Tenggara\n§ Placed into the Top 16 by Fast Track\n\n\n\n\nTop 5\nNorth Sulawesi\nAceh\nCentral Java\nWest Java\nWest Sumatra","title":"Result"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Fast Track Event","text":"Fast track events held during preliminary round and the winners of Fast Track events are automatically qualified to enter the semifinal round. This year's fast track events include : Talent, Catwalk (Modeling), Sports, Nature and Beauty Fashion, Social Media, And Beauty with a Purpose.","title":"Result"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Special Awards","title":"Result"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Contestants of Miss Indonesia 2018 from 34 Provinces in Indonesia.","title":"Contestants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Puteri Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puteri_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puteri_Indonesia_2022"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Bangka_Belitung_Islands.svg"},{"link_name":"Bangka Belitung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangka-Belitung_Islands"},{"link_name":"Miss Earth Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Earth_Indonesia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Central_Kalimantan_coa.png"},{"link_name":"Central Kalimantan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Kalimantan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Riau_Islands.svg"},{"link_name":"Riau Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riau_Islands_(province)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Papua_2.svg"},{"link_name":"Papua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_(province)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Southeast_Sulawesi.svg"},{"link_name":"Southeast Sulawesi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Sulawesi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Southeast_Sulawesi.svg"},{"link_name":"Southeast Sulawesi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Sulawesi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_West_Java.svg"},{"link_name":"West Java","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Java"},{"link_name":"Alya Nurshabrina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alya_Nurshabrina"}],"text":"Contestants who previously competed in other local beauty pageants or in international beauty pageants and reality modeling competition :Puteri Indonesia2022: Bangka Belitung - Sabrina Daniel (TBA)Miss Earth Indonesia2017: Central Kalimantan - Mercy Andrea (Top 10 & Miss Animal Welfare)Miss Global Indonesia2017: Riau Islands - Anastasha Carolyna Lya Handoyo\n2017: Papua - Ludia Amaye Maryen (Miss Congeniality)Puteri Citra Indonesia2010: Southeast Sulawesi - Lita Hendratno (Runner-up 2)Puteri Selam Indonesia2017: Southeast Sulawesi - Lita HendratnoWajah Femina2014: West Java - Alya Nurshabrina (Winner)","title":"Crossovers"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Feingold
Benjamin Feingold
["1 Biography","1.1 Education","1.2 Career","1.3 Personal life","1.4 Publications","2 The Feingold diet","3 See also","4 References"]
American pediatric allergist Benjamin F. Feingold (June 15, 1899 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania – March 23, 1982) was a pediatric allergist from California who proposed in 1973 that salicylates, artificial colors, and artificial flavors cause hyperactivity in children. Hyperactivity is now classified as Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Biography Education Feingold received a BS degree in 1921, and an MD in 1924, from the University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He performed his internship at Passavant Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania from 1924 to 1925. He did a fellowship in Pathology at the University of Göttingen, Germany in 1927. Between 1928 and 1929, he worked under Professor Clemens von Pirquet. Career Feingold worked as the house officer at the children's clinic of the University of Vienna, Austria from 1928 to 1929. From 1929 to 1932, he was clinical instructor of Pediatrics at the Northwestern University School of Medicine. From 1932 to 1958, he worked as attending physician in Pediatrics and in Infectious Diseases at Los Angeles County General Hospital, Los Angeles. He also worked as attending physician in Pediatrics at Cedars of Lebanon Hospital, Los Angeles from 1932 to 1941, and at Los Angeles Children's Hospital from 1932 to 1951. He was Chief of Pediatrics at Cedars of Lebanon Hospital, Los Angeles, and an Associate in Allergy at the Los Angeles Children's Hospital from 1945 to 1951. In 1951, he joined the Kaiser Foundation Hospital and Permanente Medical Group, and established all of the Departments of Allergy for Northern California. From 1952 to 1969, he was Kaiser's chief of Allergy, and the chairman of their central research committee. From then until his death in 1982, he was Chief Emeritus, Department of Allergy, Kaiser Permanente Medical Center. Personal life He married Lois Maxine Adler November 18, 1930. They had four children, all born in Los Angeles, California. From 1941 to 1945, he was a commander in the US Naval Reserve. He and Lois were divorced in 1950. He married Helene Samuels on June 21, 1951. Publications Besides numerous technical publications in the fields of allergy and basic immunology, he published the books Introduction to Clinical Allergy, Why your child is hyperactive, and the Feingold cookbook for hyperactive children. The Feingold diet Main article: Feingold diet To treat or prevent hyperactivity, Feingold suggested a diet that was free of salicylates, artificial colors, artificial flavors, BHA, and BHT. Although the diet was popular, scientific research found no good evidence that it was effective. See also Diet and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder References ^ "Dr. Feingold's Bio | the Feingold Diet". Archived from the original on 2016-06-26. Retrieved 2016-07-15. ^ Feingold, B.F. (1973). Introduction to clinical allergy. Charles C. Thomas. ISBN 0-398-02797-8. ^ Feingold, B.F. (1975). Why Your Child is Hyperactive. Random House. ISBN 0-394-73426-2. ^ Feingold, B.F. (1979). The Feingold Cookbook for Hyperactive Children. Random House. ISBN 0-394-73664-8. ^ Kavale KA, Forness SR (1983). "Hyperactivity and Diet Treatment: A Meta-Analysis of the Feingold Hypothesis". Journal of Learning Disabilities. 16 (6): 324–330. doi:10.1177/002221948301600604. ISSN 0022-2194. PMID 6886553. S2CID 41744679. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany Israel United States Netherlands
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Hyperactivity is now classified as Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).","title":"Benjamin Feingold"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Pittsburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Passavant Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"University of Göttingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_G%C3%B6ttingen"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Clemens von Pirquet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clemens_von_Pirquet"}],"sub_title":"Education","text":"Feingold received a BS degree in 1921, and an MD in 1924, from the University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He performed his internship at Passavant Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania from 1924 to 1925. He did a fellowship in Pathology at the University of Göttingen, Germany in 1927. Between 1928 and 1929, he worked under Professor Clemens von Pirquet.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Vienna"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"Northwestern University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_University"},{"link_name":"attending physician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attending_physician"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Cedars of Lebanon Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedars-Sinai_Medical_Center"},{"link_name":"Cedars of Lebanon Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedars-Sinai_Medical_Center"},{"link_name":"Kaiser Foundation Hospital and Permanente Medical Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiser_Permanente"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"sub_title":"Career","text":"Feingold worked as the house officer at the children's clinic of the University of Vienna, Austria from 1928 to 1929. From 1929 to 1932, he was clinical instructor of Pediatrics at the Northwestern University School of Medicine. From 1932 to 1958, he worked as attending physician in Pediatrics and in Infectious Diseases at Los Angeles County General Hospital, Los Angeles. He also worked as attending physician in Pediatrics at Cedars of Lebanon Hospital, Los Angeles from 1932 to 1941, and at Los Angeles Children's Hospital from 1932 to 1951. He was Chief of Pediatrics at Cedars of Lebanon Hospital, Los Angeles, and an Associate in Allergy at the Los Angeles Children's Hospital from 1945 to 1951. In 1951, he joined the Kaiser Foundation Hospital and Permanente Medical Group, and established all of the Departments of Allergy for Northern California. From 1952 to 1969, he was Kaiser's chief of Allergy, and the chairman of their central research committee. From then until his death in 1982, he was Chief Emeritus, Department of Allergy, Kaiser Permanente Medical Center.[1]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Personal life","text":"He married Lois Maxine Adler November 18, 1930. They had four children, all born in Los Angeles, California. From 1941 to 1945, he was a commander in the US Naval Reserve. He and Lois were divorced in 1950. He married Helene Samuels on June 21, 1951.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Publications","text":"Besides numerous technical publications in the fields of allergy and basic immunology, he published the books Introduction to Clinical Allergy,[2] Why your child is hyperactive,[3] and the Feingold cookbook for hyperactive children.[4]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"salicylates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salicylates"},{"link_name":"BHA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butylated_hydroxyanisole"},{"link_name":"BHT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butylated_hydroxytoluene"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KavaleForness1983-5"}],"text":"To treat or prevent hyperactivity, Feingold suggested a diet that was free of salicylates, artificial colors, artificial flavors, BHA, and BHT. Although the diet was popular, scientific research found no good evidence that it was effective.[5]","title":"The Feingold diet"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beavis_and_Butt-Head_in_Virtual_Stupidity
Beavis and Butt-Head in Virtual Stupidity
["1 Plot","2 Music videos","3 Reception","4 References","5 External links"]
1995 video game 1995 video gameBeavis and Butt-Head in Virtual StupidityNorth American cover artDeveloper(s)ICOM SimulationsPublisher(s)Viacom New MediaJP: B-FactoryProducer(s)Cathi CourtDesigner(s)Brian BabendererdeBrad DelaneyProgrammer(s)Christian GustafssonArtist(s)Brian BabendererdeAlisa E. KoberSeriesBeavis and Butt-HeadPlatform(s)Windows 95, PlayStationReleaseWindows NA: August 31, 1995EU: 1995PlayStationJP: January 29, 1998Genre(s)AdventureMode(s)Single-player Beavis and Butt-Head in Virtual Stupidity is a point-and-click adventure computer game based on the American animated television series created by Mike Judge, Beavis and Butt-Head, that was developed by ICOM Simulations and published by Viacom New Media. It was released on August 31, 1995. It featured vocals from the series' cast of voice actors, including Mike Judge. Besides the main game, four mini-games are featured, called Hock-A-Loogie, Court Chaos, Bug Justice, and Air Guitar. The main game plots the two main characters, Beavis and Butt-Head, trying to get into Todd's gang. Over the course of the game, they have to complete tasks and explore areas in the fictional town of Highland, Texas. It was originally released on the PC. A CD-i port of Virtual Stupidity was planned but was cancelled due to falling sales of the console. A Sony PlayStation port was released exclusively in Japan in 1998 with dubbed voice acting by Owarai duo London Boots Ichi-gō Ni-gō. Plot The game starts with Beavis and Butt-Head working at Burger World. They are met by Todd, who threatens them. Despite this, Beavis and Butt-Head like Todd because of his power and consider him "cool." They decide to try to join Todd's gang. At Highland High, the duo are forced to stay in Science Class and dissect a frog. Eventually, they manage to skip class after lying to the science teacher that they are going to the bathroom. They manage to slip from school after spitting on Principal McVicker from the school rooftop, causing him to leave the school entrance. From then on, Beavis and Butt-Head explore various areas from Highland, including their house, BurgerWorld, the park, and Maxi-Mart, completing various tasks, in order to get closer to Todd and his gang. Music videos Three full-length music videos (with included commentary by Beavis and Butt-Head) are viewable on various television sets in the game: GWAR – "Saddam a Go-Go" Primus – "DMV" Sausage – "Riddles Are Abound Tonight" Reception ReceptionReview scoresPublicationScorePC Gamer (US)90%Next GenerationComputer Games Strategy PlusComputer Game Review85/65/78PC EntertainmentCAwardPublicationAwardPC Gamer USBest Adventure Game 1995 According to senior artist Tom Zehner, Virtual Stupidity achieved sales above 100,000 units. The game was a commercial success. Virtual Stupidity received mostly positive reviews from video game magazines and websites. It held a 76.86% average at GameRankings based on seven reviews. Reviewing the PC version, a reviewer for Next Generation said it "may be one of the funniest games to ever hit store shelves." He applauded the game for "flawlessly" recreating the look, sound, and humor of the TV show while having enough strong gameplay to make it stand on its own as an outstanding adventure game. He scored it 4 out of 5 stars. PC Gamer US named Virtual Stupidity the best adventure game of 1995. The editors wrote, "This game is a textbook example of the right way to bring material from another medium to PC gaming." In 1998, the magazine declared it the 24th-best computer game ever released, and the editors called it "a great piece of adventure gaming". References ^ a b "Beavis and Butt-head in Virtual Stupidity for PC". GameRankings. Archived from the original on July 31, 2016. Retrieved 2009-07-24. ^ Jeffrey Adam Young (May 1, 1996). "B&B-H: Virtual Stupidity Review". GameSpot. Archived from the original on 2009-08-22. Retrieved 2009-07-24. ^ Rob Michaud (October 10, 2003). "Review: Beavis & Butthead in Virtual Stupidity". Adventure Gamers. Retrieved 2009-07-24. ^ Bennett, Dan (February 1996). "Beavis & Butt-Head in Virtual Stupidity". PC Gamer US. Archived from the original on March 11, 2000. Retrieved June 5, 2019. ^ a b "Uh... That's Cool". Next Generation (14). Imagine Media: 174. February 1996. ^ Staff (February 10, 1996). "Beavis and Butthead in Virtual Stupidity". Computer Games Strategy Plus. Archived from the original on October 7, 1997. Retrieved June 5, 2019. ^ Snyder, Frank; Chapman, Ted; Honeywell, Steve (January 1996). "Dillweed's Delight". Computer Game Review. Archived from the original on December 21, 1996. Retrieved June 5, 2019. ^ St. John, Donald (February 1996). "Beavis and Butt-Head in Virtual Stupidity". PC Entertainment. Archived from the original on October 18, 1996. Retrieved June 5, 2019. ^ a b Editors of PC Gamer (March 1996). "The Year's Best Games". PC Gamer US. 3 (3): 64, 65, 67, 68, 71, 73–75. ^ "Tom Zehner | Video Games :: MTV's Beavis and Butthead in Virtual Stupidity". www.tomzehner.com. Archived from the original on 1 July 2017. Retrieved 12 January 2022. ^ Scorpia (May 1996). "You Have No Clue?; Crystal Ball". Computer Gaming World. No. 142. p. 111. ^ The PC Gamer Editors (October 1998). "The 50 Best Games Ever". PC Gamer US. 5 (10): 86, 87, 89, 90, 92, 98, 101, 102, 109, 110, 113, 114, 117, 118, 125, 126, 129, 130. {{cite journal}}: |author= has generic name (help) External links Official site Beavis and Butt-Head in Virtual Stupidity at MobyGames Beavis and Butt-Head in Virtual Stupidity at GameFAQs vteBeavis and Butt-HeadCharacters Beavis Butt-Head Daria Morgendorffer Episodes "Comedians" "Werewolves of Highland" "Crying" "Daughter's Hand" "Tech Support" "Drones" "Holy Cornholio" "Supersize Me" "Bathroom Break" "The Rat" "Escape Room" "The Special One" "Boxed In" Films Beavis and Butt-Head Do America (1996) Beavis and Butt-Head Do the Universe (2022) Media The Beavis and Butt-Head Experience "I Got You Babe" Beavis and Butt-Head: The Mike Judge Collection Video games Beavis and Butt-Head Virtual Stupidity Bunghole in One Do U. Other Liquid Television Frog Baseball Daria Airheads Jackass 3D Celebrity Deathmatch King of the Hill
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"point-and-click adventure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point-and-click_adventure_game"},{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"animated television series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animated_television_series"},{"link_name":"Mike Judge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Judge"},{"link_name":"Beavis and Butt-Head","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beavis_and_Butt-Head"},{"link_name":"ICOM Simulations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICOM_Simulations"},{"link_name":"Viacom New Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viacom_New_Media"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GameRankings-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gamespot-2"},{"link_name":"Beavis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beavis"},{"link_name":"Butt-Head","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butt-Head"},{"link_name":"Todd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_Ianuzzi"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-adventure-3"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"PC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computer"},{"link_name":"CD-i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-i"},{"link_name":"Sony PlayStation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_(console)"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_in_video_gaming"},{"link_name":"London Boots Ichi-gō Ni-gō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Boots_Ichi-g%C5%8D_Ni-g%C5%8D"}],"text":"1995 video gameBeavis and Butt-Head in Virtual Stupidity is a point-and-click adventure computer game based on the American animated television series created by Mike Judge, Beavis and Butt-Head, that was developed by ICOM Simulations and published by Viacom New Media. It was released on August 31, 1995.[1]It featured vocals from the series' cast of voice actors, including Mike Judge.[2] Besides the main game, four mini-games are featured, called Hock-A-Loogie, Court Chaos, Bug Justice, and Air Guitar.The main game plots the two main characters, Beavis and Butt-Head, trying to get into Todd's gang. Over the course of the game, they have to complete tasks[3] and explore areas in the fictional town of Highland, Texas.It was originally released on the PC. A CD-i port of Virtual Stupidity was planned but was cancelled due to falling sales of the console. A Sony PlayStation port was released exclusively in Japan in 1998 with dubbed voice acting by Owarai duo London Boots Ichi-gō Ni-gō.","title":"Beavis and Butt-Head in Virtual Stupidity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Beavis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beavis"},{"link_name":"Butt-Head","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butt-Head"},{"link_name":"Todd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_Ianuzzi"},{"link_name":"Principal McVicker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principal_McVicker"}],"text":"The game starts with Beavis and Butt-Head working at Burger World. They are met by Todd, who threatens them. Despite this, Beavis and Butt-Head like Todd because of his power and consider him \"cool.\" They decide to try to join Todd's gang.At Highland High, the duo are forced to stay in Science Class and dissect a frog. Eventually, they manage to skip class after lying to the science teacher that they are going to the bathroom. They manage to slip from school after spitting on Principal McVicker from the school rooftop, causing him to leave the school entrance.From then on, Beavis and Butt-Head explore various areas from Highland, including their house, BurgerWorld, the park, and Maxi-Mart, completing various tasks, in order to get closer to Todd and his gang.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"GWAR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GWAR"},{"link_name":"Saddam a Go-Go","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Toilet_Earth"},{"link_name":"Primus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primus_(band)"},{"link_name":"DMV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DMV_(song)"},{"link_name":"Sausage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sausage_(band)"},{"link_name":"Riddles Are Abound Tonight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riddles_Are_Abound_Tonight"}],"text":"Three full-length music videos (with included commentary by Beavis and Butt-Head) are viewable on various television sets in the game:GWAR – \"Saddam a Go-Go\"\nPrimus – \"DMV\"\nSausage – \"Riddles Are Abound Tonight\"","title":"Music videos"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"PC Gamer (US)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_Gamer"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pcgus-4"},{"link_name":"Next Generation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next_Generation_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nextgen-5"},{"link_name":"Computer Games Strategy Plus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Games_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cgsp-6"},{"link_name":"Computer Game Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Game_Review"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cgr-7"},{"link_name":"PC Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GamePro#PC_Games"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pcgamesrev-8"},{"link_name":"PC Gamer US","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_Gamer_US"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pcgamerusawards-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-success-11"},{"link_name":"GameRankings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameRankings"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GameRankings-1"},{"link_name":"Next Generation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next_Generation_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nextgen-5"},{"link_name":"PC Gamer US","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_Gamer_US"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pcgamerusawards-9"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pcgtop50-12"}],"text":"ReceptionReview scoresPublicationScorePC Gamer (US)90%[4]Next Generation[5]Computer Games Strategy Plus[6]Computer Game Review85/65/78[7]PC EntertainmentC[8]AwardPublicationAwardPC Gamer USBest Adventure Game 1995[9]According to senior artist Tom Zehner, Virtual Stupidity achieved sales above 100,000 units.[10] The game was a commercial success.[11]Virtual Stupidity received mostly positive reviews from video game magazines and websites. It held a 76.86% average at GameRankings based on seven reviews.[1] Reviewing the PC version, a reviewer for Next Generation said it \"may be one of the funniest games to ever hit store shelves.\" He applauded the game for \"flawlessly\" recreating the look, sound, and humor of the TV show while having enough strong gameplay to make it stand on its own as an outstanding adventure game. He scored it 4 out of 5 stars.[5]PC Gamer US named Virtual Stupidity the best adventure game of 1995. The editors wrote, \"This game is a textbook example of the right way to bring material from another medium to PC gaming.\"[9] In 1998, the magazine declared it the 24th-best computer game ever released, and the editors called it \"a great piece of adventure gaming\".[12]","title":"Reception"}]
[]
null
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Retrieved 2009-07-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090822025745/http://www.gamespot.com/pc/adventure/beavisandbuttheadinvs/review.html","url_text":"\"B&B-H: Virtual Stupidity Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot","url_text":"GameSpot"},{"url":"http://www.gamespot.com/pc/adventure/beavisandbuttheadinvs/review.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Rob Michaud (October 10, 2003). \"Review: Beavis & Butthead in Virtual Stupidity\". Adventure Gamers. Retrieved 2009-07-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.adventuregamers.com/display.php?id=291","url_text":"\"Review: Beavis & Butthead in Virtual Stupidity\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventure_Gamers","url_text":"Adventure Gamers"}]},{"reference":"Bennett, Dan (February 1996). \"Beavis & Butt-Head in Virtual Stupidity\". PC Gamer US. Archived from the original on March 11, 2000. Retrieved June 5, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20000311162150/http://www.pcgamer.com/reviews/176.html","url_text":"\"Beavis & Butt-Head in Virtual Stupidity\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_Gamer_US","url_text":"PC Gamer US"},{"url":"http://www.pcgamer.com/reviews/176.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Uh... That's Cool\". Next Generation (14). Imagine Media: 174. February 1996.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next_Generation_(magazine)","url_text":"Next Generation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagine_Media","url_text":"Imagine Media"}]},{"reference":"Staff (February 10, 1996). \"Beavis and Butthead in Virtual Stupidity\". Computer Games Strategy Plus. Archived from the original on October 7, 1997. Retrieved June 5, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/19971007222937/http://www.cdmag.com/adventure_vault/beavis_butthead/page1.html","url_text":"\"Beavis and Butthead in Virtual Stupidity\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Games_Magazine","url_text":"Computer Games Strategy Plus"},{"url":"http://www.cdmag.com/adventure_vault/beavis_butthead/page1.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Snyder, Frank; Chapman, Ted; Honeywell, Steve (January 1996). \"Dillweed's Delight\". Computer Game Review. Archived from the original on December 21, 1996. Retrieved June 5, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/19961221183801/http://www.nuke.com/cgr/reviews/9601/b%26b/b%26b.htm","url_text":"\"Dillweed's Delight\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Game_Review","url_text":"Computer Game Review"},{"url":"http://www.nuke.com/cgr/reviews/9601/b&b/b&b.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"St. John, Donald (February 1996). \"Beavis and Butt-Head in Virtual Stupidity\". PC Entertainment. Archived from the original on October 18, 1996. Retrieved June 5, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/19961018113331/http://www.pcgamesmag.com/games/Feb96/beavis296.html","url_text":"\"Beavis and Butt-Head in Virtual Stupidity\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GamePro#PC_Games","url_text":"PC Entertainment"},{"url":"http://www.pcgamesmag.com/games/Feb96/beavis296.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Editors of PC Gamer (March 1996). \"The Year's Best Games\". PC Gamer US. 3 (3): 64, 65, 67, 68, 71, 73–75.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_Gamer_US","url_text":"PC Gamer US"}]},{"reference":"\"Tom Zehner | Video Games :: MTV's Beavis and Butthead in Virtual Stupidity\". www.tomzehner.com. Archived from the original on 1 July 2017. Retrieved 12 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170701061735/http://www.tomzehner.com/virtualstupidity.html","url_text":"\"Tom Zehner | Video Games :: MTV's Beavis and Butthead in Virtual Stupidity\""},{"url":"http://www.tomzehner.com/virtualstupidity.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Scorpia (May 1996). \"You Have No Clue?; Crystal Ball\". Computer Gaming World. No. 142. p. 111.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scorpia_(journalist)","url_text":"Scorpia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Gaming_World","url_text":"Computer Gaming World"}]},{"reference":"The PC Gamer Editors (October 1998). \"The 50 Best Games Ever\". PC Gamer US. 5 (10): 86, 87, 89, 90, 92, 98, 101, 102, 109, 110, 113, 114, 117, 118, 125, 126, 129, 130.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_Gamer_US","url_text":"PC Gamer US"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Park_Toronto
Love Park (Toronto)
["1 Project site","2 Design","3 Features","4 References","5 External links"]
Coordinates: 43°38′27″N 79°22′47″W / 43.6408°N 79.3798°W / 43.6408; -79.3798Public park in Toronto, Canada Love ParkLove Park (2023)Location of Love Park in TorontoTypeUrban parkLocation96 Queens Quay West,Toronto, Ontario,CanadaCoordinates43°38′27″N 79°22′47″W / 43.6408°N 79.3798°W / 43.6408; -79.3798Area2 acres (0.81 ha)Created2023 (2023)DesignerCCxAOwned byCity of TorontoOperated byToronto Parks, Forestry & RecreationWebsitewww.toronto.ca/love-park/ Love Park is a public park located in downtown Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Developed by Waterfront Toronto, and designed by CCxA, the park is operated by Toronto Parks, Forestry and Recreation. Construction on Love Park began in July 2021, and the park officially opened on June 23, 2023. Project site Love Park's site is the former plot of the York-Bay-Yonge eastbound off-ramp of the Gardiner Expressway. The off-ramp was removed in 2016–2017 to reclaim the space for the community by allowing for the widening of Harbour Street to improve pedestrian and cyclist access to the waterfront. The allotted space is 0.81 hectares (2 acres) in the Financial District of the Toronto harbourfront. The allotted budget for the construction of the park is approximately CA$7 million. The project was planned to break ground in 2019 though due to delays was not started until 2021. Design Love Park was designed by CCxA (formerly Claude Cormier + associes) landscape architects based in Montreal. They worked with gh3*, an architecture firm in Toronto. “The park was designed to be an alter ego for its surroundings of large and reflective glass clad structures.” The design of Love Park follows a classic design strategy with a central water installation surrounded by lush green spaces. This strategy is reflected in parks and installations around the world and has been utilized for generations. This design strategy is also seen in Natrel Rink, Nathan Phillips Square, and Paul Quarrington Ice Rink and Splash Pad. These are three public spaces that are in close proximity to Love Park and similarly have central water features. Love Park is a continuation of Toronto's efforts to revitalize its harbourfront community and bring green spaces to areas dominated by skyscrapers. Features Love Park has a number of features to augment the space. The largest such feature is the heart shaped reflecting pool in the middle of the park. According to Cormier, the heart design was inspired by an image he saw on social media following the 2018 Toronto van attack, while the red tile surrounding the pool references mosaics in Park Güell. “Within the reflecting pool it will have a small island with red and pink flowers as well as a large, illuminated heart that will be suspended above.” The reflecting pool will be a central water feature. The park also will have a fully mirrored arcade that creates a functional pavilion that's interior houses a universal washroom and a coffee kiosk for park goers to utilize while providing shelter from the elements for a number of seating areas. The pavilion will be a space for residents of the community, people who work in the commercial buildings, and tourists to have a rest, eat lunch, or have a morning coffee while experiencing the park. Love Park also has several clearings and platforms for the display of public art installations and to facilitate small gatherings. References ^ "Historic photos from around High Park, Toronto". WholeMap.com. Archived from the original on July 19, 2011. Retrieved May 7, 2011. ^ "Love Park | Waterfront Toronto". www.waterfrontoronto.ca. Retrieved October 9, 2023. ^ a b "Love Park". www.waterfronttoronto.ca. Retrieved October 14, 2022. ^ Felix, Ricardo (June 21, 2023). "Love Park Opens In Toronto's Harbourfront". Designlines Magazine. Retrieved October 10, 2023. ^ a b Gordon, David L. A. (1997). "Building Battery Park City". Battery Park City: Politics and Planning on the New York Waterfront. Amsterdam: Gordon and Breach. pp. 93–104. doi:10.4324/9780203059524. ISBN 978-0-203-05952-4. OCLC 823738275. ^ "Eastbound ramp from Gardiner Expressway to York/Bay/Yonge Streets to be demolished, replaced with new ramp". City of Toronto. February 8, 2017. Retrieved April 21, 2022. ^ a b "Winning designs chosen for Toronto's Rees and York Street parks". Canadian Architect. October 9, 2018. Retrieved April 21, 2022. ^ "Love Park". Retrieved April 21, 2022. ^ a b c d e Teo, Mark (July 10, 2018). "10 Proposals, Two Green Spaces: Exploring Toronto's New Waterfront Parks". Azure Magazine. Retrieved October 10, 2023. ^ Senechal-Becker, Elena (December 1, 2021). ""Risk is Where Success Resides": A Conversation with Claude Cormier". Azure. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Love Park, Toronto. Official website City of Toronto (June 23, 2023). "City of Toronto and waterfront partners embrace the opening of Love Park today". Retrieved October 10, 2023. Landau, Jack (January 13, 2022). "Toronto's stunning new heart-shaped park is quickly becoming a reality". blogTO. Retrieved October 10, 2023. "Love Park". waterfrontoronto.ca. June 18, 2019. Archived from the original on January 16, 2022. Novakovic, Stefan (October 9, 2018). "Winning designs chosen for Toronto's Rees and York Street parks". Canadian Architect. Retrieved October 10, 2023.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto"},{"link_name":"Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario"},{"link_name":"Waterfront Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterfront_Toronto"},{"link_name":"CCxA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Cormier"},{"link_name":"Toronto Parks, Forestry and Recreation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Parks,_Forestry_and_Recreation"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Felix_2023-4"}],"text":"Public park in Toronto, CanadaLove Park is a public park located in downtown Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Developed by Waterfront Toronto, and designed by CCxA, the park is operated by Toronto Parks, Forestry and Recreation.[2][3] Construction on Love Park began in July 2021, and the park officially opened on June 23, 2023.[4]","title":"Love Park (Toronto)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gardiner Expressway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardiner_Expressway"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gordon_1997_pp._93%E2%80%93104-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Toronto harbourfront","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbourfront,_Toronto"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gordon_1997_pp._93%E2%80%93104-5"},{"link_name":"CA$","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_dollar"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-7"}],"text":"Love Park's site is the former plot of the York-Bay-Yonge eastbound off-ramp of the Gardiner Expressway.[5] The off-ramp was removed in 2016–2017 to reclaim the space for the community by allowing for the widening of Harbour Street to improve pedestrian and cyclist access to the waterfront.[6] The allotted space is 0.81 hectares (2 acres) in the Financial District of the Toronto harbourfront.[5] The allotted budget for the construction of the park is approximately CA$7 million. The project was planned to break ground in 2019 though due to delays was not started until 2021.[7]","title":"Project site"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CCxA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Cormier"},{"link_name":"Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal"},{"link_name":"gh3*","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gh3*"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Teo_2018-9"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-7"},{"link_name":"Nathan Phillips Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Phillips_Square"}],"text":"Love Park was designed by CCxA (formerly Claude Cormier + associes) landscape architects based in Montreal. They worked with gh3*, an architecture firm in Toronto.[8] “The park was designed to be an alter ego for its surroundings of large and reflective glass clad structures.”[9] The design of Love Park follows a classic design strategy with a central water installation surrounded by lush green spaces.[7] This strategy is reflected in parks and installations around the world and has been utilized for generations. This design strategy is also seen in Natrel Rink, Nathan Phillips Square, and Paul Quarrington Ice Rink and Splash Pad. These are three public spaces that are in close proximity to Love Park and similarly have central water features. Love Park is a continuation of Toronto's efforts to revitalize its harbourfront community and bring green spaces to areas dominated by skyscrapers.","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"2018 Toronto van attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Toronto_van_attack"},{"link_name":"Park Güell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_G%C3%BCell"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Senechal-Becker_2021-10"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Teo_2018-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Teo_2018-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Teo_2018-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Teo_2018-9"}],"text":"Love Park has a number of features to augment the space. The largest such feature is the heart shaped reflecting pool in the middle of the park.[3] According to Cormier, the heart design was inspired by an image he saw on social media following the 2018 Toronto van attack, while the red tile surrounding the pool references mosaics in Park Güell.[10] “Within the reflecting pool it will have a small island with red and pink flowers as well as a large, illuminated heart that will be suspended above.”[9] The reflecting pool will be a central water feature. The park also will have a fully mirrored arcade that creates a functional pavilion that's interior houses a universal washroom and a coffee kiosk for park goers to utilize while providing shelter from the elements for a number of seating areas.[9] The pavilion will be a space for residents of the community, people who work in the commercial buildings, and tourists to have a rest, eat lunch, or have a morning coffee while experiencing the park.[9] Love Park also has several clearings and platforms for the display of public art installations and to facilitate small gatherings.[9]","title":"Features"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Historic photos from around High Park, Toronto\". WholeMap.com. Archived from the original on July 19, 2011. Retrieved May 7, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://wholemap.com/historic/toronto.php?neighbourhood=High%20Park","url_text":"\"Historic photos from around High Park, Toronto\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110719204121/http://wholemap.com/historic/toronto.php?neighbourhood=High%20Park","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Love Park | Waterfront Toronto\". www.waterfrontoronto.ca. Retrieved October 9, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.waterfrontoronto.ca/our-projects/love-park","url_text":"\"Love Park | Waterfront Toronto\""}]},{"reference":"\"Love Park\". www.waterfronttoronto.ca. Retrieved October 14, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.waterfrontoronto.ca/our-projects/love-park","url_text":"\"Love Park\""}]},{"reference":"Felix, Ricardo (June 21, 2023). \"Love Park Opens In Toronto's Harbourfront\". Designlines Magazine. Retrieved October 10, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.designlinesmagazine.com/love-park/","url_text":"\"Love Park Opens In Toronto's Harbourfront\""}]},{"reference":"Gordon, David L. A. (1997). \"Building Battery Park City\". Battery Park City: Politics and Planning on the New York Waterfront. Amsterdam: Gordon and Breach. pp. 93–104. doi:10.4324/9780203059524. ISBN 978-0-203-05952-4. OCLC 823738275.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.4324/9780203059524-9/building-battery-park-city-david-gordon","url_text":"\"Building Battery Park City\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780203059524","url_text":"10.4324/9780203059524"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-05952-4","url_text":"978-0-203-05952-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/823738275","url_text":"823738275"}]},{"reference":"\"Eastbound ramp from Gardiner Expressway to York/Bay/Yonge Streets to be demolished, replaced with new ramp\". City of Toronto. February 8, 2017. Retrieved April 21, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.toronto.ca/news/eastbound-ramp-from-gardiner-expressway-to-york-bay-yonge-streets-to-be-demolished-replaced-with-new-ramp/","url_text":"\"Eastbound ramp from Gardiner Expressway to York/Bay/Yonge Streets to be demolished, replaced with new ramp\""}]},{"reference":"\"Winning designs chosen for Toronto's Rees and York Street parks\". Canadian Architect. October 9, 2018. Retrieved April 21, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.canadianarchitect.com/winning-designs-chosen-for-torontos-rees-and-york-street-parks/","url_text":"\"Winning designs chosen for Toronto's Rees and York Street parks\""}]},{"reference":"\"Love Park\". Retrieved April 21, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.claudecormier.com/en/projet/love-park/","url_text":"\"Love Park\""}]},{"reference":"Teo, Mark (July 10, 2018). \"10 Proposals, Two Green Spaces: Exploring Toronto's New Waterfront Parks\". Azure Magazine. Retrieved October 10, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.azuremagazine.com/article/toronto-new-waterfront-parks/","url_text":"\"10 Proposals, Two Green Spaces: Exploring Toronto's New Waterfront Parks\""}]},{"reference":"Senechal-Becker, Elena (December 1, 2021). \"\"Risk is Where Success Resides\": A Conversation with Claude Cormier\". Azure.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.azuremagazine.com/article/risk-is-where-success-resides-a-conversation-with-claude-cormier/","url_text":"\"\"Risk is Where Success Resides\": A Conversation with Claude Cormier\""}]},{"reference":"City of Toronto (June 23, 2023). \"City of Toronto and waterfront partners embrace the opening of Love Park today\". Retrieved October 10, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.toronto.ca/news/city-of-toronto-and-waterfront-partners-embrace-the-opening-of-love-park-today/","url_text":"\"City of Toronto and waterfront partners embrace the opening of Love Park today\""}]},{"reference":"Landau, Jack (January 13, 2022). \"Toronto's stunning new heart-shaped park is quickly becoming a reality\". blogTO. Retrieved October 10, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.blogto.com/city/2022/01/toronto-heart-shaped-park/","url_text":"\"Toronto's stunning new heart-shaped park is quickly becoming a reality\""}]},{"reference":"\"Love Park\". waterfrontoronto.ca. June 18, 2019. Archived from the original on January 16, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220116104956/https://www.waterfrontoronto.ca/nbe/portal/waterfront/Home/waterfronthome/projects/york+street+park","url_text":"\"Love Park\""},{"url":"https://www.waterfrontoronto.ca/nbe/portal/waterfront/Home/waterfronthome/projects/york+street+park","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Novakovic, Stefan (October 9, 2018). \"Winning designs chosen for Toronto's Rees and York Street parks\". Canadian Architect. Retrieved October 10, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.canadianarchitect.com/winning-designs-chosen-for-torontos-rees-and-york-street-parks/","url_text":"\"Winning designs chosen for Toronto's Rees and York Street parks\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Love_Park_(Toronto)&params=43.6408_N_79.3798_W_region:CA-ON_type:landmark","external_links_name":"43°38′27″N 79°22′47″W / 43.6408°N 79.3798°W / 43.6408; -79.3798"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Love_Park_(Toronto)&params=43.6408_N_79.3798_W_region:CA-ON_type:landmark","external_links_name":"43°38′27″N 79°22′47″W / 43.6408°N 79.3798°W / 43.6408; -79.3798"},{"Link":"https://www.toronto.ca/love-park/","external_links_name":"www.toronto.ca/love-park/"},{"Link":"http://wholemap.com/historic/toronto.php?neighbourhood=High%20Park","external_links_name":"\"Historic photos from around High Park, Toronto\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110719204121/http://wholemap.com/historic/toronto.php?neighbourhood=High%20Park","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.waterfrontoronto.ca/our-projects/love-park","external_links_name":"\"Love Park | Waterfront Toronto\""},{"Link":"https://www.waterfrontoronto.ca/our-projects/love-park","external_links_name":"\"Love Park\""},{"Link":"https://www.designlinesmagazine.com/love-park/","external_links_name":"\"Love Park Opens In Toronto's Harbourfront\""},{"Link":"https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.4324/9780203059524-9/building-battery-park-city-david-gordon","external_links_name":"\"Building Battery Park City\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780203059524","external_links_name":"10.4324/9780203059524"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/823738275","external_links_name":"823738275"},{"Link":"https://www.toronto.ca/news/eastbound-ramp-from-gardiner-expressway-to-york-bay-yonge-streets-to-be-demolished-replaced-with-new-ramp/","external_links_name":"\"Eastbound ramp from Gardiner Expressway to York/Bay/Yonge Streets to be demolished, replaced with new ramp\""},{"Link":"https://www.canadianarchitect.com/winning-designs-chosen-for-torontos-rees-and-york-street-parks/","external_links_name":"\"Winning designs chosen for Toronto's Rees and York Street parks\""},{"Link":"https://www.claudecormier.com/en/projet/love-park/","external_links_name":"\"Love Park\""},{"Link":"https://www.azuremagazine.com/article/toronto-new-waterfront-parks/","external_links_name":"\"10 Proposals, Two Green Spaces: Exploring Toronto's New Waterfront Parks\""},{"Link":"https://www.azuremagazine.com/article/risk-is-where-success-resides-a-conversation-with-claude-cormier/","external_links_name":"\"\"Risk is Where Success Resides\": A Conversation with Claude Cormier\""},{"Link":"https://www.toronto.ca/love-park/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.toronto.ca/news/city-of-toronto-and-waterfront-partners-embrace-the-opening-of-love-park-today/","external_links_name":"\"City of Toronto and waterfront partners embrace the opening of Love Park today\""},{"Link":"https://www.blogto.com/city/2022/01/toronto-heart-shaped-park/","external_links_name":"\"Toronto's stunning new heart-shaped park is quickly becoming a reality\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220116104956/https://www.waterfrontoronto.ca/nbe/portal/waterfront/Home/waterfronthome/projects/york+street+park","external_links_name":"\"Love Park\""},{"Link":"https://www.waterfrontoronto.ca/nbe/portal/waterfront/Home/waterfronthome/projects/york+street+park","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.canadianarchitect.com/winning-designs-chosen-for-torontos-rees-and-york-street-parks/","external_links_name":"\"Winning designs chosen for Toronto's Rees and York Street parks\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_scraped_surface_heat_exchanger
Dynamic scraped surface heat exchanger
["1 Introduction","2 Description","3 Types","4 Evaluation","5 Applications","6 See also","7 References"]
This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (August 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's general notability guideline. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: "Dynamic scraped surface heat exchanger" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The dynamic scraped surface heat exchanger (DSSHE) is a type of heat exchanger used to remove or add heat to fluids, mainly foodstuffs, but also other industrial products. They have been designed to address specific problems that impede efficient heat transfer. DSSHEs improve efficiency by removing fouling layers, increasing turbulence in the case of high viscosity flow, and avoiding the generation of crystals and other process by-products. DSSHEs incorporate an internal mechanism which periodically removes the product from the heat transfer wall. The sides are scraped by blades made of a rigid plastic material to prevent damage to the scraped surface. Introduction An applicable technologies for indirect heat transfer use tubes (shell-and-tube exchangers) or flat surfaces (plate exchangers). Their goal is to exchange the maximum amount of heat per unit area by generating as much turbulence as possible below given pumping power limits. Typical approaches to achieve this consist of corrugating the tubes or plates or extending their surface with fins. However, these geometry conformation technologies, the calculation of optimum mass flows and other turbulence related factors become diminished when fouling appears, obliging designers to fit significantly larger heat transfer areas. There are several types of fouling, including particulate accumulation, precipitation (crystallization), sedimentation, generation of ice layers, etc. Another factor posing difficulties to heat transfer is viscosity. Highly viscous fluids tend to generate deep laminar flow, a condition with very poor heat transfer rates and high pressure losses involving a considerable pumping power, often exceeding the exchanger design limits. This problem becomes worsened frequently when processing non-newtonian fluids. The DSSHE has been designed to face the aforementioned problems. They increase heat transfer by: removing the fouling layers, increasing turbulence in case of high viscosity flow, and avoiding the generation of ice and other process by-products. Description The dynamic scraped surface heat exchangers incorporate an internal mechanism which periodically removes the product from the heat transfer wall. The product side is scraped by blades attached to a moving shaft or frame. The blades are made of a rigid plastic material to prevent damage to the scraped surface. This material is FDA approved in the case of food applications. Types There are basically three types of DSSHEs depending on the arrangement of the blades: Rotating, tubular DSSHEs. The shaft is placed parallel to the tube axis, not necessarily coincident, and spins at various frequencies, from a few dozen rpm to more than 1000 rpm. The number of blades oscillates between 1 and 4 and may take advantage of centrifugal forces to scrape the inner surface of the tube. Examples are the Waukesha Cherry-Burrell Votator II, Alfa Laval Contherm, Terlet Terlotherm and Kelstream's scraped surface heat exchanger. Another example is the HRS Heat Exchangers R Series or Sakura Seisakusho Ltd. Japan Onlator. Reciprocating, tubular DSSHEs. The shaft is concentric to the tube and moves longitudinally without rotating. The frequency spans between 10 and 60 strokes per minute. The blades may vary in number and shape, from baffle-like arrangements to perforated disk configurations. An example is the HRS Heat Exchangers Unicus. Rotating, plate DSSHEs. The blades wipe the external surface of circular plates arranged in series inside a shell. The heating/cooling fluid runs inside the plates. The frequency is about several dozen rpm. An example is the HRS Spiratube T-Sensation. Evaluation Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) techniques are the standard tools to analyse and evaluate heat exchangers and similar equipment. However, for quick calculation purposes, the evaluation of DSSHEs are usually carried out with the help of ad hoc (semi)empirical correlations based on the Buckingham π theorem: Fa = Fa(Re, Re', n, ...) for pressure loss and Nu = Nu(Re, Re', Pr, Fa, L/D, N, ...) for heat transfer, where Nu is the Nusselt number, Re is the standard Reynolds number based on the inner diameter of the tube, Re' is the specific Reynolds number based on the wiping frequency, Pr is the Prandtl number, Fa is the Fanning friction factor, L is the length of the tube, D is the inner diameter of the tube, n is the number of blades and the dots account for any other relevant dimensionless parameters. Applications The range of applications covers a number of industries, including food, chemical, petrochemical and pharmaceutical. The DSSHEs are appropriate whenever products are prone to fouling, very viscous, particulate, heat sensitive or crystallizing. See also Pumpable ice technology References Bott, T. R. (May 1966). Design of Scraped Surface Heat Exchangers. Vol. II, No.5. British Chemical Engineering. pp. 338–339. Bott, T. R. (November 2001). To Foul or not to Foul. CEP Magazine. pp. 30–37. Bott, T. R.; Romero, J. J. B. (October 1963). Heat Transfer Across a Scraped Surface. The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering. pp. 213–219. Chong, A. (2001). A Study of Scraped-Surface Heat Exchanger in Ice-Making Applications, M. Sc. Thesis. University of Toronto. "Scraped surface heat exchangers project webpage". Smith Institute. Archived from the original on 2009-03-04. Tähti, T. (2004). Suspension Melt Crystallization in Tubular and Scraped Surface Heat Exchangers, Ph. D. Thesis. Martin-Luther-Universität. "Scraped-Surface Heat-Exchanger Project page". University of Southampton. Archived from the original on 2009-03-04. Retrieved 2008-09-08.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"heat exchanger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_exchanger"},{"link_name":"fouling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fouling"},{"link_name":"turbulence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbulence"},{"link_name":"viscosity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscosity"}],"text":"The dynamic scraped surface heat exchanger (DSSHE) is a type of heat exchanger used to remove or add heat to fluids, mainly foodstuffs, but also other industrial products. They have been designed to address specific problems that impede efficient heat transfer. DSSHEs improve efficiency by removing fouling layers, increasing turbulence in the case of high viscosity flow, and avoiding the generation of crystals and other process by-products. DSSHEs incorporate an internal mechanism which periodically removes the product from the heat transfer wall. The sides are scraped by blades made of a rigid plastic material to prevent damage to the scraped surface.","title":"Dynamic scraped surface heat exchanger"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"heat transfer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_transfer"},{"link_name":"exchangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_exchanger"},{"link_name":"turbulence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbulence"},{"link_name":"pumping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pump"},{"link_name":"fins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fin_(extended_surface)"},{"link_name":"mass flows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_flow_rate"},{"link_name":"fouling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fouling"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation_(chemistry)"},{"link_name":"crystallization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystallization"},{"link_name":"sedimentation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimentation"},{"link_name":"ice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice"},{"link_name":"viscosity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscosity"},{"link_name":"laminar flow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laminar_flow"},{"link_name":"heat transfer rates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_transfer_coefficient"},{"link_name":"pressure losses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure_drop"},{"link_name":"non-newtonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Newtonian_fluid"}],"text":"An applicable technologies for indirect heat transfer use tubes (shell-and-tube exchangers) or flat surfaces (plate exchangers). Their goal is to exchange the maximum amount of heat per unit area by generating as much turbulence as possible below given pumping power limits. Typical approaches to achieve this consist of corrugating the tubes or plates or extending their surface with fins. However, these geometry conformation technologies, the calculation of optimum mass flows and other turbulence related factors become diminished when fouling appears, obliging designers to fit significantly larger heat transfer areas. There are several types of fouling, including particulate accumulation, precipitation (crystallization), sedimentation, generation of ice layers, etc.Another factor posing difficulties to heat transfer is viscosity. Highly viscous fluids tend to generate deep laminar flow, a condition with very poor heat transfer rates and high pressure losses involving a considerable pumping power, often exceeding the exchanger design limits. This problem becomes worsened frequently when processing non-newtonian fluids.The DSSHE has been designed to face the aforementioned problems. They increase heat transfer by: removing the fouling layers, increasing turbulence in case of high viscosity flow, and avoiding the generation of ice and other process by-products.","title":"Introduction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FDA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration"}],"text":"The dynamic scraped surface heat exchangers incorporate an internal mechanism which periodically removes the product from the heat transfer wall. The product side is scraped by blades attached to a moving shaft or frame. The blades are made of a rigid plastic material to prevent damage to the scraped surface. This material is FDA approved in the case of food applications.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rpm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutions_per_minute"},{"link_name":"centrifugal forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrifugal_force"},{"link_name":"Waukesha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waukesha,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Alfa Laval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfa_Laval"},{"link_name":"HRS Heat Exchangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.hrs-he.com"},{"link_name":"Sakura Seisakusho Ltd. Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.sakuraseisakusho.co.jp/home/"},{"link_name":"HRS Heat Exchangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.hrs-he.com"}],"text":"There are basically three types of DSSHEs depending on the arrangement of the blades:Rotating, tubular DSSHEs. The shaft is placed parallel to the tube axis, not necessarily coincident, and spins at various frequencies, from a few dozen rpm to more than 1000 rpm. The number of blades oscillates between 1 and 4 and may take advantage of centrifugal forces to scrape the inner surface of the tube. Examples are the Waukesha Cherry-Burrell Votator II, Alfa Laval Contherm, Terlet Terlotherm and Kelstream's scraped surface heat exchanger. Another example is the HRS Heat Exchangers R Series or Sakura Seisakusho Ltd. Japan Onlator.\nReciprocating, tubular DSSHEs. The shaft is concentric to the tube and moves longitudinally without rotating. The frequency spans between 10 and 60 strokes per minute. The blades may vary in number and shape, from baffle-like arrangements to perforated disk configurations. An example is the HRS Heat Exchangers Unicus.\nRotating, plate DSSHEs. The blades wipe the external surface of circular plates arranged in series inside a shell. The heating/cooling fluid runs inside the plates. The frequency is about several dozen rpm. An example is the HRS Spiratube T-Sensation.","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Computational fluid dynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_fluid_dynamics"},{"link_name":"ad hoc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_hoc"},{"link_name":"empirical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empirical"},{"link_name":"correlations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Function_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"Buckingham π theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckingham_%CF%80_theorem"},{"link_name":"Nusselt number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nusselt_number"},{"link_name":"Reynolds number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reynolds_number"},{"link_name":"Prandtl number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prandtl_Number"},{"link_name":"Fanning friction factor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanning_friction_factor"},{"link_name":"dimensionless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimensionless"}],"text":"Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) techniques are the standard tools to analyse and evaluate heat exchangers and similar equipment. However, for quick calculation purposes, the evaluation of DSSHEs are usually carried out with the help of ad hoc (semi)empirical correlations based on the Buckingham π theorem:Fa = Fa(Re, Re', n, ...)for pressure loss andNu = Nu(Re, Re', Pr, Fa, L/D, N, ...)for heat transfer, where Nu is the Nusselt number, Re is the standard Reynolds number based on the inner diameter of the tube, Re' is the specific Reynolds number based on the wiping frequency, Pr is the Prandtl number, Fa is the Fanning friction factor, L is the length of the tube, D is the inner diameter of the tube, n is the number of blades and the dots account for any other relevant dimensionless parameters.","title":"Evaluation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"food","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_industry"},{"link_name":"chemical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_industry"},{"link_name":"petrochemical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrochemical_industry"},{"link_name":"pharmaceutical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry"}],"text":"The range of applications covers a number of industries, including food, chemical, petrochemical and pharmaceutical. The DSSHEs are appropriate whenever products are prone to fouling, very viscous, particulate, heat sensitive or crystallizing.","title":"Applications"}]
[]
[{"title":"Pumpable ice technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumpable_ice_technology"}]
[{"reference":"Bott, T. R. (May 1966). Design of Scraped Surface Heat Exchangers. Vol. II, No.5. British Chemical Engineering. pp. 338–339.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Bott, T. R. (November 2001). To Foul or not to Foul. CEP Magazine. pp. 30–37.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Bott, T. R.; Romero, J. J. B. (October 1963). Heat Transfer Across a Scraped Surface. The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering. pp. 213–219.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Chong, A. (2001). A Study of Scraped-Surface Heat Exchanger in Ice-Making Applications, M. Sc. Thesis. University of Toronto.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Scraped surface heat exchangers project webpage\". Smith Institute. Archived from the original on 2009-03-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090304151959/http://www.smithinst.ac.uk/Projects/PD/RA-Chemtech","url_text":"\"Scraped surface heat exchangers project webpage\""},{"url":"http://www.smithinst.ac.uk/Projects/PD/RA-Chemtech/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Tähti, T. (2004). Suspension Melt Crystallization in Tubular and Scraped Surface Heat Exchangers, Ph. D. Thesis. Martin-Luther-Universität.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Scraped-Surface Heat-Exchanger Project page\". University of Southampton. Archived from the original on 2009-03-04. Retrieved 2008-09-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090304185843/http://www.personal.soton.ac.uk/cpp/sshe_proj/homepage.html","url_text":"\"Scraped-Surface Heat-Exchanger Project page\""},{"url":"http://www.personal.soton.ac.uk/cpp/sshe_proj/homepage.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oxford_Companion_to_Irish_Literature
The Oxford Companion to Irish Literature
["1 References","2 Sources"]
This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article contains content that is written like an advertisement. Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view. (October 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "The Oxford Companion to Irish Literature" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The Oxford Companion to Irish Literature Cover of the first editionEditorRobert WelchLanguageEnglishSubjectIrish literaturePublisherOxford University PressPublication date1996Media typePrint (hardcover)Pages648ISBN978-0198661580 The Oxford Companion to Irish Literature is a 1996 book edited by Robert Welch. The Oxford Companion to Irish Literature surveys the Irish literary landscape across sixteen centuries with over 2,000 entries. Entries range from ogham writing to 1990s fiction, poetry, and drama. There are accounts of authors such as Adomnán, 7th-century Abbot of Iona, Roddy Doyle, Brian Friel, Seamus Heaney, and Edna O'Brien. Individual entries are provided for all major works, like Táin Bó Cúailnge - the Ulster saga reflecting the Celtic Iron Age - to Swift's Gulliver's Travels, Edgeworth's Castle Rackrent, Ó Cadhain's Cré na Cille, and Banville's The Book of Evidence. The book also presents some of the writers' historical contexts: The Irish Famine of 1845-8, which provided a theme for novelists, poets, and memoirists from William Carleton to Patrick Kavanagh and Peadar Ó Laoghaire. The founding of the Abbey Theatre and its impact on playwrights such as J. M. Synge and Padraic Colum; the Easter Rising which inspired Yeats to write 'Easter 1916'. The Oxford Companion to Irish Literature has information on general topics, ranging from the stage Irishman to Catholicism, Protestantism, the Irish language, and university education in Ireland; and on genres such as annals, bardic poetry, and folksong. References ^ a b c Welch 2000, p. . Sources Welch, Robert (2000). The Concise Oxford Companion to Irish Literature. doi:10.1093/acref/9780192800800.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-280080-0.
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[1] Entries range from ogham writing to 1990s fiction, poetry, and drama. There are accounts of authors such as Adomnán, 7th-century Abbot of Iona, Roddy Doyle, Brian Friel, Seamus Heaney, and Edna O'Brien.[1] Individual entries are provided for all major works, like Táin Bó Cúailnge - the Ulster saga reflecting the Celtic Iron Age - to Swift's Gulliver's Travels, Edgeworth's Castle Rackrent, Ó Cadhain's Cré na Cille, and Banville's The Book of Evidence.The book also presents some of the writers' historical contexts:The Irish Famine of 1845-8, which provided a theme for novelists, poets, and memoirists from William Carleton to Patrick Kavanagh and Peadar Ó Laoghaire.\nThe founding of the Abbey Theatre and its impact on playwrights such as J. M. Synge and Padraic Colum; the Easter Rising which inspired Yeats to write 'Easter 1916'.The Oxford Companion to Irish Literature has information on general topics, ranging from the stage Irishman to Catholicism, Protestantism, the Irish language, and university education in Ireland; and on genres such as annals, bardic poetry, and folksong.[1]","title":"The Oxford Companion to Irish Literature"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1093/acref/9780192800800.001.0001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780192800800.001.0001"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-19-280080-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280080-0"}],"text":"Welch, Robert (2000). The Concise Oxford Companion to Irish Literature. doi:10.1093/acref/9780192800800.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-280080-0.","title":"Sources"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kremlin_Arsenal
Kremlin Arsenal
["1 Building","2 History","3 References","4 External links"]
Coordinates: 55°45′13″N 37°36′59″E / 55.75361°N 37.61639°E / 55.75361; 37.61639Kremlin ArsenalАрсенал Московского КремляGeneral informationArchitectural styleNeoclassicalCoordinates55°45′13″N 37°36′59″E / 55.75361°N 37.61639°E / 55.75361; 37.61639Current tenantsKremlin RegimentConstruction started1702Completed1828 The Kremlin Arsenal (Russian: Арсенал Московского Кремля) is a former armory built within the grounds of the Moscow Kremlin in Russia. Initially constructed in 1736, it has been rebuilt several times. It remains in military use to date, unlike the Kremlin Armoury, another arsenal within the walls of the Moscow Kremlin, which is now a museum. The building is off-limits to tourists. Building The Kremlin Arsenal is a large elongated trapezoid two-storey building with a large courtyard. It occupies most of the northern corner of the Moscow Kremlin. History Cannons and mortars of La Grande Armée are exhibited along the yellow Arsenal building In the Middle Ages, the spot was occupied by granaries. After they burnt down in the last years of the 17th century, Peter the Great engaged a team of Russian and German architects to construct the Kremlin Arsenal, designed to be one of the largest buildings in Moscow at the time. Construction started in 1702, but was interrupted due to lack of funds during the Great Northern War with Sweden, and was only completed in 1736, under supervision of Field-Marshal Burkhard Christoph von Münnich. The new building was gutted by a fire in 1737, and only restored from 1786-1796. During Napoleon's invasion of Russia, the retreating French soldiers had the central part of the building blown up. It was restored between 1816 and 1828 to a Neoclassical design in order to house a museum dedicated to the Russian victory over Napoleon. References Klein, Mina. The Kremlin: Citadel of History. MacMillan Publishing Company (1973). ISBN 0-02-750830-7 Tropkin, Alexander. The Moscow Kremlin: history of Russia's unique monument. Publishing House "Russkaya Zhizn" (1980). ASIN: B0010XM7BQ External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kremlin Arsenal. Official webpage The Armory and other sights of Moscow vteKremlin and Red SquareKremlin Walland Towers Borovitskaya Vodovzvodnaya Blagoveshenskaya Tainitskaya Pervaya Bezymyannaya Vtoraya Bezymyannaya Petrovskaya Beklemishevskaya Konstantino-Eleninskaya Nabatnaya Tsarskaya Spasskaya Senatskaya Nikolskaya Uglovaya Arsenalnaya Srednyaya Arsenalnaya Troitskaya Kutafya Komendantskaya Oruzheynaya Administrativebuildings Kremlin Senate Kremlin Arsenal Amusement Palace State Kremlin Palace Grand Kremlin Palace Terem Palace The Armory Palace of Facets Tsarina's Golden Chamber State Historical Museum Churches Cathedral of the Assumption Cathedral of the Annunciation Cathedral of the Archangel Ivan the Great Bell Tower Church of the Deposition of the Robe Nativity Church Patriarch's Palace and the Church of the Twelve Apostles Verkhospassky Cathedral and the Terem Churches Saint Basil's Cathedral Kazan Cathedral Squaresand gardens Red Square Ivanovskaya Square Cathedral Square Taynitsky Garden Grand Kremlin Public Garden Alexander Garden Manezhnaya Square Monuments Kremlin Wall Necropolis Monument to Minin and Pozharsky Monument to Grand Duke Sergey Alexandrovich Tomb of the Unknown Soldier Lobnoye Mesto Tsar Cannon Tsar Bell Alexander Garden Obelisk Red Porch Iberian Gate and Chapel Lenin's Mausoleum Former Ascension Convent Chudov Monastery Armorial Gate Robespierre Monument Kremlin Presidium (Building 14)
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null
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Grec_architecture
Neo-Grec
["1 Architecture","2 Decorative arts","2.1 In the United States","3 Painting","4 Music","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
Neoclassical revival style of the mid-to-late 19th century Neo-Grec architecture in the tomb of actor Bogumil Dawison in Dresden, Germany Néo-Grec was a Neoclassical Revival style of the mid-to-late 19th century that was popularized in architecture, the decorative arts, and in painting during France's Second Empire, or the reign of Napoleon III (1852–1870). The Néo-Grec vogue took as its starting point the earlier expressions of the Neoclassical style inspired by 18th-century excavations at Pompeii, which resumed in earnest in 1848, and similar excavations at Herculaneum. The style mixed elements of the Graeco-Roman, Pompeian, Adam and Egyptian Revival styles into "a richly eclectic polychrome mélange." "The style enjoyed a vogue in the United States, and had a short-lived impact on interior design in England and elsewhere." Architecture Main article: Greek Revival architecture In architecture, the Néo-Grec is not always clearly distinguishable from the Neoclassical designs of the earlier part of the century, in buildings such as the Church of the Madeleine, Paris. The classic example of Néo-Grec architecture is Henri Labrouste's innovative Bibliothèque Sainte Genevieve in Paris, 1843–50, generally seen as the first major public building in this later mode of classicism. Not only was the Néo-Grec popular in France, but also in Victorian England and especially in the United States, where its severity accorded with the American Renaissance. The architectural historian Neil Levine has explained the style as a reaction against the rigidity of Classicism. According to Levine, Néo-Grec was a somewhat looser style, which "replaced the rhetorical form of classical architectural discourse by a more literal and descriptive syntax of form." It was meant to be a "readable" architecture. American architect Richard Morris Hunt introduced Néo-Grec massing into his buildings in the late 1860s and 1870s. Hunt's student, Frank Furness, did the same in his early Philadelphia buildings, and experimented with using massing and visual "weight" for dramatic effect.: 154  Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève (1843–1850), Paris, Henri Labrouste, architect Lennox Library (1871–77, demolished 1910), Manhattan, New York City, Richard Morris Hunt, architect Northern Savings Fund Society (1871–72), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Frank Furness, architect Kensington National Bank (1877), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Frank Furness, architect Provident Life and Trust Company (1876–79, demolished 1960), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Frank Furness, architect Decorative arts In the decorative arts, Neo-Grec was based on the standard repertory of Greco-Roman ornament, combining motifs drawn from Greek vase-painting and repetitive architectural motifs like anthemions, palmettes, Greek key with elements from the Adam and Louis XVI styles of early Neoclassicism (c. 1765–1790), and of Napoleonic-era Egyptian Revival decorative arts; it can be identified by the frequent use of isolated motifs of Classical heads and figures, masks, winged griffins, sea-serpents, urns, medallions, arabesques and lotus buds confined within panels, shaped reserves or multiple borders of anthemion, guilloche, and Greek fret pattern. Neo-Grec was eclectic, abstracted, polychromatic, and sometimes bizarre. Its treatment was intentionally dry and linear. Its vignettes and repeating patterns lent themselves to stencilling. Typical "Neo-Grec" color harmonies were rich and harsh: black motifs and outlines against "Pompeian" red, powder blue and puce, bistre and olive drab might be combined in a single decor. The style maintained its supremacy briefly before other fashions came to the top in France. Etruscan room (c.1840), watercolor by Friedrich Wilhelm Klose, City Palace, Potsdam, Germany Cheminée monumentale de style néo-grec (1862), Frédéric-Eugène Piat, Paris, France In the United States Frank Furness and furniture maker Daniel Pabst created Neo-Grec furniture for the city house of liquor baron Henry C. Gibson, circa 1870,: 158–59  and for the library of the architect's brother, Horace Howard Furness, circa 1871.: 166–67  They created paneling and furniture for the Manhattan city house of Theodore Roosevelt Sr., circa 1873.: 180–183  Pabst's Modern Gothic exhibition cabinet (circa 1877-80), now at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, mixed Gothic detailing and exaggerated Corinthian capitals. Drawing room of Henry Gibson (c. 1870), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The Neo-Grec center table is now in the collection of the Detroit Institute of Arts. Dining room of Theodore Roosevelt Sr. (c. 1873), Manhattan, New York City. The dining table is now in the collection of the High Museum of Art. Neo-Grec armchair (c.1870–1875), attributed to Daniel Pabst, Philadelphia, private collection Modern Gothic exhibition cabinet (c.1877–1880), attributed to Daniel Pabst, Philadelphia, Metropolitan Museum of Art Painting In painting, the Neoclassical style continued to be taught in the French Academy des Beaux-Arts, inculcating crisp outlines, pellucid atmosphere, and a clear, clean palette. However, a formal Neo-Grec group of artists was created in the mid 19th century after growing interest in Ancient Greece and Rome, and especially the later excavations at Pompeii. The Paris Salon of 1847, an art exhibition, revealed the academic painter Jean-Léon Gérôme, who in The Cock Fight depicted a composition in which, in a scene of antiquity, a young boy and a girl attend the combat of two cocks. Gérôme gained fame from this exhibition, and in the next year formed the Neo-Grec group with Jean-Louis Hamon and Henri-Pierre Picou—all three pupils in the same atelier under Charles Gleyre. Gleyre himself adopted the tenets of neo-classicism more strictly than others at the time, adopting the classical style and aesthetic, but almost exclusively applying it to myths and motifs from antiquity, recalling both characters from Greek myth, and antique emblems such as bacchantes and putti. The Neo-Grec group took Gleyre's style and interests, but adapted it from use in history painting as in Gleyre's work, into genre painting. Because they were inspired by discoveries at Pompeii, they were also called néo-pompéiens. Hector Leroux was also identified as a Neo-Grec. The paintings of the Neo-Grecs sought to capture everyday, anecdotal trivialities of ancient Greek life, in a manner of whimsy, grace, and charm, and were often realistic, sensual, and erotic. For this reason they were also called "anacreontic" after the Greek poet Anacreon, who wrote sprightly verses in praise of love and wine. Alfred de Tanouarn describes one of Hamon's paintings as "clear, simple and natural, the idea, the attitudes and the aspects. It leads the lips a soft smile; it causes us an inexpressible feeling of pleasure in which one is happy to stop and view the painting". It can perhaps be said the motto of this group was "the goal of art is to charm". Most Neo-Grec paintings were also done in a horizontal layout as in a frieze decoration or Greek vases, with the composition simplified. The Neo-Grec school was criticized in many respects; for its attention to historical detail it was said by Baudelaire "the scholarship is to disguise the absence of imagination", and the subject matter was considered by many as trivial. The painters were also charged with selectively adopting the ancient Greek style, in that they left out noble themes and only focused on trivial daily life—leading to the accusation that they were creating art that supported the ideologies of the bourgeoisie, or comfortable middle class. The discovery in Pompeii also inspired history paintings based on the event, not necessarily strictly in a Neo-Grec style, such as The Last Day of Pompeii by Karl Briullov. The Cock Fight by Jean-Léon Gérôme, 1846 The Old China Shop (Pompeii) by Jean-Louis Hamon, 1860. Hamon was one of the original members of the Neo-Grec group and one of the longest running adapters of the style. Here, Hamon specifically references Pompeii. Maternal Love by Auguste Toulmouche. Toulmouche often associated with the Neo-Grec group and many of his paintings, though not depicting antique subjects, adapted the style to a context that was contemporary, using subjects considered 'bourgeois' in reflecting the daily life of the French middle class. Music The Neo-Grec vogue even made its way into French music through the works of the composer Erik Satie in a series of pieces called Gymnopédies – the title is a reference to dances performed by the youths of ancient Sparta in honour of Diana and Apollo at ceremonies commemorating the dead of the Battle of Thyrea. Their archaic melodies float above a modally oriented harmonic basis. The melodies of the Gnossiennes go further in this direction; they use ancient Greek chromatic mode (A–G flat–F–E–D flat–C–B–A) and an arabesque ornamentation. See also Architecture portal List of architectural styles Goût grec Empire style Federal architecture Neoclassical influenced fashions References Notes ^ a b James Stevens Curl & Susan Wilson, eds., "Néo-Grec," The Oxford Dictionary of Architecture (Oxford University Press, 2015). ^ N. Levine, The Romantic Idea of Architectural Legibility Henri Labrouste and the Neo-Grec, in A. Drexler (ed.), The Architecture of the Ecole des Beaux Arts, New York, 1977, pp. 325–416. ^ N. Levine, The Romantic Idea of Architectural Legibility Henri Labrouste and the Néo-Grec, in A. Drexler (ed.), The Architecture of the Ecole des Beaux Arts, New York, 1977, p. 332. ^ Doreen Bolger Burke, ed., In Pursuit of Beauty: Americans and the Aesthetic Movement (New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1981), p. 469. ^ a b c d George E. Thomas, et al., Frank Furness: The Complete Works (Princeton Architectural Press, 1991, revised 1996). ^ "Elizabethan and later English furniture". Harper's New Monthly Magazine. 56 (331): 18–33. December 1877. ^ David A. Hanks, The Quest for Unity: American Art between World's Fairs, 1876–1893. Detroit Institute of Arts. 1983, pp. 263–264. ^ Dining Table, from High Museum of Art. ^ Louis Gallet, Salon de 1865: peinture, sculpture, Paris: Le Bailly, 1863, p. 19. External links Greek Revival - Buffalo Architecture and History Neo-Grec features and examples from Buffalo Antique Room Neo-Grec furniture furniture gallery Bradbury & Bradbury Wallpapers Neo-grec roomset and links to wallpapers showing typical neo-grec patterns vteHistoricism and Revivalism in architecture and decorative artsInternational Art Deco Art Nouveau Arts and Crafts Baroque Revival Beaux-Arts Neo-Byzantine Carpenter Gothic Egyptian Revival French Provincial Gothic Revival Greek Revival / Neo-Grec Mayan Revival Moorish Revival Neoclassical New Classical Renaissance Revival Châteauesque Italianate Palazzo style Rococo Revival Romanesque Revival Second Empire French European North American Spanish Colonial Revival Swiss chalet style Vernacular France Henry II style Henry IV style Louis XIII style Louis XIV style Louis XV style Louis XVI style Neoclassicism Directoire style Empire style Louis Philippe style Second Empire style Belle Époque Germany, Austria-Hungary Biedermeier Gründerzeit Jugendstil Nazi architecture Resort style Rundbogenstil Great Britain Adamesque Bristol Byzantine Edwardian Baroque Egyptian Revival Georgian Revival Indo-Saracenic Revival British India Jacobethan Neo-Palladian Queen Anne Revival Regency Romanesque Revival Scottish Baronial Tudor Revival / Black-and-white Revival Greece Mycenaean Revival Italy Stile Umbertino Milan Netherlands Traditionalist School Nordic countries Dragon style National Romantic style Gustavian style Nordic Classicism Portugal Neo-Manueline Neo-Mudéjar Soft Portuguese style Poland Zakopane Style Romania Romanian Revival Russian Empire and USSR Neo-Byzantine Neoclassical Revival Russian Revival Stalinist Serbia Serbo-Byzantine Revival Spain Neo-Mudéjar United States American Renaissance Collegiate Gothic Colonial Revival Dutch Colonial Revival Federal style Greco Deco Jeffersonian Mediterranean Revival Mission Revival Pueblo Revival Polish cathedral style Queen Anne style Richardsonian Romanesque Territorial Revival Authority control databases: National France BnF data
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dawison.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bogumil Dawison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogumil_Dawison"},{"link_name":"Dresden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden"},{"link_name":"Second Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_French_Empire"},{"link_name":"Napoleon III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_III"},{"link_name":"Pompeii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompeii"},{"link_name":"Herculaneum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herculaneum"},{"link_name":"Graeco-Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Revival_architecture"},{"link_name":"Adam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_style#Revival"},{"link_name":"Egyptian Revival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Revival_architecture"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oxford-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oxford-1"}],"text":"Neo-Grec architecture in the tomb of actor Bogumil Dawison in Dresden, GermanyNéo-Grec was a Neoclassical Revival style of the mid-to-late 19th century that was popularized in architecture, the decorative arts, and in painting during France's Second Empire, or the reign of Napoleon III (1852–1870). The Néo-Grec vogue took as its starting point the earlier expressions of the Neoclassical style inspired by 18th-century excavations at Pompeii, which resumed in earnest in 1848, and similar excavations at Herculaneum. The style mixed elements of the Graeco-Roman, Pompeian, Adam and Egyptian Revival styles into \"a richly eclectic polychrome mélange.\"[1] \"The style enjoyed a vogue in the United States, and had a short-lived impact on interior design in England and elsewhere.\"[1]","title":"Neo-Grec"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Church of the Madeleine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Madeleine"},{"link_name":"Henri Labrouste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Labrouste"},{"link_name":"Bibliothèque Sainte Genevieve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_Sainte_Genevieve"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Victorian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_era"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"American Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Renaissance"},{"link_name":"Neil Levine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Levine_(art_historian)"},{"link_name":"Classicism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classicism"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Richard Morris Hunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Morris_Hunt"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Frank Furness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Furness"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Furness-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Biblioth%C3%A8que_St_Genevi%C3%A8ve_Paris.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_Sainte-Genevi%C3%A8ve"},{"link_name":"Henri Labrouste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Labrouste"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lenox_Library_Loeffler.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lennox Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenox_Library_(New_York_City)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Northern_Saving_Fund.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FRONT_ELEVATION,_LOOKING_SOUTHWEST_-_Kensington_National_Bank,_2-8_West_Girard_Avenue,_Philadelphia,_Philadelphia_County,_PA_HABS_PA,51-PHILA,460-1.tif"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ProvidentTrust.jpg"}],"text":"In architecture, the Néo-Grec is not always clearly distinguishable from the Neoclassical designs of the earlier part of the century, in buildings such as the Church of the Madeleine, Paris. The classic example of Néo-Grec architecture is Henri Labrouste's innovative Bibliothèque Sainte Genevieve in Paris, 1843–50, generally seen as the first major public building in this later mode of classicism.Not only was the Néo-Grec popular in France, but also in Victorian England and especially in the United States, where its severity accorded with the American Renaissance. The architectural historian Neil Levine has explained the style as a reaction against the rigidity of Classicism.[2] According to Levine, Néo-Grec was a somewhat looser style, which \"replaced the rhetorical form of classical architectural discourse by a more literal and descriptive syntax of form.\"[3] It was meant to be a \"readable\" architecture.American architect Richard Morris Hunt introduced Néo-Grec massing into his buildings in the late 1860s and 1870s.[4] Hunt's student, Frank Furness, did the same in his early Philadelphia buildings, and experimented with using massing and visual \"weight\" for dramatic effect.[5]: 154Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève (1843–1850), Paris, Henri Labrouste, architect\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLennox Library (1871–77, demolished 1910), Manhattan, New York City, Richard Morris Hunt, architect\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNorthern Savings Fund Society (1871–72), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Frank Furness, architect\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tKensington National Bank (1877), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Frank Furness, architect\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tProvident Life and Trust Company (1876–79, demolished 1960), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Frank Furness, architect","title":"Architecture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greek vase-painting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pottery_of_Ancient_Greece"},{"link_name":"anthemions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthemion"},{"link_name":"palmettes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmette"},{"link_name":"Greek key","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meander_(art)"},{"link_name":"Adam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_style"},{"link_name":"Louis XVI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XVI_style"},{"link_name":"Egyptian Revival decorative arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Revival_decorative_arts"},{"link_name":"arabesques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabesque_(European_art)"},{"link_name":"stencilling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stencil"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harpers1877-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Etrurisches_Zimmer.jpg"},{"link_name":"City Palace, Potsdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Palace,_Potsdam"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric-Eug%C3%A8ne_Piat_-_Chemin%C3%A9e_monumentale_de_style_n%C3%A9o-grec.JPG"}],"text":"In the decorative arts, Neo-Grec was based on the standard repertory of Greco-Roman ornament, combining motifs drawn from Greek vase-painting and repetitive architectural motifs like anthemions, palmettes, Greek key with elements from the Adam and Louis XVI styles of early Neoclassicism (c. 1765–1790), and of Napoleonic-era Egyptian Revival decorative arts; it can be identified by the frequent use of isolated motifs of Classical heads and figures, masks, winged griffins, sea-serpents, urns, medallions, arabesques and lotus buds confined within panels, shaped reserves or multiple borders of anthemion, guilloche, and Greek fret pattern. Neo-Grec was eclectic, abstracted, polychromatic, and sometimes bizarre. Its treatment was intentionally dry and linear. Its vignettes and repeating patterns lent themselves to stencilling. Typical \"Neo-Grec\" color harmonies were rich and harsh: black motifs and outlines against \"Pompeian\" red, powder blue and puce, bistre and olive drab might be combined in a single decor. The style maintained its supremacy briefly before other fashions came to the top in France.[6]Etruscan room (c.1840), watercolor by Friedrich Wilhelm Klose, City Palace, Potsdam, Germany\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCheminée monumentale de style néo-grec (1862), Frédéric-Eugène Piat, Paris, France","title":"Decorative arts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Daniel Pabst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Pabst"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Furness-5"},{"link_name":"Horace Howard Furness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Howard_Furness"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Furness-5"},{"link_name":"Theodore Roosevelt Sr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Sr."},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Furness-5"},{"link_name":"Modern Gothic exhibition cabinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Gothic_cabinet"},{"link_name":"Corinthian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corinthian_column"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Henry_Gibson_Drawing_Room_from_Sheldon_1883-84.jpg"},{"link_name":"Detroit Institute of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Institute_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RooseveltDiningroom.jpg"},{"link_name":"High Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pabst_Neo-Grec_Armchair_profile.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cabinet_MET_DT180_cropped.jpg"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art"}],"sub_title":"In the United States","text":"Frank Furness and furniture maker Daniel Pabst created Neo-Grec furniture for the city house of liquor baron Henry C. Gibson, circa 1870,[5]: 158–59  and for the library of the architect's brother, Horace Howard Furness, circa 1871.[5]: 166–67  They created paneling and furniture for the Manhattan city house of Theodore Roosevelt Sr., circa 1873.[5]: 180–183  Pabst's Modern Gothic exhibition cabinet (circa 1877-80), now at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, mixed Gothic detailing and exaggerated Corinthian capitals.Drawing room of Henry Gibson (c. 1870), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The Neo-Grec center table is now in the collection of the Detroit Institute of Arts.[7]\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDining room of Theodore Roosevelt Sr. (c. 1873), Manhattan, New York City. The dining table is now in the collection of the High Museum of Art.[8]\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNeo-Grec armchair (c.1870–1875), attributed to Daniel Pabst, Philadelphia, private collection\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tModern Gothic exhibition cabinet (c.1877–1880), attributed to Daniel Pabst, Philadelphia, Metropolitan Museum of Art","title":"Decorative arts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"painting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painting"},{"link_name":"Ancient Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greece"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome"},{"link_name":"Pompeii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompeii"},{"link_name":"Paris Salon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Salon"},{"link_name":"academic painter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_art"},{"link_name":"Jean-Léon Gérôme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me"},{"link_name":"The Cock Fight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cock_Fight"},{"link_name":"cocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooster"},{"link_name":"Jean-Louis Hamon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Louis_Hamon"},{"link_name":"Henri-Pierre Picou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri-Pierre_Picou"},{"link_name":"Charles Gleyre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Gleyre"},{"link_name":"history painting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_painting"},{"link_name":"genre painting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genre_painting"},{"link_name":"Hector Leroux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Hector_Leroux"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"ancient Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greece"},{"link_name":"Anacreon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anacreon"},{"link_name":"frieze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frieze"},{"link_name":"Baudelaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baudelaire"},{"link_name":"bourgeoisie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourgeoisie"},{"link_name":"The Last Day of Pompeii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Last_Day_of_Pompeii"},{"link_name":"Karl Briullov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Briullov"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_-_Jeunes_Grecs_faisant_battre_des_coqs,_1846.jpg"},{"link_name":"The Cock Fight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cock_Fight"},{"link_name":"Jean-Léon Gérôme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hamon_Jean-Louis-Old_China_Shop_(Pompeii).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Toulmouche_Auguste-Maternal_Love.jpg"}],"text":"In painting, the Neoclassical style continued to be taught in the French Academy des Beaux-Arts, inculcating crisp outlines, pellucid atmosphere, and a clear, clean palette. However, a formal Neo-Grec group of artists was created in the mid 19th century after growing interest in Ancient Greece and Rome, and especially the later excavations at Pompeii. The Paris Salon of 1847, an art exhibition, revealed the academic painter Jean-Léon Gérôme, who in The Cock Fight depicted a composition in which, in a scene of antiquity, a young boy and a girl attend the combat of two cocks. Gérôme gained fame from this exhibition, and in the next year formed the Neo-Grec group with Jean-Louis Hamon and Henri-Pierre Picou—all three pupils in the same atelier under Charles Gleyre.Gleyre himself adopted the tenets of neo-classicism more strictly than others at the time, adopting the classical style and aesthetic, but almost exclusively applying it to myths and motifs from antiquity, recalling both characters from Greek myth, and antique emblems such as bacchantes and putti. The Neo-Grec group took Gleyre's style and interests, but adapted it from use in history painting as in Gleyre's work, into genre painting. Because they were inspired by discoveries at Pompeii, they were also called néo-pompéiens.Hector Leroux was also identified as a Neo-Grec.[9]The paintings of the Neo-Grecs sought to capture everyday, anecdotal trivialities of ancient Greek life, in a manner of whimsy, grace, and charm, and were often realistic, sensual, and erotic. For this reason they were also called \"anacreontic\" after the Greek poet Anacreon, who wrote sprightly verses in praise of love and wine. Alfred de Tanouarn describes one of Hamon's paintings as \"clear, simple and natural, the idea, the attitudes and the aspects. It leads the lips a soft smile; it causes us an inexpressible feeling of pleasure in which one is happy to stop and view the painting\". It can perhaps be said the motto of this group was \"the goal of art is to charm\". Most Neo-Grec paintings were also done in a horizontal layout as in a frieze decoration or Greek vases, with the composition simplified.The Neo-Grec school was criticized in many respects; for its attention to historical detail it was said by Baudelaire \"the scholarship is to disguise the absence of imagination\", and the subject matter was considered by many as trivial. The painters were also charged with selectively adopting the ancient Greek style, in that they left out noble themes and only focused on trivial daily life—leading to the accusation that they were creating art that supported the ideologies of the bourgeoisie, or comfortable middle class.The discovery in Pompeii also inspired history paintings based on the event, not necessarily strictly in a Neo-Grec style, such as The Last Day of Pompeii by Karl Briullov.The Cock Fight by Jean-Léon Gérôme, 1846\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Old China Shop (Pompeii) by Jean-Louis Hamon, 1860. Hamon was one of the original members of the Neo-Grec group and one of the longest running adapters of the style. Here, Hamon specifically references Pompeii.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMaternal Love by Auguste Toulmouche. Toulmouche often associated with the Neo-Grec group and many of his paintings, though not depicting antique subjects, adapted the style to a context that was contemporary, using subjects considered 'bourgeois' in reflecting the daily life of the French middle class.","title":"Painting"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music"},{"link_name":"Erik Satie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik_Satie"},{"link_name":"Gymnopédies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnop%C3%A9dies"},{"link_name":"Sparta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparta"},{"link_name":"Diana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana_(goddess)"},{"link_name":"Apollo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo"},{"link_name":"Battle of Thyrea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_300_Champions"},{"link_name":"Gnossiennes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnossiennes"},{"link_name":"arabesque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabesque_(European_art)"}],"text":"The Neo-Grec vogue even made its way into French music through the works of the composer Erik Satie in a series of pieces called Gymnopédies – the title is a reference to dances performed by the youths of ancient Sparta in honour of Diana and Apollo at ceremonies commemorating the dead of the Battle of Thyrea. Their archaic melodies float above a modally oriented harmonic basis. The melodies of the Gnossiennes go further in this direction; they use ancient Greek chromatic mode (A–G flat–F–E–D flat–C–B–A) and an arabesque ornamentation.","title":"Music"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Th%C3%A9ophile_Hingre
Louis Théophile Hingre
["1 Life and career","2 Works","3 Gallery","4 References","5 Further reading"]
Louis Théophile Hingre (also known as Théophile Hingre) was a French painter, sculptor, engraver, illustrator and poster artist. He was born in 1832 in Écouen, where he also died, in 1911. His specialty was sculptures of animals. Life and career Hingre was born on 19 November 1832, in Écouen. At the age of 12, he was apprenticed in Paris to the studio of Henri Louis Gervais and Adrien Possot to learn ornamental sculpture and manufacture of bronzes. His apprenticeship continued until he was 25. In 1851, at the age of 19, he married Louise Dailly. They had four children, Maximilien, Clémentine, Marguerite and finally Leon, who also became a painter, forging his career in England. During Hingre's career, he was a member of the artistic jury of his department (d'État de la Seine) from 1896 till 1906, an officer of the Academy of Arts from 1899 and a public teacher of the arts from 1908. A republican by political orientation, he was close to Louis Blanc, having met him during the 1848 revolution. He made sculptures for republican banquets, photographs of which remain, although the works themselves are lost. Because of his political activism, Hingre twice had to flee to England, once in 1848, and once in 1858. While in England, he worked in Birmingham as the ornamental sculptor of Elkington & Co. During this employment he first began to sculpt animals; is first works were horse racing trophies. He first exhibited at the Salon in 1860, despite his British exile. He continued to work for Elkington & Co until he returned to France. In 1869, after his return to France, he lived in Paris. There he regularly took part in the competitions of the 'Union centrale des arts décoratifs' and exhibited almost yearly at the Salon until he was 78. He presented 45 works in the years 1860 to 1910. He was also a member of many goldsmiths organisations. He won a gold medal at the 1878 International Workers Collective Exhibition, and collaborated on works that obtained medals at the 1878 and 1890 Universal Expositions. His admiration for Mucha, and his reputation as a poster artist, led to him being hired to produce Art Nouveau style posters for the Violet perfume house. At the age of 79, he died on 12 November 1911 at the house of his daughter Clémentine in Écouen. A street in Écouen is named for him. Works An example of Hingre's work can be found at the Victoria and Albert Museum, where a poster he designed for Theophile Roederer champagne can be seen. Gallery References ^ a b c d e L'art: revue mensuelle illustrée..., Volume 66. Librairie de l'Art. 1906. ^ a b c d e "Louis Théophile Hingre | EcoleEcouen". www.peintres-ecouen.com (in French). Retrieved 2017-04-28. ^ "vie". www.hingre-lt.fr (in French). Retrieved 2018-01-10. ^ "Champagne Theophile Roederer & Co. | Hingre, Louis Théophile | V&A Search the Collections". collections.vam.ac.uk. Retrieved 2018-01-10. Further reading Wikimedia Commons has media related to Louis Théophile Hingre. "Hingre, Théophile | Benezit Dictionary of Artists". 2011. doi:10.1093/benz/9780199773787.article.b00087832. Retrieved 2018-06-06. Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany Artists ULAN People Deutsche Biographie
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His apprenticeship continued until he was 25.[1][2] In 1851, at the age of 19, he married Louise Dailly. They had four children, Maximilien, Clémentine, Marguerite and finally Leon, who also became a painter, forging his career in England.[2]During Hingre's career, he was a member of the artistic jury of his department (d'État de la Seine) from 1896 till 1906, an officer of the Academy of Arts from 1899 and a public teacher of the arts from 1908.A republican by political orientation, he was close to Louis Blanc, having met him during the 1848 revolution. He made sculptures for republican banquets, photographs of which remain, although the works themselves are lost. Because of his political activism, Hingre twice had to flee to England, once in 1848, and once in 1858. While in England, he worked in Birmingham as the ornamental sculptor of Elkington & Co. During this employment he first began to sculpt animals; is first works were horse racing trophies.[1] He first exhibited at the Salon in 1860, despite his British exile.He continued to work for Elkington & Co until he returned to France.[1] In 1869, after his return to France, he lived in Paris.[1] There he regularly took part in the competitions of the 'Union centrale des arts décoratifs' and exhibited almost yearly at the Salon until he was 78. He presented 45 works in the years 1860 to 1910. He was also a member of many goldsmiths organisations. He won a gold medal at the 1878 International Workers Collective Exhibition, and collaborated on works that obtained medals at the 1878 and 1890 Universal Expositions.His admiration for Mucha, and his reputation as a poster artist, led to him being hired to produce Art Nouveau style posters for the Violet perfume house.[2]At the age of 79, he died on 12 November 1911 at the house of his daughter Clémentine in Écouen.[2] A street in Écouen is named for him.[3]","title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Victoria and Albert Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"An example of Hingre's work can be found at the Victoria and Albert Museum, where a poster he designed for Theophile Roederer champagne can be seen.[4]","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Louis_Theophile_Hingre_-_Poster.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Louis_Th%C3%A9ophile_Hingre_-_V%C3%B6gel_und_Blumen.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Louis_Theophile_Hingre_-_Window_card_1895.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Louis-Th%C3%A9ophile_Hingre_-_Chocolat_Carpentier.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Parfums_Violet_affiche_am%C3%A9ricaine.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Louis-Th%C3%A9ophile_Hingre_-_Th%C3%A9ophile_Roederer_%26_Co_1897.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Louis_Th%C3%A9ophile_Hingre_-_Nouvelles_Galeries.jpg"}],"title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Louis Théophile Hingre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Louis_Th%C3%A9ophile_Hingre"},{"link_name":"\"Hingre, Théophile | Benezit Dictionary of Artists\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.oxfordartonline.com/view/10.1093/benz/9780199773787.001.0001/acref-9780199773787-e-00087832"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1093/benz/9780199773787.article.b00087832","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Fbenz%2F9780199773787.article.b00087832"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3263189#identifiers"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/300131991"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/1034150499"},{"link_name":"ULAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500145882"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Biographie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd1034150499.html?language=en"}],"text":"Wikimedia Commons has media related to Louis Théophile Hingre.\"Hingre, Théophile | Benezit Dictionary of Artists\". 2011. doi:10.1093/benz/9780199773787.article.b00087832. Retrieved 2018-06-06.Authority control databases International\nVIAF\nNational\nGermany\nArtists\nULAN\nPeople\nDeutsche Biographie","title":"Further reading"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9rgio_Henrique_Ferreira
Sérgio Henrique Ferreira
["1 Biography","2 Awards and accolades","3 Bibliography","4 Sources"]
Brazilian physician and pharmacologist (1934–2016) This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (February 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Sérgio Henrique FerreiraBorn(1934-10-04)October 4, 1934 Franca, São Paulo, BrazilDiedJuly 17, 2016(2016-07-17) (aged 81)Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, BrazilEducationFaculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão PretoAlma materUniversity of São PauloKnown forDiscovery of the bradykinin potentiating factorAwardsTWAS Prize (Third World Academy of Sciences); Premio México de Ciencia y Tecnología (1999); foreign member of the U.S. National Academy of SciencesScientific careerFieldsPhysician, pharmacologistInstitutionsFaculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto of the University of São Paulo Sérgio Henrique Ferreira (October 4, 1934 – July 17, 2016) was a Brazilian physician and pharmacologist noted for the discovery of the bradykinin potentiating factor, which led to new and widely used anti-hypertension drugs — the ACE inhibitors. Biography Ferreira received his M.D. from the Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto of the University of São Paulo (USP) and soon became staff member of the same school, where he was a member of the Department of Pharmacology. His research training in pharmacology initiated in this Department with Prof. Maurício Rocha e Silva, the discoverer of bradykinin. While working on this subject, he discovered a family of peptides present in the venom of a Brazilian snake, Bothrops jararaca, which inhibited kininase activity and strongly potentiated the effects of bradykinin in vivo and in vitro. This factor was named bradykinin potentiating factor, BPF. In 1968, with the collaboration of Dr. Lewis Joel Greene, from the Brookhaven National Laboratory, U.S., he isolated several pharmacologically active peptides responsible for the activity of BPF. Using those peptides, was demonstrated a general parallelism between bradykinin potentiation and inhibition of Angiotensin I conversion. Subsequently, his group elucidated the structure of the smallest peptide, and using the synthetic pentapeptide, demonstrated its ability to potentiate bradykinin and to inhibit the conversion of angiotensin I in vivo in experimental models of hypertension. His work in this area paved the way for the development of a new class of antihypertensive drugs, the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors by Squibb scientists. For this work with the Bothrops peptide he received the CIBA Award for Hypertension Research of 1983, together with Drs. E. Ondetti and D. Cushman from Squibb laboratories. While working in London in the early 1970s with John R. Vane (Nobel prize in Medicine, 1983), he participated in the discovery of the inhibition of the synthesis of prostaglandins by aspirin-like drugs. At that time, he proposed that the mechanism of the analgesic action of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) was due to the prevention of pain receptor sensitization which results from an inhibition of the synthesis of prostaglandins. This hypothesis was supported by further work from his laboratory and from many other investigators. His studies on the basic mechanisms involved in the development of inflammatory hyperalgesia led to the discovery that a select class of analgesics like metamizole, in contrast to the classical NSAIDs, are able to counteract the ongoing sensitization of the primary sensory neuron via the stimulation of the arginine/nitric oxide pathway. He characterized a phenomenon described as retrograde sensitization of the primary sensory neuron, which emphasizes the importance of the peripheral component of the inflammatory pain. His group made a relevant contribution to the role of bradykinin and of cytokines in the development of inflammatory hyperalgesia. He found that among the cytokines, interleukin 1b mediates the endogenous release of prostaglandins and IL-8 is responsible for the development of the sympathetic hyperalgesia. In this area he described an antagonist of IL-1 that is now being developed as a model for a new class of analgesics. Awards and accolades Ferreira's contributions to science are extensively recognized. In 1995, he received the National Order of Scientific Merit in the Great Cross level, and received several awards and medals, such as the TWAS Prize from the Third World Academy of Sciences (1990 and 1992), the Mexican Prize of Science and Technology (1999), the Rheimboldt-Hauptmann Prize of the University of São Paulo (2001) and the Péter Murányi Prize (2002). He was in the editorial board of several international journals, was foreign member of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences. Ferreira was also a noted scientific leader in Brazil. He helped to found and is one of the editors-in-chief of the most influential international biomedical scientific journal, Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, was a member of the Brazilian National Academy of Sciences and of the Brazilian Council of Science and Technology. He was founder and past president of the Brazilian Society for Pharmacology and Therapeutics and of the Brazilian Society for the Progress of Science (SBPC). Bibliography Ferreira, S. H. 1972. Prostaglandins, aspirin-like drugs and analgesia. Nature New Biology. vol. 240, p. 200-203. Ferreira, S. H. and Nakamura, M. 1979. II-Prostaglandins hyperalgesia: the peripheral analgesic activity of morphine, enkephalins and opioid antagonists. Prostaglandins. vol. 18, p. 191-200. Ferreira, S. H., et al. 1988. Interleukin-1b as a potent hyperalgesic agent antagonized by a tripeptide analogue. Nature. vol. 334, p. 698-700. Ferreira, S. H., et al. 1991. The molecular mechanism of action of peripheral morphine analgesia: stimulation of cGMP system via nitric oxide release. European Journal of Pharmacology. vol. 201, p. 121-122. Ferreira, S. H., et al. 1993. Bradykinin initiates cytokine mediated inflammatory hyperalgesia. Brazilian Journal of Pharmacological Sciences. vol. 110, p. 1227-1231. Ferreira, S. H. and Lorenzetti, B. B. 1994. Glutamate spinal retrograde sensitization of primary sensory neurons associated with nociception. Neuropharmacology. vol. 33, no. 11, p. 1479-1485. Sources ^ "Profile at ABC (Academia Brasileira de Ciências)". ABC (in Portuguese). Retrieved 20 July 2016. ^ "Morre cientista Sergio Henrique Ferreira, aos 81 anos". reporterdiario.com.br. 19 July 2016. Retrieved 20 July 2016. ^ "Prizes and Awards". The World Academy of Sciences. 2016. Adapted from Sérgio Henrique Ferreira Biography. Brazilian Academy of Sciences. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data United States Netherlands Other IdRef
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Vane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_R._Vane"},{"link_name":"Nobel prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_prize"},{"link_name":"prostaglandins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostaglandins"},{"link_name":"aspirin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspirin"},{"link_name":"analgesic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analgesic"},{"link_name":"nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonsteroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug"},{"link_name":"pain receptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pain_receptor"},{"link_name":"sensitization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensitization"},{"link_name":"hyperalgesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperalgesia"},{"link_name":"metamizole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamizole"},{"link_name":"primary sensory neuron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_sensory_neuron"},{"link_name":"arginine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arginine"},{"link_name":"nitric oxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitric_oxide"},{"link_name":"cytokines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytokine"},{"link_name":"interleukin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interleukin"}],"text":"Ferreira received his M.D. from the Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto of the University of São Paulo (USP) and soon became staff member of the same school, where he was a member of the Department of Pharmacology. His research training in pharmacology initiated in this Department with Prof. Maurício Rocha e Silva, the discoverer of bradykinin. While working on this subject, he discovered a family of peptides present in the venom of a Brazilian snake, Bothrops jararaca, which inhibited kininase activity and strongly potentiated the effects of bradykinin in vivo and in vitro. This factor was named bradykinin potentiating factor, BPF. In 1968, with the collaboration of Dr. Lewis Joel Greene, from the Brookhaven National Laboratory, U.S., he isolated several pharmacologically active peptides responsible for the activity of BPF. Using those peptides, was demonstrated a general parallelism between bradykinin potentiation and inhibition of Angiotensin I conversion. Subsequently, his group elucidated the structure of the smallest peptide, and using the synthetic pentapeptide, demonstrated its ability to potentiate bradykinin and to inhibit the conversion of angiotensin I in vivo in experimental models of hypertension. His work in this area paved the way for the development of a new class of antihypertensive drugs, the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors by Squibb scientists. For this work with the Bothrops peptide he received the CIBA Award for Hypertension Research of 1983, together with Drs. E. Ondetti and D. Cushman from Squibb laboratories.While working in London in the early 1970s with John R. Vane (Nobel prize in Medicine, 1983), he participated in the discovery of the inhibition of the synthesis of prostaglandins by aspirin-like drugs. At that time, he proposed that the mechanism of the analgesic action of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) was due to the prevention of pain receptor sensitization which results from an inhibition of the synthesis of prostaglandins. This hypothesis was supported by further work from his laboratory and from many other investigators. His studies on the basic mechanisms involved in the development of inflammatory hyperalgesia led to the discovery that a select class of analgesics like metamizole, in contrast to the classical NSAIDs, are able to counteract the ongoing sensitization of the primary sensory neuron via the stimulation of the arginine/nitric oxide pathway. He characterized a phenomenon described as retrograde sensitization of the primary sensory neuron, which emphasizes the importance of the peripheral component of the inflammatory pain. His group made a relevant contribution to the role of bradykinin and of cytokines in the development of inflammatory hyperalgesia. He found that among the cytokines, interleukin 1b mediates the endogenous release of prostaglandins and IL-8 is responsible for the development of the sympathetic hyperalgesia. In this area he described an antagonist of IL-1 that is now being developed as a model for a new class of analgesics.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"TWAS Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TWAS_Prize"},{"link_name":"Third World Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_World_Academy_of_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Prizes_and_Awards-3"},{"link_name":"National Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_National_Academy_of_Sciences"},{"link_name":"Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Journal_of_Medical_and_Biological_Research"},{"link_name":"Brazilian National Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_National_Academy_of_Sciences"},{"link_name":"Brazilian Council of Science and Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Council_of_Science_and_Technology"},{"link_name":"Brazilian Society for Pharmacology and Therapeutics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brazilian_Society_for_Pharmacology_and_Therapeutics&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Brazilian Society for the Progress of Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Society_for_the_Progress_of_Science"}],"text":"Ferreira's contributions to science are extensively recognized. In 1995, he received the National Order of Scientific Merit in the Great Cross level, and received several awards and medals, such as the TWAS Prize from the Third World Academy of Sciences[3] (1990 and 1992), the Mexican Prize of Science and Technology (1999), the Rheimboldt-Hauptmann Prize of the University of São Paulo (2001) and the Péter Murányi Prize (2002). He was in the editorial board of several international journals, was foreign member of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences. Ferreira was also a noted scientific leader in Brazil. He helped to found and is one of the editors-in-chief of the most influential international biomedical scientific journal, Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, was a member of the Brazilian National Academy of Sciences and of the Brazilian Council of Science and Technology. He was founder and past president of the Brazilian Society for Pharmacology and Therapeutics and of the Brazilian Society for the Progress of Science (SBPC).","title":"Awards and accolades"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Ferreira, S. H. 1972. Prostaglandins, aspirin-like drugs and analgesia. Nature New Biology. vol. 240, p. 200-203.\nFerreira, S. H. and Nakamura, M. 1979. II-Prostaglandins hyperalgesia: the peripheral analgesic activity of morphine, enkephalins and opioid antagonists. Prostaglandins. vol. 18, p. 191-200.\nFerreira, S. H., et al. 1988. Interleukin-1b as a potent hyperalgesic agent antagonized by a tripeptide analogue. Nature. vol. 334, p. 698-700.\nFerreira, S. H., et al. 1991. The molecular mechanism of action of peripheral morphine analgesia: stimulation of cGMP system via nitric oxide release. European Journal of Pharmacology. vol. 201, p. 121-122.\nFerreira, S. H., et al. 1993. Bradykinin initiates cytokine mediated inflammatory hyperalgesia. Brazilian Journal of Pharmacological Sciences. vol. 110, p. 1227-1231.\nFerreira, S. H. and Lorenzetti, B. B. 1994. Glutamate spinal retrograde sensitization of primary sensory neurons associated with nociception. Neuropharmacology. vol. 33, no. 11, p. 1479-1485.","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Profile at ABC (Academia Brasileira de Ciências)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.abc.org.br/resultadoPT.php3?codigo=sferreira"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Morre cientista Sergio Henrique Ferreira, aos 81 anos\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.reporterdiario.com.br/noticia/2208176/morre-cientista-sergio-henrique-ferreira-aos-81-anos/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Prizes_and_Awards_3-0"},{"link_name":"\"Prizes and Awards\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//twas.org/opportunities/prizes-and-awards"},{"link_name":"Sérgio Henrique Ferreira Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20050122200429/http://www.abc.org.br/english/orgn/acaen.asp?codigo=sferreira"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q517999#identifiers"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000081132849"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/34519240"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJdx6rQVh3BPJVxPpTbcfq"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb122828302"},{"link_name":"BnF data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb122828302"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n78004721"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068464657"},{"link_name":"IdRef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.idref.fr/031653855"}],"text":"^ \"Profile at ABC (Academia Brasileira de Ciências)\". ABC (in Portuguese). Retrieved 20 July 2016.\n\n^ \"Morre cientista Sergio Henrique Ferreira, aos 81 anos\". reporterdiario.com.br. 19 July 2016. Retrieved 20 July 2016.\n\n^ \"Prizes and Awards\". The World Academy of Sciences. 2016.Adapted from Sérgio Henrique Ferreira Biography. Brazilian Academy of Sciences.Authority control databases International\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nFrance\nBnF data\nUnited States\nNetherlands\nOther\nIdRef","title":"Sources"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_toothbrush
Electric toothbrush
["1 History","2 Types","2.1 Oscillating rotating","2.2 Sonic","2.3 Ultrasonic","3 Effectiveness","4 Power source and charging","5 Environmental concerns","6 Optional features","6.1 Timer","6.2 Display","6.3 Pressure sensor","6.4 Ultrasound indicator","6.5 Bluetooth","7 Cleaning modes","8 References"]
Oral hygiene instrument A typical electric toothbrush An electric toothbrush, motorized toothbrush, or battery-powered toothbrush is a toothbrush that makes rapid automatic bristle motions, either back-and-forth oscillation or rotation-oscillation (where the brush head alternates clockwise and counterclockwise rotation), in order to clean teeth. Motions at sonic speeds or below are made by a motor. In the case of ultrasonic toothbrushes, ultrasonic motions are produced by a piezoelectric crystal. A modern electric toothbrush is usually powered by a rechargeable battery charged through inductive charging when the brush sits in the charging base between uses. Electric toothbrushes can be classified according to the frequency (speed) of their movements as power, sonic or ultrasonic toothbrushes, depending on whether they make movements that are below, in or above the audible range (20–20,000 Hz or 2400–2,400,000 movements per minute), respectively. History A Motodent electric toothbrush. A patent for this toothbrush was filed in 1937. The earliest example of an electric toothbrush was first produced by Tomlinson Moseley. Sold as the Motodent, a patent was filed by his company, Motodent Inc. on December 13, 1937. In Switzerland in 1954 Dr. Philippe Guy Woog invented the Broxodent. Woog's electric toothbrushes were originally manufactured in Switzerland (later in France) for Broxo S.A. The device plugged into a standard wall outlet and ran on line voltage. Electric toothbrushes were initially created for patients with limited motor skills and for orthodontic patients (such as those with braces). The Broxo Electric Toothbrush was introduced in the US by E. R. Squibb and Sons Pharmaceuticals in 1960. After introduction, it was marketed in the US by Squibb under the names Broxo-Dent or Broxodent. In the 1980s Squibb transferred distribution of the Broxodent line to the Somerset Labs division of Bristol-Myers Squibb. The General Electric automatic toothbrush was introduced in the early 1960s; it was cordless, with rechargeable NiCad batteries and although portable, was rather bulky, about the size of a two-D-cell flashlight handle. NiCad batteries of this period suffered from the memory effect. The GE automatic toothbrush came with a charging stand that held the hand piece upright; most units were kept in the charger, which is not the best way to get maximum service life from a NiCad battery. Also, early NiCad batteries tended to have a short lifespan. The batteries were sealed inside the GE device, and the whole unit had to be discarded when the batteries failed. The use of an AC line voltage appliance in a bathroom environment was problematic. By the early 1990s Underwriter Laboratories (UL) and Canadian Standards Association (CSA) no longer certified line-voltage appliances for bathroom use. Newer appliances had to use a step-down transformer to operate at low voltage (typically 12, 16 or 24 volts). Wiring standards in many countries require that outlets in bath areas must be protected by a RCD/GFCI device (e.g., required in the US since the 1970s on bathroom outlets in new construction). By the 1990s there were problems with safety certification of Broxo's original design. Further, improved battery-operated toothbrushes were providing formidable competition. The first ultrasonic toothbrush, first called the Ultima and later the Ultrasonex, was patented in the US in 1992, the same year the FDA gave it approval for daily home use. Initially, the Ultima worked only on ultrasound, but a few years later, a motor was added to give the Ultrasonex brush additional sonic vibration. Today, several ultrasonic toothbrushes simultaneously provide both ultrasound and sonic vibration. In more modern times, electric toothbrushes have been used as a substitute for vibrators for those who wish to avoid embarrassment. The negative environmental impact of electric toothbrushes when compared with manual toothbrushes has been established. Types Electric toothbrush Electric toothbrushes can be classified according to their type of action: Side to side vibration, which has a brush head action that moves laterally from side to side. Counter oscillation, which has a brush action in which adjacent tufts of bristles (usually six to 10 in number) rotate in one direction and then the other, independently, with each tuft rotating in the opposite direction to that adjacent to it. Rotation oscillation, which has a brush action in which the brush head rotates in one direction and then the other. Circular, which has a brush action in which the brush head rotates in one direction only. Ultrasonic, which has a brush action where the bristles vibrate at ultrasonic frequencies (> 20 kHz). Ionic, which has a brush that aims to impart an electrical charge to the tooth surface with the intent of disrupting the attachment of dental plaque. For some vibrating toothbrush designs, a brushing technique similar to that used with a manual toothbrush is recommended, whereas with brushes with a spinning head the recommended cleaning technique is to simply move the brush slowly from tooth to tooth. Electric toothbrushes can also be classified according to the speed of their movements as standard power toothbrushes, sonic toothbrushes or ultrasonic toothbrushes. If the motion of the toothbrush is sufficiently rapid to produce a hum in the audible frequency of human range (20 Hz to 20,000 Hz), it can be classified as a sonic toothbrush. Any electric toothbrush with movement faster than this limit can be classified as an ultrasonic toothbrush. Certain ultrasonic toothbrushes, such as the Megasonex and the Ultreo, have both sonic and ultrasonic movements. Oscillating rotating Oral-B iO toothbrush The oscillating rotating toothbrush is a type of electric toothbrush which was introduced by Oral-B in the 1990s. This type of toothbrush is not shaped like a conventional manual toothbrush. Instead, it is made of a small round brush head that oscillates and rotates to remove plaque. The shape of the brush head is very similar to the prophylaxis hand piece used by dental professionals to remove plaque in the dental office. This design enables the bristles to reach further into the hard-to-reach areas between the teeth to remove plaque. Some versions of the oscillating rotating toothbrush also involve a pulsating motion which enables a more three dimensional clean. The Oral-B iO toothbrush has a linear magnetic drive system. This system allows the concentration of energy to be at the tip of the brush bristles while using the oscillating rotating motion. The brush also allows for 3D tracking using artificial intelligence that connects the toothbrush with an app. This technology enables to the user to have instant feedback on their brushing efficacy and can track the data if the user wishes to bring the information to their dental professional for more personalized oral health instruction and education. Furthermore, the Oral-B iO toothbrush also has a smart pressure sensor which is electronically calibrated to let the user know if they are brushing with too much pressure, or not enough, and automatically adapts the oscillation speed to protect the teeth and gums when excess pressure is applied. The safety of oscillating rotating toothbrushes has also been studied. Oscillating rotating toothbrushes are proven to be safe as compared to manual toothbrushes and are safe for both the hard and soft tissues of the oral cavity. Sonic Sonic toothbrush (Sonicare) Sonic toothbrushes are a subset of electric toothbrushes with movement that is fast enough to produce vibration in the audible range. Most modern rechargeable electric toothbrushes from brands such as Sonicare, FOREO, and Oral-B fall into this category and typically have frequencies that range from 200 to 400 Hz, that is 12,000–24,000 oscillations or 24,000–48,000 movements per minute. Because sonic toothbrushes rely on sweeping motion alone to clean the teeth, the movement that they provide is often high in amplitude, meaning that the length of the sweeping movements that they make is large. One study found that using a sonic toothbrush causes less abrasion to the gum when compared to the manual toothbrush. Ultrasonic Ultrasonic toothbrush (Megasonex) Main article: Ultrasonic toothbrush The newest developments in this field are ultrasonic toothbrushes, which use ultrasonic waves to clean the teeth. In order for a toothbrush to be considered "ultrasonic" it has to emit a wave at a minimum frequency of 20,000 Hz or 2.4 million movements per minute. Typically, ultrasonic toothbrushes approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) operate at a frequency of 1.6 MHz, which translates to 192 million movements per minute. Ultrasonic toothbrushes emit vibrations that are very high in frequency but low in amplitude. These vibrations break up bacterial chains that make up dental plaque and remove their methods of attachment to the tooth surface up to 5 mm below the gum line. Some ultrasonic toothbrushes, such as the Emmi-Dent, provide only ultrasonic motion. Other ultrasonic toothbrushes, such as the Ultreo and the Megasonex, provide additional sonic vibration ranging from 9,000 to 40,000 movements per minute, comparable to a sonic toothbrush, in order to provide additional sweeping motion which facilitates removal of food particles and bacterial chain remnants. The sonic vibration in these ultrasonic toothbrushes may be lower in amplitude than that found in a comparable sonic toothbrush because the bacterial chains do not need to be removed through sonic vibration, simply swept away, as they have already been broken up by the ultrasound. Because of the similarity of the terms "ultrasonic" and "sonic", there is some confusion in the marketplace and sonic toothbrushes are frequently mislabeled as ultrasonic ones. A toothbrush operating at a frequency or vibration of less than 20,000 Hz is a "sonic" toothbrush. It is called "sonic" because its operating frequency, for example 31,000 movements per minute, is within the human hearing range of between roughly 20 Hz to about 20,000 Hz. Only a toothbrush that emits ultrasound, or vibration at a frequency greater than the upper limit of human hearing, can be called an "ultrasonic" toothbrush. Effectiveness In 2014, a Cochrane review demonstrated that power toothbrushes remove more plaque and reduce gingival inflammation more than manual toothbrushes. This review showed electric toothbrushes had greater effectiveness over manual ones. For example, plaque build-up and gingival inflammation were reduced by 11% and 6% respectively after one to three months of use. After three months of use, the reduction observed was even greater – 21% reduction in plaque and 11% reduction in gingival inflammation. Although the scale of these differences in a clinical setting remains questionable, other reviews have reached similar conclusions. Another large review of studies also concluded that power toothbrushes were more effective in removing plaque than manual brushes for children. For patients with limited manual dexterity or where difficulty exists in reaching rear teeth, electric toothbrushes may be especially beneficial. With regards to the effectiveness of different electric toothbrushes, the oscillation rotation models have been found to remove more plaque than manual toothbrushes. More specific studies have also been conducted demonstrating oscillating rotating toothbrush effectiveness to be superior to manual toothbrushes for patients undergoing orthodontic treatment. Notably, only the oscillating rotating power toothbrush was able to consistently provide statistically significant benefit over manual toothbrushes in the 2014 Cochrane Review. This suggests that oscillating rotating power toothbrushes may be more effective than other electric toothbrushes. More recent evidence also supports this as new studies suggest that oscillating rotating toothbrushes are more effective than high frequency sonic power toothbrushes. Overall, oscillating rotating toothbrushes are effective in reducing gingival inflammation and plaque. Other factors that influence effectiveness amongst electric toothbrushes involve factors such as the amount of time spent brushing and the condition of the brush head. Manufacturers recommend that heads be changed every three months or as soon as the brush head has visibly deteriorated. Power source and charging Modern electric toothbrushes run on low voltage, 12 V or less. A few units use a step-down transformer to power the brush, but most use a battery, usually but not always rechargeable and non-replaceable, fitted inside the handle, which is hermetically sealed to prevent water damage. While early NiCd battery toothbrushes used metal tabs to connect with the charging base, some toothbrushes use inductive charging. Environmental concerns According to Friends of the Earth, "Disposable electric toothbrushes are one example of a terrible product ... it's virtually impossible to separate out the tech from the batteries and plastic casing which means valuable and often toxic materials are dumped in landfill or burnt in incinerators." A study published in British Dental Journal found climate change potential of the electric toothbrush was 11 times greater than the bamboo toothbrush. The bamboo toothbrush was, however, not the most environmentally sustainable toothbrush, contrary to popular belief because using them just stops land from being put to better use such as helping biodiversity, or in growing forests to offset carbon emissions. A plastic manual replaceable head toothbrush was probably the best, according to the study. Optional features Timer Many modern electric toothbrushes have a timer that buzzes, or briefly interrupts power, typically after two minutes, and sometimes every 30 seconds. This is associated with a customary recommendation to brush for two minutes, 30 seconds for each of the four quadrants of the mouth. Display Some electric toothbrushes have LCD screens that show brushing time and sometimes smiley face icons or other images to encourage optimal brushing. These features could encourage people to brush more accurately. Pressure sensor Brushing teeth too hard causes enamel and gum damage. Most modern top-end sonic toothbrushes come with a pressure sensor, which prevents users from brushing too aggressively. There are two types of pressure sensors. Some sensors produce a sound warning and some immediately stop movements of the sonic toothbrush when it is used too aggressively. Some electric brushes, such as the Oral-B oscillating rotating brush, simultaneously coach the user to brush with optimal pressure during the brushing experience itself using AI and Bluetooth technology. Ultrasound indicator Because ultrasonic frequencies are beyond the audible range and the amplitude of movement emitted by an ultrasonic toothbrush is typically too small to be perceived, the ultrasound is imperceptible to humans and it may not be apparent that a brush running if pure ultrasound is turned on. Ultrasonic toothbrushes may include an indicator to notify the user that ultrasound is being emitted. Bluetooth Bluetooth connectivity enables data to be transmitted from an electric toothbrush to another Bluetooth device, such as a smartphone. The brush can send data to a mobile app such as how long it has been brushing for and if too much pressure has been applied when brushing. The app can in turn send data back to the brush such as changing the cleaning modes available, and cleaning time. The sharing of data between toothbrush and smartphone is intended to assist the user in creating better brushing technique and habits. This technology enables coaching for the user as it tracks where the user brushes, how long in each area, and consequently, can identify areas where the user commonly misses. Electric toothbrush models that currently utilise Bluetooth include the Oral-B Pro 6000, Pro 6500, Pro 7000 and Genius 9000, Oral-B iO as well as Phillips Sonicare Diamond Clean Smart. Cleaning modes Most sonic toothbrushes come with different cleaning modes and intensity levels. Cleaning modes are designed for special types of cleaning efficiency. Some of the most well known are Sensitive, Daily care, Whitening and Tongue cleaning. Certain toothbrushes that offer both ultrasonic and sonic motion allow for the intensity of the sonic motion to be reduced, or even for the sonic motion to be turned off entirely so that only ultrasound is emitted. Since ultrasound movements are very low in amplitude, this setting may be indicated for patients who may not be suitable candidates for typical sonic or power toothbrush vibration but need the additional cleaning power of an ultrasonic toothbrush, such as patients who have recently undergone periodontal surgery. References Medicine portal ^ "Electric toothbrush". Google Patents. 13 December 1937. Retrieved 25 September 2020. ^ Fridus van der Weijden; Dagmar Else Slot. "The effectiveness of toothbrushing". Dental Tribune. Archived from the original on 15 July 2017. Retrieved 4 March 2015. ^ Lee, Sean S. (2009). Breath : causes, diagnosis and treatment of oral malodor (2nd ed.). San Bernardino, CA: Culminare, Inc. p. 103. ISBN 978-1607259732. Retrieved 6 April 2017. ^ a b "Who invented the toothbrush and when was it? (Everyday Mysteries: Fun Science Facts from the Library of Congress)". www.loc.gov. Retrieved 2017-11-24. ^ "The leaders in Oral Health since 1956". BROXO. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 4 March 2015. ^ Donald Webb (2006). Medical Meanderings. Lulu.com. p. 122. ISBN 978-1430301745. Retrieved 6 April 2017. ^ "History of General Electric". General Electric. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 4 March 2015. ^ Greening, Tom; Hobson, Dick (1980). Instant relief : the encyclopedia of self-help (1st Wideview Books ed.). : Wideview. p. 226. ISBN 978-0872235717. {{cite book}}: |first1= has generic name (help) ^ a b Lyne, Alexandra; Ashley, Paul; Saget, Sophie; Porto Costa, Marcela; Underwood, Benjamin; Duane, Brett (September 2020). "Combining evidence-based healthcare with environmental sustainability: using the toothbrush as a model". British Dental Journal. 229 (5): 303–309. doi:10.1038/s41415-020-1981-0. ISSN 1476-5373. PMID 32918023. S2CID 221637047. ^ a b c d e f Yaacob, Munirah; Worthington, Helen V; Deacon, Scott A; Deery, Chris; Walmsley, A Damien; Robinson, Peter G; Glenny, Anne-Marie (2014-06-17). "Powered versus manual toothbrushing for oral health". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2014 (6): CD002281. doi:10.1002/14651858.cd002281.pub3. ISSN 1465-1858. PMC 7133541. PMID 24934383. ^ ""Using A Rechargeable Electric Toothbrush" by Oral B". Archived from the original on 2015-01-09. Retrieved 2011-02-22. ^ "What is an ultrasound toothbrush". Wisegeek. Retrieved 4 March 2015. ^ a b Clark-Perry, Danielle; Levin, Liran (April 2020). "Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies comparing oscillating-rotating and other powered toothbrushes". The Journal of the American Dental Association. 151 (4): 265–275.e6. doi:10.1016/j.adaj.2019.12.012. ISSN 0002-8177. PMID 32111341. S2CID 211563909. ^ Van der Weijden, Fridus A.; Slot, Dagmar E. (2015-03-31). "Efficacy of homecare regimens for mechanical plaque removal in managing gingivitis a meta review". Journal of Clinical Periodontology. 42: S77–S91. doi:10.1111/jcpe.12359. ISSN 0303-6979. PMID 25597787. ^ Yaacob, Munirah; Worthington, Helen V; Deacon, Scott A; Deery, Chris; Walmsley, A Damien; Robinson, Peter G; Glenny, Anne-Marie (2014-06-17). "Powered versus manual toothbrushing for oral health". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2014 (6): CD002281. doi:10.1002/14651858.cd002281.pub3. ISSN 1465-1858. PMC 7133541. PMID 24934383. ^ Heanue, M; Deacon, SA; Deery, C; Robinson, PG; Walmsley, AD; Worthington, HV; Shaw, WC (2003-01-20), "Manual versus powered toothbrushing for oral health", Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (1), Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd: CD002281, doi:10.1002/14651858.cd002281, PMID 12535436, retrieved 2021-02-01 ^ a b Pitchika, Vinay; Pink, Christiane; Völzke, Henry; Welk, Alexander; Kocher, Thomas; Holtfreter, Birte (2019-05-22). "Long-term impact of powered toothbrush on oral health: 11-year cohort study". Journal of Clinical Periodontology. 46 (7): 713–722. doi:10.1111/jcpe.13126. ISSN 0303-6979. PMC 6619286. PMID 31115952. ^ a b Grender, Julie; Ram Goyal, C.; Qaqish, Jimmy; Adam, Ralf (April 2020). "An 8-week randomized controlled trial comparing the effect of a novel oscillating-rotating toothbrush versus a manual toothbrush on plaque and gingivitis". International Dental Journal. 70 (S1): S7–S15. doi:10.1111/idj.12571. ISSN 0020-6539. PMC 9379164. PMID 32243573. ^ a b c d Adam, Ralf (April 2020). "Introducing the Oral-B iO electric toothbrush: next generation oscillating-rotating technology". International Dental Journal. 70 (Suppl 1): S1–S6. doi:10.1111/idj.12570. ISSN 1875-595X. PMC 9379190. PMID 32243575. ^ Van der Weijden, Fridus A.; Campbell, Shelly L.; Dörfer, Christof E.; González-Cabezas, Carlos; Slot, Dagmar E. (January 2011). "Safety of Oscillating-Rotating Powered Brushes Compared to Manual Toothbrushes: A Systematic Review". Journal of Periodontology. 82 (1): 5–24. doi:10.1902/jop.2010.100393. ISSN 0022-3492. PMID 20831367. ^ Tritten, C.B.; Armitage, Gary C. (1996). "Comparison of a sonic and a manual toothbrush for efficacy in supragingival plaque removal and reduction of gingivitis". Journal of Clinical Periodontology. 23 (7): 641–648. doi:10.1111/j.1600-051X.1996.tb00588.x. PMID 8841896. ^ Shinada K, Hashizume L, Teraoka K, Kurosaki, N. Effect of ultrasonic toothbrush on Streptococcus mutans. Japan J. Conserv. Dent. 1999; 42 (2): 410–417. ^ Wang, Pei; Xu, Yaling; Zhang, Jing; Chen, Xianle; Liang, Weiteng; Liu, Xiuling; Xian, Jun; Xie, Hongjun (2019-12-09). "Comparison of the effectiveness between power toothbrushes and manual toothbrushes for oral health: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Acta Odontologica Scandinavica. 78 (4): 265–274. doi:10.1080/00016357.2019.1697826. ISSN 0001-6357. PMID 32285744. S2CID 214347953. ^ Elkerbout, Therese A.; Slot, Dagmar E.; Rosema, N. A. Martijn; Van der Weijden, G. A. (2019-07-23). "How effective is a powered toothbrush as compared to a manual toothbrush? A systematic review and meta-analysis of single brushing exercises". International Journal of Dental Hygiene. 18 (1): 17–26. doi:10.1111/idh.12401. ISSN 1601-5029. PMC 7004084. PMID 31050195. ^ Davidovich, Esti; Shafir, Salome; Shay, Boaz; Zini, Avraham (2020-07-15). "Plaque Removal by a Powered Toothbrush Versus a Manual Toothbrush in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". Pediatric Dentistry. 42 (4): 280–287. ISSN 1942-5473. PMID 32847667. ^ Awasthi, Prateek; Peshwani, Bharti; Tiwari, Shilpi; Thakur, Ruchi; Shashikiran, N. D.; Singla, Shilpy (September 2015). "Evaluation and comparison of the efficacy of low fluoridated and calcium phosphate-based dentifrice formulations when used with powered and manual toothbrush in children with autism". Contemporary Clinical Dentistry. 6 (Suppl 1): S188–191. doi:10.4103/0976-237X.166811. ISSN 0976-237X. PMC 4632222. PMID 26604573. ^ Verma, Suchita; Bhat, K. Mahalinga (2004). "Acceptability of powered toothbrushes for elderly individuals". Journal of Public Health Dentistry. 64 (2): 115–117. doi:10.1111/j.1752-7325.2004.tb02738.x. ISSN 0022-4006. PMID 15180082. ^ Kurtz, B; Reise, M; Klukowska, M; Grender, JM; Timm, H; Sigusch, BW (2016-05-06). "A randomized clinical trial comparing plaque removal efficacy of an oscillating–rotating power toothbrush to a manual toothbrush by multiple examiners". International Journal of Dental Hygiene. 14 (4): 278–283. doi:10.1111/idh.12225. ISSN 1601-5029. PMID 27151435. ^ Erbe, Christina; Klees, Violetta; Braunbeck, Fabienne; Ferrari-Peron, Priscila; Ccahuana-Vasquez, Renzo A.; Timm, Hans; Grender, Julie; Cunningham, Pamela; Adam, Ralf; Wehrbein, Heinrich (April 2019). "Comparative assessment of plaque removal and motivation between a manual toothbrush and an interactive power toothbrush in adolescents with fixed orthodontic appliances: A single-center, examiner-blind randomized controlled trial". American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 155 (4): 462–472. doi:10.1016/j.ajodo.2018.12.013. ISSN 1097-6752. PMID 30935601. ^ "Manual orthodontic vs. Oscillating-rotating electric toothbrush in orthodontic patients: A randomised clinical trial". ResearchGate. Retrieved 2021-02-01. ^ van der Sluijs, Eveline; Slot, Dagmar Else; Hennequin-Hoenderdos, Nienke L.; Valkenburg, Cees; van der Weijden, Fridus (2020-11-26). "Dental plaque score reduction with an oscillating-rotating power toothbrush and a high-frequency sonic power toothbrush: a systematic review and meta-analysis of single-brushing exercises". International Journal of Dental Hygiene. 19 (1): 78–92. doi:10.1111/idh.12463. ISSN 1601-5029. PMC 7839525. PMID 32940391. ^ Adam, Ralf; Ram Goyal, C.; Qaqish, Jimmy; Grender, Julie (April 2020). "Evaluation of an oscillating-rotating toothbrush with micro-vibrations versus a sonic toothbrush for the reduction of plaque and gingivitis: results from a randomized controlled trial". International Dental Journal. 70 (S1): S16–S21. doi:10.1111/idj.12569. ISSN 0020-6539. PMC 9379213. PMID 32243576. ^ Sicilia, A.; Arregui, I.; Gallego, M.; Cabezas, B.; Cuesta, S. (2002). "A systematic review of powered vs manual toothbrushes in periodontal cause-related therapy". Journal of Clinical Periodontology. 29 (Suppl 3): 39–54, discussion 90–91. doi:10.1034/j.1600-051x.29.s-3.1.x. ISSN 0303-6979. PMID 12787206. ^ "b2c.article.details.page.social.title". Philips. Retrieved 2021-02-01. ^ "When to Change Your Toothbrush or Brush Head | Oral-B". www.oralb.ca. Retrieved 2021-02-01. ^ Kleinman, Zoe (2 March 2015). "Ikea unveils phone-charging furniture at MWC". BBC. Retrieved 2 March 2015. ^ Dental and Oral Health (Adults) Don't Let a Disability Keep the Dentist Away — Daniel E. Jolly, Professor of Clinical Dentistry College of Dentistry The Ohio State University. vteBathroom appliancesBody hygiene Towel warmer Hand washing Automatic faucet Automatic soap dispenser Hand dryer Oral hygiene Electric toothbrush (Ultrasonic) Oral irrigator Toothbrush sanitizer Toilet Automatic deodorizer dispenser Automatic toilet paper dispenser Automatic self-clean toilet seat Bidet Deodorizing toilet seat Electronic bidet Washlet
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Electric_toothbrush_on_a_white_background.jpg"},{"link_name":"toothbrush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toothbrush"},{"link_name":"oscillation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscillating"},{"link_name":"rotation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotation"},{"link_name":"clean teeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tooth_brushing"},{"link_name":"motor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motor"},{"link_name":"ultrasonic toothbrushes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrasonic_toothbrush"},{"link_name":"ultrasonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrasound"},{"link_name":"piezoelectric crystal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piezoelectric_crystal"},{"link_name":"rechargeable battery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rechargeable_battery"},{"link_name":"inductive charging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductive_charging"},{"link_name":"frequency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency"},{"link_name":"ultrasonic toothbrushes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrasonic_toothbrush"},{"link_name":"audible range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audible_range"},{"link_name":"Hz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertz"}],"text":"A typical electric toothbrushAn electric toothbrush, motorized toothbrush, or battery-powered toothbrush is a toothbrush that makes rapid automatic bristle motions, either back-and-forth oscillation or rotation-oscillation (where the brush head alternates clockwise and counterclockwise rotation), in order to clean teeth. Motions at sonic speeds or below are made by a motor. In the case of ultrasonic toothbrushes, ultrasonic motions are produced by a piezoelectric crystal. A modern electric toothbrush is usually powered by a rechargeable battery charged through inductive charging when the brush sits in the charging base between uses.Electric toothbrushes can be classified according to the frequency (speed) of their movements as power, sonic or ultrasonic toothbrushes, depending on whether they make movements that are below, in or above the audible range (20–20,000 Hz or 2400–2,400,000 movements per minute), respectively.","title":"Electric toothbrush"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Motodent-electric-toothbrush.jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"E. R. Squibb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._R._Squibb"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"Bristol-Myers Squibb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol-Myers_Squibb"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"General Electric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Electric"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"NiCad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NiCad"},{"link_name":"flashlight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flashlight"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"memory effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_effect"},{"link_name":"Underwriter Laboratories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwriter_Laboratories"},{"link_name":"Canadian Standards Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Standards_Association"},{"link_name":"transformer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformer"},{"link_name":"RCD/GFCI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Residual-current_device"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"ultrasonic toothbrush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrasonic_toothbrush"},{"link_name":"FDA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FDA"},{"link_name":"vibrators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibrator_(sex_toy)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-9"}],"text":"A Motodent electric toothbrush. A patent for this toothbrush was filed in 1937.The earliest example of an electric toothbrush was first produced by Tomlinson Moseley. Sold as the Motodent, a patent was filed by his company, Motodent Inc. on December 13, 1937.[1] In Switzerland in 1954 Dr. Philippe Guy Woog invented the Broxodent.[2] Woog's electric toothbrushes were originally manufactured in Switzerland (later in France) for Broxo S.A. The device plugged into a standard wall outlet and ran on line voltage. Electric toothbrushes were initially created for patients with limited motor skills and for orthodontic patients (such as those with braces).[3]The Broxo Electric Toothbrush was introduced in the US by E. R. Squibb and Sons Pharmaceuticals in 1960.[4] After introduction, it was marketed in the US by Squibb under the names Broxo-Dent or Broxodent.[4] In the 1980s Squibb transferred distribution of the Broxodent line to the Somerset Labs division of Bristol-Myers Squibb.[5]The General Electric automatic toothbrush was introduced in the early 1960s;[6] it was cordless, with rechargeable NiCad batteries and although portable, was rather bulky, about the size of a two-D-cell flashlight handle.[7] NiCad batteries of this period suffered from the memory effect. The GE automatic toothbrush came with a charging stand that held the hand piece upright; most units were kept in the charger, which is not the best way to get maximum service life from a NiCad battery. Also, early NiCad batteries tended to have a short lifespan. The batteries were sealed inside the GE device, and the whole unit had to be discarded when the batteries failed.The use of an AC line voltage appliance in a bathroom environment was problematic. By the early 1990s Underwriter Laboratories (UL) and Canadian Standards Association (CSA) no longer certified line-voltage appliances for bathroom use. Newer appliances had to use a step-down transformer to operate at low voltage (typically 12, 16 or 24 volts). Wiring standards in many countries require that outlets in bath areas must be protected by a RCD/GFCI device (e.g., required in the US since the 1970s on bathroom outlets in new construction).By the 1990s there were problems with safety certification of Broxo's original design. Further, improved battery-operated toothbrushes were providing formidable competition.[citation needed]The first ultrasonic toothbrush, first called the Ultima and later the Ultrasonex, was patented in the US in 1992, the same year the FDA gave it approval for daily home use. Initially, the Ultima worked only on ultrasound, but a few years later, a motor was added to give the Ultrasonex brush additional sonic vibration. Today, several ultrasonic toothbrushes simultaneously provide both ultrasound and sonic vibration. In more modern times, electric toothbrushes have been used as a substitute for vibrators for those who wish to avoid embarrassment.[8]The negative environmental impact of electric toothbrushes when compared with manual toothbrushes has been established.[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Electrical_toothbrush_20050717_001.jpg"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"ultrasonic toothbrushes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrasonic_toothbrush"},{"link_name":"audible frequency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audible_frequency"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Electric toothbrushElectric toothbrushes can be classified according to their type of action:Side to side vibration, which has a brush head action that moves laterally from side to side.\nCounter oscillation, which has a brush action in which adjacent tufts of bristles (usually six to 10 in number) rotate in one direction and then the other, independently, with each tuft rotating in the opposite direction to that adjacent to it.\nRotation oscillation, which has a brush action in which the brush head rotates in one direction and then the other.\nCircular, which has a brush action in which the brush head rotates in one direction only.\nUltrasonic, which has a brush action where the bristles vibrate at ultrasonic frequencies (> 20 kHz).\nIonic, which has a brush that aims to impart an electrical charge to the tooth surface with the intent of disrupting the attachment of dental plaque.[10]For some vibrating toothbrush designs, a brushing technique similar to that used with a manual toothbrush is recommended, whereas with brushes with a spinning head the recommended cleaning technique is to simply move the brush slowly from tooth to tooth.[11]Electric toothbrushes can also be classified according to the speed of their movements as standard power toothbrushes, sonic toothbrushes or ultrasonic toothbrushes. If the motion of the toothbrush is sufficiently rapid to produce a hum in the audible frequency of human range (20 Hz to 20,000 Hz), it can be classified as a sonic toothbrush. Any electric toothbrush with movement faster than this limit can be classified as an ultrasonic toothbrush. Certain ultrasonic toothbrushes, such as the Megasonex and the Ultreo, have both sonic and ultrasonic movements.[12]","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oral_B_iO_toothbrush.jpg"},{"link_name":"Oral-B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral-B"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-18"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"Oscillating rotating","text":"Oral-B iO toothbrushThe oscillating rotating toothbrush is a type of electric toothbrush which was introduced by Oral-B in the 1990s.[13][14][15][16][17] This type of toothbrush is not shaped like a conventional manual toothbrush. Instead, it is made of a small round brush head that oscillates and rotates to remove plaque. The shape of the brush head is very similar to the prophylaxis hand piece used by dental professionals to remove plaque in the dental office.[18] This design enables the bristles to reach further into the hard-to-reach areas between the teeth to remove plaque. Some versions of the oscillating rotating toothbrush also involve a pulsating motion which enables a more three dimensional clean.[citation needed]The Oral-B iO toothbrush has a linear magnetic drive system.[19] This system allows the concentration of energy to be at the tip of the brush bristles while using the oscillating rotating motion.[19] The brush also allows for 3D tracking using artificial intelligence that connects the toothbrush with an app.[19] This technology enables to the user to have instant feedback on their brushing efficacy and can track the data if the user wishes to bring the information to their dental professional for more personalized oral health instruction and education. Furthermore, the Oral-B iO toothbrush also has a smart pressure sensor which is electronically calibrated to let the user know if they are brushing with too much pressure, or not enough, and automatically adapts the oscillation speed to protect the teeth and gums when excess pressure is applied.[19]The safety of oscillating rotating toothbrushes has also been studied. Oscillating rotating toothbrushes are proven to be safe as compared to manual toothbrushes and are safe for both the hard and soft tissues of the oral cavity.[20]","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sonicare.jpg"},{"link_name":"vibration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibration"},{"link_name":"audible range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audible_range"},{"link_name":"Sonicare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonicare"},{"link_name":"amplitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amplitude"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Sonic","text":"Sonic toothbrush (Sonicare)Sonic toothbrushes are a subset of electric toothbrushes with movement that is fast enough to produce vibration in the audible range. Most modern rechargeable electric toothbrushes from brands such as Sonicare, FOREO, and Oral-B fall into this category and typically have frequencies that range from 200 to 400 Hz, that is 12,000–24,000 oscillations or 24,000–48,000 movements per minute. Because sonic toothbrushes rely on sweeping motion alone to clean the teeth, the movement that they provide is often high in amplitude, meaning that the length of the sweeping movements that they make is large. One study found that using a sonic toothbrush causes less abrasion to the gum when compared to the manual toothbrush.[21]","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Megasonex.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ultrasonic toothbrush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrasonic_toothbrush"},{"link_name":"ultrasonic toothbrushes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrasonic_toothbrush"},{"link_name":"ultrasonic waves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrasonic_wave"},{"link_name":"Food and Drug Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration"},{"link_name":"frequency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency"},{"link_name":"amplitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amplitude"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-22"},{"link_name":"ultrasound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrasound"}],"sub_title":"Ultrasonic","text":"Ultrasonic toothbrush (Megasonex)The newest developments in this field are ultrasonic toothbrushes, which use ultrasonic waves to clean the teeth. In order for a toothbrush to be considered \"ultrasonic\" it has to emit a wave at a minimum frequency of 20,000 Hz or 2.4 million movements per minute. Typically, ultrasonic toothbrushes approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) operate at a frequency of 1.6 MHz, which translates to 192 million movements per minute.Ultrasonic toothbrushes emit vibrations that are very high in frequency but low in amplitude. These vibrations break up bacterial chains that make up dental plaque and remove their methods of attachment to the tooth surface up to 5 mm below the gum line.[22]Some ultrasonic toothbrushes, such as the Emmi-Dent, provide only ultrasonic motion. Other ultrasonic toothbrushes, such as the Ultreo and the Megasonex, provide additional sonic vibration ranging from 9,000 to 40,000 movements per minute, comparable to a sonic toothbrush, in order to provide additional sweeping motion which facilitates removal of food particles and bacterial chain remnants. The sonic vibration in these ultrasonic toothbrushes may be lower in amplitude than that found in a comparable sonic toothbrush because the bacterial chains do not need to be removed through sonic vibration, simply swept away, as they have already been broken up by the ultrasound.Because of the similarity of the terms \"ultrasonic\" and \"sonic\", there is some confusion in the marketplace and sonic toothbrushes are frequently mislabeled as ultrasonic ones. A toothbrush operating at a frequency or vibration of less than 20,000 Hz is a \"sonic\" toothbrush. It is called \"sonic\" because its operating frequency, for example 31,000 movements per minute, is within the human hearing range of between roughly 20 Hz to about 20,000 Hz. Only a toothbrush that emits ultrasound, or vibration at a frequency greater than the upper limit of human hearing, can be called an \"ultrasonic\" toothbrush.","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cochrane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochrane_(organisation)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-10"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-18"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-17"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-10"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-13"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"text":"In 2014, a Cochrane review demonstrated that power toothbrushes remove more plaque and reduce gingival inflammation more than manual toothbrushes.[10] This review showed electric toothbrushes had greater effectiveness over manual ones. For example, plaque build-up and gingival inflammation were reduced by 11% and 6% respectively after one to three months of use.[10] After three months of use, the reduction observed was even greater – 21% reduction in plaque and 11% reduction in gingival inflammation.[10] Although the scale of these differences in a clinical setting remains questionable,[10] other reviews have reached similar conclusions.[23][24] Another large review of studies also concluded that power toothbrushes were more effective in removing plaque than manual brushes for children.[25] For patients with limited manual dexterity or where difficulty exists in reaching rear teeth, electric toothbrushes may be especially beneficial.[26][27]With regards to the effectiveness of different electric toothbrushes, the oscillation rotation models have been found to remove more plaque than manual toothbrushes.[28][18][17] More specific studies have also been conducted demonstrating oscillating rotating toothbrush effectiveness to be superior to manual toothbrushes for patients undergoing orthodontic treatment.[29][30] Notably, only the oscillating rotating power toothbrush was able to consistently provide statistically significant benefit over manual toothbrushes in the 2014 Cochrane Review.[10] This suggests that oscillating rotating power toothbrushes may be more effective than other electric toothbrushes. More recent evidence also supports this as new studies suggest that oscillating rotating toothbrushes are more effective than high frequency sonic power toothbrushes.[31][13][32] Overall, oscillating rotating toothbrushes are effective in reducing gingival inflammation and plaque.[33]Other factors that influence effectiveness amongst electric toothbrushes involve factors such as the amount of time spent brushing and the condition of the brush head. Manufacturers recommend that heads be changed every three months or as soon as the brush head has visibly deteriorated.[34][35]","title":"Effectiveness"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"transformer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformer"},{"link_name":"inductive charging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductive_charging"}],"text":"Modern electric toothbrushes run on low voltage, 12 V or less. A few units use a step-down transformer to power the brush, but most use a battery, usually but not always rechargeable and non-replaceable, fitted inside the handle, which is hermetically sealed to prevent water damage. While early NiCd battery toothbrushes used metal tabs to connect with the charging base, some toothbrushes use inductive charging.","title":"Power source and charging"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Friends of the Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friends_of_the_Earth"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC-36"},{"link_name":"offset carbon emissions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_offset"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-9"}],"text":"According to Friends of the Earth, \"Disposable electric toothbrushes are one example of a terrible product ... it's virtually impossible to separate out the tech from the batteries and plastic casing which means valuable and often toxic materials are dumped in landfill or burnt in incinerators.\"[36] A study published in British Dental Journal found climate change potential of the electric toothbrush was 11 times greater than the bamboo toothbrush. The bamboo toothbrush was, however, not the most environmentally sustainable toothbrush, contrary to popular belief because using them just stops land from being put to better use such as helping biodiversity, or in growing forests to offset carbon emissions. A plastic manual replaceable head toothbrush was probably the best, according to the study.[9]","title":"Environmental concerns"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Optional features"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Timer","text":"Many modern electric toothbrushes have a timer that buzzes, or briefly interrupts power, typically after two minutes, and sometimes every 30 seconds. This is associated with a customary recommendation to brush for two minutes, 30 seconds for each of the four quadrants of the mouth.","title":"Optional features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"LCD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_crystal_display"},{"link_name":"icons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icon_(computing)"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Daniel_E._Jolly,_Professor_of_Clinical_Dentistry_College_of_Dentistry_The_Ohio_State_University.-37"}],"sub_title":"Display","text":"Some electric toothbrushes have LCD screens that show brushing time and sometimes smiley face icons or other images to encourage optimal brushing. These features could encourage people to brush more accurately.[37]","title":"Optional features"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Pressure sensor","text":"Brushing teeth too hard causes enamel and gum damage. Most modern top-end sonic toothbrushes come with a pressure sensor, which prevents users from brushing too aggressively. There are two types of pressure sensors. Some sensors produce a sound warning and some immediately stop movements of the sonic toothbrush when it is used too aggressively. Some electric brushes, such as the Oral-B oscillating rotating brush, simultaneously coach the user to brush with optimal pressure during the brushing experience itself using AI and Bluetooth technology.","title":"Optional features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"audible range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audible_range"}],"sub_title":"Ultrasound indicator","text":"Because ultrasonic frequencies are beyond the audible range and the amplitude of movement emitted by an ultrasonic toothbrush is typically too small to be perceived, the ultrasound is imperceptible to humans and it may not be apparent that a brush running if pure ultrasound is turned on. Ultrasonic toothbrushes may include an indicator to notify the user that ultrasound is being emitted.","title":"Optional features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bluetooth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth"},{"link_name":"mobile app","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_app"}],"sub_title":"Bluetooth","text":"Bluetooth connectivity enables data to be transmitted from an electric toothbrush to another Bluetooth device, such as a smartphone. The brush can send data to a mobile app such as how long it has been brushing for and if too much pressure has been applied when brushing. The app can in turn send data back to the brush such as changing the cleaning modes available, and cleaning time. The sharing of data between toothbrush and smartphone is intended to assist the user in creating better brushing technique and habits. This technology enables coaching for the user as it tracks where the user brushes, how long in each area, and consequently, can identify areas where the user commonly misses. \nElectric toothbrush models that currently utilise Bluetooth include the Oral-B Pro 6000, Pro 6500, Pro 7000 and Genius 9000, Oral-B iO as well as Phillips Sonicare Diamond Clean Smart.","title":"Optional features"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Most sonic toothbrushes come with different cleaning modes and intensity levels. Cleaning modes are designed for special types of cleaning efficiency. Some of the most well known are Sensitive, Daily care, Whitening and Tongue cleaning.Certain toothbrushes that offer both ultrasonic and sonic motion allow for the intensity of the sonic motion to be reduced, or even for the sonic motion to be turned off entirely so that only ultrasound is emitted. Since ultrasound movements are very low in amplitude, this setting may be indicated for patients who may not be suitable candidates for typical sonic or power toothbrush vibration but need the additional cleaning power of an ultrasonic toothbrush, such as patients who have recently undergone periodontal surgery.","title":"Cleaning modes"}]
[{"image_text":"A typical electric toothbrush","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Electric_toothbrush_on_a_white_background.jpg/230px-Electric_toothbrush_on_a_white_background.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Motodent electric toothbrush. A patent for this toothbrush was filed in 1937.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Motodent-electric-toothbrush.jpg/270px-Motodent-electric-toothbrush.jpg"},{"image_text":"Electric toothbrush","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Electrical_toothbrush_20050717_001.jpg/200px-Electrical_toothbrush_20050717_001.jpg"},{"image_text":"Oral-B iO toothbrush","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Oral_B_iO_toothbrush.jpg/220px-Oral_B_iO_toothbrush.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sonic toothbrush (Sonicare)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Sonicare.jpg/150px-Sonicare.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ultrasonic toothbrush (Megasonex)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Megasonex.jpg/150px-Megasonex.jpg"}]
null
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exercises\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fidh.12463","external_links_name":"10.1111/idh.12463"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1601-5029","external_links_name":"1601-5029"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7839525","external_links_name":"7839525"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32940391","external_links_name":"32940391"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9379213","external_links_name":"\"Evaluation of an oscillating-rotating toothbrush with micro-vibrations versus a sonic toothbrush for the reduction of plaque and gingivitis: results from a randomized controlled trial\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fidj.12569","external_links_name":"10.1111/idj.12569"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0020-6539","external_links_name":"0020-6539"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9379213","external_links_name":"9379213"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32243576","external_links_name":"32243576"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12787206/","external_links_name":"\"A systematic review of powered vs manual toothbrushes in periodontal cause-related therapy\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1034%2Fj.1600-051x.29.s-3.1.x","external_links_name":"10.1034/j.1600-051x.29.s-3.1.x"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0303-6979","external_links_name":"0303-6979"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12787206","external_links_name":"12787206"},{"Link":"https://www.usa.philips.com/c-f/XC000006600/how-often-should-i-replace-my-philips-sonicare-brush-head","external_links_name":"\"b2c.article.details.page.social.title\""},{"Link":"https://www.oralb.ca/en-ca/oral-health/why-oral-b/electric-toothbrushes/when-to-change-toothbrush-or-head","external_links_name":"\"When to Change Your Toothbrush or Brush Head | Oral-B\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-31693088","external_links_name":"\"Ikea unveils phone-charging furniture at MWC\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100404123609/http://www.netwellness.org/healthtopics/dentistry/faq2.cfm","external_links_name":"Dental and Oral Health (Adults) Don't Let a Disability Keep the Dentist Away"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Solar_Energy
National Institute of Solar Energy
["1 History","2 Works","3 See also","4 References"]
Government organization in Gurgaon, India National Institute of Solar EnergyCompany typeGovernment of India's AgenciesIndustryNew and Renewable EnergyFounded24 October 2013; 10 years ago (2013-10-24)HeadquartersGurgaon, IndiaParentMinistry of New and Renewable Energy Websitenise.res.in The National Institute of Solar Energy (NISE) is a research and development organization in India, focused on the field of solar energy. Established in 2013, NISE is an autonomous organization under the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE). The organization's main goal is to conduct and promote research and development in the field of solar power in India, as well as act as a national resource center for solar energy. It is headquartered in Gurgaon, Haryana. History In September 2013, the Union Cabinet approved the establishment of NISE in 2013 as a national institute for solar energy R&D and related activities under MNRE. The National Institute of Solar Energy (NISE) was established in August 2013 by the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) of the Government of India as an autonomous organization. NISE was officially registered under the Haryana Societies Registration Act on October 24, 2013. The operations of NISE are overseen by a Governing Council, which is led by the Secretary of Ministry of New and Renewable Energy and an Executive Committee headed by the Director-General. In 2019, NISE and United Nations Industrial Development Organization signed an agreement to launch a skill development program for solar thermal energy sector as part of an MNRE-GEF-UNIDO project. Works NISE conducts research on various topics related to solar energy such as photovoltaics, solar thermal system and solar Resource assessment. The organization also provides technical assistance to government agencies and private organizations, and plays a key role in the implementation of national solar energy programs in India. NISE also offers training and education on solar energy technologies to professionals and students and collaborates with other research organizations, both within and outside of India, to advance solar energy research and development. NISE is also responsible for the development of standards, testing and quality control of solar equipment and devices in India. NISE conducts R&D, testing, certification, standardization, skill development, resource assessment, and awareness in the field of solar energy under MNRE. See also Solar power in India References ^ a b "National Institute of Solar Energy". Press Information Bureau. 9 December 2013. ^ "Union Cabinet approves setting up of 'National Institute of Solar Energy'". Business Standard. 3 September 2013. ^ UN, Sushma (9 November 2013). "Centre sets up National Institute of Solar Energy". The Times of India. ^ "UNIDO and National Institute of Solar Energy to partner for skill development program". Press Information Bureau. 7 August 2019. ^ "AMU signs MoU with National Institute of Solar Energy". The Economic Times of India. 28 September 2018. ^ "Solar training centre comes up in Bengal". The Economic Times of India. 10 August 2016. ^ "National Institute of Solar Energy (NISE), Gurugram". Department Of Science & Technology, Govt. of India. Authority control databases ISNI vteSolar power in India Solar power Renewable energy in India Power plantsUltra Mega (>500 MW) Bhadla Dholera (planned) Gujarat Kutch (under construction) Kadapa Kamuthi Kurnool NP Kunta Pavagada Sambhar (proposed) Rewa Above 100 MW Gujarat 1 Sakri Welspun Below 100 MW CIAL Canal Dhirubhai Ambani Jalaun Mansa Mithapur Phalodi Prayagraj Policies/programmes National Solar Mission International Solar Alliance Agencies Ministry of New and Renewable Energy Agency for Non-conventional Energy and Rural Technology Tamil Nadu Energy Development Agency Appellate Tribunal for Electricity Power stations Companies Adani Green Energy Astonfield Azure Power Hindustan Power Indosolar Mahindra Susten ReNew Power SELCO India Solairedirect Solar Energy Corporation of India Su-Kam Power Systems Tata Power Solar Vikram Solar Category Commons
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[]
[{"title":"Solar power in India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_in_India"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Donnini
Dennis Donnini
["1 Early life","2 Details","3 See also","4 References","5 Further reading","6 External links"]
British soldier & VC recipient (1925-1945) Dennis DonniniBorn17 November 1925Easington Colliery, County Durham, EnglandDied18 January 1945(1945-01-18) (aged 19)Selfkant, Nazi GermanyBuriedSittard War Cemetery, NetherlandsAllegiance United KingdomService/branch British ArmyYears of service1944–1945RankFusilierService number14768011UnitRoyal Scots FusiliersBattles/warsWorld War II Western Front Western Allied invasion of Germany Operation Blackcock  † AwardsVictoria Cross Fusilier Dennis Donnini VC (17 November 1925 – 18 January 1945) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. Early life Dennis Donnini was born to Italian-born Alfred Donnini and his English wife Catherine (née Brown), on 17 November 1925 in Easington Colliery. His father owned an ice cream parlour in Easington and attended Corby Grammar School in Sunderland, now known as St. Aidans School. Before he enlisted, Donnini had two brothers enter the military. Alfred Donnini was captured at Dunkirk and spent the rest of the war in a POW camp, while Lewis Donnini died of wounds on 1 May 1944. Details Donnini was 19 years old, and a fusilier in the 4th/5th Battalion, Royal Scots Fusiliers, British Army during the Second World War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC. On 18 January 1945 during Operation Blackcock, Fusilier Donnini's platoon was ordered to attack the small village of Stein in Selfkant Germany, close to the Dutch border. On leaving their trench they immediately came under heavy fire from a house and Fusilier Donnini was hit in the head. After recovering consciousness he charged 30 yards down the open road and hurled a grenade through the nearest window, whereupon the enemy fled pursued by Fusilier Donnini and the survivors of his platoon. He was wounded a second time, but continued firing his Bren gun until he was killed after the grenade he was carrying was hit by a bullet and exploded. His gallantry had enabled his comrades to overcome twice their own number of the enemy. Donnini at 19 was the youngest soldier in the Second World War to be awarded the VC. He is buried at the Commonwealth Cemetery in Sittard, The Netherlands. Donnini is commemorated in the song "Donnini Doolally" by Easington singer Jez Lowe on his album Doolally. See also British VCs of World War 2 (John Laffin, 1997) Monuments to Courage (David Harvey, 1999) The Register of the Victoria Cross (This England, 1997) References ^ "No. 36988". The London Gazette (Supplement). 16 March 1945. p. 1485. ^ MOD website Archived 1 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine ^ CWGC entry Further reading Ugolini, Wendy (2012). "The embodiment of British Italian war memory? The curious marginalization of Dennis Donnini, VC". Patterns of Prejudice. 46 (3–4): 397–415. doi:10.1080/0031322x.2012.701814. S2CID 143083602. Whitworth, Alan (2015). VCs of the North: Cumbria, Durham & Northumberland. Pen and Sword Books. ISBN 978-1473848221. External links Battle for the Roermond Triangle – revised version 2004 at www.operation-blackcock.com at www.reaseuro.nl Authority control databases: People Commonwealth War Graves Commission
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His father owned an ice cream parlour in Easington and attended Corby Grammar School in Sunderland, now known as St. Aidans School. Before he enlisted, Donnini had two brothers enter the military. Alfred Donnini was captured at Dunkirk and spent the rest of the war in a POW camp, while Lewis Donnini died of wounds on 1 May 1944.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fusilier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusilier"},{"link_name":"Royal Scots Fusiliers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Scots_Fusiliers"},{"link_name":"British Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"Operation Blackcock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Blackcock"},{"link_name":"Selfkant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selfkant"},{"link_name":"grenade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mills_bomb"},{"link_name":"Bren gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bren_gun"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Sittard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sittard"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Jez Lowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jez_Lowe"}],"text":"Donnini was 19 years old, and a fusilier in the 4th/5th Battalion, Royal Scots Fusiliers, British Army during the Second World War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC.On 18 January 1945 during Operation Blackcock, Fusilier Donnini's platoon was ordered to attack the small village of Stein in Selfkant Germany, close to the Dutch border. On leaving their trench they immediately came under heavy fire from a house and Fusilier Donnini was hit in the head. After recovering consciousness he charged 30 yards down the open road and hurled a grenade through the nearest window, whereupon the enemy fled pursued by Fusilier Donnini and the survivors of his platoon. He was wounded a second time, but continued firing his Bren gun until he was killed after the grenade he was carrying was hit by a bullet and exploded. His gallantry had enabled his comrades to overcome twice their own number of the enemy.[1]Donnini at 19 was the youngest soldier in the Second World War to be awarded the VC.[2]He is buried at the Commonwealth Cemetery in Sittard, The Netherlands.[3]Donnini is commemorated in the song \"Donnini Doolally\" by Easington singer Jez Lowe on his album Doolally.","title":"Details"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1080/0031322x.2012.701814","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1080%2F0031322x.2012.701814"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"143083602","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143083602"},{"link_name":"Pen and Sword Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pen_and_Sword_Books"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1473848221","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1473848221"}],"text":"Ugolini, Wendy (2012). \"The embodiment of British Italian war memory? The curious marginalization of Dennis Donnini, VC\". Patterns of Prejudice. 46 (3–4): 397–415. doi:10.1080/0031322x.2012.701814. S2CID 143083602.\nWhitworth, Alan (2015). VCs of the North: Cumbria, Durham & Northumberland. Pen and Sword Books. ISBN 978-1473848221.","title":"Further reading"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Jay_Homestead_State_Historic_Site
John Jay Homestead State Historic Site
["1 Description and history","2 Legacy","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
Coordinates: 41°15′1″N 73°39′31″W / 41.25028°N 73.65861°W / 41.25028; -73.65861 United States historic placeJohn Jay HomesteadU.S. National Register of Historic PlacesU.S. National Historic LandmarkNew York State Register of Historic Places In 2007Show map of New YorkShow map of the United StatesLocation400 Jay St., Katonah, NYCoordinates41°15′1″N 73°39′31″W / 41.25028°N 73.65861°W / 41.25028; -73.65861Area58.9 acres (23.8 ha)Built1787–1790ArchitectJohn Cooley and Moses WinianArchitectural styleGeorgianWebsitewww.JohnJayHomestead.orgNRHP reference No.72000918NYSRHP No.11901.000020Significant datesAdded to NRHPJuly 24, 1972Designated NHLMay 29, 1981Designated NYSRHPJune 23, 1980 The John Jay Homestead State Historic Site is located at 400 Jay Street in Katonah, New York. The site preserves the 1787 home of Founding Father and statesman John Jay (1745–1829), one of the three authors of The Federalist Papers and the first Chief Justice of the United States. The property was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1981 for its association with Jay. The house is open year-round for tours. Description and history The John Jay Homestead is located in a rural setting east of the village of Katonah, on the north side of Jay Street (New York State Route 22). It is a 2+1⁄2-story gambrel-roofed brick building, with single-story gable-roofed wings to either side. The main facade is five bays wide, with sash windows arranged symmetrically around the centered entrance. The center bay is slightly wider than the others, and the entrance is topped by a four-light transom window. A shed-roof porch shelters the entire span of the first floor, wrapping around in open sections to secondary entrances in the side wings. The home was constructed in two major phases, on 600 acres (240 ha) of land that was part of a larger 5,200-acre (2,100 ha) parcel that his maternal grandfather Jacobus Van Cortlandt purchased from Chief Katonah around 1700. John Jay made arrangements in February 1787 with brickmakers and carpenters for the first phase of construction, which was completed in 1790. The second phase, executed in 1800–01, included the extension of the main block to five bays and the addition of the wings (one replacing the first kitchen wing). Jay, whose long and illustrious career included the Continental Congress, drafting of New York's first state constitution, Governor of New York, and Chief Justice of both New York's Supreme Court and the United States Supreme Court, spent his retirement years on this property. The house remained in the Jay family until 1959, when it was given to Westchester County, which turned it over to the state. The state undertook the reversal of some alterations made after Jay's ownership, and opened it as a historic site. In 1977, the non-profit Friends of John Jay Homestead was founded to increase public awareness of the site. It raises funds and provides volunteer assistance for the Homestead's preservation, restoration and interpretation. The house was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1981. John Jay (Gilbert Stuart portrait, 1794) South perspective view in 1961 (HABS) Legacy In 2004, the landmark, known as Bedford House, was added to the African American Heritage Trail of Westchester County, a group of 16 sites which include the Rye African-American Cemetery, Saint Paul's Church National Historic Site and the Jay Estate in Rye. See also List of National Historic Landmarks in New York List of New York State Historic Sites National Register of Historic Places listings in northern Westchester County, New York References ^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. January 23, 2007. ^ a b "John Jay Homestead". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. September 15, 2007. Archived from the original on October 10, 2012. ^ a b c d Lynn A. Beebe (April 4, 1979). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: John Jay Homestead" (pdf). National Park Service. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) and Accompanying 30 photos, exterior, from 1979 and undated (6.22 MB) ^ Magnet, Myron. The Founders at Home: The Building of America, 1735–1817. W. W. Norton, 2013, page 261. ^ "African American Heritage Trail brochure". Westchester County, New York. Retrieved December 17, 2021. External links Media related to John Jay Homestead State Historic Site at Wikimedia Commons Official website Historic American Buildings Survey (HABS) No. NY-4393, "John Jay House, State Route 22, Katonah, Westchester County, NY", 16 photos, 2 color transparencies, 2 data pages vteJohn Jay 2nd Governor of New York, 1795-1801 1st Chief Justice of the United States, 1789-1795 United States Secretary of State, 1789-90 United States Secretary of Foreign Affairs, 1784-1789 United States Minister to Spain, 1779-1782 President of the Continental Congress, 1778-79 Founding of theUnited States Continental Association (1774, signed) Petition to the King (1774, signed) Olive Branch Petition (1775) Committee of Secret Correspondence (1775-76) New York Constitution (1777) Treaty of Paris (1783) The Federalist Papers papers, 1787-88 Jay Court, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court (1789-1795, cases) Other events New York Manumission Society African Free School Jay–Gardoqui Treaty Jay Treaty (1794) Other writings Letters to the inhabitants of Canada (1775) New York Circular Letter (1788) The Selected Papers of John Jay Homes Jay Estate Jay Heritage Center John Jay Homestead Government House Namesakes Fort Jay John Jay College of Criminal Justice John Jay Hall John Jay Park Jay, New York Jay, Vermont Family Sarah Livingston Jay (wife) Peter Jay (son) William Jay (son) John Clarkson Jay (grandson) John Jay (grandson) James Jay (brother) Jacobus Van Cortlandt (grandfather) Related Federalist Party Arbitration Treaty of Paris (1783 painting) Boston relief portrait Founders Online Founding Fathers of the United States vteU.S. National Register of Historic Places in New YorkTopics Contributing property Keeper of the Register Historic district History of the National Register of Historic Places National Park Service Property types Listsby county Albany Allegany Bronx Broome Cattaraugus Cayuga Chautauqua Chemung Chenango Clinton Columbia Cortland Delaware Dutchess Erie Essex Franklin Fulton Genesee Greene Hamilton Herkimer Jefferson Kings (Brooklyn) Lewis Livingston Madison Monroe Montgomery Nassau New York (Manhattan) Niagara Oneida Onondaga Ontario Orange Orleans Oswego Otsego Putnam Queens Rensselaer Richmond (Staten Island) Rockland Saratoga Schenectady Schoharie Schuyler Seneca St. Lawrence Steuben Suffolk Sullivan Tioga Tompkins Ulster Warren Washington Wayne Westchester Northern Southern Wyoming Yates Listsby city Albany Buffalo New Rochelle New York City Bronx Brooklyn Queens Staten Island Manhattan Below 14th St. 14th–59th St. 59th–110th St. Above 110th St. Minor islands Niagara Falls Peekskill Poughkeepsie Rhinebeck Rochester Syracuse Yonkers Other lists Bridges and tunnels National Historic Landmarks Category List National Register of Historic Places Portal vteProtected areas of New YorkFederalNational HistoricSites and Historical Parks Eleanor Roosevelt Harriet Tubman Home of Franklin D. 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The property was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1981 for its association with Jay. The house is open year-round for tours.","title":"John Jay Homestead State Historic Site"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York State Route 22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_22"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nrhpinv-3"},{"link_name":"Jacobus Van Cortlandt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobus_Van_Cortlandt"},{"link_name":"Chief Katonah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katonah_(Native_American_leader)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Continental Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Congress"},{"link_name":"Governor of New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"United States Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nrhpinv-3"},{"link_name":"Westchester County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westchester_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nrhpinv-3"},{"link_name":"National Historic Landmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nhlsum-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nrhpinv-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_Jay_(Gilbert_Stuart_portrait).jpg"},{"link_name":"Gilbert Stuart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Stuart"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JohnJayHomestead_HABS_cropped.jpg"},{"link_name":"HABS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_American_Buildings_Survey"}],"text":"The John Jay Homestead is located in a rural setting east of the village of Katonah, on the north side of Jay Street (New York State Route 22). It is a 2+1⁄2-story gambrel-roofed brick building, with single-story gable-roofed wings to either side. The main facade is five bays wide, with sash windows arranged symmetrically around the centered entrance. The center bay is slightly wider than the others, and the entrance is topped by a four-light transom window. A shed-roof porch shelters the entire span of the first floor, wrapping around in open sections to secondary entrances in the side wings.[3]The home was constructed in two major phases, on 600 acres (240 ha) of land that was part of a larger 5,200-acre (2,100 ha) parcel that his maternal grandfather Jacobus Van Cortlandt purchased from Chief Katonah around 1700.[4] John Jay made arrangements in February 1787 with brickmakers and carpenters for the first phase of construction, which was completed in 1790. The second phase, executed in 1800–01, included the extension of the main block to five bays and the addition of the wings (one replacing the first kitchen wing). Jay, whose long and illustrious career included the Continental Congress, drafting of New York's first state constitution, Governor of New York, and Chief Justice of both New York's Supreme Court and the United States Supreme Court, spent his retirement years on this property.[3]The house remained in the Jay family until 1959, when it was given to Westchester County, which turned it over to the state. The state undertook the reversal of some alterations made after Jay's ownership, and opened it as a historic site.[3] In 1977, the non-profit Friends of John Jay Homestead was founded to increase public awareness of the site. It raises funds and provides volunteer assistance for the Homestead's preservation, restoration and interpretation.The house was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1981.[2][3]John Jay (Gilbert Stuart portrait, 1794)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSouth perspective view in 1961 (HABS)","title":"Description and history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"African American Heritage Trail of Westchester County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Heritage_Trail_of_Westchester_County"},{"link_name":"Rye African-American Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rye_African-American_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"Saint Paul's Church National Historic Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Paul%27s_Church_National_Historic_Site"},{"link_name":"Jay Estate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Estate"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"In 2004, the landmark, known as Bedford House, was added to the African American Heritage Trail of Westchester County, a group of 16 sites which include the Rye African-American Cemetery, Saint Paul's Church National Historic Site and the Jay Estate in Rye.[5]","title":"Legacy"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loris_Fortuna
Loris Fortuna
["1 Biography","2 References"]
Italian left-wing politician (1924–1985) Loris FortunaMinister for the Coordination of Community PoliciesIn office31 July 1985 – 5 December 1985Prime MinisterBettino CraxiPreceded byFrancesco ForteSucceeded byFabio FabbriMinister for the Coordination of Civil ProtectionIn office1 December 1982 – 4 August 1983Prime MinisterAmintore FanfaniPreceded byGiuseppe ZamberlettiSucceeded byVincenzo ScottiMember of the Chamber of DeputiesIn office16 May 1963 – 5 December 1985ConstituencyUdine Personal detailsBorn(1924-01-22)22 January 1924Breno, Lombardy, ItalyDied5 December 1985(1985-12-05) (aged 61)Rome, Lazio, ItalyPolitical partyPCI (1946–1956) PSI (1957–1985)Alma materUniversity of BolognaProfessionPolitician, lawyer Loris Fortuna (22 January 1924 – 5 December 1985) was an Italian left-wing politician. Biography Born in Breno, province of Brescia, he was a partisan during World War II, and initially joined the Italian Communist Party (PCI), leaving it in 1956, and crossing the floor to the Italian Socialist Party (PSI), after the anti-Soviet revolts in Hungary were suppressed by the Soviet Red Army. His first ran in elections in 1963; two years later, he promoted, as first signer, the law on divorce, but he then decided not to submit it to the examination on Parliament. In 1970, however, Fortuna decided to finally present his proposal of law, together with liberal colleague Antonio Baslini, gaining support from the PCI, the PSI, the PSDI, the PSIUP, the PRI and the PLI, but opposed by the Christian Democratic Party. The Radical Party and the left-leaning Lega Italiana per il Divorzio (LID) supported the law outside Parliament. The law, which legalized and regulated divorce in Italy, was then approved on December 1, 1970. This law is known as "Fortuna–Baslini law". In 1974, The Christian Democrats tried to repeal it via a national referendum, but failed, with 59.3% of Italians favourable to maintain the law on divorce. During the referendum campaign, Fortuna bound up with Radical leader Marco Pannella, and then joined his party, but continuing to be member of the Socialist Party. The support by the leftist parties, most notably the PCI, was instrumental in preserving the Divorce Law. Subsequently, Fortuna was a strong supporter and promoter also for the law on abortion, which was depenalized in 1978 and survived to another referendum in 1981. He died in Rome, soon after having asked Bettino Craxi for an electoral alliance between the PSI and the Radicals. In 2005, the name of Loris Fortuna came back to national political scene, following the formation of the Rose in the Fist, an electoral alliance including Radicals and Socialists, and openly based on the principles of José Luis Zapatero, Tony Blair and Fortuna himself. References ^ FORTUNA, Loris di Giuseppe Sircana - Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani - Volume 49 (1997) ^ REFERENDUM SUL DIVORZIO - SPECIALE 1974 - 2014 vteFanfani V Cabinet (1982–83) Fabbri Romita Biondi Fortuna Schietroma Signorile Abis Colombo Rognoni Darida Bodrato Forte Goria Lagorio Falcucci Nicolazzi Mannino Casalinuovo Gaspari Pandolfi Altissimo Capria Di Giesi De Michelis Scotti Vernola Signorello vteCraxi I Cabinet (1983–86) Forlani Romita/Vizzini Granelli Forte/Fortuna Scotti/Zamberletti Biondi/Valerio Zanone Gaspari De Vito Mammì Andreotti Scalfaro Martinazzoli Longo/Craxi/Romita Visentini Goria Spadolini Falcucci Nicolazzi Pandolfi Signorile Gava Altissimo Degan Capria Carta Darida De Michelis Gullotti Lagorio Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany Italy United States People Italian People Other IdRef This article about an Italian Communist Party politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"left-wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left-wing"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Loris Fortuna (22 January 1924 – 5 December 1985) was an Italian left-wing politician.[1]","title":"Loris Fortuna"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Breno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breno,_Lombardy"},{"link_name":"province of Brescia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Brescia"},{"link_name":"partisan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Italian Communist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Communist_Party"},{"link_name":"crossing the floor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossing_the_floor"},{"link_name":"Italian Socialist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Socialist_Party"},{"link_name":"anti-Soviet revolts in Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956_Hungarian_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Soviet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Red Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Army"},{"link_name":"divorce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce"},{"link_name":"liberal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism"},{"link_name":"Antonio Baslini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Baslini&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Christian Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Democracy_(Italy)"},{"link_name":"Radical Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_Party_(Italy)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"national referendum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974_Italian_divorce_referendum"},{"link_name":"Marco Pannella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Pannella"},{"link_name":"abortion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion"},{"link_name":"referendum in 1981","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981_Italian_referendums"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"Bettino Craxi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bettino_Craxi"},{"link_name":"Rose in the Fist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_in_the_Fist"},{"link_name":"José Luis Zapatero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Luis_Zapatero"},{"link_name":"Tony Blair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Blair"}],"text":"Born in Breno, province of Brescia, he was a partisan during World War II, and initially joined the Italian Communist Party (PCI), leaving it in 1956, and crossing the floor to the Italian Socialist Party (PSI), after the anti-Soviet revolts in Hungary were suppressed by the Soviet Red Army. His first ran in elections in 1963; two years later, he promoted, as first signer, the law on divorce, but he then decided not to submit it to the examination on Parliament.In 1970, however, Fortuna decided to finally present his proposal of law, together with liberal colleague Antonio Baslini, gaining support from the PCI, the PSI, the PSDI, the PSIUP, the PRI and the PLI, but opposed by the Christian Democratic Party. The Radical Party and the left-leaning Lega Italiana per il Divorzio (LID) supported the law outside Parliament. The law, which legalized and regulated divorce in Italy, was then approved on December 1, 1970. This law is known as \"Fortuna–Baslini law\".[2]In 1974, The Christian Democrats tried to repeal it via a national referendum, but failed, with 59.3% of Italians favourable to maintain the law on divorce. During the referendum campaign, Fortuna bound up with Radical leader Marco Pannella, and then joined his party, but continuing to be member of the Socialist Party. The support by the leftist parties, most notably the PCI, was instrumental in preserving the Divorce Law.Subsequently, Fortuna was a strong supporter and promoter also for the law on abortion, which was depenalized in 1978 and survived to another referendum in 1981. He died in Rome, soon after having asked Bettino Craxi for an electoral alliance between the PSI and the Radicals.In 2005, the name of Loris Fortuna came back to national political scene, following the formation of the Rose in the Fist, an electoral alliance including Radicals and Socialists, and openly based on the principles of José Luis Zapatero, Tony Blair and Fortuna himself.","title":"Biography"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Martha_(Martyr)
Marius, Martha, Audifax, and Abachum
["1 Veneration","2 References","3 External links"]
Group of Persian martyrs Marius, Martha, Audifax, and AbachumMartyrsBorn3rd centuryPersiaDied270Nymphae Catabassi, near RomeVenerated inOrthodox Church, Roman Catholic ChurchMajor shrineRome, Prüm AbbeyFeast19 January Saints Marius, Martha, Audifax, and Abachum (died 270) were, according to their largely legendary passio of the 6th century, four saints of the same family (a married couple and their two sons). They came from Persia to Rome, and were martyred in 270 for sympathizing with Christian martyrs and burying their bodies. Some ancient martyrologies place the date of their death between 268 and 270, during the reign of Claudius II, although there was no persecution of Christians during this time. Their story relates how the family's assistance to Christians exposed them to persecution. They were seized and delivered to the judge Muscianus or Marcianus, who, unable to persuade them to abjure their faith, condemned them to various tortures. Despite the torture, the saints refused to abjure. Marius and his two sons were thus beheaded on the Via Cornelia, and their bodies were burnt. Martha meanwhile was killed at a place called in Nimpha or Nymphae Catabassi (later called Santa Ninfa), thirteen miles from Rome. Tradition states that Martha was cast into a well. Veneration According to tradition, a Roman lady named Felicitas secured the half-consumed remains of the father and sons and also the mother's body from the well, and had the sacred relics secretly interred on her estate at Buxus, today Boccea. This is said to have occurred on January 20. A church arose at Boccea, and during the Middle Ages, it became a place of pilgrimage. The relics of the martyrs later suffered various vicissitudes: some were transferred to the churches of Sant'Adriano al Foro and Santa Prassede, in Rome, and part of these relics were sent to Eginhard, biographer of Charlemagne, who lodged them in the monastery of Seligenstadt. Some relics went to Prüm Abbey where their presence was recorded in the early 11th century. The original reliquary chest was destroyed during the French occupation at the end of the 18th century. The current chest dates from the 19th century. The martyrs are inscribed in the current Roman Martyrology on 19 January. Their feast or commemoration was included on that date in the General Roman Calendar from the 9th century to 1969, when they were excluded because nothing is known with certainty about them except their names, their place of burial (the cemetery Ad Nymphas on the Via Cornelia), and the day of their burial (19 or 20 January). References ^ Form of the names in the Roman Martyrology. In some sources, Marius is called "Maris" and Audifax is placed last. ^ a b c d Santi Mario, Marta, Abaco e Audiface ^ Clugnet, Léon. "Sts. Maris, Martha, Audifax, and Abachum." The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 9. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. 16 January 2023 This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. ^ Father Alban Butler: Saints Marius, Martha, Audifax, and Abachum Archived 2006-05-13 at the Wayback Machine ^ Martyrologium Romanum, Typis Vaticanis, 2004, p. 106 ^ Calendarium Romanum, Typis Polyglottis Vaticanis, 1969, p. 113 Sources Holweck, F. G., A Biographical Dictionary of the Saints. St. Louis, MO: B. Herder, 1924.  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Sts. Maris, Martha, Audifax, and Abachum". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. External links Entry in "Lives of the Saints" by Father Alben Butler (in Italian) Santi Mario, Marta, Abaco e Audiface
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[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/72nd_meridian_west
72nd meridian west
["1 From Pole to Pole","2 See also"]
Line of longitude This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "72nd meridian west" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) 72°class=notpageimage| 72nd meridian west Map all coordinates using OpenStreetMap Download coordinates as: KML GPX (all coordinates) GPX (primary coordinates) GPX (secondary coordinates) The meridian 72° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Atlantic Ocean, the Caribbean Sea, South America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole. The 72nd meridian west forms a great circle with the 108th meridian east. From Pole to Pole Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 72nd meridian west passes through: Co-ordinates Country, territory or sea Notes 90°0′N 72°0′W / 90.000°N 72.000°W / 90.000; -72.000 (Arctic Ocean) Arctic Ocean 83°6′N 72°0′W / 83.100°N 72.000°W / 83.100; -72.000 (Canada)  Canada Nunavut – Ellesmere Island 79°41′N 72°0′W / 79.683°N 72.000°W / 79.683; -72.000 (Nares Strait) Nares Strait 78°33′N 72°0′W / 78.550°N 72.000°W / 78.550; -72.000 (Greenland)  Greenland Inglefield Land 77°54′N 72°0′W / 77.900°N 72.000°W / 77.900; -72.000 (Baffin Bay) Baffin Bay 77°26′N 72°0′W / 77.433°N 72.000°W / 77.433; -72.000 (Greenland)  Greenland Kiatak (Northumberland Island) 77°18′N 72°0′W / 77.300°N 72.000°W / 77.300; -72.000 (Baffin Bay) Baffin Bay 71°34′N 72°0′W / 71.567°N 72.000°W / 71.567; -72.000 (Canada)  Canada Nunavut – Baffin Island, Sillem Island and Baffin Island again 63°23′N 72°0′W / 63.383°N 72.000°W / 63.383; -72.000 (Hudson Strait) Hudson Strait 61°52′N 72°0′W / 61.867°N 72.000°W / 61.867; -72.000 (Canada)  Canada Nunavut – Wales Island 61°51′N 72°0′W / 61.850°N 72.000°W / 61.850; -72.000 (Hudson Strait) Hudson Strait 61°41′N 72°0′W / 61.683°N 72.000°W / 61.683; -72.000 (Canada)  Canada Quebec – passing just west of Sherbrooke 45°0′N 72°0′W / 45.000°N 72.000°W / 45.000; -72.000 (United States)  United States Vermont New Hampshire – from 44°19′N 72°0′W / 44.317°N 72.000°W / 44.317; -72.000 (New Hampshire) Massachusetts – from 42°43′N 72°0′W / 42.717°N 72.000°W / 42.717; -72.000 (Massachusetts) Connecticut – from 42°1′N 72°0′W / 42.017°N 72.000°W / 42.017; -72.000 (Connecticut) 41°19′N 72°00′W / 41.31°N 72.0°W / 41.31; -72.0 Atlantic Ocean Fishers Island Sound 41°17′N 72°0′W / 41.283°N 72.000°W / 41.283; -72.000 (New York)  United States New York – Fishers Island 41°15′N 72°0′W / 41.250°N 72.000°W / 41.250; -72.000 (Atlantic Ocean) Atlantic Ocean Block Island Sound 41°3′N 72°0′W / 41.050°N 72.000°W / 41.050; -72.000 (United States)  United States New York – Long Island 41°1′N 72°0′W / 41.017°N 72.000°W / 41.017; -72.000 (Atlantic Ocean) Atlantic Ocean 21°58′N 72°0′W / 21.967°N 72.000°W / 21.967; -72.000 (Turks & Caicos Islands)  Turks and Caicos Islands Island of North Caicos 21°54′N 72°0′W / 21.900°N 72.000°W / 21.900; -72.000 (Atlantic Ocean) Atlantic Ocean 19°42′N 72°0′W / 19.700°N 72.000°W / 19.700; -72.000 (Haiti)  Haiti 18°38′N 72°0′W / 18.633°N 72.000°W / 18.633; -72.000 (Dominican Republic)  Dominican Republic For about 1 km 18°37′N 72°0′W / 18.617°N 72.000°W / 18.617; -72.000 (Haiti)  Haiti 18°12′N 72°0′W / 18.200°N 72.000°W / 18.200; -72.000 (Caribbean Sea) Caribbean Sea 12°15′N 72°0′W / 12.250°N 72.000°W / 12.250; -72.000 (Colombia)  Colombia 11°35′N 72°0′W / 11.583°N 72.000°W / 11.583; -72.000 (Venezuela)  Venezuela Passing through Lake Maracaibo 7°1′N 72°0′W / 7.017°N 72.000°W / 7.017; -72.000 (Colombia)  Colombia 2°21′S 72°0′W / 2.350°S 72.000°W / -2.350; -72.000 (Peru)  Peru 4°38′S 72°0′W / 4.633°S 72.000°W / -4.633; -72.000 (Brazil)  Brazil Amazonas Acre – from 7°46′S 72°0′W / 7.767°S 72.000°W / -7.767; -72.000 (Acre) 10°0′S 72°0′W / 10.000°S 72.000°W / -10.000; -72.000 (Peru)  Peru Passing just west of Cusco at 13°31′S 71°58′W / 13.517°S 71.967°W / -13.517; -71.967 (Cusco) 17°2′S 72°0′W / 17.033°S 72.000°W / -17.033; -72.000 (Pacific Ocean) Pacific Ocean 34°7′S 72°0′W / 34.117°S 72.000°W / -34.117; -72.000 (Chile)  Chile For about 6 km 34°11′S 72°0′W / 34.183°S 72.000°W / -34.183; -72.000 (Pacific Ocean) Pacific Ocean 34°22′S 72°0′W / 34.367°S 72.000°W / -34.367; -72.000 (Chile)  Chile 42°9′S 72°0′W / 42.150°S 72.000°W / -42.150; -72.000 (Argentina)  Argentina 43°2′S 72°0′W / 43.033°S 72.000°W / -43.033; -72.000 (Chile)  Chile 44°46′S 72°0′W / 44.767°S 72.000°W / -44.767; -72.000 (Argentina)  Argentina For about 14 km 44°54′S 72°0′W / 44.900°S 72.000°W / -44.900; -72.000 (Chile)  Chile 47°19′S 72°0′W / 47.317°S 72.000°W / -47.317; -72.000 (Argentina)  Argentina 51°49′S 72°0′W / 51.817°S 72.000°W / -51.817; -72.000 (Chile)  Chile For about 12 km 51°56′S 72°0′W / 51.933°S 72.000°W / -51.933; -72.000 (Argentina)  Argentina For about 3 km 51°58′S 72°0′W / 51.967°S 72.000°W / -51.967; -72.000 (Chile)  Chile Mainland, Riesco Island and Brunswick Peninsula (mainland) 53°42′S 72°0′W / 53.700°S 72.000°W / -53.700; -72.000 (Straits of Magellan) Straits of Magellan 53°54′S 72°0′W / 53.900°S 72.000°W / -53.900; -72.000 (Chile)  Chile Clarence Island, Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego and London Island 54°43′S 72°0′W / 54.717°S 72.000°W / -54.717; -72.000 (Pacific Ocean) Pacific Ocean 60°0′S 72°0′W / 60.000°S 72.000°W / -60.000; -72.000 (Southern Ocean) Southern Ocean 69°2′S 72°0′W / 69.033°S 72.000°W / -69.033; -72.000 (Antarctica) Antarctica Alexander Island and mainland – claimed by  Argentina (Argentine Antarctica),  Chile (Antártica Chilena Province) and  United Kingdom (British Antarctic Territory) See also 71st meridian west 73rd meridian west vteCircles of latitude / meridians Equator Tropic of Cancer Tropic of Capricorn Arctic Circle Antarctic Circle Equator Tropic of Cancer Tropic of Capricorn Arctic Circle Antarctic Circle Equator Tropic of Cancer Tropic of Capricorn Arctic Circle Antarctic Circle W0°E 30° 60° 90° 120° 150° 180° 30° 60° 90° 120° 150° 180° 5° 15° 25° 35° 45° 55° 65° 75° 85° 95° 105° 115° 125° 135° 145° 155° 165° 175° 5° 15° 25° 35° 45° 55° 65° 75° 85° 95° 105° 115° 125° 135° 145° 155° 165° 175° 10° 20° 40° 50° 70° 80° 100° 110° 130° 140° 160° 170° 10° 20° 40° 50° 70° 80° 100° 110° 130° 140° 160° 170° 0° 10° 20° 30° 40° 50° 60° 70° 80° 90° 10° 20° 30° 40° 50° 60° 70° 80° 90° 5° N 15° 25° 35° 45° 55° 65° 75° 85° 5° S 15° 25° 35° 45° 55° 65° 75° 85° 45x90 45x90 45x90 45x90
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:World_location_map_(equirectangular_180).svg"},{"link_name":"class=notpageimage|","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:World_location_map_(equirectangular_180).svg"},{"link_name":"OpenStreetMap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//tools.wmflabs.org/osm4wiki/cgi-bin/wiki/wiki-osm.pl?project=en&article=72nd_meridian_west"},{"link_name":"KML","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//tools.wmflabs.org/kmlexport?article=72nd_meridian_west"},{"link_name":"GPX (all coordinates)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=all&titles=72nd_meridian_west"},{"link_name":"GPX (primary coordinates)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=primary&titles=72nd_meridian_west"},{"link_name":"GPX (secondary coordinates)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=secondary&titles=72nd_meridian_west"},{"link_name":"Greenwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Meridian"},{"link_name":"longitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longitude"},{"link_name":"North Pole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Pole"},{"link_name":"Arctic Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_Ocean"},{"link_name":"North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Caribbean Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean_Sea"},{"link_name":"South America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America"},{"link_name":"Pacific Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Southern Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Antarctica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctica"},{"link_name":"South Pole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Pole"},{"link_name":"great circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_circle"},{"link_name":"108th meridian east","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/108th_meridian_east"}],"text":"72°class=notpageimage| 72nd meridian westMap all coordinates using OpenStreetMap\n\nDownload coordinates as:\n\n\nKML\nGPX (all coordinates)\nGPX (primary coordinates)\nGPX (secondary coordinates)The meridian 72° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Atlantic Ocean, the Caribbean Sea, South America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.The 72nd meridian west forms a great circle with the 108th meridian east.","title":"72nd meridian west"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"North Pole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Pole"},{"link_name":"South Pole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Pole"},{"link_name":"90°0′N 72°0′W / 90.000°N 72.000°W / 90.000; -72.000 (Arctic Ocean)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=72nd_meridian_west&params=90_0_N_72_0_W_type:waterbody&title=Arctic+Ocean"},{"link_name":"Arctic Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_Ocean"},{"link_name":"83°6′N 72°0′W / 83.100°N 72.000°W / 83.100; -72.000 (Canada)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=72nd_meridian_west&params=83_6_N_72_0_W_type:country&title=Canada"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Nunavut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nunavut"},{"link_name":"Ellesmere Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellesmere_Island"},{"link_name":"79°41′N 72°0′W / 79.683°N 72.000°W / 79.683; -72.000 (Nares Strait)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=72nd_meridian_west&params=79_41_N_72_0_W_type:waterbody&title=Nares+Strait"},{"link_name":"Nares Strait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nares_Strait"},{"link_name":"78°33′N 72°0′W / 78.550°N 72.000°W / 78.550; -72.000 (Greenland)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=72nd_meridian_west&params=78_33_N_72_0_W_type:country&title=Greenland"},{"link_name":"Greenland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenland"},{"link_name":"Inglefield Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inglefield_Land"},{"link_name":"77°54′N 72°0′W / 77.900°N 72.000°W / 77.900; -72.000 (Baffin Bay)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=72nd_meridian_west&params=77_54_N_72_0_W_type:waterbody&title=Baffin+Bay"},{"link_name":"Baffin Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baffin_Bay"},{"link_name":"77°26′N 72°0′W / 77.433°N 72.000°W / 77.433; -72.000 (Greenland)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=72nd_meridian_west&params=77_26_N_72_0_W_type:country&title=Greenland"},{"link_name":"Greenland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenland"},{"link_name":"Kiatak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiatak"},{"link_name":"77°18′N 72°0′W / 77.300°N 72.000°W / 77.300; -72.000 (Baffin Bay)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=72nd_meridian_west&params=77_18_N_72_0_W_type:waterbody&title=Baffin+Bay"},{"link_name":"Baffin Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baffin_Bay"},{"link_name":"71°34′N 72°0′W / 71.567°N 72.000°W / 71.567; -72.000 (Canada)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=72nd_meridian_west&params=71_34_N_72_0_W_type:country&title=Canada"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Nunavut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nunavut"},{"link_name":"Baffin Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baffin_Island"},{"link_name":"Sillem Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sillem_Island"},{"link_name":"Baffin Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baffin_Island"},{"link_name":"63°23′N 72°0′W / 63.383°N 72.000°W / 63.383; -72.000 (Hudson Strait)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=72nd_meridian_west&params=63_23_N_72_0_W_type:waterbody&title=Hudson+Strait"},{"link_name":"Hudson Strait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_Strait"},{"link_name":"61°52′N 72°0′W / 61.867°N 72.000°W / 61.867; -72.000 (Canada)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=72nd_meridian_west&params=61_52_N_72_0_W_type:country&title=Canada"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Nunavut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nunavut"},{"link_name":"Wales Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales_Island_(Ungava)"},{"link_name":"61°51′N 72°0′W / 61.850°N 72.000°W / 61.850; -72.000 (Hudson Strait)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=72nd_meridian_west&params=61_51_N_72_0_W_type:waterbody&title=Hudson+Strait"},{"link_name":"Hudson Strait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_Strait"},{"link_name":"61°41′N 72°0′W / 61.683°N 72.000°W / 61.683; -72.000 (Canada)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=72nd_meridian_west&params=61_41_N_72_0_W_type:country&title=Canada"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec"},{"link_name":"Sherbrooke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherbrooke"},{"link_name":"45°0′N 72°0′W / 45.000°N 72.000°W / 45.000; -72.000 (United States)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=72nd_meridian_west&params=45_0_N_72_0_W_type:country&title=United+States"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Vermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermont"},{"link_name":"New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"44°19′N 72°0′W / 44.317°N 72.000°W / 44.317; -72.000 (New Hampshire)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=72nd_meridian_west&params=44_19_N_72_0_W_type:adm1st&title=New+Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"42°43′N 72°0′W / 42.717°N 72.000°W / 42.717; -72.000 (Massachusetts)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=72nd_meridian_west&params=42_43_N_72_0_W_type:adm1st&title=Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut"},{"link_name":"42°1′N 72°0′W / 42.017°N 72.000°W / 42.017; -72.000 (Connecticut)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=72nd_meridian_west&params=42_1_N_72_0_W_type:adm1st&title=Connecticut"},{"link_name":"41°19′N 72°00′W / 41.31°N 72.0°W / 41.31; -72.0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=72nd_meridian_west&params=41.31_N_72_W_"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Fishers Island Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fishers_Island_Sound&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"41°17′N 72°0′W / 41.283°N 72.000°W / 41.283; -72.000 (New York)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=72nd_meridian_west&params=41_17_N_72_0_W_type:adm1st&title=New+York"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"Fishers Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishers_Island"},{"link_name":"41°15′N 72°0′W / 41.250°N 72.000°W / 41.250; -72.000 (Atlantic Ocean)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=72nd_meridian_west&params=41_15_N_72_0_W_type:waterbody&title=Atlantic+Ocean"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Block Island Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_Island_Sound"},{"link_name":"41°3′N 72°0′W / 41.050°N 72.000°W / 41.050; -72.000 (United States)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=72nd_meridian_west&params=41_3_N_72_0_W_type:country&title=United+States"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"Long Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island"},{"link_name":"41°1′N 72°0′W / 41.017°N 72.000°W / 41.017; -72.000 (Atlantic Ocean)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=72nd_meridian_west&params=41_1_N_72_0_W_type:waterbody&title=Atlantic+Ocean"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean"},{"link_name":"21°58′N 72°0′W / 21.967°N 72.000°W / 21.967; -72.000 (Turks & Caicos Islands)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=72nd_meridian_west&params=21_58_N_72_0_W_type:country&title=Turks+%26+Caicos+Islands"},{"link_name":"Turks and Caicos Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands"},{"link_name":"North Caicos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Caicos"},{"link_name":"21°54′N 72°0′W / 21.900°N 72.000°W / 21.900; -72.000 (Atlantic Ocean)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=72nd_meridian_west&params=21_54_N_72_0_W_type:waterbody&title=Atlantic+Ocean"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean"},{"link_name":"19°42′N 72°0′W / 19.700°N 72.000°W / 19.700; -72.000 (Haiti)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=72nd_meridian_west&params=19_42_N_72_0_W_type:country&title=Haiti"},{"link_name":"Haiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti"},{"link_name":"18°38′N 72°0′W / 18.633°N 72.000°W / 18.633; -72.000 (Dominican Republic)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=72nd_meridian_west&params=18_38_N_72_0_W_type:country&title=Dominican+Republic"},{"link_name":"Dominican Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Republic"},{"link_name":"18°37′N 72°0′W / 18.617°N 72.000°W / 18.617; -72.000 (Haiti)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=72nd_meridian_west&params=18_37_N_72_0_W_type:country&title=Haiti"},{"link_name":"Haiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti"},{"link_name":"18°12′N 72°0′W / 18.200°N 72.000°W / 18.200; -72.000 (Caribbean Sea)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=72nd_meridian_west&params=18_12_N_72_0_W_type:waterbody&title=Caribbean+Sea"},{"link_name":"Caribbean Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean_Sea"},{"link_name":"12°15′N 72°0′W / 12.250°N 72.000°W / 12.250; -72.000 (Colombia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=72nd_meridian_west&params=12_15_N_72_0_W_type:country&title=Colombia"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"link_name":"11°35′N 72°0′W / 11.583°N 72.000°W / 11.583; -72.000 (Venezuela)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=72nd_meridian_west&params=11_35_N_72_0_W_type:country&title=Venezuela"},{"link_name":"Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela"},{"link_name":"Lake Maracaibo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Maracaibo"},{"link_name":"7°1′N 72°0′W / 7.017°N 72.000°W / 7.017; -72.000 (Colombia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=72nd_meridian_west&params=7_1_N_72_0_W_type:country&title=Colombia"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"link_name":"2°21′S 72°0′W / 2.350°S 72.000°W / -2.350; -72.000 (Peru)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=72nd_meridian_west&params=2_21_S_72_0_W_type:country&title=Peru"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru"},{"link_name":"4°38′S 72°0′W / 4.633°S 72.000°W / -4.633; -72.000 (Brazil)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=72nd_meridian_west&params=4_38_S_72_0_W_type:country&title=Brazil"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Amazonas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazonas_(Brazilian_state)"},{"link_name":"Acre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acre_(state)"},{"link_name":"7°46′S 72°0′W / 7.767°S 72.000°W / -7.767; -72.000 (Acre)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=72nd_meridian_west&params=7_46_S_72_0_W_type:adm1st&title=Acre"},{"link_name":"10°0′S 72°0′W / 10.000°S 72.000°W / -10.000; -72.000 (Peru)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=72nd_meridian_west&params=10_0_S_72_0_W_type:country&title=Peru"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru"},{"link_name":"Cusco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cusco"},{"link_name":"13°31′S 71°58′W / 13.517°S 71.967°W / -13.517; -71.967 (Cusco)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=72nd_meridian_west&params=13_31_S_71_58_W_type:adm1st&title=Cusco"},{"link_name":"17°2′S 72°0′W / 17.033°S 72.000°W / -17.033; -72.000 (Pacific Ocean)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=72nd_meridian_west&params=17_2_S_72_0_W_type:waterbody&title=Pacific+Ocean"},{"link_name":"Pacific Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean"},{"link_name":"34°7′S 72°0′W / 34.117°S 72.000°W / -34.117; -72.000 (Chile)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=72nd_meridian_west&params=34_7_S_72_0_W_type:country&title=Chile"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"},{"link_name":"34°11′S 72°0′W / 34.183°S 72.000°W / -34.183; -72.000 (Pacific Ocean)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=72nd_meridian_west&params=34_11_S_72_0_W_type:waterbody&title=Pacific+Ocean"},{"link_name":"Pacific Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean"},{"link_name":"34°22′S 72°0′W / 34.367°S 72.000°W / -34.367; -72.000 (Chile)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=72nd_meridian_west&params=34_22_S_72_0_W_type:country&title=Chile"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"},{"link_name":"42°9′S 72°0′W / 42.150°S 72.000°W / -42.150; -72.000 (Argentina)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=72nd_meridian_west&params=42_9_S_72_0_W_type:country&title=Argentina"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"43°2′S 72°0′W / 43.033°S 72.000°W / -43.033; -72.000 (Chile)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=72nd_meridian_west&params=43_2_S_72_0_W_type:country&title=Chile"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"},{"link_name":"44°46′S 72°0′W / 44.767°S 72.000°W / -44.767; -72.000 (Argentina)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=72nd_meridian_west&params=44_46_S_72_0_W_type:country&title=Argentina"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"44°54′S 72°0′W / 44.900°S 72.000°W / -44.900; -72.000 (Chile)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=72nd_meridian_west&params=44_54_S_72_0_W_type:country&title=Chile"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"},{"link_name":"47°19′S 72°0′W / 47.317°S 72.000°W / -47.317; -72.000 (Argentina)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=72nd_meridian_west&params=47_19_S_72_0_W_type:country&title=Argentina"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"51°49′S 72°0′W / 51.817°S 72.000°W / -51.817; -72.000 (Chile)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=72nd_meridian_west&params=51_49_S_72_0_W_type:country&title=Chile"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"},{"link_name":"51°56′S 72°0′W / 51.933°S 72.000°W / -51.933; -72.000 (Argentina)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=72nd_meridian_west&params=51_56_S_72_0_W_type:country&title=Argentina"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"51°58′S 72°0′W / 51.967°S 72.000°W / -51.967; -72.000 (Chile)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=72nd_meridian_west&params=51_58_S_72_0_W_type:country&title=Chile"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"},{"link_name":"Riesco Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riesco_Island"},{"link_name":"Brunswick Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunswick_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"53°42′S 72°0′W / 53.700°S 72.000°W / -53.700; -72.000 (Straits of Magellan)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=72nd_meridian_west&params=53_42_S_72_0_W_type:waterbody&title=Straits+of+Magellan"},{"link_name":"Straits of Magellan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straits_of_Magellan"},{"link_name":"53°54′S 72°0′W / 53.900°S 72.000°W / -53.900; -72.000 (Chile)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=72nd_meridian_west&params=53_54_S_72_0_W_type:country&title=Chile"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"},{"link_name":"Clarence Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_Island,_Chile"},{"link_name":"Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isla_Grande_de_Tierra_del_Fuego"},{"link_name":"London Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Island"},{"link_name":"54°43′S 72°0′W / 54.717°S 72.000°W / -54.717; -72.000 (Pacific Ocean)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=72nd_meridian_west&params=54_43_S_72_0_W_type:waterbody&title=Pacific+Ocean"},{"link_name":"Pacific Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean"},{"link_name":"60°0′S 72°0′W / 60.000°S 72.000°W / -60.000; -72.000 (Southern Ocean)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=72nd_meridian_west&params=60_0_S_72_0_W_type:waterbody&title=Southern+Ocean"},{"link_name":"Southern Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Ocean"},{"link_name":"69°2′S 72°0′W / 69.033°S 72.000°W / -69.033; -72.000 (Antarctica)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=72nd_meridian_west&params=69_2_S_72_0_W_type:country&title=Antarctica"},{"link_name":"Antarctica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctica"},{"link_name":"Alexander Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Island"},{"link_name":"claimed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_territorial_claims"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"Argentine Antarctica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_Antarctica"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"},{"link_name":"Antártica Chilena Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%A1rtica_Chilena_Province"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"British Antarctic Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Antarctic_Territory"}],"text":"Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 72nd meridian west passes through:Co-ordinates\n\nCountry, territory or sea\n\nNotes\n\n\n90°0′N 72°0′W / 90.000°N 72.000°W / 90.000; -72.000 (Arctic Ocean)\n\nArctic Ocean\n\n\n\n\n83°6′N 72°0′W / 83.100°N 72.000°W / 83.100; -72.000 (Canada)\n\n Canada\n\nNunavut – Ellesmere Island\n\n\n79°41′N 72°0′W / 79.683°N 72.000°W / 79.683; -72.000 (Nares Strait)\n\nNares Strait\n\n\n\n\n78°33′N 72°0′W / 78.550°N 72.000°W / 78.550; -72.000 (Greenland)\n\n Greenland\n\nInglefield Land\n\n\n77°54′N 72°0′W / 77.900°N 72.000°W / 77.900; -72.000 (Baffin Bay)\n\nBaffin Bay\n\n\n\n\n77°26′N 72°0′W / 77.433°N 72.000°W / 77.433; -72.000 (Greenland)\n\n Greenland\n\nKiatak (Northumberland Island)\n\n\n77°18′N 72°0′W / 77.300°N 72.000°W / 77.300; -72.000 (Baffin Bay)\n\nBaffin Bay\n\n\n\n\n71°34′N 72°0′W / 71.567°N 72.000°W / 71.567; -72.000 (Canada)\n\n Canada\n\nNunavut – Baffin Island, Sillem Island and Baffin Island again\n\n\n63°23′N 72°0′W / 63.383°N 72.000°W / 63.383; -72.000 (Hudson Strait)\n\nHudson Strait\n\n\n\n\n61°52′N 72°0′W / 61.867°N 72.000°W / 61.867; -72.000 (Canada)\n\n Canada\n\nNunavut – Wales Island\n\n\n61°51′N 72°0′W / 61.850°N 72.000°W / 61.850; -72.000 (Hudson Strait)\n\nHudson Strait\n\n\n\n\n61°41′N 72°0′W / 61.683°N 72.000°W / 61.683; -72.000 (Canada)\n\n Canada\n\nQuebec – passing just west of Sherbrooke\n\n\n45°0′N 72°0′W / 45.000°N 72.000°W / 45.000; -72.000 (United States)\n\n United States\n\nVermont New Hampshire – from 44°19′N 72°0′W / 44.317°N 72.000°W / 44.317; -72.000 (New Hampshire) Massachusetts – from 42°43′N 72°0′W / 42.717°N 72.000°W / 42.717; -72.000 (Massachusetts) Connecticut – from 42°1′N 72°0′W / 42.017°N 72.000°W / 42.017; -72.000 (Connecticut)\n\n\n41°19′N 72°00′W / 41.31°N 72.0°W / 41.31; -72.0\n\nAtlantic Ocean\n\nFishers Island Sound\n\n\n41°17′N 72°0′W / 41.283°N 72.000°W / 41.283; -72.000 (New York)\n\n United States\n\nNew York – Fishers Island\n\n\n41°15′N 72°0′W / 41.250°N 72.000°W / 41.250; -72.000 (Atlantic Ocean)\n\nAtlantic Ocean\n\nBlock Island Sound\n\n\n41°3′N 72°0′W / 41.050°N 72.000°W / 41.050; -72.000 (United States)\n\n United States\n\nNew York – Long Island\n\n\n41°1′N 72°0′W / 41.017°N 72.000°W / 41.017; -72.000 (Atlantic Ocean)\n\nAtlantic Ocean\n\n\n\n\n21°58′N 72°0′W / 21.967°N 72.000°W / 21.967; -72.000 (Turks & Caicos Islands)\n\n Turks and Caicos Islands\n\nIsland of North Caicos\n\n\n21°54′N 72°0′W / 21.900°N 72.000°W / 21.900; -72.000 (Atlantic Ocean)\n\nAtlantic Ocean\n\n\n\n\n19°42′N 72°0′W / 19.700°N 72.000°W / 19.700; -72.000 (Haiti)\n\n Haiti\n\n\n\n\n18°38′N 72°0′W / 18.633°N 72.000°W / 18.633; -72.000 (Dominican Republic)\n\n Dominican Republic\n\nFor about 1 km\n\n\n18°37′N 72°0′W / 18.617°N 72.000°W / 18.617; -72.000 (Haiti)\n\n Haiti\n\n\n\n\n18°12′N 72°0′W / 18.200°N 72.000°W / 18.200; -72.000 (Caribbean Sea)\n\nCaribbean Sea\n\n\n\n\n12°15′N 72°0′W / 12.250°N 72.000°W / 12.250; -72.000 (Colombia)\n\n Colombia\n\n\n\n\n11°35′N 72°0′W / 11.583°N 72.000°W / 11.583; -72.000 (Venezuela)\n\n Venezuela\n\nPassing through Lake Maracaibo\n\n\n7°1′N 72°0′W / 7.017°N 72.000°W / 7.017; -72.000 (Colombia)\n\n Colombia\n\n\n\n\n2°21′S 72°0′W / 2.350°S 72.000°W / -2.350; -72.000 (Peru)\n\n Peru\n\n\n\n\n4°38′S 72°0′W / 4.633°S 72.000°W / -4.633; -72.000 (Brazil)\n\n Brazil\n\nAmazonas Acre – from 7°46′S 72°0′W / 7.767°S 72.000°W / -7.767; -72.000 (Acre)\n\n\n10°0′S 72°0′W / 10.000°S 72.000°W / -10.000; -72.000 (Peru)\n\n Peru\n\nPassing just west of Cusco at 13°31′S 71°58′W / 13.517°S 71.967°W / -13.517; -71.967 (Cusco)\n\n\n17°2′S 72°0′W / 17.033°S 72.000°W / -17.033; -72.000 (Pacific Ocean)\n\nPacific Ocean\n\n\n\n\n34°7′S 72°0′W / 34.117°S 72.000°W / -34.117; -72.000 (Chile)\n\n Chile\n\nFor about 6 km\n\n\n34°11′S 72°0′W / 34.183°S 72.000°W / -34.183; -72.000 (Pacific Ocean)\n\nPacific Ocean\n\n\n\n\n34°22′S 72°0′W / 34.367°S 72.000°W / -34.367; -72.000 (Chile)\n\n Chile\n\n\n\n\n42°9′S 72°0′W / 42.150°S 72.000°W / -42.150; -72.000 (Argentina)\n\n Argentina\n\n\n\n\n43°2′S 72°0′W / 43.033°S 72.000°W / -43.033; -72.000 (Chile)\n\n Chile\n\n\n\n\n44°46′S 72°0′W / 44.767°S 72.000°W / -44.767; -72.000 (Argentina)\n\n Argentina\n\nFor about 14 km\n\n\n44°54′S 72°0′W / 44.900°S 72.000°W / -44.900; -72.000 (Chile)\n\n Chile\n\n\n\n\n47°19′S 72°0′W / 47.317°S 72.000°W / -47.317; -72.000 (Argentina)\n\n Argentina\n\n\n\n\n51°49′S 72°0′W / 51.817°S 72.000°W / -51.817; -72.000 (Chile)\n\n Chile\n\nFor about 12 km\n\n\n51°56′S 72°0′W / 51.933°S 72.000°W / -51.933; -72.000 (Argentina)\n\n Argentina\n\nFor about 3 km\n\n\n51°58′S 72°0′W / 51.967°S 72.000°W / -51.967; -72.000 (Chile)\n\n Chile\n\nMainland, Riesco Island and Brunswick Peninsula (mainland)\n\n\n53°42′S 72°0′W / 53.700°S 72.000°W / -53.700; -72.000 (Straits of Magellan)\n\nStraits of Magellan\n\n\n\n\n53°54′S 72°0′W / 53.900°S 72.000°W / -53.900; -72.000 (Chile)\n\n Chile\n\nClarence Island, Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego and London Island\n\n\n54°43′S 72°0′W / 54.717°S 72.000°W / -54.717; -72.000 (Pacific Ocean)\n\nPacific Ocean\n\n\n\n\n60°0′S 72°0′W / 60.000°S 72.000°W / -60.000; -72.000 (Southern Ocean)\n\nSouthern Ocean\n\n\n\n\n69°2′S 72°0′W / 69.033°S 72.000°W / -69.033; -72.000 (Antarctica)\n\nAntarctica\n\nAlexander Island and mainland – claimed by  Argentina (Argentine Antarctica),  Chile (Antártica Chilena Province) and  United Kingdom (British Antarctic Territory)","title":"From Pole to Pole"}]
[]
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-72.000 (Argentina)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=72nd_meridian_west&params=51_58_S_72_0_W_type:country&title=Chile","external_links_name":"51°58′S 72°0′W / 51.967°S 72.000°W / -51.967; -72.000 (Chile)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=72nd_meridian_west&params=53_42_S_72_0_W_type:waterbody&title=Straits+of+Magellan","external_links_name":"53°42′S 72°0′W / 53.700°S 72.000°W / -53.700; -72.000 (Straits of Magellan)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=72nd_meridian_west&params=53_54_S_72_0_W_type:country&title=Chile","external_links_name":"53°54′S 72°0′W / 53.900°S 72.000°W / -53.900; -72.000 (Chile)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=72nd_meridian_west&params=54_43_S_72_0_W_type:waterbody&title=Pacific+Ocean","external_links_name":"54°43′S 72°0′W / 54.717°S 72.000°W / -54.717; -72.000 (Pacific Ocean)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=72nd_meridian_west&params=60_0_S_72_0_W_type:waterbody&title=Southern+Ocean","external_links_name":"60°0′S 72°0′W / 60.000°S 72.000°W / -60.000; -72.000 (Southern Ocean)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=72nd_meridian_west&params=69_2_S_72_0_W_type:country&title=Antarctica","external_links_name":"69°2′S 72°0′W / 69.033°S 72.000°W / -69.033; -72.000 (Antarctica)"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu_national_rugby_union_team
Vanuatu national rugby union team
["1 History","2 Record","2.1 World Cup","2.2 Overall","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
VanuatuNickname(s)TuskersUnionVanuatu Rugby Football UnionHead coachIshmael KalsakauWorld Rugby rankingCurrent111 (as of 4 December 2023)Highest108 (2022)First internationalNew Hebrides 18–18 Wallis and Futuna(1966-12-01)Biggest winVanuatu 6–0 Wallis and Futuna(1966-12-01)Biggest defeatPapua New Guinea 97–3 Vanuatu(2005-08-20) Medal record Pacific Games 1966 Noumea The Vanuatu national rugby union team represents Vanuatu in the sport of rugby union. The team is classified as a tier three nation by the International Rugby Board (IRB), and has yet to qualify for a Rugby World Cup. Its international debut was in 1966. It became affiliated with World Rugby in 1999. The team is nicknamed the Tuskers, after the pig tusks prized as currency in some parts of the country. The tusks also appear on the country's flag. History Vanuatu was involved in the Oceania qualifying tournaments for the 2007 Rugby World Cup in France. It was a part of the Round 1a group, with the Solomon Islands and Papua New Guinea. It won its first match at home against the Solomon Islands, lost the second match away to Papua New Guinea 97 to 3, and did not proceed to the next round. Record World Cup World Cup record Year Qualification status 1987 Not invited 1991 did not enter 1995 did not enter 1999 did not enter 2003 did not qualify 2007 did not qualify 2011 did not qualify 2015 did not enter 2019 did not enter 2023 did not enter Overall Against Played Won Lost Drawn % Won  New Caledonia 3 0 3 0 0%  Niue 2 0 2 0 0%  Papua New Guinea 5 0 5 0 0%  Solomon Islands 4 1 3 0 25% Total 14 1 13 0 7.14% In late 2012, due to management issues, the Vanuatu rugby team was suspended by the IRB for failure to report about the country's use of money and development of the sport within the country. See also Sports portal FORU Oceania Cup 2007 Rugby World Cup – Oceania qualification Vanuatu Rugby Football Union Rugby union in Vanuatu Vanuatu national under-20 rugby union team References ^ "Vanuatu Rugby Union | Oceania Rugby". oceania.rugby. Retrieved 2023-11-17. External links Vanuatu on rugbydata.com vte National sports teams of Vanuatu Basketball M W Beach soccer Cricket M M U19 W Football M M U23 M U20 M U18 M U17 M U15 W W U20 W U17 Futsal Handball Netball Rugby league Rugby union M M U20 M7 Olympics Paralympics Commonwealth Games vteInternational rugby union teamsTier 1 teams Argentina Australia England France Ireland Italy Japan New Zealand Scotland South Africa Wales Emerging teams with Rugby World Cup participation Canada Chile Fiji Georgia Ivory Coast Namibia Portugal Romania Samoa Spain Tonga United States Uruguay Zimbabwe Other Emerging teams (World Rugby members) Algeria American Samoa Andorra Austria Azerbaijan Bahamas Barbados Belgium Bermuda Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazil British Virgin Islands Brunei Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cayman Islands China Chinese Taipei Colombia Cook Islands Costa Rica Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Eswatini Finland Germany Ghana Guam Guatemala Guyana Hong Kong Hungary India Indonesia Iran Israel Jamaica Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Kyrgyzstan Laos Latvia Lebanon Lithuania Luxembourg Madagascar Malaysia Mali Malta Mauritius Mexico Moldova Monaco Mongolia Morocco Nepal Netherlands Nigeria Niue Norway Pakistan Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Qatar Rwanda Senegal Serbia Singapore Slovakia Slovenia Solomon Islands South Korea Sri Lanka St Lucia St Vincent and the Grenadines Sweden Switzerland Tanzania Thailand Togo Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vanuatu Venezuela Zambia Teams not affiliated to World RugbyRugby Africa Benin Chad Congo Democratic Republic of the Congo Egypt Libya Niger Seychelles Asia Rugby Bangladesh Cambodia Macau Rugby Europe Belarus Estonia Iceland Kosovo Liechtenstein Montenegro San Marino Rugby Americas North Curaçao Dominican Republic Guadeloupe Martinique Turks and Caicos Islands Oceania Rugby French Polynesia (Tahiti) Nauru New Caledonia Wallis and Futuna Sudamerica Rugby Ecuador El Salvador Combination teams African Leopards British & Irish Lions Pacific Islanders South American XV Teams with affiliation suspended or without affiliation Armenia Bahrain Basque Country Catalonia Gibraltar Greece Mauritania Russia Tems affiliated to the FFR Mayotte Réunion Defunct teams Arabian Gulf Commonwealth of Independent States Czechoslovakia East Africa East Germany Nyasaland (Malawi) Serbia and Montenegro Soviet Union West Germany Yugoslavia
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembroke_Boroughs_(UK_Parliament_constituency)
Pembroke (UK Parliament constituency)
["1 History","2 Boundaries","2.1 Pembroke 1535–1832","2.2 Pembroke Boroughs 1832–1885","3 Members of Parliament","3.1 MPs in the Parliament of England 1542–1707","3.2 MPs 1707–1885","4 Elections","4.1 Elections in the 1830s","4.2 Elections in the 1840s","4.3 Elections in the 1850s","4.4 Elections in the 1860s","4.5 Elections in the 1870s","4.6 Elections in the 1880s","5 References","6 Sources"]
Not to be confused with Pembrokeshire (UK Parliament constituency) or Dublin Pembroke (UK Parliament constituency). PembrokeFormer Borough constituencyfor the House of Commons1542–1885SeatsoneReplaced byPembroke and Haverfordwest Pembroke (or Pembroke Boroughs) was a parliamentary constituency centred on the town of Pembroke in West Wales. It returned one Member of Parliament (MP) to the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, elected by the first past the post system. History For the creation and early history of the seat, see the Boundaries section below. The constituency was abolished by the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885 for the 1885 general election, when it was replaced by the new Pembroke and Haverfordwest constituency. For much of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries the constituency was dominated by the Owen family of Orielton, the last of whom, Sir Hugh Owen, was defeated at the 1868 general election. Boundaries From its first known general election in 1542 until 1885, the constituency consisted of a number of boroughs within the historic county of Pembrokeshire in Wales. Pembroke 1535–1832 On the basis of information from several volumes of the History of Parliament, it is apparent that the history of the borough representation from Wales and Monmouthshire is more complicated than that of the English boroughs. The Laws in Wales Act 1535 (26 Hen. 8. c. 26) provided for a single borough seat for each of 11 of the 12 Welsh counties and Monmouthshire. The legislation was ambiguous as to which communities were enfranchised. The county towns were awarded a seat, but this in some fashion represented all the ancient boroughs of the county, as the other boroughs were required to contribute to the member's wages. It was not clear if the burgesses of the contributing boroughs could take part in the election. The only election under the original scheme was for the 1542 parliament. It seems that only burgesses from the county towns actually took part. The Parliament Act 1543 (35 Hen. 8. c. 11) confirmed that the contributing boroughs could send representatives to take part in the election at the county town. As far as can be told from surviving indentures of returns, the degree to which the "out boroughs" participated varied, but by the end of the sixteenth century all the seats had some participation from them, at some elections at least. The original scheme was modified by later legislation and decisions of the House of Commons (which were sometimes made with no regard to precedent or evidence: for example in 1728 it was decided that only the freemen of the borough of Montgomery could participate in the election for that seat, thus disenfranchising the freemen of Llanidloes, Welshpool and Llanfyllin). In the case of Pembrokeshire, the number of boroughs involved gradually decreased. The county town was Pembroke. The out boroughs which continued to participate were Tenby and Wiston. Haverfordwest was involved in 1542 only, as it became a separate constituency in 1545. Narberth, New Moat, and Templeton had dropped out by 1558. Newport, Cilgerran, and Llawhaden ceased to participate between 1603 and 1690. In 1690–1832 the freemen of the three remaining boroughs of Pembroke, Tenby, and Wiston were entitled to vote. There was a dispute in 1702–1712 about the right of the Wiston freemen to vote. The Whig family of Owen of Orielton, which had the dominant influence in Pembroke, had the Pembroke Corporation bar the participation of the Wiston men (who were influenced by the Tory Wogan family). In 1712 Parliament upheld the rights of the freemen of Wiston. There were 331 electors in 1710 (including non-resident freemen). The electorate increased to about 500 in the 1754–1790 period. Pembroke Boroughs 1832–1885 This was a district of boroughs constituency, which grouped a number of parliamentary boroughs in Pembrokeshire into one single member constituency. The voters from each participating borough cast ballots, which were added together over the whole district to decide the result of the poll. In addition to the ancient right freemen voters, who retained the franchise after 1832, there was a new householder franchise applicable to all boroughs. The enfranchised communities in this district, from 1832, were the four boroughs of Pembroke, Milford, Tenby, and Wiston. Members of Parliament The Roman numerals after some names are to distinguish different members for this constituency, with the same name. It is not suggested this use of Roman numerals was applied at the time. MPs in the Parliament of England 1542–1707 As there were sometimes significant gaps between Parliaments held in this period, the dates of first assembly and dissolution are given. Where the name of the member has not yet been ascertained or (before 1558) is not recorded in a surviving document, unknown is entered in the table. Elected Assembled Dissolved Member Note 1542 16 January 1542 28 March 1544 John Adams 1545 23 November 1545 31 January 1547 Lewis Watkins 1547 4 November 1547 15 April 1552 John Harington II 1553 1 March 1553 31 March 1553 Henry Adams 1553 5 October 1553 5 December 1553 Henry Adams 1554 2 April 1554 3 May 1554 John Herle 1554 12 November 1554 16 January 1555 John Garnons 1555 21 October 1555 9 December 1555 Richard Philipps 1558 20 January 1558 17 November 1558 William Watkin 1559 23 January 1559 8 May 1559 Henry Dodds 1562 or 1563 11 January 1563 2 January 1567 William Revell 1571 2 April 1571 29 May 1571 Robert Davy 1572 8 May 1572 19 April 1583 Robert Lougher 1584 23 November 1584 14 September 1585 John Vaughan III 1586 13 October 1586 23 March 1587 John Vaughan III 1588 4 February 1589 29 March 1589 Nicholas Adams 1593 18 February 1593 10 April 1593 Sir Conyers Clifford 1597 24 October 1597 9 February 1598 Edward Burton 1601 27 October 1601 19 December 1601 John Lougher 1604 19 March 1604 9 February 1611 Richard Cuney 1614 5 April 1614 7 June 1614 Sir Walter Devereux 1620 or 1621 16 January 1621 8 February 1622 Lewis Powell 1623 or 1624 12 February 1624 27 March 1625 Sir Walter Devereux 1625 17 May 1625 12 August 1625 Lewis Powell 1626 6 February 1626 15 June 1626 Hugh Owen 1628 17 March 1628 10 March 1629 Hugh Owen 1640 13 April 1640 5 May 1640 Sir John Stepney, 3rd Baronet 3 November 1640 5 December 1648 Sir Hugh Owen, 1st Baronet Parliamentarian — 6 December 1648 20 April 1653 vacant 1653 4 July 1653 12 December 1653 unrepresented 1654 3 September 1654 22 January 1655 unrepresented 1656 17 September 1656 4 February 1658 unrepresented 1658 or 1659 27 January 1659 22 April 1659 Sampson LortArthur Owen N/A 7 May 1659 20 February 1660 vacant 21 February 1660 16 March 1660 c. April 1660 25 April 1660 29 December 1660 Sir Hugh Owen, 1st Baronet 22 April 1661 8 May 1661 24 January 1679 Rowland Laugharne Died 16 November 1675 2 October 1676 Sir Hugh Owen, 2nd Baronet By-election 3 March 1679 6 March 1679 12 July 1679 Arthur Owen 1679 21 October 1680 18 January 1681 Arthur Owen 1681 21 March 1681 28 March 1681 Arthur Owen 1685 19 May 1685 2 June 1687 Arthur Owen 1689 22 January 1689 6 February 1690 Arthur Owen 1690 20 March 1690 11 October 1695 Arthur Owen 1695 22 November 1695 6 July 1698 Arthur Owen Ceased to be MP 30 December 1695 Sir John Philipps, 4th Baronet By-election 1698 24 August 1698 19 December 1700 Sir John Philipps, 4th Baronet 16 January 1701 6 February 1701 11 November 1701 Sir John Philipps, 4th Baronet 1 December 1701 30 December 1701 2 July 1702 Sir John Philipps, 4th Baronet 24 July 1702 20 August 1702 5 April 1705 John Meyrick Tory 21 May 1705 14 June 1705 1707 John Meyrick Tory MPs 1707–1885 Election Member Party Note 1707, 23 October John Meyrick Tory Co-opted, not elected, to the Parliament of Great Britain 1708, 17 May Sir Arthur Owen, Bt Whig Unseated, on petition, 23 February 1712 1712, 23 February Lewis Wogan Tory Declared duly elected on petition; died 28 November 1714 1715, 14 February Thomas Ferrers Whig 1722, 27 November William Owen By-election; 1747: Chose to sit for Pembrokeshire 1747, 21 December Hugh Barlow By-election 1761, 2 April Sir William Owen, Bt 1774, 14 October Hugh Owen (later Hugh Barlow ) Whig Changed name 1789; died 23 January 1809 1809, 9 February Sir Hugh Owen, 6th Bt Tory By-election; died 8 August 1809 1809, 13 September John Owen Tory By-election; 1812: Chose to sit for Pembrokeshire 1813, 19 March Sir Thomas Picton Whig By-election; died in action, at the Battle of Waterloo 1815, 3 July John Jones Tory By-election 1818, 19 June John Hensleigh Allen Whig 1826, 13 June Hugh Owen Owen Tory Re-elected as a Conservative candidate 1834 Conservative 1838, 20 February Sir James Graham, Bt Conservative By-election 1841, 3 July Sir John Owen, Bt Conservative 1846 Peelite 1859 Liberal 1861, 22 February Sir Hugh Owen, Bt Liberal By-election 1868, 18 November Thomas Meyrick Conservative 1874, 12 February Edward Reed Liberal 1880, 7 April Henry George Allen Liberal 1885 constituency abolished: see Pembroke & Haverfordwest Elections Elections in the 1830s General election 1830: Pembroke Party Candidate Votes % Tory Hugh Owen Owen Unopposed Tory hold General election 1831: Pembroke Party Candidate Votes % Tory Hugh Owen Owen Unopposed Registered electors c. 1,400 Tory hold General election 1832: Pembroke Party Candidate Votes % Tory Hugh Owen Owen Unopposed Registered electors 1,208 Tory hold General election 1835: Pembroke Party Candidate Votes % Conservative Hugh Owen Owen Unopposed Registered electors 1,168 Conservative hold General election 1837: Pembroke Party Candidate Votes % Conservative Hugh Owen Owen Unopposed Registered electors 1,152 Conservative hold Owen resigned, causing a by-election. By-election, 20 February 1838: Pembroke Party Candidate Votes % Conservative James Graham Unopposed Conservative hold Elections in the 1840s General election 1841: Pembroke Party Candidate Votes % ±% Conservative John Owen 282 50.3 N/A Conservative Hugh Owen Owen 184 32.8 N/A Radical James Mark Child 95 16.9 New Majority 98 17.5 N/A Turnout 561 49.5 N/A Registered electors 1,134 Conservative hold Swing N/A General election 1847: Pembroke Party Candidate Votes % ±% Peelite John Owen Unopposed Registered electors 952 Peelite gain from Conservative Elections in the 1850s General election 1852: Pembroke Party Candidate Votes % ±% Peelite John Owen Unopposed Registered electors 951 Peelite hold General election 1857: Pembroke Party Candidate Votes % ±% Peelite John Owen Unopposed Registered electors 810 Peelite hold General election 1859: Pembroke Party Candidate Votes % ±% Liberal John Owen Unopposed Registered electors 914 Liberal hold Elections in the 1860s Owen's death caused a by-election. By-election, 22 February 1861: Pembroke Party Candidate Votes % ±% Liberal Hugh Owen Owen 342 57.1 N/A Conservative Thomas Meyrick 257 42.9 New Majority 85 14.2 N/A Turnout 599 66.9 N/A Registered electors 896 Liberal hold Swing N/A General election 1865: Pembroke Party Candidate Votes % ±% Liberal Hugh Owen Owen 668 68.7 N/A Conservative Benjamin Hardwicke 304 31.3 N/A Majority 364 37.4 N/A Turnout 972 67.8 N/A Registered electors 1,433 Liberal hold Swing N/A General election 1868: Pembroke Party Candidate Votes % ±% Conservative Thomas Meyrick 1,419 57.5 +26.2 Liberal Hugh Owen Owen 1,049 42.5 −26.2 Majority 370 15.0 N/A Turnout 2,468 81.5 +13.7 Registered electors 3,028 Conservative gain from Liberal Swing +26.2 Elections in the 1870s General election 1874: Pembroke Party Candidate Votes % ±% Liberal Edward Reed 1,339 50.5 +8.0 Conservative Thomas Meyrick 1,310 49.5 −8.0 Majority 29 1.0 N/A Turnout 2,649 84.2 +2.7 Registered electors 3,146 Liberal gain from Conservative Swing +8.0 Elections in the 1880s General election 1880: Pembroke Party Candidate Votes % ±% Liberal Henry George Allen 1,462 50.6 +0.1 Conservative Thomas Meyrick 1,429 49.4 −0.1 Majority 33 1.2 +0.2 Turnout 2,891 86.6 +2.4 Registered electors 3,338 Liberal hold Swing +0.1 This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2018) References ^ s:Clifford, Sir Conyers (DNB00) ^ Excluded in Pride's Purge ^ Date of Pride's Purge, which converted the Long Parliament into the Rump Parliament. ^ Date when Oliver Cromwell dissolved the Rump Parliament by force. ^ Date when the members of the nominated or Barebones Parliament were selected. Pembroke was not represented in this body. ^ Date when the members of the First Protectorate Parliament were elected. Pembroke was not represented in this body. Pembroke formed part of the county constituency of Pembrokeshire for this Parliament. ^ Date when the members of the Second Protectorate Parliament were elected. Pembroke was not represented in this body. Pembroke formed part of the county constituency of Pembrokeshire for this Parliament. ^ The Rump Parliament was recalled and subsequently Pride's Purge was reversed, allowing the full Long Parliament to meet until it agreed to dissolve itself. ^ The MPs of the last Parliament of England and 45 members co-opted from the former Parliament of Scotland, became the House of Commons of the 1st Parliament of Great Britain which assembled on 23 October 1707 (see below for the members in that Parliament). ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Stooks Smith, Henry (1845). The Parliaments of England, from 1st George I., to the Present Time. Vol II: Oxfordshire to Wales Inclusive. London: Simpkin, Marshall, & Co. pp. 199–200. Retrieved 5 May 2020 – via Internet Archive. ^ "Election Talk". The Spectator. 6 March 1852. p. 6. Retrieved 22 August 2018. ^ "Pembrokeshire (Boroughs)". Evening Mail. 9 July 1852. pp. 6–7. Retrieved 22 August 2018 – via British Newspaper Archive. ^ a b Escott, Margaret. "Pembroke Boroughs". The History of Parliament. Retrieved 5 May 2020. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Craig, F. W. S., ed. (1977). British Parliamentary Election Results 1832-1885 (e-book) (1st ed.). London: Macmillan Press. p. 511. ISBN 978-1-349-02349-3. ^ "Pembroke, July 2". Evening Mail. 5 July 1841. p. 6. Retrieved 13 August 2019 – via British Newspaper Archive. ^ "The General Election". The Examiner. 15 July 1865. pp. 7–11. Retrieved 14 March 2018 – via British Newspaper Archive. Sources British Parliamentary Election Results 1832–1885, compiled and edited by F.W.S. Craig (The Macmillan Press 1977) The House of Commons 1690–1715, by Eveline Cruickshanks, Stuart Handley and D.W. Hayton (Cambridge University Press 2002) The Parliaments of England by Henry Stooks Smith (1st edition published in three volumes 1844–50), second edition edited (in one volume) by F.W.S. Craig (Political Reference Publications 1973) Leigh Rayment's Historical List of MPs – Constituencies beginning with "P" (part 1) vteHistoric UK Parliament constituencies in WalesLast contested in 1979 Aberdare Abertillery Bedwellty Cardiff South East Denbigh Ebbw Vale East Flintshire West Flintshire Merioneth Merthyr Tydfil Newport (Monmouthshire) Pontypool Rhondda East Rhondda West 1983 (review) Aberavon Alyn and Deeside Blaenau Gwent Brecon and Radnor Bridgend Caernarfon Caerphilly Cardiff Central Cardiff North Cardiff South and Penarth Cardiff West Carmarthen Ceredigion and Pembroke North Clwyd North West Clwyd South West Conwy Cynon Valley Delyn Gower Islwyn Llanelli Meirionnydd Nant Conwy Merthyr Tydfil and Rhymney Monmouth Montgomery Neath Newport East Newport West Ogmore Pembroke Pontypridd Rhondda Swansea East Swansea West Torfaen Vale of Glamorgan Wrexham Ynys Môn 1997 (review) Aberavon Alyn and Deeside Blaenau Gwent Brecon and Radnorshire Bridgend Caernarfon Caerphilly Cardiff Central Cardiff North Cardiff South and Penarth Cardiff West Carmarthen East and Dinefwr Carmarthen West and South Pembrokeshire Ceredigion Clwyd South Clwyd West Conwy Cynon Valley Delyn Gower Islwyn Llanelli Meirionnydd Nant Conwy Merthyr Tydfil and Rhymney Monmouth Montgomeryshire Neath Newport East Newport West Ogmore Pontypridd Preseli Pembrokeshire Rhondda Swansea East Swansea West Torfaen Vale of Clwyd Vale of Glamorgan Wrexham Ynys Môn 2010 (outgoing) Aberavon Aberconwy Alyn and Deeside Arfon Blaenau Gwent Brecon and Radnorshire Bridgend Caerphilly Cardiff Central Cardiff North Cardiff South and Penarth Cardiff West Carmarthen East and Dinefwr Carmarthen West and South Pembrokeshire Ceredigion Clwyd South Clwyd West Cynon Valley Delyn Dwyfor Meirionnydd Gower Islwyn Llanelli Merthyr Tydfil and Rhymney Monmouth Montgomeryshire Neath Newport East Newport West Ogmore Pontypridd Preseli Pembrokeshire Rhondda Swansea East Swansea West Torfaen Vale of Clwyd Vale of Glamorgan Wrexham Ynys Môn 2024 (upcoming) Aberafan Maesteg Alyn and Deeside Bangor Aberconwy Blaenau Gwent and Rhymney Brecon, Radnor and Cwm Tawe Bridgend Caerfyrddin Caerphilly Cardiff East Cardiff North Cardiff South and Penarth Cardiff West Ceredigion Preseli Clwyd East Clwyd North Dwyfor Meirionnydd Gower Llanelli Merthyr Tydfil and Aberdare Mid and South Pembrokeshire Monmouthshire Montgomeryshire and Glyndŵr Neath and Swansea East Newport East Newport West and Islwyn Pontypridd Rhondda and Ogmore Swansea West Torfaen Vale of Glamorgan Wrexham Ynys Môn Politics United Kingdom Wales
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pembrokeshire (UK Parliament constituency)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembrokeshire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Dublin Pembroke (UK Parliament constituency)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin_Pembroke_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"parliamentary constituency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_constituencies"},{"link_name":"Pembroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembroke,_Pembrokeshire"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"House of Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_House_of_Commons"},{"link_name":"Parliament of the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"first past the post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_past_the_post"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Pembrokeshire (UK Parliament constituency) or Dublin Pembroke (UK Parliament constituency).Pembroke (or Pembroke Boroughs) was a parliamentary constituency centred on the town of Pembroke in West Wales. It returned one Member of Parliament (MP) to the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, elected by the first past the post system.","title":"Pembroke (UK Parliament constituency)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Redistribution of Seats Act 1885","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redistribution_of_Seats_Act_1885"},{"link_name":"1885 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1885_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"Pembroke and Haverfordwest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembroke_and_Haverfordwest_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Orielton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orielton,_Pembrokeshire"},{"link_name":"Sir Hugh Owen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Hugh_Owen_Owen,_2nd_Baronet"}],"text":"For the creation and early history of the seat, see the Boundaries section below.The constituency was abolished by the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885 for the 1885 general election, when it was replaced by the new Pembroke and Haverfordwest constituency.For much of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries the constituency was dominated by the Owen family of Orielton, the last of whom, Sir Hugh Owen, was defeated at the 1868 general election.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pembrokeshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembrokeshire"}],"text":"From its first known general election in 1542 until 1885, the constituency consisted of a number of boroughs within the historic county of Pembrokeshire in Wales.","title":"Boundaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"History of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Laws in Wales Act 1535","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laws_in_Wales_Act_1535"},{"link_name":"26 Hen. 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/26_Hen._8"},{"link_name":"Parliament Act 1543","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parliament_Act_1543&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"35 Hen. 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/35_Hen._8"},{"link_name":"Montgomery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montgomery,_Powys"},{"link_name":"Llanidloes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llanidloes"},{"link_name":"Welshpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welshpool"},{"link_name":"Llanfyllin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llanfyllin"},{"link_name":"Pembroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembroke,_Pembrokeshire"},{"link_name":"Tenby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenby"},{"link_name":"Wiston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiston,_Pembrokeshire"},{"link_name":"Haverfordwest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haverfordwest"},{"link_name":"a separate constituency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haverfordwest_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Narberth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narberth,_Pembrokeshire"},{"link_name":"New Moat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Moat"},{"link_name":"Templeton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Templeton,_Pembrokeshire"},{"link_name":"Newport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport,_Pembrokeshire"},{"link_name":"Cilgerran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilgerran"},{"link_name":"Llawhaden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llawhaden"},{"link_name":"Owen of Orielton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owen_baronets"}],"sub_title":"Pembroke 1535–1832","text":"On the basis of information from several volumes of the History of Parliament, it is apparent that the history of the borough representation from Wales and Monmouthshire is more complicated than that of the English boroughs.The Laws in Wales Act 1535 (26 Hen. 8. c. 26) provided for a single borough seat for each of 11 of the 12 Welsh counties and Monmouthshire. The legislation was ambiguous as to which communities were enfranchised. The county towns were awarded a seat, but this in some fashion represented all the ancient boroughs of the county, as the other boroughs were required to contribute to the member's wages. It was not clear if the burgesses of the contributing boroughs could take part in the election. The only election under the original scheme was for the 1542 parliament. It seems that only burgesses from the county towns actually took part. The Parliament Act 1543 (35 Hen. 8. c. 11) confirmed that the contributing boroughs could send representatives to take part in the election at the county town. As far as can be told from surviving indentures of returns, the degree to which the \"out boroughs\" participated varied, but by the end of the sixteenth century all the seats had some participation from them, at some elections at least.The original scheme was modified by later legislation and decisions of the House of Commons (which were sometimes made with no regard to precedent or evidence: for example in 1728 it was decided that only the freemen of the borough of Montgomery could participate in the election for that seat, thus disenfranchising the freemen of Llanidloes, Welshpool and Llanfyllin).In the case of Pembrokeshire, the number of boroughs involved gradually decreased. The county town was Pembroke. The out boroughs which continued to participate were Tenby and Wiston. Haverfordwest was involved in 1542 only, as it became a separate constituency in 1545. Narberth, New Moat, and Templeton had dropped out by 1558. Newport, Cilgerran, and Llawhaden ceased to participate between 1603 and 1690.In 1690–1832 the freemen of the three remaining boroughs of Pembroke, Tenby, and Wiston were entitled to vote. There was a dispute in 1702–1712 about the right of the Wiston freemen to vote. The Whig family of Owen of Orielton, which had the dominant influence in Pembroke, had the Pembroke Corporation bar the participation of the Wiston men (who were influenced by the Tory Wogan family). In 1712 Parliament upheld the rights of the freemen of Wiston.There were 331 electors in 1710 (including non-resident freemen). The electorate increased to about 500 in the 1754–1790 period.","title":"Boundaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"parliamentary boroughs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_borough"},{"link_name":"Milford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milford_Haven"},{"link_name":"Tenby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenby"},{"link_name":"Wiston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiston,_Pembrokeshire"}],"sub_title":"Pembroke Boroughs 1832–1885","text":"This was a district of boroughs constituency, which grouped a number of parliamentary boroughs in Pembrokeshire into one single member constituency. The voters from each participating borough cast ballots, which were added together over the whole district to decide the result of the poll. In addition to the ancient right freemen voters, who retained the franchise after 1832, there was a new householder franchise applicable to all boroughs. The enfranchised communities in this district, from 1832, were the four boroughs of Pembroke, Milford, Tenby, and Wiston.","title":"Boundaries"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The Roman numerals after some names are to distinguish different members for this constituency, with the same name. It is not suggested this use of Roman numerals was applied at the time.","title":"Members of Parliament"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"MPs in the Parliament of England 1542–1707","text":"As there were sometimes significant gaps between Parliaments held in this period, the dates of first assembly and dissolution are given. Where the name of the member has not yet been ascertained or (before 1558) is not recorded in a surviving document, unknown is entered in the table.","title":"Members of Parliament"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"MPs 1707–1885","title":"Members of Parliament"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Elections in the 1830s","text":"Owen resigned, causing a by-election.","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Elections in the 1840s","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Elections in the 1850s","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Elections in the 1860s","text":"Owen's death caused a by-election.","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Elections in the 1870s","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Elections in the 1880s","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leigh Rayment's Historical List of MPs – Constituencies beginning with \"P\" (part 1)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20150215181722/http://www.leighrayment.com/commons/Pcommons1.htm"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Historic_constituencies_in_Wales"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Historic_constituencies_in_Wales"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Historic_constituencies_in_Wales"},{"link_name":"Historic UK Parliament constituencies in Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UK_Parliament_constituencies_in_Wales"},{"link_name":"1979","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_Wales"},{"link_name":"Aberdare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdare_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Abertillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abertillery_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Bedwellty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedwellty_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Cardiff South East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_South_East_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Denbigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denbigh_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Ebbw Vale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebbw_Vale_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"East Flintshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Flintshire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"West Flintshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Flintshire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Merioneth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merioneth_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Merthyr Tydfil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merthyr_Tydfil_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Newport (Monmouthshire)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport_(Monmouthshire)_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Pontypool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontypool_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Rhondda East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhondda_East_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Rhondda West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhondda_West_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"1983","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_Wales"},{"link_name":"review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Periodic_Review_of_Westminster_constituencies"},{"link_name":"Aberavon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberavon_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Alyn and Deeside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alyn_and_Deeside_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Blaenau Gwent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaenau_Gwent_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Brecon and Radnor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brecon_and_Radnor_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Bridgend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgend_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Caernarfon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caernarfon_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Caerphilly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caerphilly_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Cardiff Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_Central_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Cardiff North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_North_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Cardiff South and Penarth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_South_and_Penarth_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Cardiff West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_West_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Carmarthen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmarthen_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Ceredigion and Pembroke North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceredigion_and_Pembroke_North_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Clwyd North West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clwyd_North_West_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Clwyd South West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clwyd_South_West_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Conwy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conwy_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Cynon Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cynon_Valley_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Delyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delyn_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Gower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gower_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Islwyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islwyn_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Llanelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llanelli_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Meirionnydd Nant Conwy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meirionnydd_Nant_Conwy_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Merthyr Tydfil and Rhymney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merthyr_Tydfil_and_Rhymney_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Monmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monmouth_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Montgomery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montgomery_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Neath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neath_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Newport East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport_East_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Newport West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport_West_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Ogmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogmore_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Pembroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Pontypridd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontypridd_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Rhondda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhondda_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Swansea East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swansea_East_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Swansea West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swansea_West_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Torfaen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torfaen_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Vale of Glamorgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vale_of_Glamorgan_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Wrexham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrexham_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Ynys Môn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ynys_M%C3%B4n_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_Wales"},{"link_name":"review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Periodic_Review_of_Westminster_constituencies"},{"link_name":"Aberavon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberavon_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Alyn and Deeside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alyn_and_Deeside_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Blaenau Gwent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaenau_Gwent_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Brecon and Radnorshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brecon_and_Radnorshire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Bridgend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgend_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Caernarfon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caernarfon_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Caerphilly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caerphilly_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Cardiff Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_Central_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Cardiff North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_North_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Cardiff South and Penarth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_South_and_Penarth_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Cardiff West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_West_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Carmarthen East and Dinefwr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmarthen_East_and_Dinefwr_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Carmarthen West and South Pembrokeshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmarthen_West_and_South_Pembrokeshire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Ceredigion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceredigion_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Clwyd South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clwyd_South_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Clwyd West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clwyd_West_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Conwy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conwy_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Cynon Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cynon_Valley_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Delyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delyn_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Gower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gower_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Islwyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islwyn_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Llanelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llanelli_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Meirionnydd Nant Conwy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meirionnydd_Nant_Conwy_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Merthyr Tydfil and Rhymney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merthyr_Tydfil_and_Rhymney_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Monmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monmouth_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Montgomeryshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montgomeryshire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Neath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neath_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Newport East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport_East_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Newport West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport_West_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Ogmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogmore_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Pontypridd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontypridd_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Preseli Pembrokeshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preseli_Pembrokeshire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Rhondda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhondda_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Swansea East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swansea_East_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Swansea West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swansea_West_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Torfaen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torfaen_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Vale of Clwyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vale_of_Clwyd_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Vale of Glamorgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vale_of_Glamorgan_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Wrexham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrexham_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Ynys Môn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ynys_M%C3%B4n_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_Wales"},{"link_name":"outgoing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_Periodic_Review_of_Westminster_constituencies"},{"link_name":"Aberavon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberavon_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Aberconwy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberconwy_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Alyn and Deeside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alyn_and_Deeside_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Arfon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arfon_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Blaenau Gwent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaenau_Gwent_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Brecon and Radnorshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brecon_and_Radnorshire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Bridgend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgend_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Caerphilly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caerphilly_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Cardiff Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_Central_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Cardiff North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_North_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Cardiff South and Penarth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_South_and_Penarth_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Cardiff West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_West_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Carmarthen East and Dinefwr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmarthen_East_and_Dinefwr_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Carmarthen West and South Pembrokeshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmarthen_West_and_South_Pembrokeshire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Ceredigion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceredigion_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Clwyd South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clwyd_South_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Clwyd West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clwyd_West_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Cynon Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cynon_Valley_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Delyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delyn_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Dwyfor Meirionnydd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwyfor_Meirionnydd_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Gower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gower_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Islwyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islwyn_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Llanelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llanelli_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Merthyr Tydfil and Rhymney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merthyr_Tydfil_and_Rhymney_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Monmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monmouth_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Montgomeryshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montgomeryshire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Neath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neath_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Newport East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport_East_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Newport West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport_West_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Ogmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogmore_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Pontypridd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontypridd_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Preseli Pembrokeshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preseli_Pembrokeshire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Rhondda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhondda_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Swansea East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swansea_East_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Swansea West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swansea_West_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Torfaen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torfaen_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Vale of Clwyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vale_of_Clwyd_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Vale of Glamorgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vale_of_Glamorgan_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Wrexham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrexham_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Ynys Môn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ynys_M%C3%B4n_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"2024","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_Wales"},{"link_name":"upcoming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Periodic_Review_of_Westminster_constituencies"},{"link_name":"Aberafan Maesteg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberafan_Maesteg_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Alyn and Deeside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alyn_and_Deeside_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Bangor Aberconwy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangor_Aberconwy_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Blaenau Gwent and Rhymney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaenau_Gwent_and_Rhymney_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Brecon, Radnor and Cwm Tawe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brecon,_Radnor_and_Cwm_Tawe_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Bridgend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgend_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Caerfyrddin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caerfyrddin_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Caerphilly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caerphilly_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Cardiff East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_East_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Cardiff North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_North_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Cardiff South and Penarth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_South_and_Penarth_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Cardiff West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_West_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Ceredigion Preseli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceredigion_Preseli_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Clwyd East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clwyd_East_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Clwyd North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clwyd_North_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Dwyfor Meirionnydd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwyfor_Meirionnydd_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Gower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gower_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Llanelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llanelli_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Merthyr Tydfil and Aberdare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merthyr_Tydfil_and_Aberdare_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Mid and South Pembrokeshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid_and_South_Pembrokeshire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Monmouthshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monmouthshire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Montgomeryshire and Glyndŵr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montgomeryshire_and_Glynd%C5%B5r_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Neath and Swansea East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neath_and_Swansea_East_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Newport East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport_East_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Newport West and Islwyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport_West_and_Islwyn_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Pontypridd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontypridd_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Rhondda and Ogmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhondda_and_Ogmore_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Swansea West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swansea_West_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Torfaen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torfaen_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Vale of Glamorgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vale_of_Glamorgan_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Wrexham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrexham_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Ynys Môn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ynys_M%C3%B4n_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg"},{"link_name":"Politics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Politics"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Wales"}],"text":"British Parliamentary Election Results 1832–1885, compiled and edited by F.W.S. Craig (The Macmillan Press 1977)\nThe House of Commons 1690–1715, by Eveline Cruickshanks, Stuart Handley and D.W. Hayton (Cambridge University Press 2002)\nThe Parliaments of England by Henry Stooks Smith (1st edition published in three volumes 1844–50), second edition edited (in one volume) by F.W.S. Craig (Political Reference Publications 1973)\nLeigh Rayment's Historical List of MPs – Constituencies beginning with \"P\" (part 1)vteHistoric UK Parliament constituencies in WalesLast contested in 1979\nAberdare\nAbertillery\nBedwellty\nCardiff South East\nDenbigh\nEbbw Vale\nEast Flintshire\nWest Flintshire\nMerioneth\nMerthyr Tydfil\nNewport (Monmouthshire)\nPontypool\nRhondda East\nRhondda West\n1983 (review)\nAberavon\nAlyn and Deeside\nBlaenau Gwent\nBrecon and Radnor\nBridgend\nCaernarfon\nCaerphilly\nCardiff Central\nCardiff North\nCardiff South and Penarth\nCardiff West\nCarmarthen\nCeredigion and Pembroke North\nClwyd North West\nClwyd South West\nConwy\nCynon Valley\nDelyn\nGower\nIslwyn\nLlanelli\nMeirionnydd Nant Conwy\nMerthyr Tydfil and Rhymney\nMonmouth\nMontgomery\nNeath\nNewport East\nNewport West\nOgmore\nPembroke\nPontypridd\nRhondda\nSwansea East\nSwansea West\nTorfaen\nVale of Glamorgan\nWrexham\nYnys Môn\n1997 (review)\nAberavon\nAlyn and Deeside\nBlaenau Gwent\nBrecon and Radnorshire\nBridgend\nCaernarfon\nCaerphilly\nCardiff Central\nCardiff North\nCardiff South and Penarth\nCardiff West\nCarmarthen East and Dinefwr\nCarmarthen West and South Pembrokeshire\nCeredigion\nClwyd South\nClwyd West\nConwy\nCynon Valley\nDelyn\nGower\nIslwyn\nLlanelli\nMeirionnydd Nant Conwy\nMerthyr Tydfil and Rhymney\nMonmouth\nMontgomeryshire\nNeath\nNewport East\nNewport West\nOgmore\nPontypridd\nPreseli Pembrokeshire\nRhondda\nSwansea East\nSwansea West\nTorfaen\nVale of Clwyd\nVale of Glamorgan\nWrexham\nYnys Môn\n2010 (outgoing)\nAberavon\nAberconwy\nAlyn and Deeside\nArfon\nBlaenau Gwent\nBrecon and Radnorshire\nBridgend\nCaerphilly\nCardiff Central\nCardiff North\nCardiff South and Penarth\nCardiff West\nCarmarthen East and Dinefwr\nCarmarthen West and South Pembrokeshire\nCeredigion\nClwyd South\nClwyd West\nCynon Valley\nDelyn\nDwyfor Meirionnydd\nGower\nIslwyn\nLlanelli\nMerthyr Tydfil and Rhymney\nMonmouth\nMontgomeryshire\nNeath\nNewport East\nNewport West\nOgmore\nPontypridd\nPreseli Pembrokeshire\nRhondda\nSwansea East\nSwansea West\nTorfaen\nVale of Clwyd\nVale of Glamorgan\nWrexham\nYnys Môn\n2024 (upcoming)\nAberafan Maesteg\nAlyn and Deeside\nBangor Aberconwy\nBlaenau Gwent and Rhymney\nBrecon, Radnor and Cwm Tawe\nBridgend\nCaerfyrddin\nCaerphilly\nCardiff East\nCardiff North\nCardiff South and Penarth\nCardiff West\nCeredigion Preseli\nClwyd East\nClwyd North\nDwyfor Meirionnydd\nGower\nLlanelli\nMerthyr Tydfil and Aberdare\nMid and South Pembrokeshire\nMonmouthshire\nMontgomeryshire and Glyndŵr\nNeath and Swansea East\nNewport East\nNewport West and Islwyn\nPontypridd\nRhondda and Ogmore\nSwansea West\nTorfaen\nVale of Glamorgan\nWrexham\nYnys Môn\n\n Politics\n United Kingdom\n Wales","title":"Sources"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Stooks Smith, Henry (1845). The Parliaments of England, from 1st George I., to the Present Time. Vol II: Oxfordshire to Wales Inclusive. London: Simpkin, Marshall, & Co. pp. 199–200. Retrieved 5 May 2020 – via Internet Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/parliamentsengl00smitgoog","url_text":"The Parliaments of England, from 1st George I., to the Present Time. Vol II: Oxfordshire to Wales Inclusive"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/parliamentsengl00smitgoog/page/n220","url_text":"199"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Archive","url_text":"Internet Archive"}]},{"reference":"\"Election Talk\". The Spectator. 6 March 1852. p. 6. Retrieved 22 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/6th-march-1852/6/election-talk","url_text":"\"Election Talk\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pembrokeshire (Boroughs)\". Evening Mail. 9 July 1852. pp. 6–7. Retrieved 22 August 2018 – via British Newspaper Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001316/18520709/036/0006","url_text":"\"Pembrokeshire (Boroughs)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Newspaper_Archive","url_text":"British Newspaper Archive"}]},{"reference":"Escott, Margaret. \"Pembroke Boroughs\". The History of Parliament. Retrieved 5 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.histparl.ac.uk/volume/1820-1832/constituencies/pembroke-boroughs","url_text":"\"Pembroke Boroughs\""}]},{"reference":"Craig, F. W. S., ed. (1977). British Parliamentary Election Results 1832-1885 (e-book) (1st ed.). London: Macmillan Press. p. 511. ISBN 978-1-349-02349-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._W._S._Craig","url_text":"Craig, F. W. S."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-02349-3","url_text":"978-1-349-02349-3"}]},{"reference":"\"Pembroke, July 2\". Evening Mail. 5 July 1841. p. 6. Retrieved 13 August 2019 – via British Newspaper Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001316/18410705/063/0006","url_text":"\"Pembroke, July 2\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Newspaper_Archive","url_text":"British Newspaper Archive"}]},{"reference":"\"The General Election\". The Examiner. 15 July 1865. pp. 7–11. Retrieved 14 March 2018 – via British Newspaper Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000054/18650715/004/0011","url_text":"\"The General Election\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Examiner_(1808%E2%80%9386)","url_text":"The Examiner"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Newspaper_Archive","url_text":"British Newspaper Archive"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pembroke_(UK_Parliament_constituency)&action=edit&section=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/parliamentsengl00smitgoog","external_links_name":"The Parliaments of England, from 1st George I., to the Present Time. Vol II: Oxfordshire to Wales Inclusive"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/parliamentsengl00smitgoog/page/n220","external_links_name":"199"},{"Link":"http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/6th-march-1852/6/election-talk","external_links_name":"\"Election Talk\""},{"Link":"https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001316/18520709/036/0006","external_links_name":"\"Pembrokeshire (Boroughs)\""},{"Link":"http://www.histparl.ac.uk/volume/1820-1832/constituencies/pembroke-boroughs","external_links_name":"\"Pembroke Boroughs\""},{"Link":"https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001316/18410705/063/0006","external_links_name":"\"Pembroke, July 2\""},{"Link":"https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000054/18650715/004/0011","external_links_name":"\"The General Election\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150215181722/http://www.leighrayment.com/commons/Pcommons1.htm","external_links_name":"Leigh Rayment's Historical List of MPs – Constituencies beginning with \"P\" (part 1)"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marianne_Bruns
Marianne Bruns
["1 Biography","2 Works","2.1 Fiction","2.2 Children's books","2.3 Non-Fiction","3 References"]
German novelist and poet Marianne Bruns (31 August 1897 – 1 January 1994) was a twentieth-century German novelist and poet. Biography Bruns was born in Leipzig. After studying music, she began writing stories for magazines, and then novels. Starting in 1929, she also became a broadcaster on the German radio, often reading from her poetry on programs designed for women and children. She died in Dresden. Works Fiction Telemachos, Novelle, 1927 Das rechtschaffene Herz, Roman, 1939 Über meinen grünen Garten fliegen die Schwalben, Roman, 1940 Die Tochter der Parze, Roman, 1943 Flugsamen, Roman, 1948 Wiegand der Feuerträger, 1949 Die Spur des namenlosen Malers, 1975 (historical novel about Jerg Ratgeb) Children's books Jau und Trine laden ein, 1933 Die Schwedin und die drei Indianer, 1934 Willi und Kamilla. Zwei Kinder wachsen heran, 1935 Das verschwundene Messer, Laienspiel für Kinder, 1949 Non-Fiction Seliger Kreislauf. Gedichte, 1925 ed.: Jean Paul, Ausgewählte Werke, 1925 Reise durch Schweden, 1926 Die Dioskuren in Olympia. Roman, 1936 (rep in 1937 as: Die Auserwählten. Roman aus Alt-Griechenland) Tobbys Buch. Eine Theatergeschichte, 1949 Geht Christel Peters zur Bühne? 1951 Uns hebt die Flut, 1952 (about the beginnings of the women's movement) Glück fällt nicht vom Himmel, 1954 Darüber wächst kein Gras, 1956 Bauer und Richter, 1956 Deutsche Stimmen 1956. Neue Prosa und Lyrik aus Ost und West, 1956 Frau Doktor privat, 1957 Der Junge mit den beiden Namen, 1958 Die Silbergrube, 1959 Das ist Diebstahl, 1960 ed.: Briefe aus Zittau, 1960 Schuldig befunden, 1961 Zwischen Pflicht und Kür, 1962 Hausfrauenbrigade. Eine Szene, 1962 Verständnis für die Neunte, 1962 Die Lichtung, 1965 Der neunte Sohn des Veit Stoß, 1967 Großaufnahme leicht retuschiert, 1972 Zeichen ohne Wunder, 1977 Der grüne Zweig, 1979 Szenenwechsel, 1982 Luftschaukel, 1985 Wiedersehen, 1987 Nahe Ferne, 1989 References ^ Detlev Roth, "Marianne Bruns – Schreiben ist Leben. Pottsdamer BurgerZeitung, 30. June 2008 "Marianne Bruns – Schreiben ist Leben". Archived from the original on 2010-07-08. Retrieved 2013-02-06. Schriftsteller im Rundfunk - Autorenauftritte im Rundfunk der Weimarer Republik 1924–1932 at the website of the Deutsches Rundfunkarchiv Freital hat nun auch offiziell eine Marianne-Bruns-Straße, sz-online.de Marianne Bruns at the website of the city Freital Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany Italy United States Czech Republic Netherlands Poland People Deutsche Biographie Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Marianne Bruns (31 August 1897 – 1 January 1994) was a twentieth-century German novelist and poet.[1]","title":"Marianne Bruns"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leipzig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig"},{"link_name":"Dresden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden"}],"text":"Bruns was born in Leipzig. After studying music, she began writing stories for magazines, and then novels. \nStarting in 1929, she also became a broadcaster on the German radio, often reading from her poetry on programs designed for women and children. She died in Dresden.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jerg Ratgeb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerg_Ratgeb"}],"sub_title":"Fiction","text":"Telemachos, Novelle, 1927\nDas rechtschaffene Herz, Roman, 1939\nÜber meinen grünen Garten fliegen die Schwalben, Roman, 1940\nDie Tochter der Parze, Roman, 1943\nFlugsamen, Roman, 1948\nWiegand der Feuerträger, 1949\nDie Spur des namenlosen Malers, 1975 (historical novel about Jerg Ratgeb)","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Children's books","text":"Jau und Trine laden ein, 1933\nDie Schwedin und die drei Indianer, 1934\nWilli und Kamilla. Zwei Kinder wachsen heran, 1935\nDas verschwundene Messer, Laienspiel für Kinder, 1949","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jean Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Paul"},{"link_name":"Veit Stoß","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veit_Stoss"}],"sub_title":"Non-Fiction","text":"Seliger Kreislauf. Gedichte, 1925\ned.: Jean Paul, Ausgewählte Werke, 1925\nReise durch Schweden, 1926\nDie Dioskuren in Olympia. Roman, 1936 (rep in 1937 as: Die Auserwählten. Roman aus Alt-Griechenland)\nTobbys Buch. Eine Theatergeschichte, 1949\nGeht Christel Peters zur Bühne? 1951\nUns hebt die Flut, 1952 (about the beginnings of the women's movement)\nGlück fällt nicht vom Himmel, 1954\nDarüber wächst kein Gras, 1956\nBauer und Richter, 1956\nDeutsche Stimmen 1956. Neue Prosa und Lyrik aus Ost und West, 1956\nFrau Doktor privat, 1957\nDer Junge mit den beiden Namen, 1958\nDie Silbergrube, 1959\nDas ist Diebstahl, 1960\ned.: Briefe aus Zittau, 1960\nSchuldig befunden, 1961\nZwischen Pflicht und Kür, 1962\nHausfrauenbrigade. Eine Szene, 1962\nVerständnis für die Neunte, 1962\nDie Lichtung, 1965\nDer neunte Sohn des Veit Stoß, 1967\nGroßaufnahme leicht retuschiert, 1972\nZeichen ohne Wunder, 1977\nDer grüne Zweig, 1979\nSzenenwechsel, 1982\nLuftschaukel, 1985\nWiedersehen, 1987\nNahe Ferne, 1989","title":"Works"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Marianne Bruns – Schreiben ist Leben\". Archived from the original on 2010-07-08. Retrieved 2013-02-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100708020851/http://www.potsdamer-buergerzeitung.de/literarisches/marianne_bruns.html","url_text":"\"Marianne Bruns – Schreiben ist Leben\""},{"url":"http://www.potsdamer-buergerzeitung.de/literarisches/marianne_bruns.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CcTLDs
Country code top-level domain
["1 Delegation and management","2 History","3 Lists","3.1 Latin Character ccTLDs","3.2 Internationalized ccTLDs","3.3 Proposed internationalized ccTLDs","4 Relation to ISO 3166-1","4.1 Unused ISO 3166-1 codes","4.2 ASCII ccTLDs not in ISO 3166-1","4.3 Historical ccTLDs","5 Internationalized ccTLDs","6 Generic ccTLDs","7 Unconventional usage","7.1 Commercial use","8 See also","9 References","10 External links"]
Internet top-level domain used by or reserved for a country "ccTLD" and "cc TLD" redirect here. For the TLD for the Cocos (Keeling) Islands, see .cc. For a list of TLDs, see List of Internet top-level domains. A country code top-level domain (ccTLD) is an Internet top-level domain generally used or reserved for a country, sovereign state, or dependent territory identified with a country code. All ASCII ccTLD identifiers are two letters long, and all two-letter top-level domains are ccTLDs. In 2018, the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) began implementing internationalized country code top-level domains, consisting of language-native characters when displayed in an end-user application. Creation and delegation of ccTLDs is described in RFC 1591, corresponding to ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country codes. While gTLDs have to obey international regulations, ccTLDs are subjected to requirements that are determined by each country's domain name regulation corporation. With over 150 million domain name registrations as of 2022, ccTLDs make up about 40% of the total domain name industry. Country code extension applications began in 1985. The registered country code extensions in that year included .us (United States), .uk (United Kingdom) and .il (Israel). The registered country code extensions in 1986 included .au (Australia), .de (Germany), .fi (Finland), .fr (France), .is (Iceland), .jp (Japan), .kr (South Korea), .nl (Netherlands) and .se (Sweden). The registered country code extensions in 1987 included .nz (New Zealand), .ch (Switzerland) and .ca (Canada). The registered country code extensions in 1988 included .ie (Ireland) .it (Italy), .es (Spain) and .pt (Portugal). The registered country code extensions in 1989 included .in (India) and .yu (Yugoslavia). In the 1990s, .cn (People's Republic of China) and .ru (Russian Federation) were first registered. There are 308 delegated ccTLDs. The .cn, .tk, .de, .uk, .nl and .ru ccTLDs contain the highest number of domains. The top ten ccTLDs account for more than five-eighths of registered ccTLD domains. There were about 153 million ccTLD domains registered at the end of March 2022. Delegation and management IANA is responsible for determining an appropriate trustee for each ccTLD. Administration and control are then delegated to that trustee, which is responsible for the policies and operation of the domain. The current delegation can be determined from IANA's list of ccTLDs. Individual ccTLDs may have varying requirements and fees for registering subdomains. There may be a local-presence requirement (for instance, citizenship or other connection to the ccTLD), as, for example, the American (us), Japanese (jp), Canadian (ca), French (fr) and German (de) domains, or registration may be open. History The first registered ccTLD was .us, which was registered in 1985. Later ccTLDs registered in that year included .uk and .il. Then, .au, .de, .fi, .fr, .is, .jp, .kr, .nl and .se were also registered in 1986. In 1987, .nz, .ch, .my and .ca were registered. Later on, in 1988, .ie, .it, .es and .pt were also registered. Lists As of 20 May 2017, there were 255 country-code top-level domains, purely in the Latin alphabet, using two-character codes. The number was 316 as of June 2020, with the addition of internationalized domains. Latin Character ccTLDs Table columns – legend Name  DNS name of the two-letter country-code top-level domain. They follow ISO 3166-1 alpha-2, with some exceptions such as ".ac" for Ascension Island, ".eu" for the European Union, or ".uk" for United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland instead of ".gb". ISO codes bv, bl, mf, sj, gb, and um are not used for country code top-level domains. Entity  Country, dependency, or region Explanation  Explanation of the code when it is not self-evident from the English name of the country. These are usually domains that arise from native name of the country (e.g. .de for Deutschland, German language name for Germany). Notes  General remarks Registry  Domain name registry operator, sometimes called a network information center (NIC) IDN  Support for internationalized domain names (IDN) DNSSEC  Presence of DS records for Domain Name System Security Extensions SLD  Second level domain; that is, whether names may be registered directly under the TLD IPv6  Registry fully supports IPv6 access Overview of Latin-character country-code TLDs Name Entity Explanation (language of origin, if different from English) Notes Registry IDN DNSSEC SLD IPv6 Introduction Date .ac  Ascension Island (United Kingdom) Ascension Island Commonly used for academic websites, such as universities. However, .ac is not to be confused with the official academic domains used by several countries such as the United Kingdom (.ac.uk), India (.ac.in) or Indonesia (.ac.id). Also used in the accounting, consulting, and air-conditioning industries. Ascension Island Network Information Centre (run by Internet Computer Bureau) Yes Yes Yes Yes 19 December 1997 .ad  Andorra Andorra Local trademark, trade name or citizenship required. Nic.ad No Yes Yes 9 January 1996 .ae  United Arab Emirates United Arab Emirates .aeDA No No Yes 1 December 1992 .af  Afghanistan Afghanistan No Yes Yes 16 October 1997 .ag  Antigua and Barbuda Antigua and Barbuda Also unofficially used by German businesses (where AG is an abbreviation of Aktiengesellschaft). No Yes Yes 3 September 1991 .ai  Anguilla (United Kingdom) Anguilla Also unofficially used by tech companies specializing in AI (Artificial Intelligence). No No Yes 16 February 1995 .al  Albania Albania Citizenship no longer required. No No Yes 21 April 1992 .am  Armenia Armenia Also unofficially used by AM radio stations, podcasts or related business. No Yes Yes Yes 26 August 1994 .ao  Angola Angola No No ? 15 November 1995 .aq  Antarctica Antarctique (French) Defined by the Antarctic Treaty as everything south of latitude 60°S. AQ domain names are available to government organizations who are signatories to the Antarctic Treaty and to other registrants who have a physical presence in Antarctica. Domain names can be registered and renewed free of charge. ? No Yes ? 26 February 1992 .ar  Argentina Argentina nic.ar Spanish Yes Yes Yes 23 September 1987 .as  American Samoa (United States) American Samoa In some countries, like Norway and Denmark, "AS" or "A/S" is used as an abbreviation for stock-based or limited companies. Such companies will often make use of the domain. Also unofficially used by the Principality of Asturias, Spain. Yes No Yes 12 June 1997 .at  Austria Austria Nic.at Yes Yes Yes Yes 20 January 1988 .au  Australia Australia Restrictions apply. In general, registrants must have an "Australian presence", and can be registered anywhere between 1 and 5 years. Includes Ashmore and Cartier Islands and Coral Sea Islands. Direct second-level domain registration (marketed as ".au Direct") has been made available commencing 24 March 2022. auDA No Yes Yes (*From 24 Mar 2022) Yes 5 March 1986 .aw  Aruba (Kingdom of the Netherlands) Aruba, West Indies Restricted to registered Aruban companies, organisations and citizens. No Yes Yes 20 February 1996 .ax  Åland (Finland) .al and .ad already allocated No Yes Yes 21 June 2006 .az  Azerbaijan Azerbaijan Only for Residents. Has no WHOIS-Server. No Yes Yes Yes 25 August 1993 .ba  Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina University of Sarajevo - University tele-informatic Centre https://www.utic.unsa.ba https://www.nic.ba No No Yes 14 August 1996 .bb  Barbados Barbados No No Yes 3 September 1991 .bd  Bangladesh Bangladesh For individuals, registrant must have a valid NID. For companies, registrant must have company or trademark registered in Bangladesh. Yes No Yes 20 May 1999 .be  Belgium Belgium Used for YouTube-related domains. Also unofficially used in the Canton of Bern, Switzerland. DNS Belgium Latin Yes Yes Yes 5 August 1988 (added to root zone) .bf  Burkina Faso Burkina Faso No No Yes 29 March 1993 .bg  Bulgaria Bulgaria See also .бг (.bg in Cyrillic) for IDN ccTLD. Yes Yes Yes 3 January 1995 .bh  Bahrain Bahrain No Yes Yes 1 February 1994 .bi  Burundi Burundi No No Yes 21 October 1996 .bj  Benin .be, .bn, and .bi already allocated No No Yes 18 January 1996 .bm  Bermuda (United Kingdom) Bermuda Local corporate registration required. No Yes Yes March 1993 .bn  Brunei Brunei No No No 3 June 1994 .bo  Bolivia Bolivia No No Yes 26 February 1991 .bq  Caribbean Netherlands ( Bonaire,  Saba, and  Sint Eustatius) .be and .bs already allocated 20 February 2010 .br  Brazil Brasil (Portuguese) Restricted. Registration is done under several categories (i.e.: .edu.br for higher education institutions, .gov.br for government agencies, etc.). Portuguese Yes No 18 April 1989 .bs  Bahamas Bahamas No No Yes 3 September 1991 .bt  Bhutan Bhutan Must have local presence in Bhutan, and valid trade license. No Yes No 16 July 1997 .bw  Botswana Botswana May also be used for the Province of Walloon Brabant, Wallonia, Belgium. No No Yes 19 March 1993 .by  Belarus Byelorussia (Russian) Also unofficially used to denote Bayern (Bavaria), Germany. No Yes Yes 10 May 1994 .bz  Belize Belize Also unofficially used in the province of Bozen (or South Tyrol, see .st). No Yes Yes 3 September 1991 .ca  Canada Canada Subject to Canadian Presence Requirements. Also unofficially used by some websites in the U.S. state of California. CIRA French Yes Yes Yes 14 May 1987 .cc  Cocos (Keeling) Islands Cocos Islands Australian territory: not to be confused with Cocos Island in Guam. Currently marketed as global domain, registration allowed worldwide, local presence not required; the domain is currently operated by eNIC, a VeriSign company. Yes Yes Yes 13 October 1997 .cd  Democratic Republic of the Congo Congo, Democratic Republic Also unofficially used for Compact disc-related domains. No No Yes 20 August 1997 .cf  Central African Republic Central African Republic Was previously used as a free domain service to the public SOCATEL Yes No Yes 24 April 1996 .cg  Republic of the Congo Congo No No Yes 14 January 1997 .ch   Switzerland Confoederatio Helvetica (Latin) SWITCH Yes Yes Yes 20 May 1987 .ci  Ivory Coast Côte d'Ivoire (French) No No Yes 14 February 1995 .ck  Cook Islands Cook Islands No No Yes 8 August 1995 .cl  Chile Chile NIC Chile Yes Yes Yes Yes 15 December 1987 .cm  Cameroon Cameroon A local entity or company in Cameroon is required to register a domain name. No No Yes 29 April 1995 .cn  People's Republic of China China A local company in China is required to register a domain name, or for personal registrations a valid Resident Identity Card. See ICP license for more information regarding registrations. Hong Kong and Macau also maintain TLDs. Also unofficially used for Cartoon Network-related domains. Yes Yes Yes Yes 28 November 1990 .co  Colombia Colombia Marketed as a global domain. Anyone can register. No Yes Yes 24 December 1991 .cr  Costa Rica Costa Rica No Yes Yes 10 September 1990 .cu  Cuba Cuba No No Yes 3 June 1992 .cv  Cape Verde Cape Verde Also unofficially used for curriculum vitae-related domains. No No Yes 21 October 1996 .cw  Curaçao (Kingdom of the Netherlands) Curaçao, West Indies No ? 20 December 2010 .cx  Christmas Island Christmas, Xmas Made infamous from Goatse.cx. No Yes Yes 24 April 1997 .cy  Cyprus Cyprus No Yes Yes 26 July 1994 .cz  Czech Republic Czechia No Yes Yes 13 January 1993 .de  Germany Deutschland (German) German postal address for administrative contact (admin-c) required. Proxy registrations are allowed. DENIC Yes Yes Yes Yes 5 November 1986 .dj  Djibouti Djibouti Also unofficially used by disc jockeys. No No Yes 22 May 1996 .dk  Denmark Danmark (Danish) Punktum dk Yes Yes Yes Yes 14 July 1987 .dm  Dominica Dominica No No Yes 3 September 1991 .do  Dominican Republic Dominican No No Yes 25 August 1991 .dz  Algeria El Djazair / Dzayer (Arabic) No Yes Yes 3 January 1994 .ec  Ecuador Ecuador In Japan, "EC" is used as an acronym for "electronic commerce". Because of that, it's used unofficially by companies dedicated to provide online stores like BASE, a company that has two domains related to e-commerce: "base.in" and "official.ec". Nic.ec No No Yes 1 February 1991 .ee  Estonia Eesti (Estonian) Yes Yes Yes 3 June 1992 .eg  Egypt Egypt No No Yes 30 November 1990 .eh  Western Sahara Español Sahara (Spanish) Unassigned. No No No .er  Eritrea Eritrea No Yes 24 September 1996 .es  Spain España (Spanish) Red.es Yes Yes Yes 14 April 1988 .et  Ethiopia Ethiopia No No No 15 October 1995 .eu  European Union European Union Restricted to legal and natural persons in European Union member states. Previously unofficially used for sites in the Basque language, but now .eus is in official use. EURid Yes Yes Yes Yes 28 April 2005 .fi  Finland Finland Registration allowed worldwide, local presence not required. FICORA Yes Yes Yes Yes 17 December 1986 .fj  Fiji Fiji No No Yes 3 June 1992 .fk  Falkland Islands (United Kingdom) Falkland No No No 26 March 1997 .fm  Federated States of Micronesia Federated States of Micronesia Also unofficially used by FM radio stations, podcasts or related business. Yes Yes Yes 19 April 1995 .fo  Faroe Islands (Kingdom of Denmark) Føroyar (Faroese) FO Council No Yes Yes 14 May 1993 .fr  France France Restricted to individuals and companies in European Union, Switzerland, Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein. AFNIC Yes Yes Yes 2 September 1986 .ga  Gabon Gabon Must have presence in Gabon or justify any other direct or indirect link with Gabon. Geographical names and names associated with public/government entities prohibited. Was previously used as a free domain service to the public ANINF Yes No Yes 12 December 1994 .gd  Grenada Grenada No Yes Yes 3 June 1992 .ge  Georgia Georgia Available for registration for residents of Georgia (unlimited) or for foreign companies via representation of any local legal person (one domain name per registrant). No No Yes 2 December 1992 .gf  French Guiana (France) Guyane Française (French) No No 25 July 1996 .gg  Guernsey .gu, .gs, and .gy already allocated Also unofficially used by video game-related websites (see GG (gaming)). Island Networks Ltd. Yes Yes Yes 7 August 1996 .gh  Ghana Ghana No No No 19 January 1995 .gi  Gibraltar (United Kingdom) Gibraltar No Yes Yes 5 December 1995 .gl  Greenland (Kingdom of Denmark) Greenland Previously also unofficially used in Galicia, Spain, but .gal has now been approved for such use and was implemented in mid-2014. No Yes Yes 8 April 1994 .gm  The Gambia Gambia Domain name should match the domain owner's name or trademarks. Common nouns are blocked. No No Yes 28 March 1997 .gn  Guinea Guinea A local contact is required. No Yes No 9 August 1994 .gp  Guadeloupe (France) Guadeloupe Still used for Saint-Barthélemy and Saint-Martin. No No Yes 21 October 1996 .gq  Equatorial Guinea Guinée équatoriale (French) Was previously used as a free domain service to the public GETESA Yes No 10 July 1997 .gr  Greece Greece Yes Yes Yes 19 February 1989 .gs  South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (United Kingdom) South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands No Yes Yes 31 July 1997 .gt  Guatemala Guatemala Yes No Yes Yes 14 August 1992 .gu  Guam (United States) Guam No No No 15 April 1994 .gw  Guinea-Bissau Gine-Bisaawo (Fula) No Yes Yes 4 February 1997 .gy  Guyana Guyana No Yes Yes 13 September 1994 .hk  Hong Kong Hong Kong Yes Yes Yes 3 January 1990 .hm  Heard Island and McDonald Islands Heard Island and McDonald Islands Unused for its intended purposes (islands are uninhabited and government sites instead use .aq); registry open to the public. No No Yes 24 July 1997 .hn  Honduras Honduras No Yes Yes 16 April 1993 .hr  Croatia Hrvatska (Serbo-Croatian) No Yes Yes 27 February 1993 (in root zone)March 1993 .ht  Haiti Haiti Yes No Yes 6 March 1997 .hu  Hungary Hungary Limited to citizens of the European Union or entities established by law within the territory of the EU. Yes Yes Yes 7 November 1990 .id  Indonesia Indonesia Restricted to Indonesian companies (co.id), organisations (or.id), academic (ac.id & sch.id) and citizens (biz.id, my.id & web.id). Second-level domains are becoming available now and opened to general registration on 17 August 2014. PANDI Yes Yes Yes 27 February 1993 .ie  Ireland Ireland In 2002, registration was expanded to include persons or businesses with a "real and substantive" connection with the island of Ireland (including Northern Ireland). Yes Yes Yes Yes 27 January 1988 .il  Israel Israel Yes Yes Yes 24 October 1985 .im  Isle of Man Isle of Man No No Yes 11 September 1996 .in  India India Under INRegistry since April 2005 (except for gov.in, nic.in, mil.in, ac.in, edu.in, and res.in). NIXI Yes Yes Yes Yes 8 May 1989 .io  British Indian Ocean Territory (United Kingdom) Indian Ocean Used unofficially by technology companies, startups, and web applications as IO can be an acronym for "input/output" that is useful for domain hacks. NIC.IO (run by Internet Computer Bureau) Yes Yes Yes 16 September 1997 .iq  Iraq Iraq No Partial Yes 9 May 1997 (in root zone) .ir  Iran Iran IRNIC Yes No Yes 6 April 1994 .is  Iceland Ísland (Icelandic) Also unofficially used and marketed as a domain hack (for example it.is, that.is, etc.). ISNIC Yes Yes Yes 18 November 1987 .it  Italy Italy Restricted to companies and individuals in the European Union. Yes Yes Yes Yes 23 December 1987 (in root zone)1 January 1988 (fully active) .je  Jersey Jersey Island Networks Ltd. Yes No Yes 8 August 1996 .jm  Jamaica Jamaica No No No 24 September 1991 .jo  Jordan Jordan No Yes 23 November 1994 (in root zone) .jp  Japan Japan Restricted to individuals or companies with a physical address in Japan. Japan Registry Services Yes Yes Yes Yes 5 August 1986 .ke  Kenya Kenya No No No 29 April 1993 .kg  Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan No Yes Yes 12 July 1995 .kh  Cambodia Khmer No No No 20 February 1996 .ki  Kiribati Kiribati No Yes Yes 19 April 1995 .km  Comoros Komori (Comorian) No No Yes 8 June 1998 .kn  Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Kitts and Nevis No No Yes 3 September 1991 .kp  North Korea Korea, Democratic People's Republic Restricted to companies, organizations, or government entities based in North Korea. Despite this, few domains are actually registered because of internet censorship in North Korea. No No No No 24 September 2007 .kr  South Korea Korea, Republic Yes Yes Yes 29 September 1986 .kw  Kuwait Kuwait Yes No 26 October 1992 .ky  Cayman Islands (United Kingdom) .ci and .cy already allocated No Yes Yes 3 May 1995 .kz  Kazakhstan Kazakhstan "A prerequisite for server hardware is its physical location on the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan." KAZNIC Yes No Yes 19 September 1994 .la  Laos Laos Currently being marketed as the unofficial domain for Los Angeles. Yes Yes 14 May 1996 .lb  Lebanon Lebanon Restricted to registration with companies in Lebanon. Yes No 25 August 1993 .lc  Saint Lucia Saint Lucia Yes Yes 3 September 1991 .li  Liechtenstein Liechtenstein Also unofficially used by entities on Long Island, New York or people with the last name Li. In Russian, li can be used to create domain names that mean a verb with a past tense plural ending li . SWITCH Yes Yes Yes 26 February 1993 .lk  Sri Lanka Sri Lanka Yes Yes Yes 15 June 1990 .lr  Liberia Liberia Partial No 9 April 1997 .ls  Lesotho Lesotho No No 13 January 1993 .lt  Lithuania Lithuania Yes Yes Yes 3 June 1992 .lu  Luxembourg Luxembourg Also unofficially used in Lucerne, Switzerland. Yes Yes Yes 27 January 1995 .lv  Latvia Latvia IMCS UL Yes Yes Yes 29 April 1993 .ly  Libya Libya Used unofficially as a domain hack for words ending in -ly. Yes Yes 23 April 1997 .ma  Morocco Maroc (French) Partial Yes 26 November 1993 .mc  Monaco Monaco Only for companies with a trademark registered in Monaco. Yes Yes 20 January 1995 .md  Moldova Moldova Restricted to individuals or companies with a physical address in Moldova. Yes Yes 24 March 1994 .me  Montenegro Montenegro Also unofficially used and marketed as a domain hack (for example love.me, meet.me, etc.). Yes Yes 24 September 2007 .mg  Madagascar Madagascar Restricted to registration with companies in Madagascar. NIC-MG No Yes 25 July 1995 .mh  Marshall Islands Marshall Inactive. No 16 August 1996 .mk  North Macedonia Makedonija (Serbo-Croatian) Restricted to individuals and companies in European Union. No Yes 23 September 1993 .ml  Mali Mali Was previously used as a free domain service to the public AGETIC Yes No Yes 29 September 1993 .mm  Myanmar Myanmar No No 4 February 1997 .mn  Mongolia Mongolia The second-level domains .gov.mn, .org.mn, and .edu.mn are reserved for special use. See .mn for more information. Yes Yes 2 March 1995 .mo  Macau Macao Registrants must have a registered business in Macau, with the same name as the domain they wish to register. No Yes 17 September 1992 .mp  Northern Mariana Islands (United States) Marianas Pacific No Yes 22 October 1996 .mq  Martinique (France) Martinique (French) No No 28 March 1997 .mr  Mauritania Mauritania Yes Yes 24 April 1996 .ms  Montserrat (United Kingdom) Montserrat Also unofficially used for Microsoft-related domains. No Yes 6 March 1997 .mt  Malta Malta No No 2 December 1992 .mu  Mauritius Mauritius No Yes 6 October 1995 .mv  Maldives Maldives No Yes 25 September 1996 .mw  Malawi Malawi No Yes 3 January 1997 .mx  Mexico Mexico Yes Yes 1 February 1989 .my  Malaysia Malaysia Restricted to registration by individuals or companies in Malaysia. MYNIC Yes Yes Yes 8 June 1987 .mz  Mozambique Mozambique No No 4 September 1992 .na  Namibia Namibia Yes Yes 8 May 1991 .nc  New Caledonia (France) New Caledonia Restricted to companies that have a New Caledonian Business Registration Certificate or individuals living in New Caledonia for at least 6 months. Yes Yes 13 October 1993 .ne  Niger Niger No Yes 24 April 1996 .nf  Norfolk Island Norfolk Yes Yes 18 March 1996 .ng  Nigeria Nigeria No Yes 15 March 1995 .ni  Nicaragua Nicaragua No No 13 October 1989 .nl  Netherlands Netherlands First active country-code domain outside the US. No Yes Yes Yes 25 April 1986 .no  Norway Norway Businesses and professionals must be registered as an approved type of organization in the Brønnøysund Register Centre. Individual applicants must be of age (18 years) and be registered in Folkeregisteret. All applicants must have a Norwegian postal address. Norid Yes Yes Yes Yes 17 March 1987 .np    Nepal Nepal All .np domains are free to register for individuals and registered businesses. Foreign businesses must provide proof of local presence in Nepal. No No 25 January 1995 .nr  Nauru Nauru Was previously used as a free domain service to the public as co.nr. No Yes 30 March 1998 .nu  Niue Niue Commonly used by Danish, Dutch, and Swedish websites, as in their respective languages "nu" means "now". The Swedish Internet Foundation Yes Yes Yes Yes 20 June 1997 .nz  New Zealand New Zealand Māori Yes Yes Yes 19 January 1987 .om  Oman Oman Registrant must have company or trademark registered in Oman as well as a local administrative contact. No No 11 April 1996 .pa  Panama Panama Some use in Pennsylvania. No No 25 May 1994 .pe  Peru Peru Also unofficially used for Private Equity-related businesses. Yes Yes Yes 25 November 1991 .pf  French Polynesia (France) Polynésie française (French) With Clipperton Island. No Yes 19 March 1996 .pg  Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea No No 26 September 1991 .ph  Philippines Philippines Yes Yes 14 September 1990 .pk  Pakistan Pakistan Operated by PKNIC since 1992. No Yes 3 June 1992 .pl  Poland Poland Yes Yes Yes 30 July 1990 .pm  Saint-Pierre and Miquelon (France) Saint Pierre and Miquelon Restricted to individuals and companies in European Union, Switzerland, Norway, Iceland, and Liechtenstein. AFNIC Yes Yes 20 August 1997 .pn  Pitcairn Islands (United Kingdom) Pitcairn As a part of a marketing campaign, Lionsgate used the TLD for some (now defunct) sites related to The Hunger Games franchise, presenting it as the "official" country code of the fictional nation of Panem; notable sites included thecapitol.pn and revolution.pn. No Yes 10 July 1997 .pr  Puerto Rico (United States) Puerto Rico Yes Yes 27 August 1989 .ps  Palestine Palestine Jerusalem, West Bank and Gaza Strip. No Yes 22 March 2000 .pt  Portugal Portugal Portuguese Yes Yes Yes 30 June 1988 .pw  Palau Pelew (archaic English spelling) Yes Yes Yes Yes 12 June 1997 .py  Paraguay Paraguay No No 9 September 1991 .qa  Qatar Qatar No No 12 June 1996 .re  Réunion (France) Réunion Restricted to individuals and companies in European Union, Switzerland, Norway, Iceland, and Liechtenstein. AFNIC Yes Yes Yes 7 April 1997 .ro  Romania Romania Yes Yes Yes Yes 26 February 1993 .rs  Serbia Republika Srbija (Serbo-Croatian) See also .срб (.srb in Cyrillic). Also unofficially used for Rust (programming language)-related domains. Yes Yes Yes Yes 24 September 2007 (in root zone)10 March 2008 (registrations) .ru  Russia Russia See also .su, still in use, and .рф, for IDN. No Yes Yes Yes 7 April 1994 .rw  Rwanda Rwanda RICTA No Yes 21 October 1996 .sa  Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia Registrant must have a registered trademark in Saudi Arabia matching the domain name to register or provide company incorporation documents of a company in Saudi Arabia or for personal registrations a copy of valid ID. A letter on the official letterhead of your organization addressed to SaudiNIC requesting the domain name registration is also required. Local administrative contact required. 2LD registrations rolled out in 2011. Arabic Yes Yes Yes 17 May 1994 .sb  Solomon Islands Solomon Islands, British Yes No 19 April 1994 .sc  Seychelles Seychelles Also unofficially used for Snapchat-related domains. Yes Yes 9 May 1997 .sd  Sudan Sudan No Yes 6 March 1997 .se  Sweden Sverige (Swedish) The Swedish Internet Foundation Yes Yes Yes Yes 4 September 1986 .sg  Singapore Singapore Also unofficially used in the Canton of St. Gallen, Switzerland. Yes Yes 19 October 1988 .sh Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha (United Kingdom) Saint Helena Also unofficially used by Canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland NIC.SH (run by Internet Computer Bureau) Yes Yes Yes 23 September 1997 .si  Slovenia Slovenia Yes Yes Yes 1 April 1992 .sk  Slovakia Slovensko (Slovak) Restricted to individuals and companies in European Union, Switzerland, Norway, Iceland, and Liechtenstein. Yes Yes Yes 29 March 1993 .sl  Sierra Leone Sierra Leone No Yes 9 May 1997 .sm  San Marino San Marino Domain name must be same as company name or trademark. No Yes 16 August 1995 .sn  Senegal Senegal Registration allowed for companies only. Individuals are not allowed to register. Yes Yes 19 March 1993 .so  Somalia Somalia Relaunched on 1 November 2010. SONIC No No Yes 28 August 1997 .sr  Suriname Suriname No Yes 3 September 1991 .ss  South Sudan South Sudan Yes 10 August 2011 (allocated)2 February 2019 (root zone) .st  São Tomé and Príncipe São Tomé Also unofficially used in South Tyrol (or province of Bozen, see .bz) and Styria. Yes No Yes 7 November 1997 .su  Soviet Union Soviet Union Still in use. Also unofficially used by Student Unions. Yes Yes Yes Yes 19 September 1990 .sv  El Salvador Salvador No No 4 November 1994 .sx  Sint Maarten (Kingdom of the Netherlands) .sm, .ma, and .mt already allocated; airport code is SXM. CIRA Yes No 20 December 2010 .sy  Syria Syria No Yes 20 February 1996 .sz  Eswatini Swaziland Registration is restricted to Eswatini organizations with Eswatini Trading Licenses. No No 19 July 1993 .tc  Turks and Caicos Islands (United Kingdom) Turks and Caicos Also marketed in Turkey. The official abbreviation of 'Türkiye Cumhuriyeti' (Republic of Turkey) is TC. No Yes 27 January 1997 .td  Chad Tchad (French) Available for registration to entities connected with Chad only. No Yes 3 November 1997 .tf  French Southern and Antarctic Lands Terres australes et antarctiques françaises (French) Seldom used. Restricted to individuals and companies in European Union, Switzerland, Norway, Iceland, and Liechtenstein. The domain also sees frequent use for community-run sites related to the video game Team Fortress 2. AFNIC Yes Yes Yes 26 August 1997 .tg  Togo Togo No Yes 5 September 1996 .th  Thailand Thai Yes Yes No 7 September 1988 .tj  Tajikistan Tajik No Yes 11 December 1997 .tk  Tokelau Tokelau Was previously used as a free domain service to the public Dot TK Yes No Yes 7 November 1997 .tl  East Timor Timor-Leste Previous code .tp has been deactivated since 2015. Yes Yes 23 March 2005 .tm  Turkmenistan Turkmen Yes Yes Yes 30 May 1997 .tn  Tunisia Tunisia Official ccTLDs (country code top-level domains) of Tunisia. Yes Yes Yes Yes 17 May 1991 .to  Tonga Tonga Often used unofficially for Torrent, Turin (Torino in Italian), Toronto, Tokyo, or Tocantins, and also as a domain hack in Slavic languages (to meaning it). Yes No Yes 18 December 1995 .tr  Turkey Turkey .ct.tr and .nc.tr used by Northern Cyprus. Yes No Yes Yes 17 September 1990 .tt  Trinidad and Tobago Trinidad and Tobago Yes Yes 3 September 1991 .tv  Tuvalu Tuvalu Used as an abbreviation of television, the domain is currently operated by dotTV, a VeriSign company; the Tuvalu government owns twenty percent of the company. Yes Yes 18 March 1996 .tw  Taiwan Taiwan Registration allowed worldwide, local presence not required. In line with ISO 3166-1, IANA's official position is that "TW" is "designated for use to represent Taiwan, Province of China". Yes Yes Yes 31 July 1989 .tz  Tanzania Tanzania TLD registrations allowed as of July 2022, no local presence in Tanzania required. TCRA Yes No 14 July 1995 .ua  Ukraine Ukraina Registrations in TLD are restricted to trademark holders only; SLD registrations are open Hostmaster Ltd. Yes Yes Yes Yes 1 December 1992 .ug  Uganda Uganda Uganda Online Ltd. Yes Yes 8 March 1995 .uk  United Kingdom United Kingdom The ISO 3166-1 code for the United Kingdom is GB (for Great Britain). UK is a specially reserved ISO 3166-1 code. However, the creation of the .uk TLD predates the ISO 3166-1 list of ccTLD and is the primary TLD for the United Kingdom. Nominet UK Yes Yes Yes 24 July 1985 .us  United States of America United States Registrants must be United States citizens, residents, or organizations, or a foreign entity with a presence in the United States. Formerly commonly used by U.S. State and local governments; see also .gov TLD. Go Daddy Yes Yes 15 February 1985 .uy  Uruguay Uruguay 2LD rollout began on 10 July 2012. Yes Yes 10 September 1990 .uz  Uzbekistan Uzbekistan Uzinfocom Yes Yes 29 April 1995 .va  Vatican City Vatican Limited to the official sites of the Holy See (including those of the Vatican City State). No No 11 September 1995 (root zone) .vc  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Vincent Partial Yes 3 September 1991 .ve  Venezuela Venezuela Registration is at the third level. Yes No 7 March 1991 .vg  British Virgin Islands (United Kingdom) Virgin Islands No Yes 20 February 1997 .vi  United States Virgin Islands (United States) Virgin Islands No Yes 31 August 1995 .vn  Vietnam Viet Nam (Vietnamese) Yes Yes Yes 14 April 1994 .vu  Vanuatu Vanuatu Yes Yes 10 April 1995 .wf  Wallis and Futuna Wallis and Futuna Restricted to individuals and companies in European Union, Switzerland, Norway, Iceland, and Liechtenstein. AFNIC Yes Yes Yes 14 November 1997 .ws  Samoa Western Samoa Marketed for use in general websites. Yes Yes Yes 14 July 1995 .ye  Yemen Yemen No No 19 August 1996 .yt  Mayotte Mayotte Restricted to individuals and companies in European Union, Switzerland, Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein. Also unofficially used for YouTube-related domains. AFNIC Yes Yes Yes 17 November 1997 .za  South Africa Zuid-Afrika (Dutch) .za derives from the Dutch name of the country, even though Dutch is no longer an official language of South Africa. ZA Domain Name Authority Yes Yes 7 November 1990 .zm  Zambia Zambia No Yes 25 March 1994 .zw  Zimbabwe Zimbabwe No No 6 November 1991 Table Notes ^ 17 November 2009, Spanish-Portuguese specific characters (á, â, ã, à, é, ê, í, ó, ô, õ, ú, ü, ñ, ç) allowed, as approved by law. ^ Mostly latin characters (à á â ã ä å æ ç è é ê ë ì í î ï ð ñ ò ó ô õ ö ø ù ú û ü ý þ ÿ œ š ž), see ^ Currently not allowed, but some higher-learning institutions were grandfathered-in. ^ Since March 2004, see ^ Since July 1st, 2020 ^ IDN not adopted due to lack of public and corporate interest ^ 93 non-ASCII characters, see ^ 1 January 2004, support æ, ø, å, ö, ä, ü, & é: see ^ Estonian domain names to incorporate diacritics (IDN) starting from 13 June 2011 ^ Supported characters: Latin, Greek, & Cyrillic; see ^ September 2005, supported characters: š, ž, å, ä, ö and Sami language; see ^ a b c d e f g (6 December 2011) ^ Support for Greek characters since July 2005; see ^ a b c d Delegation Signer (DS) record in a root zone has not yet been published. ^ October 2003, for Swedish characters, summer 2007 also for Finnish, Meänkieli, Romani, Sami, and Yiddish; see ^ Since October 2010, see ^ (28 April 2008) see ^ 14 November 2006; see ^ 21 July 2015; see ^ Traditional Chinese characters: see ^ IDN domain names available in some .UA subdomains since June 2012 ^ .UA secure delegations available since October 2019 ^ Restricted to ISPs and other undefined entities. See .zm . Internationalized ccTLDs Internationalized country code top-level domains DNS name IDN ccTLD Country/Region Language Script Transliteration Comments Other ccTLD DNSSEC xn--lgbbat1ad8j .الجزائر  Algeria Arabic Arabic (Arabic) al-Jazā'ir .dz No xn--y9a3aq .հայ  Armenia Armenian Armenian hay .am Yes xn--mgbcpq6gpa1a .البحرين  Bahrain Arabic Arabic al-Baḥrain Not in use .bh Yes xn--54b7fta0cc .বাংলা  Bangladesh Bengali Bengali Bangla .bd No xn--90ais .бел  Belarus Belarusian Cyrillic bel .by Yes xn--90ae .бг  Bulgaria Bulgarian Cyrillic bg .bg Yes xn--fiqs8s .中国  China Chinese Chinese (Simplified) Zhōngguó .cn Yes xn--fiqz9s .中國  China Chinese Chinese (Traditional) Zhōngguó .cn Yes xn--wgbh1c .مصر  Egypt Arabic Arabic (Arabic) Miṣr / Maṣr .eg Yes xn--e1a4c .ею  European Union Bulgarian Cyrillic eyu .eu Yes xn--qxa6a .ευ  European Union Greek Greek ey In use since 2022 .eu Yes xn--node .გე  Georgia Georgian Georgian (Mkhedruli) GE .ge No xn--qxam .ελ  Greece Greek Greek el In use since July 2018 .gr Yes xn--j6w193g .香港  Hong Kong Chinese Chinese (Simplified and Traditional) Hoeng1 gong2 / Xiānggǎng .hk Yes xn--h2brj9c .भारत  India Hindi Devanagari Bhārat Became available 27 August 2014 .in Yes xn--mgbbh1a71e .بھارت  India Urdu Arabic (Urdu) Bhārat Became available 2017 .in Yes xn--fpcrj9c3d .భారత్  India Telugu Telugu Bhārat Became available 2017 .in Yes xn--gecrj9c .ભારત  India Gujarati Gujarati Bhārat Became available 2017 .in Yes xn--s9brj9c .ਭਾਰਤ  India Punjabi Gurmukhī Bhārat Became available 2017 .in Yes xn--xkc2dl3a5ee0h .இந்தியா  India Tamil Tamil Intiyā Became available 2015 .in Yes xn--45brj9c .ভারত  India Bengali Bengali Bharôt Became available 2017 .in Yes xn--2scrj9c .ಭಾರತ  India Kannada Kannada Bhārata Became available 2020 .in Yes xn--rvc1e0am3e .ഭാരതം  India Malayalam Malayalam Bhāratam Became available 2020 .in Yes xn--45br5cyl .ভাৰত  India Assamese Bengali Bharatam Became available 2022 .in Yes xn--3hcrj9c .ଭାରତ  India Oriya Oriya Bhārat Became available 2021 .in Yes xn--mgbbh1a .بارت  India Kashmiri Arabic (Kashmiri) Bārat Became available 2022 .in Yes xn--h2breg3eve .भारतम्  India Sanskrit Devanagari Bhāratam Became available 2022 .in Yes xn--h2brj9c8c .भारोत  India Santali Devanagari Bharot Became available 2022 .in Yes xn--mgbgu82a .ڀارت  India Sindhi Arabic (Sindhi) Bhārat Became available 2022 .in Yes xn--mgba3a4f16a .ایران  Iran Persian Arabic (Persian) Īrān .ir No xn--mgbtx2b .عراق  Iraq Arabic Arabic (Arabic) ʿIrāq Not in use .iq No xn--4dbrk0ce .ישראל  Israel Hebrew Hebrew Israel Became available 2022 .il Yes xn--mgbayh7gpa .الاردن  Jordan Arabic Arabic (Arabic) al-Urdun .jo No xn--80ao21a .қаз  Kazakhstan Kazakh Cyrillic (Kazakh) qaz .kz No xn--q7ce6a .ລາວ  Laos Lao Lao Lao Became available 2020 .la Yes xn--mix082f .澳门  Macao Chinese Chinese (Simplified) Ou3 mun4 / Àomén Not in use .mo No xn--mix891f .澳門  Macao Chinese Chinese (Traditional) Ou3 mun4 / Àomén Became available 2020 .mo No xn--mgbx4cd0ab .مليسيا  Malaysia Malay Arabic (Jawi) Malaysīyā .my Yes xn--mgbah1a3hjkrd .موريتانيا  Mauritania Arabic Arabic (Arabic) Mūrītāniyā .mr Yes xn--l1acc .мон  Mongolia Mongolian Cyrillic (Mongolian) mon .mn Yes xn--mgbc0a9azcg .المغرب  Morocco Arabic Arabic (Arabic) al-Maġrib .ma No xn--d1alf .мкд  North Macedonia Macedonian Cyrillic (Macedonian) mkd .mk No xn--mgb9awbf .عمان  Oman Arabic Arabic (Arabic) ʿUmān .om No xn--mgbai9azgqp6j .پاکستان  Pakistan Urdu Arabic (Urdu) Pākistān .pk Yes xn--ygbi2ammx .فلسطين  Palestinian Authority Arabic Arabic (Arabic) Filasṭīn .ps No xn--wgbl6a .قطر  Qatar Arabic Arabic (Arabic) Qaṭar .qa No xn--p1ai .рф  Russia Russian Cyrillic (Russian) rf .ru Yes xn--mgberp4a5d4ar .السعودية  Saudi Arabia Arabic Arabic (Arabic) as-Suʿūdīya .sa Yes xn--90a3ac .срб  Serbia Serbian Cyrillic (Serbian) srb .rs Yes xn--yfro4i67o .新加坡  Singapore Chinese Chinese (Simplified and Traditional) Xīnjiāpō .sg Yes xn--clchc0ea0b2g2a9gcd .சிங்கப்பூர்  Singapore Tamil Tamil Cinkappūr .sg Yes xn--3e0b707e .한국  South Korea Korean Hangul Han-guk .kr Yes xn--fzc2c9e2c .ලංකා  Sri Lanka Sinhala Sinhala Lanka .lk No xn--xkc2al3hye2a .இலங்கை  Sri Lanka Tamil Tamil Ilaṅkai .lk No xn--mgbpl2fh .سودان  Sudan Arabic Arabic (Arabic) Sūdān .sd No xn--ogbpf8fl .سورية  Syria Arabic Arabic (Arabic) Sūriyya .sy No xn--kprw13d .台湾  Taiwan Chinese Chinese (Simplified) Táiwān .tw Yes xn--kpry57d .台灣  Taiwan Chinese Chinese (Traditional) Táiwān .tw Yes xn--o3cw4h .ไทย  Thailand Thai Thai Thai .th Yes xn--pgbs0dh .تونس  Tunisia Arabic Arabic (Arabic) Tūnis .tn Yes xn--j1amh .укр  Ukraine Ukrainian Cyrillic (Ukrainian) ukr .ua No xn--mgbaam7a8h .امارات  United Arab Emirates Arabic Arabic (Arabic) Imārāt .ae No xn--mgb2ddes .اليمن  Yemen Arabic Arabic (Arabic) al-Yaman Not delegated .ye No Table notes Proposed internationalized ccTLDs Main article: Proposed top-level domain § Internationalized country code top-level domains Internationalised domain names have been proposed for Japan and Libya. Relation to ISO 3166-1 The IANA is not in the business of deciding what is and what is not a country. The selection of the ISO 3166 list as a basis for country code top-level domain names was made with the knowledge that ISO has a procedure for determining which entities should be and should not be on that list.— Jon Postel, RFC 1591 Unused ISO 3166-1 codes Almost all current ISO 3166-1 codes have been assigned and do exist in DNS. However, some of these are effectively unused. In particular, the ccTLDs for the Norwegian dependency Bouvet Island (bv) and the designation Svalbard and Jan Mayen (sj) do exist in DNS, but no subdomains have been assigned, and it is Norid policy to not assign any at present. Two French territories—bl (Saint Barthélemy) and mf (Saint Martin)—still await local assignment by France's government. The code eh, although eligible as ccTLD for Western Sahara, has never been assigned and does not exist in DNS. Only one subdomain is still registered in gb (ISO 3166-1 for the United Kingdom), and no new registrations are being accepted for it. Sites in the United Kingdom generally useuk (see below). The former .um ccTLD for the U.S. Minor Outlying Islands was removed in April 2008. Under RFC 1591 rules, .um is eligible as a ccTLD on request by the relevant governmental agency and local Internet user community. ASCII ccTLDs not in ISO 3166-1 Several ASCII ccTLDs are in use that are not ISO 3166-1 two-letter codes. Some of these codes were specified in older versions of the ISO list. uk (United Kingdom): The ISO 3166-1 code for the United Kingdom is GB. However, the JANET network had already selected uk as a top-level identifier for its pre-existing Name Registration Scheme, and this was incorporated into the DNS root. gb was assigned with the intention of a transition, but this never occurred and the use of uk is now entrenched. su This obsolete ISO 3166 code for the Soviet Union was assigned when the Soviet Union still existed; moreover, new su registrations are accepted. ac (Ascension Island): This code is a vestige of IANA's decision in 1996 to allow the use of codes reserved in the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 reserve list for use by the Universal Postal Union. The decision was later reversed, with Ascension Island now the sole outlier. (Three other ccTLDs, gg (Guernsey), im (Isle of Man) and je (Jersey) also fell under this category from 1996 until they received corresponding ISO 3166 codes in March 2006.) eu (European Union): On September 25, 2000, ICANN decided to allow the use of any two-letter code in the ISO 3166-1 reserve list that is reserved for all purposes. Only EU currently meets this criterion. Following a decision by the EU's Council of Telecommunications Ministers in March 2002, progress was slow, but a registry (named EURid) was chosen by the European Commission, and criteria for allocation set: ICANN approved eu as a ccTLD, and it opened for registration on 7 December 2005 for the holders of prior rights. Since 7 April 2006, registration is open to all in the European Economic Area. Historical ccTLDs ccTLDs may be removed if that country ceases to exist. There are three ccTLDs that have been deleted after the corresponding 2-letter code was withdrawn from ISO 3166-1: cs (for Czechoslovakia), zr (for Zaire) and tp (for East Timor). There may be a significant delay between withdrawal from ISO 3166-1 and deletion from the DNS; for example, ZR ceased to be an ISO 3166-1 code in 1997, but the zr ccTLD was not deleted until 2001. Other ccTLDs corresponding to obsolete ISO 3166-1 codes have not yet been deleted. In some cases they may never be deleted due to the amount of disruption this would cause for a heavily used ccTLD. In particular, the Soviet Union's ccTLD su remains in use more than twenty years after SU was removed from ISO 3166-1. The historical country codes dd for the German Democratic Republic and yd for South Yemen were eligible for a ccTLD, but not allocated; see also de and ye. The temporary reassignment of country code cs (Serbia and Montenegro) until its split into rs and me (Serbia and Montenegro, respectively) led to some controversies about the stability of ISO 3166-1 country codes, resulting in a second edition of ISO 3166-1 in 2007 with a guarantee that retired codes will not be reassigned for at least 50 years, and the replacement of RFC 3066 by RFC 4646 for country codes used in language tags in 2006. The previous ISO 3166-1 code for Yugoslavia, YU, was removed by ISO on 23 July 2003, but the yu ccTLD remained in operation. Finally, after a two-year transition to Serbian rs and Montenegrin me, the .yu domain was phased out in March 2010. Australia was originally assigned the oz country code, which was later changed to au with the .oz domains moved to .oz.au. Internationalized ccTLDs An internationalized country code top-level domain (IDN ccTLD) is a top-level domain with a specially encoded domain name that is displayed in an end user application, such as a web browser, in its native language script or a non-alphabetic writing system, such as Latin script (.us, .uk and .br), Indic script (.भारत) and Korean script (.한국), etc. IDN ccTLDs are an application of the internationalized domain name (IDN) system to top-level Internet domains assigned to countries, including the United Kingdom, or independent geographic regions. ICANN started to accept applications for IDN ccTLDs in November 2009, and installed the first set into the Domain Names System in May 2010. The first set was a group of Arabic names for the countries of Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates. By May 2010, 21 countries had submitted applications to ICANN, representing 11 languages. ICANN requires all potential international TLDs to use at least one letter that does not resemble a Latin letter, or have at least three letters, in an effort to avoid IDN homograph attacks. Nor shall the international domain name look like another domain name, even if they have different alphabets. Between Cyrillic and Greek alphabets, for example, this could happen. Generic ccTLDs Generic Country Code Top-Level Domain or gccTLD refers to those TLDs which are technically "non-restricted ccTLDs" but used like traditional generic TLDs (gTLDs) rather than "country"-targeted ones. Most of the gccTLDs are primarily used as domain hacks: gccTLD Country/Region Domain hacks .ac Ascension Island academicaccountingacknowledgeAir conditioningalternating-current .ad Andorra advertising .ag Antigua and Barbuda Aktiengesellschaft (German for corporation) .ai Anguilla Artificial intelligence .am Armenia AmericanAM broadcastingradio and podcasts .as American Samoa Asturiasautonomous systemaktieselskab/aksjeselskap .az Azerbaijan ArizonaAzores .bz Belize Bolzanobusinessbiz alike .cc Cocos (Keeling) Islands cricket clubCredit CardCycling clubChristian ChurchCatholic ChurchCreative CommonsCape Codcompanycom alike .cd Congo Compact disc .co Colombia companycom alikeColorado .cu Cuba "see you" .cv Cape Verde curriculum vitae .dj Djibouti Disc jockey .fm Federated States of Micronesia FM broadcastingradio and podcasts .ga Gabon Georgia .gg Bailiwick of Guernsey Good GameGoogle .io British Indian Ocean Territory Input/Outputinfo alike .is Iceland it.is, that.is, etc. .it Italy Information technology .kg Kyrgyzstan Keygen .la Laos Los AngelesLouisianaMozillaTeslaDigikalaLatin America .ly Libya words ending in -ly .md Moldova MedicineMarkdown .me Montenegro me (personal homepage)MaineMiddle East .ms Montserrat MicrosoftMississippiMato Grosso do SulMünstermaster .nu Niue newnownude .pe Peru Private equity .pn Pitcairn Phone number .pw Palau Professional web .re Réunion Reverse engineering .rs Serbia Rust .sc Seychelles Santa CatarinaSouth CarolinaSoundCloudSnapchatSecurity .sh Saint Helena ShellSchleswig-Holstein .sx Sint Maarten "sex" .tf French Southern and Antarctic Lands Team FortressTerraform .tk Tokelau techHi-techtracker .tm Turkmenistan Trademark .to Tonga link-to .tv Tuvalu television and broadcasts .ws Western Samoa websitewebsocketworld sitewest .yt Mayotte YouTube Unconventional usage Main article: Vanity URL This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Lenient registration restrictions on certain ccTLDs have resulted in various domain hacks. Domain names such as I.am, tip.it, start.at and go.to form well-known English phrases, whereas others combine the second-level domain and ccTLD to form one word or one title, creating domains such as blo.gs of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (gs), youtu.be of Belgium (be), del.icio.us of the United States (us), and cr.yp.to of Tonga (to). The .co domain of Colombia has been cited since 2010 as a potential competitor to generic TLDs for commercial use, because it may be an abbreviation for company. Several ccTLDs allow the creation of emoji domains. Some ccTLDs may also be used for typosquatting. The domain cm of Cameroon has generated interest due to the possibility that people might miss typing the letter o for sites in the com. Commercial use Some of the world's smallest countries and non-sovereign or colonial entities with their own country codes have opened their TLDs for worldwide commercial use, some of them free like .tk. See also List of ccTLDs Country code top-level domains with commercial licenses Country code second-level domain ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 assigned codes Geographic top-level domain, a type of generic top-level domain List of NATO country codes References ^ a b "Verisign Domain Name Industry Brief Q1 2021" (PDF). verisign.com. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-06-06. Retrieved 2021-06-06. ^ "ccTLD". ICANN (iana.org). 2012-02-25. Archived from the original on 2020-05-07. Retrieved 2020-05-14. ^ a b c d e "list of ccTLDs". IANA (iana.org). Archived from the original on 2022-08-08. Retrieved 2020-11-01. ^ "Andorra Telecom trade name registration policy". Nic.ad. Archived from the original on 16 March 2019. Retrieved 21 October 2014. ^ "norma". infoleg.gov.ar (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2016-02-29. Retrieved 2021-05-17. ^ "IDN Zeichentabelle" (PDF) (in German). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-12-17. Retrieved 2021-05-17. ^ "Rules for .au Domains". Archived from the original on 2019-07-31. Retrieved 2022-02-11. ^ a b ".au Direct". auDA.org.au. Archived from the original on 2022-02-11. Retrieved 2022-02-11. ^ a b ^ "DNS Belgium and IPv6" (PDF). economie.fgov.be. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 2 April 2015. ^ "Domínios .br". Registro.br (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 2014-02-14. Retrieved 2021-05-17. ^ "Domínios em Português e restrição de dados no WHOIS". Registro.br (in Portuguese). 4 May 2005. Archived from the original on 20 June 2020. Retrieved 26 August 2020. ^ "Domain Registration". Nic.Bt. Archived from the original on 2 December 2020. 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Archived from the original on 20 December 2012. ^ ".eu and IPv6". EURid.eu. Archived from the original on 16 October 2015. Retrieved 2 April 2015. ^ "For fi domain applicants and users - How to choose a good domain name?". ficora.fi. 14 May 2019. Archived from the original on 11 April 2021. Retrieved 17 February 2022. ^ "Opening to Europe of the .fr, .wf, .re, .yt, .pm, and .tf TLDs". Archived from the original on 2020-02-12. Retrieved 2021-05-17.Previously restricted to residents of the corresponding French territory. ^ a b c d e "Availability of IDN on the .fr, .yt, .pm, .wf, .tf, and .re TLDs". Afnic.fr. Archived from the original on 6 August 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014. ^ Rules and Conditions for GE Domain Names Registration (PDF). nic.net.ge (Report) (in Georgian). Article 1.9. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2014-12-23. Retrieved 2021-05-17. Recent Georgian version has some updates not affecting this article. ^ "details". Archived from the original on 5 November 2013. ^ Novak, Tomislav (18 November 2016). "PRIJE 24 GODINE PET ENTUZIJASTA ODVELO NAS JE U 21. STOLJEĆE 'Ubili smo se od posla, ali i dobro zabavili. I svi su nas gledali u čudu'". Jutarnji list (in Croatian). Retrieved 21 November 2016. ^ "Delegation Rules". The Council of Hungarian Internet Providers. Archived from the original on 1 October 2020. Retrieved 7 January 2020. ^ "Shorter .id domain will be available in Indonesia next year". Tech in Asia. Archived from the original on 9 May 2019. Retrieved 21 October 2014. ^ "Domain chaos spikes e-business ambitions". Silicon Republic. 17 December 2002. Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 30 December 2012. ^ Information Technology Law: Professional practice guide (Report). Dublin, IE: Law Society of Ireland. 2004. p. 23. ^ IANA - .ie ^ ".IN is India's Country Code Top Level domain (ccTLD)". Registry.In. Archived from the original on 2013-12-30. 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Retrieved 15 March 2024. ^ ".LA - The Official .LA Registry". La. Archived from the original on 30 September 2019. Retrieved 21 October 2014. ^ ".my Domain Registry". Domainregistry.my. Archived from the original on 22 May 2013. Retrieved 21 October 2014. ^ "our milestones". sidn.nl. Archived from the original on 2020-08-08. Retrieved 2021-05-17. ^ "Free Domain Name Pro". freedomain.pro. Archived from the original on 3 June 2018. Retrieved 4 June 2018. ^ "nu teckentabell" (PDF). iis.se. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2014-04-07. Retrieved 2021-05-17. ^ "F.A.Q. for Domain Names with macrons (IDNs)". .nz Domain Name Commission. Archived from the original on 5 June 2010. Retrieved 26 July 2010. ^ "second level domains". dnc.org.nz. Archived from the original on 13 January 2015. Retrieved 17 November 2014. ^ "IDN intro www.dns.pl". Archived from the original on 10 August 2003. Retrieved 11 September 2003. ^ "Delegation Record for .PS". Iana.org. Archived from the original on 2 March 2019. Retrieved 21 October 2014. ^ "Notícias". Dns.pt (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 24 October 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014. ^ "Registrars". Registry.PW. Poets & Writers. Archived from the original on 24 July 2019. Retrieved 29 March 2017. ^ a b c "Romania Top Level Domain". Rotld.ro (in Romanian). Archived from the original on 31 August 2016. Retrieved 8 January 2018. ^ "Beginning of the Landrush phase of second level domain under (.sa)". nic.sa. Archived from the original on 2018-10-30. Retrieved 2021-05-17. ^ "DNSSEC is Officially Enabled in Saudi Arabia's TLD". Nic.sa. 22 June 2017. Archived from the original on 30 October 2018. Retrieved 8 January 2018. ^ "Saudi NIC" (PDF). nic.sa. 2012. IPv6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-04-10. Retrieved 2021-05-17. ^ "details" (PDF). iis.se. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-09-27. Retrieved 2021-05-17. ^ "IDN Code Points Policy for the .SH Top Level Domain" (PDF). Nic.sh. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 September 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014. ^ "details". Archived from the original on 2015-10-16. Retrieved 2021-05-17. ^ "details". Archived from the original on 19 May 2014. ^ "ccTLD.su". Archived from the original on 12 June 2019. Retrieved 23 February 2015. ^ "IDN Code Points Policy for the .TM Top Level Domain" (PDF). Nic.tm. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 February 2015. Retrieved 21 October 2014. ^ "details". nic.tr (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 2019-09-05. Retrieved 2021-05-17. ^ "details". iana.org. Archived from the original on 2022-08-08. Retrieved 2021-05-17. ^ "IANA — Report on the Delegation of the .台灣 and .台湾 ("Taiwan") domains representing Taiwan in Chinese to Taiwan Network Information Center". Iana.org. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 21 October 2014. ^ "details". twnic.net.tw (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2019-09-28. Retrieved 2021-05-17. ^ Mueller, Milton (2002). Ruling the Root: Internet governance and the taming of cyberspace. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. p. 79. ISBN 9780262632980. Archived from the original on 2021-10-08. Retrieved 2020-11-10 – via Google Books. ^ "New rules for the registration of domain names under UY" (PDF). Nic.org.uy (in Spanish). Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 July 2018. Retrieved 21 October 2014. ^ "Trung tâm internet Viêt Nam – Tên mien tieng viet" (in Vietnamese). Archived from the original on 23 January 2007. Retrieved 21 October 2014. ^ "You are being redirected". Domain.me. 15 December 2010. Archived from the original on 12 June 2019. Retrieved 8 January 2018. ^ "Root Zone Database". ICANN. Archived from the original on 2023-02-14. Retrieved 2023-02-14. ^ "za-icann-letters-14feb08-en.pdf" (PDF). ICANN. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-02-14. Retrieved 2023-02-14. ^ ".za Domain Delegation Data". Internet Assigned Numbers Authority. Archived from the original on 2023-02-14. Retrieved 2023-02-14. ^ "String evaluation completion". Icann.org. Resources. ICANN. 2014-02-19. Archived from the original on 17 October 2014. Retrieved 20 May 2019. ^ a b "ccTLD applicants who have requested the second and final review". EPSRP reports. ICANN. 2014-10-14. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. ^ "دوت مصر ::: الصفحة الرئيسية". Dotmasr.eg (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 7 August 2013. Retrieved 21 October 2014. ^ "Launch of .भारत domain name in Devanagari script by Hon'ble MCIT and Law & Justice Shri Ravi Shankar Prasad". Registry.in. Archived from the original on 9 October 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014. ^ Postel, Jon (March 1994). "Domain Name System Structure and Delegation". Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC1591. RFC 1591. Archived from the original on 2010-09-13. Retrieved 2008-06-22. ^ "DNS loookup for dra.hmg.gb". 2010. Archived from the original on 2022-08-08. Retrieved 2010-07-03. ^ Mueller, Milton (2002). Ruling the Root: Internet governance and the taming of cyberspace. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. p. 79. ISBN 9780262632980. Archived from the original on 2021-10-08. Retrieved 2020-11-10. ^ Daigle, Leslie (2003-09-24). "IAB input related to the .cs code in ISO 3166". IAB. Archived from the original on 2008-07-05. Retrieved 2008-06-22. ^ Daigle, Leslie (2003-09-24). "IAB comment on stability of ISO 3166 and other infrastructure standards". IAB. Archived from the original on 2008-07-05. Retrieved 2008-06-22. ^ "ICANN Bringing the Languages of the World to the Global Internet" (Press release). Internet Corporation For Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN). 30 October 2009. Archived from the original on 1 November 2009. Retrieved 30 October 2009. ^ "'Historic' day as first non-Latin web addresses go live". BBC News. British Broadcasting Corporation. 6 May 2010. Archived from the original on 2010-06-12. Retrieved 2010-05-07. ^ "What is gccTLD?". dynadot.com. Archived from the original on 2021-01-12. Retrieved 2021-01-03. ^ "What you should know about gccTDLs and organic search". name.com. Nov 2016. Archived from the original on 2021-01-12. Retrieved 2021-01-03. ^ "gccTLD generic country-code domains". dynadot.com. Archived from the original on 2021-01-12. Retrieved 2021-01-03. ^ "General .CO FAQs: What makes .CO such a unique opportunity?". cointernet.co (in Spanish). Colombia: .CO Internet S.A.S. Archived from the original on 2019-03-11. Retrieved 2013-07-20. ^ "The man who owns the Internet". CNN Money. CNN. 2007-06-01. Archived from the original on 2010-11-13. Retrieved 2010-11-05. External links Official website "World Intellectual Property Organization". Domain name dispute resolution. WIPO. "World-Wide Alliance of Top Level Domain-names". "Country Code Names Supporting Organisation (ccNSO)". ICANN. Baskerville, Robert (Jan 16, 2008). "ccTLD and TLD analysis (of several Zone files)". Archived from the original on 2015-11-03. Retrieved 2008-01-13. vteCountry code top-level domainsISO 3166-1 A .ac .ad .ae .af .ag .ai .al .am .ao .aq .ar .as .at .au .aw .ax .az   B .ba .bb .bd .be .bf .bg .bh .bi .bj .bm .bn .bo .br .bs .bt .bw .by .bz   C .ca .cc .cd .cf .cg .ch .ci .ck .cl .cm .cn .co .cr .cu .cv .cw .cx .cy .cz   D .de .dj .dk .dm .do .dz   E .ec .ee .eg .er .es .et .eu   F .fi .fj .fk .fm .fo .fr   G .ga .gd .ge .gf .gg .gh .gi .gl .gm .gn .gp .gq .gr .gs .gt .gu .gw .gy   H .hk .hm .hn .hr .ht .hu   I .id .ie .il .im .in .io .iq .ir .is .it   J .je .jm .jo .jp   K .ke .kg .kh .ki .km .kn .kp .kr .kw .ky .kz   L .la .lb .lc .li .lk .lr .ls .lt .lu .lv .ly   M .ma .mc .md .me .mg .mh .mk .ml .mm .mn .mo .mp .mq .mr .ms .mt .mu .mv .mw .mx .my .mz   N .na .nc .ne .nf .ng .ni .nl .no .np .nr .nu .nz   O .om   P .pa .pe .pf .pg .ph .pk .pl .pm .pn .pr .ps .pt .pw .py   Q .qa   R .re .ro .rs .ru .rw   S .sa .sb .sc .sd .se .sg .sh .si .sk .sl .sm .sn .so .sr .ss .st .su .sv .sx .sy .sz   T .tc .td .tf .tg .th .tj .tk .tl .tm .tn .to .tr .tt .tv .tw .tz   U .ua .ug .uk .us .uy .uz   V .va .vc .ve .vg .vi .vn .vu   W .wf .ws   Y .ye .yt   Z .za .zm .zw Internationalized (IDN) ccTLDCyrillic scriptArabic scriptBrahmic scriptsChinese charactersOther scripts .бг (bg, Bulgaria) .бел (bieł, Belarus) .ею (eyu, European Union) .қаз (qaz, Kazakhstan) .мон (mon, Mongolia) .мкд (mkd, North Macedonia) .рф (rf, Russia) .срб (srb, Serbia) .укр (ukr, Ukraine) الجزائر. (al-Jazā’ir, Algeria) مصر. (Miṣr, Egypt) بھارت. (Bhārat, India) ایران. (Irân, Iran) الاردن. (al-Urdun, Jordan) فلسطين. (Filasṭin, Palestine) پاکستان. (Pākistān, Pakistan) قطر. (Qaṭar) السعودية. (al-Saudiah, Saudi Arabia) سوريا. (Sūryā, Syria) تونس. (Tunis, Tunisia) امارات. (Emarat, UAE) عمان. (ʻUmān, Oman) مليسيا. (Maleesya, Malaysia) المغرب. (al-Maġrib, Morocco) سودان. (Sūdān, Sudan) اليمن. (al-Yaman, Yemen) .বাংলা (Bāṅla, Bangladesh) .ভাৰত (Bhārat, India) .ভারত (Bhārat, India) .भारत (Bhārat, India) .భారత్ (Bhārat, India) .ભારત (Bhārat, India) .ਭਾਰਤ (Bhārat, India) .ଭାରତ (Bhārata, India) .இந்தியா (Indiyā, India) .ລາວ (Lao, Laos) .சிங்கப்பூர் (Cinkappūr, Singapore) .ලංකා (Laṅkā, Sri Lanka) .இலங்கை (Ilaṅkai, Sri Lanka) .ไทย (Thai, Thailand) .中国 (Zhōngguó/Zung1gwok3/Tiong-kok/Chûng-koet, China) .中國 (Zhōngguó/Zung1gwok3/Tiong-kok/Chûng-koet, China) .香港 (Xiānggǎng/Hoeng1gong2, Hong Kong) .澳門 (Àomén/Ou3mun4, Macau) .澳门 (Àomén/Ou3mun4, Macau) .新加坡 (Xīnjiāpō/Sin-ka-pho, Singapore) .台灣 (Táiwān/Tâi-uân/Thòi-vàn, Taiwan) .台湾 (Táiwān/Tâi-uân/Thòi-vàn, Taiwan) .հայ (hay, Armenia) .ευ (ey, European Union) .გე (ge, Georgia) .ελ (el, Greece) .한국 (Han-guk, South Korea) ישראל. (Yisrael, Israel) Proposed ccTLDs    .κπ (kp, Cyprus) - .日本 (Nippon, Japan) OthersReserved / unassignedAllocated / unusedPhased out / deleted .bl .bq .eh .mf .su .xk .bv .gb .sj .an .bu .cs .dd .tp .um .yu .zr See also: Generic top-level domains vteGeocode systemsAdministrative codes FIPS country code (FIPS 10-4) FIPS place code (FIPS 55) FIPS county code (FIPS 6-4) FIPS state code (FIPS 5-2) NUTS (EU) GSS codes (United Kingdom) MARC country codes SGC codes (Canada) UN M.49 (UN) Airport codes IATA airport code ICAO airport code Country codes IANA country code ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 alpha-3 numeric Aircraft prefixes IOC country code FIFA country code Geodesicplace codesGlobal C-squares Geohash Geohash-36 GEOREF International Map of the World indexing system Mapcode Marsden square Military Grid Reference System Natural Area Code Open Location Code QDGC UN/LOCODE UTM what3words WMO squares Regional ICES Statistical Rectangles (north-east Atlantic region) Irish grid reference system National Topographic System (Canada) Ordnance Survey National Grid (UK) Postal codes Australian post codes CEP (Brazil) Eircodes (Republic of Ireland) New Zealand post codes Postal Index Number (India) United Kingdom post codes ZIP Code (United States) Telephony ITU-R country codes ITU-T country calling codes ITU-T mobile calling codes Amateur radio Maidenhead Locator System Historical : QRA locator
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":".cc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.cc"},{"link_name":"List of Internet top-level domains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Internet_top-level_domains"},{"link_name":"Internet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet"},{"link_name":"top-level domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top-level_domain"},{"link_name":"country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country"},{"link_name":"dependent territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_territory"},{"link_name":"country code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_code"},{"link_name":"ASCII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII"},{"link_name":"Internet Assigned Numbers Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority"},{"link_name":"internationalized country code top-level domains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationalized_country_code_top-level_domain"},{"link_name":"ISO 3166-1 alpha-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166-1_alpha-2"},{"link_name":"gTLDs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GTLD"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-verisign-1"},{"link_name":".us","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.us"},{"link_name":".uk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.uk"},{"link_name":".il","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.il"},{"link_name":".au","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.au"},{"link_name":".de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.de"},{"link_name":".fi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.fi"},{"link_name":".fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.fr"},{"link_name":".is","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.is"},{"link_name":".jp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.jp"},{"link_name":".kr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.kr"},{"link_name":".nl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.nl"},{"link_name":".se","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.se"},{"link_name":".nz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.nz"},{"link_name":".ch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ch"},{"link_name":".ca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ca"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":".ie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ie"},{"link_name":".it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.it"},{"link_name":".es","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.es"},{"link_name":".pt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.pt"},{"link_name":".in","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.in"},{"link_name":".yu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.yu"},{"link_name":".cn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.cn"},{"link_name":".ru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ru"},{"link_name":".cn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.cn"},{"link_name":".tk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.tk"},{"link_name":".de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.de"},{"link_name":".uk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.uk"},{"link_name":".nl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.nl"},{"link_name":".ru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ru"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-verisign-1"}],"text":"\"ccTLD\" and \"cc TLD\" redirect here. For the TLD for the Cocos (Keeling) Islands, see .cc.For a list of TLDs, see List of Internet top-level domains.A country code top-level domain (ccTLD) is an Internet top-level domain generally used or reserved for a country, sovereign state, or dependent territory identified with a country code. All ASCII ccTLD identifiers are two letters long, and all two-letter top-level domains are ccTLDs.In 2018, the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) began implementing internationalized country code top-level domains, consisting of language-native characters when displayed in an end-user application. Creation and delegation of ccTLDs is described in RFC 1591, corresponding to ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country codes. While gTLDs have to obey international regulations, ccTLDs are subjected to requirements that are determined by each country's domain name regulation corporation. With over 150 million domain name registrations as of 2022, ccTLDs make up about 40% of the total domain name industry.[1]Country code extension applications began in 1985. The registered country code extensions in that year included .us (United States), .uk (United Kingdom) and .il (Israel). The registered country code extensions in 1986 included .au (Australia), .de (Germany), .fi (Finland), .fr (France), .is (Iceland), .jp (Japan), .kr (South Korea), .nl (Netherlands) and .se (Sweden). The registered country code extensions in 1987 included .nz (New Zealand), .ch (Switzerland) and .ca (Canada).[2] The registered country code extensions in 1988 included .ie (Ireland) .it (Italy), .es (Spain) and .pt (Portugal). The registered country code extensions in 1989 included .in (India) and .yu (Yugoslavia). In the 1990s, .cn (People's Republic of China) and .ru (Russian Federation) were first registered.There are 308 delegated ccTLDs. The .cn, .tk, .de, .uk, .nl and .ru ccTLDs contain the highest number of domains. The top ten ccTLDs account for more than five-eighths of registered ccTLD domains. There were about 153 million ccTLD domains registered at the end of March 2022.[1]","title":"Country code top-level domain"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iana-3"},{"link_name":"subdomains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subdomains"},{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"us","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.us"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"jp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.jp"},{"link_name":"Canadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"ca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ca"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.fr"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.de"}],"text":"IANA is responsible for determining an appropriate trustee for each ccTLD. Administration and control are then delegated to that trustee, which is responsible for the policies and operation of the domain. The current delegation can be determined from IANA's list of ccTLDs.[3] Individual ccTLDs may have varying requirements and fees for registering subdomains. There may be a local-presence requirement (for instance, citizenship or other connection to the ccTLD), as, for example, the American (us), Japanese (jp), Canadian (ca), French (fr) and German (de) domains, or registration may be open.","title":"Delegation and management"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":".us","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.us"},{"link_name":".uk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.uk"},{"link_name":".il","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.il"},{"link_name":".au","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.au"},{"link_name":".de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.de"},{"link_name":".fi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.fi"},{"link_name":".fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.fr"},{"link_name":".is","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.is"},{"link_name":".jp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.jp"},{"link_name":".kr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.kr"},{"link_name":".nl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.nl"},{"link_name":".se","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.se"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iana-3"},{"link_name":".nz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.nz"},{"link_name":".ch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ch"},{"link_name":".my","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.my"},{"link_name":".ca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ca"},{"link_name":".ie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ie"},{"link_name":".it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.it"},{"link_name":".es","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.es"},{"link_name":".pt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.pt"}],"text":"The first registered ccTLD was .us, which was registered in 1985. Later ccTLDs registered in that year included .uk and .il. Then, .au, .de, .fi, .fr, .is, .jp, .kr, .nl and .se were also registered in 1986.[3] In 1987, .nz, .ch, .my and .ca were registered. Later on, in 1988, .ie, .it, .es and .pt were also registered.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Country_code_top-level_domain&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iana-3"}],"text":"As of 20 May 2017, there were 255 country-code top-level domains, purely in the Latin alphabet, using two-character codes. The number was 316 as of June 2020[update], with the addition of internationalized domains.[3]","title":"Lists"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISO 3166-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166-1"},{"link_name":".de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.de"},{"link_name":"Deutschland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutschland"},{"link_name":"German language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"Domain name registry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_name_registry"},{"link_name":"internationalized domain names","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationalized_domain_names"},{"link_name":"Domain Name System Security Extensions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_System_Security_Extensions"},{"link_name":"IPv6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-30"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-33"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-36"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-afnic_38-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-afnic_38-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-afnic_38-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-afnic_38-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-afnic_38-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-afnic_38-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-afnic_38-6"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-42"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-dnssec_51-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-dnssec_51-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-dnssec_51-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-dnssec_51-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-73"},{"link_name":"Swedish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_language"},{"link_name":"Finnish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_language"},{"link_name":"Meänkieli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me%C3%A4nkieli"},{"link_name":"Romani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_language"},{"link_name":"Sami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sami_languages"},{"link_name":"Yiddish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yiddish_language"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-76"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-78"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Country_code_top-level_domain&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-82"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-84"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-87"},{"link_name":"Chinese characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-idn-ua_88-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-dnssec-ua_89-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-97"},{"link_name":"ISPs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_service_provider"},{"link_name":".zm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.zm"}],"sub_title":"Latin Character ccTLDs","text":"Table columns – legend\n\n\nName \n\nDNS name of the two-letter country-code top-level domain. They follow ISO 3166-1 alpha-2, with some exceptions such as \".ac\" for Ascension Island, \".eu\" for the European Union, or \".uk\" for United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland instead of \".gb\". ISO codes bv, bl, mf, sj, gb, and um are not used for country code top-level domains.\n\n\nEntity \n\nCountry, dependency, or region\n\n\nExplanation \n\nExplanation of the code when it is not self-evident from the English name of the country. These are usually domains that arise from native name of the country (e.g. .de for Deutschland, German language name for Germany).\n\n\nNotes \n\nGeneral remarks\n\n\nRegistry \n\nDomain name registry operator, sometimes called a network information center (NIC)\n\n\nIDN \n\nSupport for internationalized domain names (IDN)\n\n\nDNSSEC \n\nPresence of DS records for Domain Name System Security Extensions\n\n\nSLD \n\nSecond level domain; that is, whether names may be registered directly under the TLD\n\n\nIPv6 \n\nRegistry fully supports IPv6 accessTable Notes^ 17 November 2009, Spanish-Portuguese specific characters (á, â, ã, à, é, ê, í, ó, ô, õ, ú, ü, ñ, ç) allowed, as approved by law.[5]\n\n^ Mostly latin characters (à á â ã ä å æ ç è é ê ë ì í î ï ð ñ ò ó ô õ ö ø ù ú û ü ý þ ÿ œ š ž), see[6]\n\n^ Currently not allowed, but some higher-learning institutions were grandfathered-in.\n\n^ Since March 2004, see[16]\n\n^ Since July 1st, 2020[17]\n\n^ IDN not adopted due to lack of public and corporate interest[18]\n\n^ 93 non-ASCII characters, see[19]\n\n^ 1 January 2004, support æ, ø, å, ö, ä, ü, & é: see[20]\n\n^ Estonian domain names to incorporate diacritics (IDN) starting from 13 June 2011[21]\n\n^ Supported characters: Latin, Greek, & Cyrillic; see[23]\n\n^ September 2005, supported characters: š, ž, å, ä, ö and Sami language; see[25]\n\n^ a b c d e f g (6 December 2011)[26]\n\n^ Support for Greek characters since July 2005; see[29]\n\n^ a b c d Delegation Signer (DS) record in a root zone has not yet been published.\n\n^ October 2003, for Swedish characters, summer 2007 also for Finnish, Meänkieli, Romani, Sami, and Yiddish; see[58]\n\n^ Since October 2010, see[60]\n\n^ (28 April 2008[update]) see[61]\n\n^ 14 November 2006; see[64]\n\n^ 21 July 2015; see[65]\n\n^ Traditional Chinese characters: see[67]\n\n^ IDN domain names available in some .UA subdomains since June 2012\n\n^ .UA secure delegations available since October 2019\n\n^ Restricted to ISPs and other undefined entities. See .zm .","title":"Lists"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Internationalized ccTLDs","text":"Table notes","title":"Lists"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Libya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya"}],"sub_title":"Proposed internationalized ccTLDs","text":"Internationalised domain names have been proposed for Japan and Libya.","title":"Lists"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jon Postel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Postel"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"}],"text":"The IANA is not in the business of deciding what is and what is not a country. The selection of the ISO 3166 list as a basis for country code top-level domain names was made with the knowledge that ISO has a procedure for determining which entities should be and should not be on that list.— Jon Postel, RFC 1591[79]","title":"Relation to ISO 3166-1"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bouvet Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouvet_Island"},{"link_name":"bv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.bv"},{"link_name":"Svalbard and Jan Mayen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svalbard_and_Jan_Mayen"},{"link_name":"sj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.sj"},{"link_name":"Norid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norid"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"bl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.bl"},{"link_name":"Saint Barthélemy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy"},{"link_name":"mf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.mf"},{"link_name":"Saint Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Martin_(France)"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Country_code_top-level_domain&action=edit"},{"link_name":"eh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.eh"},{"link_name":"Western Sahara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Sahara"},{"link_name":"DNS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_System"},{"link_name":"gb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.gb"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"uk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.uk"},{"link_name":".um","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.um"},{"link_name":"U.S. Minor Outlying Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands"},{"link_name":".um","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.um"}],"sub_title":"Unused ISO 3166-1 codes","text":"Almost all current ISO 3166-1 codes have been assigned and do exist in DNS.\nHowever, some of these are effectively unused. In particular, the ccTLDs for the Norwegian dependency Bouvet Island (bv) and the designation Svalbard and Jan Mayen (sj) do exist in DNS, but no subdomains have been assigned, and it is Norid policy to not assign any at present. Two French territories—bl (Saint Barthélemy) and mf (Saint Martin)—still[update] await local assignment by France's government.The code eh, although eligible as ccTLD for Western Sahara, has never been assigned and does not exist in DNS. Only one subdomain is still registered in gb[80] (ISO 3166-1 for the United Kingdom), and no new registrations are being accepted for it. Sites in the United Kingdom generally useuk (see below).The former .um ccTLD for the U.S. Minor Outlying Islands was removed in April 2008. Under RFC 1591 rules, .um is eligible as a ccTLD on request by the relevant governmental agency and local Internet user community.","title":"Relation to ISO 3166-1"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"uk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.uk"},{"link_name":"JANET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JANET"},{"link_name":"Name Registration Scheme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JANET_NRS"},{"link_name":"gb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.gb"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mueller2002-104"},{"link_name":"su","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.su"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"ac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ac"},{"link_name":"Ascension Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascension_Island"},{"link_name":"IANA's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority"},{"link_name":"ISO 3166-1 alpha-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166-1_alpha-2"},{"link_name":"Universal Postal Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Postal_Union"},{"link_name":"gg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.gg"},{"link_name":"Guernsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey"},{"link_name":"im","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.im"},{"link_name":"Isle of Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Man"},{"link_name":"je","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.je"},{"link_name":"Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey"},{"link_name":"eu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.eu"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"ICANN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICANN"},{"link_name":"ISO 3166-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166-1"},{"link_name":"registry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_name_registry"},{"link_name":"EURid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EURid"},{"link_name":"European Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Commission"},{"link_name":"eu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.eu"}],"sub_title":"ASCII ccTLDs not in ISO 3166-1","text":"Several ASCII ccTLDs are in use that are not ISO 3166-1 two-letter codes. Some of these codes were specified in older versions of the ISO list.uk (United Kingdom): The ISO 3166-1 code for the United Kingdom is GB. However, the JANET network had already selected uk as a top-level identifier for its pre-existing Name Registration Scheme, and this was incorporated into the DNS root. gb was assigned with the intention of a transition, but this never occurred and the use of uk is now entrenched.[81]\nsu This obsolete ISO 3166 code for the Soviet Union was assigned when the Soviet Union still existed; moreover, new su registrations are accepted.\nac (Ascension Island): This code is a vestige of IANA's decision in 1996 to allow the use of codes reserved in the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 reserve list for use by the Universal Postal Union. The decision was later reversed, with Ascension Island now the sole outlier. (Three other ccTLDs, gg (Guernsey), im (Isle of Man) and je (Jersey) also fell under this category from 1996 until they received corresponding ISO 3166 codes in March 2006.)\neu (European Union): On September 25, 2000, ICANN decided to allow the use of any two-letter code in the ISO 3166-1 reserve list that is reserved for all purposes. Only EU currently meets this criterion. Following a decision by the EU's Council of Telecommunications Ministers in March 2002, progress was slow, but a registry (named EURid) was chosen by the European Commission, and criteria for allocation set: ICANN approved eu as a ccTLD, and it opened for registration on 7 December 2005 for the holders of prior rights. Since 7 April 2006, registration is open to all in the European Economic Area.","title":"Relation to ISO 3166-1"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.cs"},{"link_name":"Czechoslovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakia"},{"link_name":"zr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.zr"},{"link_name":"Zaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaire"},{"link_name":"tp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.tp"},{"link_name":"East Timor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Timor"},{"link_name":"su","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.su"},{"link_name":"dd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.dd"},{"link_name":"German Democratic Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Democratic_Republic"},{"link_name":"South Yemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Yemen"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.de"},{"link_name":"ye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ye"},{"link_name":"Serbia and Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro"},{"link_name":"rs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.rs"},{"link_name":"me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.me"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"language tags","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_tag"},{"link_name":"Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"yu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.yu"},{"link_name":"rs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.rs"},{"link_name":"me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.me"},{"link_name":"oz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.au#Historic_second-level_domains"},{"link_name":"au","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.au"}],"sub_title":"Historical ccTLDs","text":"ccTLDs may be removed if that country ceases to exist. There are three ccTLDs that have been deleted after the corresponding 2-letter code was withdrawn from ISO 3166-1: cs (for Czechoslovakia), zr (for Zaire) and tp (for East Timor). There may be a significant delay between withdrawal from ISO 3166-1 and deletion from the DNS; for example, ZR ceased to be an ISO 3166-1 code in 1997, but the zr ccTLD was not deleted until 2001. Other ccTLDs corresponding to obsolete ISO 3166-1 codes have not yet been deleted. In some cases they may never be deleted due to the amount of disruption this would cause for a heavily used ccTLD. In particular, the Soviet Union's ccTLD su remains in use more than twenty years after SU was removed from ISO 3166-1.The historical country codes dd for the German Democratic Republic and yd for South Yemen were eligible for a ccTLD, but not allocated; see also de and ye.The temporary reassignment of country code cs (Serbia and Montenegro) until its split into rs and me (Serbia and Montenegro, respectively) led to some controversies[82][83] about the stability of ISO 3166-1 country codes, resulting in a second edition of ISO 3166-1 in 2007 with a guarantee that retired codes will not be reassigned for at least 50 years, and the replacement of RFC 3066 by RFC 4646 for country codes used in language tags in 2006.The previous ISO 3166-1 code for Yugoslavia, YU, was removed by ISO on 23 July 2003, but the yu ccTLD remained in operation. Finally, after a two-year transition to Serbian rs and Montenegrin me, the .yu domain was phased out in March 2010.Australia was originally assigned the oz country code, which was later changed to au with the .oz domains moved to .oz.au.","title":"Relation to ISO 3166-1"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"internationalized country code top-level domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationalized_country_code_top-level_domain"},{"link_name":"web browser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_browser"},{"link_name":"writing system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writing_system"},{"link_name":"Latin script","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_script"},{"link_name":"Indic script","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indic_script"},{"link_name":"Korean script","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_script"},{"link_name":"internationalized domain name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationalized_domain_name"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"IDN homograph attacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IDN_homograph_attack"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"An internationalized country code top-level domain (IDN ccTLD) is a top-level domain with a specially encoded domain name that is displayed in an end user application, such as a web browser, in its native language script or a non-alphabetic writing system, such as Latin script (.us, .uk and .br), Indic script (.भारत) and Korean script (.한국), etc. IDN ccTLDs are an application of the internationalized domain name (IDN) system to top-level Internet domains assigned to countries, including the United Kingdom, or independent geographic regions.ICANN started to accept applications for IDN ccTLDs in November 2009,[84] and installed the first set into the Domain Names System in May 2010. The first set was a group of Arabic names for the countries of Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates. By May 2010, 21 countries had submitted applications to ICANN, representing 11 languages.[85]ICANN requires all potential international TLDs to use at least one letter that does not resemble a Latin letter, or have at least three letters, in an effort to avoid IDN homograph attacks. Nor shall the international domain name look like another domain name, even if they have different alphabets. Between Cyrillic and Greek alphabets, for example, this could happen.[citation needed]","title":"Internationalized ccTLDs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"gTLDs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GTLDs"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"domain hacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_hack"}],"text":"Generic Country Code Top-Level Domain or gccTLD refers to those TLDs which are technically \"non-restricted ccTLDs\" but used like traditional generic TLDs (gTLDs) rather than \"country\"-targeted ones.[86][87][88] Most of the gccTLDs are primarily used as domain hacks:","title":"Generic ccTLDs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"domain hacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_hack"},{"link_name":"second-level domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second-level_domain"},{"link_name":"blo.gs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blo.gs"},{"link_name":"South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands"},{"link_name":"gs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.gs"},{"link_name":"youtu.be","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"be","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.be"},{"link_name":"del.icio.us","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delicious_(website)"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"us","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.us"},{"link_name":"cr.yp.to","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr.yp.to"},{"link_name":"Tonga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga"},{"link_name":"to","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.to"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unique-112"},{"link_name":"emoji domains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emoji_domain"},{"link_name":"typosquatting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typosquatting"},{"link_name":"Cameroon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"}],"text":"Lenient registration restrictions on certain ccTLDs have resulted in various domain hacks. Domain names such as I.am, tip.it, start.at and go.to form well-known English phrases, whereas others combine the second-level domain and ccTLD to form one word or one title, creating domains such as blo.gs of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (gs), youtu.be of Belgium (be), del.icio.us of the United States (us), and cr.yp.to of Tonga (to). The .co domain of Colombia has been cited since 2010 as a potential competitor to generic TLDs for commercial use, because it may be an abbreviation for company.[89]Several ccTLDs allow the creation of emoji domains.Some ccTLDs may also be used for typosquatting. The domain cm of Cameroon has generated interest due to the possibility that people might miss typing the letter o for sites in the com.[90]","title":"Unconventional usage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":".tk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.tk"}],"sub_title":"Commercial use","text":"Some of the world's smallest countries and non-sovereign or colonial entities with their own country codes have opened their TLDs for worldwide commercial use, some of them free like .tk.","title":"Unconventional usage"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of ccTLDs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Internet_top-level_domains#Country_code_top-level_domains"},{"title":"Country code top-level domains with commercial licenses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domains_with_commercial_licenses"},{"title":"Country code second-level domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_code_second-level_domain"},{"title":"ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 assigned codes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166-1_alpha-2#Current_codes"},{"title":"Geographic top-level domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_top-level_domain"},{"title":"List of NATO country codes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_NATO_country_codes"}]
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WIPO.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wipo.int/amc/en/domains/cctld","url_text":"\"World Intellectual Property Organization\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WIPO","url_text":"WIPO"}]},{"reference":"\"World-Wide Alliance of Top Level Domain-names\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wwtld.org/index_archived.html","url_text":"\"World-Wide Alliance of Top Level Domain-names\""}]},{"reference":"\"Country Code Names Supporting Organisation (ccNSO)\". ICANN.","urls":[{"url":"https://ccnso.icann.org/en","url_text":"\"Country Code Names Supporting Organisation (ccNSO)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICANN","url_text":"ICANN"}]},{"reference":"Baskerville, Robert (Jan 16, 2008). \"ccTLD and TLD analysis (of several Zone files)\". Archived from the original on 2015-11-03. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlecamp_Hills_Conservation_Park
Middlecamp Hills Conservation Park
[]
Coordinates: 33°38′43″S 136°45′42″E / 33.6453°S 136.7616°E / -33.6453; 136.7616 Protected area in South AustraliaMiddlecamp Hills Conservation ParkSouth AustraliaIUCN category Ia (strict nature reserve) Middlecamp Hills Conservation ParkNearest town or cityCowellCoordinates33°38′43″S 136°45′42″E / 33.6453°S 136.7616°E / -33.6453; 136.7616Established24 November 1977 (1977-11-24)Area8.35 km2 (3.2 sq mi)Managing authoritiesDepartment of Environment, Water and Natural ResourcesSee alsoProtected areas of South Australia Middlecamp Hills Conservation Park is a protected area in the Australian state of South Australia located on the Eyre Peninsula in the gazetted locality of Cowell about 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) west of the town centre in Cowell. The conservation park was proclaimed on 24 September 1977 under the state's National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972 in respect to land in section 342 in the cadastral unit of the Hundred of Hawker. As of July 2016, the conservation park covered an area of 8.35 square kilometres (3.22 sq mi). The conservation park is classified as an IUCN Category IA protected area. See also Protected areas of South Australia References ^ a b c "Terrestrial Protected Areas of South Australia (refer 'DETAIL' tab )". CAPAD 2016. Australian Government, Department of the Environment (DoE). 2016. Retrieved 21 February 2018. ^ a b "Search result(s) for Middlecamp Hills Conservation Park (Record No. SA0044649) with the following layers being selected - "Parcel labels", "Suburbs and Localities", "Hundreds", "Place names (gazetteer)" and "Road labels"". Property Location Browser. Government of South Australia. Archived from the original on 12 October 2016. Retrieved 4 January 2017. ^ a b "NATIONAL PARKS AND WILDLIFE ACT, 1972-1974 MIDDLECAMP HILLS CONSERVATION PARK CONSTITUTED" (PDF). The South Australian Government Gazette. Government of South Australia: 1564. 24 November 1977. Retrieved 4 January 2017. ^ a b "Protected Areas Information System - reserve list (as of 11 July 2016)" (PDF). Department of Environment Water and Natural Resources. 11 July 2016. Retrieved 14 July 2016. External links Entry for Middlecamp Hills Conservation Park on the Protected Planet website vteProtected areas of South AustraliaNational parks Adelaide International Bird Sanctuary–Winaityinaityi Pangkara Belair Canunda Cleland Coffin Bay Coorong Dhilba Guuranda-Innes Flinders Chase Deep Creek Glenthorne National Park–Ityamaiitpinna Yarta Gawler Ranges Great Australian Bight Marine Ikara-Flinders Ranges Kati Thanda-Lake Eyre Lake Frome Lake Gairdner Lake Torrens Lincoln Malkumba-Coongie Mount Remarkable Munga-Thirri–Simpson Desert Murray River Naracoorte Caves Nullarbor Nilpena Ediacara Onkaparinga River Vulkathunha-Gammon Ranges Wapma Thura–Southern Flinders Ranges Witjira Conservation parks Aberdour Acraman Creek Aldinga Scrub Althorpe Islands Angove Avoid Bay Islands Baird Bay Islands Bakara Bandon Bangham Barwell Bascombe Well Baudin Baudin Rocks Beachport Beatrice Islet Belt Hill Beyeria Big Heath Billiatt Bimbowrie Bird Islands Black Hill Black Rock Boondina Breakaways Brookfield Bullock Hill Busby Islet Butchers Gap Calectasia Calpatanna Waterhole Cap Island Cape Blanche Cape Gantheaume Cape Willoughby Caralue Bluff Carappee Hill Carcuma Caroona Creek Carpenter Rocks Carribie Chadinga Charleston Christmas Rocks Clements Gap Clinton Cocata Cooltong Corrobinnie Hill Cox Scrub Cromer Cudlee Creek Custon Cygnet Estuary Danggali Darke Range Desert Camp Dingley Dell Douglas Point Dudley Eba Island Elliot Price Eric Bonython Ettrick Ewens Ponds Fairview Ferguson Ferries-McDonald Finniss Fort Glanville Fowlers Bay Franklin Harbor Furner Gambier Islands Gawler Ranges Geegeela Giles Glen Roy Goose Island Gower Grass Tree Greenly Island Guichen Bay Gum Lagoon Gum Tree Gully Hacks Lagoon Hale Hallett Cove Hanson Scrub Heggaton Hesperilla Hincks Hogwash Bend Hopkins Creek Horsnell Gully Ironstone Hill Jip Jip Kaiserstuhl Kapunda Island Karte Kathai Kellidie Bay Kelly Hill Kelvin Powrie Kenneth Stirling Kinchina Kulliparu Kungari Kyeema Lake Frome Lake Gilles Lake Hawdon South Lake Newland Lake St Clair Lashmar Lathami Laura Bay Lawari Lesuer Leven Beach Lincoln Lipson Island Little Dip Lowan Lower Glenelg River Maize Island Lagoon Malgra Mamungari Mantung Marino Mark Oliphant Marne Valley Martin Washpool Martindale Hall Mary Seymour Media Island Messent Middlecamp Hills Mimbara Minlacowie Moana Sands Mokota Monarto Monarto Woodlands Montacute Moody Tank Morgan Morialta Mount Billy Mount Boothby Mount Brown Mount Dutton Bay Mount George Mount Magnificent Mount Monster Mount Scott Mount Taylor Mowantjie Willauwar Mullinger Swamp Munyaroo Murrunatta Mylor Myponga Nene Valley Nepean Bay Neptune Islands Newland Head Ngarkat Ngaut Ngaut Nicolas Baudin Island Nixon-Skinner Nuyts Archipelago Nuyts Reef Olive Island Padthaway Pandappa Para Wirra Paranki Lagoon Parndana Peachna Peebinga Pelican Lagoon Penambol Penguin Island Penola Piccaninnie Ponds Pigface Island Pike River Pine Hill Soak Pinkawillinie Point Bell Point Davenport Point Labatt Pooginook Poonthie Ruwe Porter Scrub Pualco Range Pullen Island Pureba Ramco Point Ramsay Red Banks Reedy Creek Ridley Rilli Island Rocky Island (North) Rocky Island (South) Roonka Rudall Salt Lagoon Islands Sandy Creek Sceale Bay Scott Scott Creek Seal Bay Searcy Bay Seddon Shannon Sheoak Hill Simpson Sinclair Island Sir Joseph Banks Group Sleaford Mere Spring Gully Spring Mount Stipiturus Swan Reach Talapar Talisker Tallaringa Tantanoola Caves Telford Scrub The Dutchmans Stern The Knoll The Pages The Plug Range Thidna Tilley Swamp Torrens Island Troubridge Island Tucknott Scrub Tumby Island Venus Bay Verran Tanks Vivigani Ardune Vivonne Bay Wabma Kadarbu Mound Springs Wahgunyah Waitpinga Waldegrave Islands Wanilla Wanilla Land Settlement Warren Warrenben West Island Wharminda Whidbey Isles White Dam Whyalla Wiljani Wills Creek Winninowie Wittelbee Woakwine Wolseley Common Yalpara Yeldulknie Yulte Yumbarra Game reserves Bool Lagoon Bucks Lake Chowilla Currency Creek Lake Robe Loch Luna Moorook Mud Islands Poocher Swamp Tolderol Recreation parks Anstey Hill Blackwood Forest Brownhill Creek Caratoola Cobbler Creek Granite Island Greenhill Long Island O'Halloran Hill Onkaparinga River Shepherds Hill Sturt Gorge Totness Regional Reserves Chowilla Innamincka Nullarbor Strzelecki Yellabinna Conservation reserves Bernouilli Buckleboo Bunbury Bunkers Cortlinye Cox Scrub Cunyarie Desert Camp Hardings Springs Lacroma Moongi Mootra Pinkawillinie Reservoir Poolgarra Tola Former conservation reserves Wilderness Protection Areas Billiatt Cape Bouguer Cape Gantheaume Cape Torrens Danggali Hambridge Hincks Investigator Group Memory Cove Nullarbor Nuyts Archipelago Ravine des Casoars Western River Yellabinna Other protected areas Arkaroola Protection Area Former protected areas Investigator Group Isles of St Francis Katarapko Mount Rescue Mount Shaugh Port Gawler Scorpion Springs Telowie Gorge Related topics Marine protected areas of South Australia List of protected areas in Adelaide
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[]
[{"title":"Protected areas of South Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protected_areas_of_South_Australia"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratanpur
Ratanpur, Chhattisgarh
["1 History","2 Demographics","3 Culture and religion","4 Transport","4.1 Air","5 References"]
Coordinates: 22°17′17″N 82°09′58″E / 22.288°N 82.166°E / 22.288; 82.166"Ratanpur" redirects here. For other uses, see Ratanpur (disambiguation). Historical town in Chhattisgarh, IndiaRatanpurHistorical town From top to bottom: Ratanpur fort ( image 1 to 4) ; Mahamaya Temple RatanpurNickname: Ancient Capital of ChhattisgarhRatanpurLocation in Chhattisgarh, IndiaShow map of ChhattisgarhRatanpurRatanpur (India)Show map of IndiaCoordinates: 22°17′17″N 82°09′58″E / 22.288°N 82.166°E / 22.288; 82.166Country IndiaStateChhattisgarhDistrictBilaspurElevation306 m (1,004 ft)Population (2001) • Total19,838Languages • OfficialChhattisgarhi, ChhattisgarhiTime zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)Vehicle registrationCG Ratanpur is a town and a nagar palika in Bilaspur district in the Indian state of Chhattisgarh. It is located about 25 kilometres (16 mi) from Bilaspur on National Highway 130 towards Ambikapur. History Ratanpura, originally known as Ratnapura, was the capital of Kalachuris of Ratnapura, who were a branch of the Kalachuris of Tripuri. According to the 1114 CE Ratanpur inscription of the local king Jajjaladeva I, his ancestor Kalingaraja conquered Dakshina Kosala region, and made Tummana (modern Tuman) his capital. Kalingaraja's grandson Ratnaraja established Ratnapura (modern Ratanpur). In 1407, the Kingdom of Ratanpur was divided into two parts, with its junior branch ruling from Raipur. It continued as the capital of Haihaiyavansi Kingdom until the 18th century, when it ruled large areas of Chhattisgarh, until the area was brought under the rule of the Marathas led by Bhonsle Maharaja of Nagpur. Senasahibsubha Raghuji Bhonsle's son Bimbaji ruled over Chhatisgarh from his capital in Ratanpur. Later the area came under the rule of British. British India controlled Ratanpur from Bilaspur which was part of The Central Provinces. The Central Provinces covered part of Chhattisgarh and Maharashtra states and its capital was Nagpur. It became the Central Provinces and Berar in 1903. After independence of India, Ratanpur became part of Madhya Pradesh with Bhopal as its capital. On formation of Chhattisgarh state the capital city of Chhattisgarh shifted to Raipur. Demographics As of the 2001 India census, Ratanpur had a population of 19,838. Males constituted 51% of the population and females 49%. Ratanpur has an average literacy rate of 59%, lower than the national average of 59.5% while male literacy is 70% and female literacy is 47%. In Ratanpur, 17% of the population is under 6 years of age. Culture and religion The town is popular as a religious center and many Hindu devotees come here to offer their prayers and seek the blessings at the Mahamaya Temple, goddess Mahamaya also known as Kosaleswari, as she was presiding deity of Dakshin Kosal (modern Chhattisgarh). Many other temples such as Bhudha Mahadev and Ramtekri are also situated there. Transport At around 25 kilometres (16 mi) from Bilaspur, the second largest city in Chhattisgarh state after Raipur, the journey to Bilaspur from the town can be made by plane, train or bus. Air Air travel is also accessible from Bilaspur. The Bilaspur Airport was inaugurated in March 2021 . There are direct flights from Bilaspur to Jabalpur, Delhi and Prayagraj. References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ratanpur. ^ F. Kielhorn (1888). "Rajim stone inscription of Jagapala of the Kulachuri year 896". The Indian Antiquary: 138. ^ a b Jha, Makhan (1997). Anthropology of ancient Hindu kingdoms: a study in civilizational perspective By Makhan Jha. p. 65. ISBN 9788175330344. ^ Jha, Makhan (1998). India and Nepal: sacred centres and anthropological researches By Makhan Jha. p. 96. ISBN 9788175330818. ^ "Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)". Census Commission of India. Archived from the original on 16 June 2004. Retrieved 1 November 2008. ^ "Alliance Air launches flights from Bilaspur under UDAN scheme". www.livemint.com. Retrieved 1 March 2021. vteCities and towns in Bilaspur districtBilaspur Bilaspur Bilha Bodri Deori Pendra Road Kota, Bilaspur Lingiyadih Lormi Malhar Mehmand Mungeli Pendra Ratanpur Sirgiti Takhatpur Cities and towns in other districts Bastar Dantewada Dhamtari Durg Jangir-Champa Jashpur Kabirdham Kanker Korba Koriya Mahasamund Raigarh Raipur Rajnandgaon Surguja Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany This article related to a location in the Indian state of Chhattisgarh is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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For other uses, see Ratanpur (disambiguation).Historical town in Chhattisgarh, IndiaRatanpur is a town and a nagar palika in Bilaspur district in the Indian state of Chhattisgarh. It is located about 25 kilometres (16 mi) from Bilaspur on National Highway 130 towards Ambikapur.","title":"Ratanpur, Chhattisgarh"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kalachuris of Ratnapura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalachuris_of_Ratnapura"},{"link_name":"Kalachuris of Tripuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalachuris_of_Tripuri"},{"link_name":"Dakshina Kosala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakshina_Kosala"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Raipur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raipur"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-z-2"},{"link_name":"Haihaiyavansi Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haihaiyavansi_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Chhattisgarh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhattisgarh"},{"link_name":"Marathas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathas"},{"link_name":"Bhonsle Maharaja of Nagpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nagpur"},{"link_name":"Raghuji Bhonsle's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raghoji_I_of_Nagpur"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Raj"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-z-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Nagpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagpur"},{"link_name":"Madhya Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"Bhopal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhopal"},{"link_name":"Chhattisgarh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhattisgarh"},{"link_name":"Raipur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raipur"}],"text":"Ratanpura, originally known as Ratnapura, was the capital of Kalachuris of Ratnapura, who were a branch of the Kalachuris of Tripuri. According to the 1114 CE Ratanpur inscription of the local king Jajjaladeva I, his ancestor Kalingaraja conquered Dakshina Kosala region, and made Tummana (modern Tuman) his capital. Kalingaraja's grandson Ratnaraja established Ratnapura (modern Ratanpur).[1]In 1407, the Kingdom of Ratanpur was divided into two parts, with its junior branch ruling from Raipur.[2] It continued as the capital of Haihaiyavansi Kingdom until the 18th century, when it ruled large areas of Chhattisgarh, until the area was brought under the rule of the Marathas led by Bhonsle Maharaja of Nagpur. Senasahibsubha Raghuji Bhonsle's son Bimbaji ruled over Chhatisgarh from his capital in Ratanpur. Later the area came under the rule of British.[2][3]British India controlled Ratanpur from Bilaspur which was part of The Central Provinces. The Central Provinces covered part of Chhattisgarh and Maharashtra states and its capital was Nagpur. It became the Central Provinces and Berar in 1903.After independence of India, Ratanpur became part of Madhya Pradesh with Bhopal as its capital. On formation of Chhattisgarh state the capital city of Chhattisgarh shifted to Raipur.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ratanpur,_Chhattisgarh&action=edit"},{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"As of the 2001[update] India census,[4] Ratanpur had a population of 19,838. Males constituted 51% of the population and females 49%. Ratanpur has an average literacy rate of 59%, lower than the national average of 59.5% while male literacy is 70% and female literacy is 47%. In Ratanpur, 17% of the population is under 6 years of age.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mahamaya Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahamaya_Temple"},{"link_name":"Dakshin Kosal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakshin_Kosal"}],"text":"The town is popular as a religious center and many Hindu devotees come here to offer their prayers and seek the blessings at the Mahamaya Temple, goddess Mahamaya also known as Kosaleswari, as she was presiding deity of Dakshin Kosal (modern Chhattisgarh).Many other temples such as Bhudha Mahadev and Ramtekri are also situated there.","title":"Culture and religion"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"At around 25 kilometres (16 mi) from Bilaspur, the second largest city in Chhattisgarh state after Raipur, the journey to Bilaspur from the town can be made by plane, train or bus.","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bilaspur Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilaspur_Airport"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Jabalpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabalpur"},{"link_name":"Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi"},{"link_name":"Prayagraj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prayagraj"}],"sub_title":"Air","text":"Air travel is also accessible from Bilaspur. The Bilaspur Airport was inaugurated in March 2021 .[5] There are direct flights from Bilaspur to Jabalpur, Delhi and Prayagraj.","title":"Transport"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"F. Kielhorn (1888). \"Rajim stone inscription of Jagapala of the Kulachuri year 896\". The Indian Antiquary: 138.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenz_Franz_Kielhorn","url_text":"F. Kielhorn"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KhdCAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA138","url_text":"\"Rajim stone inscription of Jagapala of the Kulachuri year 896\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Indian_Antiquary","url_text":"The Indian Antiquary"}]},{"reference":"Jha, Makhan (1997). Anthropology of ancient Hindu kingdoms: a study in civilizational perspective By Makhan Jha. p. 65. ISBN 9788175330344.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=A0i94Z5C8HMC&q=RATANPUR+CAPITAL&pg=PA65","url_text":"Anthropology of ancient Hindu kingdoms: a study in civilizational perspective By Makhan Jha"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788175330344","url_text":"9788175330344"}]},{"reference":"Jha, Makhan (1998). India and Nepal: sacred centres and anthropological researches By Makhan Jha. p. 96. ISBN 9788175330818.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4Jk6oE4sh18C&q=RATANPUR+CAPITAL&pg=PA96","url_text":"India and Nepal: sacred centres and anthropological researches By Makhan Jha"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788175330818","url_text":"9788175330818"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)\". Census Commission of India. Archived from the original on 16 June 2004. Retrieved 1 November 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999","url_text":"\"Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)\""},{"url":"http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Alliance Air launches flights from Bilaspur under UDAN scheme\". www.livemint.com. Retrieved 1 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/alliance-air-launches-flights-from-bilaspur-under-udan-scheme-121030101150_1.html","url_text":"\"Alliance Air launches flights from Bilaspur under UDAN scheme\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartered_Banker_Institute
Chartered Banker Institute
["1 History","2 Qualifications","2.1 Chartered Banker","2.2 Chartered Banker MBA","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
Chartered Banker InstituteFounded1875HeadquartersDrumsheugh House, Edinburgh, United KingdomWebsitecharteredbanker.com The Chartered Banker Institute was established in 1875 and is the oldest professional banking institute in the world and the only remaining banking institute in the UK. It aims to help rebuild public confidence in banks and bankers by developing and embedding high ethical, professional and technical standards. The institute offers a range of qualifications for banking and financial services. History The organisation was formed in 1875 as the Institute of Bankers in Scotland. In 1976, a first royal charter was awarded and it became the Chartered Institute of Bankers in Scotland. In 2011, the Institute led the establishment of the Chartered Banker Professional Standards Board (CB:PSB) an initiative supported by eight UK banks and covering 350,000 individuals working in the banking sector. The CB:PSB develops and supports the implementation of industry-wide professional standards which set out the knowledge, skills, attitudes and behaviours expected of all UK bankers. Based at Drumsheugh House in Edinburgh, the institute has more than 30,000 members in 59 countries. As of 2020 there were around one thousand fellows, who may use the post-nominals FCBI. Qualifications The Chartered Banker Institute provides a wide range of qualifications for banking and financial services. It is responsible for awarding Chartered Banker designation to qualified bankers, a protected title. As a professional body it is authorised by the UK Privy Council to award this designation. Chartered Banker Chartered Banker is the professional qualification awarded to qualified members of the Chartered Banker Institute. To become a Chartered Banker, individuals must pass a series of rigorous examinations on subjects including ethics, credit and lending, risk management and management and leadership. Chartered Bankers are required to complete a minimum of 35 hours of continuing professional development (CPD) per year, including 5 hours of ethics training, and subscribe to the Chartered Banker Code of Professional Conduct. Chartered Banker MBA The Chartered Banker MBA, with Bangor University, is the only qualification in the world combining an MBA and Chartered Banker status. When undertaking the Chartered Banker MBA, students study eight Compulsory Modules and four Electives to gain the 180 credits needed for the full degree and dual award of ‘Chartered Banker MBA’. See also The London Institute of Banking & Finance Chartered Institute for Securities & Investment Worshipful Company of International Bankers List of banks in the United Kingdom FINSIA References ^ Munn, Charles W. "Banking History". www.scotbanks.org.uk. The Committee of Scottish Bankers. Retrieved 12 August 2020. ^ "Chartered Institute of Bankers". Charteredbanker.com. 14 February 2011. Retrieved 15 March 2011. ^ "list of Charters Granted" (PDF). privycouncil.independent.gov.uk. Privy Council. p. 52. Retrieved 12 August 2020. ^ "Chartered Bank about us". Charteredbanker.com. 14 February 2011. Retrieved 14 January 2015. ^ "Routes to Chartered Banker > Mambership > Become a Fellow". www.charteredbanker.com. Chartered Banker Institute. Retrieved 12 August 2020. ^ "Regulated Professions database: Chartered Banker (United Kingdom)". European Commission. Retrieved 12 August 2020. ^ "Chartered Institute of Bankers". Charteredbanker.com. Archived from the original on 19 January 2013. Retrieved 15 March 2011. ^ "What is a CB". Charteredbanker.com. Archived from the original on 29 July 2012. Retrieved 15 March 2011. ^ "Code of Conduct". Charteredbanker.com. Archived from the original on 29 July 2012. Retrieved 15 March 2011. ^ "Chartered Banker MBA". Bangor.ac.uk. Bangor University. Retrieved 12 August 2020. External links Official website This article about an organisation in Scotland is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This European bank or insurance-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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