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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Kongo | Japanese battleship Kongō | ["1 Design and construction","1.1 Siemens-Vickers Scandal","1.2 Armament","1.3 Armor","2 Service history","2.1 1913–1929: Battlecruiser","2.2 1929–1935: Reconstruction into battleship","2.3 1935–1941: Fast battleship","2.4 1942: Pacific War service","2.5 1943: Movement between bases","2.6 1944: Combat and loss","2.7 Battle of Leyte Gulf","2.8 Sinking","3 See also","4 References","4.1 Footnotes","4.2 Citations","5 Bibliography","6 External links"] | Coordinates: 26°09′N 121°23′E / 26.150°N 121.383°E / 26.150; 121.383Kongō-class Japanese warship
For other ships with the same name, see Japanese ship Kongō.
Kongō on sea trials, off the coast of Tateyama, 14 November 1936
History
Empire of Japan
NameKongō
NamesakeMount Kongō
Ordered1911
BuilderVickers Shipbuilding Company, Barrow-in-Furness
Laid down17 January 1911
Launched18 May 1912
Commissioned16 August 1913
Stricken20 January 1945
FateSunk by USS Sealion in the Formosa Strait, 21 November 1944
General characteristics
Class and typeKongō-class battlecruiser
Displacement36,600 long tons (37,187 t)
Length222 m (728 ft 4 in)
Beam31 m (101 ft 8 in)
Draught9.7 m (31 ft 10 in)
PropulsionSteam turbines, 4 shafts
Speed30 knots (35 mph; 56 km/h)
Range10,000 nmi (19,000 km) at 14 kn (26 km/h)
Complement1360
Armament
1913:
8 × 356 mm (14 in) naval gun (4×2)
16 × 6-inch (15 cm) 50 caliber naval guns (16×1)
8 × 76 mm (3 in) naval guns (8×1)
4 × 6.5 mm (0.26 in) machine gun
1944:
8 × 356 mm (14 in) naval gun (4×2)
8 × 152 mm (6 in) naval gun (8×1)
12 × 127 mm (5.0 in) guns (6×2)
100 × 25 mm Type 96 Antiaircraft autocannon (15×3,8×2,40×1)
Armor
Waterline belt: 203 mm (8 in)
Deck: 38–58 mm (1.5–2.3 in) (later strengthened)
Gun turrets: 229 mm (9 in)
Barbettes: 254 mm (10 in)
Kongō on the ways at Barrow, showing two of the propellers and the port rudder, Scientific American, 1913
Kongō (金剛, named for Mount Kongō) was a warship of the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War I and World War II. She was the first battlecruiser of the Kongō class, among the most heavily armed ships in any navy when built. Her designer was the British naval engineer George Thurston, and she was laid down in 1911 at Barrow-in-Furness in Britain by Vickers Shipbuilding Company. Kongō was the last Japanese capital ship constructed outside Japan. She was formally commissioned in 1913, and patrolled off the Chinese coast during World War I.
Kongō underwent two major reconstructions. Beginning in 1929, the Imperial Japanese Navy rebuilt her as a battleship, strengthening her armor and improving her speed and power capabilities. In 1935, her superstructure was completely rebuilt, her speed was increased, and she was equipped with launch catapults for floatplanes. Now fast enough to accompany Japan's growing carrier fleet, Kongō was reclassified as a fast battleship. During the Second Sino-Japanese War, Kongō operated off the coast of mainland China before being redeployed to the Third Battleship Division in 1941. In 1942, she sailed as part of the Southern Force in preparation for the Battle of Singapore.
Kongō fought in many major naval actions of the Pacific War during World War II. She covered the Japanese Army's amphibious landings in British Malaya (part of present-day Malaysia) and the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) in 1942, before engaging American forces at the Battle of Midway and during the Guadalcanal Campaign. Throughout 1943, Kongō primarily remained at Truk Lagoon in the Caroline Islands, Kure Naval Base (near Hiroshima), Sasebo Naval Base (near Nagasaki), and Lingga Roads, and deployed several times in response to American aircraft carrier air raids on Japanese island bases scattered across the Pacific. Kongō participated in the Battle of the Philippine Sea and the Battle of Leyte Gulf in 1944 (22–23 October), engaging and sinking American vessels in the latter. Kongō was torpedoed and sunk by the submarine USS Sealion while transiting the Formosa Strait on 21 November 1944. She was the only Japanese battleship sunk by a submarine in the Second World War.
Design and construction
See also: Kongō-class battlecruiser
Kongō was the first of the Imperial Japanese Navy's Kongō-class battlecruisers, which were almost as large, costly and well-armed as battleships, but which traded off armored protection for higher speeds. These were designed by the British naval engineer George Thurston and were ordered in 1910 in the Japanese Emergency Naval Expansion Bill after the commissioning of HMS Invincible in 1908. These four battlecruisers of the Kongō class were designed to match the naval capabilities of the battlecruisers of the other major naval powers at the time, and they have been called the battlecruiser versions of the British (formerly Turkish) battleship HMS Erin. Their heavy armament of 14-inch naval guns and their armor protection (which took up about 23.3% of their approximately 30,000-ton displacements in 1913) were greatly superior to those of any other Japanese capital ship afloat at the time.
The keel of Kongō was laid down at Barrow-in-Furness by Vickers Shipbuilding and Engineering on 17 January 1911. Under Japan's contract with Vickers, the first vessel of the class was constructed in the United Kingdom, with the remainder built in Japan. Kongō was launched on 18 May 1912, and then transferred to the dockyards of Portsmouth, England, where her fitting-out began in mid-1912. All parts used in her construction were manufactured in the U.K. Kongō was completed on 16 April 1913.
Siemens-Vickers Scandal
Main article: Siemens scandal
In January 1914, a telegram leaked from Siemens' Tokyo office to Reuters along with further reporting by The New York Times and The Asahi Shimbun led to an investigation by Japanese authorities which revealed a pattern of bribery and kickbacks by German and English armaments corporations. Siemens had been paying senior Japanese officials a secret 15% kickback, until Vickers had outbid them by offering 25%. Vickers had paid 210,000 yen to Admiral Fuji of the Imperial Japanese Navy procurement in 1911 and 1912, and 40,000 yen to Vice Admiral Matsumoto Kazu, related to obtaining the contract for building Kongō. Kazu was court-martialed in May 1914, fined 400,000 yen and sentenced to 3 years in prison. As a result of the Siemens-Vickers Scandal revolving around the contracts of building Kongō, the government of Prime Minister Yamamoto Gonnohyōe resigned March 23, 1914. Senior executives of the Mitsui corporation, Japanese partners of Vickers, also resigned.
Kongō on full power trials 8 May 1913
Armament
Originally, Kongō's main battery was designed to consist of ten 12-inch (305 mm) main guns. However, her builders, Vickers, convinced the Japanese to go with a larger weapon after Kongō was laid down. Because of this, Kongō's main armament as built consisted of eight Vickers 14 inch (356 mm)/45 naval gun heavy-caliber main naval guns in four twin turrets (two forward and two aft), making her the most powerfully armed capital ship when she was commissioned. The turrets were noted by the U.S. Office of Naval Intelligence to be "similar to the British 15-inch turrets", with improvements made in flash-tightness. Each of her main guns could fire high explosive or armor-piercing shells 38,770 yards (19.14 nmi; 35.45 km) at a rate of about two shells per minute. In keeping with the Japanese doctrine of deploying more powerful vessels before their opponents, Kongō and her sister ships were the first vessels in the world equipped with 14-inch (356 mm) guns. Her main guns carried ammunition for 90 shots, and they had an approximate barrel lifetime of 250 to 280 shots. In 1941, separate dyes were introduced for the armor-piercing shells of the four Kongō-class battleships to assist with targeting, with Kongō's armor-piercing shells using red dye.
The secondary battery of Kongō originally consisted of sixteen 6-inch (152 mm) 50 calibre guns in single casemates located amidships ("50 calibre" means that the lengths of the guns were 50 times their bore, or 300 inches), eight 3-inch (76 mm) guns, and eight submerged 21-inch (533 mm) torpedo tubes. Her six-inch naval guns could fire five to six rounds per minute, with a barrel lifetime of about 500 rounds. The 6-inch/50-calibre gun was capable of firing both antiaircraft and antiship shells, though the positioning of these guns on Kongō made antiaircraft firing mostly impractical. During her second reconstruction, the older three-inch guns were removed and then replaced with eight 5-inch (127 mm) 40-calibre dual purpose guns. These guns could fire from eight to 14 rounds per minute, with a barrel lifetime of between 800 to 1,500 rounds. Of Kongō's guns, the 5-inch guns had the widest variety of shell types: antiaircraft, antiship, and illumination shells. Kongō was also armed with many 1-inch (25 mm) antiaircraft machine guns. By October 1944, Kongō's secondary armament was reconfigured to eight 6-inch (152 mm) guns, eight 5-inch (127 mm) guns, and 122 Type 96 antiaircraft rapid-fire cannons.
Armor
Being a battlecruiser, Kongō's armor was fairly thin. She was equipped with a 6- to 8-inch (152–203 mm) main belt. Kongō deck armor consisted of armor plating ranging from 1-inch (25 mm), 1.5-inches (38 mm), to 2.75-inches (7 cm), depending on the area. She was equipped with nine-inch (229 mm) barbette armor protecting the ammunition to her main guns, as well as turret armor consisting of 10-inch (254 mm) turret faces, and 9-inch (229 mm) plating over the sides and rear.
Service history
1913–1929: Battlecruiser
Japanese battlecruiser Kongo as first built
On 16 August 1913, Kongō was completed and commissioned into the Imperial Japanese Navy (I.J.N.). Twelve days later, she departed from Portsmouth headed for Japan. She was docked at Singapore from 20 to 27 October, before arriving at Yokosuka Naval Arsenal on 5 November, where she was placed in First Reserve. In January 1914, she docked at Kure Naval Base for armament checks. On 3 August 1914, the German Empire declared war on France and then invaded via Belgium, sparking the beginning of World War I in the West. Twelve days later, Japan issued a warning to Kaiser Wilhelm II of the German Empire, ordering him to withdraw the German troops from their base at Qingdao, China. When the German Empire did not respond, Japan declared war on Germany on 23 August, occupying the former German possessions in the Caroline Islands, Palau Islands, Marshall Islands, and Marianas Islands. Kongō was quickly deployed towards the Central Pacific to patrol the sea lines of communication of the German Empire. Kongō returned to the port of Yokosuka, Japan, on 12 September, and one month later, she was assigned to the First Battleship Division. In October, Kongō and her new sister ship Hiei sortied off the Chinese coast in support of Japanese army units during the Siege of Tsingtao. Then Kongō returned to Sasebo Naval Base for upgrades to her searchlights. On 3 October 1915, Kongō and Hiei participated in the sinking of the old Imperator Nikolai I as a practice target. She was a Russian pre-dreadnought that had been captured in 1905 during the Russo-Japanese War that had next served as an I.J.N. warship. With the defeat of the German East Asia Squadron by the Royal Navy at the Battle of the Falkland Islands in December 1914, there was little or no need for I.J.N. operations in the Pacific Ocean. Kongō spent the rest of World War I either based at Sasebo or on patrol off the coast of China. In December 1918, following the end of the hostilities of World War I, Kongō was placed in "Second Reserve". In April 1919, she was fitted with a new seawater flooding system for her ammunition magazines.
With the conclusion of World War I, and the signing of the Washington Naval Treaty on 6 February 1922, the size of the I.J.N. was significantly limited, with a ratio of 5:5:3 required between the capital ships of the United Kingdom, the United States, and the Japanese Empire, since the latter was responsible for only one ocean, rather than the two of the other countries, and fewer warships for France and Italy. This Treaty also banned the signatories from building any new capital ships until 1931, with no capital ship permitted to exceed 35,000 long tons (36,000 t) in displacement. Provided that new additions did not exceed 3,000 tons of displacement, the existing capital ships were allowed to be upgraded with improved anti-torpedo bulges and armored main decks. By the time that the Washington Naval Treaty had been fully implemented in Japan, only three classes of World War I type capital ships remained active: the Ise-class battleships, the Kongō-class battlecruisers, and the Fusō-class battleships.
In April 1923, Kongō gave transportation to Crown Prince Hirohito during his official visit to the Japanese possession of Taiwan. On 14 June 1924, she collided with Submarine No. 62 during maneuvers. In November 1924, Kongō docked at Yokosuka, where modifications were made to her main armament, increasing the elevation of her main guns and improving her fire-control systems. In 1927, Kongō underwent major modifications to her superstructure, rebuilding it into the pagoda mast style to accommodate the growing number of fire-control systems for her main guns. In May 1928, her steering equipment was upgraded, before she was placed in reserve in preparation for major modifications and reconstruction in 1929–31.
1929–1935: Reconstruction into battleship
Kongō in 1931, following her first reconstruction
Prohibited by the Washington Treaty from constructing new capital ships until 1931, Japan resorted to upgrading their World War I-era battleships and battlecruisers. Beginning in September 1929, Kongō underwent extensive modernization and modification in drydock at Yokosuka Naval Arsenal. Over the next two years, Kongō's horizontal armor near her ammunition magazines was strengthened, and the machinery spaces within the hull given increased torpedo protection. Anti-torpedo bulges were added along the waterline, as permitted by the Washington Treaty. She was refitted to accommodate three Type 90 Model 0 floatplanes, though no aircraft catapults were fitted. To increase her speed and power, all 36 of her Yarrow boilers were removed, and then replaced with 16 newer boilers, and Brown-Curtis direct-drive turbines were installed. Kongō's forward funnel was removed, and her second funnel was enlarged and lengthened. The modifications to her hull increased her armor weight from 6,502 to 10,313 long tons, directly violating the terms of the Washington Naval Treaty. In March 1931, Kongō—now capable of a speed of 29 knots (54 km/h)—was reclassified as a battleship.
On 22 April 1930, Japan signed the London Naval Treaty, placing further restrictions on the signatories' naval forces. Several of her older battleships were scrapped, and no new capital ships were built as replacements. After minor fitting-out work, Kongō's reconstruction begun in September 1929 and was declared complete on 31 March 1931. On 1 December 1931, two months after the Japanese invasion of Manchuria, Kongō was assigned to the First Battleship Division and also designated the flagship of the Combined Fleet. Additional rangefinders and searchlights were fitted to her superstructure in January 1932, and Captain Nobutake Kondō assumed command of the vessel in December. In 1933, aircraft catapults were fitted between the two rear turrets.
On 25 February 1933, following a report by the Lytton Commission, the League of Nations agreed that Japan's invasion of China had violated Chinese sovereignty. Refusing to accept the judgement of this organization, Japan withdrew from the League of Nations on the same day. Japan also immediately withdrew from the Washington Naval Treaty and the London Naval Treaty, thus removing all restrictions on the numbers and sizes of her capital warships. In November 1934, Kongō was placed in Second Reserve in preparation for further modifications. On 10 January 1935, Kongō was toured by the Nazi German naval attaché to Japan, Captain Paul Wenneker, as part of a gunnery demonstration.
Kongō off the coast of Amoy (present day Xiamen) in 1938
1935–1941: Fast battleship
On 1 June 1935, Kongō was dry-docked at Yokosuka Naval Arsenal in preparation for upgrades that would enable her to escort Japan's growing fleet of aircraft carriers. Her stern was lengthened by 26 feet (7.9 m) to improve her fineness ratio and her 16 older boilers were removed and then replaced with 11 oil-fired Kampon Boilers and newer geared turbines. In addition, her bridge was completely reconstructed according to Japan's pagoda mast style of forward superstructure, and catapults were added to support three Nakajima E8N or Kawanishi E7K reconnaissance and spotter floatplanes.
Kongō's armor was also extensively upgraded. Her main belt was strengthened to a uniform thickness of eight inches (up from varying thicknesses of six to eight inches), and also diagonal bulkheads of depths ranging from 5 to 8 inches (127 to 203 mm) were added to reinforce the main armored belt. The turret armor was strengthened to 10 inches (254 mm), while 4 inches (102 mm) were added to portions of the deck armor. Kongō's ammunition magazine protection was also strengthened to 4.0 inches (10 cm). This reconstruction was finished on 8 January 1937. Capable of greater than 30 knots (56 km/h), despite the significant increase in her hull displacement, Kongō was now reclassified as a fast battleship. Despite this reclassification, however, Kongō could still very much be considered a battlecruiser in nature.
In February 1937, Kongō was assigned to the Sasebo Naval District, and in December she was placed under the command of Takeo Kurita in the Third Battleship Division. In April 1938, two float planes from Kongō bombed the Chinese city of Fuzhou during the Second Sino-Japanese War. Throughout 1938 and 1939, Kongō steamed off the Chinese coast in support of Japanese Army operations during the war. In November 1939, Captain Raizo Tanaka assumed command of Kongō. From November 1940 to April 1941, additional armor was added to Kongō's armament barbettes and ammunition tubes, while ventilation and firefighting equipment was also improved. In August 1941, she was assigned to the Third Battleship Division under the command of Vice Admiral Gunichi Mikawa alongside her fully modified sister warships Hiei, Kirishima and the Haruna.
1942: Pacific War service
Kongō and Haruna departed from the Hashirajima fleet anchorage on 29 November 1941 to begin the War in the Pacific as part of the Southern (Malay) Force's Main Body, under the overall command of Vice-Admiral Nobutake Kondō. On 4 December 1941, the Main Body arrived off the coast of southern Thailand and northern Malaya in preparation for the invasion of Thailand and the Malayan Peninsula four days later. When Britain's "Force Z"—consisting of the battleship Prince of Wales and the battlecruiser Repulse—was quickly defeated by Japan's land-based aircraft from southern Vietnam, Kongō's battlegroup withdrew from Malayan waters. This battlegroup subsequently sortied from Indochina for three days in mid-December to protect a reinforcement convoy traveling to Malaya, and again on 18 December to cover the Japanese Army's landing at Lingayen Gulf, Luzon, in the Philippines. The Main Body departed Cam Ranh Bay in French Indochina on 23 December bound for Taiwan, arriving two days later. In January 1942, Kongō and the heavy cruisers Takao and Atago provided distant cover for air attacks on Ambon Island.
On 21 February, Kongō was joined by Haruna, four fast aircraft carriers, five heavy cruisers and numerous support ships in preparation for "Operation J", Japan's invasion of the Dutch East Indies. On 25 February, the Third Battleship Division provided cover for air attacks on the Island of Java. Kongō bombarded Christmas Island off the western coast of Australia on 7 March 1942, and then she returned to Staring-baai for 15 days of standby alert. In April 1942, Kongō joined five fleet carriers in attacks on Colombo and Trincomalee on Ceylon. Following the destruction of the British heavy cruisers HMS Dorsetshire and HMS Cornwall on 5 April 1942, this naval task force moved southwest to locate the remainder of the British Eastern Fleet, then under the command of Admiral James Somerville. On 9 April, one of Haruna's reconnaissance seaplanes spotted the aircraft carrier HMS Hermes south of Trincomalee. On the same day, Japanese air attacks sank the carrier, and Kongō was attacked but missed by nine British medium bombers. Having crippled the offensive capability of Britain's Eastern Fleet, the Third Battleship Division returned to Japan. Kongō reached Sasebo on 22 April. From 23 April to 2 May, Kongō was drydocked for reconfiguration of her antiaircraft armament.
On 27 May 1942, Kongō sortied with Hiei and the heavy cruisers Atago, Chōkai, Myōkō, and Haguro as part of Admiral Nobutake Kondō's invasion force during the Battle of Midway. Following the disastrous loss of four of the Combined Fleet's fast carriers on 4 June 1942, Kondō's force withdrew to Japan. On 14 July she was assigned as the flagship of the restructured Third Battleship Division. In August, Kongō was drydocked at Kure to receive surface-detection radar and additional range finders. In September, Kongō embarked with Hiei, Haruna, Kirishima, three carriers, and numerous smaller warships in response to the U.S. Marine Corps's amphibious landing on Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands. On 20 September, this task force was ordered to return to the Truk Naval Base in the Central Pacific north of the equator.
In the aftermath of the Battle of Cape Esperance, the Japanese Army opted to reinforce its troops on Guadalcanal. To protect their transport convoy from enemy air attack, Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto sent Haruna and Kongō, escorted by one light cruiser and nine destroyers, to bombard the American air base at Henderson Field. Because of their high speeds, these two battleships could bombard the airfield and then withdraw before being subjected to air attack from either land-based warplanes or American aircraft carriers. On the night of 13–14 October, these two battleships shelled the area of Henderson Field from a distance of about 16,000 yards (15,000 m), firing 973 14-inch high-explosive shells. In the most successful Japanese battleship action of the war, the bombardment heavily damaged both runways, destroyed almost all of the U.S. Marines' aviation fuel, destroyed or damaged 48 of the Marines' 90 warplanes, and killed 41 Marines. A large Japanese troop and supply convoy reached Guadalcanal on the next day.
During the Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands on 26 October 1942, Kongō was attacked by four Grumman TBF Avenger torpedo bombers, but she received no hits. In mid-November, this battleship and other warships provided distant cover for the unsuccessful mission by the I.J.N. to bombard Henderson Field again and to deliver more Army reinforcements to Guadalcanal. On 15 November 1942, following the Japanese defeat and the sinking of Hiei and Kirishima during the Naval Battle of Guadalcanal, the Third Battleship Division returned to Truk, where it remained for the rest of 1942.
1943: Movement between bases
Kongō in her 1944 configuration
Throughout 1943, Kongō engaged no enemy targets. In late January 1943, she participated in "Operation Ke" as part of a diversionary and distant covering force to support I.J.N. destroyers that were evacuating Army troops from Guadalcanal. From 15 February through 20 February 1943, the Third Battleship Division was transferred from Truk to the Kure Naval Base. On 27 February, Kongō was drydocked to receive upgrades to her antiaircraft armament, with the additions of two triple 25 mm gun mounts and the removal of two of her 6-inch turrets, while additional concrete protection was added near her steering gear. On 17 May 1943, in response to the U.S. Army's invasion of Attu Island, Kongō sortied alongside the battleship Musashi, the Third Battleship Division, two fleet carriers, two cruisers, and nine destroyers. Three days later, the American submarine USS Sawfish spotted this naval task force, but she was unable to attack it. On 22 May 1943, the task force arrived in Yokosuka, where it was joined by an additional three fleet carriers and two light cruisers. This force was disbanded when Attu fell to the U.S. Army before the necessary preparations for a counterattack had been finished.
On 17 October 1943, Kongō again left Truk as part of a larger task force consisting of five battleships, three fleet carriers, eight heavy cruisers, three light cruisers, and numerous destroyers. These sortied in response to U.S. Navy air raids on Wake Island. No contact between the two forces was made, and the Japanese task force returned to Truk on 26 October 1943. She soon left Truk for home waters, and on 16 December 1943, Kongō arrived at Sasebo for refits and training in the Inland Sea.
1944: Combat and loss
Kongō under attack during the Battle of the Philippine Sea, 20 June 1944
In January 1944, Kongō was dry-docked for a reconfiguration of her anti-aircraft suite. Four 6-inch guns and a pair of twin 25 mm mounts were removed and replaced with six twin 5-inch guns and four triple 25 mm mounts. The Third Battleship Division departed from Kure on 8 March 1944. Arriving at Lingga on 14 March 1944, the division remained for training until 11 May 1944. On 11 May 1944, Kongō and Admiral Ozawa's Mobile Fleet departed from Lingga bound for Tawitawi, where they were joined by Vice-Admiral Takeo Kurita's "Force C". On 13 June, Ozawa's Mobile Fleet departed from Tawitawi bound for the Mariana Islands. During the Battle of the Philippine Sea, Kongō escorted Japanese fast carriers, and remained undamaged in counterattacks from US carrier aircraft on 20 June. When she returned to Japan, 13 triple and 40 single 25-mm mounts were added to her anti-aircraft armament, for a total of over 100 mounts. In August, two more 6-inch guns were removed and another eighteen single mounts installed.
Battle of Leyte Gulf
Main Article: Battle of Leyte Gulf
In October 1944, Kongō departed from Lingga in preparation for "Operation Sho-1", Japan's counterattack during the Battle of Leyte Gulf, the largest naval engagement in history. On 24 October, Kongō was undamaged by several near misses from American carrier aircraft in the Battle of the Sibuyan Sea. On 25 October, during the Battle off Samar, Kongō—as part of Admiral Kurita's Centre Force—engaged the US 7th Fleet's "Taffy 3", a battlegroup of escort carriers and destroyers. She targeted various destroyers, but to no avail in the beginning parts of the battle, before scoring a hit with her main battery to the bridge of the destroyer USS Hoel.
It's worth noting that for the longest time, it was believed that Kongō scored three hits with her 14-inch (356 mm) guns on the destroyer USS Johnston shortly after the valiant destroyer crippled the heavy cruiser Kumano, severe damage that cut Johnston's speed to 17 knots and took out all but two of her 5-inch guns, and according to the state of her wreck, split her in two and sank her a couple of hours later while under fire from a Japanese destroyer line. On the contrary, Japanese records display that Kongō was blinded by a rain squall and unable to engage enemy ships at the time Johnston was hit, but fellow battleship Yamato claimed numerous hits with both her main and secondary battery on a US "cruiser" at the exact moment Johnston was hit by what is now commonly accepted as three 18.1-inch (46 cm) shells from Yamato, as well as three hits from Yamato's 6.1-inch (155 mm) secondary guns. Kongō in all reality failed to score a single hit on Johnston and played no role in her crippling and sinking.
Kongō then targeted the escort carrier Gambier Bay, claiming a hit with her main battery. However, said hit was also claimed by the aforementioned battleship Yamato, which is widely agreed upon to have scored the hit due to having the shorter range and the correct firing angle, and indeed, Yamato would be awarded credit for the hit by Japanese admiralty. She then scored numerous hits on Hoel and the destroyer Heermann, heavily contributing to the former's sinking. At 09:12, she sank the destroyer escort Samuel B. Roberts. After a fierce defensive action by the American ships, which sank three Japanese heavy cruisers, Admiral Kurita elected to withdraw, ending the battle. While retreating, Kongō suffered damage from five near misses from attacking aircraft. The fleet arrived at Brunei on 28 October.
Sinking
On 16 November, following a US air raid on Brunei, Kongō, along with Yamato, Nagato and the rest of the First Fleet, departed from Brunei bound for Kure in preparation for a major reorganization of the fleet and battle repairs. On 20 November, they entered the Formosa Strait. Shortly after midnight on 21 November, the submarine USS Sealion made radar contact with the fleet at 44,000 yards (40,000 m). Maneuvering into position at 02:45, Sealion fired six bow torpedoes at Kongō followed by three stern torpedoes at Nagato fifteen minutes later. One minute after the first salvo was launched, two of the torpedoes were seen to hit Kongō on the port side, while a third sank the destroyer Urakaze with all hands. The torpedoes flooded two of Kongō's boiler rooms, but she was still able to make 16 kn (30 km/h; 18 mph). By 05:00, she had slowed to 11 kn (20 km/h; 13 mph) and was given permission to break off from the fleet and head to the port of Keelung in Formosa along with the destroyers Hamakaze and Isokaze as escort. Within fifteen minutes of detaching from the main force, Kongō was listing 45 degrees and flooding uncontrollably. At 5:18 the ship lost all power and the order was given to abandon ship. At 5:24, while the evacuation was under way, the forward 14-inch magazine exploded, and the broken ship sank quickly, with the loss of over 1,200 of her crew, including the commander of the Third Battleship Division and her captain.
Kongō is believed to have sunk in 350 feet (110 m) of water approximately 55 nautical miles (102 km; 63 mi) northwest of Keelung. She was one of only three British-built battleships sunk by submarine attack during World War II. The other two were the British Revenge-class battleship HMS Royal Oak and the Queen Elizabeth-class battleship HMS Barham.
See also
List by death toll of ships sunk by submarines
References
Footnotes
^ Shinano was laid down as a Yamato-class battleship, but by the time of her sinking by USS Archerfish she had been completed as an aircraft carrier.
Citations
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Gardiner and Gray (1980), p. 234
^ a b DiGiulian, Tony (2010). "Japanese 6"/50". Navweaps.com. Retrieved 26 February 2009.
^ Stille (2008), p. 17
^ a b c Stille (2007), p. 20
^ a b c "Kongo-class Battleship". Combined Fleet. Retrieved 10 September 2010.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Bob Hackett; Sander Kingsepp; Lars Ahlberg. "IJN Battleship KONGO: Tabular Record of Movement". Combined Fleet. Retrieved 10 September 2010.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Jackson (2008), p. 27
^ Mitchell, Richard H. (1996). Political Bribery in Japan. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. pp. 28–31. ISBN 978-0824818197.
^ "Siemens Affäre: Dunkle Machenschaften Made in Germany" . Der Spiegel (in German). 14 September 2008. Retrieved 17 May 2021.
^ a b IJN Kongo - Guide 174, 11 April 2020, retrieved 1 April 2023
^ a b c DiGiulian, Tony (2009). "Japanese 14"/45 (35.6 cm) 41st Year Type". Navweaps.com. Retrieved 26 February 2009.
^ "Japanese Naval Ordnance: 14"/45 caliber". Combined Fleet. Retrieved 11 February 2009.
^ Jackson (2000), p. 48
^ a b DiGiulian, Tony (2008). "Japanese 5"/40". Navweaps.com. Retrieved 26 February 2009.
^ a b c d e f g Stille (2008), p. 16.
^ dreadnaughtz (24 February 2021). "Kongō class Fast Battleships (1912)". naval encyclopedia. Retrieved 1 April 2023.
^ Stille (2008), p. 14
^ McLaughlin (2003), pp. 44–45
^ Jackson (2000), p. 67.
^ a b Jackson (2000), p. 68.
^ Jackson (2000), p. 69
^ Airship Investigation: Report of Col. Henry Breckenridge, Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1933, p. 56.
^ Stille (2008), p. 15
^ a b c Jackson (2000), p. 72.
^ Willmott (2002), p. 35
^ a b c d e Stille (2008), p. 18
^ a b McCurtie (1989), p. 185.
^ a b c Stille (2008), p. 19
^ Willmott (2002), p. 56
^ Boyle (1998), p. 368
^ a b Boyle (1998), p. 370
^ Schom (2004), p. 296
^ Willmott (2002), p. 100
^ a b Schom (2004), p. 382
^ Swanston (2007), p. 220
^ Swanston (2007), p. 223
^ Willmott (2002), p. 141
^ Steinberg (1980), p. 49
^ Dogfights: U.S. Beats Back the Japanese Navy (S1, E8) | Full Episode, 4 November 2021, retrieved 16 April 2023
^ Newly Released Computer Model of USS Johnston Shipwreck Displays Evidence of Explosions, November 2022, retrieved 16 April 2023
^ Lundgren (2014), pp. 70, 78
^ Hackett, Bob; Kingsepp, Sander. "IJN Battleship YAMATO: Tabular Record of Movement". Combined Fleet. Retrieved 16 April 2023.
^ "Yamato and Musashi Internet Photo Archive". ultimatebattleshipyamatosite.tripod.com. Retrieved 16 April 2023.
^ Lundgren (2014), p. 131
^ Boyle (1998), p. 508
^ a b Wheeler (1980), p. 183
^ Wheeler (1980), p. 184
Bibliography
Boyle, David (1998). World War II in Photographs. London. Rebo Productions. ISBN 1-84053-089-8.
Brennan, Joe (2017). "Question 36/51: Japanese 14-in Sub-Caliber Shells". Warship International. LIV (4): 289. ISSN 0043-0374.
Gardiner, Robert & Gray, Randal, eds. (1985). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-907-3.
Jackson, Robert (2000). The World's Great Battleships. Dallas: Brown Books. ISBN 1-897884-60-5.
Jackson, Robert (editor) (2008). 101 Great Warships. London: Amber Books. ISBN 978-1-905704-72-9.
Lengerer, Hans & Ahlberg, Lars (2019). Capital Ships of the Imperial Japanese Navy 1868–1945: Ironclads, Battleships and Battle Cruisers: An Outline History of Their Design, Construction and Operations. Vol. I: Armourclad Fusō to Kongō Class Battle Cruisers. Zagreb, Croatia: Despot Infinitus. ISBN 978-953-8218-26-2.
Lundgren, Robert (2014). The World Wonder'd: What Really Happened Off Samar. Nimble Books. ISBN 978-1-60888-046-1.
McCurtie, Francis (1989) . Jane's Fighting Ships of World War II. London: Bracken Books. ISBN 1-85170-194-X.
McLaughlin, Stephen (2003). Russian & Soviet Battleships. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-481-4.
Schom, Alan (2004). The Eagle and the Rising Sun; The Japanese-American War, 1941–1943. New York: Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-32628-4.
Steinberg, Rafael (1980) Return to the Philippines. New York: Time-Life Books Inc. ISBN 0-8094-2516-5.
Stille, Cdr Mark (2008). Imperial Japanese Navy Battleship 1941–1945. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84603-280-6.
Swanston, Alexander & Swanston, Malcolm (2007). The Historical Atlas of World War II. London: Cartographica Press Ltd. ISBN 0-7858-2200-3.
Wheeler, Keith (1980). War Under the Pacific. New York: Time-Life Books. ISBN 0-8094-3376-1.
Willmott, H.P. & Keegan, John (2002). The Second World War in the Far East. Smithsonian Books. ISBN 1-58834-192-5.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kongō.
The Japanese Battle Cruiser Kongo (Journal of the American Society of Naval Engineers, Inc. technical article, 1912)
Kongō-class battlecruisers
Kongō
Hiei
Kirishima
Haruna
Followed by: Amagi class
List of battlecruisers of Japan
List of battleships of Japan
vteShipwrecks and maritime incidents in 1924Shipwrecks
10 Jan: HMS L24
16 Jan: USS Tacoma
11 Mar: Wyoming
19 Mar: Submarine No. 43
12 Apr: HMAS Australia
27 May: Tsugaru
7 Jun: America
17 Jun: Shogiku Maru No. 2
10 Jul: Iwami
25 Jul: Hizen
2 Sep: Aki
7 Sep: Satsuma
22 Sep: Clifton
23 Sep: Perun
1 Nov: Glenlyon
25 Nov: USS Washington
29 Nov: HMS Vernon II
12 Dec: USS Castine
Other incidents
10 Jan: HMS Resolution
11 Jan: Rhenania
6 Feb: USS S-50
19 Mar: Tatsuta
7 Apr: HMS L25
8 Apr: Submarine No. 22
28 Apr: Spreewald
16 May: Submarine No. 45
14 June: Submarine No. 62, Kongō
23 Jul: HMAS Brisbane
28 Jul: Bergensfjord
29 Jul: Submarine No. 24
31 Aug: Bardic
23 Oct: Port Nicholson
October (unknown date): USS Trenton
2 Nov: HMS Venomous
27 Nov: Dieppe
30 Nov: Minnekahda
1923 1925
vteShipwrecks and maritime incidents in November 1944Shipwrecks
1 Nov: USS Abner Read, TA20, HMS Whitaker
2 Nov: Fort Lee
3 Nov: Akikaze
5 Nov: Kiebitz, Nachi, PB-107, TA21
7 Nov: USS Albacore, HM LST-420
8 Nov: USS Growler
9 Nov: U-537
10 Nov: Gokoku Maru, USS Mount Hood
11 Nov: Hamanami, Naganami, USS Scamp, Shimakaze, U-771, U-1200, Wakatsuki
12 Nov: HMAS Marlean, Tirpitz
13 Nov: Akebono, Akishimo, Hatsuharu, Hatsu Maru, I-12, I-38, Kiso, Okinami
17 Nov: USS LST-6, Mayasan Maru, NKI 01, Shin'yō (ex-Scharnhorst)
18 Nov: I-41, Seisho Maru
20 Nov: USS Mississinewa, HMAS ML 827
21 Nov: Kongō, Urakaze
22 Nov: Hokkai Maru, HMS Stratagem
24 Nov: Hansa
25 Nov: Kumano, HMCS Shawinigan, Shimotsuki, Sumida, U-482, Yasoshima
27 Nov: Rigel
28 Nov: U-80, PB-105, Yu 2
29 Nov: Fushimi, I-365, Shinano
Unknown date: Mogador, U-479, U-1020
Other incidents
10 Nov: USS Abarenda, USS Alhena, USS Argonne, USS Aries, USS Cacapon, USS Cebu, HMS Hydra, USS Kyne, USS Lyman, USS Mindanao, USS Oberrender, USS Petrof Bay, USS Piedmont, USS Potawatomi, USS Preserver, USS Saginaw Bay, USS Talbot, USS Walter C. Wann, USS YMS-238, USS Young
13 Nov: U-1052
17 Nov: HMAS ML 827, Seisho Maru
23 Nov: Gus W. Darnell
27 Nov: USS Gar
28 Nov: USS Spearfish
30 Nov: HMS Duff
1943 1944 1945 October 1944 December 1944
26°09′N 121°23′E / 26.150°N 121.383°E / 26.150; 121.383 | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*"},{"link_name":"Japanese ship Kongō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_ship_Kong%C5%8D"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kongo_on_the_ways,_showing_two_of_the_propellers_and_the_port_rudder_-_Scientific_American_1913.jpg"},{"link_name":"Scientific American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_American"},{"link_name":"Mount Kongō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Kong%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Imperial Japanese Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy"},{"link_name":"battlecruiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battlecruiser"},{"link_name":"Kongō class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kong%C5%8D-class_battlecruiser"},{"link_name":"George Thurston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Thurston"},{"link_name":"laid down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keel_laying"},{"link_name":"Barrow-in-Furness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrow-in-Furness"},{"link_name":"Vickers Shipbuilding Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_Shipbuilding_and_Engineering"},{"link_name":"capital ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_ship"},{"link_name":"commissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_commissioning"},{"link_name":"battleship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship"},{"link_name":"launch catapults","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_catapult"},{"link_name":"floatplanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floatplane"},{"link_name":"fast battleship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_battleship"},{"link_name":"Second Sino-Japanese War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War"},{"link_name":"Battle of Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Singapore"},{"link_name":"Pacific War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_War"},{"link_name":"amphibious landings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphibious_warfare"},{"link_name":"British Malaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Malaya"},{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Dutch East Indies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Battle of Midway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Midway"},{"link_name":"Guadalcanal Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalcanal_Campaign"},{"link_name":"Truk Lagoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truk_Lagoon"},{"link_name":"Caroline Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline_Islands"},{"link_name":"Kure Naval Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kure_Naval_District"},{"link_name":"Hiroshima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroshima"},{"link_name":"Sasebo Naval Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasebo_Naval_District"},{"link_name":"Nagasaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagasaki"},{"link_name":"Lingga Roads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingga_Roads"},{"link_name":"aircraft carrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_carrier"},{"link_name":"air raids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_bombing"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Philippine Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Philippine_Sea"},{"link_name":"Battle of Leyte Gulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf"},{"link_name":"USS Sealion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Sealion_(SS-315)"},{"link_name":"Formosa Strait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formosa_Strait"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stille20-4"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Kongō-class Japanese warshipFor other ships with the same name, see Japanese ship Kongō.Kongō on the ways at Barrow, showing two of the propellers and the port rudder, Scientific American, 1913Kongō (金剛, named for Mount Kongō) was a warship of the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War I and World War II. She was the first battlecruiser of the Kongō class, among the most heavily armed ships in any navy when built. Her designer was the British naval engineer George Thurston, and she was laid down in 1911 at Barrow-in-Furness in Britain by Vickers Shipbuilding Company. Kongō was the last Japanese capital ship constructed outside Japan. She was formally commissioned in 1913, and patrolled off the Chinese coast during World War I.Kongō underwent two major reconstructions. Beginning in 1929, the Imperial Japanese Navy rebuilt her as a battleship, strengthening her armor and improving her speed and power capabilities. In 1935, her superstructure was completely rebuilt, her speed was increased, and she was equipped with launch catapults for floatplanes. Now fast enough to accompany Japan's growing carrier fleet, Kongō was reclassified as a fast battleship. During the Second Sino-Japanese War, Kongō operated off the coast of mainland China before being redeployed to the Third Battleship Division in 1941. In 1942, she sailed as part of the Southern Force in preparation for the Battle of Singapore.Kongō fought in many major naval actions of the Pacific War during World War II. She covered the Japanese Army's amphibious landings in British Malaya (part of present-day Malaysia) and the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) in 1942, before engaging American forces at the Battle of Midway and during the Guadalcanal Campaign. Throughout 1943, Kongō primarily remained at Truk Lagoon in the Caroline Islands, Kure Naval Base (near Hiroshima), Sasebo Naval Base (near Nagasaki), and Lingga Roads, and deployed several times in response to American aircraft carrier air raids on Japanese island bases scattered across the Pacific. Kongō participated in the Battle of the Philippine Sea and the Battle of Leyte Gulf in 1944 (22–23 October), engaging and sinking American vessels in the latter. Kongō was torpedoed and sunk by the submarine USS Sealion while transiting the Formosa Strait on 21 November 1944. She was the only Japanese battleship sunk by a submarine in the Second World War.[4][a]","title":"Japanese battleship Kongō"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kongō-class battlecruiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kong%C5%8D-class_battlecruiser"},{"link_name":"Imperial Japanese Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy"},{"link_name":"battlecruisers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battlecruisers_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"battleships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship"},{"link_name":"engineer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineer"},{"link_name":"George Thurston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Thurston"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kongoclass-6"},{"link_name":"HMS Invincible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Invincible_(1907)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cfrecord-7"},{"link_name":"Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Navy"},{"link_name":"HMS Erin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Erin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Conway's-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jackson-07-27-8"},{"link_name":"capital ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_ship"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Conway's-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jackson-07-27-8"},{"link_name":"keel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keel"},{"link_name":"Barrow-in-Furness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrow-in-Furness"},{"link_name":"Vickers Shipbuilding and Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_Shipbuilding_and_Engineering"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Conway's-1"},{"link_name":"Portsmouth, England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth,_England"},{"link_name":"fitting-out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitting-out"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jackson-07-27-8"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Conway's-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Conway's-1"}],"text":"See also: Kongō-class battlecruiserKongō was the first of the Imperial Japanese Navy's Kongō-class battlecruisers, which were almost as large, costly and well-armed as battleships, but which traded off armored protection for higher speeds. These were designed by the British naval engineer George Thurston[5] and were ordered in 1910 in the Japanese Emergency Naval Expansion Bill after the commissioning of HMS Invincible in 1908.[6] These four battlecruisers of the Kongō class were designed to match the naval capabilities of the battlecruisers of the other major naval powers at the time, and they have been called the battlecruiser versions of the British (formerly Turkish) battleship HMS Erin.[1][7] Their heavy armament of 14-inch naval guns and their armor protection (which took up about 23.3% of their approximately 30,000-ton displacements in 1913) were greatly superior to those of any other Japanese capital ship afloat at the time.[1][7]The keel of Kongō was laid down at Barrow-in-Furness by Vickers Shipbuilding and Engineering on 17 January 1911. Under Japan's contract with Vickers, the first vessel of the class was constructed in the United Kingdom, with the remainder built in Japan.[1] Kongō was launched on 18 May 1912, and then transferred to the dockyards of Portsmouth, England, where her fitting-out began in mid-1912.[7] All parts used in her construction were manufactured in the U.K.[1] Kongō was completed on 16 April 1913.[1]","title":"Design and construction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Asahi Shimbun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Asahi_Shimbun"},{"link_name":"Matsumoto Kazu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matsumoto_Kazu"},{"link_name":"Yamamoto Gonnohyōe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamamoto_Gonnohy%C5%8De"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kong%C5%8D.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Siemens-Vickers Scandal","text":"In January 1914, a telegram leaked from Siemens' Tokyo office to Reuters along with further reporting by The New York Times and The Asahi Shimbun led to an investigation by Japanese authorities which revealed a pattern of bribery and kickbacks by German and English armaments corporations. Siemens had been paying senior Japanese officials a secret 15% kickback, until Vickers had outbid them by offering 25%. Vickers had paid 210,000 yen to Admiral Fuji of the Imperial Japanese Navy procurement in 1911 and 1912, and 40,000 yen to Vice Admiral Matsumoto Kazu, related to obtaining the contract for building Kongō. Kazu was court-martialed in May 1914, fined 400,000 yen and sentenced to 3 years in prison. As a result of the Siemens-Vickers Scandal revolving around the contracts of building Kongō, the government of Prime Minister Yamamoto Gonnohyōe resigned March 23, 1914. Senior executives of the Mitsui corporation, Japanese partners of Vickers, also resigned.[8][9]Kongō on full power trials 8 May 1913","title":"Design and construction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vickers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-11"},{"link_name":"Vickers 14 inch (356 mm)/45 naval gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_14_inch/45_naval_gun"},{"link_name":"naval guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_gun"},{"link_name":"turrets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_turret"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kongoclass-6"},{"link_name":"Office of Naval Intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Naval_Intelligence"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NW-14-12"},{"link_name":"flash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explosives#Sensitivity"},{"link_name":"high explosive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_explosive"},{"link_name":"armor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armor"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14/45-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jackson-00-48-14"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NW-14-12"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NW-14-12"},{"link_name":"secondary battery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_turret#Wing_turrets"},{"link_name":"6-inch (152 mm) 50 calibre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15_cm/50_41st_Year_Type"},{"link_name":"casemates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casemate"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jackson-07-27-8"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kongoclass-6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NW6-2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jackson-07-27-8"},{"link_name":"5-inch (127 mm) 40-calibre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-inch/40-caliber_gun"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NW5-15"},{"link_name":"shell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery_shell"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NW5-15"},{"link_name":"Type 96","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_96_25_mm_AT/AA_Gun"},{"link_name":"rapid-fire cannons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autocannon"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stille16-16"}],"sub_title":"Armament","text":"Originally, Kongō's main battery was designed to consist of ten 12-inch (305 mm) main guns. However, her builders, Vickers, convinced the Japanese to go with a larger weapon after Kongō was laid down.[10] Because of this, Kongō's main armament as built consisted of eight Vickers 14 inch (356 mm)/45 naval gun heavy-caliber main naval guns in four twin turrets (two forward and two aft), making her the most powerfully armed capital ship when she was commissioned.[5] The turrets were noted by the U.S. Office of Naval Intelligence to be \"similar to the British 15-inch turrets\",[11] with improvements made in flash-tightness. Each of her main guns could fire high explosive or armor-piercing shells 38,770 yards (19.14 nmi; 35.45 km) at a rate of about two shells per minute.[12] In keeping with the Japanese doctrine of deploying more powerful vessels before their opponents, Kongō and her sister ships were the first vessels in the world equipped with 14-inch (356 mm) guns.[13] Her main guns carried ammunition for 90 shots, and they had an approximate barrel lifetime of 250 to 280 shots.[11] In 1941, separate dyes were introduced for the armor-piercing shells of the four Kongō-class battleships to assist with targeting, with Kongō's armor-piercing shells using red dye.[11]The secondary battery of Kongō originally consisted of sixteen 6-inch (152 mm) 50 calibre guns in single casemates located amidships (\"50 calibre\" means that the lengths of the guns were 50 times their bore, or 300 inches),[7] eight 3-inch (76 mm) guns, and eight submerged 21-inch (533 mm) torpedo tubes.[5] Her six-inch naval guns could fire five to six rounds per minute, with a barrel lifetime of about 500 rounds.[2] The 6-inch/50-calibre gun was capable of firing both antiaircraft and antiship shells, though the positioning of these guns on Kongō made antiaircraft firing mostly impractical.[7] During her second reconstruction, the older three-inch guns were removed and then replaced with eight 5-inch (127 mm) 40-calibre dual purpose guns. These guns could fire from eight to 14 rounds per minute, with a barrel lifetime of between 800 to 1,500 rounds.[14] Of Kongō's guns, the 5-inch guns had the widest variety of shell types: antiaircraft, antiship, and illumination shells.[14] Kongō was also armed with many 1-inch (25 mm) antiaircraft machine guns. By October 1944, Kongō's secondary armament was reconfigured to eight 6-inch (152 mm) guns, eight 5-inch (127 mm) guns, and 122 Type 96 antiaircraft rapid-fire cannons.[15]","title":"Design and construction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Armor","text":"Being a battlecruiser, Kongō's armor was fairly thin. She was equipped with a 6- to 8-inch (152–203 mm) main belt. Kongō deck armor consisted of armor plating ranging from 1-inch (25 mm), 1.5-inches (38 mm), to 2.75-inches (7 cm), depending on the area. She was equipped with nine-inch (229 mm) barbette armor protecting the ammunition to her main guns, as well as turret armor consisting of 10-inch (254 mm) turret faces, and 9-inch (229 mm) plating over the sides and rear.[16]","title":"Design and construction"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Service history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HIJMS_Kongo.jpg"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stille14-18"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"link_name":"Yokosuka Naval Arsenal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokosuka_Naval_Arsenal"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cfrecord-7"},{"link_name":"Kure Naval Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kure_Naval_Base"},{"link_name":"German 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Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marianas_Islands"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cfrecord-7"},{"link_name":"Central Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Yokosuka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokosuka_(city)"},{"link_name":"Hiei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Hiei"},{"link_name":"Siege of Tsingtao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Tsingtao"},{"link_name":"Sasebo Naval Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasebo,_Nagasaki"},{"link_name":"Imperator Nikolai I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_battleship_Imperator_Nikolai_I_(1889)"},{"link_name":"dreadnought","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreadnought"},{"link_name":"Russo-Japanese War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War"},{"link_name":"warship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warship"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"East Asia Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asia_Squadron"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Falkland Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Falkland_Islands"},{"link_name":"Pacific Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cfrecord-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cfrecord-7"},{"link_name":"Washington Naval Treaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Naval_Treaty"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jackson-00-67-20"},{"link_name":"displacement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Displacement_(ship)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jackson-00-68-21"},{"link_name":"anti-torpedo bulges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-torpedo_bulge"},{"link_name":"armored","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armor"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jackson-00-68-21"},{"link_name":"Ise-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ise-class_battleship"},{"link_name":"Fusō-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fus%C5%8D-class_battleship"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Crown Prince Hirohito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirohito"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_under_Japanese_rule"},{"link_name":"Submarine No. 62","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_submarine_Ro-28"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"pagoda mast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagoda_mast"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stille15-24"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cfrecord-7"}],"sub_title":"1913–1929: Battlecruiser","text":"Japanese battlecruiser Kongo as first builtOn 16 August 1913, Kongō was completed and commissioned into the Imperial Japanese Navy (I.J.N.). Twelve days later, she departed from Portsmouth headed for Japan.[17] She was docked at Singapore from 20 to 27 October, before arriving at Yokosuka Naval Arsenal on 5 November, where she was placed in First Reserve.[6] In January 1914, she docked at Kure Naval Base for armament checks. On 3 August 1914, the German Empire declared war on France and then invaded via Belgium, sparking the beginning of World War I in the West. Twelve days later, Japan issued a warning to Kaiser Wilhelm II of the German Empire, ordering him to withdraw the German troops from their base at Qingdao, China. When the German Empire did not respond, Japan declared war on Germany on 23 August, occupying the former German possessions in the Caroline Islands, Palau Islands, Marshall Islands, and Marianas Islands.[6] Kongō was quickly deployed towards the Central Pacific to patrol the sea lines of communication of the German Empire. Kongō returned to the port of Yokosuka, Japan, on 12 September, and one month later, she was assigned to the First Battleship Division. In October, Kongō and her new sister ship Hiei sortied off the Chinese coast in support of Japanese army units during the Siege of Tsingtao. Then Kongō returned to Sasebo Naval Base for upgrades to her searchlights. On 3 October 1915, Kongō and Hiei participated in the sinking of the old Imperator Nikolai I as a practice target. She was a Russian pre-dreadnought that had been captured in 1905 during the Russo-Japanese War that had next served as an I.J.N. warship.[18] With the defeat of the German East Asia Squadron by the Royal Navy at the Battle of the Falkland Islands in December 1914, there was little or no need for I.J.N. operations in the Pacific Ocean. Kongō spent the rest of World War I either based at Sasebo or on patrol off the coast of China.[6] In December 1918, following the end of the hostilities of World War I, Kongō was placed in \"Second Reserve\". In April 1919, she was fitted with a new seawater flooding system for her ammunition magazines.[6]With the conclusion of World War I, and the signing of the Washington Naval Treaty on 6 February 1922, the size of the I.J.N. was significantly limited, with a ratio of 5:5:3 required between the capital ships of the United Kingdom, the United States, and the Japanese Empire, since the latter was responsible for only one ocean, rather than the two of the other countries, and fewer warships for France and Italy.[19] This Treaty also banned the signatories from building any new capital ships until 1931, with no capital ship permitted to exceed 35,000 long tons (36,000 t) in displacement.[20] Provided that new additions did not exceed 3,000 tons of displacement, the existing capital ships were allowed to be upgraded with improved anti-torpedo bulges and armored main decks.[20] By the time that the Washington Naval Treaty had been fully implemented in Japan, only three classes of World War I type capital ships remained active: the Ise-class battleships, the Kongō-class battlecruisers, and the Fusō-class battleships.[21]In April 1923, Kongō gave transportation to Crown Prince Hirohito during his official visit to the Japanese possession of Taiwan. On 14 June 1924, she collided with Submarine No. 62 during maneuvers.[22] In November 1924, Kongō docked at Yokosuka, where modifications were made to her main armament, increasing the elevation of her main guns and improving her fire-control systems. In 1927, Kongō underwent major modifications to her superstructure, rebuilding it into the pagoda mast style to accommodate the growing number of fire-control systems for her main guns.[23] In May 1928, her steering equipment was upgraded, before she was placed in reserve in preparation for major modifications and reconstruction in 1929–31.[6]","title":"Service history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kongo_after_reconstruction.jpg"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jackson-07-27-8"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stille16-16"},{"link_name":"Anti-torpedo bulges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-torpedo_bulges"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jackson-07-27-8"},{"link_name":"aircraft catapults","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_catapult"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stille16-16"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stille16-16"},{"link_name":"long tons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_ton"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jackson-07-27-8"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stille16-16"},{"link_name":"London Naval Treaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Naval_Treaty"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jackson-00-72-25"},{"link_name":"Japanese invasion of Manchuria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Manchuria"},{"link_name":"Nobutake Kondō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobutake_Kond%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cfrecord-7"},{"link_name":"Lytton Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lytton_Commission"},{"link_name":"League of Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Nations"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jackson-00-72-25"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jackson-00-72-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Nazi German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_German"},{"link_name":"Paul Wenneker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wenneker"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cfrecord-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kongo_off_Amoy_China_(cropped).jpg"}],"sub_title":"1929–1935: Reconstruction into battleship","text":"Kongō in 1931, following her first reconstructionProhibited by the Washington Treaty from constructing new capital ships until 1931, Japan resorted to upgrading their World War I-era battleships and battlecruisers. Beginning in September 1929, Kongō underwent extensive modernization and modification in drydock at Yokosuka Naval Arsenal.[7] Over the next two years, Kongō's horizontal armor near her ammunition magazines was strengthened, and the machinery spaces within the hull given increased torpedo protection.[15] Anti-torpedo bulges were added along the waterline, as permitted by the Washington Treaty.[7] She was refitted to accommodate three Type 90 Model 0 floatplanes, though no aircraft catapults were fitted.[15] To increase her speed and power, all 36 of her Yarrow boilers were removed, and then replaced with 16 newer boilers, and Brown-Curtis direct-drive turbines were installed.[15] Kongō's forward funnel was removed, and her second funnel was enlarged and lengthened. The modifications to her hull increased her armor weight from 6,502 to 10,313 long tons, directly violating the terms of the Washington Naval Treaty.[7] In March 1931, Kongō—now capable of a speed of 29 knots (54 km/h)—was reclassified as a battleship.[15]On 22 April 1930, Japan signed the London Naval Treaty, placing further restrictions on the signatories' naval forces. Several of her older battleships were scrapped, and no new capital ships were built as replacements.[24] After minor fitting-out work, Kongō's reconstruction begun in September 1929 and was declared complete on 31 March 1931. On 1 December 1931, two months after the Japanese invasion of Manchuria, Kongō was assigned to the First Battleship Division and also designated the flagship of the Combined Fleet. Additional rangefinders and searchlights were fitted to her superstructure in January 1932, and Captain Nobutake Kondō assumed command of the vessel in December. In 1933, aircraft catapults were fitted between the two rear turrets.[6]On 25 February 1933, following a report by the Lytton Commission, the League of Nations agreed that Japan's invasion of China had violated Chinese sovereignty.[24] Refusing to accept the judgement of this organization, Japan withdrew from the League of Nations on the same day.[24] Japan also immediately withdrew from the Washington Naval Treaty and the London Naval Treaty, thus removing all restrictions on the numbers and sizes of her capital warships.[25] In November 1934, Kongō was placed in Second Reserve in preparation for further modifications. On 10 January 1935, Kongō was toured by the Nazi German naval attaché to Japan, Captain Paul Wenneker, as part of a gunnery demonstration.[6]Kongō off the coast of Amoy (present day Xiamen) in 1938","title":"Service history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"aircraft carriers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_carrier"},{"link_name":"fineness ratio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fineness_ratio"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jackson-07-27-8"},{"link_name":"pagoda mast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagoda_mast"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stille16-16"},{"link_name":"catapults","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catapult"},{"link_name":"Nakajima E8N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakajima_E8N"},{"link_name":"Kawanishi E7K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawanishi_E7K"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stille18-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mccurtie185-28"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mccurtie185-28"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jackson-07-27-8"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Conway's-1"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stille16-16"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-11"},{"link_name":"Sasebo Naval District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasebo_Naval_District"},{"link_name":"Takeo Kurita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takeo_Kurita"},{"link_name":"Fuzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuzhou"},{"link_name":"Second Sino-Japanese War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cfrecord-7"},{"link_name":"Raizo Tanaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raizo_Tanaka"},{"link_name":"ammunition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammunition"},{"link_name":"Gunichi Mikawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunichi_Mikawa"},{"link_name":"Kirishima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Kirishima"},{"link_name":"Haruna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Haruna"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cfrecord-7"}],"sub_title":"1935–1941: Fast battleship","text":"On 1 June 1935, Kongō was dry-docked at Yokosuka Naval Arsenal in preparation for upgrades that would enable her to escort Japan's growing fleet of aircraft carriers. Her stern was lengthened by 26 feet (7.9 m) to improve her fineness ratio and her 16 older boilers were removed and then replaced with 11 oil-fired Kampon Boilers and newer geared turbines.[7] In addition, her bridge was completely reconstructed according to Japan's pagoda mast style of forward superstructure,[15] and catapults were added to support three Nakajima E8N or Kawanishi E7K reconnaissance and spotter floatplanes.[26]Kongō's armor was also extensively upgraded. Her main belt was strengthened to a uniform thickness of eight inches (up from varying thicknesses of six to eight inches), and also diagonal bulkheads of depths ranging from 5 to 8 inches (127 to 203 mm) were added to reinforce the main armored belt.[27] The turret armor was strengthened to 10 inches (254 mm), while 4 inches (102 mm) were added to portions of the deck armor.[27] Kongō's ammunition magazine protection was also strengthened to 4.0 inches (10 cm).[7] This reconstruction was finished on 8 January 1937.[1] Capable of greater than 30 knots (56 km/h), despite the significant increase in her hull displacement, Kongō was now reclassified as a fast battleship.[15] Despite this reclassification, however, Kongō could still very much be considered a battlecruiser in nature.[10]In February 1937, Kongō was assigned to the Sasebo Naval District, and in December she was placed under the command of Takeo Kurita in the Third Battleship Division. In April 1938, two float planes from Kongō bombed the Chinese city of Fuzhou during the Second Sino-Japanese War.[6] Throughout 1938 and 1939, Kongō steamed off the Chinese coast in support of Japanese Army operations during the war. In November 1939, Captain Raizo Tanaka assumed command of Kongō. From November 1940 to April 1941, additional armor was added to Kongō's armament barbettes and ammunition tubes, while ventilation and firefighting equipment was also improved. In August 1941, she was assigned to the Third Battleship Division under the command of Vice Admiral Gunichi Mikawa alongside her fully modified sister warships Hiei, Kirishima and the Haruna.[6]","title":"Service history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hashirajima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashirajima"},{"link_name":"War in the Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_the_Pacific"},{"link_name":"Nobutake Kondō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobutake_Kond%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stille19-29"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"the invasion of Thailand and the Malayan Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Malaya"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Prince of Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Prince_of_Wales_(53)"},{"link_name":"Repulse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Repulse_(1916)"},{"link_name":"quickly defeated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinking_of_Prince_of_Wales_and_Repulse"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam"},{"link_name":"Indochina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indochina"},{"link_name":"Lingayen Gulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingayen_Gulf"},{"link_name":"Luzon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luzon"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"Cam Ranh Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cam_Ranh_Bay"},{"link_name":"French Indochina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Indochina"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cfrecord-7"},{"link_name":"heavy cruisers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_cruiser"},{"link_name":"Takao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Takao_(1930)"},{"link_name":"Atago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Atago"},{"link_name":"Ambon Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambon_Island"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cfrecord-7"},{"link_name":"aircraft carriers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_carrier"},{"link_name":"heavy cruisers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_cruiser"},{"link_name":"Dutch East Indies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies"},{"link_name":"Island of Java","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java,_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jackson-07-27-8"},{"link_name":"Christmas Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_Island"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Staring-baai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staring-baai"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cfrecord-7"},{"link_name":"in attacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Ocean_raid"},{"link_name":"Colombo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombo"},{"link_name":"Trincomalee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trincomalee"},{"link_name":"Ceylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceylon"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"HMS Dorsetshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Dorsetshire_(40)"},{"link_name":"HMS Cornwall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Cornwall_(56)"},{"link_name":"naval task force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Task_force#Naval"},{"link_name":"British Eastern Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Eastern_Fleet"},{"link_name":"Admiral James Somerville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Somerville_(admiral)"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-boyle370-32"},{"link_name":"HMS Hermes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Hermes_(95)"},{"link_name":"Trincomalee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trincomalee"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-boyle370-32"},{"link_name":"bombers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomber"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cfrecord-7"},{"link_name":"heavy cruisers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_cruiser"},{"link_name":"Chōkai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Ch%C5%8Dkai"},{"link_name":"Myōkō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_My%C5%8Dk%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Haguro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Haguro"},{"link_name":"Nobutake Kondō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobutake_Kond%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Battle of Midway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Midway"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cfrecord-7"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stille19-29"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stille18-27"},{"link_name":"U.S. Marine Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Marine_Corps"},{"link_name":"amphibious landing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphibious_landing"},{"link_name":"Guadalcanal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalcanal"},{"link_name":"Solomon Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_Islands"},{"link_name":"task force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Task_force#Naval"},{"link_name":"Truk Naval Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truk_Lagoon"},{"link_name":"Central Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean"},{"link_name":"equator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equator"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Battle of Cape Esperance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Esperance"},{"link_name":"Guadalcanal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalcanal"},{"link_name":"Isoroku Yamamoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoroku_Yamamoto"},{"link_name":"light cruiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_cruiser"},{"link_name":"destroyers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroyer"},{"link_name":"air base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_base"},{"link_name":"Henderson Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henderson_Field_(Guadalcanal)"},{"link_name":"airfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airfield"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-schom382-35"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stille19-29"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-schom382-35"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Santa_Cruz_Islands"},{"link_name":"Grumman TBF Avenger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grumman_TBF_Avenger"},{"link_name":"Naval Battle of Guadalcanal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Battle_of_Guadalcanal"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cfrecord-7"}],"sub_title":"1942: Pacific War service","text":"Kongō and Haruna departed from the Hashirajima fleet anchorage on 29 November 1941 to begin the War in the Pacific as part of the Southern (Malay) Force's Main Body, under the overall command of Vice-Admiral Nobutake Kondō.[28] On 4 December 1941, the Main Body arrived off the coast of southern Thailand and northern Malaya in preparation for the invasion of Thailand and the Malayan Peninsula four days later.[29] When Britain's \"Force Z\"—consisting of the battleship Prince of Wales and the battlecruiser Repulse—was quickly defeated by Japan's land-based aircraft from southern Vietnam, Kongō's battlegroup withdrew from Malayan waters. This battlegroup subsequently sortied from Indochina for three days in mid-December to protect a reinforcement convoy traveling to Malaya, and again on 18 December to cover the Japanese Army's landing at Lingayen Gulf, Luzon, in the Philippines. The Main Body departed Cam Ranh Bay in French Indochina on 23 December bound for Taiwan, arriving two days later.[6] In January 1942, Kongō and the heavy cruisers Takao and Atago provided distant cover for air attacks on Ambon Island.[6]On 21 February, Kongō was joined by Haruna, four fast aircraft carriers, five heavy cruisers and numerous support ships in preparation for \"Operation J\", Japan's invasion of the Dutch East Indies. On 25 February, the Third Battleship Division provided cover for air attacks on the Island of Java.[7] Kongō bombarded Christmas Island off the western coast of Australia on 7 March 1942, and then she returned to Staring-baai for 15 days of standby alert.[6] In April 1942, Kongō joined five fleet carriers in attacks on Colombo and Trincomalee on Ceylon.[30] Following the destruction of the British heavy cruisers HMS Dorsetshire and HMS Cornwall on 5 April 1942, this naval task force moved southwest to locate the remainder of the British Eastern Fleet, then under the command of Admiral James Somerville.[31] On 9 April, one of Haruna's reconnaissance seaplanes spotted the aircraft carrier HMS Hermes south of Trincomalee. On the same day, Japanese air attacks sank the carrier,[31] and Kongō was attacked but missed by nine British medium bombers. Having crippled the offensive capability of Britain's Eastern Fleet, the Third Battleship Division returned to Japan. Kongō reached Sasebo on 22 April. From 23 April to 2 May, Kongō was drydocked for reconfiguration of her antiaircraft armament.[6]On 27 May 1942, Kongō sortied with Hiei and the heavy cruisers Atago, Chōkai, Myōkō, and Haguro as part of Admiral Nobutake Kondō's invasion force during the Battle of Midway.[6][28] Following the disastrous loss of four of the Combined Fleet's fast carriers on 4 June 1942, Kondō's force withdrew to Japan.[32] On 14 July she was assigned as the flagship of the restructured Third Battleship Division. In August, Kongō was drydocked at Kure to receive surface-detection radar and additional range finders.[26] In September, Kongō embarked with Hiei, Haruna, Kirishima, three carriers, and numerous smaller warships in response to the U.S. Marine Corps's amphibious landing on Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands. On 20 September, this task force was ordered to return to the Truk Naval Base in the Central Pacific north of the equator.[33]In the aftermath of the Battle of Cape Esperance, the Japanese Army opted to reinforce its troops on Guadalcanal. To protect their transport convoy from enemy air attack, Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto sent Haruna and Kongō, escorted by one light cruiser and nine destroyers, to bombard the American air base at Henderson Field. Because of their high speeds, these two battleships could bombard the airfield and then withdraw before being subjected to air attack from either land-based warplanes or American aircraft carriers.[34] On the night of 13–14 October, these two battleships shelled the area of Henderson Field from a distance of about 16,000 yards (15,000 m), firing 973 14-inch high-explosive shells. In the most successful Japanese battleship action of the war,[28] the bombardment heavily damaged both runways, destroyed almost all of the U.S. Marines' aviation fuel, destroyed or damaged 48 of the Marines' 90 warplanes, and killed 41 Marines.[35] A large Japanese troop and supply convoy reached Guadalcanal on the next day.[34]During the Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands on 26 October 1942, Kongō was attacked by four Grumman TBF Avenger torpedo bombers, but she received no hits. In mid-November, this battleship and other warships provided distant cover for the unsuccessful mission by the I.J.N. to bombard Henderson Field again and to deliver more Army reinforcements to Guadalcanal. On 15 November 1942, following the Japanese defeat and the sinking of Hiei and Kirishima during the Naval Battle of Guadalcanal, the Third Battleship Division returned to Truk, where it remained for the rest of 1942.[6]","title":"Service history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kongo1944.png"},{"link_name":"Operation Ke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Ke"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Truk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuuk_Lagoon"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stille18-27"},{"link_name":"U.S. Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Army"},{"link_name":"Attu Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Attu"},{"link_name":"Musashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Musashi"},{"link_name":"cruisers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruiser"},{"link_name":"USS Sawfish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Sawfish"},{"link_name":"naval task force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Task_force"},{"link_name":"Yokosuka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokosuka"},{"link_name":"light cruisers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_cruiser"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cfrecord-7"},{"link_name":"air raids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_bombing"},{"link_name":"Wake Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wake_Island"},{"link_name":"Inland Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seto_Inland_Sea"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jackson-07-27-8"}],"sub_title":"1943: Movement between bases","text":"Kongō in her 1944 configurationThroughout 1943, Kongō engaged no enemy targets. In late January 1943, she participated in \"Operation Ke\" as part of a diversionary and distant covering force to support I.J.N. destroyers that were evacuating Army troops from Guadalcanal.[36] From 15 February through 20 February 1943, the Third Battleship Division was transferred from Truk to the Kure Naval Base. On 27 February, Kongō was drydocked to receive upgrades to her antiaircraft armament, with the additions of two triple 25 mm gun mounts and the removal of two of her 6-inch turrets, while additional concrete protection was added near her steering gear.[26] On 17 May 1943, in response to the U.S. Army's invasion of Attu Island, Kongō sortied alongside the battleship Musashi, the Third Battleship Division, two fleet carriers, two cruisers, and nine destroyers. Three days later, the American submarine USS Sawfish spotted this naval task force, but she was unable to attack it. On 22 May 1943, the task force arrived in Yokosuka, where it was joined by an additional three fleet carriers and two light cruisers. This force was disbanded when Attu fell to the U.S. Army before the necessary preparations for a counterattack had been finished.[6]On 17 October 1943, Kongō again left Truk as part of a larger task force consisting of five battleships, three fleet carriers, eight heavy cruisers, three light cruisers, and numerous destroyers. These sortied in response to U.S. Navy air raids on Wake Island. No contact between the two forces was made, and the Japanese task force returned to Truk on 26 October 1943. She soon left Truk for home waters, and on 16 December 1943, Kongō arrived at Sasebo for refits and training in the Inland Sea.[7]","title":"Service history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kongo_under_attack.jpg"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stille18-27"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cfrecord-7"},{"link_name":"Tawitawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawitawi"},{"link_name":"Takeo Kurita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takeo_Kurita"},{"link_name":"Mariana Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariana_Islands"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Philippine Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Philippine_Sea"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stille20-4"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stille18-27"}],"sub_title":"1944: Combat and loss","text":"Kongō under attack during the Battle of the Philippine Sea, 20 June 1944In January 1944, Kongō was dry-docked for a reconfiguration of her anti-aircraft suite. Four 6-inch guns and a pair of twin 25 mm mounts were removed and replaced with six twin 5-inch guns and four triple 25 mm mounts.[26] The Third Battleship Division departed from Kure on 8 March 1944. Arriving at Lingga on 14 March 1944, the division remained for training until 11 May 1944.[6] On 11 May 1944, Kongō and Admiral Ozawa's Mobile Fleet departed from Lingga bound for Tawitawi, where they were joined by Vice-Admiral Takeo Kurita's \"Force C\". On 13 June, Ozawa's Mobile Fleet departed from Tawitawi bound for the Mariana Islands.[37] During the Battle of the Philippine Sea, Kongō escorted Japanese fast carriers, and remained undamaged in counterattacks from US carrier aircraft on 20 June.[4] When she returned to Japan, 13 triple and 40 single 25-mm mounts were added to her anti-aircraft armament, for a total of over 100 mounts. In August, two more 6-inch guns were removed and another eighteen single mounts installed.[26]","title":"Service history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Battle of Leyte Gulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf"},{"link_name":"Battle of Leyte Gulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Sibuyan Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Sibuyan_Sea"},{"link_name":"Battle off Samar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_off_Samar"},{"link_name":"escort carriers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escort_carrier"},{"link_name":"USS Hoel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Hoel_(DD-533)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cfrecord-7"},{"link_name":"USS Johnston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Johnston_(DD-557)"},{"link_name":"Kumano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Kumano"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Yamato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Yamato"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Gambier Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Gambier_Bay"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Heermann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Heermann"},{"link_name":"Samuel B. Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Samuel_B._Roberts_(DE-413)"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Brunei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cfrecord-7"}],"sub_title":"Battle of Leyte Gulf","text":"Main Article: Battle of Leyte GulfIn October 1944, Kongō departed from Lingga in preparation for \"Operation Sho-1\", Japan's counterattack during the Battle of Leyte Gulf, the largest naval engagement in history.[38] On 24 October, Kongō was undamaged by several near misses from American carrier aircraft in the Battle of the Sibuyan Sea. On 25 October, during the Battle off Samar, Kongō—as part of Admiral Kurita's Centre Force—engaged the US 7th Fleet's \"Taffy 3\", a battlegroup of escort carriers and destroyers. She targeted various destroyers, but to no avail in the beginning parts of the battle, before scoring a hit with her main battery to the bridge of the destroyer USS Hoel.[6]It's worth noting that for the longest time, it was believed that Kongō scored three hits with her 14-inch (356 mm) guns on the destroyer USS Johnston shortly after the valiant destroyer crippled the heavy cruiser Kumano, severe damage that cut Johnston's speed to 17 knots and took out all but two of her 5-inch guns, and according to the state of her wreck, split her in two and sank her a couple of hours later while under fire from a Japanese destroyer line.[39][40] On the contrary, Japanese records display that Kongō was blinded by a rain squall and unable to engage enemy ships at the time Johnston was hit, but fellow battleship Yamato claimed numerous hits with both her main and secondary battery on a US \"cruiser\" at the exact moment Johnston was hit by what is now commonly accepted as three 18.1-inch (46 cm) shells from Yamato, as well as three hits from Yamato's 6.1-inch (155 mm) secondary guns. Kongō in all reality failed to score a single hit on Johnston and played no role in her crippling and sinking.[41][42][43]Kongō then targeted the escort carrier Gambier Bay, claiming a hit with her main battery. However, said hit was also claimed by the aforementioned battleship Yamato, which is widely agreed upon to have scored the hit due to having the shorter range and the correct firing angle, and indeed, Yamato would be awarded credit for the hit by Japanese admiralty.[44] She then scored numerous hits on Hoel and the destroyer Heermann, heavily contributing to the former's sinking. At 09:12, she sank the destroyer escort Samuel B. Roberts. After a fierce defensive action by the American ships, which sank three Japanese heavy cruisers, Admiral Kurita elected to withdraw, ending the battle.[45] While retreating, Kongō suffered damage from five near misses from attacking aircraft. The fleet arrived at Brunei on 28 October.[6]","title":"Service history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yamato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Yamato"},{"link_name":"Nagato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Nagato"},{"link_name":"Formosa Strait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formosa_Strait"},{"link_name":"USS Sealion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Sealion_(SS-315)"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wheeler183-47"},{"link_name":"Urakaze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Urakaze_(1940)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cfrecord-7"},{"link_name":"Keelung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keelung"},{"link_name":"Formosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formosa"},{"link_name":"Hamakaze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Hamakaze_(1940)"},{"link_name":"Isokaze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Isokaze_(1939)"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wheeler183-47"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wheeler184-48"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stille20-4"},{"link_name":"Revenge-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revenge-class_battleship"},{"link_name":"HMS Royal Oak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Royal_Oak_(08)"},{"link_name":"Queen Elizabeth-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth-class_battleship"},{"link_name":"HMS Barham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Barham_(04)"}],"sub_title":"Sinking","text":"On 16 November, following a US air raid on Brunei, Kongō, along with Yamato, Nagato and the rest of the First Fleet, departed from Brunei bound for Kure in preparation for a major reorganization of the fleet and battle repairs. On 20 November, they entered the Formosa Strait. Shortly after midnight on 21 November, the submarine USS Sealion made radar contact with the fleet at 44,000 yards (40,000 m).[46] Maneuvering into position at 02:45, Sealion fired six bow torpedoes at Kongō followed by three stern torpedoes at Nagato fifteen minutes later. One minute after the first salvo was launched, two of the torpedoes were seen to hit Kongō on the port side, while a third sank the destroyer Urakaze with all hands.[6] The torpedoes flooded two of Kongō's boiler rooms, but she was still able to make 16 kn (30 km/h; 18 mph). By 05:00, she had slowed to 11 kn (20 km/h; 13 mph) and was given permission to break off from the fleet and head to the port of Keelung in Formosa along with the destroyers Hamakaze and Isokaze as escort.[46] Within fifteen minutes of detaching from the main force, Kongō was listing 45 degrees and flooding uncontrollably. At 5:18 the ship lost all power and the order was given to abandon ship.[47] At 5:24, while the evacuation was under way, the forward 14-inch magazine exploded, and the broken ship sank quickly, with the loss of over 1,200 of her crew, including the commander of the Third Battleship Division and her captain.[4]Kongō is believed to have sunk in 350 feet (110 m) of water approximately 55 nautical miles (102 km; 63 mi) northwest of Keelung. She was one of only three British-built battleships sunk by submarine attack during World War II. The other two were the British Revenge-class battleship HMS Royal Oak and the Queen Elizabeth-class battleship HMS Barham.","title":"Service history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-84053-089-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84053-089-8"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0043-0374","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0043-0374"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-87021-907-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87021-907-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-897884-60-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-897884-60-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-905704-72-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-905704-72-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-953-8218-26-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-953-8218-26-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-60888-046-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60888-046-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-85170-194-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85170-194-X"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-55750-481-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55750-481-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-393-32628-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-32628-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8094-2516-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8094-2516-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-84603-280-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-280-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7858-2200-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7858-2200-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8094-3376-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8094-3376-1"},{"link_name":"Keegan, John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Keegan"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-58834-192-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58834-192-5"}],"text":"Boyle, David (1998). World War II in Photographs. London. Rebo Productions. ISBN 1-84053-089-8.\nBrennan, Joe (2017). \"Question 36/51: Japanese 14-in Sub-Caliber Shells\". Warship International. LIV (4): 289. ISSN 0043-0374.\nGardiner, Robert & Gray, Randal, eds. (1985). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-907-3.\nJackson, Robert (2000). The World's Great Battleships. Dallas: Brown Books. ISBN 1-897884-60-5.\nJackson, Robert (editor) (2008). 101 Great Warships. London: Amber Books. ISBN 978-1-905704-72-9.\nLengerer, Hans & Ahlberg, Lars (2019). Capital Ships of the Imperial Japanese Navy 1868–1945: Ironclads, Battleships and Battle Cruisers: An Outline History of Their Design, Construction and Operations. Vol. I: Armourclad Fusō to Kongō Class Battle Cruisers. Zagreb, Croatia: Despot Infinitus. ISBN 978-953-8218-26-2.\nLundgren, Robert (2014). The World Wonder'd: What Really Happened Off Samar. Nimble Books. ISBN 978-1-60888-046-1.\nMcCurtie, Francis (1989) [1945]. Jane's Fighting Ships of World War II. London: Bracken Books. ISBN 1-85170-194-X.\nMcLaughlin, Stephen (2003). Russian & Soviet Battleships. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-481-4.\nSchom, Alan (2004). The Eagle and the Rising Sun; The Japanese-American War, 1941–1943. New York: Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-32628-4.\nSteinberg, Rafael (1980) Return to the Philippines. New York: Time-Life Books Inc. ISBN 0-8094-2516-5.\nStille, Cdr Mark (2008). Imperial Japanese Navy Battleship 1941–1945. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84603-280-6.\nSwanston, Alexander & Swanston, Malcolm (2007). The Historical Atlas of World War II. London: Cartographica Press Ltd. ISBN 0-7858-2200-3.\nWheeler, Keith (1980). War Under the Pacific. New York: Time-Life Books. ISBN 0-8094-3376-1.\nWillmott, H.P. & Keegan, John [1999] (2002). The Second World War in the Far East. Smithsonian Books. ISBN 1-58834-192-5.","title":"Bibliography"}] | [{"image_text":"Kongō on the ways at Barrow, showing two of the propellers and the port rudder, Scientific American, 1913","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Kongo_on_the_ways%2C_showing_two_of_the_propellers_and_the_port_rudder_-_Scientific_American_1913.jpg/220px-Kongo_on_the_ways%2C_showing_two_of_the_propellers_and_the_port_rudder_-_Scientific_American_1913.jpg"},{"image_text":"Kongō on full power trials 8 May 1913","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Kong%C5%8D.jpg/300px-Kong%C5%8D.jpg"},{"image_text":"Japanese battlecruiser Kongo as first built","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/HIJMS_Kongo.jpg/220px-HIJMS_Kongo.jpg"},{"image_text":"Kongō in 1931, following her first reconstruction","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Kongo_after_reconstruction.jpg/220px-Kongo_after_reconstruction.jpg"},{"image_text":"Kongō off the coast of Amoy (present day Xiamen) in 1938","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Kongo_off_Amoy_China_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Kongo_off_Amoy_China_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Kongō in her 1944 configuration","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Kongo1944.png/220px-Kongo1944.png"},{"image_text":"Kongō under attack during the Battle of the Philippine Sea, 20 June 1944","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Kongo_under_attack.jpg/220px-Kongo_under_attack.jpg"}] | [{"title":"List by death toll of ships sunk by submarines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_by_death_toll_of_ships_sunk_by_submarines"}] | [{"reference":"DiGiulian, Tony (2010). \"Japanese 6\"/50\". Navweaps.com. Retrieved 26 February 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.navweaps.com/Weapons/WNJAP_6-50_t41.htm","url_text":"\"Japanese 6\"/50\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kongo-class Battleship\". Combined Fleet. Retrieved 10 September 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://combinedfleet.com/ships/kongo","url_text":"\"Kongo-class Battleship\""}]},{"reference":"Bob Hackett; Sander Kingsepp; Lars Ahlberg. \"IJN Battleship KONGO: Tabular Record of Movement\". Combined Fleet. Retrieved 10 September 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.combinedfleet.com/kongo.htm","url_text":"\"IJN Battleship KONGO: Tabular Record of Movement\""}]},{"reference":"Mitchell, Richard H. (1996). Political Bribery in Japan. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. pp. 28–31. ISBN 978-0824818197.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Hawaii_Press","url_text":"University of Hawaii Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0824818197","url_text":"978-0824818197"}]},{"reference":"\"Siemens Affäre: Dunkle Machenschaften Made in Germany\" [Siemens Affair: Dark Machinations Made in Germany]. Der Spiegel (in German). 14 September 2008. Retrieved 17 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.spiegel.de/geschichte/siemens-affaere-a-947908.html","url_text":"\"Siemens Affäre: Dunkle Machenschaften Made in Germany\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Spiegel","url_text":"Der Spiegel"}]},{"reference":"IJN Kongo - Guide 174, 11 April 2020, retrieved 1 April 2023","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pVh_BmXtfrM","url_text":"IJN Kongo - Guide 174"}]},{"reference":"DiGiulian, Tony (2009). \"Japanese 14\"/45 (35.6 cm) 41st Year Type\". Navweaps.com. Retrieved 26 February 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://navweaps.com/Weapons/WNJAP_14-45_t41.htm","url_text":"\"Japanese 14\"/45 (35.6 cm) 41st Year Type\""}]},{"reference":"\"Japanese Naval Ordnance: 14\"/45 caliber\". Combined Fleet. Retrieved 11 February 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://combinedfleet.com/360_45.htm","url_text":"\"Japanese Naval Ordnance: 14\"/45 caliber\""}]},{"reference":"DiGiulian, Tony (2008). \"Japanese 5\"/40\". Navweaps.com. Retrieved 26 February 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.navweaps.com/Weapons/WNJAP_5-40_t89.htm","url_text":"\"Japanese 5\"/40\""}]},{"reference":"dreadnaughtz (24 February 2021). \"Kongō class Fast Battleships (1912)\". naval encyclopedia. Retrieved 1 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://naval-encyclopedia.com/ww2/japan/kongo-class-fast-battleships.php","url_text":"\"Kongō class Fast Battleships (1912)\""}]},{"reference":"Dogfights: U.S. Beats Back the Japanese Navy (S1, E8) | Full Episode, 4 November 2021, retrieved 16 April 2023","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_zrorXYgh-A","url_text":"Dogfights: U.S. Beats Back the Japanese Navy (S1, E8) | Full Episode"}]},{"reference":"Newly Released Computer Model of USS Johnston Shipwreck Displays Evidence of Explosions, November 2022, retrieved 16 April 2023","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kcUYuVA9Rfs","url_text":"Newly Released Computer Model of USS Johnston Shipwreck Displays Evidence of Explosions"}]},{"reference":"Hackett, Bob; Kingsepp, Sander. \"IJN Battleship YAMATO: Tabular Record of Movement\". Combined Fleet. Retrieved 16 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.combinedfleet.com/yamato.htm","url_text":"\"IJN Battleship YAMATO: Tabular Record of Movement\""}]},{"reference":"\"Yamato and Musashi Internet Photo Archive\". ultimatebattleshipyamatosite.tripod.com. Retrieved 16 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://ultimatebattleshipyamatosite.tripod.com/the_ultimate_battles/","url_text":"\"Yamato and Musashi Internet Photo Archive\""}]},{"reference":"Brennan, Joe (2017). \"Question 36/51: Japanese 14-in Sub-Caliber Shells\". Warship International. LIV (4): 289. ISSN 0043-0374.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0043-0374","url_text":"0043-0374"}]},{"reference":"Gardiner, Robert & Gray, Randal, eds. (1985). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-907-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87021-907-3","url_text":"0-87021-907-3"}]},{"reference":"Lengerer, Hans & Ahlberg, Lars (2019). Capital Ships of the Imperial Japanese Navy 1868–1945: Ironclads, Battleships and Battle Cruisers: An Outline History of Their Design, Construction and Operations. Vol. I: Armourclad Fusō to Kongō Class Battle Cruisers. Zagreb, Croatia: Despot Infinitus. ISBN 978-953-8218-26-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-953-8218-26-2","url_text":"978-953-8218-26-2"}]},{"reference":"Lundgren, Robert (2014). The World Wonder'd: What Really Happened Off Samar. Nimble Books. ISBN 978-1-60888-046-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60888-046-1","url_text":"978-1-60888-046-1"}]},{"reference":"McLaughlin, Stephen (2003). Russian & Soviet Battleships. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-481-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55750-481-4","url_text":"1-55750-481-4"}]},{"reference":"Wheeler, Keith (1980). War Under the Pacific. New York: Time-Life Books. ISBN 0-8094-3376-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8094-3376-1","url_text":"0-8094-3376-1"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Japanese_battleship_Kong%C5%8D¶ms=26_09_N_121_23_E_type:landmark_source:dewiki","external_links_name":"26°09′N 121°23′E / 26.150°N 121.383°E / 26.150; 121.383"},{"Link":"http://www.navweaps.com/Weapons/WNJAP_6-50_t41.htm","external_links_name":"\"Japanese 6\"/50\""},{"Link":"http://combinedfleet.com/ships/kongo","external_links_name":"\"Kongo-class Battleship\""},{"Link":"http://www.combinedfleet.com/kongo.htm","external_links_name":"\"IJN Battleship KONGO: Tabular Record of Movement\""},{"Link":"https://www.spiegel.de/geschichte/siemens-affaere-a-947908.html","external_links_name":"\"Siemens Affäre: Dunkle Machenschaften Made in Germany\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pVh_BmXtfrM","external_links_name":"IJN Kongo - Guide 174"},{"Link":"http://navweaps.com/Weapons/WNJAP_14-45_t41.htm","external_links_name":"\"Japanese 14\"/45 (35.6 cm) 41st Year Type\""},{"Link":"http://combinedfleet.com/360_45.htm","external_links_name":"\"Japanese Naval Ordnance: 14\"/45 caliber\""},{"Link":"http://www.navweaps.com/Weapons/WNJAP_5-40_t89.htm","external_links_name":"\"Japanese 5\"/40\""},{"Link":"https://naval-encyclopedia.com/ww2/japan/kongo-class-fast-battleships.php","external_links_name":"\"Kongō class Fast Battleships (1912)\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=w3SwjKNvUUcC&q=ondo&pg=PA56","external_links_name":"Airship Investigation: Report of Col. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunqur_al-Ashqar | Sunqur al-Ashqar | ["1 Early career","2 Viceroy of Syria","2.1 Appointment and sultanic ambitions","2.2 Rebellion in Damascus","3 Control of Sahyun","4 Return to Cairo and later career","5 References","6 Bibliography"] | Shams al-Din Sunqur al-Ashqar al-Salihi (Arabic: شمس الدين سنقر الأشقر الصالحي) was the Mamluk viceroy of Damascus in 1279–1280, who attempted to rule Syria independently, in a rebellion against the Egypt-based sultan Qalawun (r. 1279–1290). While the rebellion in Damascus was quashed in 1280, Sunqur ensconced himself in the Sahyun Castle in the coastal mountains of northern Syria. He joined Qalawun in the successful defense of Syria against the Ilkhanid Mongols at the Battle of Homs in 1281. He remained in a state of peaceful relations with the sultan, despite ruling his coastal principality independently.
Sunqur's rule came to an end with the capture of Sahyun by Qalawun's deputy Turuntay in 1287. Sunqur returned to Cairo, where he was given the highest military ranks and considerable honors and benefits by Qalawun. The latter's son and successor, al-Ashraf Khalil (r. 1290–1293) imprisoned Sunqur and had him executed in 1293 for defying his orders to hand over part of the wealth he ended up controlling after the sultan's earlier execution of Turuntay.
Early career
Sunqur was nicknamed al-Ashqar al-Rumi (lit. 'the blond, the Greek'). He was born around 1223 and was an ethnic Mongol. He was a mamluk (slave soldier) of al-Salih Ayyub (r. 1240–1249), the Ayyubid sultan of Egypt, who appointed him to the Bahriyya (adj. 'Bahri'), a mamluk regiment based in Roda Island in the capital Cairo. The Bahri mamluks were part of the large Salihiyya corps, i.e. the mamluks of al-Salih Ayyub. During this period, he became acquainted with another Bahri mamluk of al-Salih Ayyub, the future Mamluk sultan Qalawun. The Ayyubids of Egypt were toppled by their mamluks in 1250, inaugurating the Mamluk state. Sunqur and Qalawun were associates of the powerful deputy of Mamluk sultan Aybak (r. 1250–1257), Faris al-Din Aktay. When the latter was murdered in the Bahri citadel on Aybak's orders in 1254, Sunqur and Qalawun fled the citadel for Ayyubid Syria.
During their time in Syria, the Bahri exiles became divided, with one faction, including Sunqur, defecting to the Ayyubid emir of al-Karak, al-Mughith Khidr, while the other, led by Baybars, joined the Ayyubid emir of Damascus, al-Nasir Yusuf. The defectors to Khidr were eventually imprisoned by al-Nasir Yusuf, but during the Mongol invasion of Syria, Sunqur was freed by the Mongols, who conquered the Ayyubid principalities there and made Sunqur their honored guest. Baybars, by now having returned to Egypt under the new sultan Qutuz, led the Mamluk victory against the Mongols in Syria at the Battle of Ain Jalut, capturing most of the region in 1260. Six years later, during the Battle of Mari against the Cilician Armenians, Baybars captured Leo II, a son of their king, Hethoum, and used him to ransom Sunqur from the Mongols, who were allies of the Armenians. Sunqur initially reacted with hesitation at the prospect of being released to Baybars, as he feared punishment for his previous defection from him during their service with the Ayyubids. According to the historian Linda Northrup, the effort to release Sunqur was an indication of the high regard Baybars held for him.
Along with another Bahri mamluk, Badr al-Din al-Baysari, Sunqur became the most devoted loyalist of Baybars, who had acceded as sultan in late 1260, with Sunqur and al-Baysari referred to in the sources as "the two wings" of Baybars. Baybars built a house for Sunqur next to his own in Cairo in 1267. While its location and specific descriptions of its structure do not exist, it contained an iwan, majlis (private reception room) and a type of qa'a (roofed reception area) called a hurmiyya.
Baybars was succeeded by his son, al-Sa'id Baraka (r. 1277–1279). Sunqur and al-Baysari practically ran the Mamluk state in the immediate aftermath of Baybars's death. Advised by his upstart emirs to assert his sultanic authority, al-Sa'id had them both arrested. This caused major controversy among the mamluks, with higher-ranking emirs confronting the sultan to reverse course. Al-Sa'id soon after freed Sunqur and al-Baysari. Sunqur eventually gained the good graces of al-Sa'id's khushdashiyya, who supported his promotion to the office of viceroy of the sultan. This was probably due to Sunqur's willingness to allow al-Sa'id's loyalists to pilfer the state coffers in exchange for their support. Sunqur served as an envoy for al-Sa'id with other senior mamluks, such as Qalawun and one of the sultan's disaffected viceroys, Kunduk.
Viceroy of Syria
Appointment and sultanic ambitions
Sunqur may have resented al-Sa'id's rule, believing himself better suited to rule than the young sultan. He practically defected from him, when he refused to accompany him back to Cairo. Al-Sa'id died soon after and was succeeded by his brother Solamish, who was seven years old at the time. Sunqur did not act on his ambitions for power, preferring to wait out events. When Qalawun became the atabek al-asakir (commander-in-chief), and thus the practical ruler of the sultanate, Sunqur joined his entourage. He was appointed viceroy of Damascus, the second highest-ranking post in the sultanate, in September 1279. Soon after Sunqur arrived to assume office in Damascus, Qalawun had been elevated to sultan.
While the office of viceroy of Syria brought Sunqur control over substantial wealth, fortresses, and troops, as well as eminence among the other mamluks, he probably viewed the appointment as a move by Qalawun to sideline him from the center of power in Cairo and remove him as a potential rival to the sultanate. He viewed himself as more worthy of the sultanate. His dissatisfaction at the political situation was reflected in his absence from Qalawun's coronation ceremony, whilst all other senior mamluks were in attendance. Nevertheless, in December 1279, Qalawun's name was pronounced in the Friday prayers sermons in Syria's cities, a formal recognition of his sultanate in Sunqur's domains.
Rebellion in Damascus
Under the Ayyubids, Syrian territories were ruled by members of the ruling family, who viewed themselves as equals of their relative, the sultan of Egypt. They frequently attempted to rule independently, a pattern which continued under the early Mamluk sultans. Qalawun's toppling of Solamish in Cairo was taken as a signal by Sunqur to act as sovereign in Syria.
Sunqur responded favorably to the invitation by the Ayyubid emir, al-Mughith Khidr, to join the Syrian opposition to Qalawun. In early 1280, Sunqur declared himself independent, adopting the regnal title al-Malik al-Kamil, leading a royal procession in Damascus, and having his name read in the Friday prayer sermons. He proposed to Qalawun that be left to control the region between al-Arish and the Euphrates valley. He did not advocate secession from the sultanate, but autonomy of the kind enjoyed by the Ayyubid emir of Hama, a principality spared full absorption by the Mamluk state.
Qalawun initially responded by diplomatic means, sending Salihi emissaries to appeal to the khushdashiyya between Sunqur and Qalawun and invite the former back to obedience. Sunqur maintained his rebellion, attracting the other Salihi mamluks in Damascus to his side. Qalawun dispatched a small force to Palestine, which engaged with a small troop loyal to Sunqur in Gaza. Sunqur's men were put to flight, regrouping in Ramla. A larger force, numbering 6,000 men, was sent by Qalawun against Damascus, likely with the intention to intimidate Sunqur into submission. Sunqur gained a fatwa from the scholar Ibn Khallikan of Damascus, permitting him to challenge the Egyptian army. Sunqur gathered 14,000 mamluks and other troops from across Syria, especially from the Mamluk governors of Aleppo and Baalbek, the Ayyubid governor of Hama, and the Al Fadl, Bedouin Arabs of the Syrian steppe, under Isa ibn Muhanna. Despite their greater numbers, most defected to the Egyptian army during a confrontation at al-Jassora in June 1280. Sunqur, while having fought with distinction, was deprived of his mamluk troops and retreated with the Bedouins of Isa ibn Muhanna and a small coteries of loyalists to the fortress of al-Rahba, along the Euphrates. Damascus surrendered to Qalawun's forces after securing aman (guarantee of safety). Sunqur was formally replaced as na'ib al-saltana of Damascus by one of his former prisoners, the mamluk Lajin.
Control of Sahyun
The Sahyun Castle
Mamluk troops soon after pursued Sunqur, who thereafter left Isa ibn Muhanna's company in the Syrian desert for refuge in the castle of Sahyun, near the Crusader-held port city of Latakia in the northern coastal mountains of Syria. At Sahyun, Sunqur corresponded with the Mongols, promising to join with their forces in the event of a Mongol invasion. However, when the Mongols invaded Syria in late 1280, Sunqur threw in his lot with the Mamluks. Several versions explaining Sunqur's motives exist, including requests by Qalawun's envoys to present a united front against the Mongols and beratement by Isa ibn Muhanna or Sufi sheikhs to not defect from Islam by joining the Mongols at his old age. In any case, Sunqur and his relatively small detachment of troops joined the Mamluk army assembled at Hama, but without integrating under its command. The Mongols captured Aleppo, which had been abandoned by its inhabitants and Mamluk garrison, but withdrew two days later, after which the Muslim troops at Hama pursued them. The Mongols' abandonment of their invasion was ascribed by the sources to the unexpected defection of Sunqur, the assembly of a large Mamluk force at Hama, or the demonstration of power by Qalawun. Following this event, more of Sunqur's men defected to Qalawun.
After Qalawun executed Kunduk and other leading emirs in reaction to an assassination plot against him, another leading emir, Aytamish al-Sa'di, defected to Sunqur at Sahyun with 300 of his horsemen. In the meantime, Sunqur had gained the defection of the Mamluk emir of Shaizar fortress, to the west of Hama. The fortress was assaulted by Qalawun's troops and its commander died. Negotiations ensued between Qalawun and Sunqur, whereby it was agreed that Sunqur would surrender Shaizar in return for a pardon and continued control over Sahyun as an iqta (akin to a fief). After this agreement was struck, Mongol armies under Manku Timur invaded northern Syria. Qalawun hurried to confront the challenge, setting up camp with the emirs of the Mamluk armies of Egypt and Syria at a site near Homs. Qalawun summoned Sunqur to join the effort, which he complied with in return for promises that he would be allowed to return to Sahyun. His arrival, along with that of Aytamish, at the sultan's camp significantly boosted the morale of the Mamluk troops. The Mongols were routed at the battle outside Homs, forcing their retreat from Syria. Sunqur was allowed to return to Sahyun.
In May 1285, Qalawun captured Margat, a Crusader fortress in the coastal mountain south of Sahyun. He proceeded against the Crusaders further, capturing from them the nearby inland fort of Bulunyas and the island fortress of Maraclea. Marqab was preserved and garrisoned. These developments enabled him to focus on finally subduing Sunqur at Sahyun. In 1286/1287 the sultan commissioned his deputy, Turuntay, to besiege Sahyun. Turuntay arrived in early 1287, offering Sunqur the opportunity to surrender peacefully in return for the sultan's pardon. He refused, but relented after the assault against the fortress commenced. Sunqur surrendered Sahyun and its satellite fortresses in April or May 1287.
Return to Cairo and later career
Sunqur arrived with Turuntay in Cairo afterward, where he received a grand reception by Qalalwun, his sons, the family of Baybars, the Mamluk armies, the leading emirs and his fellow Salihi mamluks. The sultan gave him the highest rank, amir mi'a, muqaddam alf (emir of one hundred cavalry, commander of one thousand mamluks). He was given the prestigious honor of quarters in the Cairo Citadel, the seat of the empire, and became an adviser and friend of the sultan, who continued to treat him honorably through the end of his reign in 1290. According to Northrup, Qalawun's "magnanimous" treatment of Sunqur and other senior rivals "was not entirely altruistic". As the sultan still lacked full support among the mamluk factions, he aimed to gain their goodwill by giving Sunqur and the sons of Baybars considerable freedom and benefits.
Sunqur initially enjoyed close ties with Qalawun's successor, his son al-Ashraf Khalil (r. 1290–1293), who promised to restore to him the fortress of Sahyun. When Turuntay, the second-in-command to the sultan, ran afoul of al-Ashraf Khalil, Sunqur inherited his position. However, Clifford holds this favor "spoiled him as it had Turuntay". Wary of Sunqur overstepping his power, al-Ashraf Khalil ordered him to surrender some of the assets of Turuntay, which Sunqur rejected. After initial hesitation to act against Sunqur, al-Ashraf Khalil was persuaded by his advisers to imprison Sunqur. He was executed in 1293.
References
^ Balog 1969, p. 296.
^ a b Yosef 2022, p. 78.
^ Northrup 1998, p. 90.
^ Clifford 2013, p. 85, note 7.
^ a b c Northrup 1998, p. 91.
^ Rabbat 1995, p. 114.
^ Rabbat 1995, p. 115.
^ Clifford 2013, p. 115.
^ Clifford 2013, p. 119.
^ Northrup 1998, pp. 91–92.
^ Northrup 1998, pp. 92–93.
^ a b Clifford 2013, p. 132.
^ Northrup 1998, p. 92.
^ Clifford 2013, p. 133.
^ Clifford 2013, pp. 133–134.
^ Northrup 1998, p. 204.
^ Northrup 1998, p. 94.
^ Clifford 2013, p. 134.
^ Northrup 1998, pp. 94–95.
^ Northrup 1998, p. 95.
^ Northrup 1998, p. 97.
^ Northrup 1998, p. 101.
^ Northrup 1998, p. 102.
^ Northrup 1998, p. 105.
^ Northrup 1998, pp. 106–107.
^ Northrup 1998, p. 109.
^ Northrup 1998, p. 112.
^ Northrup 1998, pp. 130–132.
^ Northrup 1998, p. 136.
^ a b Northrup 1998, p. 137.
^ a b c Clifford 2013, p. 150.
Bibliography
Balog, Paul (1969). "A dirhem of Al-Kāmil Shams Al-Dīn Sunqur, rebel sultān of Syria, hitherto unrecorded in numismatics (679 H.=1280 A.D.)". Revue Numismatique. 6 (11): 296–299. doi:10.3406/numi.1969.991.
Clifford, Winslow William (2013). Conermann, Stephan (ed.). State formation and the structure of politics in Mamluk Syro-Egypt, 648–741 A.H./1250–1340 C.E. Bonn University Press: V and R Unipress. ISBN 978-3-8471-0091-1.
Northrup, Linda S. (1998). From Slave to Sultan: The Career of Al-Manṣūr Qalāwūn and the Consolidation of Mamluk Rule in Egypt and Syria (678–689 A.H./1279–1290 A.D.). Franz Steiner. ISBN 3-515-06861-9.
Rabbat, Nasser O. (1995). The Citadel of Cairo: A New Interpretation of Royal Mamluk Architecture. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 90-04-10124-1.
Yosef, Koby (2022). "The Names of the Mamluks: Ethnic Groups and Ethnic Solidarity in the Mamluk Sultanate (648-922, 1250-1517)". In Levanoni, Amalia (ed.). Egypt and Syria under Mamluk Rule: Political, Social and Cultural Aspects. Leiden: Brill. pp. 59–118. ISBN 978-90-04-45951-9. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Turuntay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turuntay&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"al-Ashraf Khalil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ashraf_Khalil"}],"text":"Sunqur's rule came to an end with the capture of Sahyun by Qalawun's deputy Turuntay in 1287. Sunqur returned to Cairo, where he was given the highest military ranks and considerable honors and benefits by Qalawun. The latter's son and successor, al-Ashraf Khalil (r. 1290–1293) imprisoned Sunqur and had him executed in 1293 for defying his orders to hand over part of the wealth he ended up controlling after the sultan's earlier execution of Turuntay.","title":"Sunqur al-Ashqar"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalog1969296-1"},{"link_name":"Mongol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongols"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYosef202278-2"},{"link_name":"mamluk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluk"},{"link_name":"al-Salih Ayyub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Salih_Ayyub"},{"link_name":"Ayyubid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayyubid"},{"link_name":"Bahriyya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahri_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Roda Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roda_Island"},{"link_name":"Cairo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo"},{"link_name":"Mamluk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Qalawun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qalawun"},{"link_name":"Aybak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aybak"},{"link_name":"Faris al-Din Aktay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faris_al-Din_Aktay"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorthrup199890-3"},{"link_name":"al-Karak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Karak"},{"link_name":"al-Mughith Khidr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Mughith_Khidr&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Baybars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baybars"},{"link_name":"al-Nasir Yusuf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Nasir_Yusuf"},{"link_name":"Mongol invasion of Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Syria"},{"link_name":"conquered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Aleppo_(1260)"},{"link_name":"Qutuz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qutuz"},{"link_name":"Battle of Ain Jalut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ain_Jalut"},{"link_name":"Battle of Mari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mari"},{"link_name":"Cilician Armenians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilician_Armenia"},{"link_name":"Leo II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_II,_King_of_Armenia"},{"link_name":"Hethoum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hethum_I,_King_of_Armenia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClifford201385,_note_7-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorthrup199891-5"},{"link_name":"Badr al-Din al-Baysari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Badr_al-Din_al-Baysari&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabbat1995114-6"},{"link_name":"iwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwan"},{"link_name":"majlis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majlis"},{"link_name":"qa'a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qa%27a_(room)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabbat1995115-7"},{"link_name":"al-Sa'id Baraka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Said_Barakah"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClifford2013115-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClifford2013119-9"},{"link_name":"Kunduk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kunduk&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorthrup199891-5"}],"text":"Sunqur was nicknamed al-Ashqar al-Rumi (lit. 'the blond, the Greek').[1] He was born around 1223 and was an ethnic Mongol.[2] He was a mamluk (slave soldier) of al-Salih Ayyub (r. 1240–1249), the Ayyubid sultan of Egypt, who appointed him to the Bahriyya (adj. 'Bahri'), a mamluk regiment based in Roda Island in the capital Cairo. The Bahri mamluks were part of the large Salihiyya corps, i.e. the mamluks of al-Salih Ayyub. During this period, he became acquainted with another Bahri mamluk of al-Salih Ayyub, the future Mamluk sultan Qalawun. The Ayyubids of Egypt were toppled by their mamluks in 1250, inaugurating the Mamluk state. Sunqur and Qalawun were associates of the powerful deputy of Mamluk sultan Aybak (r. 1250–1257), Faris al-Din Aktay. When the latter was murdered in the Bahri citadel on Aybak's orders in 1254, Sunqur and Qalawun fled the citadel for Ayyubid Syria.[3]During their time in Syria, the Bahri exiles became divided, with one faction, including Sunqur, defecting to the Ayyubid emir of al-Karak, al-Mughith Khidr, while the other, led by Baybars, joined the Ayyubid emir of Damascus, al-Nasir Yusuf. The defectors to Khidr were eventually imprisoned by al-Nasir Yusuf, but during the Mongol invasion of Syria, Sunqur was freed by the Mongols, who conquered the Ayyubid principalities there and made Sunqur their honored guest. Baybars, by now having returned to Egypt under the new sultan Qutuz, led the Mamluk victory against the Mongols in Syria at the Battle of Ain Jalut, capturing most of the region in 1260. Six years later, during the Battle of Mari against the Cilician Armenians, Baybars captured Leo II, a son of their king, Hethoum, and used him to ransom Sunqur from the Mongols, who were allies of the Armenians. Sunqur initially reacted with hesitation at the prospect of being released to Baybars, as he feared punishment for his previous defection from him during their service with the Ayyubids.[4] According to the historian Linda Northrup, the effort to release Sunqur was an indication of the high regard Baybars held for him.[5]Along with another Bahri mamluk, Badr al-Din al-Baysari, Sunqur became the most devoted loyalist of Baybars, who had acceded as sultan in late 1260, with Sunqur and al-Baysari referred to in the sources as \"the two wings\" of Baybars.[6] Baybars built a house for Sunqur next to his own in Cairo in 1267. While its location and specific descriptions of its structure do not exist, it contained an iwan, majlis (private reception room) and a type of qa'a (roofed reception area) called a hurmiyya.[7]Baybars was succeeded by his son, al-Sa'id Baraka (r. 1277–1279). Sunqur and al-Baysari practically ran the Mamluk state in the immediate aftermath of Baybars's death. Advised by his upstart emirs to assert his sultanic authority, al-Sa'id had them both arrested. This caused major controversy among the mamluks, with higher-ranking emirs confronting the sultan to reverse course. Al-Sa'id soon after freed Sunqur and al-Baysari.[8] Sunqur eventually gained the good graces of al-Sa'id's khushdashiyya, who supported his promotion to the office of viceroy of the sultan. This was probably due to Sunqur's willingness to allow al-Sa'id's loyalists to pilfer the state coffers in exchange for their support.[9] Sunqur served as an envoy for al-Sa'id with other senior mamluks, such as Qalawun and one of the sultan's disaffected viceroys, Kunduk.[5]","title":"Early career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Viceroy of Syria"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Solamish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solamish"},{"link_name":"Damascus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorthrup199891-5"},{"link_name":"Friday prayers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friday_prayers"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorthrup199891%E2%80%9392-10"}],"sub_title":"Appointment and sultanic ambitions","text":"Sunqur may have resented al-Sa'id's rule, believing himself better suited to rule than the young sultan. He practically defected from him, when he refused to accompany him back to Cairo. Al-Sa'id died soon after and was succeeded by his brother Solamish, who was seven years old at the time. Sunqur did not act on his ambitions for power, preferring to wait out events. When Qalawun became the atabek al-asakir (commander-in-chief), and thus the practical ruler of the sultanate, Sunqur joined his entourage. He was appointed viceroy of Damascus, the second highest-ranking post in the sultanate, in September 1279. Soon after Sunqur arrived to assume office in Damascus, Qalawun had been elevated to sultan.[5]While the office of viceroy of Syria brought Sunqur control over substantial wealth, fortresses, and troops, as well as eminence among the other mamluks, he probably viewed the appointment as a move by Qalawun to sideline him from the center of power in Cairo and remove him as a potential rival to the sultanate. He viewed himself as more worthy of the sultanate. His dissatisfaction at the political situation was reflected in his absence from Qalawun's coronation ceremony, whilst all other senior mamluks were in attendance. Nevertheless, in December 1279, Qalawun's name was pronounced in the Friday prayers sermons in Syria's cities, a formal recognition of his sultanate in Sunqur's domains.[10]","title":"Viceroy of Syria"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorthrup199892%E2%80%9393-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClifford2013132-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorthrup199892-13"},{"link_name":"al-Arish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Arish"},{"link_name":"Euphrates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphrates"},{"link_name":"Hama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hama"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClifford2013132-12"},{"link_name":"Gaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_City"},{"link_name":"Ramla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramla"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClifford2013133-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClifford2013133%E2%80%93134-15"},{"link_name":"fatwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatwa"},{"link_name":"Ibn Khallikan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khallikan"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorthrup1998204-16"},{"link_name":"Baalbek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baalbek"},{"link_name":"Al Fadl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Fadl"},{"link_name":"Isa ibn Muhanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isa_ibn_Muhanna"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorthrup199894-17"},{"link_name":"confrontation at al-Jassora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_al-Jassora"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClifford2013134-18"},{"link_name":"al-Rahba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Rahba"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorthrup199894%E2%80%9395-19"},{"link_name":"aman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aman_(Islam)"},{"link_name":"Lajin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lajin"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorthrup199895-20"}],"sub_title":"Rebellion in Damascus","text":"Under the Ayyubids, Syrian territories were ruled by members of the ruling family, who viewed themselves as equals of their relative, the sultan of Egypt. They frequently attempted to rule independently, a pattern which continued under the early Mamluk sultans.[11] Qalawun's toppling of Solamish in Cairo was taken as a signal by Sunqur to act as sovereign in Syria.[12]Sunqur responded favorably to the invitation by the Ayyubid emir, al-Mughith Khidr, to join the Syrian opposition to Qalawun. In early 1280, Sunqur declared himself independent, adopting the regnal title al-Malik al-Kamil, leading a royal procession in Damascus, and having his name read in the Friday prayer sermons.[13] He proposed to Qalawun that be left to control the region between al-Arish and the Euphrates valley. He did not advocate secession from the sultanate, but autonomy of the kind enjoyed by the Ayyubid emir of Hama, a principality spared full absorption by the Mamluk state.[12]Qalawun initially responded by diplomatic means, sending Salihi emissaries to appeal to the khushdashiyya between Sunqur and Qalawun and invite the former back to obedience. Sunqur maintained his rebellion, attracting the other Salihi mamluks in Damascus to his side. Qalawun dispatched a small force to Palestine, which engaged with a small troop loyal to Sunqur in Gaza. Sunqur's men were put to flight, regrouping in Ramla.[14] A larger force, numbering 6,000 men, was sent by Qalawun against Damascus, likely with the intention to intimidate Sunqur into submission.[15] Sunqur gained a fatwa from the scholar Ibn Khallikan of Damascus, permitting him to challenge the Egyptian army.[16] Sunqur gathered 14,000 mamluks and other troops from across Syria, especially from the Mamluk governors of Aleppo and Baalbek, the Ayyubid governor of Hama, and the Al Fadl, Bedouin Arabs of the Syrian steppe, under Isa ibn Muhanna.[17] Despite their greater numbers, most defected to the Egyptian army during a confrontation at al-Jassora in June 1280.[18] Sunqur, while having fought with distinction, was deprived of his mamluk troops and retreated with the Bedouins of Isa ibn Muhanna and a small coteries of loyalists to the fortress of al-Rahba, along the Euphrates.[19] Damascus surrendered to Qalawun's forces after securing aman (guarantee of safety). Sunqur was formally replaced as na'ib al-saltana of Damascus by one of his former prisoners, the mamluk Lajin.[20]","title":"Viceroy of Syria"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Citadel_of_Salah_Ed-din.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sahyun Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahyun_Castle"},{"link_name":"Sahyun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahyun"},{"link_name":"Latakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latakia"},{"link_name":"northern coastal mountains of Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Coastal_Mountain_Range"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorthrup199897-21"},{"link_name":"Sufi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufi"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorthrup1998101-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorthrup1998102-23"},{"link_name":"Aytamish al-Sa'di","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aytamish_al-Sa%27di&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorthrup1998105-24"},{"link_name":"Shaizar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaizar"},{"link_name":"iqta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iqta"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorthrup1998106%E2%80%93107-25"},{"link_name":"Manku Timur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B6ngke_Tem%C3%BCr_(Ilkhanate)"},{"link_name":"Homs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homs"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorthrup1998109-26"},{"link_name":"battle outside Homs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Homs"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorthrup1998112-27"},{"link_name":"Margat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margat"},{"link_name":"Crusader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusades"},{"link_name":"Bulunyas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baniyas"},{"link_name":"Maraclea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maraclea"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorthrup1998130%E2%80%93132-28"},{"link_name":"Turuntay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turuntay&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorthrup1998136-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorthrup1998137-30"}],"text":"The Sahyun CastleMamluk troops soon after pursued Sunqur, who thereafter left Isa ibn Muhanna's company in the Syrian desert for refuge in the castle of Sahyun, near the Crusader-held port city of Latakia in the northern coastal mountains of Syria.[21] At Sahyun, Sunqur corresponded with the Mongols, promising to join with their forces in the event of a Mongol invasion. However, when the Mongols invaded Syria in late 1280, Sunqur threw in his lot with the Mamluks. Several versions explaining Sunqur's motives exist, including requests by Qalawun's envoys to present a united front against the Mongols and beratement by Isa ibn Muhanna or Sufi sheikhs to not defect from Islam by joining the Mongols at his old age. In any case, Sunqur and his relatively small detachment of troops joined the Mamluk army assembled at Hama, but without integrating under its command.[22] The Mongols captured Aleppo, which had been abandoned by its inhabitants and Mamluk garrison, but withdrew two days later, after which the Muslim troops at Hama pursued them. The Mongols' abandonment of their invasion was ascribed by the sources to the unexpected defection of Sunqur, the assembly of a large Mamluk force at Hama, or the demonstration of power by Qalawun. Following this event, more of Sunqur's men defected to Qalawun.[23]After Qalawun executed Kunduk and other leading emirs in reaction to an assassination plot against him, another leading emir, Aytamish al-Sa'di, defected to Sunqur at Sahyun with 300 of his horsemen.[24] In the meantime, Sunqur had gained the defection of the Mamluk emir of Shaizar fortress, to the west of Hama. The fortress was assaulted by Qalawun's troops and its commander died. Negotiations ensued between Qalawun and Sunqur, whereby it was agreed that Sunqur would surrender Shaizar in return for a pardon and continued control over Sahyun as an iqta (akin to a fief).[25] After this agreement was struck, Mongol armies under Manku Timur invaded northern Syria. Qalawun hurried to confront the challenge, setting up camp with the emirs of the Mamluk armies of Egypt and Syria at a site near Homs. Qalawun summoned Sunqur to join the effort, which he complied with in return for promises that he would be allowed to return to Sahyun. His arrival, along with that of Aytamish, at the sultan's camp significantly boosted the morale of the Mamluk troops.[26] The Mongols were routed at the battle outside Homs, forcing their retreat from Syria. Sunqur was allowed to return to Sahyun.[27]In May 1285, Qalawun captured Margat, a Crusader fortress in the coastal mountain south of Sahyun. He proceeded against the Crusaders further, capturing from them the nearby inland fort of Bulunyas and the island fortress of Maraclea. Marqab was preserved and garrisoned. These developments enabled him to focus on finally subduing Sunqur at Sahyun.[28] In 1286/1287 the sultan commissioned his deputy, Turuntay, to besiege Sahyun. Turuntay arrived in early 1287, offering Sunqur the opportunity to surrender peacefully in return for the sultan's pardon. He refused, but relented after the assault against the fortress commenced.[29] Sunqur surrendered Sahyun and its satellite fortresses in April or May 1287.[30]","title":"Control of Sahyun"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cairo Citadel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo_Citadel"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorthrup1998137-30"},{"link_name":"al-Ashraf Khalil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ashraf_Khalil"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClifford2013150-31"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClifford2013150-31"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClifford2013150-31"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYosef202278-2"}],"text":"Sunqur arrived with Turuntay in Cairo afterward, where he received a grand reception by Qalalwun, his sons, the family of Baybars, the Mamluk armies, the leading emirs and his fellow Salihi mamluks. The sultan gave him the highest rank, amir mi'a, muqaddam alf (emir of one hundred cavalry, commander of one thousand mamluks). He was given the prestigious honor of quarters in the Cairo Citadel, the seat of the empire, and became an adviser and friend of the sultan, who continued to treat him honorably through the end of his reign in 1290. According to Northrup, Qalawun's \"magnanimous\" treatment of Sunqur and other senior rivals \"was not entirely altruistic\". As the sultan still lacked full support among the mamluk factions, he aimed to gain their goodwill by giving Sunqur and the sons of Baybars considerable freedom and benefits.[30]Sunqur initially enjoyed close ties with Qalawun's successor, his son al-Ashraf Khalil (r. 1290–1293), who promised to restore to him the fortress of Sahyun. When Turuntay, the second-in-command to the sultan, ran afoul of al-Ashraf Khalil, Sunqur inherited his position. However, Clifford holds this favor \"spoiled him as it had Turuntay\".[31] Wary of Sunqur overstepping his power, al-Ashraf Khalil ordered him to surrender some of the assets of Turuntay, which Sunqur rejected. After initial hesitation to act against Sunqur, al-Ashraf Khalil was persuaded by his advisers to imprison Sunqur.[31] He was executed in 1293.[31][2]","title":"Return to Cairo and later career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"A dirhem of Al-Kāmil Shams Al-Dīn Sunqur, rebel sultān of Syria, hitherto unrecorded in numismatics (679 H.=1280 A.D.)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.persee.fr/doc/numi_0484-8942_1969_num_6_11_991"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.3406/numi.1969.991","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.3406%2Fnumi.1969.991"},{"link_name":"State formation and the structure of politics in Mamluk Syro-Egypt, 648–741 A.H./1250–1340 C.E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=WYSN8bMlJZ8C"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-8471-0091-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8471-0091-1"},{"link_name":"From Slave to Sultan: The Career of Al-Manṣūr Qalāwūn and the Consolidation of Mamluk Rule in Egypt and Syria (678–689 A.H./1279–1290 A.D.)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=DivRsJGJaKwC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-515-06861-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-515-06861-9"},{"link_name":"The Citadel of Cairo: A New Interpretation of Royal Mamluk Architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=ZWxPEAAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"90-04-10124-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-10124-1"},{"link_name":"Egypt and Syria under Mamluk Rule: Political, Social and Cultural Aspects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=HP1TEAAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-90-04-45951-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-45951-9"}],"text":"Balog, Paul (1969). \"A dirhem of Al-Kāmil Shams Al-Dīn Sunqur, rebel sultān of Syria, hitherto unrecorded in numismatics (679 H.=1280 A.D.)\". Revue Numismatique. 6 (11): 296–299. doi:10.3406/numi.1969.991.\nClifford, Winslow William (2013). Conermann, Stephan (ed.). State formation and the structure of politics in Mamluk Syro-Egypt, 648–741 A.H./1250–1340 C.E. Bonn University Press: V and R Unipress. ISBN 978-3-8471-0091-1.\nNorthrup, Linda S. (1998). From Slave to Sultan: The Career of Al-Manṣūr Qalāwūn and the Consolidation of Mamluk Rule in Egypt and Syria (678–689 A.H./1279–1290 A.D.). Franz Steiner. ISBN 3-515-06861-9.\nRabbat, Nasser O. (1995). The Citadel of Cairo: A New Interpretation of Royal Mamluk Architecture. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 90-04-10124-1.Yosef, Koby (2022). \"The Names of the Mamluks: Ethnic Groups and Ethnic Solidarity in the Mamluk Sultanate (648-922, 1250-1517)\". In Levanoni, Amalia (ed.). Egypt and Syria under Mamluk Rule: Political, Social and Cultural Aspects. Leiden: Brill. pp. 59–118. ISBN 978-90-04-45951-9.","title":"Bibliography"}] | [{"image_text":"The Sahyun Castle","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Citadel_of_Salah_Ed-din.jpg/390px-Citadel_of_Salah_Ed-din.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Balog, Paul (1969). \"A dirhem of Al-Kāmil Shams Al-Dīn Sunqur, rebel sultān of Syria, hitherto unrecorded in numismatics (679 H.=1280 A.D.)\". Revue Numismatique. 6 (11): 296–299. doi:10.3406/numi.1969.991.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.persee.fr/doc/numi_0484-8942_1969_num_6_11_991","url_text":"\"A dirhem of Al-Kāmil Shams Al-Dīn Sunqur, rebel sultān of Syria, hitherto unrecorded in numismatics (679 H.=1280 A.D.)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fnumi.1969.991","url_text":"10.3406/numi.1969.991"}]},{"reference":"Clifford, Winslow William (2013). Conermann, Stephan (ed.). State formation and the structure of politics in Mamluk Syro-Egypt, 648–741 A.H./1250–1340 C.E. 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ISBN 3-515-06861-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DivRsJGJaKwC","url_text":"From Slave to Sultan: The Career of Al-Manṣūr Qalāwūn and the Consolidation of Mamluk Rule in Egypt and Syria (678–689 A.H./1279–1290 A.D.)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-515-06861-9","url_text":"3-515-06861-9"}]},{"reference":"Rabbat, Nasser O. (1995). The Citadel of Cairo: A New Interpretation of Royal Mamluk Architecture. Leiden: Brill. 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ISBN 978-90-04-45951-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HP1TEAAAQBAJ","url_text":"Egypt and Syria under Mamluk Rule: Political, Social and Cultural Aspects"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-45951-9","url_text":"978-90-04-45951-9"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.persee.fr/doc/numi_0484-8942_1969_num_6_11_991","external_links_name":"\"A dirhem of Al-Kāmil Shams Al-Dīn Sunqur, rebel sultān of Syria, hitherto unrecorded in numismatics (679 H.=1280 A.D.)\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fnumi.1969.991","external_links_name":"10.3406/numi.1969.991"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WYSN8bMlJZ8C","external_links_name":"State formation and the structure of politics in Mamluk Syro-Egypt, 648–741 A.H./1250–1340 C.E"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DivRsJGJaKwC","external_links_name":"From Slave to Sultan: The Career of Al-Manṣūr Qalāwūn and the Consolidation of Mamluk Rule in Egypt and Syria (678–689 A.H./1279–1290 A.D.)"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZWxPEAAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"The Citadel of Cairo: A New Interpretation of Royal Mamluk Architecture"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HP1TEAAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Egypt and Syria under Mamluk Rule: Political, Social and Cultural Aspects"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willem_Pijper | Willem Pijper | ["1 Life","2 Music","3 List of works","4 Notes","5 References","6 External links","7 Further reading"] | Dutch composer, music critic and teacher (1894–1947)
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Willem PijperPijper c. 1935BornWillem Frederik Johannes Pijper(1894-09-08)8 September 1894Zeist, NetherlandsDied18 March 1947(1947-03-18) (aged 52)Utrecht, NetherlandsEducationUtrecht Academy of MusicOccupationsComposermusic criticmusic teacherKnown forHaving the Dutch term for "octatonic scale" named after him (Pijper toonladder)
Willem Frederik Johannes Pijper (Dutch pronunciation: ; 8 September 1894 – 18 March 1947) was a Dutch composer, music critic and music teacher. Pijper is considered to be among the most important Dutch composers of the first half of the 20th century.
Life
Pijper was born at Zeist, near Utrecht, on 8 September 1894 of strict Calvinist working-class parents. His father, who sometimes played psalm accompaniments on the harmonium, taught him the names of the notes of the treble clef when he was five. Willem subsequently discovered the use of sharps and flats and began composing simple melodies. His fascination with symmetrical musical structures was evident even at this early age. At ten he began formal piano lessons and made rapid progress.
Poor health as a child meant that he was educated at home until age 13, but in 1912, after three years study at the gymnasium (high school), Pijper entered the Utrecht Academy of Music, where he was taught composition by Johan Wagenaar, passing examinations in theoretical subjects in 1915. Apart from his brief study with Wagenaar he was entirely self-taught as a composer.
Pijper occasionally gave piano recitals, but his activity as a critic was of greater importance. At the end of the First World War, he became a critic for the Utrechtsch Dagblad, and in that capacity was at least partly responsible for the departure of Jan van Gilse, then chief conductor of the Utrechts Stedelijk Orkest. Pijper’s constant vitriolic (and often ad hominem) attacks upon Van Gilse forced the latter to demand that the orchestra board refuse Pijper admittance to concerts; after the board had stalled on the issue for some time, Van Gilse resigned in 1921. Pijper has since been criticised for his role in the affair, also because his combined functions of critic and advisor for the Tivoli concert hall at least suggested a conflict of interest (Article about the Van Gilse/Pijper conflict in De Volkskrant (in Dutch)).
In 1926, with Paul F. Sanders, he established the periodical De Muziek, to which he contributed many essays. Collections of his essays were published by Querido under the title De Quintencirckel and De Stemvork.
Pijper spent much of his time during the war years working on a new opera, Merlijn, based on the Arthurian legend. Although he worked on the project for over six years, the work was never completed. In late 1946, he was diagnosed with cancer. During the closing weeks of his life he rewrote the orchestration to his Concerto for Violoncello and Orchestra. Pijper died in Utrecht on 18 March 1947.
Music
Pijper quickly chose his own path as a composer. The difference in style between his First Symphony (Pan; 1917) (in which Mahler's influence is evident) and the Second (1921) is significant, and between 1918 and 1922 he grew into one of the more advanced composers in Europe. In each successive work he went a step further, starting from his conception that every work of art arises out of a number of "germ cells" (somewhat akin to Igor Stravinsky's early "cell technique").
From 1919, Pijper's music can be described as polytonal. Yet there is no question of Pijper's consciously abandoning tonality; rather his polyphonic way of thinking and his sense of counterpoint made his harmonic style evolve in that direction. In that sense, he stands quite close to the music of his contemporary Matthijs Vermeulen, but his music does not quite reach the ecstatic level of Vermeulen's. Nonetheless, Pijper remained a composer of strong emotional character, to which his Third Symphony (1926) bears witness. In Pijper's later works the harmonic expression seems at times to approach monotonality.
The octatonic scale has been called the "Pijper scale" in Dutch. As a teacher, Pijper had a great influence on modern Dutch music, teaching many prominent Dutch composers of the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s. He was senior teacher of instrumentation at the Amsterdam Conservatoire, and from 1930 until his death in 1947 he acted as principal of the Rotterdam Conservatoire.
List of works
Orchestral music
Symphony No. 1 Pan (1917)
Symphony No. 2 (1921)
Symphony No. 3 (1926)
Six Adagios (1940)
Six Symphonic Epigrams (1928)
Concerto for Piano & Orchestra (1927)
Orchestral Piece with Piano (1915)
Concerto for Violin & Orchestra (1938–39)
Concerto for Violoncello Solo & Orchestra (1936/47)
Chamber music
Septet for flute/piccolo, oboe/English horn, clarinet, bassoon, horn, double bass & piano (1920)
Sextet for flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon, horn & piano (1923)
Phantasie for flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon, horn & piano (1927) on Mozart's Phantasie für eine Spieluhr, 1791
Quintet for woodwinds: flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon & horn (1929)
String Quartet No. 1 (1914)
String Quartet No. 2 (1920)
String Quartet No. 3 (1923)
String Quartet No. 4 (1928)
String Quartet No. 5 (1946)
Quattro Pezzi Antichi for 3 violins & violoncello (1923)
Trio for flute, clarinet & bassoon (1926–27)
Trio No. 1 for violin, violoncello & piano (1914)
Trio No. 2 for violin, violoncello & piano (1921)
Sonata for flute & piano (1925)
Sonata No. 1 for violin & piano (1919)
Sonata No. 2 for violin & piano (1922)
Sonata No. 1 for violoncello & piano (1919)
Sonata No. 2 for violoncello & piano (1924)
Sonata for violin solo (1931)
Passepied for carillon (1916)
Piano music
De Boufon, Het Patertje Langs den Kant, Scharmoes for piano solo (1926) in the series "Folk Dances of the World"
Sonata for piano (1930)
Sonata for two pianos (1935)
Sonatina No. 1 for piano (1917)
Sonatina No. 2 for piano (1925)
Sonatina No. 3 for piano (1925)
Theme and Five Variations for piano solo (1913)
Three Aphorisms for piano solo (1915)
Choral
La fille morte dans ses amours (1921) from "Deux Ballades de Paul Fort"
Le marchand de sable geork nos. 1 & 2 (1934) from "Deux Ballades de Paul Fort"
Chanson "Réveilles-vous piccars" (1932–33)
De Lente Komt (1917) (René de Clercq)
Op den Weefstoel (1918) (René de Clercq)
Heer Danielken (1925)
Heer Halewijn (1920)
Vanden Coning van Castilien (1936)
Vocal (with instrumental accompaniment)
Fête Galantes (1916) (Paul Verlaine)
Hymne (1941–43) (Pieter Cornelis Boutens)
Songs from "The Tempest" (1930) (William Shakespeare)
Die Nächliche Heerschau (1922/43) (Carl Löwe)
Romance sans paroles, C'est le chien de Jean de Nivelle (1921) (Paul Verlaine)
Voice and piano
Allerseelen (1914) (H. von Gilm)
Douwdeuntje (1916) (René de Clercq)
Fêtes Galantes (1916) (Paul Verlaine)
Two Songs on Ancient Dutch Texts (1923)
Four Songs (1916) (Bertha de Bruyn)
La Maumariée (1919–20)
Huit Noëls de France (1919)
Acht oud-Hollandsche liederen, first series (1924)
Acht oud-Hollandsche liederen, second series (1935)
Oud-Hollandsche minneliederen (1920/1942)
Vieilles chansons de France (1918/1946)
Twee Wachterliederen (1934)
Zestiende-eeuwsch Marialied (1929)
Incidental music
Antigone (1920/1926) (Sophocles/Balthazar Verhagen)
De Bacchanten (1924) (Euripides/Verhagen)
De Cycloop (1925) (Euripides/Verhagen)
Faëton of Reuckelose Stoutheit (1937) (Joost van den Vondel)
The Tempest (1929–30) (William Shakespeare)
Opera
Halewijn (1932–34), Symphonic drama in 9 scenes
Merlijn (1939–42) (Unfinished), Symphonic drama in 3 acts (Simon Vestdijk, libretto)
Adapted with permission from John Craton's Willem Pijper web page
Selected recordings
The complete String Quartets. The Schönberg Quartet, Olympia Explorer, 1994
Notes
^ The part of the first violin in this quartet has to be played by a mute violin.
References
^ The New Grove Dictionary of Music & Musicians, 2010, Oxford University Press, ed. Sadie and Tyrrell.
^ See http://www.ripm.org/?page=JournalInfo&ABB=MZK (accessed 10 August 2017).
^ Van der Merwe, Peter (2004). Roots of the Classical: The Popular Origins of Western Music, p.217, 106. ISBN 9780191513268. Also: .
External links
Willem Pijper: Biography & list of works (in English and French)
Willem Pijper: Het papieren gevaar (online at dbnl)
Free scores by Willem Pijper at the International Music Score Library Project (IMSLP)
Further reading
Dierick, Augustinus P. "WILLEM PIJPER: AN APERCU". Canadian Journal of Netherlandic Studies, Volume XXIII,I [2002[: 11-31.
Kooij, Hans Eduard. "COMPOSITION BY USE OF GERM CELLS- A Botanical-Musical Analogy in the Willem Pijper Sonata for Piano". Tijdschrift van de Koninklijke Vereniging voor Nederlandse Muziekgeschiedenis. Volume LIV-2, 2004: 119-131
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IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[ˈʋɪləm ˈpɛipər]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Dutch"},{"link_name":"composer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composer"},{"link_name":"music critic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_critic"},{"link_name":"music teacher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_teacher"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Willem Frederik Johannes Pijper (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈʋɪləm ˈpɛipər]; 8 September 1894 – 18 March 1947) was a Dutch composer, music critic and music teacher. Pijper is considered to be among the most important Dutch composers of the first half of the 20th century.[1]","title":"Willem Pijper"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zeist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeist"},{"link_name":"Utrecht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utrecht"},{"link_name":"Calvinist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvinist"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Johan Wagenaar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Wagenaar"},{"link_name":"Jan van Gilse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_van_Gilse"},{"link_name":"Article about the Van Gilse/Pijper conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.xs4all.nl/~fvdwaa/art/vk1447.htm"},{"link_name":"De Volkskrant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Volkskrant"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Querido","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Querido"},{"link_name":"Arthurian legend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_arthur"}],"text":"Pijper was born at Zeist, near Utrecht, on 8 September 1894 of strict Calvinist working-class parents. His father, who sometimes played psalm accompaniments on the harmonium, taught him the names of the notes of the treble clef when he was five. Willem subsequently discovered the use of sharps and flats and began composing simple melodies. His fascination with symmetrical musical structures was evident even at this early age. At ten he began formal piano lessons and made rapid progress.[citation needed]Poor health as a child meant that he was educated at home until age 13, but in 1912, after three years study at the gymnasium (high school), Pijper entered the Utrecht Academy of Music, where he was taught composition by Johan Wagenaar, passing examinations in theoretical subjects in 1915. Apart from his brief study with Wagenaar he was entirely self-taught as a composer.Pijper occasionally gave piano recitals, but his activity as a critic was of greater importance. At the end of the First World War, he became a critic for the Utrechtsch Dagblad, and in that capacity was at least partly responsible for the departure of Jan van Gilse, then chief conductor of the Utrechts Stedelijk Orkest. Pijper’s constant vitriolic (and often ad hominem) attacks upon Van Gilse forced the latter to demand that the orchestra board refuse Pijper admittance to concerts; after the board had stalled on the issue for some time, Van Gilse resigned in 1921. Pijper has since been criticised for his role in the affair, also because his combined functions of critic and advisor for the Tivoli concert hall at least suggested a conflict of interest (Article about the Van Gilse/Pijper conflict in De Volkskrant (in Dutch)).In 1926, with Paul F. Sanders, he established the periodical De Muziek, to which he contributed many essays.[2] Collections of his essays were published by Querido under the title De Quintencirckel and De Stemvork.Pijper spent much of his time during the war years working on a new opera, Merlijn, based on the Arthurian legend. Although he worked on the project for over six years, the work was never completed. In late 1946, he was diagnosed with cancer. During the closing weeks of his life he rewrote the orchestration to his Concerto for Violoncello and Orchestra. Pijper died in Utrecht on 18 March 1947.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(music)"},{"link_name":"Igor Stravinsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky"},{"link_name":"polytonal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytonality"},{"link_name":"Matthijs Vermeulen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthijs_Vermeulen"},{"link_name":"octatonic scale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octatonic_scale"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Pijper quickly chose his own path as a composer. The difference in style between his First Symphony (Pan; 1917) (in which Mahler's influence is evident) and the Second (1921) is significant, and between 1918 and 1922 he grew into one of the more advanced composers in Europe. In each successive work he went a step further, starting from his conception that every work of art arises out of a number of \"germ cells\" (somewhat akin to Igor Stravinsky's early \"cell technique\").From 1919, Pijper's music can be described as polytonal. Yet there is no question of Pijper's consciously abandoning tonality; rather his polyphonic way of thinking and his sense of counterpoint made his harmonic style evolve in that direction. In that sense, he stands quite close to the music of his contemporary Matthijs Vermeulen, but his music does not quite reach the ecstatic level of Vermeulen's. Nonetheless, Pijper remained a composer of strong emotional character, to which his Third Symphony (1926) bears witness. In Pijper's later works the harmonic expression seems at times to approach monotonality.The octatonic scale has been called the \"Pijper scale\" in Dutch.[3] As a teacher, Pijper had a great influence on modern Dutch music, teaching many prominent Dutch composers of the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s. He was senior teacher of instrumentation at the Amsterdam Conservatoire, and from 1930 until his death in 1947 he acted as principal of the Rotterdam Conservatoire.","title":"Music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Orchestral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchestra"},{"link_name":"Chamber music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamber_music"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"carillon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carillon"},{"link_name":"Piano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano"},{"link_name":"check spelling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Typo_help_inline"},{"link_name":"Heer Halewijn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heer_Halewijn"},{"link_name":"Pieter Cornelis Boutens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Cornelis_Boutens"},{"link_name":"Paul Verlaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Verlaine"},{"link_name":"Paul Verlaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Verlaine"},{"link_name":"Incidental music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incidental_music"},{"link_name":"Sophocles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophocles"},{"link_name":"Euripides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euripides"},{"link_name":"Joost van den Vondel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joost_van_den_Vondel"},{"link_name":"William Shakespeare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespeare"},{"link_name":"Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera"},{"link_name":"Halewijn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heer_Halewijn"},{"link_name":"Merlijn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Merlijn&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Simon Vestdijk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Vestdijk"},{"link_name":"Willem Pijper web page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.craton.net/biographies/pijper/pijper.htm"}],"text":"Orchestral music\nSymphony No. 1 Pan (1917)\nSymphony No. 2 (1921)\nSymphony No. 3 (1926)\nSix Adagios (1940)\nSix Symphonic Epigrams (1928)\nConcerto for Piano & Orchestra (1927)\nOrchestral Piece with Piano (1915)\nConcerto for Violin & Orchestra (1938–39)\nConcerto for Violoncello Solo & Orchestra (1936/47)\nChamber music\nSeptet for flute/piccolo, oboe/English horn, clarinet, bassoon, horn, double bass & piano (1920)\nSextet for flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon, horn & piano (1923)\nPhantasie for flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon, horn & piano (1927) on Mozart's Phantasie für eine Spieluhr, 1791\nQuintet for woodwinds: flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon & horn (1929)\nString Quartet No. 1 (1914)[a]\nString Quartet No. 2 (1920)\nString Quartet No. 3 (1923)\nString Quartet No. 4 (1928)\nString Quartet No. 5 (1946)\nQuattro Pezzi Antichi for 3 violins & violoncello (1923)\nTrio for flute, clarinet & bassoon (1926–27)\nTrio No. 1 for violin, violoncello & piano (1914)\nTrio No. 2 for violin, violoncello & piano (1921)\nSonata for flute & piano (1925)\nSonata No. 1 for violin & piano (1919)\nSonata No. 2 for violin & piano (1922)\nSonata No. 1 for violoncello & piano (1919)\nSonata No. 2 for violoncello & piano (1924)\nSonata for violin solo (1931)\nPassepied for carillon (1916)\nPiano music\nDe Boufon, Het Patertje Langs den Kant, Scharmoes for piano solo (1926) in the series \"Folk Dances of the World\"\nSonata for piano (1930)\nSonata for two pianos (1935)\nSonatina No. 1 for piano (1917)\nSonatina No. 2 for piano (1925)\nSonatina No. 3 for piano (1925)\nTheme and Five Variations for piano solo (1913)\nThree Aphorisms for piano solo (1915)\nChoral\nLa fille morte dans ses amours (1921) from \"Deux Ballades de Paul Fort\"\nLe marchand de sable geork[check spelling] nos. 1 & 2 (1934) from \"Deux Ballades de Paul Fort\"\nChanson \"Réveilles-vous piccars\" (1932–33)\nDe Lente Komt (1917) (René de Clercq)\nOp den Weefstoel (1918) (René de Clercq)\nHeer Danielken (1925)\nHeer Halewijn (1920)\nVanden Coning van Castilien (1936)\nVocal (with instrumental accompaniment)\nFête Galantes (1916) (Paul Verlaine)\nHymne (1941–43) (Pieter Cornelis Boutens)\nSongs from \"The Tempest\" (1930) (William Shakespeare)\nDie Nächliche Heerschau (1922/43) (Carl Löwe)\nRomance sans paroles, C'est le chien de Jean de Nivelle (1921) (Paul Verlaine)\nVoice and piano\nAllerseelen (1914) (H. von Gilm)\nDouwdeuntje (1916) (René de Clercq)\nFêtes Galantes (1916) (Paul Verlaine)\nTwo Songs on Ancient Dutch Texts (1923)\nFour Songs (1916) (Bertha de Bruyn)\nLa Maumariée (1919–20)\nHuit Noëls de France (1919)\nAcht oud-Hollandsche liederen, first series (1924)\nAcht oud-Hollandsche liederen, second series (1935)\nOud-Hollandsche minneliederen (1920/1942)\nVieilles chansons de France (1918/1946)\nTwee Wachterliederen (1934)\nZestiende-eeuwsch Marialied (1929)\nIncidental music\nAntigone (1920/1926) (Sophocles/Balthazar Verhagen)\nDe Bacchanten (1924) (Euripides/Verhagen)\nDe Cycloop (1925) (Euripides/Verhagen)\nFaëton of Reuckelose Stoutheit (1937) (Joost van den Vondel)\nThe Tempest (1929–30) (William Shakespeare)\nOpera\nHalewijn (1932–34), Symphonic drama in 9 scenes\nMerlijn (1939–42) (Unfinished), Symphonic drama in 3 acts (Simon Vestdijk, libretto)Adapted with permission from John Craton's Willem Pijper web pageSelected recordings[edit]The complete String Quartets. The Schönberg Quartet, Olympia Explorer, 1994","title":"List of works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"mute violin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mute_violin"}],"text":"^ The part of the first violin in this quartet has to be played by a mute violin.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canadian Journal of Netherlandic Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Journal_of_Netherlandic_Studies"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q195114#identifiers"},{"link_name":"FAST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//id.worldcat.org/fast/174241/"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000118726828"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/7580813"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJhXcrvvHvMPM37hpVvrbd"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb139594969"},{"link_name":"BnF data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb139594969"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/118792156"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007274512005171"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/13924663"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n85160639"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=mzk2014838479&CON_LNG=ENG"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069598347"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810586244205606"},{"link_name":"CiNii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA11307741?l=en"},{"link_name":"MusicBrainz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//musicbrainz.org/artist/6a0bb83a-f80a-49e8-90e2-821f6ba30ac2"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.biografischportaal.nl/en/persoon/60154295"},{"link_name":"Trove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//trove.nla.gov.au/people/1164610"},{"link_name":"RISM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//rism.online/people/30106346"},{"link_name":"SNAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6fr19z3"},{"link_name":"IdRef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.idref.fr/161171265"}],"text":"Dierick, Augustinus P. \"WILLEM PIJPER: AN APERCU\". Canadian Journal of Netherlandic Studies, Volume XXIII,I [2002[: 11-31.\nKooij, Hans Eduard. \"COMPOSITION BY USE OF GERM CELLS- A Botanical-Musical Analogy in the Willem Pijper Sonata for Piano\". Tijdschrift van de Koninklijke Vereniging voor Nederlandse Muziekgeschiedenis. Volume LIV-2, 2004: 119-131Authority control databases International\nFAST\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nFrance\nBnF data\nGermany\nIsrael\nBelgium\nUnited States\nCzech Republic\nNetherlands\nPoland\nAcademics\nCiNii\nArtists\nMusicBrainz\nPeople\nNetherlands\nTrove\nOther\nRISM\nSNAC\nIdRef","title":"Further reading"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Willem+Pijper%22","external_links_name":"\"Willem Pijper\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Willem+Pijper%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Willem+Pijper%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Willem+Pijper%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Willem+Pijper%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Willem+Pijper%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.xs4all.nl/~fvdwaa/art/vk1447.htm","external_links_name":"Article about the Van Gilse/Pijper conflict"},{"Link":"http://www.craton.net/biographies/pijper/pijper.htm","external_links_name":"Willem Pijper web page"},{"Link":"http://www.ripm.org/?page=JournalInfo&ABB=MZK","external_links_name":"http://www.ripm.org/?page=JournalInfo&ABB=MZK"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8Tk9AQAAIAAJ&q=Pijper","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://www.craton.net/biographies/pijper/pijper.htm","external_links_name":"Willem Pijper: Biography & list of works (in English and French)"},{"Link":"http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/pijp004papi01_01/","external_links_name":"Willem Pijper: Het papieren gevaar (online at dbnl)"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/174241/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000118726828","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/7580813","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJhXcrvvHvMPM37hpVvrbd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb139594969","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb139594969","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/118792156","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007274512005171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/13924663","external_links_name":"Belgium"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85160639","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=mzk2014838479&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069598347","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810586244205606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA11307741?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/6a0bb83a-f80a-49e8-90e2-821f6ba30ac2","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"},{"Link":"http://www.biografischportaal.nl/en/persoon/60154295","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1164610","external_links_name":"Trove"},{"Link":"https://rism.online/people/30106346","external_links_name":"RISM"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6fr19z3","external_links_name":"SNAC"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/161171265","external_links_name":"IdRef"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Pollard_Sr. | Nicholas Pollard Sr. | ["1 References","2 External links"] | Belizean politician and trade union leader
Nicholas Anthony Ignatius Pollard Sr. (March 22, 1924 - January 21, 2003) was a Belizean politician and trade union leader.
He was born in 1924 in Bacalar, Quintana Roo, Mexico to Belizean parents, Stella Alberta Gill and Juanito Castro Pollard.
He was a founding member of the People's United Party (PUP) in 1950. The same year, he was elected president of the General Workers Union. He made major contributions to the development of the trade union movement in Belize.
On September 29, 1956, Pollard and nationalist leader George Cadle Price co-founded the Belize Times, now one of the largest newspapers in Belize.
In 1958, Pollard broke away from the PUP and formed the Christian Democratic Party of Belize (CDP). The CDP contested the 1961 elections, but the PUP won all 18 seats.
He served as Executive Secretary of the English-speaking Caribbean region of the Confederación Latino Americana de Sindicatos Cristianos (CLASC; also known in English as the Latin American Confederation of Christian Unionists) from 1961 to 1969. With the support of CLASC he founded the National Federation of Christian Trade Unions in Belize in 1962.
In the 1970s, Pollard left public life and worked in the private sector. He became an educator in the 1980s and 1990s.
He died in January 2003. He was married to Elizabeth Hoffman-Pollard, and the couple had twelve children. The first child was Nicholas Pollard, Jr. who became heavily involved in several national sports organizations.
References
^ "Nicholas Pollard: dead at 79". Great Belize Television. January 22, 2003. Retrieved 2021-08-27.
Francis, Michael J. "Revolutionary Labor in Latin America: The CLASC." Journal of Inter-American Studies. 10:4 (October 1968).
Grant, Cedric H. The Making of Modern Belize: Politics, Society, and British Colonialism in Central America. London: Cambridge University Press, 1976.
Ysaguirre, William. "Trade Unions Honour Labour Leader Antonio Soberanis." Belize Reporter. July 14, 2006.
External links
Nicholas Pollard Sr. dedication site
This article about a Belizean politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Belizean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belize"},{"link_name":"politician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politician"},{"link_name":"trade union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union"},{"link_name":"Bacalar, Quintana Roo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacalar,_Quintana_Roo"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"People's United Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_United_Party"},{"link_name":"George Cadle Price","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Cadle_Price"},{"link_name":"Belize Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belize_Times"},{"link_name":"Christian Democratic Party of Belize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_and_Agricultural_Labour_Party"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"Caribbean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean"},{"link_name":"Confederación Latino Americana de Sindicatos Cristianos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Confederaci%C3%B3n_Latino_Americana_de_Sindicatos_Cristianos&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"National Federation of Christian Trade Unions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Federation_of_Christian_Trade_Unions"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Pollard, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicholas_Pollard,_Jr.&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Nicholas Anthony Ignatius Pollard Sr. (March 22, 1924 - January 21, 2003) was a Belizean politician and trade union leader.He was born in 1924 in Bacalar, Quintana Roo, Mexico to Belizean parents, Stella Alberta Gill and Juanito Castro Pollard.He was a founding member of the People's United Party (PUP) in 1950. The same year, he was elected president of the General Workers Union. He made major contributions to the development of the trade union movement in Belize.On September 29, 1956, Pollard and nationalist leader George Cadle Price co-founded the Belize Times, now one of the largest newspapers in Belize.In 1958, Pollard broke away from the PUP and formed the Christian Democratic Party of Belize (CDP). The CDP contested the 1961 elections, but the PUP won all 18 seats.He served as Executive Secretary of the English-speaking Caribbean region of the Confederación Latino Americana de Sindicatos Cristianos (CLASC; also known in English as the Latin American Confederation of Christian Unionists) from 1961 to 1969. With the support of CLASC he founded the National Federation of Christian Trade Unions in Belize in 1962.In the 1970s, Pollard left public life and worked in the private sector. He became an educator in the 1980s and 1990s.He died in January 2003.[1] He was married to Elizabeth Hoffman-Pollard, and the couple had twelve children. The first child was Nicholas Pollard, Jr. who became heavily involved in several national sports organizations.","title":"Nicholas Pollard Sr."}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Nicholas Pollard: dead at 79\". Great Belize Television. January 22, 2003. Retrieved 2021-08-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://edition.channel5belize.com/archives/15803","url_text":"\"Nicholas Pollard: dead at 79\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Belize_Television","url_text":"Great Belize Television"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://edition.channel5belize.com/archives/15803","external_links_name":"\"Nicholas Pollard: dead at 79\""},{"Link":"http://nickpollard.org/","external_links_name":"Nicholas Pollard Sr. dedication site"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicholas_Pollard_Sr.&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Gallant | Ryan Gallant | ["1 Early life","2 Professional career","2.1 Sponsors","3 Videography","4 Video game appearances","5 References","6 External links"] | American skateboarder
This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Ryan Gallant" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Ryan GallantGallant in 2007Born (1982-05-25) May 25, 1982 (age 42)Southboro, Massachusetts, U.S.SpouseSummer Gallant
Ryan Gallant (born May 25, 1982) is an American professional skateboarder with a goofy-footed stance.
Early life
Gallant was born in Waltham, Massachusetts. He began skateboarding as a youth in waltham, where the skateboarding scene was abundant and robust with such skateboarders as Matt Schnorr ( Null Skateboards, Es' shoes, Eastern Boarder and Next gen skateshop), Chi Chi Rodriguez, And Matthew Place (Place Matt) (Next Gen Skateshop, Concepts Skateshop, MNC flowteam) as well as many others from the local "skate scene" although he was later raised in Southborough, Massachusetts.
Professional career
Gallant was first noticed in the skate video PJ Ladd's Wonderful Horrible Life, a shop video from Boston, Massachusetts's Coliseum skate shop. He is also affiliated with True East Skateshop, which is an East Coast-based chain of "mom and pop" shops.
Gallant was first sponsored by Expedition One skateboards and appeared in the company's first video Alone. In April 2009, Gallant left his longtime sponsor DC Shoes and established a sponsorship deal with Circa.
The "Gallant Grind" is a skateboard trick that is named after Gallant.
Sponsors
As of December 2015, Gallant is sponsored by Expedition One, Bones Swiss Bearings, Gold Wheels, MOB Grip, Silver Trucks,.
Videography
Digital: Who Let the Dogs out (2001)
Monkey Business: Project of a lifetime (2002)
Gold Wheels: Got Gold? (2002)
Expedition-One "Alone" (2002)
PJ Ladd's Wonderful Horrible Life (2002)
DC: The DC Video (2003)
Digital "Everyday" (2003)
The Kayo Corp: Promo (2004)
Transworld Skateboarding: First Love (2005)
Plan B: Live After Death (2006)
Plan B: "Superfuture" (2008)
C1rca: "Welcome" (2011)
Expedition: "Madness" (2011)
Expedition: "All Ages" (2013)
Da Playground: "Honor Roll" (2013)
Video game appearances
Gallant is a playable character in the Electronic Arts video games Skate, Skate 2 and Skate 3.
References
^ "Ryan Gallant Skater Profile, News, Photos, Videos, Coverage, and More at SPoT". Skateparkoftampa.com. September 26, 2013. Retrieved September 12, 2021.
^ "SKATE 3 - EA Games". Skate.ea.com. Archived from the original on October 15, 2012. Retrieved October 3, 2013.
^ "Ryan Gallant Profile < Skately Library". Skately.com. May 25, 1982. Retrieved October 3, 2013.
^ a b Brooks, Josh (January 19, 2010), "Ryan Gallant Back on Expedition-One", espn.go.com, retrieved January 24, 2012
^ "Introducing Ryan Gallant", C1RCA, April 24, 2009, archived from the original on November 21, 2010, retrieved January 24, 2012
^ "Ryan Gallant", ProSkaterBase.com, archived from the original on June 29, 2014, retrieved January 24, 2012
^ "Ads". Gold Wheels & Apparel. Kayo Corp. May 2013. Archived from the original on December 4, 2012. Retrieved May 13, 2013.
^ "Silver Skateboard Trucks - Ryan Gallant". Silver. December 2013. Archived from the original on December 6, 2013. Retrieved December 5, 2013.
^ "EA Skate : Profiles : Ryan Gallant", EA Skate, retrieved January 24, 2012
External links
Expedition-One Skateboard All Ages Video
Da Playground Honor Roll
Transworld First Love
Pj Ladd's wonderful horrible Life
EA Skate Profile | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"goofy-footed stance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Footedness#Regular_and_goofy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Ryan Gallant (born May 25, 1982) is an American professional skateboarder with a goofy-footed stance.[1][2][3]","title":"Ryan Gallant"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Waltham, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waltham,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Southborough, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southborough,_Massachusetts"}],"text":"Gallant was born in Waltham, Massachusetts. He began skateboarding as a youth in waltham, where the skateboarding scene was abundant and robust with such skateboarders as Matt Schnorr ( Null Skateboards, Es' shoes, Eastern Boarder and Next gen skateshop), Chi Chi Rodriguez, And Matthew Place (Place Matt) (Next Gen Skateshop, Concepts Skateshop, MNC flowteam) as well as many others from the local \"skate scene\" although he was later raised in Southborough, Massachusetts.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"skate shop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skate_shop"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESPN_2010-4"},{"link_name":"East Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"mom and pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mom_and_pop"},{"link_name":"Expedition One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expedition_One"},{"link_name":"DC Shoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Shoes"},{"link_name":"Circa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circa_(company)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-circa-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ProSkaterBase.com-6"}],"text":"Gallant was first noticed in the skate video PJ Ladd's Wonderful Horrible Life, a shop video from Boston, Massachusetts's Coliseum skate shop.[4] He is also affiliated with True East Skateshop, which is an East Coast-based chain of \"mom and pop\" shops.Gallant was first sponsored by Expedition One skateboards and appeared in the company's first video Alone. In April 2009, Gallant left his longtime sponsor DC Shoes and established a sponsorship deal with Circa.[5]The \"Gallant Grind\" is a skateboard trick that is named after Gallant.[6]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESPN_2010-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Sponsors","text":"As of December 2015, Gallant is sponsored by Expedition One,[4] Bones Swiss Bearings, Gold Wheels,[7] MOB Grip, Silver Trucks,.[8]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Transworld Skateboarding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transworld_Skateboarding"}],"text":"Digital: Who Let the Dogs out (2001)\nMonkey Business: Project of a lifetime (2002)\nGold Wheels: Got Gold? (2002)\nExpedition-One \"Alone\" (2002)\nPJ Ladd's Wonderful Horrible Life (2002)\nDC: The DC Video (2003)\nDigital \"Everyday\" (2003)\nThe Kayo Corp: Promo (2004)\nTransworld Skateboarding: First Love (2005)\nPlan B: Live After Death (2006)\nPlan B: \"Superfuture\" (2008)\nC1rca: \"Welcome\" (2011)\nExpedition: \"Madness\" (2011)\nExpedition: \"All Ages\" (2013)\nDa Playground: \"Honor Roll\" (2013)","title":"Videography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Electronic Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Arts"},{"link_name":"Skate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skate_(2007_video_game)"},{"link_name":"Skate 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skate_2"},{"link_name":"Skate 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skate_3"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EA-9"}],"text":"Gallant is a playable character in the Electronic Arts video games Skate, Skate 2 and Skate 3.[9]","title":"Video game appearances"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Ryan Gallant Skater Profile, News, Photos, Videos, Coverage, and More at SPoT\". Skateparkoftampa.com. September 26, 2013. Retrieved September 12, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://skateparkoftampa.com/spot/sk.aspx?ID=1071","url_text":"\"Ryan Gallant Skater Profile, News, Photos, Videos, Coverage, and More at SPoT\""}]},{"reference":"\"SKATE 3 - EA Games\". Skate.ea.com. Archived from the original on October 15, 2012. Retrieved October 3, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121015003352/http://skate.ea.com/profiles.action?profileId=RyanGallant-rgallant.xml","url_text":"\"SKATE 3 - EA Games\""},{"url":"http://skate.ea.com/profiles.action?profileId=RyanGallant-rgallant.xml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ryan Gallant Profile < Skately Library\". Skately.com. May 25, 1982. Retrieved October 3, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://skately.com/library/people/ryan-gallant","url_text":"\"Ryan Gallant Profile < Skately Library\""}]},{"reference":"Brooks, Josh (January 19, 2010), \"Ryan Gallant Back on Expedition-One\", espn.go.com, retrieved January 24, 2012","urls":[{"url":"http://espn.go.com/action/skateboarding/news/story?id=4682252","url_text":"\"Ryan Gallant Back on Expedition-One\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espn.go.com","url_text":"espn.go.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Introducing Ryan Gallant\", C1RCA, April 24, 2009, archived from the original on November 21, 2010, retrieved January 24, 2012","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101121024719/http://c1rca.com/mainline/index.php/2009/04/24/introducing-ryan-gallant/","url_text":"\"Introducing Ryan Gallant\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C1RCA","url_text":"C1RCA"},{"url":"http://c1rca.com/mainline/index.php/2009/04/24/introducing-ryan-gallant/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ryan Gallant\", ProSkaterBase.com, archived from the original on June 29, 2014, retrieved January 24, 2012","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140629160403/http://proskaterbase.com/skaters/ryan_gallant.html","url_text":"\"Ryan Gallant\""},{"url":"http://proskaterbase.com/skaters/ryan_gallant.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ads\". Gold Wheels & Apparel. Kayo Corp. May 2013. Archived from the original on December 4, 2012. Retrieved May 13, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121204033758/http://www.goldwheels.com/ads/","url_text":"\"Ads\""},{"url":"http://www.goldwheels.com/ads/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Silver Skateboard Trucks - Ryan Gallant\". Silver. December 2013. Archived from the original on December 6, 2013. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krvavi_Most | Krvavi Most | ["1 Sources"] | Coordinates: 45°48′53″N 15°58′33″E / 45.8147°N 15.9759°E / 45.8147; 15.9759Street in Zagreb, Croatia
Krvavi Most
Krvavi most (lit. "Bloody Bridge") is a street in the heart of Zagreb, capital of Croatia. It is named after the former bridge over the Medveščak creek, which was rendered useless after the covering of the creek. Although the bridge became the street, the name stayed because of historical reasons – as a reminder of history and a witness of Zagreb's past.
The bridge gained its name because of the constant conflicts happening on its wooden beams between the citizens of the two parts of Zagreb: Gradec and present day Kaptol.
Sources
"Krvavi most". zagreb.hr (in Croatian). City of Zagreb. Retrieved 20 September 2012.
45°48′53″N 15°58′33″E / 45.8147°N 15.9759°E / 45.8147; 15.9759
vteZagrebHistoryvteHistory of ZagrebEvolution
Andautonia
Kaptol
Gradec
Zagreb
Novi Zagreb
City of Zagreb
Zagreb County
Timeline
Coat of arms of ZagrebEvents
Golden Bull of 1242
Great Zagreb earthquake
Visit of Emperor Franz Joseph
World War II
1974 Zagreb train disaster
1976 Zagreb mid-air collision
1987 Summer Universiade
Eurovision Song Contest 1990
Bombing of the Banski Dvori
Zagreb rocket attacks
2020 (Earthquake
Flash flood
COVID-19
Shooting
Petrinja earthquake)
2022 Tu-141 crash
2024 protest
Structures
Croatian Parliament
Zagreb Cathedral
St. Mark's Church
Medvedgrad
Ban Jelačić Square
St. Mark's Square
Pleso Airport
Zagreb Fair
Zagreb Stock Exchange
Stone Gate
Vatroslav Lisinski Concert Hall
Mirogoj Cemetery
Buildings
Kallina House
Esplanade Zagreb Hotel
Manors of Kaptol
National Home Palace
Banski dvori
Cibona Tower
Zagrepčanka
Vjesnik Building
Neboder (Ilica 1)
Chromos Tower
Coat of arms of ZagrebDistricts
Brezovica
Črnomerec
Donja Dubrava
Donji grad
Gornja Dubrava
Gornji Grad–Medveščak
Maksimir
Novi Zagreb-istok
Novi Zagreb-zapad
Peščenica-Žitnjak
Podsljeme
Podsused-Vrapče
Sesvete
Stenjevec
Trešnjevka-jug
Trešnjevka-sjever
Trnje
Buildings and landmarks
1 Ilica Street
Banski dvori
Cibona Tower
Esplanade Zagreb Hotel
General Post Office
Kallina House
Villa Kallina
Lotrščak Tower
Medvedgrad
Meštrović Pavilion
Mirogoj Cemetery
National Home Palace
Nine Views
Old City Hall
Rudolf barracks
Stone Gate
Sabor Palace
Villa Rebar
Zagrepčanka
Sky Office Tower
Adriatic Bridge
Homeland Bridge
HOTO Tower
Eurotower
Mamutica
Squaresand streets
Ban Jelačić Square
British Square
Croatian Nobles Square
Dolac Market
Eugen Kvaternik Square
Ilica Street
Krvavi Most
Lenuci Horseshoe
Nova Ves
Oktogon
Republic of Croatia Square
Nikola Šubić Zrinski Square
St. Mark's Square
Tkalčićeva Street
Square of the Victims of Fascism
Parks, gardens,and recreation
Lenuci Horseshoe
Nikola Šubić Zrinski Square
Maksimir Park
Botanical Garden
Bundek
Jarun
Medvednica
Zagreb Zoo
Places ofworship
Zagreb Cathedral
St. Mark's Church
St. Catherine's Church
Orthodox Cathedral
Zagreb Mosque
Zagreb Synagogue
Evangelical Church
Greek Catholic Co-cathedral
Basilica of the Heart of Jesus
Church of Saint Blaise
Culture
Croatian National Theatre
Gavella Drama Theatre
Mala Scena Theatre
Vatroslav Lisinski Concert Hall
National and University Library
Zagreb Philharmonic Orchestra
The Cravat Regiment
Zagreb Film
Zagreb school of animated films
Galleries and museums
Archaeological Museum
Art Pavilion
Croatian History Museum
Croatian Museum of Naïve Art
Croatian Natural History Museum
Croatian Railway Museum
Ethnographic Museum
Glyptotheque
Klovićevi Dvori Gallery
Lauba
Mimara Museum
Modern Gallery
Museum of Arts and Crafts
Museum of Broken Relationships
Museum of Contemporary Art
Strossmayer Gallery
Technical Museum
Zagreb City Museum
Education
High schools in Zagreb
Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts
University of Zagreb
Academies: Dramatic Art
Fine Arts
Music
Faculties: Architecture
Chemical Engineering
Dental Medicine
Economics and Business
Electrical Engineering and Computing
Geodesy
Humanities and Social Sciences
Medicine
Science
Teacher Education
Sports venues
Arena Zagreb
Dom Sportova
Dražen Petrović Basketball Hall
Maksimir Stadium
Kranjčevićeva Stadium
ŠRC Sesvete Stadium
NŠC Stjepan Spajić Stadium
Transport
Zagreb International Airport
Zagreb Glavni kolodvor
Zagreb Zapadni railway station
Funicular
Trams
Commuter Rail
Metro (proposed)
Events
Animafest Zagreb
INmusic Festival
Interliber
Music Biennale Zagreb
Zagreb Film Festival
ZagrebDox
Zagreb Fair
Subversive Festival
Sport events
Golden Spin (ice skating)
Hanžeković Memorial (track and field athletics)
Snow Queen Trophy (skiing)
Zagreb Indoors (tennis)
Zagreb Marathon
Media
Jutarnji list
Večernji list
Sportske novosti
Jabuka TV
Z1 TV
Zagreb TV Tower
Category:Zagreb
This Zagreb-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Krvavi_Most_Zagreb.JPG"},{"link_name":"Zagreb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagreb"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"Medveščak creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medve%C5%A1%C4%8Dak_(creek)"},{"link_name":"Zagreb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagreb"},{"link_name":"Gradec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gradec,_Zagreb"},{"link_name":"Kaptol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaptol,_Zagreb"}],"text":"Street in Zagreb, CroatiaKrvavi MostKrvavi most (lit. \"Bloody Bridge\") is a street in the heart of Zagreb, capital of Croatia. It is named after the former bridge over the Medveščak creek, which was rendered useless after the covering of the creek. 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City of Zagreb. Retrieved 20 September 2012.45°48′53″N 15°58′33″E / 45.8147°N 15.9759°E / 45.8147; 15.9759vteZagrebHistoryvteHistory of ZagrebEvolution\nAndautonia\nKaptol\nGradec\nZagreb\nNovi Zagreb\nCity of Zagreb\nZagreb County\nTimeline\nCoat of arms of ZagrebEvents\nGolden Bull of 1242\nGreat Zagreb earthquake\nVisit of Emperor Franz Joseph\nWorld War II\n1974 Zagreb train disaster\n1976 Zagreb mid-air collision\n1987 Summer Universiade\nEurovision Song Contest 1990\nBombing of the Banski Dvori\nZagreb rocket attacks\n2020 (Earthquake\nFlash flood\nCOVID-19\nShooting\nPetrinja earthquake)\n2022 Tu-141 crash\n2024 protest\nStructures\nCroatian Parliament\nZagreb Cathedral\nSt. Mark's Church\nMedvedgrad\nBan Jelačić Square\nSt. Mark's Square\nPleso Airport\nZagreb Fair\nZagreb Stock Exchange\nStone Gate\nVatroslav Lisinski Concert Hall\nMirogoj Cemetery\nBuildings\nKallina House\nEsplanade Zagreb Hotel\nManors of Kaptol\nNational Home Palace\nBanski dvori\nCibona Tower\nZagrepčanka\nVjesnik Building\nNeboder (Ilica 1)\nChromos Tower\nCoat of arms of ZagrebDistricts\nBrezovica\nČrnomerec\nDonja Dubrava\nDonji grad\nGornja Dubrava\nGornji Grad–Medveščak\nMaksimir\nNovi Zagreb-istok\nNovi Zagreb-zapad\nPeščenica-Žitnjak\nPodsljeme\nPodsused-Vrapče\nSesvete\nStenjevec\nTrešnjevka-jug\nTrešnjevka-sjever\nTrnje\nBuildings and landmarks\n1 Ilica Street\nBanski dvori\nCibona Tower\nEsplanade Zagreb Hotel\nGeneral Post Office\nKallina House\nVilla Kallina\nLotrščak Tower\nMedvedgrad\nMeštrović Pavilion\nMirogoj Cemetery\nNational Home Palace\nNine Views\nOld City Hall\nRudolf barracks\nStone Gate\nSabor Palace\nVilla Rebar\nZagrepčanka\nSky Office Tower\nAdriatic Bridge\nHomeland Bridge\nHOTO Tower\nEurotower\nMamutica\nSquaresand streets\nBan Jelačić Square\nBritish Square\nCroatian Nobles Square\nDolac Market\nEugen Kvaternik Square\nIlica Street\nKrvavi Most\nLenuci Horseshoe\nNova Ves\nOktogon\nRepublic of Croatia Square\nNikola Šubić Zrinski Square\nSt. Mark's Square\nTkalčićeva Street\nSquare of the Victims of Fascism\nParks, gardens,and recreation\nLenuci Horseshoe\nNikola Šubić Zrinski Square\nMaksimir Park\nBotanical Garden\nBundek\nJarun\nMedvednica\nZagreb Zoo\nPlaces ofworship\nZagreb Cathedral\nSt. Mark's Church\nSt. Catherine's Church\nOrthodox Cathedral\nZagreb Mosque\nZagreb Synagogue\nEvangelical Church\nGreek Catholic Co-cathedral\nBasilica of the Heart of Jesus\nChurch of Saint Blaise\nCulture\nCroatian National Theatre\nGavella Drama Theatre\nMala Scena Theatre\nVatroslav Lisinski Concert Hall\nNational and University Library\nZagreb Philharmonic Orchestra\nThe Cravat Regiment\nZagreb Film\nZagreb school of animated films\nGalleries and museums\nArchaeological Museum\nArt Pavilion\nCroatian History Museum\nCroatian Museum of Naïve Art\nCroatian Natural History Museum\nCroatian Railway Museum\nEthnographic Museum\nGlyptotheque\nKlovićevi Dvori Gallery\nLauba\nMimara Museum\nModern Gallery\nMuseum of Arts and Crafts\nMuseum of Broken Relationships\nMuseum of Contemporary Art\nStrossmayer Gallery\nTechnical Museum\nZagreb City Museum\nEducation\nHigh schools in Zagreb\nCroatian Academy of Sciences and Arts\nUniversity of Zagreb\nAcademies: Dramatic Art\nFine Arts\nMusic\nFaculties: Architecture\nChemical Engineering\nDental Medicine\nEconomics and Business\nElectrical Engineering and Computing\nGeodesy\nHumanities and Social Sciences\nMedicine\nScience\nTeacher Education\nSports venues\nArena Zagreb\nDom Sportova\nDražen Petrović Basketball Hall\nMaksimir Stadium\nKranjčevićeva Stadium\nŠRC Sesvete Stadium\nNŠC Stjepan Spajić Stadium\nTransport\nZagreb International Airport\nZagreb Glavni kolodvor\nZagreb Zapadni railway station\nFunicular\nTrams\nCommuter Rail\nMetro (proposed)\nEvents\nAnimafest Zagreb\nINmusic Festival\nInterliber\nMusic Biennale Zagreb\nZagreb Film Festival\nZagrebDox\nZagreb Fair\nSubversive Festival\nSport events\nGolden Spin (ice skating)\nHanžeković Memorial (track and field athletics)\nSnow Queen Trophy (skiing)\nZagreb Indoors (tennis)\nZagreb Marathon\nMedia\nJutarnji list\nVečernji list\nSportske novosti\nJabuka TV\nZ1 TV\nZagreb TV Tower\n Category:ZagrebThis Zagreb-related article is a stub. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrovalerone | Pyrovalerone | ["1 See also","2 References"] | Chemical compound
PyrovaleroneClinical dataRoutes ofadministrationOralATC codenoneLegal statusLegal status
AU: S4 (Prescription only)
BR: Class B1 (Psychoactive drugs)
CA: Schedule IV
DE: Anlage II (Authorized trade only, not prescriptible)
UK: Class C
US: Schedule V
Identifiers
IUPAC name
(RS)-1-(4-methylphenyl)-2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)pentan-1-one
CAS Number3563-49-3 N 1147-62-2 (hydrochloride)PubChem CID14373ChemSpider13733 YUNIIVOU69C02JPKEGGD05663 YChEMBLChEMBL201960 YCompTox Dashboard (EPA)DTXSID20863194 ECHA InfoCard100.230.426 Chemical and physical dataFormulaC16H23NOMolar mass245.366 g·mol−13D model (JSmol)Interactive imageChiralityRacemic mixture
SMILES
O=C(C(CCC)N1CCCC1)C2=CC=C(C)C=C2
InChI
InChI=1S/C16H23NO/c1-3-6-15(17-11-4-5-12-17)16(18)14-9-7-13(2)8-10-14/h7-10,15H,3-6,11-12H2,1-2H3 YKey:SWUVZKWCOBGPTH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y
NY (what is this?) (verify)
Pyrovalerone (Centroton, 4-Methyl-β-keto-prolintane, Thymergix, O-2371) is a psychoactive drug with stimulant effects via acting as a norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor (NDRI). It was developed in the 1980s and had briefly been approved in Spain and France for chronic fatigue or lethargy and as an anorectic or appetite suppressant, but was withdrawn from both markets around 2001 due to safety concerns including problems with abuse and dependence. It is closely related on a structural level to a number of other cathinone stimulants, such as α-PVP, MDPV and prolintane (Promotil, Katovit).
Side effects of pyrovalerone include anorexia or loss of appetite, anxiety, fragmented sleep or insomnia, and trembling, shaking, or muscle tremors. Withdrawal following abuse upon discontinuation often results in depression.
The R-enantiomer of pyrovalerone is devoid of pharmacologic activity.
See also
Look up pyrovalerone in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
4-Et-PVP
α-Pyrrolidinohexiophenone (α-PHP)
α-Pyrrolidinopentiothiophenone (α-PVT)
Methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV)
Naphyrone (O-2482)
Prolintane (Promotil, Katovit)
4'-Methyl-α-pyrrolidinohexiophenone (MPHP, 4-MPHP)
References
^ Anvisa (2023-03-31). "RDC Nº 784 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial" (in Brazilian Portuguese). Diário Oficial da União (published 2023-04-04). Archived from the original on 2023-08-03. Retrieved 2023-08-16.
^ US Patent 3314970
^ Gardos G, Cole JO (October 1971). "Evaluation of pyrovalerone in chronically fatigued volunteers". Current Therapeutic Research, Clinical and Experimental. 13 (10): 631–5. PMID 4402508.
^ Deniker P, Lôo H, Cuche H, Roux JM (November 1975). "". Annales médico-psychologiques. 2 (4): 745–8. PMID 9895.
^ Meltzer PC, Butler D, Deschamps JR, Madras BK (February 2006). "1-(4-Methylphenyl)-2-pyrrolidin-1-yl-pentan-1-one (Pyrovalerone) analogues: a promising class of monoamine uptake inhibitors". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 49 (4): 1420–32. doi:10.1021/jm050797a. PMC 2602954. PMID 16480278.
vteStimulantsAdamantanes
Adapromine
Amantadine
Bromantane
Memantine
Rimantadine
Adenosine antagonists
8-Chlorotheophylline
8-Cyclopentyltheophylline
8-Phenyltheophylline
Aminophylline
Caffeine
CGS-15943
Dimethazan
Istradefylline
Paraxanthine
SCH-58261
Theobromine
Theophylline
Alkylamines
Cyclopentamine
Cypenamine
Cyprodenate
Heptaminol
Isometheptene
Levopropylhexedrine
Methylhexaneamine
Octodrine
Propylhexedrine
Tuaminoheptane
Ampakines
CX-516
CX-546
CX-614
CX-691
CX-717
IDRA-21
LY-404,187
LY-503,430
Nooglutyl
Org 26576
PEPA
S-18986
Sunifiram
Unifiram
Arylcyclohexylamines
Benocyclidine
Dieticyclidine
Esketamine
Eticyclidine
Gacyclidine
Ketamine
Phencyclamine
Phencyclidine
Rolicyclidine
Tenocyclidine
Tiletamine
Benzazepines
6-Br-APB
SKF-77434
SKF-81297
SKF-82958
Cathinones
3-Fluoromethcathinone
3,4-DMMC
4-BMC
4-CMC
4-Methylbuphedrone
4-Methylcathinone
4-MEAP
4-Methylpentedrone
Amfepramone
Benzedrone
Buphedrone
Bupropion
Butylone
Cathinone
Dimethylcathinone
Ethcathinone
Ethylone
Flephedrone
Hexedrone
Isoethcathinone
Mephedrone
Methcathinone
Methedrone
Methylenedioxycathinone
Methylone
Mexedrone
N-Ethylbuphedrone
N-Ethylhexedrone
Pentedrone
Pentylone
Phthalimidopropiophenone
Cholinergics
A-84,543
A-366,833
ABT-202
ABT-418
AR-R17779
Altinicline
Anabasine
Arecoline
Bradanicline
Cotinine
Cytisine
Dianicline
Epibatidine
Epiboxidine
GTS-21
Ispronicline
Nicotine
PHA-543,613
PNU-120,596
PNU-282,987
Pozanicline
Rivanicline
Sazetidine A
SIB-1553A
SSR-180,711
TC-1698
TC-1827
TC-2216
Tebanicline
UB-165
Varenicline
WAY-317,538
Convulsants
Anatoxin-a
Bicuculline
DMCM
Flurothyl
Gabazine
Pentetrazol
Picrotoxin
Strychnine
Thujone
Eugeroics
Adrafinil
Armodafinil
CRL-40,940
CRL-40,941
Fluorenol
Modafinil
Oxazolines
4-Methylaminorex
Aminorex
Clominorex
Cyclazodone
Fenozolone
Fluminorex
Pemoline
Thozalinone
Phenethylamines
1-(4-Methylphenyl)-2-aminobutane
1-Methylamino-1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)propane
2-Fluoroamphetamine
2-Fluoromethamphetamine
2-OH-PEA
2-Phenyl-3-aminobutane
2,3-MDA
3-Fluoroamphetamine
3-Fluoroethamphetamine
3-Methoxyamphetamine
3-Methylamphetamine
4-Fluoroamphetamine
4-Fluoromethamphetamine
4-MA
4-MMA
4-MTA
6-FNE
AL-1095
Alfetamine
a-Ethylphenethylamine
Amfecloral
Amfepentorex
Amidephrine
2-Amino-1,2-dihydronaphthalene
2-Aminoindane
5-(2-Aminopropyl)indole
2-Aminotetralin
Acridorex
Amphetamine (Dextroamphetamine, Levoamphetamine)
Amphetaminil
Arbutamine
β-Methylphenethylamine
β-Phenylmethamphetamine
Benfluorex
Benzphetamine
BDB
BOH
3-Benzhydrylmorpholine
BPAP
Camfetamine
Cathine
Chlorphentermine
Cilobamine
Cinnamedrine
Clenbuterol
Clobenzorex
Cloforex
Clortermine
Cypenamine
D-Deprenyl
Denopamine
Dimethoxyamphetamine
Dimethylamphetamine
Dobutamine
DOPA (Dextrodopa, Levodopa)
Dopamine
Dopexamine
Droxidopa
EBDB
Ephedrine
Epinephrine
Epinine
Etafedrine
Ethylnorepinephrine
Etilamfetamine
Etilefrine
Famprofazone
Fencamfamin
Fencamine
Fenethylline
Fenfluramine (Dexfenfluramine, Levofenfluramine)
Fenproporex
Feprosidnine
Fludorex
Formetorex
Furfenorex
Gepefrine
Hexapradol
HMMA
Hordenine
4-Hydroxyamphetamine
5-Iodo-2-aminoindane
Ibopamine
Indanylamphetamine
Iofetamine
Isoetarine
Isoprenaline
L-Deprenyl (Selegiline)
Lefetamine
Lisdexamfetamine
Lophophine
MBDB
MDA (tenamfetamine)
MDBU
MDEA
MDMA (midomafetamine)
MDMPEA
MDOH
MDPR
MDPEA
Mefenorex
Mephentermine
Metanephrine
Metaraminol
Mesocarb
Methamphetamine (Dextromethamphetamine, Levomethamphetamine)
Methoxamine
Methoxyphenamine
MMA
Methoxyphenamine
MMDA
MMDMA
MMMA
Morforex
N,alpha-Diethylphenylethylamine
N,N-Dimethylphenethylamine
Naphthylamphetamine
Nisoxetine
Norepinephrine
Norfenefrine
Norfenfluramine
Normetanephrine
L-Norpseudoephedrine
Octopamine
Orciprenaline
Ortetamine
Oxifentorex
Oxilofrine
PBA
PCA
PCMA
PHA
Pentorex
Phenatine
Phenpromethamine
Phentermine
Phenylalanine
Phenylephrine
Phenylpropanolamine
Pholedrine
PIA
PMA
PMEA
PMMA
PPAP
Prenylamine
Propylamphetamine
Pseudoephedrine
Ropinirole
Salbutamol (Levosalbutamol)
Sibutramine
Solriamfetol
Synephrine
Theodrenaline
Tiflorex
Tranylcypromine
Tyramine
Tyrosine
Xylopropamine
Zylofuramine
Phenylmorpholines
3-Fluorophenmetrazine
Fenbutrazate
Fenmetramide
G-130
Manifaxine
Morazone
Morforex
Oxaflozane
PD-128,907
Phendimetrazine
Phenmetrazine
2-Phenyl-3,6-dimethylmorpholine
Pseudophenmetrazine
Radafaxine
Piperazines
2C-B-BZP
3C-PEP
BZP
CM156
DBL-583
GBR-12783
GBR-12935
GBR-13069
GBR-13098
GBR-13119
MeOPP
MBZP
oMPP
Vanoxerine
Piperidines
1-Benzyl-4-(2-(diphenylmethoxy)ethyl)piperidine
2-Benzylpiperidine
2-Methyl-3-phenylpiperidine
3,4-Dichloromethylphenidate
4-Benzylpiperidine
4-Fluoromethylphenidate
4-Methylmethylphenidate
Desoxypipradrol
Difemetorex
Diphenylpyraline
Ethylnaphthidate
Ethylphenidate
Methylnaphthidate
Isopropylphenidate
JZ-IV-10
Methylphenidate (Dexmethylphenidate)
Nocaine
Phacetoperane
Pipradrol
Propylphenidate
Serdexmethylphenidate
SCH-5472
Pyrrolidines
2-Diphenylmethylpyrrolidine
4-Cl-PVP
5-DBFPV
α-PPP
α-PBP
α-PCYP
α-PHiP
α-PHP
α-PHPP
α-PVP
α-PVT
Diphenylprolinol
DMPVP
FPOP
FPVP
MDPPP
MDPBP
MPBP
MPHP
MPPP
MOPVP
MOPPP
Indapyrophenidone
MDPV
Naphyrone
PEP
Picilorex
Prolintane
Pyrovalerone
Racetams
Oxiracetam
Phenylpiracetam
Phenylpiracetam hydrazide
Tropanes
4-fluorotropacocaine
4'-Fluorococaine
Altropane (IACFT)
Brasofensine
CFT (WIN 35,428)
β-CIT (RTI-55)
Cocaethylene
Cocaine
Dichloropane (RTI-111)
Difluoropine
FE-β-CPPIT
FP-β-CPPIT
Ioflupane (123I)
Norcocaine
PIT
PTT
RTI-31
RTI-32
RTI-51
RTI-112
RTI-113
RTI-120
RTI-121 (IPCIT)
RTI-126
RTI-150
RTI-177
RTI-229
RTI-336
RTI-354
RTI-371
RTI-386
Salicylmethylecgonine
Tesofensine
Troparil (β-CPT, WIN 35,065-2)
Tropoxane
WF-23
WF-33
Tryptamines
4-HO-αMT
4-Methyl-αET
4-Methyl-αMT
5-Chloro-αMT
5-Fluoro-αMT
5-MeO-αET
5-MeO-αMT
5-MeO-DIPT
6-Fluoro-αMT
7-Methyl-αET
αET
αMT
Others
2-MDP
3,3-Diphenylcyclobutanamine
Amfonelic acid
Amineptine
Amiphenazole
Atipamezole
Atomoxetine
Bemegride
Benzydamine
BTQ
BTS 74,398
Centanafadine
Ciclazindol
Clofenciclan
Cropropamide
Crotetamide
D-161
Desipramine
Diclofensine
Dimethocaine
Efaroxan
Etamivan
Fenisorex
Fenpentadiol
Gamfexine
Gilutensin
GSK1360707F
GYKI-52895
Hexacyclonate
Idazoxan
Indanorex
Indatraline
JNJ-7925476
Lazabemide
Leptacline
Lomevactone
LR-5182
Mazindol
Meclofenoxate
Medifoxamine
Mefexamide
Methamnetamine
Methastyridone
Methiopropamine
Naphthylaminopropane
Nefopam
Nikethamide
Nomifensine
O-2172
Oxaprotiline
PNU-99,194
PRC200-SS
Rasagiline
Rauwolscine
Rubidium chloride
Setazindol
Tametraline
Tandamine
Thiopropamine
Thiothinone
Trazium
UH-232
Yohimbine
ATC code: N06B
vteAntiobesity agents/Anorectics (A08)StimulantsAmphetamines and phenethylamines
4-Methylamphetamine‡
Amfecloral
Amfepentorex
Amfepramone
Amphetamine
Amphetaminil
Benzphetamine
Cathine
Cathinone
Chlorphentermine
Clobenzorex
Cloforex
Clortermine
Dextroamphetamine
Dimethylcathinone
Ephedrine
Ephedra‡
Etilamfetamine
Etolorex
Fenethylline
Fenproporex
Fludorex
Furfenorex‡
Khat
Lisdexamfetamine
Mefenorex
Methamphetamine
Norfenfluramine
Pentorex
Phentermine (+topiramate)
Xylopropamine
Zylofuramine
Adrenergic agonists
Albuterol
Clenbuterol§
Ephedrine
Ephedra‡
Levopropylhexedrine
Synephrine
Terbutaline
Yohimbine (Yohimbe)
Other
Aminorex‡
Atomoxetine
Benfluorex‡
Bupropion (+naltrexone)
Dexfenfluramine‡
Dexmethylphenidate
Difemetorex‡
Fenbutrazate
Fenfluramine (+phentermine‡)
Manifaxine
Mazindol
Methylphenidate
Phendimetrazine
Phenethylamine
Phenmetrazine
Phenylpropanolamine
Pipradrol
Propylhexedrine
Pyrovalerone
Sibutramine‡
Tesofensine
Cannabinoidantagonists
Drinabant§
Ibipinabant§
Otenabant§
Rimonabant‡
Rosonabant§
Surinabant§
Taranabant§
GLP-1, GIP, and / orglucagon agonists
AMG 133
Cinchonine
Cotadutide
Danuglipron
Ecnoglutide
Exenatide†
Liraglutide
Orforglipron
Oxyntomodulin§
Retatrutide
Semaglutide (+cagrilintide†)
Tirzepatide†
DACRAs
Cagrilintide (+semaglutide†)
5-HT2Creceptor agonists
5-HTP
Lorcaserin‡
Absorption inhibitors
Cetilistat
Dirlotapide
Mitratapide
Orlistat
Simmondsin
Uncouplers
2,4-Dinitrophenol‡
Others
Beloranib§
Bimagrumab§
Desiccated thyroid‡
Metformin
Metreleptin
Naltrexone
Setmelanotide
Topiramate
ZGN-1061
Zonisamide
Water
#WHO-EM
‡Withdrawn from market
Clinical trials:
†Phase III
§Never to phase III
vteMonoamine reuptake inhibitorsDATTooltip Dopamine transporter(DRIsTooltip Dopamine reuptake inhibitors)
Piperazines: DBL-583
GBR-12783
GBR-12935
GBR-13069
GBR-13098
Nefazodone
Vanoxerine
Piperidines: 4-Fluoropethidine
Benocyclidine (BTCP)
Desoxypipradrol
Dexmethylphenidate
Difemetorex
Ethylphenidate
HDMP-28
Methylphenidate
Pethidine (meperidine)
Phencyclidine
Pipradrol
Serdexmethylphenidate
Tenocyclidine
Pyrrolidines: Diphenylprolinol
MDPV
Naphyrone
Prolintane
Pyrovalerone
Tropanes: Altropane
Benzatropine (benztropine)
Brasofensine
CFT
Cocaine
Dichloropane
Difluoropine
Etybenzatropine (ethybenztropine)
FE-β-CPPIT
FP-β-CPPIT
Ioflupane (123I)
RTI-55
RTI-112
RTI-113
RTI-121
RTI-126
RTI-150
RTI-177
RTI-229
RTI-336
Tesofensine
Troparil
Tropoxane
WF-11
WF-23
WF-31
WF-33
Others: Adrafinil
Amifitadine
Armodafinil
Amfonelic acid
Amineptine
Ansofaxine
BTQ
BTS 74,398
Bupropion
Chaenomeles speciosa
Ciclazindol
Dasotraline
Desmethylsertraline
Desmethylsibutramine (BTS-54354)
Diclofensine
Didesmethylsibutramine (BTS-54505)
Dimethocaine
Diphenylpyraline
Dizocilpine (MK-801)
DOV-102,677
DOV-216,303
Efavirenz
Ephenidine
Esketamine
EXP-561
Fencamfamin
Fezolamine
Fluorenol
GYKI-52895
Hydroxybupropion
Indatraline
Ketamine
Lefetamine
Levophacetoperane
Liafensine
LR-5182
Manifaxine
Mazindol
Medifoxamine
Mesocarb
Metaphit
MIN-117 (WF-516)
Modafinil
Nefopam
Nomifensine
NS-2359
O-2172
Oroxylin A
Perafensine
Pridefine
Radafaxine
Rimcazole
Sertraline
Sibutramine
Solriamfetol
Tametraline
Tedatioxetine
Threohydrobupropion
Tripelennamine
Venlafaxine
NETTooltip Norepinephrine transporter(NRIsTooltip Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors)
Selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors: Amedalin
Alseroxylon
Ciclazindol
Daledalin
Edivoxetine
Esreboxetine
Lortalamine
Mazindol
Nisoxetine
Reboxetine
Talopram
Talsupram
Tandamine
Teniloxazine
Viloxazine
Norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitors: Amineptine
Bupropion
Fencamine
Fencamfamin
Hydroxybupropion
Lefetamine
Levophacetoperane
LR-5182
Manifaxine
Methylphenidate
Nomifensine
O-2172
Radafaxine
Serdexmethylphenidate
Solriamfetol
Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors: Atomoxetine (tomoxetine)
CP-39,332
Desvenlafaxine
Duloxetine
Eclanamine
Levomilnacipran
McN5652
Milnacipran
N-Methyl-PPPA
Nafenodone
PPPA
Tofenacin
Venlafaxine
Serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitors: 3,3-Diphenylcyclobutanamine
Amifitadine
Ansofaxine
Bicifadine
Brasofensine
Centanafadine
Cocaine
Dasotraline
Desmethylsertraline
Desmethylsibutramine (BTS-54354)
Diclofensine
Didesmethylsibutramine (BTS-54505)
DOV-102677
DOV-216303
EXP-561
Fezolamine
HDMP-28
HP-505
Indatraline
JNJ-7925476
JZ-IV-10
Liafensine
Mazindol
Naphyrone
Nefazodone
Nefopam
NS-2359
Perafensine
PRC200
Pridefine
SEP-228431
SEP-228432
Sibutramine
Tedatioxetine
Tesofensine
Threohydrobupropion
Tropanes (e.g., cocaine)
Tricyclic antidepressants: Amitriptyline
Butriptyline
Cianopramine
Clomipramine
Desipramine
Dosulepin (dothiepin)
Doxepin
Imipramine
Lofepramine
Melitracen
Nortriptyline
Protriptyline
Trimipramine
Tetracyclic antidepressants: Amoxapine
Maprotiline
Mianserin
Oxaprotiline
Setiptiline
Others: Antihistamines (e.g., brompheniramine, chlorphenamine, pheniramine, tripelennamine)
Antipsychotics (e.g., loxapine, ziprasidone)
Arylcyclohexylamines (e.g., ketamine, phencyclidine)
Dopexamine
Ephenidine
Ginkgo biloba
Indeloxazine
Nefazodone
Opioids (e.g., desmetramadol, methadone, pethidine (meperidine), tapentadol, tramadol, levorphanol)
SERTTooltip Serotonin transporter(SRIsTooltip Serotonin reuptake inhibitors)
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: 6-Nitroquipazine
Alaproclate
Centpropazine
Cericlamine
Citalopram
Dapoxetine
Desmethylcitalopram
Didesmethylcitalopram
Escitalopram
Femoxetine
Fluoxetine
Fluvoxamine
Indalpine
Ifoxetine
Norfluoxetine
Omiloxetine
Panuramine
Paroxetine
PIM-35
Pirandamine
RTI-353
Seproxetine
Sertraline
Zimelidine
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and serotonin receptor modulators: Etoperidone
Litoxetine
Lubazodone
LY-393558
Quipazine
SB-649915
TGBA01AD
Trazodone
Vilazodone
Vortioxetine
Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors: Atomoxetine (tomoxetine)
Bicifadine
CP-39332
Desvenlafaxine
Duloxetine
Eclanamine
Levomilnacipran
McN5652
Milnacipran
N-Methyl-PPPA
PPPA
Tofenacin
Venlafaxine
Serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitors: 3,3-Diphenylcyclobutanamine
Amifitadine
Ansofaxine
Bicifadine
Brasofensine
Centanafadine
Cocaine
Dasotraline
Desmethylsertraline
Desmethylsibutramine (BTS-54354)
Diclofensine
Didesmethylsibutramine (BTS-54505)
DOV-102677
DOV-216303
EXP-561
Fezolamine
HDMP-28
HP-505
Indatraline
JNJ-7925476
JZ-IV-10
Liafensine
Mazindol
Naphyrone
Nefazodone
Nefopam
NS-2359
Perafensine
PRC200
Pridefine
SEP-228431
SEP-228432
Sibutramine
Tedatioxetine
Tesofensine
Threohydrobupropion
Tropanes (e.g., cocaine)
Tricyclic antidepressants: Amitriptyline
Cianopramine
Clomipramine
Cyanodothiepin
Desipramine
Dosulepin (dothiepin)
Doxepin
Imipramine
Lofepramine
Nortriptyline
Pipofezine
Protriptyline
Others: A-80426
Amoxapine
Antihistamines (e.g., brompheniramine, chlorphenamine, dimenhydrinate, diphenhydramine, mepyramine (pyrilamine), pheniramine, tripelennamine)
Antipsychotics (e.g., loxapine, ziprasidone)
Arylcyclohexylamines (e.g., 3-MeO-PCP, esketamine, ketamine, methoxetamine, phencyclidine)
Cyclobenzaprine
Delucemine
Dextromethorphan
Dextrorphan
Efavirenz
Hypidone
Medifoxamine
Mesembrine
Mifepristone
MIN-117 (WF-516)
N-Me-5-HT
Opioids (e.g., dextropropoxyphene, methadone, pethidine (meperidine), levorphanol, tapentadol, tramadol)
Roxindole
VMATsTooltip Vesicular monoamine transporters
Amiodarone
Amphetamines (e.g., amphetamine, methamphetamine, MDMA)
APP
AZIK
Bietaserpine
Deserpidine
Deutetrabenazine
Dihydrotetrabenazine
Efavirenz
GBR-12935
GZ-793A
Ibogaine
Ketanserin
Lobeline
Methoxytetrabenazine
Reserpine
Rose bengal
Tetrabenazine
Valbenazine
Vanoxerine (GBR-12909)
Others
DAT enhancers: Luteolin
DAT modulators: Agonist-like: SoRI-9804
SoRI-20040; Antagonist-like: SoRI-20041
See also: Receptor/signaling modulators • Monoamine releasing agents • Adrenergics • Dopaminergics • Serotonergics • Monoamine metabolism modulators • Monoamine neurotoxins
This drug article relating to the gastrointestinal system is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"psychoactive drug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoactive_drug"},{"link_name":"stimulant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimulant"},{"link_name":"effects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapeutic_effect"},{"link_name":"acting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_action"},{"link_name":"norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norepinephrine-dopamine_reuptake_inhibitor"},{"link_name":"developed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_development"},{"link_name":"chronic fatigue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_fatigue_syndrome"},{"link_name":"lethargy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lethargy"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"anorectic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anorectic"},{"link_name":"appetite suppressant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appetite_suppressant"},{"link_name":"abuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_abuse"},{"link_name":"dependence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_dependence"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"structural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_structure"},{"link_name":"α-PVP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91-PVP"},{"link_name":"MDPV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDPV"},{"link_name":"prolintane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolintane"},{"link_name":"Side effects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverse_effect"},{"link_name":"anorexia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anorexia_(symptom)"},{"link_name":"loss of appetite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loss_of_appetite"},{"link_name":"anxiety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety"},{"link_name":"sleep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep"},{"link_name":"insomnia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insomnia"},{"link_name":"trembling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trembling"},{"link_name":"shaking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tremor"},{"link_name":"muscle tremors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle_tremor"},{"link_name":"Withdrawal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_withdrawal"},{"link_name":"depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depression_(mood)"},{"link_name":"enantiomer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enantiomer"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Pyrovalerone (Centroton, 4-Methyl-β-keto-prolintane, Thymergix, O-2371)[2] is a psychoactive drug with stimulant effects via acting as a norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor (NDRI). It was developed in the 1980s and had briefly been approved in Spain and France for chronic fatigue or lethargy[3] and as an anorectic or appetite suppressant, but was withdrawn from both markets around 2001 due to safety concerns including problems with abuse and dependence.[4] It is closely related on a structural level to a number of other cathinone stimulants, such as α-PVP, MDPV and prolintane (Promotil, Katovit).Side effects of pyrovalerone include anorexia or loss of appetite, anxiety, fragmented sleep or insomnia, and trembling, shaking, or muscle tremors. Withdrawal following abuse upon discontinuation often results in depression.The R-enantiomer of pyrovalerone is devoid of pharmacologic activity.[5]","title":"Pyrovalerone"}] | [] | [{"title":"pyrovalerone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/pyrovalerone"},{"title":"4-Et-PVP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-Et-PVP"},{"title":"α-Pyrrolidinohexiophenone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-Pyrrolidinohexiophenone"},{"title":"α-Pyrrolidinopentiothiophenone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-Pyrrolidinopentiothiophenone"},{"title":"Methylenedioxypyrovalerone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylenedioxypyrovalerone"},{"title":"Naphyrone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naphyrone"},{"title":"Prolintane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolintane"},{"title":"4'-Methyl-α-pyrrolidinohexiophenone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4%27-Methyl-%CE%B1-pyrrolidinohexiophenone"}] | [{"reference":"Anvisa (2023-03-31). \"RDC Nº 784 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial\" [Collegiate Board Resolution No. 784 - Lists of Narcotic, Psychotropic, Precursor, and Other Substances under Special Control] (in Brazilian Portuguese). Diário Oficial da União (published 2023-04-04). Archived from the original on 2023-08-03. Retrieved 2023-08-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Health_Regulatory_Agency","url_text":"Anvisa"},{"url":"https://www.in.gov.br/en/web/dou/-/resolucao-rdc-n-784-de-31-de-marco-de-2023-474904992","url_text":"\"RDC Nº 784 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C3%A1rio_Oficial_da_Uni%C3%A3o","url_text":"Diário Oficial da União"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230803143925/https://www.in.gov.br/en/web/dou/-/resolucao-rdc-n-784-de-31-de-marco-de-2023-474904992","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Gardos G, Cole JO (October 1971). \"Evaluation of pyrovalerone in chronically fatigued volunteers\". Current Therapeutic Research, Clinical and Experimental. 13 (10): 631–5. PMID 4402508.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4402508","url_text":"4402508"}]},{"reference":"Deniker P, Lôo H, Cuche H, Roux JM (November 1975). \"[Abuse of pyrovalerone by drug addicts]\". Annales médico-psychologiques. 2 (4): 745–8. PMID 9895.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9895","url_text":"9895"}]},{"reference":"Meltzer PC, Butler D, Deschamps JR, Madras BK (February 2006). \"1-(4-Methylphenyl)-2-pyrrolidin-1-yl-pentan-1-one (Pyrovalerone) analogues: a promising class of monoamine uptake inhibitors\". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 49 (4): 1420–32. doi:10.1021/jm050797a. PMC 2602954. PMID 16480278.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2602954","url_text":"\"1-(4-Methylphenyl)-2-pyrrolidin-1-yl-pentan-1-one (Pyrovalerone) analogues: a promising class of monoamine uptake inhibitors\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fjm050797a","url_text":"10.1021/jm050797a"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2602954","url_text":"2602954"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16480278","url_text":"16480278"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=3563-49-3","external_links_name":"3563-49-3"},{"Link":"https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/14373","external_links_name":"14373"},{"Link":"https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.13733.html","external_links_name":"13733"},{"Link":"https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/VOU69C02JP","external_links_name":"VOU69C02JP"},{"Link":"https://www.kegg.jp/entry/D05663","external_links_name":"D05663"},{"Link":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembldb/index.php/compound/inspect/ChEMBL201960","external_links_name":"ChEMBL201960"},{"Link":"https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID20863194","external_links_name":"DTXSID20863194"},{"Link":"https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.230.426","external_links_name":"100.230.426"},{"Link":"https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=O%3DC%28C%28CCC%29N1CCCC1%29C2%3DCC%3DC%28C%29C%3DC2","external_links_name":"Interactive image"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=464377734&page2=Pyrovalerone","external_links_name":"(verify)"},{"Link":"https://www.in.gov.br/en/web/dou/-/resolucao-rdc-n-784-de-31-de-marco-de-2023-474904992","external_links_name":"\"RDC Nº 784 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230803143925/https://www.in.gov.br/en/web/dou/-/resolucao-rdc-n-784-de-31-de-marco-de-2023-474904992","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4402508","external_links_name":"4402508"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9895","external_links_name":"9895"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2602954","external_links_name":"\"1-(4-Methylphenyl)-2-pyrrolidin-1-yl-pentan-1-one (Pyrovalerone) analogues: a promising class of monoamine uptake inhibitors\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fjm050797a","external_links_name":"10.1021/jm050797a"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2602954","external_links_name":"2602954"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16480278","external_links_name":"16480278"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyrovalerone&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_D-Men | The Fifth Estate (band) | ["1 Early years (as The D-Men)","2 The Fifth Estate","3 Members","4 Discography","4.1 Singles","4.2 Albums","5 References","6 External links"] | American rock band
The Fifth EstateBackground informationAlso known asThe D-Men (1963-1965)OriginStamford, Connecticut, U.S.Genres
Garage rock
folk rock
psychedelia
Years active1963 – presentLabels
United Artists
Kapp
Red Bird
Jubilee
Fuel 2000/Universal Music Group
Varèse Sarabande
Overseas:
London
EMI
Columbia
Members
Rick Engler
Bob Klein
Doug Ferrara
Ken Evans
Bill Shute
Past members
Wayne Wadhams
Chuck LeGrow
Websitethefifthestateband.com
The Fifth Estate, formerly known as The D-Men, is an American rock band formed in 1963 in Stamford, Connecticut.
Early years (as The D-Men)
"The D-Men 1964".
The band began in Stamford, Connecticut, in 1963, as The D-Men. Early on, as The D-Men, the band played many small shows and local clubs but soon gravitated to Greenwich Village and larger clubs where they often played six nights a week for long stretches. Guitarist Carl Sabatini also played a role in the band's earliest conception. They released three singles, two on Veep/United Artists and one on the Kapp labels, which along with much of their later material have become collectors' items and established them as a central part of the garage rock movement. Boston Skyline released a 28-song collection of their music in 1993 and published a 41-page booklet of their story.
The band made a number of appearances on television, including several on the Clay Cole Show, with one featuring The Rolling Stones’ first American East Coast TV appearance, and Hullabaloo, on which the D-Men performed "I Just Don't Care". The program was at that time co-hosted by Brian Epstein, who expressed an interest in signing them. They later won a Murray the K call-in contest for best new release over The Dave Clark Five and The Animals in 1965. In 1966 they changed their name to "The Fifth Estate".
The Fifth Estate
The Fifth Estate released the single "Love Is All A Game" on the Red Bird label, which became a regional hit. Following a successful string of club performances, they had an international hit in 1967 with a sunshine pop version of "Ding-Dong! The Witch Is Dead", which reached No. 11 on the Billboard Hot 100. The song was recorded and released around the world in five different languages (Japanese, Italian, French, German and English), and incorporated parts of "La Bouree" in the instrumental break and coda from Terpsichore by 17th-century composer Michael Praetorius. According to Cashbox, the track was in the Top 100 record releases of 1967 and achieved the highest American chart position of any Harold Arlen or Wizard of Oz song. That same year, the group recorded their version of "Heigh Ho!", another film theme, this time from Disney's first feature length film, 1937's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs. Although it made the top 40 on the Canadian CHUM chart, sales for both "Heigh Ho!" and their next single, "Do Drop Inn", proved disappointing in the US. "Heigh Ho!" failed to chart and "Do Drop Inn" skimmed the bottom of the American charts. Although not making an impact in America, in 1968 "Morning Morning", an original song that incorporated the band's core guitar and harpsichord driven sound, was a hit in Australia on the Stateside label.
The original five members performed together for six years during which they recorded about 100 songs, and released 13 singles and one album. Sam & Dave joined them on stage and sang "Soul Man" with them at one of their theater shows, while one of the Vandellas sang and recorded one of their tunes, "How Can I Find A Way," with them as her next release. They also appeared in a 1967 TV episode of Malibu U. In 1968, on "The Frodis Caper", the last of their 58 television show episodes, The Monkees covered The Fifth Estate's version of "Ding Dong! The Witch Is Dead".
The Fifth Estate toured with acts such as Count Five, The Electric Prunes, The Music Explosion, The Buckinghams, The Ronettes, Gene Pitney, The Lovin' Spoonful, The Turtles, The Byrds, The Easybeats. They also appeared on Upbeat with another Greenwich Village band, The Velvet Underground.
In 1970, group members went off on different projects. Bill Shute released two albums with Lisa Null, The Feathered Maiden and Other Ballads (1977) and American Primitive (1980), and multiple albums with other collaborators. The band has since reformed and continue to perform and record. Their album Time Tunnel was recorded in 2010/11 and released on January 2, 2012. It was produced with the assistance of and mixed by Shel Talmy.
On September 19, 2012, The Fifth Estate - Anthology 1 was released by Fuel 2000/Universal Music Group. A double CD with a 20-page booklet and 40 songs, more than half the tracks were previously unreleased.
In May, 2014, the German label Break-A-Way Records released a 14-song vinyl album of the band's early 1964 - 1966 material called I Wanna Shout!
On August 12, 2014, following the continued success of the 2012 Anthology 1 release, Fuel 2000 released a 14-song CD of new material, Take The Fifth. This album was also mixed and executive-produced by Shel Talmy.
Members
Rick Engler - guitar, fuzz bass, lead vocals, harmonica
Ken 'Furvus' Evans - drums, vocals
Doug 'Duke' Ferrara - bass, lead harmony vocals
Wayne 'Wads' Wadhams (died 19 August 2008) - harpsichord, piano, organ, lead vocals
Bill Shute - guitar, shugro 8, vocals
Chuck LeGros - vocals, harmonica (1966)
Bob 'Bobby Lee' Klein - lead vocals, keyboards, guitar (1969 + 2006-)
Discography
Singles
as The D-Men
"Don't You Know" b/w "No Hope For Me" (Veep/United Artists 1206 / July 1964)
"I Just Don't Care" b/w "Messin Around" (Veep/United Artists 1209 / March 1965)
"So Little Time" b/w "Every Minute of Every Day" (Kapp 691 / May 1965)
as The Fifth Estate
"Love Is All a Game" b/w "Like I Love You" (Red Bird RB 10-064 / May 1966)
"Ding Dong! The Witch Is Dead" b/w "Rub-a-Dub" (Jubilee 45-5573 / May 1967)
"The Goofin Song" b/w "Lost Generation" (Jubilee 5588 / July 1967)
"Heigh-Ho" b/w "It's Waiting There for You" (Jubilee 5595 / October 1967)
"Morning, Morning" b/w "Tomorrow Is My Turn" (Jubilee 5607 / November 1967)
"Do Drop Inn" b/w "That's Love" (Jubilee 5617 / February 1968)
"Coney Island Sally" b/w "Tomorrow Is My Turn" (Jubilee 5627 / July 1968)
"Night on Fire" b/w "I've Never Been So High" (3 members as Medicine Mike) (Evolution 1011 / August 1969)
In 1969, two singles by studio musicians were released under the band's name without their permission or participation:
"The Mickey Mouse Club March" b/w "I Knew You Before I Met You" (Jubilee 5655 / April 1969)
"Parade of the Wooden Soldiers" b/w "I Knew You Before I Met You" (Jubilee 5683 / November 1969)
Albums
Ding Dong! The Witch Is Dead (Jubilee Records JGS 8005 / 1967)
Ding Dong! The Witch Is Back: 1964-1969 (Boston Skyline BSD 116/1992)
Time Tunnel (Roxon Records LLC RR1001 / 2011)
The Fifth Estate - Anthology 1 1964-1969 (Fuel 2000 / Universal Music Group, 2012)
I Wanna Shout! (Break-A-Way Records 039 / 2014)
Take The Fifth (Fuel 2000 Records 302 062 017 2 / 2014)
Surf, Rocks & Fuzz (Roxon Records LLC RR1002 / 2016) - 1963 & 1964 recordings
I Wanna Shout! (Roxon Records LLC RR1003 / 2016) - digital and vinyl, 1965 recordings
On The Road (Roxon Records LLC RR1004 / 2016) - 1966 recordings
The Best Of - The Fifth Estate (Roxon Records LLC RR1005 / 20016) - 1964 to 1970 recordings
Higher Density (Roxon Records LLC RR1006 / 2016) - 1968 recordings
Live, Loud & Lo-Fi (Roxon Records LLC RR1007 / 2016) - 1964 to 2012 live recordings
Garunge Deluxe (Roxon Records LC RR1008 / 2020) - more garage and RnR material
References
^ a b c d Deming, Mark. "The Fifth Estate". AllMusic. Retrieved March 5, 2021.
^ Ding Dong! The Witch Is Back! 1964-1969 (CD booklet). The Fifth Estate. Boston Skyline. 1993. BSD 116 – via Discogs.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
^ Fox, Hank (August 6, 1966). "Fifth Estate Has Broad Bag of Rock Material" (PDF). Billboard. p. 14. Retrieved November 13, 2022.
^ Colin Larkin, ed. (1997). The Virgin Encyclopedia of Sixties Music (First ed.). Virgin Books. p. 195. ISBN 0-7535-0149-X.
^ Cashbox Top 100
^ Reuters: McPhee's "Rainbow" hits Oz gold. (BILLBOARD article)
^ The Frodis Caper. The Monkees. March 25, 1968.{{cite AV media}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
^ "Pitney Package Finishes Tour" (PDF). Billboard. August 26, 1967. p. 8. Retrieved November 13, 2022.
^ Bingham, Tom (February 1981). "The Fifth Estate". Goldmine. No. 57. p. 19.
^ Kurtz, Warren (August 1, 2017). "Goldmine Giveaway - Connecticut Rock 'n' Roll / Fifth Estate Interview". Goldmine. Retrieved November 13, 2022.
Roxon, Lillian: Lilian Roxon's Rock Encyclopedia, (Grosset and Dunlop, Universal Library Edition, 1972), p. 182, ISBN 0-448-00255-8
External links
The Fifth Estate Official Site
Authority control databases: Artists
MusicBrainz | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music"},{"link_name":"Stamford, Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamford,_Connecticut"}],"text":"The Fifth Estate, formerly known as The D-Men, is an American rock band formed in 1963 in Stamford, Connecticut.","title":"The Fifth Estate (band)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_D-Men_1964.JPG"},{"link_name":"Stamford, Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamford,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Greenwich Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwich_Village"},{"link_name":"garage rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garage_rock"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Boston-2"},{"link_name":"the Clay Cole Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Clay_Cole_Show"},{"link_name":"The Rolling Stones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones"},{"link_name":"Hullabaloo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hullabaloo_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Brian Epstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Epstein"},{"link_name":"Murray the K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_the_K"},{"link_name":"The Dave Clark Five","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dave_Clark_Five"},{"link_name":"The Animals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Animals"}],"text":"\"The D-Men 1964\".The band began in Stamford, Connecticut, in 1963, as The D-Men. Early on, as The D-Men, the band played many small shows and local clubs but soon gravitated to Greenwich Village and larger clubs where they often played six nights a week for long stretches. Guitarist Carl Sabatini also played a role in the band's earliest conception. They released three singles, two on Veep/United Artists and one on the Kapp labels, which along with much of their later material have become collectors' items and established them as a central part of the garage rock movement. Boston Skyline released a 28-song collection of their music in 1993 and published a 41-page booklet of their story.[2]The band made a number of appearances on television, including several on the Clay Cole Show, with one featuring The Rolling Stones’ first American East Coast TV appearance, and Hullabaloo, on which the D-Men performed \"I Just Don't Care\". The program was at that time co-hosted by Brian Epstein, who expressed an interest in signing them. 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Following a successful string of club performances,[3] they had an international hit in 1967 with a sunshine pop version of \"Ding-Dong! The Witch Is Dead\", which reached No. 11 on the Billboard Hot 100.[4] The song was recorded and released around the world in five different languages (Japanese, Italian, French, German and English), and incorporated parts of \"La Bouree\" in the instrumental break and coda from Terpsichore by 17th-century composer Michael Praetorius. According to Cashbox, the track was in the Top 100 record releases of 1967[5] and achieved the highest American chart position of any Harold Arlen or Wizard of Oz song.[6] That same year, the group recorded their version of \"Heigh Ho!\", another film theme, this time from Disney's first feature length film, 1937's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs. Although it made the top 40 on the Canadian CHUM chart, sales for both \"Heigh Ho!\" and their next single, \"Do Drop Inn\", proved disappointing in the US. \"Heigh Ho!\" failed to chart and \"Do Drop Inn\" skimmed the bottom of the American charts. Although not making an impact in America, in 1968 \"Morning Morning\", an original song that incorporated the band's core guitar and harpsichord driven sound, was a hit in Australia on the Stateside label.The original five members performed together for six years during which they recorded about 100 songs, and released 13 singles and one album. Sam & Dave joined them on stage and sang \"Soul Man\" with them at one of their theater shows, while one of the Vandellas sang and recorded one of their tunes, \"How Can I Find A Way,\" with them as her next release. They also appeared in a 1967 TV episode of Malibu U. In 1968, on \"The Frodis Caper\", the last of their 58 television show episodes, The Monkees covered The Fifth Estate's version of \"Ding Dong! The Witch Is Dead\".[7]The Fifth Estate toured with acts such as Count Five, The Electric Prunes, The Music Explosion, The Buckinghams, The Ronettes, Gene Pitney, The Lovin' Spoonful, The Turtles, The Byrds, The Easybeats.[8] They also appeared on Upbeat with another Greenwich Village band, The Velvet Underground.In 1970, group members went off on different projects. Bill Shute released two albums with Lisa Null, The Feathered Maiden and Other Ballads (1977) and American Primitive (1980), and multiple albums with other collaborators.[9] The band has since reformed and continue to perform and record. Their album Time Tunnel was recorded in 2010/11 and released on January 2, 2012. It was produced with the assistance of and mixed by Shel Talmy.On September 19, 2012, The Fifth Estate - Anthology 1 was released by Fuel 2000/Universal Music Group. A double CD with a 20-page booklet and 40 songs, more than half the tracks were previously unreleased.In May, 2014, the German label Break-A-Way Records released a 14-song vinyl album of the band's early 1964 - 1966 material called I Wanna Shout!On August 12, 2014, following the continued success of the 2012 Anthology 1 release, Fuel 2000 released a 14-song CD of new material, Take The Fifth. This album was also mixed and executive-produced by Shel Talmy.","title":"The Fifth Estate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Rick Engler - guitar, fuzz bass, lead vocals, harmonica\nKen 'Furvus' Evans - drums, vocals\nDoug 'Duke' Ferrara - bass, lead harmony vocals\nWayne 'Wads' Wadhams (died 19 August 2008) - harpsichord, piano, organ, lead vocals\nBill Shute - guitar, shugro 8, vocals [10]\nChuck LeGros - vocals, harmonica (1966)\nBob 'Bobby Lee' Klein - lead vocals, keyboards, guitar (1969 + 2006-)","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Veep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veep_Records"},{"link_name":"Kapp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapp_Records"},{"link_name":"Red Bird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Bird_Records"},{"link_name":"Ding Dong! The Witch Is Dead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ding-Dong!_The_Witch_Is_Dead"},{"link_name":"Jubilee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jubilee_Records"},{"link_name":"Heigh-Ho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heigh-Ho"},{"link_name":"Evolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_Records"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AM-1"}],"sub_title":"Singles","text":"as The D-Men\"Don't You Know\" b/w \"No Hope For Me\" (Veep/United Artists 1206 / July 1964)\n\"I Just Don't Care\" b/w \"Messin Around\" (Veep/United Artists 1209 / March 1965)\n\"So Little Time\" b/w \"Every Minute of Every Day\" (Kapp 691 / May 1965)as The Fifth Estate\"Love Is All a Game\" b/w \"Like I Love You\" (Red Bird RB 10-064 / May 1966)\n\"Ding Dong! The Witch Is Dead\" b/w \"Rub-a-Dub\" (Jubilee 45-5573 / May 1967)\n\"The Goofin Song\" b/w \"Lost Generation\" (Jubilee 5588 / July 1967)\n\"Heigh-Ho\" b/w \"It's Waiting There for You\" (Jubilee 5595 / October 1967)\n\"Morning, Morning\" b/w \"Tomorrow Is My Turn\" (Jubilee 5607 / November 1967)\n\"Do Drop Inn\" b/w \"That's Love\" (Jubilee 5617 / February 1968)\n\"Coney Island Sally\" b/w \"Tomorrow Is My Turn\" (Jubilee 5627 / July 1968)\n\"Night on Fire\" b/w \"I've Never Been So High\" (3 members as Medicine Mike) (Evolution 1011 / August 1969)In 1969, two singles by studio musicians were released under the band's name without their permission or participation:[1]\"The Mickey Mouse Club March\" b/w \"I Knew You Before I Met You\" (Jubilee 5655 / April 1969)\n\"Parade of the Wooden Soldiers\" b/w \"I Knew You Before I Met You\" (Jubilee 5683 / November 1969)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Albums","text":"Ding Dong! The Witch Is Dead (Jubilee Records JGS 8005 / 1967)\nDing Dong! The Witch Is Back: 1964-1969 (Boston Skyline BSD 116/1992)\nTime Tunnel (Roxon Records LLC RR1001 / 2011)\nThe Fifth Estate - Anthology 1 1964-1969 (Fuel 2000 / Universal Music Group, 2012)\nI Wanna Shout! (Break-A-Way Records 039 / 2014)\nTake The Fifth (Fuel 2000 Records 302 062 017 2 / 2014)\nSurf, Rocks & Fuzz (Roxon Records LLC RR1002 / 2016) - 1963 & 1964 recordings\nI Wanna Shout! (Roxon Records LLC RR1003 / 2016) - digital and vinyl, 1965 recordings\nOn The Road (Roxon Records LLC RR1004 / 2016) - 1966 recordings\nThe Best Of - The Fifth Estate (Roxon Records LLC RR1005 / 20016) - 1964 to 1970 recordings\nHigher Density (Roxon Records LLC RR1006 / 2016) - 1968 recordings\nLive, Loud & Lo-Fi (Roxon Records LLC RR1007 / 2016) - 1964 to 2012 live recordings\nGarunge Deluxe (Roxon Records LC RR1008 / 2020) - more garage and RnR material","title":"Discography"}] | [{"image_text":"\"The D-Men 1964\".","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/The_D-Men_1964.JPG/220px-The_D-Men_1964.JPG"}] | null | [{"reference":"Deming, Mark. \"The Fifth Estate\". AllMusic. Retrieved March 5, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/the-fifth-estate-mn0000059350/biography","url_text":"\"The Fifth Estate\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"Ding Dong! The Witch Is Back! 1964-1969 (CD booklet). The Fifth Estate. Boston Skyline. 1993. BSD 116 – via Discogs.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.discogs.com/release/3864410-The-Fifth-Estate-The-D-Men-Ding-Dong-The-Witch-Is-Back-1964-1969#images/12760342","url_text":"Ding Dong! The Witch Is Back! 1964-1969"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discogs","url_text":"Discogs"}]},{"reference":"Fox, Hank (August 6, 1966). \"Fifth Estate Has Broad Bag of Rock Material\" (PDF). Billboard. p. 14. Retrieved November 13, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Billboard/60s/1966/BB-1966-08-06.pdf","url_text":"\"Fifth Estate Has Broad Bag of Rock Material\""}]},{"reference":"Colin Larkin, ed. (1997). The Virgin Encyclopedia of Sixties Music (First ed.). Virgin Books. p. 195. ISBN 0-7535-0149-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Larkin_(writer)","url_text":"Colin Larkin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Popular_Music","url_text":"The Virgin Encyclopedia of Sixties Music"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Books","url_text":"Virgin Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7535-0149-X","url_text":"0-7535-0149-X"}]},{"reference":"The Frodis Caper. The Monkees. March 25, 1968.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Monkees_(TV_series)","url_text":"The Monkees"}]},{"reference":"\"Pitney Package Finishes Tour\" (PDF). Billboard. August 26, 1967. p. 8. 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Retrieved November 13, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.goldminemag.com/goldmine-giveaways/goldmine-giveaway-connecticut-rock-n-roll-book-fifth-estate-interview","url_text":"\"Goldmine Giveaway - Connecticut Rock 'n' Roll / Fifth Estate Interview\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldmine_(magazine)","url_text":"Goldmine"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://thefifthestateband.com/","external_links_name":"thefifthestateband.com"},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/the-fifth-estate-mn0000059350/biography","external_links_name":"\"The Fifth Estate\""},{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/release/3864410-The-Fifth-Estate-The-D-Men-Ding-Dong-The-Witch-Is-Back-1964-1969#images/12760342","external_links_name":"Ding Dong! The Witch Is Back! 1964-1969"},{"Link":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Billboard/60s/1966/BB-1966-08-06.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Fifth Estate Has Broad Bag of Rock Material\""},{"Link":"https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Music/Billboard-Index/IDX/1967/Billboard-1967-08-26-OCR-Page-0008.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Pitney Package Finishes Tour\""},{"Link":"https://www.goldminemag.com/goldmine-giveaways/goldmine-giveaway-connecticut-rock-n-roll-book-fifth-estate-interview","external_links_name":"\"Goldmine Giveaway - Connecticut Rock 'n' Roll / Fifth Estate Interview\""},{"Link":"http://www.thefifthestateband.com/","external_links_name":"The Fifth Estate Official Site"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/2cc14bcf-c7c6-4fb0-a214-8b45ffc88340","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosamund_(Gepid) | Rosamund (queen) | ["1 Life","2 Rosamund in later culture","3 See also","4 Notes","5 External links"] | Lombard queen
RosamundRosamund forced to drink from the skull of her father by Pietro della VecchiaQueen consort of the LombardsTenure567 - 28 June 572/573Born540Died572 or 573RavennaSpouseAlboinHelmichisFatherCunimund
Rosamund (fl. 572) was a Lombard queen. She was the daughter of Cunimund, king of the Gepids, and wife of Alboin, king of the Lombards.
Life
Alboin and Rosamund by workshop of Peter Paul RubensRosamund was born into a kingdom in crisis, as the Gepid people had been fighting a losing battle against the Lombards since 546, firstly within the context of a Lombardic-East Roman alliance, and later against the Lombards and the Avar nomads. These wars had taken the lives of not only her grandfather king Thurisind, but also her uncle, Thurismund, both of which served to establish a long-standing hatred of the Lombards in her father, Cunimund, which he passed down to her.
This hatred was what spawned the final war of the Gepids, as Cunimund attempted to win back lost lands against the Lombards. The war, however, quickly turned, and in 567, the Gepid Kingdom would be completely subdued by a mixture of Lombard and Avar forces, her father was decapitated and she, along with many other Gepids, was taken as a prisoner of the Lombards (see Lombard–Gepid War (567)). However, in an attempt to secure a male heir and following the death of his first wife Clotsuinda of Frankia, Alboin took her as his wife. Alboin was noted for his cruelty towards her; his most famous act of cruelty was reported by Paulus Diaconus, who states that at a royal banquet in Verona, Alboin forced her to drink from the skull of her dead father (which he carried around his belt), inviting her "to drink merrily with her father".
After this, she began plotting to have her husband assassinated. Thus, Rosamund met with the king's arms bearer and her lover, Helmichis, who suggested using Peredeo, "a very strong man", to accomplish the assassination. Peredeo refused to help, and that night mistakenly had intercourse with Rosamund, who was disguised as a servant. After learning that he had committed adultery with his king's wife, Peredeo agreed to take part in an assassination attempt in fear of the king's retribution. After the great feast, Alboin went to bed inebriated, at which point Rosamund ordered the king's sword bound to his bedpost, so that should he wake in the middle of the assassination attempt, he would be defenseless. Alboin did wake, only to find himself unarmed. He fended off his attackers temporarily with a footstool, but was killed. Due in part to the work of Paulus Diaconus, there seems to be some confusion about who actually killed Alboin, with both Helmichis and Peredeo assigned as sole murderer.
Immediately afterwards, Helmichis planned to marry Rosamund and usurp the throne by claiming kingship. However, this plan gained little support from the various duchies of the Lombard kingdom, so Rosamund, Helmichis, and Albsuinda, Alboin's daughter by his first wife, fled together to the East Roman stronghold of Ravenna with a large proportion of Alboin's private treasures. Rosamund and Helmichis married in Ravenna, but were soon divided when Rosamund, in an attempt to curry favour, took as a lover Longinus, the exarch, who had helped them plan the murder of Alboin. At the urging of Longinus, who promised to marry her, she attempted to murder her former lover Helmichis by poisoning, handing him the drink after he had washed; however, she was instead murdered by Helmichis, who forced her to drink the poison before committing suicide by the same means.
Rosamund in later culture
See also: Alboin § Cultural references
Rosamund would inspire many later tragedies, based on her life, particularly in Italy, where the folk song "Donna Lumbarda" was passed down orally through the generations, inspiring later renditions of the tale.
She's a heroine of Boccaccio's De casibus virorum illustrium (book 8).
Medieval folk tales and legends developed. The first true tragedy, Giovanni Rucellai's Rosmunda, was first performed in 1525 and would serve as the basis for many later tellings of the story in the Italian language, such as Vittorio Alfieri's 1783 work of the same name and a Sam Benelli play of 1911. The conspiracy to murder Alboin also inspired the 1961/2 film Rosmunda e Alboino, aka Sword of the Conqueror etc., by Carlo Campogalliani.
In 1665 Urban Hjärne wrote a comedy in Swedish on the same matter, Rosimunda. It is the first original play in that language known to have actually been staged, as entertainment for the young Charles XI while he studied at Uppsala university.
In the English language, the story would also be considered a tragedy, albeit more often neglected than in the Italian tradition, but it was the subject of Robert Burton Rodney's mid 19th C. poem Alboin and Rosamond, and would be treated by the pre-Raphaelite poet Algernon Charles Swinburne in his 1899 work Rosamund, Queen of the Lombards.
In Meg Cabot's young adult novel series The Princess Diaries published from 2000 on, Rosimunda is renamed 'Rosagunde'. While the story of her marriage to Alboin is the same, in Cabot's re-telling she is granted Genovia by the king of Italy as a reward for killing Alboin, making her the first princess of Genovia and an ancestor to the series' protagonist Mia Thermopolis.
See also
Cleopatra VII
Theodora
Notes
^ a b Diaconus, Paulus, Foulke, William Dudley (2004), Historia gentis Langobardorum, Adamant Media Corporation, Boston, p. 81
^ Peredeo is not a Germanic name; it's may be a Latin (nick)name meaning "by God" (per Deo/Deus).
^ Hodgkin, Thomas (1895), Italy and Her Invaders, volume V, Oxford-Clarendon Press, Clarendon, p. 170
^ Herwig, Wolfram (1997), The Roman Empire and its Germanic Peoples, University of California Press, California, p. 291
^ Guerber, Helene Adeline (1896), Myths and Legends Series: Middle Ages, George C. Harrap & Co., pp. 102-105
External links
Media related to Rosamund at Wikimedia Commons
vteQueens of Italy
Audofleda (493–526)
Amalasuintha (526–534)
Matasuntha (536–540)
Berthora (549–552)
Chlothsind (560s)
Rosamund (567–573)
Theodelinda (589–616)
Gundiberga (626–652)
Guntrude (712–744)
Tassia (744–749)
Ansa (756–774)
Hildegard (774–783)
Fastrada of Franconia (784–794)
Luitgard of Sundgau (794–800)
Bertha of Gellone (?)
Cunigunda of Laon (?)
Ermengarde of Tours (821–851)
Engelberga of Parma (851–875)
Richilde of Provence (875–877)
Richardis of Swabia (879–888)
Bertila of Spoleto (888–889)
Ageltrude of Benevento (889–894)
Ota of Neustria (896–899)
Anna of Constantinople (900–905)
Bertila of Spoleto (905–915)
Anna of Provence (915–924)
Bertha of Swabia (922–926)
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Marozia of Tusculum (932–933)
Bertha of Swabia (937–948)
Adelaide of Italy (948–950)
Willa of Tuscany (950–953)
Gerberga (957–963)
Adelaide of Italy (951–973)
Theophanu of Constantinople (972–983)
Berta di Luni (1002–14)
Cunigunde of Luxembourg (1004–24)
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Richenza of Northeim (1128–37)
Beatrice I of Burgundy (1156–84)
Constance of Sicily (1191–97)
Beatrice of Hohenstaufen (1212)
Constance of Aragon (1212–22)
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Isabella of England (1235–41)
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Margaret of Brabant (1311)
Margaret II of Hainaut (1327–47)
Anna of Świdnica (1355–62)
Elizabeth of Pomerania (1363–78)
Barbara of Cilli (1431–37)
Eleanor of Portugal (1452–67)
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Joséphine de Beauharnais (1805–10)
Marie Louise of Austria (1810–14)
Margherita of Savoy (1878–1900)
Elena of Montenegro (1900–46)
Marie-José of Belgium (1946)
Authority control databases International
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National
Germany | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cunimund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cunimund"},{"link_name":"Gepids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gepids"},{"link_name":"Alboin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alboin"},{"link_name":"king of the Lombards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_the_Lombards"}],"text":"Rosamund (fl. 572) was a Lombard queen. She was the daughter of Cunimund, king of the Gepids, and wife of Alboin, king of the Lombards.","title":"Rosamund (queen)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:School_of_Rubens_-_Alboin_and_Rosamunde.jpg"},{"link_name":"Peter Paul Rubens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens"},{"link_name":"Avar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannonian_Avars"},{"link_name":"Thurisind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thurisind"},{"link_name":"Thurismund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thurismund"},{"link_name":"Gepid Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gepid_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Lombard–Gepid War (567)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombard%E2%80%93Gepid_War_(567)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Historia-1"},{"link_name":"Helmichis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmichis"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Historia-1"},{"link_name":"Paulus Diaconus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulus_Diaconus"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Albsuinda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albsuinda"},{"link_name":"Ravenna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exarchate_of_Ravenna"},{"link_name":"exarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exarch_of_Ravenna"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Alboin and Rosamund by workshop of Peter Paul RubensRosamund was born into a kingdom in crisis, as the Gepid people had been fighting a losing battle against the Lombards since 546, firstly within the context of a Lombardic-East Roman alliance, and later against the Lombards and the Avar nomads. These wars had taken the lives of not only her grandfather king Thurisind, but also her uncle, Thurismund, both of which served to establish a long-standing hatred of the Lombards in her father, Cunimund, which he passed down to her.This hatred was what spawned the final war of the Gepids, as Cunimund attempted to win back lost lands against the Lombards. The war, however, quickly turned, and in 567, the Gepid Kingdom would be completely subdued by a mixture of Lombard and Avar forces, her father was decapitated and she, along with many other Gepids, was taken as a prisoner of the Lombards (see Lombard–Gepid War (567)). However, in an attempt to secure a male heir and following the death of his first wife Clotsuinda of Frankia, Alboin took her as his wife. Alboin was noted for his cruelty towards her; his most famous act of cruelty was reported by Paulus Diaconus, who states that at a royal banquet in Verona, Alboin forced her to drink from the skull of her dead father (which he carried around his belt), inviting her \"to drink merrily with her father\".[1]After this, she began plotting to have her husband assassinated. Thus, Rosamund met with the king's arms bearer and her lover, Helmichis, who suggested using Peredeo,[2] \"a very strong man\",[1] to accomplish the assassination. Peredeo refused to help, and that night mistakenly had intercourse with Rosamund, who was disguised as a servant. After learning that he had committed adultery with his king's wife, Peredeo agreed to take part in an assassination attempt in fear of the king's retribution. After the great feast, Alboin went to bed inebriated, at which point Rosamund ordered the king's sword bound to his bedpost, so that should he wake in the middle of the assassination attempt, he would be defenseless. Alboin did wake, only to find himself unarmed. He fended off his attackers temporarily with a footstool, but was killed. Due in part to the work of Paulus Diaconus, there seems to be some confusion about who actually killed Alboin, with both Helmichis and Peredeo assigned as sole murderer.[3]Immediately afterwards, Helmichis planned to marry Rosamund and usurp the throne by claiming kingship. However, this plan gained little support from the various duchies of the Lombard kingdom, so Rosamund, Helmichis, and Albsuinda, Alboin's daughter by his first wife, fled together to the East Roman stronghold of Ravenna with a large proportion of Alboin's private treasures. Rosamund and Helmichis married in Ravenna, but were soon divided when Rosamund, in an attempt to curry favour, took as a lover Longinus, the exarch, who had helped them plan the murder of Alboin.[4] At the urging of Longinus, who promised to marry her, she attempted to murder her former lover Helmichis by poisoning, handing him the drink after he had washed; however, she was instead murdered by Helmichis, who forced her to drink the poison before committing suicide by the same means.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alboin § Cultural references","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alboin#Cultural_references"},{"link_name":"De casibus virorum illustrium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_casibus_virorum_illustrium"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Rucellai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_di_Bernardo_Rucellai"},{"link_name":"Vittorio Alfieri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vittorio_Alfieri"},{"link_name":"Sam Benelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sam_Benelli&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rosmunda e Alboino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sword_of_the_Conqueror"},{"link_name":"Carlo Campogalliani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Campogalliani"},{"link_name":"Urban Hjärne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_Hj%C3%A4rne"},{"link_name":"Charles XI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_XI_of_Sweden"},{"link_name":"Uppsala university","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uppsala_university"},{"link_name":"English language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"Robert Burton Rodney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Burton_Rodney&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Algernon Charles Swinburne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algernon_Charles_Swinburne"},{"link_name":"Rosamund, Queen of the Lombards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Algernon_Charles_Swinburne#Rosamund,_Queen_of_the_Lombards_(1899)"},{"link_name":"Meg Cabot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meg_Cabot"},{"link_name":"The Princess Diaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Princess_Diaries"}],"text":"See also: Alboin § Cultural referencesRosamund would inspire many later tragedies, based on her life, particularly in Italy, where the folk song \"Donna Lumbarda\" was passed down orally through the generations, inspiring later renditions of the tale.She's a heroine of Boccaccio's De casibus virorum illustrium (book 8).Medieval folk tales and legends developed.[5] The first true tragedy, Giovanni Rucellai's Rosmunda, was first performed in 1525 and would serve as the basis for many later tellings of the story in the Italian language, such as Vittorio Alfieri's 1783 work of the same name and a Sam Benelli play of 1911. The conspiracy to murder Alboin also inspired the 1961/2 film Rosmunda e Alboino, aka Sword of the Conqueror etc., by Carlo Campogalliani.In 1665 Urban Hjärne wrote a comedy in Swedish on the same matter, Rosimunda. It is the first original play in that language known to have actually been staged, as entertainment for the young Charles XI while he studied at Uppsala university.In the English language, the story would also be considered a tragedy, albeit more often neglected than in the Italian tradition, but it was the subject of Robert Burton Rodney's mid 19th C. poem Alboin and Rosamond, and would be treated by the pre-Raphaelite poet Algernon Charles Swinburne in his 1899 work Rosamund, Queen of the Lombards.In Meg Cabot's young adult novel series The Princess Diaries published from 2000 on, Rosimunda is renamed 'Rosagunde'. While the story of her marriage to Alboin is the same, in Cabot's re-telling she is granted Genovia by the king of Italy as a reward for killing Alboin, making her the first princess of Genovia and an ancestor to the series' protagonist Mia Thermopolis.","title":"Rosamund in later culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Historia_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Historia_1-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"per","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/per#Latin"},{"link_name":"Deo/Deus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/deo#Latin"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"}],"text":"^ a b Diaconus, Paulus, Foulke, William Dudley (2004), Historia gentis Langobardorum, Adamant Media Corporation, Boston, p. 81\n\n^ Peredeo is not a Germanic name; it's may be a Latin (nick)name meaning \"by God\" (per Deo/Deus).\n\n^ Hodgkin, Thomas (1895), Italy and Her Invaders, volume V, Oxford-Clarendon Press, Clarendon, p. 170\n\n^ Herwig, Wolfram (1997), The Roman Empire and its Germanic Peoples, University of California Press, California, p. 291\n\n^ Guerber, Helene Adeline (1896), Myths and Legends Series: Middle Ages, George C. Harrap & Co., pp. 102-105","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"Alboin and Rosamund by workshop of Peter Paul Rubens","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/School_of_Rubens_-_Alboin_and_Rosamunde.jpg/300px-School_of_Rubens_-_Alboin_and_Rosamunde.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Cleopatra VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleopatra"},{"title":"Theodora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodora_(6th_century)"}] | [] | [{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/67263868","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqKgdFj9VCYxK4f47BByd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/118888145","external_links_name":"Germany"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.651.1 | G.651.1 | ["1 History","2 References"] | ITU-T Recommendation
G.651.1Characteristics of a 50/125 µm multimode graded index optical fibre cable for the optical access networkStatusIn forceYear started2007Latest version2.0November 2018OrganizationITU-TCommitteeITU-T Study Group 15Related standardsG.652, G.657, G.8201DomaintelecommunicationLicenseFreely availableWebsitehttps://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-G.651.1
G.651.1 is an international standard developed by the Standardization Sector of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU-T) that specifies multi-mode optical fiber (MMF) cable.
History
The G.651.1 Recommendation builds on a previous fiber optic specification in G.651.
G.651.1 was first published in 2007. Revisions of the standard were since published in 2008, and 2018 (November).
References
^ "Optical Fiber Types". www.thefoa.org. The Fiber Optic Association. Retrieved 2021-04-07.
^ "G.651.1: Characteristics of a 50/125 µm multimode graded index optical fibre cable for the optical access network". www.itu.int. Archived from the original on 2021-04-07. Retrieved 2021-04-07.
^ "G.651.1: Characteristics of a 50/125 µm multimode graded index optical fibre cable for the optical access network". www.itu.int. Retrieved 2021-06-28. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"international standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_standard"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Standardization Sector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITU-T"},{"link_name":"International Telecommunication Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union"},{"link_name":"ITU-T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITU-T"},{"link_name":"multi-mode optical fiber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-mode_optical_fiber"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"G.651.1 is an international standard[1] developed by the Standardization Sector of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU-T) that specifies multi-mode optical fiber (MMF) cable.[2]","title":"G.651.1"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The G.651.1 Recommendation builds on a previous fiber optic specification in G.651.G.651.1 was first published in 2007. Revisions of the standard were since published in 2008, and 2018 (November).[3]","title":"History"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Optical Fiber Types\". www.thefoa.org. The Fiber Optic Association. Retrieved 2021-04-07.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thefoa.org/tech/smf.htm","url_text":"\"Optical Fiber Types\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fiber_Optic_Association","url_text":"The Fiber Optic Association"}]},{"reference":"\"G.651.1: Characteristics of a 50/125 µm multimode graded index optical fibre cable for the optical access network\". www.itu.int. Archived from the original on 2021-04-07. Retrieved 2021-04-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-G.651.1/","url_text":"\"G.651.1: Characteristics of a 50/125 µm multimode graded index optical fibre cable for the optical access network\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210407185651/https://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-G.651.1/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"G.651.1: Characteristics of a 50/125 µm multimode graded index optical fibre cable for the optical access network\". www.itu.int. Retrieved 2021-06-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-G.651.1/","url_text":"\"G.651.1: Characteristics of a 50/125 µm multimode graded index optical fibre cable for the optical access network\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-G.651.1","external_links_name":"https://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-G.651.1"},{"Link":"http://www.thefoa.org/tech/smf.htm","external_links_name":"\"Optical Fiber Types\""},{"Link":"https://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-G.651.1/","external_links_name":"\"G.651.1: Characteristics of a 50/125 µm multimode graded index optical fibre cable for the optical access network\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210407185651/https://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-G.651.1/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-G.651.1/","external_links_name":"\"G.651.1: Characteristics of a 50/125 µm multimode graded index optical fibre cable for the optical access network\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Dixon_(Royal_Navy_officer) | George Dixon (Royal Navy officer) | ["1 Notes","2 References","3 External links"] | English explorer (1748–1795)
George DixonBorn1748 (1748)Kirkoswald, CumbriaDied11 November 1795(1795-11-11) (aged 46–47)BermudaAllegiance United KingdomService/branch Royal NavyYears of servicec. 1776–1791Commands held
Queen Charlotte
George Dixon (1748 – 11 November 1795) was an English sea captain, explorer, and maritime fur trader. George Dixon was "born in Leath Ward, a native of Kirkoswald". The son of Thomas Dixon, he was baptised in Kirkoswald on 8 July 1748.
He served under Captain Cook in his third voyage, on HMS Resolution, as armourer. In the course of the voyage he learned about the commercial possibilities along the North West Coast of America.
History has not served Dixon well; for he is the least known of those who served and or were taught by Captain Cook and is only rarely mentioned in history books. When he is mentioned, he is relegated to a minor figure, overshadowed by the more dramatic figures of Cook and William Bligh, another officer on Cook's ill-fated third trip.
In 1782, George Dixon was engaged by William Bolts. The Wiener Zeitung newspaper of 29 June 1782 carried a report from Fiume that, "in the early days of this month, Mr. von Bolts, Director of the Triestine East India Company, together with the English captain, Mr. Digson, arrived in this city". George Dixon wrote in the introduction to his account of the voyage he made for the Etches Company to the North West Coast in 1785–1788:
So early as 1781, William Bolts, Esq; fitted out the Cobenzell, an armed ship of 700 tons, for the North-West Coast of America. She was to have sailed from Trieste (accompanied by a tender of forty-five tons) under Imperial colours, and was equally fitted out for trade or discovery: men of eminence in every department of science were engaged on board; all the maritime Courts of Europe were written to, in order to secure a good reception for these vessels, at their respective ports, and favourable answers were returned; yet, after all, this expedition, so exceedingly promising in every point of view, was overcome by a set of interested men, then in power in Vienna.
The Triestine Society sent the Cobenzell in September 1783 on a commercial voyage to the Malabar Coast and China by way of the Cape of Good Hope. After leaving Trieste, she proceeded to Marseilles, where she took in the principal part of her cargo and departed that port in December. Apparently, Bolts still wished to carry out his North West Coast venture in connection with this voyage, and asked George Dixon to participate. However, Dixon went back to England, where he attempted to interest Sir Joseph Banks and English merchants in the North West Coast fur trade. This resulted in the formation of the Etches consortium, of which Dixon became a member with appointment as captain of the Queen Charlotte. The similarity is notable between the plan of the consortium and that elaborated by Bolts, which was apparently communicated to them by Dixon.
In 1785, Dixon became a partner in Richard Cadman Etches and Company, commonly called the King George's Sound Company to develop fur trade in present-day British Columbia and Alaska. In September 1785 Dixon and fellow trader Nathaniel Portlock sailed from England. Portlock was in command of the larger vessel, the 320-ton bm King George, with a crew of 59. Dixon commanded the 200 ton (bm) Queen Charlotte, with a crew of 33. Dixon and Portlock sailed together for most of their three-year voyage.
Illustration of Oahu, from the French translation of Dixon's book A Voyage Round the World
In the summers of 1786 and 1787, Dixon explored the shores of present-day British Columbia and southeastern Alaska. He spent the intervening winter in the Hawaiian Islands, where he became the first European to visit the island of Molokaʻi. He anchored in Kealakekua Bay, where Cook had been killed, but did not come ashore.
His chief areas of exploration were Haida Gwaii and Queen Charlotte Sound, Yakutat Bay (Port Mulgrave), Sitka Sound (Norfolk Bay), and the Dixon Entrance. While not the first European to explore the region of Haida Gwaii, he was the first to realize they were islands and not part of the mainland. On the northwestern part of Graham Island he acquired a large number of sea otter cloaks in trade with the Haida of Kiusta, under Chief Cuneah. Because of the many cloaks, he named the bay where he anchored "Cloak Bay".
After visiting China and selling his cargo, he returned to England in 1788 and published, in 1789, A Voyage Round the World, but More Particularly to the North-West Coast of America.
The book was a collection of descriptive letters by William Beresford, his cargo officer, and valuable charts and appendices by Dixon.
There was a controversy between Dixon and John Meares, another explorer who had published a book claiming credit for discoveries Dixon thought were made by others. This controversy resulted in three pamphlets by Dixon and Meares denouncing each other.
In 1789 Dixon met with Alexander Dalrymple, the Examiner of Sea Journals for the East India Company and an influential advocate of maritime exploration, and the Under-Secretary of the Home and Colonial Office, Evan Nepean. He urged on Nepean the need to take up Dalrymple's plan for a settlement on the North West Coast to prevent the Russians, Americans or Spanish from establishing themselves there. Dixon was afraid that if nothing was done the coast and its trade would be lost to Britain. On 20 October 1789, he wrote to Sir Joseph Banks regarding the expedition being fitted out under the command of his former Discovery shipmate, Henry Roberts, for discovery in the South Seas. He offered suggestions on the type of vessels that would be suitable and proposed the Queen Charlotte Islands as the best place to form a settlement on the North West Coast.
There was a George Dixon who taught navigation at Gosport, England and wrote a treatise entitled The Navigator's Assistant in 1791. This may or may not be the same George Dixon.
Dixon arrived in Bermuda with his wife, Ann, via New York in February 1794. His intention was to revert to his original training and work as a silversmith/jeweller. This is borne out by an advertisement in The Bermuda Gazette in April 1794 announcing his intentions: "George Dixon, jeweller from London". The Bermuda Gazette soon reported that Dixon's wife Ann, "lately from England", died in childbirth in May 1794: she was buried at St George, Bermuda on 20 May 1794. Dixon was left with his only child, Marianna. He himself died shortly afterwards on 11 November 1795, as confirmed by a notice in the Cumberland Pacquet in February 1796: " November 11 at Bermuda, Capt Dixon, the circumnavigator, a native of Kirkoswald in this county". The orphaned Marianna Dixon married a Bermudian merchant, Charles Bryan Hayward, in 1814.
Notes
^ Gough, Barry M. (1979). "Dixon, George". In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. IV (1771–1800) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.
^ Jefferson, Samuel (1840), The History and Antiquities of Leath Ward in the County of Cumberland, with Biographical Notices and Memoirs, Carlisle, p. 484, OCLC 2026870
^ "Dixon's Voyage Round the World", The Monthly Review, 80: 502–511, June 1789, OCLC 1772616
^ see also Augsburgisches Extra-Blatt, №159, Thursday 4 July 1782
^ George Dixon, A Voyage Round the World, London, 1789, p.xx
^ Robert J. King, "Heinrich Zimmermann and the Proposed Voyage of the Royal and Imperial Ship Cobenzell to the North West Coast in 1782–1783", The Northern Mariner, vol.21, no.3, July 2011, pp.235-262.
^ Robert J. King, "William Bolts and the Austrian Origins of the Lapérouse Expedition", Terrae Incognitae, vol.40, 2008, pp.1–28
^ Pethick, Derek (1976). First Approaches to the Northwest Coast. Vancouver: J.J. Douglas. pp. 97–100. ISBN 0-88894-056-4.
^ Henry B. Restarick (1928). "Historic Kealakekua Bay". Papers of the Hawaiian Historical Society. Honolulu: The Bulletin Publishing Company. hdl:10524/964.
^ Hayes, Derek (1999). Historical Atlas of the Pacific Northwest: Maps of exploration and Discovery. Sasquatch Books. p. 57. ISBN 1-57061-215-3.
^ "Cloak Bay". BC Geographical Names.
^ Dixon, (1789)
^ Dixon to Evan Nepean, 14 July 1789, National Archives, Kew, CO 42/72, ff.24–31 and at Public Archives of Canada, Ottawa, Q series, vol.49, p.354, printed in Report on Canadian Archives 1889, Ottawa, 1890, p. 29; cited in Barry M. Gough, "The Northwest Coast in Late 18th Century British Expansion", in Thomas Vaughan (ed.), The Western Shore, Portland, Oregon Historical Society and American Revolution Bicentennial Commission of Oregon, 1975, pp.48–80, p.67.
^ Dixon to Sir Joseph Banks, 20 October 1789, reproduced in Richard H. Dillon, "Letters of Captain George Dixon in the Banks Collection", British Columbia Historical Quarterly, vol.XIV, no.3, 1950, pp.167–171.
^ Duncan L. McDowall, "Captain Dixon's Last Port of Call: The Mystery of George Dixon's Last Years", Bermuda Journal of Archaeology and Maritime History, no.14, 2003, pp.7–21.; John Robson, The Men who sailed with Captain James Cook, John Robson's homepage http://pages.quicksilver.net.nz/jcr/~cookmen3.html#George%20Dixon Archived 2 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine
References
Wiener Zeitung, 15 and 18 January 1783
Dixon, George (1789), A voyage round the world but more particularly to the north-west coast of America: performed in 1785, 1786, 1787, and 1788, in the King George and Queen Charlotte, Captains Portlock and Dixon, London: G. Goulding, OCLC 243542399, OL 22121376M
Portlock, Nathaniel (1789), A voyage round the world but more particularly to the north-west coast of America: performed in 1785, 1786, 1787, and 1788, in the King George and Queen Charlotte, Captains Portlock and Dixon, London: J. Stockdale, and G. Goulding, OCLC 221899194, OL 6961184M
Temple, Sir Richard, "Austria's Commercial Venture in India in the Eighteenth Century", Indian Antiquary, XLVII (April 1918): 85–92
Fulvio Babudieri, Trieste e gli Interessi austriaci in Asia nei Secoli XVIII e XIX, Padova, CEDAM, 1966, doc.26, "Certificato azionario della Société Triestine". The Universal Daily Register, 10 October 1785
Dixon to Banks, 27 August 1784 and Banks to Dixon, 29 August 1784, British Museum (Natural History), Dawson Turner Transcripts of Banks Correspondence, vol. IV, ff.47-49; cited in David Mackay, In the Wake of Cook: Exploration, Science & Empire, 1780 1801, Wellington (NZ), Victoria UP, 1985, pp. 60–61
George Dixon, Letter and Memorandum from Capt. George Dixon to Sir Joseph Banks regarding the Fur Trade on the Northwest Coast, 1789, San Francisco, The White Knight Press, 1941.
George Dixon (Johann Reinhold Forster übersetzt), Der Kapitaine Portlock’s und Dixon’s Reise um die Welt, Berlin, Voss, 1790, Vorrede des Uebersetzers, p. 11; V.T. Harlow, The Founding of the Second British Empire, Vol.2, London, Longmans, 1964, p. 420
Instructions to Portlock and Dixon, September 1785; quoted in , A Continuation of an Authentic Statement of All the Facts Relative to Nootka Sound, London, Fores, 1790, pp. 18–29, OL 23759290M
The Etches consortium scheme is discussed in Robert J. King, "'A regular and reciprocal System of Commerce'—Botany Bay, Nootka Sound, and the isles of Japan", The Great Circle (Journal of the Australian Association for Maritime History) vol.19, no.1, 1997, pp. 1–29.
External links
George Dixon. "A voyage round the world, but more particularly to the north-west coast of America".
John Robson. "The Men who sailed with Captain James Cook". Archived from the original on 15 October 2008.
Authority control databases International
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Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Hawaiian Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_Islands"},{"link_name":"Molokaʻi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molokai"},{"link_name":"Kealakekua Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kealakekua_Bay"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bay-9"},{"link_name":"Haida Gwaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haida_Gwaii"},{"link_name":"Queen Charlotte Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Charlotte_Sound_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"Yakutat Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakutat_Bay"},{"link_name":"Sitka Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitka_Sound"},{"link_name":"Dixon Entrance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixon_Entrance"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Graham Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Island"},{"link_name":"Kiusta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiusta"},{"link_name":"Cuneah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuneah"},{"link_name":"Cloak Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloak_Bay"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"John Meares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Meares"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Discovery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Discovery_(1774)"},{"link_name":"Henry Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Roberts_(Royal_Navy_officer)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Gosport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gosport"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"original research?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research"},{"link_name":"The Bermuda Gazette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bermuda_Gazette"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"George Dixon (1748 – 11 November 1795) was an English sea captain, explorer, and maritime fur trader.[1] George Dixon was \"born in Leath Ward, a native of Kirkoswald\".[2] The son of Thomas Dixon, he was baptised in Kirkoswald on 8 July 1748.He served under Captain Cook in his third voyage, on HMS Resolution, as armourer. In the course of the voyage he learned about the commercial possibilities along the North West Coast of America.[3]History has not served Dixon well; for he is the least known of those who served and or were taught by Captain Cook and is only rarely mentioned in history books. When he is mentioned, he is relegated to a minor figure, overshadowed by the more dramatic figures of Cook and William Bligh, another officer on Cook's ill-fated third trip.In 1782, George Dixon was engaged by William Bolts. The Wiener Zeitung newspaper of 29 June 1782 carried a report from Fiume that, \"in the early days of this month, Mr. von Bolts, Director of the Triestine East India Company, together with the English captain, Mr. Digson, arrived in this city\".[4] George Dixon wrote in the introduction to his account of the voyage he made for the Etches Company to the North West Coast in 1785–1788:So early as 1781, William Bolts, Esq; fitted out the Cobenzell, an armed ship of 700 tons, for the North-West Coast of America. She was to have sailed from Trieste (accompanied by a tender of forty-five tons) under Imperial colours, and was equally fitted out for trade or discovery: men of eminence in every department of science were engaged on board; all the maritime Courts of Europe were written to, in order to secure a good reception for these vessels, at their respective ports, and favourable answers were returned; yet, after all, this expedition, so exceedingly promising in every point of view, was overcome by a set of interested men, then in power in Vienna.[5]The Triestine Society sent the Cobenzell in September 1783 on a commercial voyage to the Malabar Coast and China by way of the Cape of Good Hope. After leaving Trieste, she proceeded to Marseilles, where she took in the principal part of her cargo and departed that port in December. Apparently, Bolts still wished to carry out his North West Coast venture in connection with this voyage, and asked George Dixon to participate.[6] However, Dixon went back to England, where he attempted to interest Sir Joseph Banks and English merchants in the North West Coast fur trade. This resulted in the formation of the Etches consortium, of which Dixon became a member with appointment as captain of the Queen Charlotte. The similarity is notable between the plan of the consortium and that elaborated by Bolts, which was apparently communicated to them by Dixon.[7]In 1785, Dixon became a partner in Richard Cadman Etches and Company, commonly called the King George's Sound Company to develop fur trade in present-day British Columbia and Alaska. In September 1785 Dixon and fellow trader Nathaniel Portlock sailed from England. Portlock was in command of the larger vessel, the 320-ton bm King George, with a crew of 59. Dixon commanded the 200 ton (bm) Queen Charlotte, with a crew of 33. Dixon and Portlock sailed together for most of their three-year voyage.[8]Illustration of Oahu, from the French translation of Dixon's book A Voyage Round the WorldIn the summers of 1786 and 1787, Dixon explored the shores of present-day British Columbia and southeastern Alaska. He spent the intervening winter in the Hawaiian Islands, where he became the first European to visit the island of Molokaʻi. He anchored in Kealakekua Bay, where Cook had been killed, but did not come ashore.[9]His chief areas of exploration were Haida Gwaii and Queen Charlotte Sound, Yakutat Bay (Port Mulgrave), Sitka Sound (Norfolk Bay), and the Dixon Entrance. While not the first European to explore the region of Haida Gwaii, he was the first to realize they were islands and not part of the mainland.[10] On the northwestern part of Graham Island he acquired a large number of sea otter cloaks in trade with the Haida of Kiusta, under Chief Cuneah. Because of the many cloaks, he named the bay where he anchored \"Cloak Bay\".[11]After visiting China and selling his cargo, he returned to England in 1788 and published, in 1789, A Voyage Round the World, but More Particularly to the North-West Coast of America.[12]\nThe book was a collection of descriptive letters by William Beresford, his cargo officer, and valuable charts and appendices by Dixon.There was a controversy between Dixon and John Meares, another explorer who had published a book claiming credit for discoveries Dixon thought were made by others. This controversy resulted in three pamphlets by Dixon and Meares denouncing each other.In 1789 Dixon met with Alexander Dalrymple, the Examiner of Sea Journals for the East India Company and an influential advocate of maritime exploration, and the Under-Secretary of the Home and Colonial Office, Evan Nepean. He urged on Nepean the need to take up Dalrymple's plan for a settlement on the North West Coast to prevent the Russians, Americans or Spanish from establishing themselves there. Dixon was afraid that if nothing was done the coast and its trade would be lost to Britain.[13] On 20 October 1789, he wrote to Sir Joseph Banks regarding the expedition being fitted out under the command of his former Discovery shipmate, Henry Roberts, for discovery in the South Seas. He offered suggestions on the type of vessels that would be suitable and proposed the Queen Charlotte Islands as the best place to form a settlement on the North West Coast.[14]There was a George Dixon who taught navigation at Gosport, England and wrote a treatise entitled The Navigator's Assistant in 1791. This may or may not be the same George Dixon.[original research?]Dixon arrived in Bermuda with his wife, Ann, via New York in February 1794. His intention was to revert to his original training and work as a silversmith/jeweller. This is borne out by an advertisement in The Bermuda Gazette in April 1794 announcing his intentions: \"George Dixon, jeweller from London\". The Bermuda Gazette soon reported that Dixon's wife Ann, \"lately from England\", died in childbirth in May 1794: she was buried at St George, Bermuda on 20 May 1794. Dixon was left with his only child, Marianna. He himself died shortly afterwards on 11 November 1795, as confirmed by a notice in the Cumberland Pacquet in February 1796: \"[died] November 11 at Bermuda, Capt Dixon, the circumnavigator, a native of Kirkoswald in this county\". The orphaned Marianna Dixon married a Bermudian merchant, Charles Bryan Hayward, in 1814.[15]","title":"George Dixon (Royal Navy officer)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Dixon, George\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.biographi.ca/en/bio/dixon_george_1776_91_4E.html"},{"link_name":"Dictionary of Canadian Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_Canadian_Biography"},{"link_name":"University of Toronto Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"The History and Antiquities of Leath Ward in the County of Cumberland, with Biographical Notices and Memoirs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=hRlTAAAAYAAJ"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2026870","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/2026870"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Dixon's Voyage Round the World\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/monthlyreview105grifgoog"},{"link_name":"The Monthly Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monthly_Review_(London)"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1772616","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1772616"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"see also Augsburgisches Extra-Blatt, №159, Thursday 4 July 1782","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//web.viu.ca/black/amrc/index.htm?home.htm&2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-88894-056-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88894-056-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-bay_9-0"},{"link_name":"hdl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10524/964","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hdl.handle.net/10524%2F964"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"Sasquatch Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasquatch_Books"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-57061-215-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57061-215-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"\"Cloak Bay\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/38401.html"},{"link_name":"BC Geographical Names","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BC_Geographical_Names"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"Report on Canadian Archives 1889","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/reportoncanadian1889publuoft"},{"link_name":"Barry M. Gough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_M._Gough"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"http://pages.quicksilver.net.nz/jcr/~cookmen3.html#George%20Dixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//pages.quicksilver.net.nz/jcr/~cookmen3.html#George%20Dixon"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20071102045906/http://pages.quicksilver.net.nz/jcr/~cookmen3.html"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"}],"text":"^ Gough, Barry M. (1979). \"Dixon, George\". In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. IV (1771–1800) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.\n\n^ Jefferson, Samuel (1840), The History and Antiquities of Leath Ward in the County of Cumberland, with Biographical Notices and Memoirs, Carlisle, p. 484, OCLC 2026870\n\n^ \"Dixon's Voyage Round the World\", The Monthly Review, 80: 502–511, June 1789, OCLC 1772616\n\n^ see also Augsburgisches Extra-Blatt, №159, Thursday 4 July 1782\n\n^ George Dixon, A Voyage Round the World, London, 1789, p.xx\n\n^ Robert J. King, \"Heinrich Zimmermann and the Proposed Voyage of the Royal and Imperial Ship Cobenzell to the North West Coast in 1782–1783\", The Northern Mariner, vol.21, no.3, July 2011, pp.235-262.\n\n^ Robert J. King, \"William Bolts and the Austrian Origins of the Lapérouse Expedition\", Terrae Incognitae, vol.40, 2008, pp.1–28\n\n^ Pethick, Derek (1976). First Approaches to the Northwest Coast. Vancouver: J.J. Douglas. pp. 97–100. ISBN 0-88894-056-4.\n\n^ Henry B. Restarick (1928). \"Historic Kealakekua Bay\". Papers of the Hawaiian Historical Society. Honolulu: The Bulletin Publishing Company. hdl:10524/964.\n\n^ Hayes, Derek (1999). Historical Atlas of the Pacific Northwest: Maps of exploration and Discovery. Sasquatch Books. p. 57. ISBN 1-57061-215-3.\n\n^ \"Cloak Bay\". BC Geographical Names.\n\n^ Dixon, (1789)\n\n^ Dixon to Evan Nepean, 14 July 1789, National Archives, Kew, CO 42/72, ff.24–31 and at Public Archives of Canada, Ottawa, Q series, vol.49, p.354, printed in Report on Canadian Archives 1889, Ottawa, 1890, p. 29; cited in Barry M. Gough, \"The Northwest Coast in Late 18th Century British Expansion\", in Thomas Vaughan (ed.), The Western Shore, Portland, Oregon Historical Society and American Revolution Bicentennial Commission of Oregon, 1975, pp.48–80, p.67.\n\n^ Dixon to Sir Joseph Banks, 20 October 1789, reproduced in Richard H. Dillon, \"Letters of Captain George Dixon in the Banks Collection\", British Columbia Historical Quarterly, vol.XIV, no.3, 1950, pp.167–171.\n\n^ Duncan L. McDowall, \"Captain Dixon's Last Port of Call: The Mystery of George Dixon's Last Years\", Bermuda Journal of Archaeology and Maritime History, no.14, 2003, pp.7–21.; John Robson, The Men who sailed with Captain James Cook, John Robson's homepage http://pages.quicksilver.net.nz/jcr/~cookmen3.html#George%20Dixon Archived 2 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"Illustration of Oahu, from the French translation of Dixon's book A Voyage Round the World","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Voyage_autour_du_monde_-_planche_IIe_-_Vue_de_la_Baie_de_Woahoo.jpg/220px-Voyage_autour_du_monde_-_planche_IIe_-_Vue_de_la_Baie_de_Woahoo.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Gough, Barry M. (1979). \"Dixon, George\". In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NoMan | T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents | ["1 Publication history","1.1 Tower Comics","1.2 JC Comics","1.3 L. Miller & Son, Ltd.","1.4 Texas Comics","1.5 Deluxe Comics","1.6 Solson Publications","1.7 1990s","1.8 21st century","2 Fictional team history","3 Members","3.1 Agents","3.2 Thunder Squad","4 Film adaptation","5 Collected editions","5.1 T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents original series reprints","5.2 T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents anthologies","5.3 New series","6 References","7 Further reading","8 External links"] | Superhero team
T.H.U.N.D.E.R. AgentsT.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents #12 (Tower Comics, April 1967), art by Wallace Wood.Publication informationPublisherTower ComicsJC ComicsDeluxe ComicsDC ComicsIDW PublicationsScheduleBimonthlyPublication date(Tower)November 1965 – November 1969(JC)May 1983 – January 1984(Deluxe)November 1984 – October 1986(DC)January 2011 – June 2012(IDW)August 2013 – April 2014No. of issues(Tower)20(JC)2(Deluxe)5(DC)
(vol. 1) 10
(vol. 2) 6
(IDW)8Main character(s)DynamoLightningMenthorNoManJames "Egghead" AndorDynamiteKathryn "Kitten" KaneWilliam "Weed" WylieRavenUndersea AgentVulcanCreative teamWritten byLen BrownLarry IvieBill PearsonSteve SkeatesNick SpencerArtist(s)Wallace WoodDan AdkinsGil KaneSteve DitkoPaul ReinmanMike SekowskyChic StoneManny Stallman
T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents is a fictional team of superheroes that appeared in comic books originally published by Tower Comics in the 1960s. They were an arm of the United Nations and were notable for their depiction of the heroes as everyday people whose heroic careers were merely their day jobs. The series was also notable for featuring some of the better artists of the day, such as Wallace Wood and Gil Kane. The team first appeared in T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents #1 (cover-dated Nov. 1965). The name is an acronym for "The Higher United Nations Defense Enforcement Reserves". The team has appeared in several versions via several publishers since the early 1980s.
Publication history
Tower Comics
T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents was a bimonthly comic book published by Tower Comics. It ran for 20 issues (Nov. 1965 – Nov. 1969), plus two short-lived spin-off series starring the most popular super agents (Dynamo and NoMan). To launch the project, Wallace Wood huddled with scripter Len Brown (and possibly Larry Ivie) on a superhero concept Brown had described to Wood a year earlier. Brown recalled: "Wally had remembered my concept and asked me to write a 12-page origin story. I submitted a Captain Thunderbolt story in which he fought a villain named Dynamo". With a few changes by Wood and a title obviously inspired by the success of the spy-fi television series The Man from U.N.C.L.E. and the then-current James Bond film Thunderball, the series got underway. Tower Comics went out of business in 1969, and the T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents went into limbo.
JC Comics
In 1981 the rights to T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents were bought by John Carbonaro, who published two issues of a new series in the early 1980s under his JC Comics line, the storyline of which concluded in Blue Ribbon Comics #12, published by Archie Comics' Red Circle Comics line.
L. Miller & Son, Ltd.
Meanwhile, in the UK, L. Miller & Son, Ltd. and some of its successors published large monthly compendiums of uncoloured American superhero comics up until the 1980s, often reproducing T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents material.
Texas Comics
In 1983, the T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents appeared in Texas Comics' Justice Machine Annual #1, written by William Messner-Loebs, with art by Bill Reinhold, Jeff Dee, and Bill Anderson.
Deluxe Comics
In 1984, David M. Singer's Deluxe Comics began publishing a new series, Wally Wood's T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents, featuring some of the best artists of the era, including George Pérez, Dave Cockrum, Keith Giffen, Murphy Anderson, Steve Ditko, Rich Buckler, and Jerry Ordway. Singer claimed the group was in the public domain. A lawsuit by Carbonaro claimed otherwise. The lawsuit was eventually decided in US District Court in favor of Carbonaro, with Singer acknowledging Carbonaro's registered copyrights and trademark. Under the decision, Carbonaro also received, among other things, an assignment of all rights to Wally Wood's T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents, and an undisclosed sum of money. Deluxe Comics closed its doors in 1986 when several major distributors failed to pay sizeable past-due invoices.
Solson Publications
In 1987, Solson Publications produced one issue of T.H.U.N.D.E.R., a planned four-issue limited series which was never completed. A second issue was almost done. This series was not quite set in the same universe as the original series and took the characters in a different direction.
1990s
In the early 1990s, Rob Liefeld stated that he had the rights to publish T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents, and advanced Dave Cockrum money to illustrate the series through Liefeld's Extreme Studios. Ads for a T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents series appeared in Extreme Studios and Maximum Press books cover-dated February 1996 indicating that the series would feature "stories by Rob Liefeld, Jim Valentino, Stephen Platt, Chap Yaep and Dan Fraga".
Another revival was attempted by John Carbonaro in Penthouse Comix's Omni Comix #3 (1995).
21st century
Promotional art for the 2010 revamp by Frank Quitely.
In the early 2000s, DC Comics planned to release a new T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents series under license from Carbonaro. Work for about two issues of a new series was completed, but Carbonaro put a stop to it as it made radical alterations to the characters. DC failed to create a series in line with the original series and tone, but began publishing reprints of the original Tower series in their hardcover DC Archive Editions format in a total of six volumes. After Carbonaro died in early 2009, DC acquired the rights from his estate the same year. At that point, T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents was planned to be brought into the DC Universe, as DC had recently done with the Milestone Media and MLJ Comics heroes.
A new series began publishing in November 2010 with a creative team of writer Nick Spencer and artist CAFU. The team consists of the original NoMan and a team of new heroes wearing the classic T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents costumes. In a departure from the classic series, the new Lightning is African. The series lasted 10 issues. In late 2011, DC published a six-issue miniseries.
In 2012, the rights to T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents were transferred to IDW Publishing. This publication lasted eight issues.
Fictional team history
The first issue introduced the first three T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents: Dynamo, NoMan and Menthor. United Nations soldiers storm a mountain laboratory of a UN scientist, Professor Emil Jennings, driving off the forces of the Warlord. The scientist dies, but leaves behind several inventions—super weapons to combat the Warlord's worldwide attacks. Leonard Brown is given the Thunder Belt, which makes him super strong and invulnerable for a short amount of time, and is code-named Dynamo. Dying scientist Anthony Dunn transfers his mind into an android body of his own design. With a wide number of identical bodies, he can transfer his mind to any of them should something happen to his current one. He is given an invisibility cloak and becomes NoMan. John Janus gains mental powers from the Menthor helmet. He is a double-agent for the Warlord, but when he wears the helmet, he turns to good. Joining these super agents is the T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Squad, a special team of agents who fight the Warlord. This team included Virgil "Guy" Gilbert, Dynamite (Daniel John Adkins), William "Weed" Wylie, Kathryn "Kitten" Kane, and James "Egghead" Andor.
In subsequent issues, additional agents were added. Gilbert of the T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Squad is given the Lightning Suit and becomes a super agent in the fourth issue. In the second issue, the Warlord is revealed as a Subterranean, and his forces are humanoids who live under the surface and have engaged in a war to reclaim the surface world from humans. Also in this issue, Egghead is killed in action but later reappears as a villain in an issue of Wally Wood's T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents. In issue #7, Menthor is killed. In issue #8, Craig Lawson is given an experimental rocket pack and becomes The Raven, and the Subterraneans are defeated. Later post-Tower additions included sonic-powered agent Vulcan (Travis F. Riley), two different Undersea Agents (Lt. David "Davy" Jones and his daughter Theresa) and two later versions of "new" agents who wore the Menthor helmet.
With the threat of the Subterraneans ended, new villains appeared in the original series. Issue #9 introduced S.P.I.D.E.R. (Secret People's International Directorate for Extralegal Revenue), the main villains for the rest of the series. Other menaces included the Iron Maiden, an armored mastermind (introduced in the first issue as a possible love interest for Dynamo) who worked for the Subterraneans; Andor, a fast-healing telekinetic superhuman created by the Subterraneans who was introduced in Dynamo #1; along with Red Star (Communist menace) and others.
In the 2010 DC Comics series, S.P.I.D.E.R. kidnaps the Raven and kills Dynamo and Lightning. New versions of Lightning and Dynamo are recruited, and the original NoMan, who had left the team because he was losing his humanity, was replaced. By this time, a number of people had been behind the costume of each T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agent, since the devices that gave them their powers are eventually fatal.
Also introduced are T.H.U.N.D.E.R.'s recruiters, field agent Colleen Franklin and salesman Toby Heston. In the assault on S.P.I.D.E.R. to rescue the Raven, Toby is revealed as the brother of S.P.I.D.E.R.'s new leader, given a false personality to infiltrate T.H.U.N.D.E.R. When he attempts to use the Menthor helmet to gain the Raven's secrets however, he regains the "Toby" personality, similar to the effect it had on Janus.
Colleen is revealed to be the daughter of Len Brown, the original Dynamo and the Iron Maiden. They live quietly in Sydney, Australia, but the T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Squad raid their home and captured the family. Brown wears the Dynamo belt one last time in exchange for his daughter and the Iron Maiden's life and apparently dies during the mission. The Iron Maiden escapes T.H.U.N.D.E.R.'s custody, leaving Colleen to be raised by T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Years later, Colleen tracks down the Iron Maiden and after extracting information from her with the help of Toby Heston, leaves her to be killed by the daughter of one of her former victims.
Soon, the Subterraneans, defeated back in the early 70s, start an uprising led by Demo. It was the existence of the Subterraneans that lead to the establishment of the Higher United Nations and T.H.U.N.D.E.R. The new Dynamo is killed and a new Raven is introduced. In a backup series, a new UNDERSEA Agent is introduced.
Members
Agents
Wally Wood cover for Dynamo #3 (March 1967).
Dynamo – Leonard Brown wears the Thunder Belt, which makes him super-strong and invulnerable for thirty minutes. Going past the time limit puts a great strain on his body. Due to this, a safety measure was implemented in the belt that causes it to automatically turn off after thirty minutes.
Menthor – John Janus gains mental powers from the Menthor Helmet. Actually a double agent for the Warlord, when he wears the helmet, he turns to good. After Janus dies in issue #7, two later agents wear the Menthor Helmet.
NoMan – dying scientist Anthony Dunn transfers his mind into an android body of his own design. With a wide number of these identical bodies, he can transfer his mind to any of them should something happen to the one he is in. The addition of an Invisibility Cloak completes the transformation into NoMan. However, he can only use the cloak for ten minutes, as they drain his body's batteries.
Lightning – Virgil "Guy" Gilbert wears the Lightning Suit, which gives him super-speed but also ages him at an accelerated rate.
Raven – Craig Lawson wears an experimental rocket pack, and possesses superhuman vision and hearing.
Undersea Agent – Lt. David "Davy" Jones and his daughter Theresa both wear the suit.
Vulcan – Travis F. Riley is a sonic-powered agent.
Thunder Squad
James "Egghead" Andor – a brilliant strategist, Andor dies in issue #2, reappearing as a villain in later issues.
Dynamite – Daniel John Adkins is the "weapons man".
Kathryn "Kitten" Kane – technical device expert.
William "Weed" Wylie – locksmith and safecracker.
Colleen Franklin – T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agent recruiter, later revealed to be the daughter of Len Brown (Dynamo).
Toby Heston – salesman and T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agent recruiter, he is actually the brother of S.P.I.D.E.R.'s new leader.
Film adaptation
In 2015, the film adaptation was announced to be produced by China's Huayi Brothers Media, with Batman producer Michael Uslan to launch a franchise based on the comic book series.
Collected editions
T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents original series reprints
T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents Archives, Vol. 1–7, DC Comics, 2002–2011:
T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents Archives, Vol. 1 (reprints T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents #1–4), December 2002, ISBN 1-56389-903-5
T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents Archives, Vol. 2 (reprints T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents #5–7; Dynamo #1), June 2003, ISBN 1-56389-970-1
T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents Archives, Vol. 3 (reprints T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents #8–10; Dynamo #2), March 2004, ISBN 1-4012-0015-X
T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents Archives, Vol. 4 (reprints T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents #11; NoMan #1–2; Dynamo #3), June 2005, ISBN 1-4012-0152-0
T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents Archives, Vol. 5 (reprints T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents #12–14; Dynamo #4), 2005, ISBN 1-4012-0164-4
T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents Archives, Vol. 6 (reprints T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents #15–20; plus covers of four Undersea Agent issues), February 2006, ISBN 1-4012-0416-3
T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents Archives, Vol. 7 (reprints Deluxe Comic's Wally Wood's T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents #1–5 and a story from OMNI Comix #3), July 2011, ISBN 1-4012-3148-9
T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents Classics, Vol. 1–6, IDW Publishing, 2013–2015:
T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents Classics vol. 1 (reprints T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents # 1–4), August 2013
T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents Classics vol. 2 (reprints T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents # 5–7; Dynamo #1), December 2013
T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents Classics vol. 3 (reprints T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents #8–10; Dynamo #2), April 2014
T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents Classics vol. 4 (reprints T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents #11; NoMan #1–2; Dynamo #3), August 2014
T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents Classics vol. 5 (reprints T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents #12–14; Dynamo #4), March 2015
T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents Classics vol. 6 (reprints T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents #15–19), November 2015
T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents anthologies
T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents: The Best of Wally Wood, IDW Publishing, Oct 2014 (Hard Cover; 148 pages)
Wally Wood’s T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents: Artist’s Edition Portfolio, IDW Publishing, April 2016 (a selection of Wood art, all scanned from the originals and printed at full size)
New series
T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents, Vol. 1 (reprints DC's T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents #1–10), November 2011, ISBN 1-4012-3254-X
References
^ Markstein, Don. "Dynamo". Don Markstein's Toonopedia. Retrieved 2 April 2020.
^ Wells, John (2014). American Comic Book Chronicles: 1965-1969. TwoMorrows Publishing. p. 53. ISBN 978-1-60549-055-7.
^ Ivie, Larry (July 2001). "Ivie League Heroes". Comic Book Artist (#14): 64–68.
^ Misiroglu, Gina, The Superhero Book: The Ultimate Encyclopedia of Comic-Book Icons and Hollywood Heroes (Visible Ink Press, 2012), p. 374.
^ a b c d e f g h Sodaro, Robert J. "The Resplendent Sound of T.H.U.N.D.E.R.!", Comics Value Annual (1999). Archived on ThunderAgents.com. Accessed Feb. 8, 2014.
^ "News from Hither and Yon: JCP News". The Comics Journal (#71): 16. April 1982. Archived from the original on August 19, 2012. Retrieved August 12, 2012. Additional, August 19, 2012.
^ "Blood and T.H.U.N.D.E.R.", The Comics Journal #97 (April 1985), pp. 7–11.
^ "Deluxe suspends T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents", The Comics Journal #100 (July 1985), pp. 20–22.
^ "CCI: DC Universe Panel". comicbookresources.com. July 7, 2009.
^ Segura, Alex (July 19, 2010). "Meet the T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents". The Source, DCComics.com.
^ Segura, Alex (August 18, 2010). "A first look at CAFU's T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents". The Source, DCComics.com. Archived from the original on February 27, 2012.
^ Phegley, Keil (October 26, 2012). "IDW RECRUITS WALLY WOOD'S "T.H.U.N.D.E.R. AGENTS"". Comic Book Resources. Retrieved October 26, 2012.
^ Wells, John (2014). American Comic Book Chronicles: 1965-1969. TwoMorrows Publishing. p. 103. ISBN 978-1-60549-055-7.
^ Unknown (w), Wood, Wallace (a). "Dynamo Battles the Subterraneans" T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents, no. 3 (March 1966).
^ Frater, Patrick (October 12, 2015). "China's Huayi Brothers Sets Superhero Franchise Pact With Michael Uslan". Variety. Retrieved October 14, 2015.
Further reading
Jon B. Cooke, The Thunder Agents Companion, TwoMorrows Publishing, 2005 – book-length history of the T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents, combining material from Comic Book Artist with previously unpublished work. ISBN 1-893905-43-8
External links
T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents at the International Catalogue of Superheroes
Official T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents site
Len Brown and the origin of T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents
A Hero History of Dynamo | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fictional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiction"},{"link_name":"superheroes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superheroes"},{"link_name":"comic books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_book"},{"link_name":"Tower Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_Comics"},{"link_name":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"link_name":"Wallace Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallace_Wood"},{"link_name":"Gil Kane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gil_Kane"},{"link_name":"cover-dated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cover-date"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents is a fictional team of superheroes that appeared in comic books originally published by Tower Comics in the 1960s. 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Agents was a bimonthly comic book published by Tower Comics. It ran for 20 issues (Nov. 1965 – Nov. 1969), plus two short-lived spin-off series starring the most popular super agents (Dynamo and NoMan).[2] To launch the project, Wallace Wood huddled with scripter Len Brown (and possibly Larry Ivie)[3] on a superhero concept Brown had described to Wood a year earlier. Brown recalled: \"Wally had remembered my concept and asked me to write a 12-page origin story. I submitted a Captain Thunderbolt story in which he fought a villain named Dynamo\".[citation needed] With a few changes by Wood and a title obviously inspired by the success of the spy-fi television series The Man from U.N.C.L.E. and the then-current James Bond film Thunderball,[4] the series got underway. Tower Comics went out of business in 1969, and the T.H.U.N.D.E.R. 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This series was not quite set in the same universe as the original series and took the characters in a different direction.[5]","title":"Publication history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rob Liefeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Liefeld"},{"link_name":"Dave Cockrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Cockrum"},{"link_name":"Extreme Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awesome_Comics#Extreme_Studios_and_Maximum_Press"},{"link_name":"Penthouse Comix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penthouse_Comix"},{"link_name":"Omni Comix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omni_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sodaro-5"}],"sub_title":"1990s","text":"In the early 1990s, Rob Liefeld stated that he had the rights to publish T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents, and advanced Dave Cockrum money to illustrate the series through Liefeld's Extreme Studios. Ads for a T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents series appeared in Extreme Studios and Maximum Press books cover-dated February 1996 indicating that the series would feature \"stories by Rob Liefeld, Jim Valentino, Stephen Platt, Chap Yaep and Dan Fraga\".Another revival was attempted by John Carbonaro in Penthouse Comix's Omni Comix #3 (1995).[5]","title":"Publication history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:T.H.U.N.D.E.R._Agents_(Quitely_promo_art).jpg"},{"link_name":"Frank Quitely","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Quitely"},{"link_name":"DC Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Comics"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sodaro-5"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"DC Archive Editions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Archive_Editions"},{"link_name":"DC Universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Universe"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Milestone Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milestone_Media"},{"link_name":"MLJ Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archie_Comics#MLJ_Magazines"},{"link_name":"Nick Spencer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Spencer"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"IDW Publishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IDW_Publishing"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cbr41846-12"}],"sub_title":"21st century","text":"Promotional art for the 2010 revamp by Frank Quitely.In the early 2000s, DC Comics planned to release a new T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents series under license from Carbonaro.[5] Work for about two issues of a new series was completed, but Carbonaro put a stop to it as it made radical alterations to the characters.[citation needed] DC failed to create a series in line with the original series and tone, but began publishing reprints of the original Tower series in their hardcover DC Archive Editions format in a total of six volumes. After Carbonaro died in early 2009, DC acquired the rights from his estate the same year. At that point, T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents was planned to be brought into the DC Universe,[9] as DC had recently done with the Milestone Media and MLJ Comics heroes.A new series began publishing in November 2010 with a creative team of writer Nick Spencer and artist CAFU. The team consists of the original NoMan and a team of new heroes wearing the classic T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents costumes.[10] In a departure from the classic series, the new Lightning is African.[11] The series lasted 10 issues. In late 2011, DC published a six-issue miniseries.In 2012, the rights to T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents were transferred to IDW Publishing.[12] This publication lasted eight issues.","title":"Publication history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Sydney, Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney,_Australia"}],"text":"The first issue introduced the first three T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents: Dynamo, NoMan and Menthor. United Nations soldiers storm a mountain laboratory of a UN scientist, Professor Emil Jennings, driving off the forces of the Warlord. The scientist dies, but leaves behind several inventions—super weapons to combat the Warlord's worldwide attacks. Leonard Brown is given the Thunder Belt, which makes him super strong and invulnerable for a short amount of time, and is code-named Dynamo. Dying scientist Anthony Dunn transfers his mind into an android body of his own design. With a wide number of identical bodies, he can transfer his mind to any of them should something happen to his current one. He is given an invisibility cloak and becomes NoMan. John Janus gains mental powers from the Menthor helmet. He is a double-agent for the Warlord, but when he wears the helmet, he turns to good. Joining these super agents is the T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Squad, a special team of agents who fight the Warlord. This team included Virgil \"Guy\" Gilbert, Dynamite (Daniel John Adkins), William \"Weed\" Wylie, Kathryn \"Kitten\" Kane, and James \"Egghead\" Andor.In subsequent issues, additional agents were added. Gilbert of the T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Squad is given the Lightning Suit and becomes a super agent in the fourth issue. In the second issue, the Warlord is revealed as a Subterranean, and his forces are humanoids who live under the surface and have engaged in a war to reclaim the surface world from humans. Also in this issue, Egghead is killed in action but later reappears as a villain in an issue of Wally Wood's T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents.[13] In issue #7, Menthor is killed. In issue #8, Craig Lawson is given an experimental rocket pack and becomes The Raven, and the Subterraneans are defeated. Later post-Tower additions included sonic-powered agent Vulcan (Travis F. Riley), two different Undersea Agents (Lt. David \"Davy\" Jones and his daughter Theresa) and two later versions of \"new\" agents who wore the Menthor helmet.With the threat of the Subterraneans ended, new villains appeared in the original series. Issue #9 introduced S.P.I.D.E.R. (Secret People's International Directorate for Extralegal Revenue), the main villains for the rest of the series. Other menaces included the Iron Maiden, an armored mastermind (introduced in the first issue as a possible love interest for Dynamo) who worked for the Subterraneans; Andor, a fast-healing telekinetic superhuman created by the Subterraneans who was introduced in Dynamo #1; along with Red Star (Communist menace) and others.In the 2010 DC Comics series, S.P.I.D.E.R. kidnaps the Raven and kills Dynamo and Lightning. New versions of Lightning and Dynamo are recruited, and the original NoMan, who had left the team because he was losing his humanity, was replaced. By this time, a number of people had been behind the costume of each T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agent, since the devices that gave them their powers are eventually fatal.Also introduced are T.H.U.N.D.E.R.'s recruiters, field agent Colleen Franklin and salesman Toby Heston. In the assault on S.P.I.D.E.R. to rescue the Raven, Toby is revealed as the brother of S.P.I.D.E.R.'s new leader, given a false personality to infiltrate T.H.U.N.D.E.R. When he attempts to use the Menthor helmet to gain the Raven's secrets however, he regains the \"Toby\" personality, similar to the effect it had on Janus.Colleen is revealed to be the daughter of Len Brown, the original Dynamo and the Iron Maiden. They live quietly in Sydney, Australia, but the T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Squad raid their home and captured the family. Brown wears the Dynamo belt one last time in exchange for his daughter and the Iron Maiden's life and apparently dies during the mission. The Iron Maiden escapes T.H.U.N.D.E.R.'s custody, leaving Colleen to be raised by T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Years later, Colleen tracks down the Iron Maiden and after extracting information from her with the help of Toby Heston, leaves her to be killed by the daughter of one of her former victims.Soon, the Subterraneans, defeated back in the early 70s, start an uprising led by Demo. It was the existence of the Subterraneans that lead to the establishment of the Higher United Nations and T.H.U.N.D.E.R. The new Dynamo is killed and a new Raven is introduced. In a backup series, a new UNDERSEA Agent is introduced.","title":"Fictional team history"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DynamoNumber3.jpg"},{"link_name":"Wally Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wally_Wood"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Agents","text":"Wally Wood cover for Dynamo #3 (March 1967).Dynamo – Leonard Brown wears the Thunder Belt, which makes him super-strong and invulnerable for thirty minutes. Going past the time limit puts a great strain on his body. Due to this, a safety measure was implemented in the belt that causes it to automatically turn off after thirty minutes.[14]\nMenthor – John Janus gains mental powers from the Menthor Helmet. Actually a double agent for the Warlord, when he wears the helmet, he turns to good. After Janus dies in issue #7, two later agents wear the Menthor Helmet.\nNoMan – dying scientist Anthony Dunn transfers his mind into an android body of his own design. With a wide number of these identical bodies, he can transfer his mind to any of them should something happen to the one he is in. The addition of an Invisibility Cloak completes the transformation into NoMan. However, he can only use the cloak for ten minutes, as they drain his body's batteries.\nLightning – Virgil \"Guy\" Gilbert wears the Lightning Suit, which gives him super-speed but also ages him at an accelerated rate.\nRaven – Craig Lawson wears an experimental rocket pack, and possesses superhuman vision and hearing.\nUndersea Agent – Lt. David \"Davy\" Jones and his daughter Theresa both wear the suit.\nVulcan – Travis F. Riley is a sonic-powered agent.","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"locksmith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locksmith"},{"link_name":"safecracker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safecracker"}],"sub_title":"Thunder Squad","text":"James \"Egghead\" Andor – a brilliant strategist, Andor dies in issue #2, reappearing as a villain in later issues.\nDynamite – Daniel John Adkins is the \"weapons man\".\nKathryn \"Kitten\" Kane – technical device expert.\nWilliam \"Weed\" Wylie – locksmith and safecracker.\nColleen Franklin – T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agent recruiter, later revealed to be the daughter of Len Brown (Dynamo).\nToby Heston – salesman and T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agent recruiter, he is actually the brother of S.P.I.D.E.R.'s new leader.","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Huayi Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huayi_Brothers"},{"link_name":"Batman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman"},{"link_name":"Michael Uslan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Uslan"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"In 2015, the film adaptation was announced to be produced by China's Huayi Brothers Media, with Batman producer Michael Uslan to launch a franchise based on the comic book series.[15]","title":"Film adaptation"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Collected editions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-56389-903-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56389-903-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-56389-970-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56389-970-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-4012-0015-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4012-0015-X"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-4012-0152-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4012-0152-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-4012-0164-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4012-0164-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-4012-0416-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4012-0416-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-4012-3148-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4012-3148-9"}],"sub_title":"T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents original series reprints","text":"T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents Archives, Vol. 1–7, DC Comics, 2002–2011:T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents Archives, Vol. 1 (reprints T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents #1–4), December 2002, ISBN 1-56389-903-5\nT.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents Archives, Vol. 2 (reprints T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents #5–7; Dynamo #1), June 2003, ISBN 1-56389-970-1\nT.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents Archives, Vol. 3 (reprints T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents #8–10; Dynamo #2), March 2004, ISBN 1-4012-0015-X\nT.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents Archives, Vol. 4 (reprints T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents #11; NoMan #1–2; Dynamo #3), June 2005, ISBN 1-4012-0152-0\nT.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents Archives, Vol. 5 (reprints T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents #12–14; Dynamo #4), 2005, ISBN 1-4012-0164-4\nT.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents Archives, Vol. 6 (reprints T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents #15–20; plus covers of four Undersea Agent issues), February 2006, ISBN 1-4012-0416-3\nT.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents Archives, Vol. 7 (reprints Deluxe Comic's Wally Wood's T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents #1–5 and a story from OMNI Comix #3), July 2011, ISBN 1-4012-3148-9T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents Classics, Vol. 1–6, IDW Publishing, 2013–2015:T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents Classics vol. 1 (reprints T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents # 1–4), August 2013\nT.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents Classics vol. 2 (reprints T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents # 5–7; Dynamo #1), December 2013\nT.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents Classics vol. 3 (reprints T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents #8–10; Dynamo #2), April 2014\nT.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents Classics vol. 4 (reprints T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents #11; NoMan #1–2; Dynamo #3), August 2014\nT.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents Classics vol. 5 (reprints T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents #12–14; Dynamo #4), March 2015\nT.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents Classics vol. 6 (reprints T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents #15–19), November 2015","title":"Collected editions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents anthologies","text":"T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents: The Best of Wally Wood, IDW Publishing, Oct 2014 (Hard Cover; 148 pages)\nWally Wood’s T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents: Artist’s Edition Portfolio, IDW Publishing, April 2016 (a selection of Wood art, all scanned from the originals and printed at full size)","title":"Collected editions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-4012-3254-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4012-3254-X"}],"sub_title":"New series","text":"T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents, Vol. 1 (reprints DC's T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents #1–10), November 2011, ISBN 1-4012-3254-X","title":"Collected editions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Comic Book Artist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_Book_Artist"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-893905-43-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-893905-43-8"}],"text":"Jon B. Cooke, The Thunder Agents Companion, TwoMorrows Publishing, 2005 – book-length history of the T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents, combining material from Comic Book Artist with previously unpublished work. ISBN 1-893905-43-8","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Promotional art for the 2010 revamp by Frank Quitely.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/23/T.H.U.N.D.E.R._Agents_%28Quitely_promo_art%29.jpg/200px-T.H.U.N.D.E.R._Agents_%28Quitely_promo_art%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Wally Wood cover for Dynamo #3 (March 1967).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/DynamoNumber3.jpg/220px-DynamoNumber3.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Markstein, Don. \"Dynamo\". Don Markstein's Toonopedia. Retrieved 2 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.toonopedia.com/dynamo.htm","url_text":"\"Dynamo\""}]},{"reference":"Wells, John (2014). American Comic Book Chronicles: 1965-1969. TwoMorrows Publishing. p. 53. ISBN 978-1-60549-055-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60549-055-7","url_text":"978-1-60549-055-7"}]},{"reference":"Ivie, Larry (July 2001). \"Ivie League Heroes\". Comic Book Artist (#14): 64–68.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_Book_Artist","url_text":"Comic Book Artist"}]},{"reference":"\"News from Hither and Yon: JCP News\". The Comics Journal (#71): 16. April 1982. Archived from the original on August 19, 2012. Retrieved August 12, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tcj.com/archive-viewer-issue-71/?pid=4643","url_text":"\"News from Hither and Yon: JCP News\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Comics_Journal","url_text":"The Comics Journal"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120819062213/http://www.tcj.com/archive-viewer-issue-71/?pid=4643","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"CCI: DC Universe Panel\". comicbookresources.com. July 7, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.comicbookresources.com/?page=article&id=22233","url_text":"\"CCI: DC Universe Panel\""}]},{"reference":"Segura, Alex (July 19, 2010). \"Meet the T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents\". The Source, DCComics.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://dcu.blog.dccomics.com/2010/07/19/meet-the-thunder-agents/","url_text":"\"Meet the T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents\""}]},{"reference":"Segura, Alex (August 18, 2010). \"A first look at CAFU's T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents\". The Source, DCComics.com. Archived from the original on February 27, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120227161832/http://dcu.blog.dccomics.com/2010/08/18/a-first-look-at-cafu%E2%80%99s-thunder-agents/","url_text":"\"A first look at CAFU's T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents\""},{"url":"http://dcu.blog.dccomics.com/2010/08/18/a-first-look-at-cafu%E2%80%99s-thunder-agents/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Phegley, Keil (October 26, 2012). \"IDW RECRUITS WALLY WOOD'S \"T.H.U.N.D.E.R. AGENTS\"\". Comic Book Resources. Retrieved October 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.comicbookresources.com/?page=article&id=41846","url_text":"\"IDW RECRUITS WALLY WOOD'S \"T.H.U.N.D.E.R. AGENTS\"\""}]},{"reference":"Wells, John (2014). American Comic Book Chronicles: 1965-1969. TwoMorrows Publishing. p. 103. ISBN 978-1-60549-055-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60549-055-7","url_text":"978-1-60549-055-7"}]},{"reference":"Frater, Patrick (October 12, 2015). \"China's Huayi Brothers Sets Superhero Franchise Pact With Michael Uslan\". Variety. Retrieved October 14, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2015/film/asia/huayi-brothers-michael-uslan-pact-for-thunder-agents-franchise-1201615725/","url_text":"\"China's Huayi Brothers Sets Superhero Franchise Pact With Michael Uslan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety.com","url_text":"Variety"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.toonopedia.com/dynamo.htm","external_links_name":"\"Dynamo\""},{"Link":"http://www.thunderagents.com/rsot.html","external_links_name":"ThunderAgents.com"},{"Link":"http://www.tcj.com/archive-viewer-issue-71/?pid=4643","external_links_name":"\"News from Hither and Yon: JCP News\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120819062213/http://www.tcj.com/archive-viewer-issue-71/?pid=4643","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.comicbookresources.com/?page=article&id=22233","external_links_name":"\"CCI: DC Universe Panel\""},{"Link":"http://dcu.blog.dccomics.com/2010/07/19/meet-the-thunder-agents/","external_links_name":"\"Meet the T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120227161832/http://dcu.blog.dccomics.com/2010/08/18/a-first-look-at-cafu%E2%80%99s-thunder-agents/","external_links_name":"\"A first look at CAFU's T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents\""},{"Link":"http://dcu.blog.dccomics.com/2010/08/18/a-first-look-at-cafu%E2%80%99s-thunder-agents/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.comicbookresources.com/?page=article&id=41846","external_links_name":"\"IDW RECRUITS WALLY WOOD'S \"T.H.U.N.D.E.R. AGENTS\"\""},{"Link":"https://variety.com/2015/film/asia/huayi-brothers-michael-uslan-pact-for-thunder-agents-franchise-1201615725/","external_links_name":"\"China's Huayi Brothers Sets Superhero Franchise Pact With Michael Uslan\""},{"Link":"http://www.internationalhero.co.uk/t/thunder.htm","external_links_name":"T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/19981212033436/http://www.thunderagents.com/","external_links_name":"Official T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents site"},{"Link":"http://potrzebie.blogspot.com/2005_10_01_potrzebie_archive.html","external_links_name":"Len Brown and the origin of T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents"},{"Link":"http://majorspoilers.com/2009/12/06/hero-history-dynamo/","external_links_name":"A Hero History of Dynamo"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trogiomorpha | Trogiomorpha | ["1 Internal phylogeny","2 Classification","3 References","4 Further reading"] | Group of booklice
TrogiomorphaTemporal range: Barremian–Recent
PreꞒ
Ꞓ
O
S
D
C
P
T
J
K
Pg
N
Dorypteryx domestica
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Arthropoda
Class:
Insecta
Order:
Psocodea
Suborder:
TrogiomorphaRoesler, 1940
Infraorders
See text
Trogiomorpha is one of the three major suborders of barklice, booklice, and parasitic lice in the order Psocodea (formerly Psocoptera), alongside Troctomorpha and Psocomorpha. There are about 8 families and more than 430 described species in Trogiomorpha. Trogiomorpha is widely agreed to be the earliest diverging of the three suborders, and retains the most primitive characteristics.
Trogium pulsatorium
Internal phylogeny
The cladogram below shows the position of Trogiomorpha within Psocodea:
Psocodea
Troctomorpha
Phthiraptera
Liposcelididae
Pachytroctidae
Sphaeropsocidae
Amphientometae
Psocomorpha
Trogiomorpha
Atropetae
Psyllipsocetae
Prionoglaridetae (paraphyletic)
Classification
Trogiomorpha contains 3 infraorders and 5 extant (living) families, as well as three identified extinct families:
Atropetae
†Archaeatropidae Baz & Ortuño, 2000
†Empheriidae Baz & Ortuño, 2000
Lepidopsocidae Enderlein, 1903 (scaly-winged barklice)
Psoquillidae Lienhard & Smithers, 2002 (bird nest barklice)
Trogiidae Roesler, 1944 (granary booklice)
Psyllipsocetae
Psyllipsocidae Lienhard & Smithers, 2002 (cave barklice)
Prionoglaridetae (paraphyletic)
Prionoglarididae Azar, Huang & Nel, 2017 (large-winged psocids)
Unplaced:
†Cormopsocidae Yoshizawa & Lienhard, 2020
References
^ a b de Moya, Robert S; Yoshizawa, Kazunori; Walden, Kimberly K O; Sweet, Andrew D; Dietrich, Christopher H; Kevin P, Johnson (2021-06-16). Buckley, Thomas (ed.). "Phylogenomics of Parasitic and Nonparasitic Lice (Insecta: Psocodea): Combining Sequence Data and Exploring Compositional Bias Solutions in Next Generation Data Sets". Systematic Biology. 70 (4): 719–738. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syaa075. ISSN 1063-5157.
^
Johnson, Kevin P.; Smith, Vincent S. (2019). "Psocodea Species File Online". Retrieved 2019-06-14.
^
Bess, Emilie; Smith, Vince; Lienhard, Charles; Johnson, Kevin P. (2006). "Psocodea". Tree of Life. Retrieved 2019-06-14.
^
"Trogiomorpha Report". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 2019-05-04.
^
"Trogiomorpha suborder Information". BugGuide.net. Retrieved 2019-05-04.
^
Johnson, Kevin P.; Smith, Vincent S. (2019). "suborder Trogiomorpha". Psocodea species file online, Version 5.0. Retrieved 2019-05-04.
^ Yoshizawa, Kazunori; Lienhard, Charles (June 2020). "†Cormopsocidae: A new family of the suborder Trogiomorpha (Insecta: Psocodea) from Burmese amber". Entomological Science. 23 (2): 208–215. doi:10.1111/ens.12414. ISSN 1343-8786.
Further reading
Lyal, Ch H. C. (1985). "Phylogeny and classification of the Psocodea, with particular reference to the lice (Psocodea: Phthiraptera)". Systematic Entomology. 10 (2): 145–165. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3113.1985.tb00525.x. ISSN 0307-6970.
vteExtant Psocodea families
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Subclass: Pterygota
Infraclass: Neoptera
Superorder: Paraneoptera
Suborder TrogiomorphaAtropetae
Lepidopsocidae
Psoquillidae
Trogiidae
Prionoglaridetae
Prionoglarididae (paraphyletic)
Psyllipsocetae
Psyllipsocidae
Suborder TroctomorphaAmphientometae
Amphientomidae
Compsocidae
Manicapsocidae
Musapsocidae
Protroctopsocidae
Troctopsocidae
Nanopsocetae
Liposcelididae
Pachytroctidae
Sphaeropsocidae
Phthiraptera(lice)Amblycera
Ancistronidae
Boopidae
Colpocephalidae
Gliricolidae
Gyropidae
Laemobothriidae
Menoponidae (chicken body lice)
Pseudomenoponidae
Ricinidae
Somaphantidae
Trimenoponidae
Trinotonidae
Anoplura(sucking lice)
Echinophthiriidae (seal lice)
Enderleinellidae
Haematopinidae (ungulate lice)
Hamophthiriidae
Hoplopleuridae (armoured lice)
Hybothiridae
Linognathidae (pale lice)
Microthoraciidae
Neolinognathidae
Pecaroecidae
Pedicinidae
Pediculidae (body lice, head lice)
Polyplacidae (spiny rat lice)
Pthiridae (crab lice or pubic lice)
Ratemiidae
Ischnocera(paraphyletic)
Bovicolidae
Dasyonygidae
Goniodidae
Heptapsogasteridae
Lipeuridae
Philopteridae (paraphyletic)
Trichodectidae
Trichophilopteridae
Rhyncophthirina
Haematomyzidae
Ischnocera, Rhyncophthirina and Amblycera comprise paraphyletic suborder Mallophaga (chewing lice).Suborder PsocomorphaArchipsocetae
Archipsocidae
Caeciliusetae
Amphipsocidae
Asiopsocidae
Caeciliusidae
Dasydemellidae
Paracaeciliidae
Stenopsocidae
Epipsocetae
Cladiopsocidae
Dolabellopsocidae
Epipsocidae
Ptiloneuridae
Spurostigmatidae
Homilopsocidea
Ectopsocidae
Elipsocidae
Lachesillidae
Lesneiidae
Mesopsocidae
Peripsocidae
Sabulopsocidae
Philotarsetae
Philotarsidae
Pseudocaeciliidae
Trichopsocidae
Psocetae
Hemipsocidae
Myopsocidae
Psilopsocidae
Psocidae
Order Psocodea is comprised of paraphyletic Psocoptera (book lice or bark lice) and monophyletic Phthiraptera (lice), both previously classified as orders.
Taxon identifiersTrogiomorpha
Wikidata: Q4051792
Wikispecies: Trogiomorpha
AFD: Trogiomorpha
BugGuide: 536518
CoL: 8MP9C
Fauna Europaea: 12129
Fauna Europaea (new): a08cf520-9a72-4e20-bd7b-cdc64327fea7
iNaturalist: 212153
ITIS: 103321
NCBI: 159969
NZOR: bd6063c7-8068-405d-81b9-fa5856263c5b
Paleobiology Database: 216237
Psocodea Species File (old): 1191651
This Psocoptera-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"suborders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suborder"},{"link_name":"order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Psocodea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psocodea"},{"link_name":"Psocoptera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psocoptera"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Johnson2019a-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bess2006-3"},{"link_name":"Troctomorpha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troctomorpha"},{"link_name":"Psocomorpha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psocomorpha"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-itis-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-buglink-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Johnson2019-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trogium_pulsatorium.jpg"},{"link_name":"Trogium pulsatorium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trogium_pulsatorium"}],"text":"Trogiomorpha is one of the three major suborders of barklice, booklice, and parasitic lice in the order Psocodea (formerly Psocoptera),[2][3] alongside Troctomorpha and Psocomorpha. There are about 8 families and more than 430 described species in Trogiomorpha.[4][5][6] Trogiomorpha is widely agreed to be the earliest diverging of the three suborders, and retains the most primitive characteristics.[7]Trogium pulsatorium","title":"Trogiomorpha"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cladogram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladogram"},{"link_name":"Psocodea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psocodea"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-deMoya2021-1"},{"link_name":"Psocodea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psocodea"},{"link_name":"Troctomorpha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troctomorpha"},{"link_name":"Phthiraptera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phthiraptera"},{"link_name":"Liposcelididae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liposcelididae"},{"link_name":"Pachytroctidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachytroctidae"},{"link_name":"Sphaeropsocidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphaeropsocidae"},{"link_name":"Amphientometae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphientometae"},{"link_name":"Psocomorpha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psocomorpha"},{"link_name":"Atropetae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atropetae"},{"link_name":"Psyllipsocetae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psyllipsocetae"},{"link_name":"Prionoglaridetae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prionoglaridetae"},{"link_name":"paraphyletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraphyletic"}],"text":"The cladogram below shows the position of Trogiomorpha within Psocodea:[1]Psocodea\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTroctomorpha\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nPhthiraptera\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLiposcelididae\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nPachytroctidae\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSphaeropsocidae\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAmphientometae\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nPsocomorpha\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTrogiomorpha\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAtropetae\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nPsyllipsocetae\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nPrionoglaridetae (paraphyletic)","title":"Internal phylogeny"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"infraorders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infraorder"},{"link_name":"extant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extant_taxon"},{"link_name":"families","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(biology)"},{"link_name":"extinct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinct"},{"link_name":"Atropetae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atropetae"},{"link_name":"Archaeatropidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeatropidae"},{"link_name":"Empheriidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empheriidae"},{"link_name":"Lepidopsocidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepidopsocidae"},{"link_name":"Psoquillidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psoquillidae"},{"link_name":"Trogiidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trogiidae"},{"link_name":"Psyllipsocetae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psyllipsocetae"},{"link_name":"Psyllipsocidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psyllipsocidae"},{"link_name":"Prionoglaridetae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prionoglaridetae"},{"link_name":"paraphyletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraphyletic"},{"link_name":"Prionoglarididae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prionoglarididae"},{"link_name":"Cormopsocidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cormopsocidae"}],"text":"Trogiomorpha contains 3 infraorders and 5 extant (living) families, as well as three identified extinct families:Atropetae\n†Archaeatropidae Baz & Ortuño, 2000\n†Empheriidae Baz & Ortuño, 2000\nLepidopsocidae Enderlein, 1903 (scaly-winged barklice)\nPsoquillidae Lienhard & Smithers, 2002 (bird nest barklice)\nTrogiidae Roesler, 1944 (granary booklice)\nPsyllipsocetae\nPsyllipsocidae Lienhard & Smithers, 2002 (cave barklice)\nPrionoglaridetae (paraphyletic)\nPrionoglarididae Azar, Huang & Nel, 2017 (large-winged psocids)\nUnplaced:\n\n†Cormopsocidae Yoshizawa & Lienhard, 2020","title":"Classification"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1111/j.1365-3113.1985.tb00525.x","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-3113.1985.tb00525.x"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0307-6970","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0307-6970"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Psocodea"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Psocodea"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Psocodea"},{"link_name":"Psocodea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psocodea"},{"link_name":"Animalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal"},{"link_name":"Arthropoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthropod"},{"link_name":"Insecta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect"},{"link_name":"Pterygota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pterygota"},{"link_name":"Neoptera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoptera"},{"link_name":"Paraneoptera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraneoptera"},{"link_name":"Trogiomorpha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Atropetae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atropetae"},{"link_name":"Lepidopsocidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepidopsocidae"},{"link_name":"Psoquillidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psoquillidae"},{"link_name":"Trogiidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trogiidae"},{"link_name":"Prionoglaridetae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prionoglaridetae"},{"link_name":"Prionoglarididae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prionoglarididae"},{"link_name":"Psyllipsocetae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psyllipsocetae"},{"link_name":"Psyllipsocidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psyllipsocidae"},{"link_name":"Troctomorpha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troctomorpha"},{"link_name":"Amphientometae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphientometae"},{"link_name":"Amphientomidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphientomidae"},{"link_name":"Compsocidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compsocidae"},{"link_name":"Manicapsocidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manicapsocidae"},{"link_name":"Musapsocidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musapsocidae"},{"link_name":"Protroctopsocidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protroctopsocidae"},{"link_name":"Troctopsocidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troctopsocidae"},{"link_name":"Nanopsocetae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanopsocetae"},{"link_name":"Liposcelididae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liposcelididae"},{"link_name":"Pachytroctidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachytroctidae"},{"link_name":"Sphaeropsocidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphaeropsocidae"},{"link_name":"Phthiraptera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louse"},{"link_name":"Amblycera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amblycera"},{"link_name":"Ancistronidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ancistronidae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Boopidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boopidae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Colpocephalidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colpocephalidae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gliricolidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gliricolidae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gyropidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyropidae"},{"link_name":"Laemobothriidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laemobothriidae"},{"link_name":"Menoponidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menoponidae"},{"link_name":"Pseudomenoponidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pseudomenoponidae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ricinidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricinidae"},{"link_name":"Somaphantidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Somaphantidae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Trimenoponidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimenoponidae"},{"link_name":"Trinotonidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trinotonidae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Anoplura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sucking_louse"},{"link_name":"Echinophthiriidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinophthiriidae"},{"link_name":"Enderleinellidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enderleinellidae"},{"link_name":"Haematopinidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haematopinus"},{"link_name":"Hamophthiriidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hamophthiriidae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hoplopleuridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoplopleuridae"},{"link_name":"Hybothiridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybothiridae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Linognathidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linognathidae"},{"link_name":"Microthoraciidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microthoraciidae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Neolinognathidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neolinognathidae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pecaroecidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pecaroecidae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pedicinidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedicinus"},{"link_name":"Pediculidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pediculus"},{"link_name":"Polyplacidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyplacidae"},{"link_name":"Pthiridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pthirus"},{"link_name":"Ratemiidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ratemiidae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ischnocera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ischnocera"},{"link_name":"Bovicolidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bovicolidae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dasyonygidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dasyonygidae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Goniodidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Goniodidae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Heptapsogasteridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heptapsogasteridae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lipeuridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lipeuridae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Philopteridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philopteridae"},{"link_name":"Trichodectidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichodectidae"},{"link_name":"Trichophilopteridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trichophilopteridae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rhyncophthirina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haematomyzus"},{"link_name":"Haematomyzidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haematomyzus"},{"link_name":"Ischnocera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ischnocera"},{"link_name":"Rhyncophthirina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haematomyzus"},{"link_name":"Amblycera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amblycera"},{"link_name":"Mallophaga 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(new)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauna_Europaea"},{"link_name":"a08cf520-9a72-4e20-bd7b-cdc64327fea7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fauna-eu.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/a08cf520-9a72-4e20-bd7b-cdc64327fea7"},{"link_name":"iNaturalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INaturalist"},{"link_name":"212153","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//inaturalist.org/taxa/212153"},{"link_name":"ITIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System"},{"link_name":"103321","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=103321"},{"link_name":"NCBI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information"},{"link_name":"159969","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=159969"},{"link_name":"bd6063c7-8068-405d-81b9-fa5856263c5b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nzor.org.nz/names/bd6063c7-8068-405d-81b9-fa5856263c5b"},{"link_name":"Paleobiology Database","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleobiology_Database"},{"link_name":"216237","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=216237"},{"link_name":"1191651","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//psocodea.speciesfile.org/Common/basic/Taxa.aspx?TaxonNameID=1191651"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Psocoptera_icon.png"},{"link_name":"Psocoptera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psocoptera"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trogiomorpha&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Psocoptera-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Psocoptera-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Psocoptera-stub"}],"text":"Lyal, Ch H. C. (1985). \"Phylogeny and classification of the Psocodea, with particular reference to the lice (Psocodea: Phthiraptera)\". Systematic Entomology. 10 (2): 145–165. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3113.1985.tb00525.x. ISSN 0307-6970.vteExtant Psocodea families\nKingdom: Animalia\nPhylum: Arthropoda\nClass: Insecta\nSubclass: Pterygota\nInfraclass: Neoptera\nSuperorder: Paraneoptera\nSuborder TrogiomorphaAtropetae\nLepidopsocidae\nPsoquillidae\nTrogiidae\nPrionoglaridetae\nPrionoglarididae (paraphyletic)\nPsyllipsocetae\nPsyllipsocidae\nSuborder TroctomorphaAmphientometae\nAmphientomidae\nCompsocidae\nManicapsocidae\nMusapsocidae\nProtroctopsocidae\nTroctopsocidae\nNanopsocetae\nLiposcelididae\nPachytroctidae\nSphaeropsocidae\nPhthiraptera(lice)Amblycera\nAncistronidae\nBoopidae\nColpocephalidae\nGliricolidae\nGyropidae\nLaemobothriidae\nMenoponidae (chicken body lice)\nPseudomenoponidae\nRicinidae\nSomaphantidae\nTrimenoponidae\nTrinotonidae\nAnoplura(sucking lice)\nEchinophthiriidae (seal lice)\nEnderleinellidae\nHaematopinidae (ungulate lice)\nHamophthiriidae\nHoplopleuridae (armoured lice)\nHybothiridae\nLinognathidae (pale lice)\nMicrothoraciidae\nNeolinognathidae\nPecaroecidae\nPedicinidae\nPediculidae (body lice, head lice)\nPolyplacidae (spiny rat lice)\nPthiridae (crab lice or pubic lice)\nRatemiidae\nIschnocera(paraphyletic)\nBovicolidae\nDasyonygidae\nGoniodidae\nHeptapsogasteridae\nLipeuridae\nPhilopteridae (paraphyletic)\nTrichodectidae\nTrichophilopteridae\nRhyncophthirina\nHaematomyzidae\nIschnocera, Rhyncophthirina and Amblycera comprise paraphyletic suborder Mallophaga (chewing lice).Suborder PsocomorphaArchipsocetae\nArchipsocidae\nCaeciliusetae\nAmphipsocidae\nAsiopsocidae\nCaeciliusidae\nDasydemellidae\nParacaeciliidae\nStenopsocidae\nEpipsocetae\nCladiopsocidae\nDolabellopsocidae\nEpipsocidae\nPtiloneuridae\nSpurostigmatidae\nHomilopsocidea\nEctopsocidae\nElipsocidae\nLachesillidae\nLesneiidae\nMesopsocidae\nPeripsocidae\nSabulopsocidae\nPhilotarsetae\nPhilotarsidae\nPseudocaeciliidae\nTrichopsocidae\nPsocetae\nHemipsocidae\nMyopsocidae\nPsilopsocidae\nPsocidae\nOrder Psocodea is comprised of paraphyletic Psocoptera (book lice or bark lice) and monophyletic Phthiraptera (lice), both previously classified as orders.Taxon identifiersTrogiomorpha\nWikidata: Q4051792\nWikispecies: Trogiomorpha\nAFD: Trogiomorpha\nBugGuide: 536518\nCoL: 8MP9C\nFauna Europaea: 12129\nFauna Europaea (new): a08cf520-9a72-4e20-bd7b-cdc64327fea7\niNaturalist: 212153\nITIS: 103321\nNCBI: 159969\nNZOR: bd6063c7-8068-405d-81b9-fa5856263c5b\nPaleobiology Database: 216237\nPsocodea Species File (old): 1191651This Psocoptera-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Trogium pulsatorium","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Trogium_pulsatorium.jpg/220px-Trogium_pulsatorium.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"de Moya, Robert S; Yoshizawa, Kazunori; Walden, Kimberly K O; Sweet, Andrew D; Dietrich, Christopher H; Kevin P, Johnson (2021-06-16). Buckley, Thomas (ed.). \"Phylogenomics of Parasitic and Nonparasitic Lice (Insecta: Psocodea): Combining Sequence Data and Exploring Compositional Bias Solutions in Next Generation Data Sets\". Systematic Biology. 70 (4): 719–738. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syaa075. ISSN 1063-5157.","urls":[{"url":"https://academic.oup.com/sysbio/article/70/4/719/5912026","url_text":"\"Phylogenomics of Parasitic and Nonparasitic Lice (Insecta: Psocodea): Combining Sequence Data and Exploring Compositional Bias Solutions in Next Generation Data Sets\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fsysbio%2Fsyaa075","url_text":"10.1093/sysbio/syaa075"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1063-5157","url_text":"1063-5157"}]},{"reference":"Johnson, Kevin P.; Smith, Vincent S. (2019). \"Psocodea Species File Online\". Retrieved 2019-06-14.","urls":[{"url":"http://psocodea.speciesfile.org/","url_text":"\"Psocodea Species File Online\""}]},{"reference":"Bess, Emilie; Smith, Vince; Lienhard, Charles; Johnson, Kevin P. (2006). \"Psocodea\". Tree of Life. Retrieved 2019-06-14.","urls":[{"url":"http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Psocodea","url_text":"\"Psocodea\""}]},{"reference":"\"Trogiomorpha Report\". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 2019-05-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=103321","url_text":"\"Trogiomorpha Report\""}]},{"reference":"\"Trogiomorpha suborder Information\". BugGuide.net. Retrieved 2019-05-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://bugguide.net/node/view/536518","url_text":"\"Trogiomorpha suborder Information\""}]},{"reference":"Johnson, Kevin P.; Smith, Vincent S. (2019). \"suborder Trogiomorpha\". Psocodea species file online, Version 5.0. Retrieved 2019-05-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://psocodea.speciesfile.org/Common/basic/Taxa.aspx?TaxonNameID=1191651","url_text":"\"suborder Trogiomorpha\""}]},{"reference":"Yoshizawa, Kazunori; Lienhard, Charles (June 2020). \"†Cormopsocidae: A new family of the suborder Trogiomorpha (Insecta: Psocodea) from Burmese amber\". Entomological Science. 23 (2): 208–215. doi:10.1111/ens.12414. ISSN 1343-8786.","urls":[{"url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ens.12414","url_text":"\"†Cormopsocidae: A new family of the suborder Trogiomorpha (Insecta: Psocodea) from Burmese amber\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fens.12414","url_text":"10.1111/ens.12414"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1343-8786","url_text":"1343-8786"}]},{"reference":"Lyal, Ch H. C. (1985). \"Phylogeny and classification of the Psocodea, with particular reference to the lice (Psocodea: Phthiraptera)\". Systematic Entomology. 10 (2): 145–165. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3113.1985.tb00525.x. ISSN 0307-6970.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-3113.1985.tb00525.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1365-3113.1985.tb00525.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0307-6970","url_text":"0307-6970"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://academic.oup.com/sysbio/article/70/4/719/5912026","external_links_name":"\"Phylogenomics of Parasitic and Nonparasitic Lice (Insecta: Psocodea): Combining Sequence Data and Exploring Compositional Bias Solutions in Next Generation Data Sets\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fsysbio%2Fsyaa075","external_links_name":"10.1093/sysbio/syaa075"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1063-5157","external_links_name":"1063-5157"},{"Link":"http://psocodea.speciesfile.org/","external_links_name":"\"Psocodea Species File Online\""},{"Link":"http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Psocodea","external_links_name":"\"Psocodea\""},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=103321","external_links_name":"\"Trogiomorpha Report\""},{"Link":"https://bugguide.net/node/view/536518","external_links_name":"\"Trogiomorpha suborder Information\""},{"Link":"http://psocodea.speciesfile.org/Common/basic/Taxa.aspx?TaxonNameID=1191651","external_links_name":"\"suborder Trogiomorpha\""},{"Link":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ens.12414","external_links_name":"\"†Cormopsocidae: A new family of the suborder Trogiomorpha (Insecta: Psocodea) from Burmese amber\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fens.12414","external_links_name":"10.1111/ens.12414"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1343-8786","external_links_name":"1343-8786"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-3113.1985.tb00525.x","external_links_name":"10.1111/j.1365-3113.1985.tb00525.x"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0307-6970","external_links_name":"0307-6970"},{"Link":"https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Trogiomorpha","external_links_name":"Trogiomorpha"},{"Link":"https://bugguide.net/node/view/536518","external_links_name":"536518"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/8MP9C","external_links_name":"8MP9C"},{"Link":"http://www.eu-nomen.eu/portal/taxon.php?GUID=urn:lsid:faunaeur.org:taxname:12129","external_links_name":"12129"},{"Link":"https://fauna-eu.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/a08cf520-9a72-4e20-bd7b-cdc64327fea7","external_links_name":"a08cf520-9a72-4e20-bd7b-cdc64327fea7"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/212153","external_links_name":"212153"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=103321","external_links_name":"103321"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=159969","external_links_name":"159969"},{"Link":"https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/bd6063c7-8068-405d-81b9-fa5856263c5b","external_links_name":"bd6063c7-8068-405d-81b9-fa5856263c5b"},{"Link":"https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=216237","external_links_name":"216237"},{"Link":"http://psocodea.speciesfile.org/Common/basic/Taxa.aspx?TaxonNameID=1191651","external_links_name":"1191651"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trogiomorpha&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrafluorohydrazine | Tetrafluorohydrazine | ["1 Synthesis","2 Properties","3 Uses","4 Safety","5 References"] | Tetrafluorohydrazine
Names
IUPAC name
1,1,2,2-tetrafluorohydrazine
Other names
Tetrafluorohydrazine, perfluorohydrazine, UN 1955
Identifiers
CAS Number
10036-47-2 N
3D model (JSmol)
Interactive image
ChemSpider
23228 Y
ECHA InfoCard
100.030.091
PubChem CID
24845
UNII
RR3J2QP9MG Y
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
DTXSID9064922
InChI
InChI=1S/F4N2/c1-5(2)6(3)4 YKey: GFADZIUESKAXAK-UHFFFAOYSA-N YInChI=1/F4N2/c1InChI=1/F4N2/c1-5(2)6(3)4Key: GFADZIUESKAXAK-UHFFFAOYAX
SMILES
FN(F)N(F)F
Properties
Chemical formula
N2F4
Molar mass
104.008 g·mol−1
Appearance
Colourless gas
Melting point
−164.5 °C (−264.1 °F; 108.6 K)
Boiling point
−73 °C (−99 °F; 200 K)
Hazards
Occupational safety and health (OHS/OSH):
Main hazards
Explosion
Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
LD50 (median dose)
10 mL/kg (rat, intraperitoneal)
LC50 (median concentration)
440 mg/m3 (mouse, inhalation)900 ppm/1H (guinea pig, inhalation)
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
N verify (what is YN ?)
Infobox references
Chemical compound
Tetrafluorohydrazine or perfluorohydrazine, N2F4, is a colourless, nonflammable, reactive inorganic gas. It is a fluorinated analog of hydrazine.
Synthesis
Tetrafluorohydrazine was originally prepared from nitrogen trifluoride using an copper as a fluorine atom acceptor:
2NF3 + Cu → N2F4 + CuF2
A number of F-atom acceptors can be used, including carbon, other metals, and nitric oxide. These reactions exploit the relatively weak N-F bond in NF3.
Properties
Tetrafluorohydrazine is in equilibrium with its radical monomer nitrogen difluoride.
N2F4 ⇌ 2 •NF2
At room temperature N2F4 is mostly associated with only 0.7% in the form of NF2 at 5mm Hg pressure. When the temperature rises to 225 °C, it mostly dissociates with 99% in the form of NF2.
The energy needed to break the N−N bond in N2F4 is 20.8 kcal/mol, with an entropy change of 38.6 eu. For comparison, the dissociation energy of the N−N bond is 14.6 kcal/mol (61 kJ/mol) in N2O4, 10.2 kcal/mol (43 kJ/mol) in N2O2, and 60 kcal/mol (250 kJ/mol) in N2H4. The enthalpy of formation of N2F4 (ΔfH°) is 34.421 kJ/mol.
Uses
Tetrafluorohydrazine is used in organic synthesis and some rocket propellant formulations. It adds across double bonds to give vicinal di(difluoroamine)s. In chemical syntheses, as a precursor or a catalyst. It was considered for use as a high-energy liquid oxidizer in some never-flown rocket fuel formulas in 1959.
Safety
Tetrafluorohydrazine is a highly hazardous chemical that explodes in the presence of organic materials.
It is a toxic chemical which irritates skin, eyes and lungs. It is a neurotoxin and may cause methemoglobinemia. May be fatal if inhaled or absorbed through skin. Vapors may be irritating and corrosive. It is a strong oxidizing agent. Contact with this chemical may cause burns and severe injury. Fire produces irritating, corrosive and toxic gases. Vapors from liquefied gas are initially heavier than air and spread across the ground.
Tetrafluorohydrazine explodes or ignites on contact with reducing agents at room temperature, including hydrogen, hydrocarbons, alcohols, thiols, amines, ammonia, hydrazines, dicyanogen, nitroalkanes, alkylberylliums, silanes, boranes or powdered metals. Prolonged exposure of the container of tetrafluorohydrazine to high heat may cause it to rupture violently and rocket. Tetrafluorohydrazine itself can explode at high temperatures or with shock or blast when under pressure. When heated to decomposition in air, it emits highly toxic fumes of fluorine and oxides of nitrogen.
There is a fatal case in which during opening of valves to check the pressure, the cylinder exploded, killing one man and injuring another.
References
^ a b Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
^ a b c d e f g h "Tetrafluorohydrazine". pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 26 March 2023. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
^ Ruff, John K. (1967). "Derivatives of Nitrogen Fluorides". Chemical Reviews. 67 (6): 665–680. doi:10.1021/cr60250a004.
^ Clark, John Drury (1972). Ignition!. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers UP. p. 82. ISBN 0-8135-0725-1. LCCN 72-185390.
^ Jäger, Susanne; von Jouanne, Jörn; Keller-Rudek, Hannelore; Koschel, Dieter; Kuhn, Peter; Merlet, Peter; Rupecht, Sigrid; Vanecek, Hans; Wagner, Joachim (1986). Koschel, Dieter; Kuhn, Peter; Merlet, Peter; Ruprecht, Sigrid; Wagner, Joachim (eds.). F Fluorine: Compounds with Oxygen and Nitrogen. Gmelin Handbook of Inorganic Chemistry. Vol. 4. Berlin: Springer. p. 162. doi:10.1007/978-3-662-06339-2. ISBN 978-3-662-06341-5. Retrieved 29 August 2015.
^ a b Bohn, Robert K.; Bauer, Simon Harvey (February 1967). "An electron diffraction study of the structures of NF2 and N2F4". Inorganic Chemistry. 6 (2): 304–309. doi:10.1021/ic50048a024. molecule dimensions and angles
^ "Nitrogen difluoride NF2(g)". www.chem.msu.su.
^ Clark 1972, pp. 167–168.
^ Tetrafluorohydrazine at DTIC.mil archived March 12, 2007
vteFluorine compounds
HF
He
LiF
BeF2
BFBF3B2F4
CF4CxFy
NF3N2F4
OFOF2O2F2O2F
F−
Ne
NaF
MgF2
AlFAlF3
SiF4
P2F4PF3PF5
S2F2SF2S2F4SF4S2F10SF6
ClFClF3ClF5
HArFArF2
KF
CaF2
ScF3
TiF3TiF4
VF2VF3VF4VF5
CrF2CrF3CrF4CrF5CrF6
MnF2MnF3MnF4
FeF2FeF3
CoF2CoF3
NiF2NiF3
CuFCuF2
ZnF2
GaF3
GeF4
AsF3AsF5
SeF4SeF6
BrFBrF3BrF5
KrF2KrF4KrF6
RbF
SrF2
YF3
ZrF4
NbF4NbF5
MoF4MoF5MoF6
TcF6
RuF3RuF4RuF5RuF6
RhF3RhF5RhF6
PdF2Pd PdF4PdF6
AgFAgF2AgF3Ag2F
CdF2
InF3
SnF2SnF4
SbF3SbF5
TeF4TeF6
IFIF3IF5IF7
XeF2XeF4XeF6XeF8
CsF
BaF2
*
LuF3
HfF4
TaF5
WF4WF6
ReF6ReF7
OsF4OsF5OsF6OsF7OsF8
IrF3IrF5IrF6
PtF2Pt PtF4PtF5PtF6
AuFAuF3Au2F10AuF5·F2
HgF2Hg2F2HgF4
TlFTlF3
PbF2PbF4
BiF3BiF5
PoF4PoF6
At
RnF2RnF6
Fr
RaF2
**
Lr
Rf
Db
Sg
Bh
Hs
Mt
Ds
Rg
Cn
Nh
Fl
Mc
Lv
Ts
Og
↓
*
LaF3
CeF3CeF4
PrF3PrF4
NdF3
PmF3
SmF2SmF3
EuF2EuF3
GdF3
TbF3TbF4
DyF3
HoF3
ErF3
TmF2TmF3
YbF2YbF3
**
AcF3
ThF4
PaF4PaF5
UF3UF4UF5UF6
NpF3NpF4NpF5NpF6
PuF3PuF4PuF5PuF6
AmF3AmF4AmF6
CmF3
Bk
Cf
Es
Fm
Md
No
PF6−, AsF6−, SbF6− compounds
AgPF6
KAsF6
LiAsF6
NaAsF6
HPF6
HSbF6
NH4PF6
KPF6
KSbF6
LiPF6
NaPF6
NaSbF6
TlPF6
AlF6− compounds
Cs2AlF5
Li3AlF6
K3AlF6
Na3AlF6
chlorides, bromides, iodides and pseudohalogenides
BaClF
SiIBrClF
CFN
ClFO2
SiF62-, GeF62- compounds
BaSiF6
BaGeF6
(NH4)2SiF6
Na2
K2
Li2GeF6
Li2SiF6
Oxyfluorides
BrOF3
BrO2F
BrO3F
LaOF
ThOF2
VOF3
TcO3F
WOF4
YOF
ClOF3
ClO2F3
Organofluorides
CBrF3
CBr2F2
CBr3F
CClF3
CCl2F2
CCl3F
CF2O
CF3I
CHF3
CH2F2
CH3F
C2Cl3F3
C2H3F
C6H5F
C7H5F3
C15F33N
C3H5F
C6H11F
with transition metal, lanthanide, actinide, ammonium
VOF3
CrOF4
CrF2O2
NH4F
(NH4)2ZrF6
CsXeF7
Li2TiF6
Li2ZrF6
K2TiF6
Rb2TiF6
Na2TiF6
Na2ZrF6
K2NbF7
K2TaF7
K2ZrF6
UO2F2
nitric acids
FNO
FNO2
FNO3
bifluorides
KHF2
NaHF2
NH4HF2
thionyl, phosphoryl, and iodosyl
F2OS
F3OP
PSF3
IOF3
IO3F
IOF5
IO2F
IO2F3
Chemical formulas
vteHydrazines
4-PTSC
Acylhydrazine
ADH
Adjudin
Agaritine
Benmoxin
Cadralazine
Carbazide
Carbidopa
Carbohydrazide
Daminozide
Dihydralazine
DNPH
Endralazine
Gyromitrin
HBT
Hydralazine
Hydrazide
Hydrazine
Hydrazone
Iproclozide
Iproniazid
Isocarboxazid
Isoniazid
Mebanazine
Metfendrazine
MMH
Nialamide
Octamoxin
PEH
Phenelzine
Pheniprazine
Phenoxypropazine
Phenylhydrazine
Pildralazine
Pimagedine
Pivalylbenzhydrazine
Procarbazine
Safrazine
Semicarbazide
Semicarbazone
SDMH
Tetrafluorohydrazine
UDMH | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen"},{"link_name":"F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorine"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pubchem-2"},{"link_name":"inorganic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inorganic_compound"},{"link_name":"gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas"},{"link_name":"fluorinated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorination"},{"link_name":"hydrazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrazine"}],"text":"Chemical compoundTetrafluorohydrazine or perfluorohydrazine, N2F4, is a colourless, nonflammable,[2] reactive inorganic gas. It is a fluorinated analog of hydrazine.","title":"Tetrafluorohydrazine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"nitrogen trifluoride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_trifluoride"},{"link_name":"copper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ruff-3"},{"link_name":"nitric oxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitric_oxide"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Tetrafluorohydrazine was originally prepared from nitrogen trifluoride using an copper as a fluorine atom acceptor:[3]2NF3 + Cu → N2F4 + CuF2A number of F-atom acceptors can be used, including carbon, other metals, and nitric oxide. These reactions exploit the relatively weak N-F bond in NF3.[4]","title":"Synthesis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"nitrogen difluoride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_difluoride"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bohn67-6"},{"link_name":"eu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropy_unit"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bohn67-6"},{"link_name":"N2O4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinitrogen_tetroxide"},{"link_name":"N2O2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinitrogen_dioxide"},{"link_name":"N2H4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrazine"},{"link_name":"enthalpy of formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_enthalpy_of_formation"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Tetrafluorohydrazine is in equilibrium with its radical monomer nitrogen difluoride.[5]N2F4 ⇌ 2 •NF2At room temperature N2F4 is mostly associated with only 0.7% in the form of NF2 at 5mm Hg pressure. When the temperature rises to 225 °C, it mostly dissociates with 99% in the form of NF2.[6]The energy needed to break the N−N bond in N2F4 is 20.8 kcal/mol, with an entropy change of 38.6 eu.[6] For comparison, the dissociation energy of the N−N bond is 14.6 kcal/mol (61 kJ/mol) in N2O4, 10.2 kcal/mol (43 kJ/mol) in N2O2, and 60 kcal/mol (250 kJ/mol) in N2H4. The enthalpy of formation of N2F4 (ΔfH°) is 34.421 kJ/mol.[7]","title":"Properties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"organic synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_synthesis"},{"link_name":"rocket propellant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocket_propellant"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pubchem-2"},{"link_name":"adds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addition_reaction"},{"link_name":"double bonds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_bond"},{"link_name":"vicinal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicinal_(chemistry)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark1972167%E2%80%93168-8"},{"link_name":"chemical syntheses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_synthesis"},{"link_name":"catalyst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalyst"},{"link_name":"oxidizer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidizer"},{"link_name":"rocket fuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocket_fuel"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Tetrafluorohydrazine is used in organic synthesis and some rocket propellant formulations.[2] It adds across double bonds to give vicinal di(difluoroamine)s.[8] In chemical syntheses, as a precursor or a catalyst. It was considered for use as a high-energy liquid oxidizer in some never-flown rocket fuel formulas in 1959.[9]","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"organic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_compound"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pubchem-2"},{"link_name":"neurotoxin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotoxin"},{"link_name":"methemoglobinemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methemoglobinemia"},{"link_name":"oxidizing agent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidizing_agent"},{"link_name":"liquefied gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquefied_gas"},{"link_name":"air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pubchem-2"},{"link_name":"reducing agents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reducing_agents"},{"link_name":"room temperature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Room_temperature"},{"link_name":"hydrogen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen"},{"link_name":"hydrocarbons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocarbons"},{"link_name":"alcohols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohols"},{"link_name":"thiols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiols"},{"link_name":"amines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amines"},{"link_name":"ammonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonia"},{"link_name":"hydrazines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrazines"},{"link_name":"dicyanogen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicyanogen"},{"link_name":"nitroalkanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitroalkane"},{"link_name":"alkylberylliums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organoberyllium"},{"link_name":"silanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silanes"},{"link_name":"boranes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boranes"},{"link_name":"metals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metals"},{"link_name":"fluorine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorine"},{"link_name":"oxides of nitrogen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxides_of_nitrogen"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pubchem-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pubchem-2"}],"text":"Tetrafluorohydrazine is a highly hazardous chemical that explodes in the presence of organic materials.[2]It is a toxic chemical which irritates skin, eyes and lungs. It is a neurotoxin and may cause methemoglobinemia. May be fatal if inhaled or absorbed through skin. Vapors may be irritating and corrosive. It is a strong oxidizing agent. Contact with this chemical may cause burns and severe injury. Fire produces irritating, corrosive and toxic gases. Vapors from liquefied gas are initially heavier than air and spread across the ground.[2]Tetrafluorohydrazine explodes or ignites on contact with reducing agents at room temperature, including hydrogen, hydrocarbons, alcohols, thiols, amines, ammonia, hydrazines, dicyanogen, nitroalkanes, alkylberylliums, silanes, boranes or powdered metals. Prolonged exposure of the container of tetrafluorohydrazine to high heat may cause it to rupture violently and rocket. Tetrafluorohydrazine itself can explode at high temperatures or with shock or blast when under pressure. When heated to decomposition in air, it emits highly toxic fumes of fluorine and oxides of nitrogen.[2]There is a fatal case in which during opening of valves to check the pressure, the cylinder exploded, killing one man and injuring another.[2]","title":"Safety"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Greenwood","url_text":"Greenwood, Norman N."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterworth-Heinemann","url_text":"Butterworth-Heinemann"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8","url_text":"978-0-08-037941-8"}]},{"reference":"\"Tetrafluorohydrazine\". pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 26 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Tetrafluorohydrazine","url_text":"\"Tetrafluorohydrazine\""}]},{"reference":"Ruff, John K. (1967). \"Derivatives of Nitrogen Fluorides\". Chemical Reviews. 67 (6): 665–680. doi:10.1021/cr60250a004.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fcr60250a004","url_text":"10.1021/cr60250a004"}]},{"reference":"Clark, John Drury (1972). Ignition!. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers UP. p. 82. ISBN 0-8135-0725-1. LCCN 72-185390.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Drury_Clark","url_text":"Clark, John Drury"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_JZcDwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Ignition!"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8135-0725-1","url_text":"0-8135-0725-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/72-185390","url_text":"72-185390"}]},{"reference":"Jäger, Susanne; von Jouanne, Jörn; Keller-Rudek, Hannelore; Koschel, Dieter; Kuhn, Peter; Merlet, Peter; Rupecht, Sigrid; Vanecek, Hans; Wagner, Joachim (1986). Koschel, Dieter; Kuhn, Peter; Merlet, Peter; Ruprecht, Sigrid; Wagner, Joachim (eds.). F Fluorine: Compounds with Oxygen and Nitrogen. Gmelin Handbook of Inorganic Chemistry. Vol. 4. Berlin: Springer. p. 162. doi:10.1007/978-3-662-06339-2. ISBN 978-3-662-06341-5. Retrieved 29 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rpfsCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA162","url_text":"F Fluorine: Compounds with Oxygen and Nitrogen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-662-06339-2","url_text":"10.1007/978-3-662-06339-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-662-06341-5","url_text":"978-3-662-06341-5"}]},{"reference":"Bohn, Robert K.; Bauer, Simon Harvey (February 1967). \"An electron diffraction study of the structures of NF2 and N2F4\". Inorganic Chemistry. 6 (2): 304–309. doi:10.1021/ic50048a024.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fic50048a024","url_text":"10.1021/ic50048a024"}]},{"reference":"\"Nitrogen difluoride NF2(g)\". www.chem.msu.su.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chem.msu.su/rus/handbook/ivtan/100.html","url_text":"\"Nitrogen difluoride NF2(g)\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=10036-47-2","external_links_name":"10036-47-2"},{"Link":"https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=FN%28F%29N%28F%29F","external_links_name":"Interactive image"},{"Link":"https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.23228.html","external_links_name":"23228"},{"Link":"https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.030.091","external_links_name":"100.030.091"},{"Link":"https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/24845","external_links_name":"24845"},{"Link":"https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/RR3J2QP9MG","external_links_name":"RR3J2QP9MG"},{"Link":"https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID9064922","external_links_name":"DTXSID9064922"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=470603940&page2=Tetrafluorohydrazine","external_links_name":"verify"},{"Link":"https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Tetrafluorohydrazine","external_links_name":"\"Tetrafluorohydrazine\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fcr60250a004","external_links_name":"10.1021/cr60250a004"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_JZcDwAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Ignition!"},{"Link":"https://lccn.loc.gov/72-185390","external_links_name":"72-185390"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rpfsCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA162","external_links_name":"F Fluorine: Compounds with Oxygen and Nitrogen"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-662-06339-2","external_links_name":"10.1007/978-3-662-06339-2"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fic50048a024","external_links_name":"10.1021/ic50048a024"},{"Link":"http://www.chem.msu.su/rus/handbook/ivtan/100.html","external_links_name":"\"Nitrogen difluoride NF2(g)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070312051306/http://stinet.dtic.mil/oai/oai?&verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=AD0313998","external_links_name":"Tetrafluorohydrazine"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaich%C5%8D | Kaichō | ["1 References","2 Further reading"] | For the Japanese corporate and organizational title of this name, see Japanese corporate title.
Kaichō (開帳, in honorific form go-kaichō), from the Edo period of Japan onwards, was the public exhibition of religious objects from Buddhist temples, usually relics or statuary, that were normally not on display. Such exhibitions were often the bases for public fairs, which would involve outdoor entertainment activities, market trading, and misemono. In the period from 1654 to 1868, in Edo city there were 1566 kaichō.
Kaichō literally means "the opening of the curtain", and the purpose of keeping such icons hidden from public view except on special occasions was twofold. First, it upheld the sanctity of the objects that were displayed, where making them viewable to the public all of the time would otherwise serve to devalue their religious impacts. Second, it served as both advertisement and as a fund-raiser for the temple — primarily, but not solely, to pay for building repair.
Accounts of such kaichō being held in Kamakura and Kyoto can be found dating from before the Edo period, but they only became truly popular during the 17th century. The occurrence of kaichō outside of temple grounds were primarily an Edo city phenomenon. The first such exterior kaichō in Edo was in 1676.
Many kaichō were also degaichō, where the activities broadened into the opening of an entire area of the temple, turning it into a form of carnival, with entertainments, food vendors, and even freak shows, or with the religious objects being transported on a tour around the country. Technically, a degaichō is a kaichō outside temple grounds, and an igaichō is a kaichō where the display is within temple grounds. In theory, attendance at a kaichō was free of charge. In practice, attendees were expected to pay a fee upon entry, and to donate an extra gratuity upon viewing the object displayed. A kaichō would create an economic boom for the businesses around the temple, and were widely advertised and promoted.
Kaichō were organized with the permission of the state. Much of the information on the kaichō in Edo, for example, is recorded in Bukō nenpyō, a diary kept by Edo Kanda town official Saitō Gesshin, and in the Kaichō sashi yuyushichō, the bakufu record of the government-approved kaichō. Bakufu approval for degaichō comprised a meeting of the bakufu officials to assess the fundraising case for the proposed kaichō, which would grant permission for a kaichō lasting up to 60 days from the date that the approval was granted. Much of this regulation was imposed in order to eliminate competition for business. However, state regulation was not entirely motivated by this. Although the bakufu in Edo in the 18th century granted only five permits per season, limited to a maximum of sixty days, it was readily prepared to grant extensions to length and to grant special permits. The government saw kaichō as a means for combatting its budget deficit, by eliminating the grants that it had theretofore provided to temples in favour of temples organizing kaichō to raise their own funds.
The association of kaichō with non-religious activities, and the secularization of the event, led to the name becoming a slang appellation, in 19th century Edo, for any activity where a person indulged in revelry and frolics in an unusual or inappropriate place, or, further, for a crowd caught up with gambling fever or a person lost the heat of sexual passion.
References
^ a b c d e f Williams, Duncan Ryūken (2005). The other side of Zen: a social history of Sōtō Zen : Buddhism in Tokugawa Japan. Buddhisms Series. Princeton University Press. pp. 79–80, 176. ISBN 9780691119281.
^ a b Marcia Yonemoto (2003). Mapping early modern Japan: space, place, and culture in the Tokugawa period, 1603–1868. Asia: Local Studies / Global Themes. Vol. 7. University of California Press. p. 202. ISBN 9780520232693.
^ a b Ian Reader and George Joji Tanabe (1998). Practically religious: worldly benefits and the common religion of Japan. University of Hawaii Press. p. 213. ISBN 9780824820909.
^ Ian Reader and George Joji Tanabe (1998). Practically religious: worldly benefits and the common religion of Japan. University of Hawaii Press. p. 212. ISBN 9780824820909.
^ a b c David Richard Leheny (2003). The rules of play: national identity and the shaping of Japanese leisure. Cornell studies in political economy. Cornell University Press. p. 52. ISBN 9780801440915.
^ a b c d e f Nam-Lin Hur (2000). Prayer and play in late Tokugawa Japan: Asakusa Sensōji and Edo society. Harvard East Asian monographs. Vol. 185. Harvard Univ Asia Center. pp. 80–82, 217–220. ISBN 9780674002401.
^ a b Ikumi Kaminishi (2006). Explaining pictures: Buddhist propaganda and etoki storytelling in Japan. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 92–93. ISBN 9780824826970.
Further reading
P. F. Kornicki (Summer 1994). "Public Display and Changing Values. Early Meiji Exhibitions and Their Precursors". Monumenta Nipponica. 49 (2). Sophia University: 167–196. doi:10.2307/2385168. JSTOR 2385168.
Sarah Thal (2005). Rearranging the landscape of the gods: the politics of a pilgrimage site in Japan, 1573–1912. Studies of the East Asian Institute. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226794211. — Thal describes the political and religious conflicts over "false kaichō", not approved by the Shogunate.
Authority control databases: National
Japan | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Japanese corporate title","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_corporate_title"},{"link_name":"Edo period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edo_period"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Buddhist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Williams2005-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yonemoto2003-2"},{"link_name":"misemono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misemono"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yonemoto2003-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReaderTanabe1998p213-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReaderTanabe1998-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Williams2005-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Leheney2003-5"},{"link_name":"Kamakura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamakura,_Kanagawa"},{"link_name":"Kyoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Williams2005-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Leheney2003-5"},{"link_name":"Edo city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edo"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Williams2005-1"},{"link_name":"freak shows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freak_show"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Leheney2003-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hur2000-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kamimishi2006-7"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Williams2005-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hur2000-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kamimishi2006-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hur2000-6"},{"link_name":"bakufu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakufu"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Williams2005-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hur2000-6"},{"link_name":"budget deficit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budget_deficit"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReaderTanabe1998p213-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hur2000-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hur2000-6"}],"text":"For the Japanese corporate and organizational title of this name, see Japanese corporate title.Kaichō (開帳, in honorific form go-kaichō), from the Edo period of Japan onwards, was the public exhibition of religious objects from Buddhist temples, usually relics or statuary, that were normally not on display.[1][2] Such exhibitions were often the bases for public fairs, which would involve outdoor entertainment activities, market trading, and misemono.[2] In the period from 1654 to 1868, in Edo city there were 1566 kaichō.[3]Kaichō literally means \"the opening of the curtain\", and the purpose of keeping such icons hidden from public view except on special occasions was twofold. First, it upheld the sanctity of the objects that were displayed, where making them viewable to the public all of the time would otherwise serve to devalue their religious impacts. Second, it served as both advertisement and as a fund-raiser for the temple[4] — primarily, but not solely, to pay for building repair.[1][5]Accounts of such kaichō being held in Kamakura and Kyoto can be found dating from before the Edo period, but they only became truly popular during the 17th century.[1][5] The occurrence of kaichō outside of temple grounds were primarily an Edo city phenomenon. The first such exterior kaichō in Edo was in 1676.[1]Many kaichō were also degaichō, where the activities broadened into the opening of an entire area of the temple, turning it into a form of carnival, with entertainments, food vendors, and even freak shows,[5][6] or with the religious objects being transported on a tour around the country.[7] Technically, a degaichō is a kaichō outside temple grounds, and an igaichō is a kaichō where the display is within temple grounds.[1] In theory, attendance at a kaichō was free of charge. In practice, attendees were expected to pay a fee upon entry, and to donate an extra gratuity upon viewing the object displayed.[6][7] A kaichō would create an economic boom for the businesses around the temple, and were widely advertised and promoted.[6]Kaichō were organized with the permission of the state. Much of the information on the kaichō in Edo, for example, is recorded in Bukō nenpyō, a diary kept by Edo Kanda town official Saitō Gesshin, and in the Kaichō sashi yuyushichō, the bakufu record of the government-approved kaichō. Bakufu approval for degaichō comprised a meeting of the bakufu officials to assess the fundraising case for the proposed kaichō, which would grant permission for a kaichō lasting up to 60 days from the date that the approval was granted.[1][6] Much of this regulation was imposed in order to eliminate competition for business. However, state regulation was not entirely motivated by this. Although the bakufu in Edo in the 18th century granted only five permits per season, limited to a maximum of sixty days, it was readily prepared to grant extensions to length and to grant special permits. The government saw kaichō as a means for combatting its budget deficit, by eliminating the grants that it had theretofore provided to temples in favour of temples organizing kaichō to raise their own funds.[3][6]The association of kaichō with non-religious activities, and the secularization of the event, led to the name becoming a slang appellation, in 19th century Edo, for any activity where a person indulged in revelry and frolics in an unusual or inappropriate place, or, further, for a crowd caught up with gambling fever or a person lost the heat of sexual passion.[6]","title":"Kaichō"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/2385168","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F2385168"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2385168","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/2385168"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780226794211","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226794211"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6347588#identifiers"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00575265"}],"text":"P. F. Kornicki (Summer 1994). \"Public Display and Changing Values. Early Meiji Exhibitions and Their Precursors\". Monumenta Nipponica. 49 (2). Sophia University: 167–196. doi:10.2307/2385168. JSTOR 2385168.\nSarah Thal (2005). Rearranging the landscape of the gods: the politics of a pilgrimage site in Japan, 1573–1912. Studies of the East Asian Institute. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226794211. — Thal describes the political and religious conflicts over \"false kaichō\", not approved by the Shogunate.Authority control databases: National \nJapan","title":"Further reading"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Williams, Duncan Ryūken (2005). The other side of Zen: a social history of Sōtō Zen : Buddhism in Tokugawa Japan. Buddhisms Series. Princeton University Press. pp. 79–80, 176. ISBN 9780691119281.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duncan_Ry%C5%ABken_Williams","url_text":"Williams, Duncan Ryūken"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691119281","url_text":"9780691119281"}]},{"reference":"Marcia Yonemoto (2003). Mapping early modern Japan: space, place, and culture in the Tokugawa period, 1603–1868. Asia: Local Studies / Global Themes. Vol. 7. University of California Press. p. 202. ISBN 9780520232693.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520232693","url_text":"9780520232693"}]},{"reference":"Ian Reader and George Joji Tanabe (1998). Practically religious: worldly benefits and the common religion of Japan. University of Hawaii Press. p. 213. ISBN 9780824820909.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780824820909","url_text":"9780824820909"}]},{"reference":"Ian Reader and George Joji Tanabe (1998). Practically religious: worldly benefits and the common religion of Japan. University of Hawaii Press. p. 212. ISBN 9780824820909.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780824820909","url_text":"9780824820909"}]},{"reference":"David Richard Leheny (2003). The rules of play: national identity and the shaping of Japanese leisure. Cornell studies in political economy. Cornell University Press. p. 52. ISBN 9780801440915.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/rulesofplaynatio00lehe/page/52","url_text":"The rules of play: national identity and the shaping of Japanese leisure"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/rulesofplaynatio00lehe/page/52","url_text":"52"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801440915","url_text":"9780801440915"}]},{"reference":"Nam-Lin Hur (2000). Prayer and play in late Tokugawa Japan: Asakusa Sensōji and Edo society. Harvard East Asian monographs. Vol. 185. Harvard Univ Asia Center. pp. 80–82, 217–220. ISBN 9780674002401.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674002401","url_text":"9780674002401"}]},{"reference":"Ikumi Kaminishi (2006). Explaining pictures: Buddhist propaganda and etoki storytelling in Japan. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 92–93. ISBN 9780824826970.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etoki","url_text":"etoki"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780824826970","url_text":"9780824826970"}]},{"reference":"P. F. Kornicki (Summer 1994). \"Public Display and Changing Values. Early Meiji Exhibitions and Their Precursors\". Monumenta Nipponica. 49 (2). Sophia University: 167–196. doi:10.2307/2385168. JSTOR 2385168.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2385168","url_text":"10.2307/2385168"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2385168","url_text":"2385168"}]},{"reference":"Sarah Thal (2005). Rearranging the landscape of the gods: the politics of a pilgrimage site in Japan, 1573–1912. Studies of the East Asian Institute. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226794211.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226794211","url_text":"9780226794211"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/rulesofplaynatio00lehe/page/52","external_links_name":"The rules of play: national identity and the shaping of Japanese leisure"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/rulesofplaynatio00lehe/page/52","external_links_name":"52"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2385168","external_links_name":"10.2307/2385168"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2385168","external_links_name":"2385168"},{"Link":"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00575265","external_links_name":"Japan"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Apulian_regional_election | 2010 Apulian regional election | ["1 Background","2 Centre-left primary election","3 Results","4 References"] | 2010 Apulian regional election
← 2005
28–29 March 2010
2015 →
All 70 seats of the Regional Council36 seats needed for a majority
Majority party
Minority party
Leader
Nichi Vendola
Rocco Palese
Party
Left Ecology Freedom
People of Freedom
Alliance
Centre-left
Centre-right
Last election
42 seats, 49.8%
28 seats, 49.2%
Seats won
39
27
Seat change
3
1
Popular vote
1,036,683
899,590
Percentage
48.7%
42.3%
Swing
1.1%
6.9%
President before election
Nichi Vendola
SEL
Elected President
Nichi Vendola
SEL
Politics of Apulia
Statute
Regional Government
President: Michele Emiliano
Vice President: Raffaele Piemontese
Regional Council
President: Loredana Capone
Elections
Political parties
Provinces
Regions of Italy
Politics of Italy
Politics of the European Union
Other countries
vte
The Apulian regional election of 2010 took place in Apulia, Italy, on 28–29 March 2010.
The outgoing President Nichi Vendola (SEL) was elected for a second-consecutive term, after having won a primary election in which he beat a Democrat and having benefited from the split of the centre-right, whose two candidates jointly won 51.0% of the vote.
Vendola's party, SEL, had a strong showing in the Region by coming third with 9.7% of the vote, after The People of Freedom (31.1%) and the Democratic Party (20.8%).
Background
The incumbent left-wing president Nichi Vendola, who in 2005 surprisingly defeated a centrist in the centre-left primary election and then the outgoing President Raffaele Fitto, was under attack by his own coalition. Vendola, a gay communist President in a fairly conservative region, would have found hard to get re-election in a time when the centre-right led by Silvio Berlusconi was ahead of the centre-left both in Apulia and the whole country. Moreover Vendola, after having left the Communist Refoundation Party in early 2009, instead of joining the Democratic Party (PD), the largest party of the centre-left, started a small outfit named Left and Freedom and launched his bid.
The Democrats acknowledge that they needed a larger coalition in order to beat the centre-right and they were thus trying to convince Vendola to give up his bid and to endorse a more centrist candidate that could obtain the support of the Union of Christian and Centre Democrats (UDC) and Adriana Poli Bortone's I the South movement. Michele Emiliano, Mayor of Bari and PD regional leader, had been constantly mentioned as a possible candidate who would have received the support of the UDC. For her part Poli Bortone might have been interested in the race but her right-wing upbringing (she was a member of the Italian Social Movement and of National Alliance) would undoubtedly have stirred the left.
In a succession of events between late December 2009 and January 2010, Emiliano turned against Vendola (whom he supported until then), asked his party's regional assembly to unanimously endorse himself. The assembly of the party was suspended because of clashes between Emiliano and Vendola supporters, then Emiliano accepted to contest a primary election with Vendola and finally withdrew from the race, leaving the PD without a strong candidate.
Finally Vendola was chosen as candidate of the centre-left in a primary election on 25 January 2010.
The People of Freedom (PdL) of Berlusconi and former President Raffaele Fitto subsequently chose Rocco Palese, leader of Forza Italia–PdL group in the Regional Council and former Vice President of Fitto, while the UDC launched Poli Bortone.
Centre-left primary election
After that Emiliano renounced his bid, the PD proposed Francesco Boccia as its candidate and the UDC endorsed him. However, as Vendola did not intend to withdraw from the race, the PD accepted to run a coalition primary election between Vendola and Boccia. This was a re-edition of the 2005 primary election, in which Boccia was narrowly defeated by Vendola.
On 25 January 2010 an unprecedented number of Apulian citizens turned out to vote in the primary and Vendola trounced Boccia in the primary, by winning over 67% of the votes cast.
Candidate
Party
Votes
%
Nichi Vendola
SEL
137,521
67.2
Francesco Boccia
PD
66,991
32.8
Total
204,512
100.0
Source: Nichi Vendola website
Results
The elected Regional Council by coalition: Centre-left (39) Centre-right (27) Centrists (4)
28–29 March 2010 Apulian regional election results
Candidates
Votes
%
Seats
Parties
Votes
%
Seats
Nichi Vendola
1,036,638
48.69
1
Democratic Party
410,395
20.75
19
Left Ecology Freedom (incl. PSI)
192,604
9.74
9
Italy of Values
127,865
6.47
5
Apulia for Vendola
109,382
5.53
5
Federation of the Left – Greens
64,441
3.26
–
Bonino-Pannella List
6,005
0.30
–
Total
910,692
46.05
38
Rocco Palese
899,590
42.25
1
The People of Freedom
615,064
31.10
20
Apulia First of All
139,379
7.05
4
Apulians for Rocco Palese
95,070
4.81
2
Alliance of the Centre
11,047
0.56
–
Union of Democrats for Europe
9,125
0.46
–
Pensioners' Party
4,777
0.24
–
Total
874,462
44.22
26
Adriana Poli Bortone
185,370
8.71
–
Union of the Centre
128,542
6.50
4
I the South – MPA
57,901
2.93
–
Total
186,443
9.43
4
Michele Rizzi
7,376
0.35
–
Communist Alternative Party
5,834
0.30
–
Total candidates
2,128,974
100.00
2
Total parties
1,977,431
100.00
68
Source: Ministry of the Interior
References
^ "Archivio Corriere della Sera". archiviostorico.corriere.it.
^ a b "Archivio Corriere della Sera". archiviostorico.corriere.it.
^ "Archivio Corriere della Sera". archiviostorico.corriere.it.
^ "Archivio Corriere della Sera". archiviostorico.corriere.it.
^ "aprileonline.info". www.aprileonline.info.
^ "Archivio Corriere della Sera". archiviostorico.corriere.it.
^ "Emiliano manda sms: senza l'unanimità non mi candido - Corriere del Mezzogiorno". corrieredelmezzogiorno.corriere.it.
^ "Archivio Corriere della Sera". archiviostorico.corriere.it.
^ "Archivio Corriere della Sera". archiviostorico.corriere.it.
^ "Puglia, Emiliano ritira la candidatura "Ma la mia non è una rinuncia" - Politica - Repubblica.it". www.repubblica.it.
^ "Archivio Corriere della Sera". archiviostorico.corriere.it.
^ "Archivio Corriere della Sera". archiviostorico.corriere.it.
^ "Poli Bortone: io corro per vincere - Corriere del Mezzogiorno". corrieredelmezzogiorno.corriere.it.
^ "Archivio Corriere della Sera". archiviostorico.corriere.it.
^ "Archivio Corriere della Sera". archiviostorico.corriere.it.
^ "Archivio Corriere della Sera". archiviostorico.corriere.it.
^ "Archivio Corriere della Sera". archiviostorico.corriere.it.
^ Four regional councillors out of the eleven elected by Left Ecology Freedom, including Onofrio Introna, President of the Regional Council, belong to the Italian Socialist Party. See "Partito Socialista". Archived from the original on 2010-08-17. Retrieved 2010-07-29..
vte Regional elections in Apulia
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Apulia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apulia"},{"link_name":"Nichi Vendola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nichi_Vendola"},{"link_name":"SEL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_Ecology_Freedom"},{"link_name":"Democrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Italy)"},{"link_name":"The People of Freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_People_of_Freedom"}],"text":"The Apulian regional election of 2010 took place in Apulia, Italy, on 28–29 March 2010.The outgoing President Nichi Vendola (SEL) was elected for a second-consecutive term, after having won a primary election in which he beat a Democrat and having benefited from the split of the centre-right, whose two candidates jointly won 51.0% of the vote.Vendola's party, SEL, had a strong showing in the Region by coming third with 9.7% of the vote, after The People of Freedom (31.1%) and the Democratic Party (20.8%).","title":"2010 Apulian regional election"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nichi Vendola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nichi_Vendola"},{"link_name":"Raffaele Fitto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffaele_Fitto"},{"link_name":"Silvio Berlusconi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvio_Berlusconi"},{"link_name":"Communist Refoundation Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Refoundation_Party"},{"link_name":"Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Italy)"},{"link_name":"Left and Freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_and_Freedom"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Corriere_2009-12-09-2"},{"link_name":"Union of Christian and Centre Democrats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_Christian_and_Centre_Democrats"},{"link_name":"Adriana Poli Bortone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriana_Poli_Bortone"},{"link_name":"I the South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_the_South"},{"link_name":"Michele Emiliano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michele_Emiliano"},{"link_name":"Bari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bari"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Corriere_2009-12-09-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Italian Social Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Social_Movement"},{"link_name":"National Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Alliance_(Italy)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"The People of Freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_People_of_Freedom"},{"link_name":"Raffaele Fitto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffaele_Fitto"},{"link_name":"Rocco Palese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rocco_Palese&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Forza Italia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forza_Italia"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"The incumbent left-wing president Nichi Vendola, who in 2005 surprisingly defeated a centrist in the centre-left primary election and then the outgoing President Raffaele Fitto, was under attack by his own coalition. Vendola, a gay communist President in a fairly conservative region, would have found hard to get re-election in a time when the centre-right led by Silvio Berlusconi was ahead of the centre-left both in Apulia and the whole country. Moreover Vendola, after having left the Communist Refoundation Party in early 2009, instead of joining the Democratic Party (PD), the largest party of the centre-left, started a small outfit named Left and Freedom and launched his bid.[1][2]The Democrats acknowledge that they needed a larger coalition in order to beat the centre-right and they were thus trying to convince Vendola to give up his bid and to endorse a more centrist candidate that could obtain the support of the Union of Christian and Centre Democrats (UDC) and Adriana Poli Bortone's I the South movement. Michele Emiliano, Mayor of Bari and PD regional leader, had been constantly mentioned as a possible candidate who would have received the support of the UDC.[2][3][4] For her part Poli Bortone might have been interested in the race but her right-wing upbringing (she was a member of the Italian Social Movement and of National Alliance) would undoubtedly have stirred the left.[5]In a succession of events between late December 2009 and January 2010, Emiliano turned against Vendola[6] (whom he supported until then), asked his party's regional assembly to unanimously endorse himself.[7] The assembly of the party was suspended because of clashes between Emiliano and Vendola supporters,[8] then Emiliano accepted to contest a primary election with Vendola[9] and finally withdrew from the race,[10] leaving the PD without a strong candidate.Finally Vendola was chosen as candidate of the centre-left in a primary election on 25 January 2010.[11]The People of Freedom (PdL) of Berlusconi and former President Raffaele Fitto subsequently chose Rocco Palese, leader of Forza Italia–PdL group in the Regional Council and former Vice President of Fitto,[12] while the UDC launched Poli Bortone.[13]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Francesco Boccia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Boccia"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"After that Emiliano renounced his bid, the PD proposed Francesco Boccia as its candidate[14] and the UDC endorsed him.[15] However, as Vendola did not intend to withdraw from the race, the PD accepted to run a coalition primary election between Vendola and Boccia.[16] This was a re-edition of the 2005 primary election, in which Boccia was narrowly defeated by Vendola.[17]On 25 January 2010 an unprecedented number of Apulian citizens turned out to vote in the primary and Vendola trounced Boccia in the primary, by winning over 67% of the votes cast.","title":"Centre-left primary election"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Puglia_Regional_Council_coalition_2010.svg"},{"link_name":"Centre-left","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre-left_coalition_(Italy)"},{"link_name":"Centre-right","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre-right_coalition_(Italy)"},{"link_name":"Centrists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_the_Centre_(2002)"}],"text":"The elected Regional Council by coalition: Centre-left (39) Centre-right (27) Centrists (4)","title":"Results"}] | [{"image_text":"The elected Regional Council by coalition: Centre-left (39) Centre-right (27) Centrists (4)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Puglia_Regional_Council_coalition_2010.svg/300px-Puglia_Regional_Council_coalition_2010.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Apulia_Regional_Council_2010.svg/300px-Apulia_Regional_Council_2010.svg.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Archivio Corriere della Sera\". archiviostorico.corriere.it.","urls":[{"url":"http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2009/novembre/27/Vendola_non_cede_corro_alle_co_9_091127025.shtml","url_text":"\"Archivio Corriere della Sera\""}]},{"reference":"\"Archivio Corriere della Sera\". archiviostorico.corriere.it.","urls":[{"url":"http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2009/dicembre/09/Campania_scelte_dopo_voto_Cosentino_co_9_091209039.shtml","url_text":"\"Archivio Corriere della Sera\""}]},{"reference":"\"Archivio Corriere della Sera\". archiviostorico.corriere.it.","urls":[{"url":"http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2009/novembre/26/Puglia_campo_Emiliano_svolta_tra_co_8_091126028.shtml","url_text":"\"Archivio Corriere della Sera\""}]},{"reference":"\"Archivio Corriere della Sera\". archiviostorico.corriere.it.","urls":[{"url":"http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2009/novembre/29/sia_Nichi_indicare_suo_erede_co_9_091129088.shtml","url_text":"\"Archivio Corriere della Sera\""}]},{"reference":"\"aprileonline.info\". www.aprileonline.info.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aprileonline.info/notizia.php?id=13837","url_text":"\"aprileonline.info\""}]},{"reference":"\"Archivio Corriere della Sera\". archiviostorico.corriere.it.","urls":[{"url":"http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2009/dicembre/21/Emiliano_accusa_Vendola_Lavora_contro_co_9_091221006.shtml","url_text":"\"Archivio Corriere della Sera\""}]},{"reference":"\"Emiliano manda sms: senza l'unanimità non mi candido - 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onur_Tukel | Onur Tukel | ["1 Career","2 Filmography","3 References","4 External links"] | Turkish-american painter, actor and filmmaker
Onur TukelTukel at the 2018 Montclair Film FestivalBorn (1972-08-05) August 5, 1972 (age 51)Taylorsville, North CarolinaOccupation(s)Actor, director, editor, painter, producer, writerYears active1997–present
Onur Tukel (born August 5, 1972) is a Turkish-American actor, painter, and filmmaker. A notable figure in the New York City independent film community, Tukel's films often deal with issues of gender and relationships.
Career
In 1997, Tukel wrote and directed his first feature film House of Pancakes. His subsequent film, the vampire drama Drawing Blood, was completed in 1999. In a 2014 interview with Entertainment Weekly, Tukel recalled that Drawing Blood was "the only time made money on a movie." His next film, the comedy drama Ding-a-ling-Less, was completed in 2001. In 2005, Tukel (credited as Sergio Lapel) also wrote and directed the comedy The Pigs about a group of middle age men who arrange to have their wives murdered.
In 2012, Tukel wrote, produced, directed, and starred in the comedy drama film Richard's Wedding, which featured such other independent filmmakers as Josephine Decker, Lawrence Michael Levine, and Jennifer Prediger. Despite an overall mixed critical response, the film was praised by David DeWitt of The New York Times as "a slice of the John Cassavetes, John Sayles and Richard Linklater life."
Tukel's next film, the 2014 vampire horror comedy Summer of Blood, received a warmer response from critics. In a positive review of the film, Eric Kohn of Indiewire praised Tukel as possessing "contemptible goofiness" and being "the broke, post-9/11 version of an early Woody Allen character." More recently, Tukel wrote, directed, and starred in the comedy/horror film Applesauce, which premiered at the Tribeca Film Festival on April 19, 2015.
As an actor, Tukel has also appeared in the 2011 film Septien, Alex Karpovsky's 2012 romantic comedy Red Flag, and Ping Pong Summer in 2014.
Filmography
Year
Film
Credited Director
Credited Producer
Credited Writer
Credited Actor
Credited Role
Notes
1997
House of Pancakes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Man with Atlas
1999
Drawing Blood
Yes
Yes
Yes
2001
Ding-a-ling-Less
Yes
Yes
Yes
Penis popsicle licker
Credited as "Sergio Lapel"
2005
The Pigs
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Bickering Boy
2011
Septien
Yes
Yes
Amos Rawlings
2012
Richard's Wedding
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Tuna
Red Flag
Yes
Henry
2014
Summer of Blood
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Erik Sparrow
Red Right Return
Yes
Jack
Ping Pong Summer
Yes
Boardwalk Artist
2015
Abby Singer/Songwriter
Yes
Yes
Yes
Onur
Applesauce
Yes
Yes
Yes
Ron
2016
Catfight
Yes
Yes
2017
Infinity Baby
Yes
The Misogynists
Yes
Yes
2021
Scenes from an Empty Church
Yes
Yes
Yes
That Cold Dead Look in Your Eyes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Have a Nice Life
Yes
Conner
2022
The Third Saturday in October
Yes
Warden Haskins
References
^ "Onur Tukel" (in Turkish). Ekşi Sözlük. Retrieved December 27, 2015.
^ Collis, Clark (October 10, 2014). "'Summer of Blood' star Onur Tukel talks laughs, gore, and topless scenes". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved January 28, 2015.
^ Scheib, Ronnie (May 30, 2012). "Review: 'Richard's Wedding'". Variety. Retrieved January 28, 2015.
^ DeWitt, David (May 31, 2012). "When Friends Get Together and Riff: 'Richard's Wedding,' Written and Directed by Onur Tukel". The New York Times. Retrieved January 28, 2015.
^ "Summer of Blood". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved January 28, 2015.
^ Kohn, Eric (April 19, 2014). "Tribeca Review: If Woody Allen Directed a Vampire Comedy, It Might Resemble Onur Tukel's Hilarious Urban Satire 'Summer of Blood'". Indiewire. Retrieved January 28, 2015.
^ Collis, Clark (April 13, 2015). "Tribeca 2015: Exclusive clip from Applesauce asks, 'What's the worst thing you've ever done?'". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved November 23, 2015.
External links
Onur Tukel at IMDb
Authority control databases International
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Israel
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Turkish-American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_American"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"independent film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_film"}],"text":"Onur Tukel (born August 5, 1972) is a Turkish-American[1] actor, painter, and filmmaker. 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His subsequent film, the vampire drama Drawing Blood, was completed in 1999. In a 2014 interview with Entertainment Weekly, Tukel recalled that Drawing Blood was \"the only time [he] made money on a movie.\"[2] His next film, the comedy drama Ding-a-ling-Less, was completed in 2001. In 2005, Tukel (credited as Sergio Lapel) also wrote and directed the comedy The Pigs about a group of middle age men who arrange to have their wives murdered.In 2012, Tukel wrote, produced, directed, and starred in the comedy drama film Richard's Wedding, which featured such other independent filmmakers as Josephine Decker, Lawrence Michael Levine, and Jennifer Prediger.[3] Despite an overall mixed critical response, the film was praised by David DeWitt of The New York Times as \"a slice of the John Cassavetes, John Sayles and Richard Linklater life.\"[4]Tukel's next film, the 2014 vampire horror comedy Summer of Blood, received a warmer response from critics.[5] In a positive review of the film, Eric Kohn of Indiewire praised Tukel as possessing \"contemptible goofiness\" and being \"the broke, post-9/11 version of an early Woody Allen character.\"[6] More recently, Tukel wrote, directed, and starred in the comedy/horror film Applesauce, which premiered at the Tribeca Film Festival on April 19, 2015.[7]As an actor, Tukel has also appeared in the 2011 film Septien, Alex Karpovsky's 2012 romantic comedy Red Flag, and Ping Pong Summer in 2014.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Onur Tukel\" (in Turkish). 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Retrieved January 28, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2012/film/reviews/richard-s-wedding-1117947673/","url_text":"\"Review: 'Richard's Wedding'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"}]},{"reference":"DeWitt, David (May 31, 2012). \"When Friends Get Together and Riff: 'Richard's Wedding,' Written and Directed by Onur Tukel\". The New York Times. Retrieved January 28, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/01/movies/richards-wedding-written-and-directed-by-onur-tukel.html","url_text":"\"When Friends Get Together and Riff: 'Richard's Wedding,' Written and Directed by Onur Tukel\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Summer of Blood\". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved January 28, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/summer_of_blood/","url_text":"\"Summer of Blood\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes","url_text":"Rotten Tomatoes"}]},{"reference":"Kohn, Eric (April 19, 2014). \"Tribeca Review: If Woody Allen Directed a Vampire Comedy, It Might Resemble Onur Tukel's Hilarious Urban Satire 'Summer of Blood'\". Indiewire. Retrieved January 28, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.indiewire.com/article/tribeca-review-if-woody-allen-directed-a-vampire-comedy-it-might-resemble-onur-tukuls-hilarious-urban-satire-summer-of-blood","url_text":"\"Tribeca Review: If Woody Allen Directed a Vampire Comedy, It Might Resemble Onur Tukel's Hilarious Urban Satire 'Summer of Blood'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiewire","url_text":"Indiewire"}]},{"reference":"Collis, Clark (April 13, 2015). \"Tribeca 2015: Exclusive clip from Applesauce asks, 'What's the worst thing you've ever done?'\". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved November 23, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ew.com/article/2015/04/13/tribeca-2015-exclusive-clip-applesauce-asks-whats-worst-thing-youve-ever-done","url_text":"\"Tribeca 2015: Exclusive clip from Applesauce asks, 'What's the worst thing you've ever done?'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly","url_text":"Entertainment Weekly"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://eksisozluk.com/entry/10272200","external_links_name":"\"Onur Tukel\""},{"Link":"http://insidemovies.ew.com/2014/10/10/summer-of-blood-onur-tukel/","external_links_name":"\"'Summer of Blood' star Onur Tukel talks laughs, gore, and topless scenes\""},{"Link":"https://variety.com/2012/film/reviews/richard-s-wedding-1117947673/","external_links_name":"\"Review: 'Richard's Wedding'\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/01/movies/richards-wedding-written-and-directed-by-onur-tukel.html","external_links_name":"\"When Friends Get Together and Riff: 'Richard's Wedding,' Written and Directed by Onur Tukel\""},{"Link":"http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/summer_of_blood/","external_links_name":"\"Summer of Blood\""},{"Link":"http://www.indiewire.com/article/tribeca-review-if-woody-allen-directed-a-vampire-comedy-it-might-resemble-onur-tukuls-hilarious-urban-satire-summer-of-blood","external_links_name":"\"Tribeca Review: If Woody Allen Directed a Vampire Comedy, It Might Resemble Onur Tukel's Hilarious Urban Satire 'Summer of Blood'\""},{"Link":"http://www.ew.com/article/2015/04/13/tribeca-2015-exclusive-clip-applesauce-asks-whats-worst-thing-youve-ever-done","external_links_name":"\"Tribeca 2015: Exclusive clip from Applesauce asks, 'What's the worst thing you've ever done?'\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0876287/","external_links_name":"Onur Tukel"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/187326186","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJvRQ3DwPctmcDGvwXQ8YP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987012384877205171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2011068195","external_links_name":"United States"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_That_Breathes | All That Breathes | ["1 Synopsis","2 Production","3 Release","3.1 Home media","4 Reception","4.1 Accolades","5 References","6 External links"] | Internationally co-produced documentary
All That BreathesRelease posterDirected byShaunak SenProduced by
Shaunak Sen
Aman Mann
Teddy Leifer
Cinematography
Ben Bernhard
Riju Das
Saumyananda Sahi
Edited by
Charlotte Munch Bengtsen
Co-editor: Vedant Joshi
Music byRoger GoulaProductioncompanies
HBO Documentary Films
Rise Films
Kiterabbit Films
HHMI Tangled Bank Studios
Distributed by
Sideshow
Submarine Deluxe
Release dates
22 January 2022 (2022-01-22) (Sundance)
21 October 2022 (2022-10-21) (Theatres)
Running time91 minutesCountries
India
United Kingdom
United States
LanguageHindiBox officeest. US$100,637
All That Breathes is a 2022 documentary film directed by Shaunak Sen. It is produced by Shaunak Sen, Aman Mann and Teddy Leifer under the banner of Rise Films. The film follows siblings Mohammad Saud and Nadeem Shehzad, who rescue and treat injured birds in India.
The film had its world premiere at the 2022 Sundance Film Festival on 22 January 2022, where it won Grand Jury Prize in World Cinema Documentary Competition. It also had a screening at Cannes Film Festival in the special screening section, where it won the Golden Eye. It was later nominated for the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature Film.
Synopsis
Two brothers Saud and Nadeem were raised in New Delhi, looking at a sky speckled with black kites, watching as relatives tossed meat up to these birds of prey. Muslim belief held that feeding the kites would expel troubles. Now, birds are falling from the polluted, opaque skies of New Delhi and the two brothers have made it their life’s work to care for the injured black kites.
Production
The documentary is the story of Nadeem Shehzad and Mohammad Saud, the two brothers who run a bird clinic in Wazirabad, Delhi where 20,000 raptors have been cured over the last 20 years. Impressed with their dedication and the spirit, Shaunak Sen, the director decided to film them. As he said, "I am drawn by the subject of the interconnectedness of an ecosystem — one that humans are a part of, not apart from. How man, animals share space and become part of the whole. It is a valuable story."
Release
The film had its world premiere at the 2022 Sundance Film Festival on 22 January 2022. It was also selected for screening at 2022 Cannes Film Festival in 'Special Screenings' section and was screened on 23 May.
The film was released in the United States in fall 2022, along with festival screenings, by Submarine Deluxe, in association with Sideshow.
The film was selected for Documentary Competition in the 46th Hong Kong International Film Festival, where it was screened on 24 August 2022 and won Firebird Award. In September 2022, it was invited to the 18th Zurich Film Festival held from 22 September to 2 October, where it was nominated in documentary competition section. In the same month, it was also selected in main slate of 2022 New York Film Festival held from 30 September – 16 October 2022. It also made it to 'Wide Angle - Documentary Showcase' section of 27th Busan International Film Festival and was screened on 9 October 2022. Next it was selected at BFI London Film Festival held from 5 October to 16 October 2022, where it won The Grierson Award in the Documentary Competition.
In 2023, it was selected in 'Films on Environment' section at the 29th Kolkata International Film Festival and will be screened on 7 December 2023.
Home media
HBO Documentary Films bought the worldwide television rights for the film and following its theatrical run in the United States it became available on HBO and streaming service HBO Max on 7 February 2023.
Reception
On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 99% of 87 critics' reviews are positive, with an average rating of 8.3/10. The website's consensus reads: "A poetic tribute to tenacity, All That Breathes uses two brothers' tireless efforts to make a broader point about finding triumph within tragedy." Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the film a score of 87 out of 100, based on 19 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".
Daniel Fienberg of The Hollywood Reporter, reviewing the film wrote, "Sen has encapsulated a vision of New Delhi in which modern life, particularly pollution and overpopulation, have placed new strain on the balance between humans and nature." Praising the film he further stated that the film "is one of the more dreamily provocative documentaries I’ve ever seen." Fienberg concluding his review remarked, "In this tiny marvel of a documentary, it’s a little and a lot all at once".
Dennis Harvey reviewing for Variety praised the score of the film, writing, "The meditative yet ingratiating impact is furthered by Roger Goula’s score, which strikes aptly spectral notes." He also appreciated the cinematography and wrote, "There’s an inventive lyricism to the imagery here, aesthetically unified despite three credited cinematographers." Concluding his review Harvey stated, "With a tone more melancholic and charming than one might expect given the various crises at play here, Sen's deceptively casual observational documentary prefers dwelling on resistance and resilience to pronouncements of doom." Josh Flanders and Sheri Flanders of Chicago Reader termed the film, "A soaring visual masterpiece." David Ehrlich of IndieWire graded the film with B+ and praised the framework comparing it with Janusz Kamiński. Ehrlich appreciating the score, sound recording and camerawork wrote, "Roger Goula’s orgiastic synth score (a little Philip Glass, a lot of Dan Deacon) and Niladri Shekhar Roy and Moinak Bose’s visceral sound recording (brace for an entire chorus of rats) complement the micro-attention of the camerawork by hearing a tumult of life in even the most unassuming frame." He concluded, "There is so much life in All That Breathes that you won't be left clamoring for more personality."
Poulomi Das reviewing for Firstpost opined, "Simply as a record of slow-burning ecological tragedy, Sen crafts All That Breathes like a meditative poem, one that is cut to mindful perfection by editors Charlotte Munch Bengtsen and Vedant Joshi. The structure itself is striking in its unadorned approach. There’s poetry in simplicity to be found here.." She also appreciated the cinematography of Ben Bernhard, Riju Das, and Saumyananda Sahi. Das stated, "Sen masterfully reveals the underbelly of the capital, seamlessly merging foreground and background, nature and atmosphere, and the seen and the under-seen. She concluded, "It’s not everyday that you get to see a narrative so attuned to the craft of filmmaking and the beauty of emotion that it results in a hypnotic viewing experience." Tomris Laffly of Harper's Bazaar reviewing the film opined, "Humanity comes in its most selfless in All That Breathes, the interconnectedness of nature and mankind as a guiding principle." Laffly stated Sen unearths something poetic in the , celebrating slivers of against-the-odds hope in generous sums. Alissa Wilkinson reviewing the film for Vox stated, " Shaunak Sen’s lyrical portrait of two men who work to save injured and sick birds in the city. Their quest to find resources for their perpetually underfunded operation winds together with meditations on the nature of the birds, particularly kites, birds of prey that have been forced to adapt to the changing city." Wilkinson in conclusion opined that the work two protagonists are doing is a "metaphor for the huge task that bringing healing to the city’s human residents might be, too." Since "we all breathe the same air." Grace Han of Asian Movie Pulse rated the film as 4/5 and praised the cinematography writing "The camera gazes in awe upon the sheer force of urbanity in the Indian capital – and nature’s ability to adapt accordingly." Terming the film as portrait she wrote "All in all, All That Breathes illustrates a portrait of a delicate ecosystem that is dangerously upset." Han concluded, "As the future heads into uncertain territory, All That Breathes spells out a plea for balance. She further opined, "In this life, everything all that breathes is connected: under the skies, through the air, and the Earth upon which we live."
Bilge Ebiri reviewing for Spirituality & Health wrote, "Stunningly filmed, the film as gorgeous as it is ambitious, as stirring as it is terrifying." Ending his review Ebiri opined, "And, given the perilous situation all the creatures depicted in this picture are in, one cannot help but wonder if it’s just a matter of time before we are all similarly threatened." Shubhra Gupta of The Indian Express covering the Cannes Film Festival, wrote, "Shaunak Sen’s terrific documentary was as much of a celebration ."
Accolades
Award
Date of ceremony
Category
Recipient(s)
Result
Ref.
Sundance Film Festival
30 January 2022
Grand Jury Prize – Documentary
All That Breathes
Won
Cannes Film Festival
28 May 2022
Golden Eye
Shaunak Sen
Won
Hong Kong International Film Festival
31 August 2022
Firebird Award
All That Breathes
Won
Zurich Film Festival
2 October 2022
Best International Documentary Film
Nominated
London Film Festival
16 October 2022
Grierson Award
Won
Montclair Film Festival
30 October 2022
Bruce Sinosky Award for Documentary Feature
Nominated
Asia Pacific Screen Awards
11 November 2022
Young Cinema Award
Won
Critics' Choice Documentary Awards
13 November 2022
Best Science/Nature Documentary
Nominated
Best Cinematography
Benjamin Bernhard and Riju Das
Nominated
Gotham Awards
28 November 2022
Best Documentary
All That Breathes
Won
National Board of Review
8 December 2022
Top Five Documentaries
Won
IDA Documentary Awards
10 December 2022
Best Feature
Won
Best Director
Shaunak Sen
Won
Best Cinematography
Ben Bernhard, Riju Das, Saumyananda Sahi
Nominated
Best Editing
Charlotte Munch Bengtsen, Vedant Joshi
Won
Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association
12 December 2022
Best Documentary
All That Breathes
Nominated
Dallas–Fort Worth Film Critics Association
19 December 2022
Best Documentary Film
2nd place
Alliance of Women Film Journalists
5 January 2023
Best Documentary
Nominated
National Society of Film Critics
7 January 2023
Best Non-Fiction Film
3rd place
San Francisco Bay Area Film Critics Circle
9 January 2023
Best Documentary Feature
Won
Cinema Eye Honors
12 January 2023
Outstanding Non-Fiction Feature
Shaunak Sen, Aman Mann and Teddy Leifer
Won
Outstanding Direction
Shaunak Sen
Nominated
Outstanding Production
Aman Mann, Shaunak Sen and Teddy Leifer
Nominated
Outstanding Cinematography
Ben Bernhard
Won
Outstanding Sound Design
Niladri Shekhar Roy and Susmit "Bob" Nath
Nominated
Audience Choice Prize
All That Breathes
Nominated
The Unforgettables
Mohammad Saud and Nadeem Shehzad
Won
Georgia Film Critics Association
13 January 2023
Best Documentary Film
All That Breathes
Nominated
Online Film Critics Society
23 January 2023
Best Documentary
Nominated
London Film Critics' Circle
5 February 2023
Documentary of the Year
Nominated
Satellite Awards
11 February 2023
Best Motion Picture – Documentary
Nominated
Directors Guild of America Awards
18 February 2023
Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Documentaries
Shaunak Sen
Nominated
Producers Guild of America Awards
25 February 2023
Outstanding Producer of Documentary Theatrical Motion Pictures
Aman Mann, Shaunak Sen, and Teddy Leifer
Nominated
British Academy Film Awards
19 February 2023
Best Documentary
Shaunak Sen, Teddy Leifer, Aman Mann
Nominated
Independent Spirit Awards
4 March 2023
Best Documentary Feature
Shaunak Sen, Teddy Leifer, Aman Mann
Nominated
American Society of Cinematographers
5 March 2023
Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography in Documentary
Ben Bernhard and Riju Das
Won
Academy Awards
12 March 2023
Best Documentary Feature
Shaunak Sen, Aman Mann, and Teddy Leifer
Nominated
Grierson Awards
9 November 2023
Best Single Documentary – International
All That Breathes
Won
Best Cinema Documentary
Won
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External links
Official website
All That Breathes at IMDb
All That Breathes at Rotten Tomatoes
Awards for All That Breathes
vteGotham Independent Film Award for Best Documentary
The Agronomist (2004)
Murderball (2005)
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How to Survive a Plague (2012)
The Act of Killing (2013)
Citizenfour (2014)
The Look of Silence (2015)
O.J.: Made in America (2016)
Strong Island (2017)
Hale County This Morning, This Evening (2018)
American Factory (2019)
A Thousand Cuts / Time (2020)
Flee (2021)
All That Breathes (2022)
Four Daughters (2023)
vteSan Francisco Bay Area Film Critics Circle Award for Best Documentary Film
Rivers and Tides (2002)
Capturing the Friedmans (2003)
Fahrenheit 9/11 (2004)
Grizzly Man (2005)
An Inconvenient Truth (2006)
No End in Sight (2007)
My Winnipeg (2008)
Anvil! The Story of Anvil (2009)
The Tillman Story (2010)
Tabloid (2011)
The Waiting Room (2012)
The Act of Killing (2013)
Citizenfour (2014)
Listen to Me Marlon (2015)
I Am Not Your Negro (2016)
Faces Places (2017)
Won't You Be My Neighbor? (2018)
Apollo 11 (2019)
Collective (2020)
Summer of Soul (2021)
All That Breathes (2022)
20 Days in Mariupol (2023) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"documentary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documentary_film"},{"link_name":"Shaunak Sen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaunak_Sen"},{"link_name":"Teddy Leifer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teddy_Leifer"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"2022 Sundance Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Sundance_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-award:hindu-4"},{"link_name":"Cannes Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Cannes_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Golden Eye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27%C5%92il_d%27or"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Documentary_Feature_Film"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oscar:hr-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"All That Breathes is a 2022 documentary film directed by Shaunak Sen. It is produced by Shaunak Sen, Aman Mann and Teddy Leifer under the banner of Rise Films. The film follows siblings Mohammad Saud and Nadeem Shehzad, who rescue and treat injured birds in India.[2]The film had its world premiere at the 2022 Sundance Film Festival on 22 January 2022, where it won Grand Jury Prize in World Cinema Documentary Competition.[3][4] It also had a screening at Cannes Film Festival in the special screening section,[5] where it won the Golden Eye.[6] It was later nominated for the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature Film.[7][8]","title":"All That Breathes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"black kites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_kite"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-credits:sundance-9"}],"text":"Two brothers Saud and Nadeem were raised in New Delhi, looking at a sky speckled with black kites, watching as relatives tossed meat up to these birds of prey. Muslim belief held that feeding the kites would expel troubles. Now, birds are falling from the polluted, opaque skies of New Delhi and the two brothers have made it their life’s work to care for the injured black kites.[9]","title":"Synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wazirabad, Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wazirabad,_Delhi"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-outlook-10"}],"text":"The documentary is the story of Nadeem Shehzad and Mohammad Saud, the two brothers who run a bird clinic in Wazirabad, Delhi where 20,000 raptors have been cured over the last 20 years. Impressed with their dedication and the spirit, Shaunak Sen, the director decided to film them. As he said, \"I am drawn by the subject of the interconnectedness of an ecosystem — one that humans are a part of, not apart from. How man, animals share space and become part of the whole. It is a valuable story.\"[10]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2022 Sundance Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Sundance_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-credits:sundance-9"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"2022 Cannes Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Cannes_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Zurich Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zurich_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zff:cen-17"},{"link_name":"2022 New York Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_New_York_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"27th Busan International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/27th_Busan_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"BFI London Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BFI_London_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"29th Kolkata International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/29th_Kolkata_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"The film had its world premiere at the 2022 Sundance Film Festival on 22 January 2022.[9][11] It was also selected for screening at 2022 Cannes Film Festival in 'Special Screenings' section and was screened on 23 May.[12][13][14]The film was released in the United States in fall 2022, along with festival screenings, by Submarine Deluxe, in association with Sideshow.[15]The film was selected for Documentary Competition in the 46th Hong Kong International Film Festival, where it was screened on 24 August 2022 and won Firebird Award.[16] In September 2022, it was invited to the 18th Zurich Film Festival held from 22 September to 2 October, where it was nominated in documentary competition section.[17] In the same month, it was also selected in main slate of 2022 New York Film Festival held from 30 September – 16 October 2022.[18] It also made it to 'Wide Angle - Documentary Showcase' section of 27th Busan International Film Festival and was screened on 9 October 2022.[19] Next it was selected at BFI London Film Festival held from 5 October to 16 October 2022, where it won The Grierson Award in the Documentary Competition.[20]In 2023, it was selected in 'Films on Environment' section at the 29th Kolkata International Film Festival and will be screened on 7 December 2023.[21]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"Home media","text":"HBO Documentary Films bought the worldwide television rights for the film and following its theatrical run in the United States it became available on HBO and streaming service HBO Max on 7 February 2023.[22]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"review aggregator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Review_aggregator"},{"link_name":"Rotten Tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"weighted average","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weighted_average"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"The Hollywood Reporter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Variety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Chicago Reader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Reader"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"IndieWire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IndieWire"},{"link_name":"Janusz Kamiński","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janusz_Kami%C5%84ski"},{"link_name":"Philip Glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Glass"},{"link_name":"Dan Deacon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Deacon"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Harper's Bazaar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Vox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox_(website)"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"The Indian Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Indian_Express"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"text":"On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 99% of 87 critics' reviews are positive, with an average rating of 8.3/10. The website's consensus reads: \"A poetic tribute to tenacity, All That Breathes uses two brothers' tireless efforts to make a broader point about finding triumph within tragedy.\"[23] Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the film a score of 87 out of 100, based on 19 critics, indicating \"universal acclaim\".[24]Daniel Fienberg of The Hollywood Reporter, reviewing the film wrote, \"Sen has encapsulated a vision of New Delhi in which modern life, particularly pollution and overpopulation, have placed new strain on the balance between humans and nature.\" Praising the film he further stated that the film \"is one of the more dreamily provocative documentaries I’ve ever seen.\" Fienberg concluding his review remarked, \"In this tiny marvel of a documentary, it’s a little and a lot all at once\".[25] \nDennis Harvey reviewing for Variety praised the score of the film, writing, \"The meditative yet ingratiating impact is furthered by Roger Goula’s score, which strikes aptly spectral notes.\" He also appreciated the cinematography and wrote, \"There’s an inventive lyricism to the imagery here, aesthetically unified despite three credited cinematographers.\" Concluding his review Harvey stated, \"With a tone more melancholic and charming than one might expect given the various crises at play here, Sen's deceptively casual observational documentary prefers dwelling on resistance and resilience to pronouncements of doom.\"[26] Josh Flanders and Sheri Flanders of Chicago Reader termed the film, \"A soaring visual masterpiece.\"[27] David Ehrlich of IndieWire graded the film with B+ and praised the framework comparing it with Janusz Kamiński. Ehrlich appreciating the score, sound recording and camerawork wrote, \"Roger Goula’s orgiastic synth score (a little Philip Glass, a lot of Dan Deacon) and Niladri Shekhar Roy and Moinak Bose’s visceral sound recording (brace for an entire chorus of rats) complement the micro-attention of the camerawork by hearing a tumult of life in even the most unassuming frame.\" He concluded, \"There is so much life in All That Breathes that you won't be left clamoring for more personality.\"[28]Poulomi Das reviewing for Firstpost opined, \"Simply as a record of slow-burning ecological tragedy, Sen crafts All That Breathes like a meditative poem, one that is cut to mindful perfection by editors Charlotte Munch Bengtsen and Vedant Joshi. The structure itself is striking in its unadorned approach. There’s poetry in simplicity to be found here..\" She also appreciated the cinematography of Ben Bernhard, Riju Das, and Saumyananda Sahi. Das stated, \"Sen masterfully reveals the underbelly of the capital, seamlessly merging foreground and background, nature and atmosphere, and the seen and the under-seen. She concluded, \"It’s not everyday that you get to see a narrative so attuned to the craft of filmmaking and the beauty of emotion that it results in a hypnotic viewing experience.\"[29] Tomris Laffly of Harper's Bazaar reviewing the film opined, \"Humanity comes in its most selfless in All That Breathes, [which adopts] the interconnectedness of nature and mankind as a guiding principle.\" Laffly stated Sen unearths something poetic in the [narrative], celebrating slivers of against-the-odds hope in generous sums.[30] Alissa Wilkinson reviewing the film for Vox stated, \" Shaunak Sen’s lyrical portrait of two men who work to save injured and sick birds in the city. Their quest to find resources for their perpetually underfunded operation winds together with meditations on the nature of the birds, particularly kites, birds of prey that have been forced to adapt to the changing city.\" Wilkinson in conclusion opined that the work two protagonists are doing is a \"metaphor for the huge task that bringing healing to the city’s human residents might be, too.\" Since \"we all breathe the same air.\"[31] Grace Han of Asian Movie Pulse rated the film as 4/5 and praised the cinematography writing \"The camera gazes in awe upon the sheer force of urbanity in the Indian capital – and nature’s ability to adapt accordingly.\" Terming the film as portrait she wrote \"All in all, All That Breathes illustrates a portrait of a delicate ecosystem that is dangerously upset.\" Han concluded, \"As the future heads into uncertain territory, All That Breathes spells out a plea for balance. She further opined, \"In this life, everything all that breathes is connected: under the skies, through the air, and the Earth upon which we live.\"[32]\nBilge Ebiri reviewing for Spirituality & Health wrote, \"Stunningly filmed, the film [is] as gorgeous as it is ambitious, as stirring as it is terrifying.\" Ending his review Ebiri opined, \"And, given the perilous situation all the creatures depicted in this picture are in, one cannot help but wonder if it’s just a matter of time before we are all similarly threatened.\"[33] Shubhra Gupta of The Indian Express covering the Cannes Film Festival, wrote, \"Shaunak Sen’s terrific documentary was as much of a celebration [as Pakistan’s Joyland].\"[34]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Accolades","title":"Reception"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"All That Breathes (2022)\". Box Office Mojo. IMDb. Retrieved 6 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt16377862/","url_text":"\"All That Breathes (2022)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_Office_Mojo","url_text":"Box Office Mojo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb","url_text":"IMDb"}]},{"reference":"Ramnath, Nandini (25 January 2022). \"In 'All That Breathes', brothers who rescue birds and a struggle for human survival\". Scroll.in. Archived from the original on 10 April 2022. Retrieved 20 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://scroll.in/reel/1015815/in-all-that-breathes-brothers-who-rescue-birds-and-a-struggle-for-human-survival","url_text":"\"In 'All That Breathes', brothers who rescue birds and a struggle for human survival\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220410174207/https://scroll.in/reel/1015815/in-all-that-breathes-brothers-who-rescue-birds-and-a-struggle-for-human-survival","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Deodhar, Neerja (26 February 2022). \"Shaunak Sen on why his Sundance award-winning film All That Breathes is far more than an environmental documentary\". Firstpost. Archived from the original on 18 April 2022. Retrieved 20 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/shaunak-sen-on-why-his-sundance-award-winning-film-all-that-breathes-is-far-more-than-an-environmental-documentary-10369931.html","url_text":"\"Shaunak Sen on why his Sundance award-winning film All That Breathes is far more than an environmental documentary\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220418210939/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/shaunak-sen-on-why-his-sundance-award-winning-film-all-that-breathes-is-far-more-than-an-environmental-documentary-10369931.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"S, Srivatsan (1 February 2022). \"Shaunak Sen's documentary 'All That Breathes' wins World Cinema Grand Jury Prize at Sundance Film Festival 2022\". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 20 April 2022. Retrieved 20 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/all-that-breathes-wins-at-sundance/article38343085.ece","url_text":"\"Shaunak Sen's documentary 'All That Breathes' wins World Cinema Grand Jury Prize at Sundance Film Festival 2022\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hindu","url_text":"The Hindu"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220420053701/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/all-that-breathes-wins-at-sundance/article38343085.ece","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Roy, Lachmi Deb (20 April 2022). \"Shaunak Sen on 'All That Breathes': 'I share a personal relationship with the Delhi skies'\". Firstpost. Archived from the original on 21 April 2022. Retrieved 22 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/shaunak-sen-on-all-that-breathes-i-share-a-personal-relationship-with-the-delhi-skies-10576191.html","url_text":"\"Shaunak Sen on 'All That Breathes': 'I share a personal relationship with the Delhi skies'\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220421111945/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/shaunak-sen-on-all-that-breathes-i-share-a-personal-relationship-with-the-delhi-skies-10576191.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ramachandran, Naman (28 May 2022). \"'All That Breathes,' 'Mariupolis 2' Win Cannes Documentary Awards\". Variety. Archived from the original on 28 May 2022. Retrieved 28 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2022/film/asia/all-that-breathes-mariupolis-cannes-awards-1235280416/","url_text":"\"'All That Breathes,' 'Mariupolis 2' Win Cannes Documentary Awards\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220528125101/https://variety.com/2022/film/asia/all-that-breathes-mariupolis-cannes-awards-1235280416/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Giardina, Carolyn (21 December 2022). \"2023 Oscars: Shortlists for 95th Academy Awards Unveiled\". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on 24 January 2023. Retrieved 5 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/oscars-shortlists-95th-academy-awards-unveiled-1235285262/","url_text":"\"2023 Oscars: Shortlists for 95th Academy Awards Unveiled\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter","url_text":"The Hollywood Reporter"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230124192311/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/oscars-shortlists-95th-academy-awards-unveiled-1235285262/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"2023 Oscars Nominations: See the Full List\". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. 24 January 2023. Archived from the original on 8 February 2023. Retrieved 24 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://aframe.oscars.org/news/post/2023-oscars-nominations-full-list","url_text":"\"2023 Oscars Nominations: See the Full List\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Motion_Picture_Arts_and_Sciences","url_text":"Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230208222544/https://aframe.oscars.org/news/post/2023-oscars-nominations-full-list","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"All That Breathes\". Sundance Film Festival. Archived from the original on 4 May 2022. Retrieved 20 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://festival.sundance.org/program/#film-info/61ae111714aef7a8b71c07bd","url_text":"\"All That Breathes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundance_Film_Festival","url_text":"Sundance Film Festival"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220504212423/https://festival.sundance.org/program/#film-info/61ae111714aef7a8b71c07bd","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bhowmick, Sharmila (27 December 2021). \"All That Breathes: Delhi's Black Kites, Two Brothers And A Film\". Outlook India. Archived from the original on 2 May 2022. Retrieved 20 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/all-that-breathes-delhis-black-kites-two-brothers-and-a-film/406894","url_text":"\"All That Breathes: Delhi's Black Kites, Two Brothers And A Film\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220502125146/https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/all-that-breathes-delhis-black-kites-two-brothers-and-a-film/406894","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Lang, Brent (9 December 2021). \"Sundance Unveils 2022 Feature Lineup, Including Films From Lena Dunham, Amy Poehler and Netflix's Kanye West Doc\". Variety. Archived from the original on 22 September 2022. 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Retrieved 24 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://m.festival-cannes.com/en/festival/actualites/articles/all-that-breathes-a-dreamlike-flight-to-delhi","url_text":"\"All That Breathes: a dream like flight to Delhi\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230313081321/https://www.festival-cannes.com/en/75-editions/retrospective/2022/actualites/articles/all-that-breathes-a-dreamlike-flight-to-delhi","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Shaunak Sen on HBO release of 'All That Breathes': Thrilled to join the roster\". The Hindu. 24 May 2022. Archived from the original on 24 May 2022. 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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Steelman | David Steelman | ["1 Career","2 Electoral history","3 Personal","4 References","5 Sources"] | American politician
David Steelman is an American politician from the state of Missouri. He served in the Missouri House of Representatives, including his time as minority speaker, and the University of Missouri Board of Curators.
Career
David SteelmanMember of the Missouri House of RepresentativesIn office1979–1985
Personal detailsPolitical partyRepublicanSpouseSarah SteelmanEducationUniversity of Missouri, Columbia (BA, JD)
David Steelman earned a B.A. in economics from the University of Missouri, and graduated first in his class from the University of Missouri Law School in 1978. He is the son of the late Dorman L. Steelman, who served in the Missouri House of Representatives, as a circuit judge, and as chairman of the Missouri Republican Party.
Steelman, a Republican, was elected to his first term in the Missouri House of Representatives in 1978 at the age of 25 (under the state constitution, the minimum age for a state representative is 24). He was re-elected in 1980 and 1982, and was selected as minority floor leader. Steelman did not seek re-election in 1984, returning to the practice of law in his native Rolla, Missouri.
Steelman worked as an Assistant Attorney General under former House colleague William L. Webster until Webster vacated the Attorney General's office to run unsuccessfully for governor in 1992, and Steelman ran to succeed him. In the Republican primary, Steelman faced Assistant United States Attorney John Hall, a moderate Republican who previously had worked for former U.S. Senator John C. Danforth and for then-Governor Kit Bond. Danforth campaigned for Hall, while Steelman attacked Hall's relative liberalism and his Harvard pedigree. Steelman won the Republican primary but lost the general election to Jay Nixon, 51% to 45%.
In 2014, then-Governor Nixon appointed Steelman to the University of Missouri Board of Curators. In 2021, governor Mike Parson demanded his resignation following concerns Steelman raised on conflict of interest activities by lobbyist Steven Tilley.
As an attorney, Steelman has represented Tritium International Consulting in a case of unregulated gaming machines, and house speaker Dean Plocher in an ethics investigation.
Electoral history
Missouri Attorney General Election 1992
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Democratic
Jay Nixon
1,154,714
49.94
Republican
David L. Steelman
1,064,814
46.05
Libertarian
Mitchell J. Moore
92,576
4.00
-
Personal
Steelman has not sought elective office since 1992, instead focusing on his law practice. His wife, Sarah Steelman served in the Missouri State Senate from 1999 to 2005, as state treasurer from 2005 to 2009, and was a candidate for Governor of Missouri in 2008, until she lost the Republican primary. In 2012 she lost a bid for the US Senate in the Republican primary against Representative Todd Akin.
References
^ Keller, Rudi (2021-04-22). "Governor demands resignation of David Steelman from University of Missouri curators". Missouri Independent. Retrieved 2024-03-13.
^ Keller, Rudi (2021-04-28). "Defeat of gambling bill likely dooms legislative push against 'gray market' machines". Missouri Independent. Retrieved 2024-03-13.
^ Hancock, Jason (2024-03-12). "Dean Plocher testifies to the Missouri House ethics panel investigating him". Missouri Independent. Retrieved 2024-03-13.
Sources
Steelman biodata
Party political offices
Preceded byWilliam L. Webster
Republican nominee for Missouri Attorney General 1992
Succeeded byMark J. Bredemeier
This article about a Missouri politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri"},{"link_name":"University of Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Missouri_System"}],"text":"David Steelman is an American politician from the state of Missouri. He served in the Missouri House of Representatives, including his time as minority speaker, and the University of Missouri Board of Curators.","title":"David Steelman"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics"},{"link_name":"University of Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Missouri"},{"link_name":"University of Missouri Law School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Dorman L. 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Danforth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Danforth"},{"link_name":"Kit Bond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kit_Bond"},{"link_name":"Harvard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University"},{"link_name":"Jay Nixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Nixon"},{"link_name":"Mike Parson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Parson"},{"link_name":"Steven Tilley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Tilley"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Dean Plocher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Plocher"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"David Steelman earned a B.A. in economics from the University of Missouri, and graduated first in his class from the University of Missouri Law School in 1978. He is the son of the late Dorman L. Steelman, who served in the Missouri House of Representatives, as a circuit judge, and as chairman of the Missouri Republican Party.Steelman, a Republican, was elected to his first term in the Missouri House of Representatives in 1978 at the age of 25 (under the state constitution, the minimum age for a state representative is 24). He was re-elected in 1980 and 1982, and was selected as minority floor leader. Steelman did not seek re-election in 1984, returning to the practice of law in his native Rolla, Missouri.Steelman worked as an Assistant Attorney General under former House colleague William L. Webster until Webster vacated the Attorney General's office to run unsuccessfully for governor in 1992, and Steelman ran to succeed him. In the Republican primary, Steelman faced Assistant United States Attorney John Hall, a moderate Republican who previously had worked for former U.S. Senator John C. Danforth and for then-Governor Kit Bond. Danforth campaigned for Hall, while Steelman attacked Hall's relative liberalism and his Harvard pedigree. Steelman won the Republican primary but lost the general election to Jay Nixon, 51% to 45%.In 2014, then-Governor Nixon appointed Steelman to the University of Missouri Board of Curators. In 2021, governor Mike Parson demanded his resignation following concerns Steelman raised on conflict of interest activities by lobbyist Steven Tilley.[1]As an attorney, Steelman has represented Tritium International Consulting in a case of unregulated gaming machines,[2] and house speaker Dean Plocher in an ethics investigation.[3]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Electoral history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sarah Steelman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Steelman"},{"link_name":"Missouri State Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_State_Senate"},{"link_name":"Todd Akin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_Akin"}],"text":"Steelman has not sought elective office since 1992, instead focusing on his law practice. His wife, Sarah Steelman served in the Missouri State Senate from 1999 to 2005, as state treasurer from 2005 to 2009, and was a candidate for Governor of Missouri in 2008, until she lost the Republican primary. In 2012 she lost a bid for the US Senate in the Republican primary against Representative Todd Akin.","title":"Personal"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Steelman biodata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.steelmanandgaunt.com/Bio/DavidSteelman.asp"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Missouri.svg"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Steelman&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Missouri-politician-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Missouri-politician-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Missouri-politician-stub"}],"text":"Steelman biodataThis article about a Missouri politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Sources"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Keller, Rudi (2021-04-22). \"Governor demands resignation of David Steelman from University of Missouri curators\". Missouri Independent. Retrieved 2024-03-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://missouriindependent.com/2021/04/22/governor-demands-resignation-of-david-steelman-from-university-of-missouri-curators/","url_text":"\"Governor demands resignation of David Steelman from University of Missouri curators\""}]},{"reference":"Keller, Rudi (2021-04-28). \"Defeat of gambling bill likely dooms legislative push against 'gray market' machines\". Missouri Independent. 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Retrieved 2024-03-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://missouriindependent.com/2024/03/12/dean-plocher-testifies-to-the-missouri-house-ethics-panel-investigating-him/","url_text":"\"Dean Plocher testifies to the Missouri House ethics panel investigating him\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://missouriindependent.com/2021/04/22/governor-demands-resignation-of-david-steelman-from-university-of-missouri-curators/","external_links_name":"\"Governor demands resignation of David Steelman from University of Missouri curators\""},{"Link":"https://missouriindependent.com/2021/04/28/defeat-of-gambling-bill-likely-dooms-legislative-push-against-gray-market-machines/","external_links_name":"\"Defeat of gambling bill likely dooms legislative push against 'gray market' machines\""},{"Link":"https://missouriindependent.com/2024/03/12/dean-plocher-testifies-to-the-missouri-house-ethics-panel-investigating-him/","external_links_name":"\"Dean Plocher testifies to the Missouri House ethics panel investigating him\""},{"Link":"http://www.steelmanandgaunt.com/Bio/DavidSteelman.asp","external_links_name":"Steelman biodata"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Steelman&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peach_Belt_Conference_women%27s_basketball_tournament | Peach Belt Conference women's basketball tournament | ["1 Results","2 Championship records","3 See also","4 References"] | Collegiate basketball tournament
Peach Belt Conference women's basketball tournamentConference basketball championshipSportBasketballConferencePeach Belt ConferenceNumber of teams8FormatSingle-elimination tournamentPlayed1992–presentCurrent championGeorgia Southwestern (2nd)Most championshipsColumbus State (5)Lander (5)Georgia College (5)Official websitePBC women's basketball
The Peach Belt Conference women's basketball tournament is the annual conference women's basketball championship tournament for the Peach Belt Conference. The tournament has been held annually since 1992. It is a single-elimination tournament and seeding is based on regular season records.
The winner receives the conference's automatic bid to the NCAA Women's Division II Basketball Championship.
Results
Year
Champions
Score
Runner-Up
Venue
1992
Augusta State
64–46
Georgia College
Christenberry Fieldhouse (Augusta, GA)
1993
Augusta State
69–60
USC Spartanburg
Christenberry Fieldhouse (Augusta, GA)
1994
USC Spartanburg
61–60
Columbus State
Christenberry Fieldhouse (Augusta, GA)
1995
USC Spartanburg
69–49
Armstrong State
Christenberry Fieldhouse (Augusta, GA)
1996
Georgia College
55–52
Kennesaw State
Centennial Center (Milledgeville, GA)
1997
Kennesaw State
78–77
Georgia College
Centennial Center (Milledgeville, GA)
1998
Francis Marion
71–67
Columbus State
Alumni Arena (Savannah, GA)
1999
Lander
73–69
Columbus State
Alumni Arena (Savannah, GA)
2000
Columbus State
83–68
Lander
Finis Horne Arena (Greenwood, SC)
2001
Columbus State
56–38
USC Aiken
Finis Horne Arena (Greenwood, SC)
2002
Georgia College
68–66
North Florida
Frank G. Lumpkin Center (Columbus, GA)
2003
Armstrong Atlantic State
56–55
Columbus State
Frank G. Lumpkin Center (Columbus, GA)
2004
Georgia College
79–67
Lander
Christenberry Fieldhouse (Augusta, GA)
2005
Clayton State
83–76 (OT)
Columbus State
Christenberry Fieldhouse (Augusta, GA)
2006
Georgia College
89–83 (2OT)
Francis Marion
Finis Horne Arena (Greenwood, SC)
2007
Clayton State
50–43
Columbus State
Finis Horne Arena (Greenwood, SC)
2008
Lander
68–65
Armstrong Atlantic State
Convocation Center (Aiken, SC)
2009
Lander
64–53
USC Aiken
Convocation Center (Aiken, SC)
2010
Clayton State
95–74
Francis Marion
Convocation Center (Aiken, SC)
2011
Georgia College
62–49
USC Aiken
Convocation Center (Aiken, SC)
2012
USC Aiken
52–47
Clayton State
Frank G. Lumpkin Center (Columbus, GA)
2013
Clayton State
81–54
North Georgia
Frank G. Lumpkin Center (Columbus, GA)
2014
Columbus State
60–49
Georgia College
Frank G. Lumpkin Center (Columbus, GA)
2015
Columbus State
63–51
Georgia College
English E. Jones Center (Pembroke, NC)
2016
Lander
72–68
Columbus State
Frank G. Lumpkin Center (Columbus, GA)
2017
Columbus State
76–61
Lander
Finis Horne Arena (Greenwood, SC)
2018
North Georgia
76–70
Lander
UNG Convocation Center (Dahlonega, GA)
2019
North Georgia
90–72
Columbus State
Christenberry Fieldhouse (Augusta, GA)
2020
Lander
76–62
North Georgia
Finis Horne Arena (Greenwood, SC)
2021
North Georgia
72–70
Lander
Finis Horne Arena (Greenwood, SC)
2022
North Georgia
72–65
Clayton State
UNG Convocation Center (Dahlonega, GA)
2023
Georgia Southwestern
83–64
Young Harris
Storm Dome (Americus, GA)
2024
Georgia Southwestern
57–52
Columbus State
Championship records
School
Finals Record
Finals Appearances
Years
Columbus State
5–9
14
2000, 2001, 2014, 2015, 2017
Lander
5–5
10
1999, 2008, 2009, 2016, 2020
Georgia College
5–4
9
1996, 2002, 2004, 2006, 2011
North Georgia
4–2
6
2018, 2019, 2021, 2022
Clayton State
4–2
6
2006, 2007, 2010, 2013
USC Upstate(USC Spartanburg)
2–1
3
1994, 1995
Georgia Southwestern
2–0
2
2023, 2024
Augusta(Augusta State, Georgia Regents)
2–0
2
1992, 1993
USC Aiken
1–3
4
2012
Armstrong State(Armstrong Atlantic State)
1–2
3
2003
Francis Marion
1–2
3
1998
Kennesaw State
1–1
2
1997
North Florida
0–1
1
Young Harris
0–1
1
Flagler and USC Beaufort have not yet reached the finals of the Peach Belt tournament.
Montevallo and UNC Pembroke never reached the finals of the Peach Belt tournament before leaving the conference.
Schools highlighted in pink are former members of the Peach Belt Conference
See also
Peach Belt Conference men's basketball tournament
References
^ "Peach Belt Women's Basketball Records" (PDF). Peach Belt Conference. 2021. Retrieved 11 March 2021.
vtePeach Belt ConferenceMembers
Augusta Jaguars
Clayton State Lakers
Columbus State Cougars
Flagler Saints
Georgia College Bobcats
Georgia Southwestern State Hurricanes
Lander Bearcats
Middle Georgia State Knights (joining in 2025)
North Georgia Nighthawks
USC Aiken Pacers
USC Beaufort Sand Sharks
Affiliates
Alabama–Huntsville Chargers
Albany State Golden Rams
Central State Marauders
Claflin Panthers
Embry–Riddle Eagles
Montevallo Falcons
Nova Southeastern Sharks (leaving in 2024)
Shorter Hawks (leaving in 2024)
vteNCAA women's college basketball tournamentsDivision IEarly season
Battle 4 Atlantis
Baha Mar Hoops Pink Flamingo
Cancún Challenge
Daytona Beach Invitational
Goombay Splash
Great Alaska Shootout
Gulf Coast Showcase
Holiday Hoops Classic
Paradise Jam
San Juan Shootout
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Southland Basketball Tip-Off
South Point Thanksgiving Shootout
St Pete Showcase
Tulane DoubleTree Classic
Vancouver Showcase
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Postseason
AIAW
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MIAA
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Northeast-10
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PacWest
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South Atlantic
SIAC
Sunshine State
Postseason
NCAA
Division IIIPostseason
NCAA | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"},{"link_name":"Peach Belt Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peach_Belt_Conference"},{"link_name":"single-elimination tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-elimination_tournament"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"NCAA Women's Division II Basketball Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Women%27s_Division_II_Basketball_Championship"}],"text":"The Peach Belt Conference women's basketball tournament is the annual conference women's basketball championship tournament for the Peach Belt Conference. The tournament has been held annually since 1992. It is a single-elimination tournament and seeding is based on regular season records.[1]The winner receives the conference's automatic bid to the NCAA Women's Division II Basketball Championship.","title":"Peach Belt Conference women's basketball tournament"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Flagler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagler_Saints"},{"link_name":"USC Beaufort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USC_Beaufort_Sand_Sharks"},{"link_name":"Montevallo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montevallo_Falcons"},{"link_name":"UNC Pembroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNC_Pembroke_Braves"}],"text":"Flagler and USC Beaufort have not yet reached the finals of the Peach Belt tournament.\nMontevallo and UNC Pembroke never reached the finals of the Peach Belt tournament before leaving the conference.\nSchools highlighted in pink are former members of the Peach Belt Conference","title":"Championship records"}] | [] | [{"title":"Peach Belt Conference men's basketball tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peach_Belt_Conference_men%27s_basketball_tournament"}] | [{"reference":"\"Peach Belt Women's Basketball Records\" (PDF). Peach Belt Conference. 2021. Retrieved 11 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://peachbeltconference.org/documents/2020/7/17/wbb_history.pdf","url_text":"\"Peach Belt Women's Basketball Records\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://peachbeltconference.org/index.aspx?path=wbball","external_links_name":"PBC women's basketball"},{"Link":"https://peachbeltconference.org/documents/2020/7/17/wbb_history.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Peach Belt Women's Basketball Records\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Bull_Terrier | Bull Terrier | ["1 Appearance","2 Temperament","3 Health","4 History","5 Noted Bull Terriers","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"] | Not to be confused with Bull and terrier.
This article's lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. (February 2022)
Dog breedBull TerrierOther namesEnglish Bull TerrierBully TerrierOriginEnglandTraitsHeight
Males
No limits
Females
No limitsWeight
Males
No limits
Females
No limitsCoat
Short, denseColour
White, brindle, fawn, red, red smut, black, and tricolor (black, red, and white mixture).Life span
12 yearsKennel club standardsThe Kennel Club
standardFédération Cynologique Internationale
standardDog (domestic dog)
The Bull Terrier is a breed of dog in the terrier family. There is also a miniature version of this breed which is officially known as the Miniature Bull Terrier. This breed originates in 19th century England. Originally bred for vermin control and bloodsports, this breed can be independent and stubborn.
Appearance
A brindle Bull Terrier showing head profile, triangular eyes, robust and very muscular body
The Bull Terrier's most recognizable feature is its head, described as 'egg-shaped', when viewed from the front; the top of the skull and face is almost flat. The profile curves gently downwards from the top of the skull to the tip of the nose, which is black and bent downwards at the tip, with well-developed nostrils. The lower jaw is deep and strong. The unique, triangular eyes are small, dark, and deep-set. Bull Terriers are one of the only dogs that have triangular eyes. The body is full and round, with strong, muscular shoulders. The tail is carried horizontally. They are either white, red, fawn, black, brindle, or a combination of these.
Temperament
Bull Terriers can be both independent and stubborn and for this reason are not considered suitable for an inexperienced dog owner. A Bull Terrier has an even temperament and is amenable to discipline. Although obstinate, the breed is described by the Bull Terrier Club as particularly good with people. Early socialization will ensure that the dog will get along with other dogs and animals. Their personality is described as courageous, full of spirit, with a fun-loving attitude, a children-loving dog and a perfect family member. Although the breed has been a target of breed-specific legislation, a 2008 study in Germany did not find that Bull Terriers had any significant temperament difference from Golden Retrievers in overall temperament researches.
Health
A 2024 UK study found a life expectancy of 12 years for the breed compared to an average of 12.7 for purebreeds and 12 for crossbreeds.
Deafness occurs in 20.4% of pure white Bull Terriers and 1.3% of colored Bull Terriers, often being difficult to notice at a young age. Many Bull Terriers have a tendency to develop skin allergies. Insect bites, such as those from fleas, and sometimes mosquitoes and mites, can produce a generalised allergic response of hives, rash, and itching. A UK breed survey puts their median lifespan at 10 years and their mean at 9 years (1 s.f., RSE = 13.87% 2 d. p.), with a good number of dogs living to 10–15 years.
Lethal acrodermatitis, also known as Acrodermatitis of the Bull Terrier is a rare genodermatosis monogenic autosomal inherited disease found exclusively in white Bull Terriers (including the miniature Bull Terrier). The condition is usually fatal and is characterised by poor growth, decreased serum copper and zinc levels, immunodeficiency, bronchopneumonia, skin lesions, and erosions on the distal extremities. Other symptoms that occur later on include crusting, papules, pustules, erythema, hyperkeratosis, and colour dilution. The condition manifests within the first few weeks of life and most puppies affected die before the age of 2. Their size is roughly half of their unaffected litter mates at a year old. Unlike the human condition acrodermatitis enteropathica, zinc supplements do not improve symptoms.
A UK study found the Bull Terrier to have a predisposition to neutrophilic cholangitis, with the breed being 25.34 times more likely to acquire the condition.
History
James Hinks Bull terrier
A Bull Terrier circa 1915
At the start of the 19th century, the "bull and terrier" breeds were developed to satisfy the needs for vermin control and animal-based blood sports. The bull and terriers were based on the Old English Bulldog (now extinct) and Old English Terriers with possible other terriers. This new breed combined the speed and dexterity of lightly built terriers with the dour tenacity of the Bulldog, which was a poor performer in most combat situations, having been bred almost exclusively for fighting bulls and bears tied to a post. Many breeders began to breed bulldogs with terriers, arguing that such a mixture enhances the quality of fighting. Despite the fact that a cross between a bulldog and a terrier was of high value, very little or nothing was done to preserve the breed in its original form. Due to the lack of breed standards—breeding was for performance, not appearance—the "bull and terrier" eventually divided into the ancestors of "Bull Terriers" and "Staffordshire Bull Terriers", both smaller and easier to handle than the progenitor.
In the mid-19th century, James Hinks started breeding bull and terriers with "English White Terriers" (now extinct), looking for a cleaner appearance with better legs and nicer head. In 1862, Hinks entered a dam called "Puss" sired by his white Bulldog called "Madman" into the Bull Terrier Class at the dog show held at the Cremorne Gardens in Chelsea, London. Originally, these dogs did not yet have the now-familiar "egg face", but kept the stop in the skull profile.
The dog was immediately popular and breeding continued, using Dalmatian, Spanish Pointer, and Whippet to increase elegance and agility; and Borzoi and Rough Collie to reduce the stop. Hinks wanted his dogs white, and bred specifically for this. The first modern Bull Terrier is now recognized as "Lord Gladiator", from 1917, being the first dog with no stop at all.
Due to medical problems associated with all-white breeding, Ted Lyon among others began introducing color, using Staffordshire Bull Terriers in the early 20th century. Colored Bull Terriers were recognized as a separate variety (at least by the AKC) in 1936. Brindle is the preferred color, but other colors are welcome.
Along with conformation, specific behavior traits were sought.
Bull Terrier
With a Miniature Bull Terrier
Brindle and white Bull Terrier
White Bull Terrier
Red and white Bull Terrier
Modern-colored Bull Terrier
Noted Bull Terriers
Willie, wearing his regulation Army dog tag, with General Patton and the U.S. Third Army on the drive to Paris (August 1944)
General George S. Patton owned a Bull Terrier named Willie. The dog had belonged to a fallen RAF pilot, and Patton bought him in England in 1944. When it got into a fight with Dwight D. Eisenhower's Scottish terrier dog Telek, Patton apologized, saying that Telek outranked Willie and would be confined to quarters.
Theodore Roosevelt owned several pets, including the Bull Terrier Pete. Pete received plenty of contemporary press, having bitten a naval clerk as well as chased and bitten the French ambassador.
In the 1963 film The Incredible Journey, based on Sheila Burnford's novel of the same name, a female bull terrier named Muffy played the part of Old Bodger, the eldest of the three animals.
In the 1955 movie It's a Dog's Life, the main dog Wildfire is played by a white bull terrier of the same name voiced by Vic Morrow.
Spuds MacKenzie is a fictional character used for an extensive advertising campaign marketing Bud Light beer in the late 1980s, portrayed by a bull terrier named Honey Tree Evil Eye.
Bullseye (formerly known as Spot) is a Miniature Bull Terrier and currently the official mascot of Target Corporation.
Scud is the pet Bull Terrier of Sid Phillips, the main antagonist, in Toy Story.
The 1977 novel Hell Hound by Ken Greenhall centers around a homicidal white bull terrier named Baxter. It was adapted as the French film Baxter (1989), in which the titular character was played by a bull terrier named Chimbot and voiced by Maxime Leroux.
Gaspard and Lisa, a pair of anthropomorphised bull terriers who feature in a series of children's books.
See also
Dogs portal
List of dog breeds
Boston Terrier
Bulldog
French Bulldog
References
^ a b c d FCI Breed Standard
^ Mason, Walter Esplin (14 August 1915). "Dogs of all nations". – via Internet Archive.
^ a b c "BREED STANDARD - The Bull Terrier Club". Archived from the original on 20 November 2015.
^ CKC Breed Standards, ckc.ca, archived at the Wayback Machine, 20 February 2008.
^ Breeder Retriever. "Bull Terrier Temperament". Archived from the original on 3 February 2012.
^ "ADBA American Pit Bull Terrier Puppy Socialization". adbadog.com. 8 February 2018. Archived from the original on 30 July 2017.
^ Ott, Stefanie A.; Schalke, Esther; von Gaertner, Amelie M.; Hackbarth, Hansjoachim (May - June 2008). "Is there a difference? Comparison of golden retrievers and dogs affected by breed-specific legislation regarding aggressive behavior". Journal of Veterinary Behavior. Volume 3, Issue 3, Elsevier Inc. pp. 134–140
^ McMillan, Kirsten M.; Bielby, Jon; Williams, Carys L.; Upjohn, Melissa M.; Casey, Rachel A.; Christley, Robert M. (2024-02-01). "Longevity of companion dog breeds: those at risk from early death". Scientific Reports. 14 (1). Springer Science and Business Media LLC. doi:10.1038/s41598-023-50458-w. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 10834484.
^ Breed-Specific Deafness Prevalence In Dogs (percent) Archived 28 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine. LSU.edu
^ Richards, Michael. Skin Disorders and Problems of Dogs Archived 20 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine, vetinfo4dogs.com
^ "Individual Breed Results for Purebred Dog Health Survey". Archived from the original on 4 May 2007.
^ Rhodes, Karen Helton; Werner, Alexander H. (2011-01-25). Blackwell's Five-Minute Veterinary Consult Clinical Companion. Ames, Iowa: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 473-474. ISBN 978-0-8138-1596-1.
^ Bauer, Anina; Jagannathan, Vidhya; Högler, Sandra; Richter, Barbara; McEwan, Neil A.; Thomas, Anne; Cadieu, Edouard; André, Catherine; Hytönen, Marjo K.; Lohi, Hannes; Welle, Monika M.; Roosje, Petra; Mellersh, Cathryn; Casal, Margret L.; Leeb, Tosso (2018-03-22). "MKLN1 splicing defect in dogs with lethal acrodermatitis". PLOS Genetics. 14 (3). Public Library of Science (PLoS): e1007264. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1007264. ISSN 1553-7404. PMC 5863938.
^ Bandara, Y.; Bayton, W. A.; Williams, T. L.; Scase, T.; Bexfield, N. H. (2021). "Histopathological frequency of canine hepatobiliary disease in the United Kingdom". Journal of Small Animal Practice. 62 (9): 730–736. doi:10.1111/jsap.13354. ISSN 0022-4510.
^ a b "Canterbury Bull Terrier Club". 21 November 2008. Archived from the original on 21 November 2008.
^ a b c American Kennel Club:Bull Terrier History Archived 5 August 2015 at the Wayback Machine, akc.org
^ ANKC: Extended Breed Standard of The Bull Terrier & Bull Terrier (Miniature) Archived 22 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine, ankc.org.au
^ T.W. Hogarth published The Coloured and Colour Breeding, Galashiels: A Walker & Son in 1932, which included chapters – 'Colour Breeding in Bull Terriers' by Major T Grahame and Captain J.N. Ritchie and 'Colour Inheritance in Bull-terriers' by Dr F Fraser Darling.
^ Amanda Macias, "This photo shows Gen. Patton's dog Willie after the general's death" Archived 10 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Business Insider, 21 December 2015.
^ D'Este, Carlo (24 November 2015). Eisenhower: A Soldier's Life. Henry Holt and Company. ISBN 978-1-62779-961-4. Retrieved 13 August 2020.
^ Forty, George (19 April 2015). Patton's Third Army at War. Casemate. ISBN 978-1-61200-316-0. Retrieved 13 August 2020.
^ Coren, Stanley (18 April 2002). The Pawprints of History: Dogs in the Course of Human Events. Simon and Schuster. p. 279. ISBN 978-0-7432-2770-4.
^ Dickey, Bronwen (10 May 2016). Pit Bull: The Battle over an American Icon. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 67. ISBN 978-0-307-96177-8. Retrieved 13 August 2020.
^ "21 of Theodore Roosevelt's Most Memorable Pets". Mental Floss. 23 December 2019. Retrieved 13 August 2020.
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TerriersWorkingbreeds
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Toy Bulldog
Toy Trawler Spaniel
Turnspit dog
Tweed Water Spaniel
Welsh Hillman
Types: Collies, Fell Terriers, Fox Terriers, Longdogs & Lurchers
vteTerriersWorking breedsLong-legged
Airedale Terrier
Bedlington Terrier
Border Terrier
Ca Rater Mallorquí
Chilean Terrier
Irish Terrier
Jagdterrier
Kerry Blue Terrier
Lakeland Terrier
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Ratonero Bodeguero Andaluz
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Czech Republic | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bull and terrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bull_and_terrier"},{"link_name":"breed of dog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog_breed"},{"link_name":"terrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrier"},{"link_name":"Miniature Bull Terrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miniature_Bull_Terrier"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Bull and terrier.Dog breedThe Bull Terrier is a breed of dog in the terrier family. There is also a miniature version of this breed which is officially known as the Miniature Bull Terrier. This breed originates in 19th century England. 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Although obstinate, the breed is described by the Bull Terrier Club as particularly good with people.[3] Early socialization will ensure that the dog will get along with other dogs and animals.[6] Their personality is described as courageous, full of spirit, with a fun-loving attitude,[3] a children-loving dog and a perfect family member. Although the breed has been a target of breed-specific legislation, a 2008 study in Germany did not find that Bull Terriers had any significant temperament difference from Golden Retrievers in overall temperament researches.[7]","title":"Temperament"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"crossbreeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongrel"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"allergies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allergy"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"fleas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flea"},{"link_name":"mosquitoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosquito"},{"link_name":"mites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mite"},{"link_name":"s.f.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Significant_figures"},{"link_name":"RSE =","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_standard_error"},{"link_name":"d. p.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decimal_places"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"acrodermatitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrodermatitis"},{"link_name":"genodermatosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genodermatosis"},{"link_name":"bronchopneumonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronchopneumonia"},{"link_name":"distal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distal"},{"link_name":"papules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papules"},{"link_name":"pustules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pustules"},{"link_name":"erythema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythema"},{"link_name":"hyperkeratosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperkeratosis"},{"link_name":"acrodermatitis enteropathica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrodermatitis_enteropathica"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"cholangitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholangitis"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"A 2024 UK study found a life expectancy of 12 years for the breed compared to an average of 12.7 for purebreeds and 12 for crossbreeds.[8]Deafness occurs in 20.4% of pure white Bull Terriers and 1.3% of colored Bull Terriers,[9] often being difficult to notice at a young age. Many Bull Terriers have a tendency to develop skin allergies.[10] Insect bites, such as those from fleas, and sometimes mosquitoes and mites, can produce a generalised allergic response of hives, rash, and itching. A UK breed survey puts their median lifespan at 10 years and their mean at 9 years (1 s.f., RSE = 13.87% 2 d. p.), with a good number of dogs living to 10–15 years.[11]Lethal acrodermatitis, also known as Acrodermatitis of the Bull Terrier is a rare genodermatosis monogenic autosomal inherited disease found exclusively in white Bull Terriers (including the miniature Bull Terrier). The condition is usually fatal and is characterised by poor growth, decreased serum copper and zinc levels, immunodeficiency, bronchopneumonia, skin lesions, and erosions on the distal extremities. Other symptoms that occur later on include crusting, papules, pustules, erythema, hyperkeratosis, and colour dilution. The condition manifests within the first few weeks of life and most puppies affected die before the age of 2. Their size is roughly half of their unaffected litter mates at a year old. Unlike the human condition acrodermatitis enteropathica, zinc supplements do not improve symptoms.[12][13]A UK study found the Bull Terrier to have a predisposition to neutrophilic cholangitis, with the breed being 25.34 times more likely to acquire the condition.[14]","title":"Health"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hinksbullterrier.jpg"},{"link_name":"James Hinks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Hinks"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bull_Terrier_from_1915.JPG"},{"link_name":"bull and terrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bull_and_terrier"},{"link_name":"vermin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermin"},{"link_name":"blood sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_sport"},{"link_name":"Old English Bulldog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_English_Bulldog"},{"link_name":"Old English Terriers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_English_Terrier"},{"link_name":"Staffordshire Bull Terriers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staffordshire_Bull_Terrier"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Canterbury_Bull_Terrier_Club-15"},{"link_name":"James Hinks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Hinks"},{"link_name":"English White Terriers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_White_Terrier"},{"link_name":"Cremorne Gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cremorne_Gardens,_London"},{"link_name":"Chelsea, London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea,_London"},{"link_name":"stop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canine_terminology#Stop"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bull_Terrier_History-16"},{"link_name":"Dalmatian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalmatian_(dog)"},{"link_name":"Spanish Pointer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navarran_Pointer"},{"link_name":"Whippet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whippet"},{"link_name":"Borzoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borzoi"},{"link_name":"Rough Collie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rough_Collie"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Canterbury_Bull_Terrier_Club-15"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bull_Terrier_History-16"},{"link_name":"Brindle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brindle"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bull_Terrier_History-16"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bulterier_i_miniatura_LM.jpg"},{"link_name":"Miniature Bull Terrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miniature_Bull_Terrier"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bull_Terrier_Chico_10.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bull_Terrier_R_01.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Close_up_of_a_Bull_Terrier.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bullterrier_standing_in_garden.jpg"}],"text":"James Hinks Bull terrierA Bull Terrier circa 1915At the start of the 19th century, the \"bull and terrier\" breeds were developed to satisfy the needs for vermin control and animal-based blood sports. The bull and terriers were based on the Old English Bulldog (now extinct) and Old English Terriers with possible other terriers. This new breed combined the speed and dexterity of lightly built terriers with the dour tenacity of the Bulldog, which was a poor performer in most combat situations, having been bred almost exclusively for fighting bulls and bears tied to a post. Many breeders began to breed bulldogs with terriers, arguing that such a mixture enhances the quality of fighting. Despite the fact that a cross between a bulldog and a terrier was of high value, very little or nothing was done to preserve the breed in its original form. Due to the lack of breed standards—breeding was for performance, not appearance—the \"bull and terrier\" eventually divided into the ancestors of \"Bull Terriers\" and \"Staffordshire Bull Terriers\", both smaller and easier to handle than the progenitor.[15]In the mid-19th century, James Hinks started breeding bull and terriers with \"English White Terriers\" (now extinct), looking for a cleaner appearance with better legs and nicer head. In 1862, Hinks entered a dam called \"Puss\" sired by his white Bulldog called \"Madman\" into the Bull Terrier Class at the dog show held at the Cremorne Gardens in Chelsea, London. Originally, these dogs did not yet have the now-familiar \"egg face\", but kept the stop in the skull profile.[16]\nThe dog was immediately popular and breeding continued, using Dalmatian, Spanish Pointer, and Whippet to increase elegance and agility; and Borzoi and Rough Collie to reduce the stop. Hinks wanted his dogs white, and bred specifically for this. The first modern Bull Terrier is now recognized as \"Lord Gladiator\", from 1917, being the first dog with no stop at all.[15][17]Due to medical problems associated with all-white breeding, Ted Lyon among others began introducing color, using Staffordshire Bull Terriers in the early 20th century. Colored Bull Terriers were recognized as a separate variety (at least by the AKC) in 1936.[16] Brindle is the preferred color, but other colors are welcome.[16][18]Along with conformation, specific behavior traits were sought.Bull Terrier\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWith a Miniature Bull Terrier\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBrindle and white Bull Terrier\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWhite Bull Terrier\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRed and white Bull Terrier\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tModern-colored Bull Terrier","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Willie-Patton-LIFE-1944.jpg"},{"link_name":"Willie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_(dog)"},{"link_name":"General Patton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_S._Patton"},{"link_name":"drive to Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris"},{"link_name":"George S. Patton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_S._Patton"},{"link_name":"Willie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_(dog)"},{"link_name":"Dwight D. Eisenhower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower"},{"link_name":"Scottish terrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_terrier"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Theodore Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"The Incredible Journey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Incredible_Journey_(film)"},{"link_name":"Sheila Burnford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheila_Burnford"},{"link_name":"novel of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Incredible_Journey"},{"link_name":"It's a Dog's Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s_a_Dog%27s_Life_(film)"},{"link_name":"Vic Morrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vic_Morrow"},{"link_name":"Spuds MacKenzie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spuds_MacKenzie"},{"link_name":"Bud Light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bud_Light"},{"link_name":"Bullseye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullseye_(mascot)"},{"link_name":"Target Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Target_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Scud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Toy_Story_characters#Scud"},{"link_name":"Toy Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toy_Story"},{"link_name":"Baxter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baxter_(film)"},{"link_name":"Maxime Leroux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxime_Leroux"},{"link_name":"Gaspard and Lisa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaspard_and_Lisa"}],"text":"Willie, wearing his regulation Army dog tag, with General Patton and the U.S. Third Army on the drive to Paris (August 1944)General George S. Patton owned a Bull Terrier named Willie. The dog had belonged to a fallen RAF pilot, and Patton bought him in England in 1944. When it got into a fight with Dwight D. Eisenhower's Scottish terrier dog Telek, Patton apologized, saying that Telek outranked Willie and would be confined to quarters.[19][20][21]\nTheodore Roosevelt owned several pets, including the Bull Terrier Pete. Pete received plenty of contemporary press, having bitten a naval clerk as well as chased and bitten the French ambassador.[22][23][24]\nIn the 1963 film The Incredible Journey, based on Sheila Burnford's novel of the same name, a female bull terrier named Muffy played the part of Old Bodger, the eldest of the three animals.\nIn the 1955 movie It's a Dog's Life, the main dog Wildfire is played by a white bull terrier of the same name voiced by Vic Morrow.\nSpuds MacKenzie is a fictional character used for an extensive advertising campaign marketing Bud Light beer in the late 1980s, portrayed by a bull terrier named Honey Tree Evil Eye.\nBullseye (formerly known as Spot) is a Miniature Bull Terrier and currently the official mascot of Target Corporation.\nScud is the pet Bull Terrier of Sid Phillips, the main antagonist, in Toy Story.\nThe 1977 novel Hell Hound by Ken Greenhall centers around a homicidal white bull terrier named Baxter. It was adapted as the French film Baxter (1989), in which the titular character was played by a bull terrier named Chimbot and voiced by Maxime Leroux.\nGaspard and Lisa, a pair of anthropomorphised bull terriers who feature in a series of children's books.","title":"Noted Bull Terriers"}] | [{"image_text":"A brindle Bull Terrier showing head profile, triangular eyes, robust and very muscular body","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Bullterrier.jpg/220px-Bullterrier.jpg"},{"image_text":"James Hinks Bull terrier","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Hinksbullterrier.jpg/220px-Hinksbullterrier.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Bull Terrier circa 1915","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Bull_Terrier_from_1915.JPG/220px-Bull_Terrier_from_1915.JPG"},{"image_text":"Willie, wearing his regulation Army dog tag, with General Patton and the U.S. Third Army on the drive to Paris (August 1944)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Willie-Patton-LIFE-1944.jpg/220px-Willie-Patton-LIFE-1944.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Dogs portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Dogs"},{"title":"List of dog breeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_dog_breeds"},{"title":"Boston Terrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Terrier"},{"title":"Bulldog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulldog"},{"title":"French Bulldog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Bulldog"}] | [{"reference":"Mason, Walter Esplin (14 August 1915). \"Dogs of all nations\". [S.l.: s.n.] – via Internet Archive.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.org/details/dogsofallnations00masorich","url_text":"\"Dogs of all nations\""}]},{"reference":"\"BREED STANDARD - The Bull Terrier Club\". Archived from the original on 20 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thebullterrierclub.org/breed-standard/","url_text":"\"BREED STANDARD - The Bull Terrier Club\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151120022214/http://www.thebullterrierclub.org/breed-standard/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Breeder Retriever. \"Bull Terrier Temperament\". Archived from the original on 3 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.breederretriever.com/dog-breeds/116/bull-terrier.php","url_text":"\"Bull Terrier Temperament\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120203200625/http://www.breederretriever.com/dog-breeds/116/bull-terrier.php","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"ADBA American Pit Bull Terrier Puppy Socialization\". adbadog.com. 8 February 2018. Archived from the original on 30 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://adbadog.com/puppy-socialization/","url_text":"\"ADBA American Pit Bull Terrier Puppy Socialization\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170730152838/https://adbadog.com/puppy-socialization/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"McMillan, Kirsten M.; Bielby, Jon; Williams, Carys L.; Upjohn, Melissa M.; Casey, Rachel A.; Christley, Robert M. (2024-02-01). \"Longevity of companion dog breeds: those at risk from early death\". Scientific Reports. 14 (1). Springer Science and Business Media LLC. doi:10.1038/s41598-023-50458-w. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 10834484.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10834484","url_text":"\"Longevity of companion dog breeds: those at risk from early death\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-023-50458-w","url_text":"10.1038/s41598-023-50458-w"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2045-2322","url_text":"2045-2322"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10834484","url_text":"10834484"}]},{"reference":"\"Individual Breed Results for Purebred Dog Health Survey\". Archived from the original on 4 May 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thekennelclub.org.uk/item/570","url_text":"\"Individual Breed Results for Purebred Dog Health Survey\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070504083007/http://www.thekennelclub.org.uk/item/570","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Rhodes, Karen Helton; Werner, Alexander H. (2011-01-25). Blackwell's Five-Minute Veterinary Consult Clinical Companion. Ames, Iowa: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 473-474. ISBN 978-0-8138-1596-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8138-1596-1","url_text":"978-0-8138-1596-1"}]},{"reference":"Bauer, Anina; Jagannathan, Vidhya; Högler, Sandra; Richter, Barbara; McEwan, Neil A.; Thomas, Anne; Cadieu, Edouard; André, Catherine; Hytönen, Marjo K.; Lohi, Hannes; Welle, Monika M.; Roosje, Petra; Mellersh, Cathryn; Casal, Margret L.; Leeb, Tosso (2018-03-22). \"MKLN1 splicing defect in dogs with lethal acrodermatitis\". PLOS Genetics. 14 (3). Public Library of Science (PLoS): e1007264. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1007264. ISSN 1553-7404. PMC 5863938.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5863938","url_text":"\"MKLN1 splicing defect in dogs with lethal acrodermatitis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1007264","url_text":"10.1371/journal.pgen.1007264"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1553-7404","url_text":"1553-7404"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5863938","url_text":"5863938"}]},{"reference":"Bandara, Y.; Bayton, W. A.; Williams, T. L.; Scase, T.; Bexfield, N. H. (2021). \"Histopathological frequency of canine hepatobiliary disease in the United Kingdom\". Journal of Small Animal Practice. 62 (9): 730–736. doi:10.1111/jsap.13354. ISSN 0022-4510.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjsap.13354","url_text":"10.1111/jsap.13354"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-4510","url_text":"0022-4510"}]},{"reference":"\"Canterbury Bull Terrier Club\". 21 November 2008. Archived from the original on 21 November 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081121053325/http://www.canterbury.bullterriersnz.com/info.html","url_text":"\"Canterbury Bull Terrier Club\""},{"url":"http://www.canterbury.bullterriersnz.com/info.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"D'Este, Carlo (24 November 2015). Eisenhower: A Soldier's Life. Henry Holt and Company. ISBN 978-1-62779-961-4. Retrieved 13 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=g72pCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT988","url_text":"Eisenhower: A Soldier's Life"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Holt_and_Company","url_text":"Henry Holt and Company"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62779-961-4","url_text":"978-1-62779-961-4"}]},{"reference":"Forty, George (19 April 2015). Patton's Third Army at War. Casemate. ISBN 978-1-61200-316-0. Retrieved 13 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QvzkDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA71","url_text":"Patton's Third Army at War"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61200-316-0","url_text":"978-1-61200-316-0"}]},{"reference":"Coren, Stanley (18 April 2002). The Pawprints of History: Dogs in the Course of Human Events. Simon and Schuster. p. 279. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kira_Nerys | Kira Nerys | ["1 Backstory","2 Story","2.1 Personal relationships","2.2 Enemies","2.3 Non-canonical information","2.4 Mirror Universe","3 Casting","4 Scholarly reception","5 Popular reception","6 References","7 External links"] | Fictional humanoid in the TV Series Star Trek Deep Space Nine
In this article, the surname is Kira.
Fictional character
Kira NerysStar Trek characterFirst appearance"Emissary" (1993)(Deep Space NineLast appearance"Hear All, Trust Nothing" (2022)(Lower Decks)Portrayed byNana VisitorIn-universe informationSpeciesBajoranAffiliationBajoran MilitiaStarfleetPostingDeep Space NineUSS DefiantPositionCommanding Officer(Season 7) First Officer(Seasons 1–7)Second Officer USS Defiant(Seasons 4–7)RankColonel (Bajoran Militia)(Season 7)Commander (Starfleet)(Season 7)Major (Bajoran Militia)(Seasons 1–6)PartnerBareil Antos, Shakaar Edon, Odo
Kira Nerys /ˈkiːrə nɪˈriːs/ is a fictional character in the American science fiction television series Star Trek: Deep Space Nine (1993–1999). She was played by actress Nana Visitor. The character is from the fictional planet Bajor, a world which has recently emerged from a brutal foreign occupation. She was a member of the resistance, and the decades-long conflict has left her tough and uncompromising, but she is sustained by her strong faith in traditional Bajoran religion. She has been assigned to Deep Space Nine, a space station jointly operated by the United Federation of Planets and the new provisional Bajoran government, where she serves as second in command as well as the ranking representative of her people.
Backstory
Per Bajoran custom, her family name, Kira, precedes her given name, Nerys. She has two brothers (Kira Reon and Kira Pohl), and her parents' names are Kira Taban (played by Thomas Kopache throughout the series) and Kira Meru (played by Leslie Hope in "Wrongs Darker than Death or Night").
The backstory of the character states that Kira Nerys was born 2343, in Dakhur province, Bajor, during the 50-year Cardassian occupation of the planet. She was raised in a labor camp. Her family were members of the artisan caste, namely sculptors of clay, or potters. At age 13, Kira was recruited into the Shakaar resistance cell, part of an underground movement which carried out guerrilla attacks against Cardassian military and civilians with the ultimate goal of ending the occupation.
Story
Kira is assigned as the senior Bajoran Militia officer aboard Deep Space Nine (DS9), acting as the station's executive officer under the Starfleet Commander Benjamin Sisko, who commands the facility. Initially, Kira is opposed to the Federation presence on DS9, feeling that the Bajoran people should have nothing to do with the Federation, as she believes that Bajor needs to be able to stand on its own two feet, after enduring a long, brutal occupation by the Cardassians. Over time, her sentiments change and she becomes one of the strongest supporters of Bajor joining the Federation, and is a steadfast ally and friend of Sisko. She is deeply religious, which makes her relationship with Sisko somewhat complicated; not only is he her commanding officer, he is also the emissary of the Prophets, the Bajorans' gods.
As a member of the Bajoran Militia, Kira is an invaluable help to Starfleet in its mission on DS9. She often commands Starfleet personnel as DS9's executive officer. In the third season, she also serves as the first officer of the Defiant, a Starfleet warship based at DS9, until Lieutenant Commander Worf assumes that role in the fourth season. When the Dominion recaptures Deep Space Nine at the start of the Dominion War, at the end of the fifth season, Kira remains aboard the station as liaison officer, as a result of Bajor's non-aggression pact with the Dominion. At the beginning of the sixth season, The Federation is losing the war against the Dominion and this, alongside a Vedek's suicide which she witnesses, galvanizes Kira to start plotting a resistance movement against the Dominion. The movement is eventually successful in helping Starfleet retake the station and driving the Dominion back behind enemy lines.
Towards the end of the seventh and final season, Kira is promoted to colonel and temporarily commissioned as a Starfleet commander. She plays a significant role in helping the Cardassian Resistance wage a guerrilla war against the Dominion, being sent by Sisko to Cardassia itself to teach Damar and his followers the tactics she learned during the Cardassian occupation of Bajor. At the conclusion of the war (and the end of the series), Kira takes command of DS9 after the disappearance of Sisko. She is still in command several years later as seen in the Star Trek: Lower Decks Season 3 episode, "Hear All, Trust Nothing".
Personal relationships
Kira becomes romantically involved with Bareil Antos, a prominent Bajoran vedek (cleric). Following his death, she later becomes involved with Shakaar Edon, a former resistance leader during the Cardassian occupation, who later becomes Bajor's First Minister. After a couple of years, accepting that the relationship is going nowhere (and after a visit to the Kenda Shrine on Bajor), the couple decide to end their relationship. Kira then forms a romantic relationship with the shapeshifter Odo, who had pined after her for years, though this too ends when Odo rejoins his people in the Gamma Quadrant at the conclusion of the series. Due to her alter ego depiction in the Mirror Universe it is speculated that Kira is canonically bisexual.
Kira also becomes the surrogate mother to Kirayoshi O'Brien, the then-unborn child of Chief Engineer Miles O'Brien and his wife Keiko. When the pregnant Keiko was injured in a shuttle accident, Dr Julian Bashir saves the fetus by transporting it into Kira's womb. Kira continues to carry the fetus until birth, essentially becoming a part of the O'Brien family.
Enemies
Kira's arch enemy is the former Cardassian head of Deep Space 9, Gul Dukat. At the beginning of the series, Kira despises Dukat for helping oversee the occupation of Bajor and takes every opportunity to antagonise him further. As the series progresses, the relationship slightly softens, particularly after Kira learns that Dukat has a half-Bajoran daughter named Ziyal whom he initially believed had been killed. Dukat's military career and status suffer when he takes Ziyal back to Cardassia Prime and he and Kira join forces to help defend both Cardassia and Deep Space 9 against a Klingon invasion.
After Dukat, with the aid of the Dominion, reassumes command of Deep Space 9, Kira realises that he is using Ziyal to try and get close to her and, from that point onward, their relationship is chiefly adversarial. After Dukat has been driven off the station, he later contacts Kira and discloses the close relationship he had with her mother Kira Meru, which Kira confirms after using the Orb of Time to travel back to witness the beginning of the relationship, which starts due to the Cardassians needing "comfort women". Dukat and Kira have one final encounter in the seventh season when he abducts her to space station Empok Nor and reveals he has become the leader of a cult worshipping the evil Bajoran spirits known as the Pah-Wraiths. Kira only narrowly manages to stop Dukat orchestrating the deaths of his Bajoran followers through mass suicide before he transports off the station.
Kira also has a fractious relationship with Vedek (later Kai) Winn, a Bajoran religious leader who is in favour of separating her people from the influence of The Federation. In the final episode of the first season, Winn travels to Deep Space 9 in order to secretly plan the assassination of her rival (and Kira's lover) Vedek Bareil but fails (although Kira is unable to concretely prove that Winn was responsible). Kira nearly prevents Winn becoming the new Kai, but realises that doing so would reveal the truth about her predecessor Kai Opaka's role in a massacre and possibly lead Bajor into a civil war. Winn and Kira remain adversaries even when working together in Bajor's interests, especially when Winn attempts to interfere in government matters. Later in the sixth season, Kira is possessed by a Prophet and nearly defeats a rival Pah-Wraith which has possessed Jake Sisko, but Winn floods the station with chroniton radiation and the reckoning is stopped; Kira is furious that Winn has defied the will of the Prophets and that the Pah-Wraiths remain at large.
In the final season, Winn again visits the station and Kira tries to convince her to step aside as Kai. A furious Winn refuses and this drives her into the arms of Dukat as they plan to release the Pah-Wraiths together.
Non-canonical information
In the licensed Star Trek novels (which are not considered canonical by Paramount), following the conclusion of the television series Star Trek: Deep Space Nine, Kira Nerys takes charge of the Deep Space Nine space station as its permanent commanding officer. With the conclusion of the first wave of Deep Space Nine novels in Unity, Bajor finally joins the Federation, and Kira is given the Starfleet rank of Captain. Kira opens every Bajoran Orb simultaneously in a sacred place in order to defeat a monstrous enemy. This also causes the return of Benjamin Sisko from the Celestial Temple to the corporeal world.
In the 2019 documentary What We Left Behind, former showrunner Ira Steven Behr and several former writers of the series participated in a "what-if" planning session for an eighth season, where Kira has resigned from Starfleet and the Bajoran Militia and is a vedek in the Bajoran religious order.
Mirror Universe
The character of Kira Nerys also exists in the Mirror Universe. In the DS9 episode "Crossover", Kira encounters her mirror self, who is the cruel, powerful Intendant of the station (still called Terok Nor), with Elim Garak as her first officer. Kira convinces the mirror-Sisko to rebel against the Intendant-Kira and start the Terran Resistance. This group is later successful in taking command of Terok Nor and capturing the Intendant, but she manages to escape with the help of mirror-Nog. Eventually, the escaped Intendant convinces the alternate universe's Bareil Antos to travel to the regular universe in order to obtain an Orb of the Prophets. The mirror Kira falls in love with her double from the other universe. At the time, Nana Visitor dismissed the idea of her character being bisexual, saying that she intended to portray this as "total narcissism on her part. It had nothing to do with sexuality". However, later episodes continued to show her surrounded by a mixed-gender harem, and eventually depicted her being in a romantic relationship with her universe's version of Ezri Tigan.
Casting
In the early stages of planning Deep Space Nine, the series' creators wanted to bring in the Bajoran character Ensign Ro Laren, who was a recurring character in Star Trek: The Next Generation. Michelle Forbes, who had portrayed Ensign Ro, turned down the offer, so a new Bajoran character was created instead. Nana Visitor had just given birth to a baby boy mere months before she was called to audition for the role of Kira Nerys, and her becoming a mother actually shaped her decision process for accepting or turning down roles. With the character of Kira Nerys, Visitor felt "completely engaged on every level by the part".
Visitor almost turned down the role, as her manager told her "you will kill your career if you do this job." Visitor said, "By the end of the call, he had convinced me that I did want to be a part of it whether it impacted the rest of my career or not. When I read the script, I thought, 'That's a man's role. That's not for me.' Yet it was all I wanted to do. I hated every part that I had to play where I was chastising a husband or getting upset about the carpet. And I did a lot of those. Any time I could get my teeth into something, that was my flow state. That's why I was an actor. Major Kira was like Disneyland for an actor."
Scholarly reception
An article in the Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis finds the character of Kira "emotionally difficult". In Star Trek and Sacred Ground: Explorations of Star Trek, Religion, and American Culture, it is noted that Kira was not shown worshipping privately until the 1997 episode "Ties of Blood and Water". On the 25th anniversary of DS9 in 2018, Daniel Holloway and Joe Otterson discussed the character at length saying, "Fan reception to the character, and to the show as a whole, ran hot and cold. Previous female "Star Trek" characters had been helpmates—a switchboard operator (Lt. Uhura in the original series), a therapist (Counselor Troi in Next Generation), a healer (Dr. Crusher in The Next Generation). None had been a war veteran with emotional skeletons. Visitor said, "Some people in the 'Star Trek' world were like, 'That's not what a woman in "Star Trek" should be. That's the wrong thing to be teaching. But what I saw her as was a woman of appetite and gray area—lots of gray area. Very fallible, but growing and trying. And that's all over television now." Holloway and Otterson suggested the character was a precursor to Michael Burnham on Star Trek: Discovery.
Popular reception
In 2016, ScreenRant rated Kira Nerys as the fifth-best character in Star Trek overall. In 2018, TheWrap rated Kira as the tenth-best character of Star Trek overall, noting her role in Star Trek: Deep Space Nine. The Hollywood Reporter noted the character's role in the season one episode "Duet" which they ranked as the 7th-best episode of the series; Nana Visitor, who played Kira, praised the episode's writing.
In 2009, IGN ranked Kira as the 11th-best character of Star Trek overall. In 2018, CBR ranked Kira as the 11th-best Starfleet character of Star Trek. They elaborate that Kira in the show is not actually part of Starfleet until the last episode, in that brief time she has a big impact on the Dominion war. In 2018, TheWrap placed Kira as 10th out 39 in a ranking of main cast characters of the Star Trek franchise prior to Star Trek: Discovery.
In 2013, Slate magazine ranked Kira Nerys one of the ten best crew characters in the Star Trek franchise.
In 2016, the character of Colonel Kira was ranked as the 7th-most-important character of Starfleet within the Star Trek science fiction universe by Wired.
In 2020, ScreenRant ranked Kira one of the top 5 most likeable characters on the show.
References
^ Reeves-Stevens, Judith & Reeves-Stevens, Garfield (1994). The Making of Star Trek: Deep Space Nine. Pocket Books. p. 105. ISBN 0-671-87430-6.
^ Shapiro, Marc (September 1995). "Mother with a Mission". Star Trek Monthly. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved August 31, 2007.
^ a b Holloway, Daniel (January 3, 2018). "'Star Trek: Deep Space Nine' at 25: Through the Wormhole With the Cast and Creators". Variety.
^ Forest, David V. (2005). "Consulting to Star Trek: To Boldly Go Into Dynamic Neuropsychiatry". Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis. 33 (1): 71–82. ISSN 0090-3604.
^ Porter, Jennifer E. & McLaren, Darcee L., eds. (1999). Star Trek and Sacred Ground: Explorations of Star Trek, Religion, and American Culture. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. ISBN 9780585291901.
^ "The 20 Best Characters In Star Trek History". ScreenRant. November 19, 2016.
^ Jeremy Fuster (March 21, 2018). "All 39 'Star Trek' Main Characters Ranked, From Spock to Wesley (Photos)". TheWrap.
^ "'Star Trek: Deep Space Nine' — The 20 Greatest Episodes". The Hollywood Reporter. September 22, 2016.
^ "Top 25 Star Trek Characters". IGN. 2009-05-08. Retrieved 2019-03-20.
^ "Star Trek: The 25 Best Members Of Starfleet, Ranked". CBR. 2018-10-27. Retrieved 2019-06-20.
^ Yglesias, Matthew (May 15, 2013). "Star Trek Movies, Series, and Characters Ranked". Slate Magazine.
^ McMillan, Graeme (2016-09-05). "Star Trek's 100 Most Important Crew Members, Ranked". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Retrieved 2019-03-20.
^ "Star Trek: DS9 – 5 Most Likable Characters (& 5 Fans Can't Stand)". ScreenRant. 2020-09-15. Retrieved 2021-02-16.
External links
Speculative fiction portalTelevision portal
Kira Nerys at Memory Alpha
Kira Nerys (mirror) at Memory Alpha
Kay Eaton at Memory Alpha
Kira Nerys at StarTrek.com
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At age 13, Kira was recruited into the Shakaar resistance cell, part of an underground movement which carried out guerrilla attacks against Cardassian military and civilians with the ultimate goal of ending the occupation.","title":"Backstory"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Benjamin Sisko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Sisko"},{"link_name":"Worf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worf"},{"link_name":"Dominion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion_(Star_Trek)"},{"link_name":"Damar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_recurring_Star_Trek:_Deep_Space_Nine_characters#Damar"},{"link_name":"Star Trek: Lower Decks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek:_Lower_Decks"}],"text":"Kira is assigned as the senior Bajoran Militia officer aboard Deep Space Nine (DS9), acting as the station's executive officer under the Starfleet Commander Benjamin Sisko, who commands the facility. Initially, Kira is opposed to the Federation presence on DS9, feeling that the Bajoran people should have nothing to do with the Federation, as she believes that Bajor needs to be able to stand on its own two feet, after enduring a long, brutal occupation by the Cardassians. Over time, her sentiments change and she becomes one of the strongest supporters of Bajor joining the Federation, and is a steadfast ally and friend of Sisko. She is deeply religious, which makes her relationship with Sisko somewhat complicated; not only is he her commanding officer, he is also the emissary of the Prophets, the Bajorans' gods.As a member of the Bajoran Militia, Kira is an invaluable help to Starfleet in its mission on DS9. She often commands Starfleet personnel as DS9's executive officer. In the third season, she also serves as the first officer of the Defiant, a Starfleet warship based at DS9, until Lieutenant Commander Worf assumes that role in the fourth season. When the Dominion recaptures Deep Space Nine at the start of the Dominion War, at the end of the fifth season, Kira remains aboard the station as liaison officer, as a result of Bajor's non-aggression pact with the Dominion. At the beginning of the sixth season, The Federation is losing the war against the Dominion and this, alongside a Vedek's suicide which she witnesses, galvanizes Kira to start plotting a resistance movement against the Dominion. The movement is eventually successful in helping Starfleet retake the station and driving the Dominion back behind enemy lines.Towards the end of the seventh and final season, Kira is promoted to colonel and temporarily commissioned as a Starfleet commander. She plays a significant role in helping the Cardassian Resistance wage a guerrilla war against the Dominion, being sent by Sisko to Cardassia itself to teach Damar and his followers the tactics she learned during the Cardassian occupation of Bajor. At the conclusion of the war (and the end of the series), Kira takes command of DS9 after the disappearance of Sisko. She is still in command several years later as seen in the Star Trek: Lower Decks Season 3 episode, \"Hear All, Trust Nothing\".","title":"Story"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bareil Antos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bareil_Antos"},{"link_name":"Shakaar Edon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakaar_Edon"},{"link_name":"Odo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odo_(Star_Trek)"},{"link_name":"according to whom?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"surrogate mother","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrogate_mother"},{"link_name":"Miles O'Brien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles_O%27Brien_(Star_Trek)"},{"link_name":"Keiko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keiko_O%27Brien"},{"link_name":"Julian Bashir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Bashir"}],"sub_title":"Personal relationships","text":"Kira becomes romantically involved with Bareil Antos, a prominent Bajoran vedek (cleric). Following his death, she later becomes involved with Shakaar Edon, a former resistance leader during the Cardassian occupation, who later becomes Bajor's First Minister. After a couple of years, accepting that the relationship is going nowhere (and after a visit to the Kenda Shrine on Bajor), the couple decide to end their relationship. Kira then forms a romantic relationship with the shapeshifter Odo, who had pined after her for years, though this too ends when Odo rejoins his people in the Gamma Quadrant at the conclusion of the series. Due to her alter ego depiction in the Mirror Universe it is speculated that Kira is canonically bisexual.[according to whom?]Kira also becomes the surrogate mother to Kirayoshi O'Brien, the then-unborn child of Chief Engineer Miles O'Brien and his wife Keiko. When the pregnant Keiko was injured in a shuttle accident, Dr Julian Bashir saves the fetus by transporting it into Kira's womb. Kira continues to carry the fetus until birth, essentially becoming a part of the O'Brien family.","title":"Story"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Enemies","text":"Kira's arch enemy is the former Cardassian head of Deep Space 9, Gul Dukat. At the beginning of the series, Kira despises Dukat for helping oversee the occupation of Bajor and takes every opportunity to antagonise him further. As the series progresses, the relationship slightly softens, particularly after Kira learns that Dukat has a half-Bajoran daughter named Ziyal whom he initially believed had been killed. Dukat's military career and status suffer when he takes Ziyal back to Cardassia Prime and he and Kira join forces to help defend both Cardassia and Deep Space 9 against a Klingon invasion.After Dukat, with the aid of the Dominion, reassumes command of Deep Space 9, Kira realises that he is using Ziyal to try and get close to her and, from that point onward, their relationship is chiefly adversarial. After Dukat has been driven off the station, he later contacts Kira and discloses the close relationship he had with her mother Kira Meru, which Kira confirms after using the Orb of Time to travel back to witness the beginning of the relationship, which starts due to the Cardassians needing \"comfort women\". Dukat and Kira have one final encounter in the seventh season when he abducts her to space station Empok Nor and reveals he has become the leader of a cult worshipping the evil Bajoran spirits known as the Pah-Wraiths. Kira only narrowly manages to stop Dukat orchestrating the deaths of his Bajoran followers through mass suicide before he transports off the station.Kira also has a fractious relationship with Vedek (later Kai) Winn, a Bajoran religious leader who is in favour of separating her people from the influence of The Federation. In the final episode of the first season, Winn travels to Deep Space 9 in order to secretly plan the assassination of her rival (and Kira's lover) Vedek Bareil but fails (although Kira is unable to concretely prove that Winn was responsible). Kira nearly prevents Winn becoming the new Kai, but realises that doing so would reveal the truth about her predecessor Kai Opaka's role in a massacre and possibly lead Bajor into a civil war. Winn and Kira remain adversaries even when working together in Bajor's interests, especially when Winn attempts to interfere in government matters. Later in the sixth season, Kira is possessed by a Prophet and nearly defeats a rival Pah-Wraith which has possessed Jake Sisko, but Winn floods the station with chroniton radiation and the reckoning is stopped; Kira is furious that Winn has defied the will of the Prophets and that the Pah-Wraiths remain at large.In the final season, Winn again visits the station and Kira tries to convince her to step aside as Kai. A furious Winn refuses and this drives her into the arms of Dukat as they plan to release the Pah-Wraiths together.","title":"Story"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"novels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Star_Trek:_Deep_Space_Nine_novels"},{"link_name":"Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Federation_of_Planets"},{"link_name":"Starfleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starfleet"},{"link_name":"Captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_(naval)"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Sisko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Sisko"},{"link_name":"What We Left Behind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_We_Left_Behind"},{"link_name":"Ira Steven Behr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ira_Steven_Behr"}],"sub_title":"Non-canonical information","text":"In the licensed Star Trek novels (which are not considered canonical by Paramount), following the conclusion of the television series Star Trek: Deep Space Nine, Kira Nerys takes charge of the Deep Space Nine space station as its permanent commanding officer. With the conclusion of the first wave of Deep Space Nine novels in Unity, Bajor finally joins the Federation, and Kira is given the Starfleet rank of Captain. Kira opens every Bajoran Orb simultaneously in a sacred place in order to defeat a monstrous enemy. This also causes the return of Benjamin Sisko from the Celestial Temple to the corporeal world.In the 2019 documentary What We Left Behind, former showrunner Ira Steven Behr and several former writers of the series participated in a \"what-if\" planning session for an eighth season, where Kira has resigned from Starfleet and the Bajoran Militia and is a vedek in the Bajoran religious order.","title":"Story"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mirror Universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirror_Universe_(Star_Trek)"},{"link_name":"Crossover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossover_(Star_Trek:_Deep_Space_Nine)"},{"link_name":"Terok Nor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Space_Nine_(space_station)"},{"link_name":"Elim Garak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elim_Garak"},{"link_name":"bisexual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisexuality"},{"link_name":"narcissism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcissism"},{"link_name":"harem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harem"},{"link_name":"Ezri Tigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezri_Dax"}],"sub_title":"Mirror Universe","text":"The character of Kira Nerys also exists in the Mirror Universe. In the DS9 episode \"Crossover\", Kira encounters her mirror self, who is the cruel, powerful Intendant of the station (still called Terok Nor), with Elim Garak as her first officer. Kira convinces the mirror-Sisko to rebel against the Intendant-Kira and start the Terran Resistance. This group is later successful in taking command of Terok Nor and capturing the Intendant, but she manages to escape with the help of mirror-Nog. Eventually, the escaped Intendant convinces the alternate universe's Bareil Antos to travel to the regular universe in order to obtain an Orb of the Prophets. The mirror Kira falls in love with her double from the other universe. At the time, Nana Visitor dismissed the idea of her character being bisexual, saying that she intended to portray this as \"total narcissism on her part. It had nothing to do with sexuality\". However, later episodes continued to show her surrounded by a mixed-gender harem, and eventually depicted her being in a romantic relationship with her universe's version of Ezri Tigan.","title":"Story"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ro Laren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ro_Laren"},{"link_name":"Star Trek: The Next Generation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek:_The_Next_Generation"},{"link_name":"Michelle Forbes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_Forbes"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Holloway-3"}],"text":"In the early stages of planning Deep Space Nine, the series' creators wanted to bring in the Bajoran character Ensign Ro Laren, who was a recurring character in Star Trek: The Next Generation. Michelle Forbes, who had portrayed Ensign Ro, turned down the offer, so a new Bajoran character was created instead.[1] Nana Visitor had just given birth to a baby boy mere months before she was called to audition for the role of Kira Nerys, and her becoming a mother actually shaped her decision process for accepting or turning down roles. With the character of Kira Nerys, Visitor felt \"completely engaged on every level by the part\".[2]Visitor almost turned down the role, as her manager told her \"you will kill your career if you do this job.\" Visitor said, \"By the end of the call, he had convinced me that I did want to be a part of it whether it impacted the rest of my career or not. When I read the script, I thought, 'That's a man's role. That's not for me.' Yet it was all I wanted to do. I hated every part that I had to play where I was chastising a husband or getting upset about the carpet. And I did a lot of those. Any time I could get my teeth into something, that was my flow state. That's why I was an actor. Major Kira was like Disneyland for an actor.\"[3]","title":"Casting"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Ties of Blood and Water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ties_of_Blood_and_Water"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Uhura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uhura"},{"link_name":"Troi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deanna_Troi"},{"link_name":"Next Generation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek:_The_Next_Generation"},{"link_name":"Crusher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverly_Crusher"},{"link_name":"The Next Generation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek:_The_Next_Generation"},{"link_name":"Michael Burnham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Burnham"},{"link_name":"Star Trek: Discovery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek:_Discovery"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Holloway-3"}],"text":"An article in the Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis finds the character of Kira \"emotionally difficult\".[4] In Star Trek and Sacred Ground: Explorations of Star Trek, Religion, and American Culture, it is noted that Kira was not shown worshipping privately until the 1997 episode \"Ties of Blood and Water\".[5] On the 25th anniversary of DS9 in 2018, Daniel Holloway and Joe Otterson discussed the character at length saying, \"Fan reception to the character, and to the show as a whole, ran hot and cold. Previous female \"Star Trek\" characters had been helpmates—a switchboard operator (Lt. Uhura in the original series), a therapist (Counselor Troi in Next Generation), a healer (Dr. Crusher in The Next Generation). None had been a war veteran with emotional skeletons. Visitor said, \"Some people in the 'Star Trek' world were like, 'That's not what a woman in \"Star Trek\" should be. That's the wrong thing to be teaching. But what I saw her as was a woman of appetite and gray area—lots of gray area. Very fallible, but growing and trying. And that's all over television now.\" Holloway and Otterson suggested the character was a precursor to Michael Burnham on Star Trek: Discovery.[3]","title":"Scholarly reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ScreenRant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Rant"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"TheWrap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TheWrap"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fuster-7"},{"link_name":"The Hollywood Reporter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter"},{"link_name":"Duet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duet_(Star_Trek:_Deep_Space_Nine)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"IGN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"CBR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_Book_Resources"},{"link_name":"Starfleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starfleet"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Star Trek: Discovery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek:_Discovery"},{"link_name":"Slate magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slate_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Wired","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wired_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"In 2016, ScreenRant rated Kira Nerys as the fifth-best character in Star Trek overall.[6] In 2018, TheWrap rated Kira as the tenth-best character of Star Trek overall, noting her role in Star Trek: Deep Space Nine.[7] The Hollywood Reporter noted the character's role in the season one episode \"Duet\" which they ranked as the 7th-best episode of the series; Nana Visitor, who played Kira, praised the episode's writing.[8]In 2009, IGN ranked Kira as the 11th-best character of Star Trek overall.[9] In 2018, CBR ranked Kira as the 11th-best Starfleet character of Star Trek. They elaborate that Kira in the show is not actually part of Starfleet until the last episode, in that brief time she has a big impact on the Dominion war.[10] In 2018, TheWrap placed Kira as 10th out 39 in a ranking of main cast characters of the Star Trek franchise prior to Star Trek: Discovery.In 2013, Slate magazine ranked Kira Nerys one of the ten best crew characters in the Star Trek franchise.[11]In 2016, the character of Colonel Kira was ranked as the 7th-most-important character of Starfleet within the Star Trek science fiction universe by Wired.[12]In 2020, ScreenRant ranked Kira one of the top 5 most likeable characters on the show.[13]","title":"Popular reception"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Reeves-Stevens, Judith & Reeves-Stevens, Garfield (1994). The Making of Star Trek: Deep Space Nine. Pocket Books. p. 105. ISBN 0-671-87430-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-87430-6","url_text":"0-671-87430-6"}]},{"reference":"Shapiro, Marc (September 1995). \"Mother with a Mission\". Star Trek Monthly. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved August 31, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070927185619/http://nanavision.com/?p=17","url_text":"\"Mother with a Mission\""},{"url":"http://nanavision.com/?p=17","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Holloway, Daniel (January 3, 2018). \"'Star Trek: Deep Space Nine' at 25: Through the Wormhole With the Cast and Creators\". Variety.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2018/tv/features/star-trek-ds9-25th-anniversary-interview-1202648047","url_text":"\"'Star Trek: Deep Space Nine' at 25: Through the Wormhole With the Cast and Creators\""}]},{"reference":"Forest, David V. (2005). \"Consulting to Star Trek: To Boldly Go Into Dynamic Neuropsychiatry\". Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis. 33 (1): 71–82. ISSN 0090-3604.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0090-3604","url_text":"0090-3604"}]},{"reference":"Porter, Jennifer E. & McLaren, Darcee L., eds. (1999). Star Trek and Sacred Ground: Explorations of Star Trek, Religion, and American Culture. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. ISBN 9780585291901.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780585291901","url_text":"9780585291901"}]},{"reference":"\"The 20 Best Characters In Star Trek History\". ScreenRant. November 19, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://screenrant.com/best-star-trek-characters-ever/","url_text":"\"The 20 Best Characters In Star Trek History\""}]},{"reference":"Jeremy Fuster (March 21, 2018). \"All 39 'Star Trek' Main Characters Ranked, From Spock to Wesley (Photos)\". TheWrap.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thewrap.com/all-39-star-trek-main-characters-ranked-from-spock-to-wesley-photos/","url_text":"\"All 39 'Star Trek' Main Characters Ranked, From Spock to Wesley (Photos)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TheWrap","url_text":"TheWrap"}]},{"reference":"\"'Star Trek: Deep Space Nine' — The 20 Greatest Episodes\". The Hollywood Reporter. September 22, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/star-trek-deep-space-nine-930878/","url_text":"\"'Star Trek: Deep Space Nine' — The 20 Greatest Episodes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter","url_text":"The Hollywood Reporter"}]},{"reference":"\"Top 25 Star Trek Characters\". IGN. 2009-05-08. Retrieved 2019-03-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ign.com/articles/2009/05/08/top-25-star-trek-characters?page=3","url_text":"\"Top 25 Star Trek Characters\""}]},{"reference":"\"Star Trek: The 25 Best Members Of Starfleet, Ranked\". CBR. 2018-10-27. Retrieved 2019-06-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbr.com/star-trek-starfleet-members-ranked/","url_text":"\"Star Trek: The 25 Best Members Of Starfleet, Ranked\""}]},{"reference":"Yglesias, Matthew (May 15, 2013). \"Star Trek Movies, Series, and Characters Ranked\". Slate Magazine.","urls":[{"url":"https://slate.com/culture/2013/05/star-trek-rankings-movies-tv-series-villains-and-crew-members-from-best-to-worst.html","url_text":"\"Star Trek Movies, Series, and Characters Ranked\""}]},{"reference":"McMillan, Graeme (2016-09-05). \"Star Trek's 100 Most Important Crew Members, Ranked\". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Retrieved 2019-03-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wired.com/2016/09/star-treks-100-crew-members-ranked/","url_text":"\"Star Trek's 100 Most Important Crew Members, Ranked\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1059-1028","url_text":"1059-1028"}]},{"reference":"\"Star Trek: DS9 – 5 Most Likable Characters (& 5 Fans Can't Stand)\". ScreenRant. 2020-09-15. Retrieved 2021-02-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://screenrant.com/star-trek-deep-space-nine-most-likable-characters-fans-hate/","url_text":"\"Star Trek: DS9 – 5 Most Likable Characters (& 5 Fans Can't Stand)\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070927185619/http://nanavision.com/?p=17","external_links_name":"\"Mother with a Mission\""},{"Link":"http://nanavision.com/?p=17","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://variety.com/2018/tv/features/star-trek-ds9-25th-anniversary-interview-1202648047","external_links_name":"\"'Star Trek: Deep Space Nine' at 25: Through the Wormhole With the Cast and Creators\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0090-3604","external_links_name":"0090-3604"},{"Link":"https://screenrant.com/best-star-trek-characters-ever/","external_links_name":"\"The 20 Best Characters In Star Trek History\""},{"Link":"https://www.thewrap.com/all-39-star-trek-main-characters-ranked-from-spock-to-wesley-photos/","external_links_name":"\"All 39 'Star Trek' Main Characters Ranked, From Spock to Wesley (Photos)\""},{"Link":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/star-trek-deep-space-nine-930878/","external_links_name":"\"'Star Trek: Deep Space Nine' — The 20 Greatest Episodes\""},{"Link":"https://www.ign.com/articles/2009/05/08/top-25-star-trek-characters?page=3","external_links_name":"\"Top 25 Star Trek Characters\""},{"Link":"https://www.cbr.com/star-trek-starfleet-members-ranked/","external_links_name":"\"Star Trek: The 25 Best Members Of Starfleet, Ranked\""},{"Link":"https://slate.com/culture/2013/05/star-trek-rankings-movies-tv-series-villains-and-crew-members-from-best-to-worst.html","external_links_name":"\"Star Trek Movies, Series, and Characters Ranked\""},{"Link":"https://www.wired.com/2016/09/star-treks-100-crew-members-ranked/","external_links_name":"\"Star Trek's 100 Most Important Crew Members, Ranked\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1059-1028","external_links_name":"1059-1028"},{"Link":"https://screenrant.com/star-trek-deep-space-nine-most-likable-characters-fans-hate/","external_links_name":"\"Star Trek: DS9 – 5 Most Likable Characters (& 5 Fans Can't Stand)\""},{"Link":"https://memory-alpha.fandom.com/wiki/Kira_Nerys","external_links_name":"Kira Nerys"},{"Link":"https://memory-alpha.fandom.com/wiki/Kira_Nerys_(mirror)","external_links_name":"Kira Nerys (mirror)"},{"Link":"https://memory-alpha.fandom.com/wiki/Kay_Eaton","external_links_name":"Kay Eaton"},{"Link":"https://www.startrek.com/database_article/kira-nerys","external_links_name":"Kira Nerys"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santar%C3%A9m_District | Santarém District | ["1 Municipalities","2 Summary of votes and seats won 1976–2022","3 Archeology","4 See also","5 References"] | Coordinates: 39°14′N 8°41′W / 39.233°N 8.683°W / 39.233; -8.683District of Portugal
District in PortugalDistrict of SantarémDistrict
Coat of armsCountryPortugalRegionCentroand AlentejoHistorical provinceRibatejo(partly Beira Baixaand Beira Litoral)No. of municipalities21No. of parishes193CapitalSantarémArea • Total6,747 km2 (2,605 sq mi)Population • Total475,344 • Density70/km2 (180/sq mi)ISO 3166 codePT-14No. of parliamentary representatives9
The District of Santarém (Portuguese: Distrito de Santarém ⓘ) is a district of Portugal, located in Portugal's Centro Region. The district capital is the city of Santarém.
The district is the 3rd largest in Portugal, with an area of 6,747 km2 (2,605 sq mi), and a population of 475,344 inhabitants, giving it a population density of 70 people per sq. kilometer (180 people per sq. mile).
Municipalities
The district includes the following 21 municipalities.
Abrantes
Alcanena
Almeirim
Alpiarça
Benavente
Cartaxo
Chamusca
Constância
Coruche
Entroncamento
Ferreira do Zêzere
Golegã
Mação
Ourém
Rio Maior
Salvaterra de Magos
Santarém
Sardoal
Tomar
Torres Novas
Vila Nova da Barquinha
Summary of votes and seats won 1976–2022
Main article: Santarém constituency
Summary of election results from Santarém district, 1976–2022
Parties
%
S
%
S
%
S
%
S
%
S
%
S
%
S
%
S
%
S
%
S
%
S
%
S
%
S
%
S
%
S
%
S
1976
1979
1980
1983
1985
1987
1991
1995
1999
2002
2005
2009
2011
2015
2019
2022
PS
38.4
6
27.3
3
30.4
4
38.4
5
18.6
2
21.7
3
29.4
3
45.8
5
45.5
5
38.4
4
46.1
6
33.7
4
25.9
3
32.9
3
37.1
4
41.2
5
PSD
19.5
3
In AD
24.7
3
27.8
4
47.9
7
49.1
6
31.0
3
30.2
3
38.1
4
26.4
3
27.0
3
37.6
5
In PàF
25.2
3
26.9
3
CDS-PP
13.9
2
10.0
1
7.7
1
3.6
3.3
8.7
1
8.1
1
8.4
1
6.9
11.2
1
12.3
1
4.7
1.9
PCP/APU/CDU
16.1
2
21.7
3
19.0
2
20.0
3
16.4
2
12.6
1
9.8
1
9.5
1
10.1
1
8.6
1
8.6
1
9.2
1
9.0
1
9.6
1
7.6
1
5.4
AD
41.0
6
42.1
6
PRD
23.8
3
7.3
1
1.0
BE
2.0
2.8
6.5
11.8
1
5.8
10.8
1
10.2
1
4.6
PàF
35.8
4
CHEGA
2.0
10.9
1
Total seats
13
12
10
9
Source: Comissão Nacional de Eleições
Archeology
the Aroeira 3 skull of a 400,000 year old Homo Heidelbergensis,The oldest trace of human history in Portugal.
The village of Almonda, within the civil parish of Zibreira, is noted for the Aroeira cave, where the 400,000 year old Aroeira 3 skull of a Homo Heidelbergensis was discovered in 2014. It is the oldest trace of human habitation in Portugal.
See also
Arripiado, a village in the district of Santarém
1909 Benavente earthquake, a deadly seismic event centered in the district
References
^ Phys Org, March 13, 2017, 400,000-year-old fossil human cranium is oldest ever found in Portugal
^ Joan Daura et al.: New Middle Pleistocene hominin cranium from Gruta da Aroeira (Portugal). In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) Online pre-release of 13 March 2017.
^ The primitive man from Portugal, Article from 16 March 2017 des Hamburger Abendblatt, accessed on March 22, 2017
^ Crânio de 400 mil anos é o fóssil humano mais antigo descoberto em Portugal 400,000 year old skull found the oldest human fossil in Portugal, Article from 13. March 2017 he Portuguese newspaper Público, accessed on March 22, 2017
vteMunicipalities of Santarém District
Abrantes
Alcanena
Almeirim
Alpiarça
Benavente
Cartaxo
Chamusca
Constância
Coruche
Entroncamento
Ferreira do Zêzere
Golegã
Mação
Ourém
Rio Maior
Salvaterra de Magos
Santarém
Sardoal
Tomar
Torres Novas
Vila Nova da Barquinha
vteDistricts and Autonomous Regions of PortugalDistricts
Aveiro
Beja
Braga
Bragança
Castelo Branco
Coimbra
Évora
Faro
Guarda
Leiria
Lisboa
Portalegre
Porto
Santarém
Setúbal
Viana do Castelo
Vila Real
Viseu
Autonomous Regions
Azores
Madeira
39°14′N 8°41′W / 39.233°N 8.683°W / 39.233; -8.683
Authority control databases International
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
Israel
United States
Czech Republic
Geographic
MusicBrainz area
Other
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzio_Sforza | Muzio Attendolo Sforza | ["1 Biography","2 Family","3 See also","4 Other","5 References","6 Sources"] | Italian condottiero
Muzio Attendolo Sforza.
Muzio Attendolo Sforza (28 May 1369 – 4 January 1424), was an Italian condottiero. Founder of the Sforza dynasty, he led a Bolognese-Florentine army at the Battle of Casalecchio.
He was the father of Francesco Sforza, who ruled Milan for 16 years.
Biography
Giacomuzzo was born in 1369 in Cotignola (Romagna) to a rich family of rural nobility, son of Giovanni Attendolo (d. 1385/1386) and Elisa. Muzio was the short form of the nickname of Giacomuzzo, which was the name of his paternal grandfather.
According to tradition, young Giacomo was ploughing a field when mercenaries led by Boldrino da Panicale passed nearby in search of recruits. He then stole one of his father's horses and followed the soldiers to follow the same career.
Muzio Attendolo in a 15th-century miniature.
Later, together with his brothers Bosio, Francesco and Bartolo and two cousins, Muzio joined the company of Alberico da Barbiano, who nicknamed him "Sforza" ("Strong"). In 1398 he was at the service of Perugia against the Milanese troops of Gian Galeazzo Visconti, to whom Muzio soon switched his loyalty following the typical behaviour of mercenary chieftains of the time. Later Muzio fought for Florence against Visconti but in 1402, at the battle of Casalecchio, was defeated by his former master Alberico da Barbiano. By 1409, he was in the employ of Niccolò III d'Este of Ferrara, who was being menaced by Ottobono Terzi of Parma.
King Ladislaus of Naples named him Gran Connestabile of his kingdom. Sforza's military qualities were mostly needed against Florence and the Pope. He remained for the rest of his life in the Kingdom of Naples, after the King's death (1414), at the service of queen Joan II. However, he attracted the jealousy of Joan's favourite, Pandolfello Alopo, who had him arrested and imprisoned. However, when Sforza's troops intervened, Alopo freed him and Joan gave him the fiefdoms of Benevento and Manfredonia. On this occasion, Sforza married Caterina Alopo, Pandolfello's sister. A few months later Sforza was again arrested after a quarrel with James of Bourbon. He was freed only in 1416, after James' fall from power, and Joan gave him back the title of Conestabile.
Muzio Attendolo.
In 1417 Sforza was sent by Joan to help the pope against Braccio da Montone, together with his son Francesco. Later he returned briefly to Naples, but here he was opposed by Giovanni (Sergianni) Caracciolo, Joan's new lover. In the following, confused, events that led to the arrival of Louis III of Anjou in Naples in opposition to Alfonso V of Aragon, Sforza helped Joan and Sergianni to flee to Aversa.
In 1423, the city of L'Aquila rebelled against Braccio da Montone and he was sent to support it. In an attempt to save one of his pages during the fording of the Pescara River, Sforza drowned and his body was swept away by the waters.
Family
Sforza had sixteen known children born from five marriages:
In 1409, Sforza married firstly with Antonia (d. 1411), widow of Francesco Casali, Lord of Cortona and daughter of Francesco Salimbeni, Patrician of Siena and Lord of Chiusi, Radicofani, Bagno Vignoni, Carsoli and Sarteano. They had:
Bosio (1410 - 1476), Count of Cotignola (1424), Lord of Castell’Arquato and Sovereign Count of Santa Fiora by virtue of his marriage (1439) with Cecilia Aldobrandeschi, Countess of Santa Fiora and Pitigliano.
On 16 June 1413, Sforza married secondly with Caterina (also named Catella; d. 1418 in childbirth), a sister of Pandolfello Piscopo "Alopo", Grand Chamberlain of the Kingdom of Naples and lover of Queen Joanna II. They had:
Leonardo (1415 - 1438).
Pietro (1417 - 1442), Bishop of Ascoli Piceno since 1438.
Giovanna (born and died 1418).
In 1421, Sforza married thirdly with Maria (d. 1440), daughter of Giacomo da Marzano, 1st Duke of Sessa, and Sovereign Countess of Celano after inheriting from her first husband Nicola de Berardi. They had:
Bartolomeo (1420 - 1435), Count of Celano (1430).
Carlo (15 June 1423 - 12 September 1457), later renamed Gabriele in his ordination, Archbishop of Milan since 1445.
With Tamira di Cagli, Sforza had two children:
Mansueto (ca. 1400 - 1467), Abbot of San Lorenzo of Cremona (1425).
Onestina (1402 - 1422), a Benedictine nun.
With Lucia Terzani de Martini (or Lucia Demartini according to other sources; d. 1461), They had:
Francesco (23 July 1401 - 8 March 1466), Duke of Milan in 1450.
Elisa (1402 - 1476), married in 1417 to Leonello of Sanseverino, Count of Cajazzo
Alberico (1403 - 1423).
Antonia (16 January 1404 - 1471), married firstly in 1417 to Ardizzone da Carrara, Lord of Feltre, and secondly in 1442 to Manfredo da Barbiano.
Leone (May 1406 - September 1440), condottiero; married in 1435 to Marsobilia Trinci di Foligno (d. 1485). No issue.
Giovanni (1407 - December 1451), condottiero; married in 1419 to Lavinia Lavello di Toscanella. No issue.
Gregorio (29 October 1409 - April 1473), changed his name to Alessandro in honour to Pope Alexander V; Lord of Pesaro (1445)
Orsola (1411 - 1460), a Clarisse nun.
Son and grandsons of Muzio Attendolo Sforza
Son:Francesco I SforzaDuke of Milan
Grandson:Galeazzo Maria Sforza5th Duke of Milan
Grandson:Ludovico Sforza7th Duke of Milan
See also
Condottieri
Joan II of Naples
Louis III of Anjou
Micheletto Attendolo
Francesco Sforza
Angelo Tartaglia
Other
The Italian Regia Marina launched a cruiser called Muzio Attendolo in 1935. See also Condottieri class cruiser.
References
^ Flavio 2005, p. 436.
^ Ruggiero 2015, p. 164.
^ Santoro 1992, p. 6.
^ a b Covini 2010, p. 95.
^ a b c d e f g h i Lubkin 1994, p. 18.
Sources
Flavio, Biondo (2005). White, Jeffrey A. (ed.). Italy illuminated. Vol. 1. Harvard University Press.
Ruggiero, Guido (2015). The Renaissance in Italy: A Social and Cultural History of the Rinascimento. Cambridge University Press.
Santoro, Caterina (1992). Gli Sforza: La casata nobiliare che resse il Ducato di Milano dal 1450 al 1535 (in Italian). Casa Editrice Corbaccio.
Covini, Nadia (2010). "Attendolo, Muzio". In Rogers, Clifford J. (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. pp. 95–96.
Lubkin, Gregory (1994). A Renaissance Court: Milan under Galleazzo Maria Sforza. University of California Press.
Paolo Giovio, Vita di Muzio Attendolo
Caterina Santoro, Gli Sforza, 1968
Litta Biumi, Pompeo. Famiglie celebri italiane (in Italian). Milano: Luciano Basadonna Editore.
Claudio Rendina, I Capitani di ventura, 1994
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Spain
Germany
United States
Vatican
People
Italian People
Deutsche Biographie | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Muzio_Attendolo_Sforza.jpg"},{"link_name":"condottiero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condottiero"},{"link_name":"Sforza dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Sforza"},{"link_name":"Battle of Casalecchio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Casalecchio"},{"link_name":"Francesco Sforza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Sforza"},{"link_name":"Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan"}],"text":"Muzio Attendolo Sforza.Muzio Attendolo Sforza (28 May 1369 – 4 January 1424), was an Italian condottiero. 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Muzio was the short form of the nickname of Giacomuzzo, which was the name of his paternal grandfather.According to tradition, young Giacomo was ploughing a field when mercenaries led by Boldrino da Panicale passed nearby in search of recruits. He then stole one of his father's horses and followed the soldiers to follow the same career.Muzio Attendolo in a 15th-century miniature.Later, together with his brothers Bosio, Francesco and Bartolo and two cousins, Muzio joined the company of Alberico da Barbiano, who nicknamed him \"Sforza\" (\"Strong\").[2] In 1398 he was at the service of Perugia against the Milanese troops of Gian Galeazzo Visconti, to whom Muzio soon switched his loyalty following the typical behaviour of mercenary chieftains of the time.[3] Later Muzio fought for Florence against Visconti but in 1402, at the battle of Casalecchio, was defeated by his former master Alberico da Barbiano.[4] By 1409, he was in the employ of Niccolò III d'Este of Ferrara, who was being menaced by Ottobono Terzi of Parma.[4]King Ladislaus of Naples named him Gran Connestabile of his kingdom. Sforza's military qualities were mostly needed against Florence and the Pope. He remained for the rest of his life in the Kingdom of Naples, after the King's death (1414), at the service of queen Joan II. However, he attracted the jealousy of Joan's favourite, Pandolfello Alopo, who had him arrested and imprisoned. However, when Sforza's troops intervened, Alopo freed him and Joan gave him the fiefdoms of Benevento and Manfredonia. On this occasion, Sforza married Caterina Alopo, Pandolfello's sister. A few months later Sforza was again arrested after a quarrel with James of Bourbon. He was freed only in 1416, after James' fall from power, and Joan gave him back the title of Conestabile.Muzio Attendolo.In 1417 Sforza was sent by Joan to help the pope against Braccio da Montone, together with his son Francesco. Later he returned briefly to Naples, but here he was opposed by Giovanni (Sergianni) Caracciolo, Joan's new lover. In the following, confused, events that led to the arrival of Louis III of Anjou in Naples in opposition to Alfonso V of Aragon, Sforza helped Joan and Sergianni to flee to Aversa.In 1423, the city of L'Aquila rebelled against Braccio da Montone and he was sent to support it. In an attempt to save one of his pages during the fording of the Pescara River, Sforza drowned and his body was swept away by the waters.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELubkin199418-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELubkin199418-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELubkin199418-5"},{"link_name":"Queen Joanna II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanna_II_of_Naples"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELubkin199418-5"},{"link_name":"Carlo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriele_Sforza"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELubkin199418-5"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Milan"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELubkin199418-5"},{"link_name":"Francesco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_I_Sforza"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELubkin199418-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELubkin199418-5"},{"link_name":"Gregorio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Sforza"},{"link_name":"Pope Alexander V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Alexander_V"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELubkin199418-5"}],"text":"Sforza had sixteen known children born from five marriages:In 1409, Sforza married firstly with Antonia (d. 1411),[5] widow of Francesco Casali, Lord of Cortona and daughter of Francesco Salimbeni, Patrician of Siena and Lord of Chiusi, Radicofani, Bagno Vignoni, Carsoli and Sarteano. They had:Bosio (1410 - 1476), Count of Cotignola (1424), Lord of Castell’Arquato and Sovereign Count of Santa Fiora by virtue of his marriage (1439) with Cecilia Aldobrandeschi, Countess of Santa Fiora and Pitigliano.[5]On 16 June 1413, Sforza married secondly with Caterina (also named Catella; d. 1418 in childbirth),[5] a sister of Pandolfello Piscopo \"Alopo\", Grand Chamberlain of the Kingdom of Naples and lover of Queen Joanna II. They had:Leonardo (1415 - 1438).\nPietro (1417 - 1442), Bishop of Ascoli Piceno since 1438.\nGiovanna (born and died 1418).In 1421, Sforza married thirdly with Maria (d. 1440),[5] daughter of Giacomo da Marzano, 1st Duke of Sessa, and Sovereign Countess of Celano after inheriting from her first husband Nicola de Berardi. They had:Bartolomeo (1420 - 1435), Count of Celano (1430).\nCarlo (15 June 1423 - 12 September 1457),[5] later renamed Gabriele in his ordination, Archbishop of Milan since 1445.With Tamira di Cagli, Sforza had two children:Mansueto (ca. 1400 - 1467), Abbot of San Lorenzo of Cremona (1425).\nOnestina (1402 - 1422), a Benedictine nun.With Lucia Terzani de Martini (or Lucia Demartini according to other sources; d. 1461),[5] They had:Francesco (23 July 1401 - 8 March 1466),[5] Duke of Milan in 1450.\nElisa (1402 - 1476), married in 1417 to Leonello of Sanseverino, Count of Cajazzo[5]\nAlberico (1403 - 1423).\nAntonia (16 January 1404 - 1471), married firstly in 1417 to Ardizzone da Carrara, Lord of Feltre, and secondly in 1442 to Manfredo da Barbiano.\nLeone (May 1406 - September 1440), condottiero; married in 1435 to Marsobilia Trinci di Foligno (d. 1485). No issue.\nGiovanni (1407 - December 1451), condottiero; married in 1419 to Lavinia Lavello di Toscanella. No issue.\nGregorio (29 October 1409 - April 1473), changed his name to Alessandro in honour to Pope Alexander V; Lord of Pesaro (1445)[5]\nOrsola (1411 - 1460), a Clarisse nun.","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Regia Marina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regia_Marina"},{"link_name":"Muzio Attendolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_cruiser_Muzio_Attendolo"},{"link_name":"Condottieri class cruiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condottieri_class_cruiser"}],"text":"The Italian Regia Marina launched a cruiser called Muzio Attendolo in 1935. See also Condottieri class cruiser.","title":"Other"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Litta Biumi, Pompeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompeo_Litta_Biumi"},{"link_name":"Famiglie celebri italiane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//gallica.bnf.fr/services/engine/search/sru?operation=searchRetrieve&version=1.2&collapsing=disabled&rk=21459;2&query=dc.relation%20all%20%22cb41249636m%22"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932356#identifiers"},{"link_name":"FAST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//id.worldcat.org/fast/231066/"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000083446059"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/72191099"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJr83yg8mcJryvyxxgVt8C"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1307964"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/118828630"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n88036933"},{"link_name":"Vatican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/29303"},{"link_name":"Italian People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/attendolo-muzio-detto-sforza_(Dizionario-Biografico)"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Biographie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118828630.html?language=en"}],"text":"Flavio, Biondo (2005). White, Jeffrey A. (ed.). Italy illuminated. Vol. 1. Harvard University Press.\nRuggiero, Guido (2015). The Renaissance in Italy: A Social and Cultural History of the Rinascimento. Cambridge University Press.\nSantoro, Caterina (1992). Gli Sforza: La casata nobiliare che resse il Ducato di Milano dal 1450 al 1535 (in Italian). Casa Editrice Corbaccio.\nCovini, Nadia (2010). \"Attendolo, Muzio\". In Rogers, Clifford J. (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. pp. 95–96.\nLubkin, Gregory (1994). A Renaissance Court: Milan under Galleazzo Maria Sforza. University of California Press.\nPaolo Giovio, Vita di Muzio Attendolo\nCaterina Santoro, Gli Sforza, 1968\nLitta Biumi, Pompeo. Famiglie celebri italiane (in Italian). Milano: Luciano Basadonna Editore.\nClaudio Rendina, I Capitani di ventura, 1994Authority control databases International\nFAST\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nSpain\nGermany\nUnited States\nVatican\nPeople\nItalian People\nDeutsche Biographie","title":"Sources"}] | [{"image_text":"Muzio Attendolo Sforza.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Muzio_Attendolo_Sforza.jpg/250px-Muzio_Attendolo_Sforza.jpg"},{"image_text":"Muzio Attendolo in a 15th-century miniature.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Muzio_Attendolo_Sforza_%281369-1424%29.jpg/220px-Muzio_Attendolo_Sforza_%281369-1424%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Muzio Attendolo.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Muzio_Attendoli_Sforza.jpg/220px-Muzio_Attendoli_Sforza.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Francesco_Sforza.jpg/70px-Francesco_Sforza.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Piero_Pollaiuolo_Portrait_of_Galeazzo_Maria_Sforza.jpg/70px-Piero_Pollaiuolo_Portrait_of_Galeazzo_Maria_Sforza.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Ludovico_Sforza_by_G.A._de_Predis_%28Donatus_Grammatica%29.jpg/70px-Ludovico_Sforza_by_G.A._de_Predis_%28Donatus_Grammatica%29.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Condottieri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condottieri"},{"title":"Joan II of Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_II_of_Naples"},{"title":"Louis III of Anjou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_III_of_Anjou"},{"title":"Micheletto Attendolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micheletto_Attendolo"},{"title":"Francesco Sforza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Sforza"},{"title":"Angelo Tartaglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelo_Tartaglia"}] | [{"reference":"Flavio, Biondo (2005). White, Jeffrey A. (ed.). Italy illuminated. Vol. 1. Harvard University Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Ruggiero, Guido (2015). The Renaissance in Italy: A Social and Cultural History of the Rinascimento. Cambridge University Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Santoro, Caterina (1992). Gli Sforza: La casata nobiliare che resse il Ducato di Milano dal 1450 al 1535 (in Italian). Casa Editrice Corbaccio.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Covini, Nadia (2010). \"Attendolo, Muzio\". In Rogers, Clifford J. (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. pp. 95–96.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Lubkin, Gregory (1994). A Renaissance Court: Milan under Galleazzo Maria Sforza. University of California Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Litta Biumi, Pompeo. Famiglie celebri italiane (in Italian). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Erickson_(historian) | John Erickson (historian) | ["1 Education and career","2 Edinburgh Conversations","2.1 Origin","2.2 Impact","3 Publications","4 References","5 External links"] | British historian (1929–2002)
John EricksonBorn17 April 1929South Shields, EnglandDied10 February 2002 (2002-02-11) (aged 72)Edinburgh, ScotlandAcademic workMain interestsmilitary historian (History of warfare, World War II, Soviet Union in World War IINotable worksThe Road to Stalingrad and The Road to Berlin
John Erickson, FRSE, FBA, FRSA (17 April 1929 – 10 February 2002) was a British historian and defence expert who wrote extensively on the Second World War. His two best-known books – The Road to Stalingrad and The Road to Berlin – dealt with the Soviet response to the German invasion of the Soviet Union, covering the period from 1941 to 1945. He was respected for his knowledge of the Soviet Union during the Cold War. His Russian language skills and knowledge gained him respect.
Education and career
John Erickson was born on 17 April 1929 in the town of South Shields (then part of County Durham), England. He was educated at South Shields High School for Boys and St John's College, Cambridge, where he graduated MA Hons.
He became a research fellow of St Antony's College, Oxford, from 1956 until 1958, during which he met his future wife Ljubica Petrovic, a young Yugoslavian attending Oxford to read English. At the culmination of their courtship, they sought the permission of the Yugoslav cultural attache before their wedding in 1957.
Professor Erickson then taught at the universities of St Andrews in 1958, Manchester in 1962 and then Indiana in 1964 before becoming a reader in higher defence studies at the University of Edinburgh in 1967. In 1969 he became Professor of Defence Studies, a position he held until 1988, where he founded and was the head of the Centre for Defence Studies. From 1988 to 1996 he was the director of the Centre for Defence Studies.
Erickson wrote of his research for his two-volume history of Stalin's war with Germany that he was surprised with the extent of personal archives (lichnye arkhivy) held by former Red Army soldiers of many ranks, and:
" .. that there is no substitute for having the late Marshal Koniev – spectacles perched on nose – read from his own personal notebook, detailing operational orders, his own personal instructions to select commanders and his tally of Soviet casualties. And while on the subject of casualties, Marshal Koniev made it plain that, though such figurers did exist, he was not prepared on his own authority to allow certain figures to be released for publication while a number of commanders were still alive. As for such figures as were published, I was assured by expert and thoroughly professional Soviet military historians that these were reliable, which is to say that they were the product of intensive and painstaking research . The comment on them or the implications of the figures were presumably a different matter. It was all the more useful, therefore, to have the opportunity to discuss these findings with Soviet military historians, on the basis of their work with formal and informal sources."
Edinburgh Conversations
The Edinburgh Conversations were a series of meetings that took place between 1983 and 1989 between prominent political & military leaders in Western countries and their Soviet counterparts. The purpose of the meetings were to allow face-to-face dialogue to take place in a neutral setting. The first Soviet delegation included the editor of Pravda and two army generals.
Origin
The UK formally suspended diplomatic contact with the Soviet Union after the 1979 invasion of Afghanistan. Erickson sought to maintain a forum of discussion between the West and the Soviet Union. The setting alternated between Edinburgh and Moscow. Although both sides approached the initial meeting with suspicion, the knowledge of Erickson and his insistence upon "academic rules" contributed to their ongoing success.
Impact
In recognition of Erickson's achievement, Sir Michael Eliot Howard declared that ‘Nobody deserves more credit for the ultimate dissolution of the misunderstandings that brought the Cold War to an end and enabled the peoples of Russia and their western neighbours to live in peace.’
Publications
The Soviet High Command 1918-1941: A Military-Political History 1918-1941, St Martin's Press (Macmillan), London, 1962
Panslavism, Routledge & Kegan Paul, for The Historical Association, London, 1964
The Military-Technical Revolution, Praeger, New York, 1966 (Revised and updated papers from a symposium held at the Institute for the Study of the USSR, Munich, Oct. 1964)
Soviet Military Power, Royal United Services Institute, London, 1976
Soviet Military Power and Performance, Palgrave Macmillan Press, London, 1979 ISBN 0-333-22081-1
The Road to Stalingrad, Stalin's War with Germany, Volume 1, Harper & Row, Publishers, New York 1975 ISBN 0-06-011141-0
The Road to Stalingrad, Stalin's War with Germany, Volume 1, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London 1975, 1983
The Road to Berlin. Stalin's War with Germany, Volume 2, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London 1983
The Soviet Ground Forces: An Operational Assessment, Westview Printing, 1986 (ISBN 0-89158-796-9)
Deep Battle: The Brainchild of Marshal Tukhachevski, by Richard Simpkin in association with John Erickson, Brasseys's, 1987
The Russian Front, a four-part narrated televised series, Cromwell Films, 1998 (1. Barbarossa Hitler Turns East, 2. The Road to Stalingrad, 3. Stalingrad to Kursk and 4. The Battles for Berlin)
Barbarossa: The Axis and the Allies, Erickson, John and Dilks, David, eds, Edinburgh University Press, 1994 (contributors include Dmitri Volkogonov, Harry Hinsley, Klaus-Jürgen Müller , Klaus Reinhardt)
The Eastern Front in Photographs: From Barbarossa to Stalingrad and Berlin, Carlton Publishing, 2001
References
^ Dalyell, Tam (12 February 2002). "Professor John Erickson- Obituary". The Independent. Archived from the original on 11 June 2008. Retrieved 15 May 2008.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
^ a b c Bellamy, Christopher (12 February 2002). "Obituary: Professor John Erickson". The Guardian. Retrieved 15 January 2019.
^ a b c d e "Obituary: Professor John Erickson". The Telegraph. 12 February 2002. Retrieved 15 January 2019.
^ "ERICKSON, Prof. John". Who's Who & Who Was Who. Vol. 2018 (online ed.). A & C Black. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
^ a b Mackintosh, Malcolm (2005). "John Erickson, 1929-2002". Proceedings of the British Academy. 124.
^ Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002 (PDF). The Royal Society of Edinburgh. July 2006. ISBN 0-902-198-84-X. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 January 2013. Retrieved 18 April 2016.
^ Erickson, John (2003) . The Road to Stalingrad: Stalin's War with Germany Volume One. London: Cassell. p. 474. ISBN 0-304-36541-6.
^ "Professor John Erickson: Life and Work". Edinburgh University. Retrieved 29 May 2018.
^ East~West Talks (PDF). Edinburgh: STUDENT- Edinburgh University Student Newspaper. 3 October 1984. Retrieved 5 June 2018.
^ "Obituary: Professor John Erickson". The Scotsman. Retrieved 15 January 2019.
^ Dalyell, Tam (2012). The Importance of Being Awkward. Edinburgh: Berlinn Ltd.
External links
Erickson, John, 1929–2002 at Library of Congress, with 35 library catalog records (under 'Erickson, John, 1929–' without '2002')
John Erickson at IMDb
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
Belgium
United States
Sweden
Czech Republic
Netherlands
Poland
People
Deutsche Biographie
Other
SNAC
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FRSE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FRSE"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"German invasion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Cold War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-2"},{"link_name":"Russian language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tob-3"}],"text":"John Erickson, FRSE, FBA, FRSA (17 April 1929 – 10 February 2002)[1] was a British historian and defence expert who wrote extensively on the Second World War. His two best-known books – The Road to Stalingrad and The Road to Berlin – dealt with the Soviet response to the German invasion of the Soviet Union, covering the period from 1941 to 1945. He was respected for his knowledge of the Soviet Union during the Cold War.[2] His Russian language skills and knowledge gained him respect.[3]","title":"John Erickson (historian)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South Shields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Shields"},{"link_name":"South Shields High School for Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harton_Academy"},{"link_name":"St John's College, Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_John%27s_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"St Antony's College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Antony%27s_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tob-3"},{"link_name":"University of Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-POBA-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tob-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Koniev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Koniev"}],"text":"John Erickson was born on 17 April 1929 in the town of South Shields (then part of County Durham), England. He was educated at South Shields High School for Boys and St John's College, Cambridge, where he graduated MA Hons.[4]He became a research fellow of St Antony's College, Oxford, from 1956 until 1958, during which he met his future wife Ljubica Petrovic, a young Yugoslavian attending Oxford to read English. At the culmination of their courtship, they sought the permission of the Yugoslav cultural attache before their wedding in 1957.[2][3]Professor Erickson then taught at the universities of St Andrews in 1958, Manchester in 1962 and then Indiana in 1964 before becoming a reader in higher defence studies at the University of Edinburgh in 1967. In 1969 he became Professor of Defence Studies, a position he held until 1988, where he founded and was the head of the Centre for Defence Studies.[5][3] From 1988 to 1996 he was the director of the Centre for Defence Studies.[6]Erickson wrote of his research for his two-volume history of Stalin's war with Germany that he was surprised with the extent of personal archives (lichnye arkhivy) held by former Red Army soldiers of many ranks, and:[7]\" .. that there is no substitute for having the late Marshal Koniev – spectacles perched on nose – read from his own personal notebook, detailing operational orders, his own personal instructions to select commanders and his tally of Soviet casualties. And while on the subject of casualties, Marshal Koniev made it plain that, though such figurers did exist, he was not prepared on his own authority to allow certain figures to be released for publication while a number of commanders were still alive. As for such figures as were published, I was assured by expert and thoroughly professional Soviet military historians that these were reliable, which is to say that they were the product of intensive and painstaking research . The comment on them or the implications of the figures were presumably a different matter. It was all the more useful, therefore, to have the opportunity to discuss these findings with Soviet military historians, on the basis of their work with formal and informal sources.\"","title":"Education and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Pravda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pravda"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tob-3"}],"text":"The Edinburgh Conversations were a series of meetings that took place between 1983 and 1989[8][9] between prominent political & military leaders in Western countries and their Soviet counterparts. The purpose of the meetings were to allow face-to-face dialogue to take place in a neutral setting. The first Soviet delegation included the editor of Pravda and two army generals.[3]","title":"Edinburgh Conversations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1979 invasion of Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_invasion_of_Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-2"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scotsman-10"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tob-3"}],"sub_title":"Origin","text":"The UK formally suspended diplomatic contact with the Soviet Union after the 1979 invasion of Afghanistan. Erickson sought to maintain a forum of discussion between the West and the Soviet Union.[2] The setting alternated between Edinburgh and Moscow. Although both sides approached the initial meeting with suspicion, the knowledge of Erickson and his insistence upon \"academic rules\" contributed to their ongoing success.[10][3]","title":"Edinburgh Conversations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michael Eliot Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Eliot_Howard"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-POBA-5"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Impact","text":"In recognition of Erickson's achievement, Sir Michael Eliot Howard declared that ‘Nobody deserves more credit for the ultimate dissolution of the misunderstandings that brought the Cold War to an end and enabled the peoples of Russia and their western neighbours to live in peace.’[5][11]","title":"Edinburgh Conversations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal United Services Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_United_Services_Institute"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-333-22081-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-22081-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-06-011141-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-011141-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-89158-796-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89158-796-9"},{"link_name":"Richard Simpkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Simpkin"},{"link_name":"Russian Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)"},{"link_name":"Barbarossa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa"},{"link_name":"Axis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_powers"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_University"},{"link_name":"Klaus-Jürgen Müller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Klaus-J%C3%BCrgen_M%C3%BCller_(historian)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus-J%C3%BCrgen_M%C3%BCller"}],"text":"The Soviet High Command 1918-1941: A Military-Political History 1918-1941, St Martin's Press (Macmillan), London, 1962\nPanslavism, Routledge & Kegan Paul, for The Historical Association, London, 1964\nThe Military-Technical Revolution, Praeger, New York, 1966 (Revised and updated papers from a symposium held at the Institute for the Study of the USSR, Munich, Oct. 1964)\nSoviet Military Power, Royal United Services Institute, London, 1976\nSoviet Military Power and Performance, Palgrave Macmillan Press, London, 1979 ISBN 0-333-22081-1\nThe Road to Stalingrad, Stalin's War with Germany, Volume 1, Harper & Row, Publishers, New York 1975 ISBN 0-06-011141-0\nThe Road to Stalingrad, Stalin's War with Germany, Volume 1, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London 1975, 1983\nThe Road to Berlin. Stalin's War with Germany, Volume 2, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London 1983\nThe Soviet Ground Forces: An Operational Assessment, Westview Printing, 1986 (ISBN 0-89158-796-9)\nDeep Battle: The Brainchild of Marshal Tukhachevski, by Richard Simpkin in association with John Erickson, Brasseys's, 1987\nThe Russian Front, a four-part narrated televised series, Cromwell Films, 1998 (1. Barbarossa Hitler Turns East, 2. The Road to Stalingrad, 3. Stalingrad to Kursk and 4. The Battles for Berlin)\nBarbarossa: The Axis and the Allies, Erickson, John and Dilks, David, eds, Edinburgh University Press, 1994 (contributors include Dmitri Volkogonov, Harry Hinsley, Klaus-Jürgen Müller [de], Klaus Reinhardt)\nThe Eastern Front in Photographs: From Barbarossa to Stalingrad and Berlin, Carlton Publishing, 2001","title":"Publications"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Dalyell, Tam (12 February 2002). \"Professor John Erickson- Obituary\". The Independent. Archived from the original on 11 June 2008. Retrieved 15 May 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080611092508/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/professor-john-erickson-729741.html","url_text":"\"Professor John Erickson- Obituary\""}]},{"reference":"Bellamy, Christopher (12 February 2002). \"Obituary: Professor John Erickson\". The Guardian. Retrieved 15 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/news/2002/feb/12/guardianobituaries.humanities","url_text":"\"Obituary: Professor John Erickson\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"\"Obituary: Professor John Erickson\". The Telegraph. 12 February 2002. Retrieved 15 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1384537/Professor-John-Erickson.html","url_text":"\"Obituary: Professor John Erickson\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph","url_text":"The Telegraph"}]},{"reference":"\"ERICKSON, Prof. John\". Who's Who & Who Was Who. Vol. 2018 (online ed.). A & C Black.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whoswho/U15048","url_text":"\"ERICKSON, Prof. John\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Was_Who","url_text":"Who's Who & Who Was Who"}]},{"reference":"Mackintosh, Malcolm (2005). \"John Erickson, 1929-2002\". Proceedings of the British Academy. 124.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_British_Academy","url_text":"Proceedings of the British Academy"}]},{"reference":"Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002 (PDF). The Royal Society of Edinburgh. July 2006. ISBN 0-902-198-84-X. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 January 2013. Retrieved 18 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130124115814/http://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp1.pdf","url_text":"Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Royal_Society_of_Edinburgh","url_text":"The Royal Society of Edinburgh"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-902-198-84-X","url_text":"0-902-198-84-X"},{"url":"https://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp1.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Erickson, John (2003) [1975]. The Road to Stalingrad: Stalin's War with Germany Volume One. London: Cassell. p. 474. ISBN 0-304-36541-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-36541-6","url_text":"0-304-36541-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Professor John Erickson: Life and Work\". Edinburgh University. Retrieved 29 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ed.ac.uk/files/imports/fileManager/John%20Erickson%20coversheet2013.doc","url_text":"\"Professor John Erickson: Life and Work\""}]},{"reference":"East~West Talks (PDF). Edinburgh: STUDENT- Edinburgh University Student Newspaper. 3 October 1984. Retrieved 5 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ed.ac.uk/files/atoms/files/the_student_3_oct_84_p1-4.pdf","url_text":"East~West Talks"}]},{"reference":"\"Obituary: Professor John Erickson\". The Scotsman. Retrieved 15 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scotsman.com/news/obituaries/professor-john-erickson-1-597039","url_text":"\"Obituary: Professor John Erickson\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Scotsman","url_text":"The Scotsman"}]},{"reference":"Dalyell, Tam (2012). The Importance of Being Awkward. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_TV_(Indian_Channel) | Real (TV channel) | ["1 Overview","2 Shutdown","3 Programmes","3.1 Drama","3.2 Reality","4 References"] | This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Real" TV channel – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Television channel
RealRealCountryIndiaBroadcast areaIndiaHeadquartersMumbai, Maharashtra, IndiaOwnershipOwnerTurner International India
(now known as Warner Bros. Discovery)HistoryLaunchedMarch 2, 2009; 15 years ago (2009-03-02)ClosedMarch 2010; 14 years ago (2010-03)
Real was a Hindi entertainment channel launched by Turner International India in a 50:50 joint venture with Alva Brothers Entertainment on 2 March 2009 based in Mumbai, Maharashtra.
Overview
This is the first Hindi entertainment channel launched by Turner Broadcasting System. The channel has been followed by an English general entertainment channel WB from the Turner stable.
The New REAL TV Studios launched on 1-21-2021, the website can be found at: https://realtvstudios.com/ Gary Axion is the new producer. New show content is to be shown on the Travel Channel in mid 2021 at: https://www.travelchannel.com/
Shutdown
The channel ceased all its operations in March 2010 due to low GRPs and minimum viewership. Also, the channel lacked sponsors and new shows since September 2009 and aired re-runs of its former shows.
Programmes
Drama
Hindi Hai Hum
Namak Haraam
Ninja Pandav
Vicky Ki Taxi
Reality
Sarkaar Ki Duniya
Sitaron Ko Choona Hai
PokerFace: Dil Sachcha Chehra Jhootha
References
^ "Real reviews biz plan, downsizes ops". ITV Team. Indian Television.com. 7 September 2009. Archived from the original on 11 September 2009. Retrieved 16 December 2015.
^ "Turner shuts down Imagine TV". Rediff team. Rediff. 13 April 2012. Retrieved 16 December 2015.
^ Turner And Warner Bros. Entertainment To Entertain India With The Launch Of A New Channel: WB. Warner Bros. 4 March 2009.
^ Sangeeta, Talwar (16 February 2010). "What keeps 9X and Real up and running?". afaqs. Retrieved 17 December 2015.
^ Turner launches Hindi GEC via local JV Real shutters within a year. Television post. 2 September 2013.
^ Imagine TV to shut down as viewership declines. Livemint. Shuchi Bansal. April 2012.
^ Second Time Unlucky. The Hoot. 19 April 2012.
^ Imagine is not Real: Steve Marcopoto, Turner Broadcasting. Exchange4Media. Noor Fathima Warsia. Monday, May 9, 2011
vteWarner Bros. Discovery NetworksBroadcasting and FAST Streaming Group
The CW (12.5%)
The CW Plus
Free TV Networks (33.3%)
MeTV Toons (50%)
The Cartoon Network, Inc.
Boomerang
Cartoon Network
Adult Swim
Toonami
Cartoonito
Discovery Family (60%)
Discovery Familia
Entertainment Group
TBS
TNT
Turner Classic Movies
TruTV
Oprah Winfrey Network (95%)
Lifestyle & Factual Group
Discovery Channel
Discovery en Español
American Heroes Channel
Animal Planet
Destination America
Discovery Life
Food Network (69%)
Cooking Channel (69%)
HGTV
Hogar de HGTV
Investigation Discovery
Science Channel
Travel Channel
TLC
Defunct andformer venturesTimeWarner/WarnerMedia
BET
C4
Comedy Central
Festival
Four
HBO Defined
HBO en Español
HBO Hits
HBO Netherlands
HBO Now
HBO PPV/TVKO
Take 2
HBO Home Entertainment
ThreeLife
TriStar Pictures
Turner South
Discovery, Inc.
3net
Canal 8 Sport
Discovery Civilization
Discovery Family (France)
Discovery Geschichte
Discovery Health Channel
Discovery People
Discovery Shed
Discovery Travel & Living (brand)
Eurosport News
FitTV
Food Network NZ
GXT
Oh!K
Quest Arabiya
Setanta Sports Asia
Vivolta (20%) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Turner International India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turner_International_India"},{"link_name":"Mumbai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai"},{"link_name":"Maharashtra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtra"}],"text":"Television channelReal was a Hindi entertainment channel launched by Turner International India in a 50:50 joint venture with Alva Brothers Entertainment on 2 March 2009 based in Mumbai, Maharashtra.","title":"Real (TV channel)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Turner Broadcasting System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turner_Broadcasting_System"},{"link_name":"WB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WB_Channel"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"https://realtvstudios.com/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//realtvstudios.com/"},{"link_name":"https://www.travelchannel.com/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.travelchannel.com/"}],"text":"This is the first Hindi entertainment channel launched by Turner Broadcasting System. The channel has been followed by an English general entertainment channel WB from the Turner stable.[3]\nThe New REAL TV Studios launched on 1-21-2021, the website can be found at: https://realtvstudios.com/ Gary Axion is the new producer. New show content is to be shown on the Travel Channel in mid 2021 at: https://www.travelchannel.com/","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"GRPs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_rating_point"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The channel ceased all its operations in March 2010 due to low GRPs and minimum viewership. Also, the channel lacked sponsors and new shows since September 2009 and aired re-runs of its former shows.[4][5][6][7][8]","title":"Shutdown"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Programmes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hindi Hai Hum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi_Hai_Hum"},{"link_name":"Ninja Pandav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninja_Pandav"},{"link_name":"Vicky Ki Taxi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicky_Ki_Taxi"}],"sub_title":"Drama","text":"Hindi Hai Hum\nNamak Haraam\nNinja Pandav\nVicky Ki Taxi","title":"Programmes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sarkaar Ki Duniya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarkaar_Ki_Duniya"},{"link_name":"Sitaron Ko Choona Hai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitaron_Ko_Choona_Hai"},{"link_name":"PokerFace: Dil Sachcha Chehra Jhootha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PokerFace:_Dil_Sachcha_Chehra_Jhootha"}],"sub_title":"Reality","text":"Sarkaar Ki Duniya\nSitaron Ko Choona Hai\nPokerFace: Dil Sachcha Chehra Jhootha","title":"Programmes"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Real reviews biz plan, downsizes ops\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Six-red_World_Championship | 2018 Six-red World Championship | ["1 Prize money","2 Round-robin stage","2.1 Group A","2.2 Group B","2.3 Group C","2.4 Group D","2.5 Group E","2.6 Group F","2.7 Group G","2.8 Group H","3 Knockout stage","4 Final","5 Maximum breaks","6 References","7 External links"] | Six-red World ChampionshipTournament informationDates3–8 September 2018 (2018-09-03 – 2018-09-08)VenueBangkok Convention CenterCityBangkokCountryThailandOrganisationWPBSATotal prize fund10,000,000 bahtWinner's share3,500,000 bahtHighest break Stuart Bingham (75) Ding Junhui (75)(Note: A maximum break in six-red snooker is 75)FinalChampion Kyren WilsonRunner-up Ding JunhuiScore8–4← 2017 2019 → Snooker tournament
The 2018 SangSom Six-red World Championship was a six-red snooker invitational tournament held between 3 and 8 September 2018 at the Bangkok Convention Center in Bangkok, Thailand.
Mark Williams was the defending champion, but he lost in the last 16 to amateur player Mohammed Shehab.
The event was won by Kyren Wilson, defeating Ding Junhui 8–4 in the final.
Prize money
The breakdown of prize money is shown below:
Winner: 3,500,000 baht
Runner-up: 1,300,000 baht
Semi-finalists: 750,000 baht
Quarter-finalists: 375,000 baht
Last 16: 150,000 baht
Third in Group: 75,000 baht
Fourth in Group: 50,000 baht
Total: 10,000,000 baht
Round-robin stage
Group matches were played from 3–5 September. The top two players from each group qualified for the knock-out stage. All matches were the best of 9 frames.
Positions within the group were decided by the number of matches won (MW) and then, in the event of a tie, by the frame difference (FD). Where two players were still tied, the result of the match between them determined their positions. Where three players were still tied, the top position was determined by a draw and the other two positions by the result of the match between those two players.
Group A
POS
Player
MP
MW
ML
FW
FL
FD
1
Mark Williams
3
3
0
15
7
+8
2
Tom Ford
3
2
1
14
10
+4
3
Ricky Walden
3
1
2
11
14
−3
4
Thepchaiya Un-Nooh
3
0
3
6
15
−9
Mark Williams 5–1 Thepchaiya Un-Nooh
Tom Ford 5–4 Ricky Walden
Thepchaiya Un-Nooh 4–5 Ricky Walden
Mark Williams 5–4 Tom Ford
Mark Williams 5–2 Ricky Walden
Thepchaiya Un-Nooh 1–5 Tom Ford
Group B
POS
Player
MP
MW
ML
FW
FL
FD
1
Stephen Maguire
3
3
0
15
6
+9
2
Ryan Day
3
2
1
13
8
+5
3
Luo Honghao
3
1
2
9
11
−2
4
Nutcharut Wongharuthai
3
0
3
3
15
−12
Ryan Day 5–1 Nutcharut Wongharuthai
Luo Honghao 2–5 Stephen Maguire
Nutcharut Wongharuthai 1–5 Stephen Maguire
Ryan Day 5–2 Luo Honghao
Nutcharut Wongharuthai 1–5 Luo Honghao
Ryan Day 3–5 Stephen Maguire
Group C
POS
Player
MP
MW
ML
FW
FL
FD
1
Stuart Bingham
3
3
0
15
6
+9
2
James Wattana
3
2
1
13
10
+3
3
Mark King
3
1
2
10
10
0
4
Shachar Ruberg
3
0
3
3
15
−12
Stuart Bingham 5–3 James Wattana
Shachar Ruberg 0–5 Mark King
James Wattana 5–3 Mark King
Stuart Bingham 5–1 Shachar Ruberg
Stuart Bingham 5–2 Mark King
James Wattana 5–2 Shachar Ruberg
Group D
POS
Player
MP
MW
ML
FW
FL
FD
1
Kyren Wilson
3
3
0
15
5
+10
2
Graeme Dott
3
2
1
11
6
+5
3
Marvin Lim Chun Kiat
3
1
2
6
10
−4
4
Michael White
3
0
3
4
15
−11
Michael White 0–5 Graeme Dott
Kyren Wilson 5–0 Marvin Lim Chun Kiat
Kyren Wilson 5–4 Michael White
Marvin Lim Chun Kiat 1–5 Graeme Dott
Kyren Wilson 5–1 Graeme Dott
Michael White 0–5 Marvin Lim Chun Kiat
Group E
POS
Player
MP
MW
ML
FW
FL
FD
1
Ding Junhui
3
3
0
15
10
+5
2
Sunny Akani
3
2
1
14
10
+4
3
Jimmy Robertson
3
1
2
12
11
+1
4
Mohamed Khairy
3
0
3
5
15
−10
Sunny Akani 5–4 Jimmy Robertson
Ding Junhui 5–3 Mohamed Khairy
Ding Junhui 5–4 Sunny Akani
Mohamed Khairy 1–5 Jimmy Robertson
Ding Junhui 5–3 Jimmy Robertson
Sunny Akani 5–1 Mohamed Khairy
Group F
POS
Player
MP
MW
ML
FW
FL
FD
1
Zhou Yuelong
3
2
1
13
11
+2
2
Anthony McGill
3
2
1
13
12
+1
3
Joe Perry
3
1
2
12
13
−1
4
Michael Holt
3
1
2
11
13
−2
Michael Holt 5–3 Joe Perry
Anthony McGill 5–3 Zhou Yuelong
Anthony McGill 5–4 Michael Holt
Zhou Yuelong 5–4 Joe Perry
Anthony McGill 3–5 Joe Perry
Michael Holt 2–5 Zhou Yuelong
Group G
POS
Player
MP
MW
ML
FW
FL
FD
1
Luca Brecel
3
2
1
14
8
+6
2
Marco Fu
3
2
1
14
12
+2
3
Noppon Saengkham
3
2
1
11
11
0
4
Kurt Dunham
3
0
3
7
15
−8
Noppon Saengkham 5–4 Marco Fu
Luca Brecel 5–2 Kurt Dunham
Luca Brecel 4–5 Marco Fu
Noppon Saengkham 5–2 Kurt Dunham
Luca Brecel 5–1 Noppon Saengkham
Kurt Dunham 3–5 Marco Fu
Group H
POS
Player
MP
MW
ML
FW
FL
FD
1
Mark Selby
3
3
0
15
7
+8
2
Mohammed Shehab
3
2
1
14
13
+1
3
David Gilbert
3
1
2
10
13
−3
4
Thanawat Tirapongpaiboon
3
0
3
9
15
−6
Thanawat Tirapongpaiboon 3–5 David Gilbert
Mark Selby 5–4 Mohammed Shehab
Mark Selby 5–1 David Gilbert
Thanawat Tirapongpaiboon 4–5 Mohammed Shehab
Mark Selby 5–2 Thanawat Tirapongpaiboon
Mohammed Shehab 5–4 David Gilbert
Source:
Knockout stage
The last 16 matches and quarter-finals were played on 6 September, the semi-finals on 7 September and the final on 8 September.
Last 16Best of 11 framesQuarter-finalsBest of 11 framesSemi-finalsBest of 13 framesFinalBest of 15 frames Mark Williams3 Mohammed Shehab6
Mohammed Shehab5 Sunny Akani6
Stephen Maguire5 Sunny Akani6
Sunny Akani 5 Kyren Wilson7
Stuart Bingham6 Marco Fu2
Stuart Bingham4 Kyren Wilson6
Kyren Wilson6 Anthony McGill3
Kyren Wilson8 Ding Junhui4
Ding Junhui6 Graeme Dott3
Ding Junhui6 James Wattana2
Zhou Yuelong5 James Wattana6
Ding Junhui7 Luca Brecel6
Luca Brecel6 Ryan Day3
Luca Brecel6 Tom Ford3
Mark Selby5 Tom Ford6
Final
Final: Best of 15 frames. Referee: Peggy Li Bangkok Convention Center, Bangkok, Thailand, 8 September 2018.
Kyren Wilson England
8–4
Ding Junhui China
35–18, 23–39, 1–35, 37–25, 39–0, 55–6 (55), 67–0 (67), 32–17, 24–30, 0–57, 40–0, 45–5
67
Highest break
31
2
50+ breaks
0
Maximum breaks
(Note: A maximum break in 6-red is 75)
Stuart Bingham
Ding Junhui
References
^ "Six Red World Championship - World Snooker". World Snooker. Archived from the original on 2 August 2018. Retrieved 2 August 2018.
^ "6 Reds World Championship (2018) - snooker.org". snooker.org. Archived from the original on 2 August 2018. Retrieved 2 August 2018.
^ "A Simplified Form of Snooker (ie Six Reds)" (PDF). World Snooker. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 August 2018. Retrieved 16 August 2018.
^ "Williams Takes Six Red Glory". World Snooker. 9 September 2017. Archived from the original on 13 November 2017. Retrieved 5 February 2018.
^ "Kyren Wilson Wins Six Red World Championship - SnookerHQ". SnookerHQ. Archived from the original on 11 October 2018. Retrieved 10 September 2018.
^ "SangSom 6 Red World Championship 2018" (PDF). World Snooker. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 September 2018. Retrieved 5 September 2018.
^ "International Qualifiers Announced for SangSom 6-Red World Championship | WSF l World Snooker Federation". worldsnookerfederation.org. Archived from the original on 2018-08-08. Retrieved 6 September 2018.
^ "SangSom 6 Red World Championship 2018 Additional Event Rules" (PDF). World Snooker. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 August 2018. Retrieved 16 August 2018.
^ "SangSom 6 Red World Championship 2018" (PDF). World Snooker. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 August 2018. Retrieved 16 August 2018.
^ "SangSom 6 Red World Championship" (PDF). World Snooker. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 August 2018. Retrieved 16 August 2018.
^ a b "SangSom 6 Red World Championship results" (PDF). thailandsnooker.org. Retrieved 6 September 2018.
^ "Knockout Round results" (PDF). thailandsnooker.org. Retrieved 6 September 2018.
External links
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Touring car | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SangSom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SangSom"},{"link_name":"Six-red World Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six-red_World_Championship"},{"link_name":"six-red snooker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six-red_snooker"},{"link_name":"Bangkok Convention Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok_Convention_Center"},{"link_name":"Bangkok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Mark Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Williams_(snooker_player)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Mohammed Shehab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Shehab"},{"link_name":"Kyren Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyren_Wilson"},{"link_name":"Ding Junhui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ding_Junhui"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Snooker tournamentThe 2018 SangSom Six-red World Championship was a six-red snooker invitational tournament held between 3 and 8 September 2018 at the Bangkok Convention Center in Bangkok, Thailand.[2][3]Mark Williams was the defending champion,[4] but he lost in the last 16 to amateur player Mohammed Shehab.The event was won by Kyren Wilson, defeating Ding Junhui 8–4 in the final.[5]","title":"2018 Six-red World Championship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"baht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_baht"}],"text":"The breakdown of prize money is shown below:[6]Winner: 3,500,000 baht\nRunner-up: 1,300,000 baht\nSemi-finalists: 750,000 baht\nQuarter-finalists: 375,000 baht\nLast 16: 150,000 baht\nThird in Group: 75,000 baht\nFourth in Group: 50,000 baht\nTotal: 10,000,000 baht","title":"Prize money"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-worl_Inte-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Group matches were played from 3–5 September. The top two players from each group qualified for the knock-out stage. All matches were the best of 9 frames.[7]Positions within the group were decided by the number of matches won (MW) and then, in the event of a tie, by the frame difference (FD). Where two players were still tied, the result of the match between them determined their positions. Where three players were still tied, the top position was determined by a draw and the other two positions by the result of the match between those two players.[8]","title":"Round-robin stage"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"Mark Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Williams_(snooker_player)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Tom Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Ford_(snooker_player)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Ricky Walden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricky_Walden"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"Thepchaiya Un-Nooh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thepchaiya_Un-Nooh"}],"sub_title":"Group A","text":"POS\n\nPlayer\n\nMP\n\nMW\n\nML\n\nFW\n\nFL\n\nFD\n\n\n1\n Mark Williams\n\n3\n3\n0\n15\n7\n+8\n\n\n2\n Tom Ford\n\n3\n2\n1\n14\n10\n+4\n\n\n3\n Ricky Walden\n\n3\n1\n2\n11\n14\n−3\n\n\n4\n Thepchaiya Un-Nooh\n\n3\n0\n3\n6\n15\n−9\n\n\n\n\n\nMark Williams 5–1 Thepchaiya Un-Nooh\nTom Ford 5–4 Ricky Walden\nThepchaiya Un-Nooh 4–5 Ricky Walden\nMark Williams 5–4 Tom Ford\nMark Williams 5–2 Ricky Walden\nThepchaiya Un-Nooh 1–5 Tom Ford","title":"Round-robin stage"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Stephen Maguire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Maguire"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"Ryan Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Day_(snooker_player)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Luo Honghao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luo_Honghao"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"Nutcharut Wongharuthai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutcharut_Wongharuthai"}],"sub_title":"Group B","text":"POS\n\nPlayer\n\nMP\n\nMW\n\nML\n\nFW\n\nFL\n\nFD\n\n\n1\n Stephen Maguire\n\n3\n3\n0\n15\n6\n+9\n\n\n2\n Ryan Day\n\n3\n2\n1\n13\n8\n+5\n\n\n3\n Luo Honghao\n\n3\n1\n2\n9\n11\n−2\n\n\n4\n Nutcharut Wongharuthai\n\n3\n0\n3\n3\n15\n−12\n\n\n\n\n\nRyan Day 5–1 Nutcharut Wongharuthai\nLuo Honghao 2–5 Stephen Maguire\nNutcharut Wongharuthai 1–5 Stephen Maguire\nRyan Day 5–2 Luo Honghao\nNutcharut Wongharuthai 1–5 Luo Honghao\nRyan Day 3–5 Stephen Maguire","title":"Round-robin stage"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Stuart Bingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Bingham"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"James Wattana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Wattana"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Mark King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_King_(snooker_player)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"Shachar Ruberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shachar_Ruberg&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Group C","text":"POS\n\nPlayer\n\nMP\n\nMW\n\nML\n\nFW\n\nFL\n\nFD\n\n\n1\n Stuart Bingham\n\n3\n3\n0\n15\n6\n+9\n\n\n2\n James Wattana\n\n3\n2\n1\n13\n10\n+3\n\n\n3\n Mark King\n\n3\n1\n2\n10\n10\n0\n\n\n4\n Shachar Ruberg\n\n3\n0\n3\n3\n15\n−12\n\n\n\n\n\nStuart Bingham 5–3 James Wattana\nShachar Ruberg 0–5 Mark King\nJames Wattana 5–3 Mark King\nStuart Bingham 5–1 Shachar Ruberg\nStuart Bingham 5–2 Mark King\nJames Wattana 5–2 Shachar Ruberg","title":"Round-robin stage"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Kyren Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyren_Wilson"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Graeme Dott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graeme_Dott"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"link_name":"Marvin Lim Chun Kiat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marvin_Lim_Chun_Kiat&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"Michael White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_White_(snooker_player)"}],"sub_title":"Group D","text":"POS\n\nPlayer\n\nMP\n\nMW\n\nML\n\nFW\n\nFL\n\nFD\n\n\n1\n Kyren Wilson\n\n3\n3\n0\n15\n5\n+10\n\n\n2\n Graeme Dott\n\n3\n2\n1\n11\n6\n+5\n\n\n3\n Marvin Lim Chun Kiat\n\n3\n1\n2\n6\n10\n−4\n\n\n4\n Michael White\n\n3\n0\n3\n4\n15\n−11\n\n\n\n\n\nMichael White 0–5 Graeme Dott\nKyren Wilson 5–0 Marvin Lim Chun Kiat\nKyren Wilson 5–4 Michael White\nMarvin Lim Chun Kiat 1–5 Graeme Dott\nKyren Wilson 5–1 Graeme Dott\nMichael White 0–5 Marvin Lim Chun Kiat","title":"Round-robin stage"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Ding Junhui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ding_Junhui"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"Sunny Akani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunny_Akani"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Robertson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Robertson_(snooker_player)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"Mohamed Khairy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Khairy"}],"sub_title":"Group E","text":"POS\n\nPlayer\n\nMP\n\nMW\n\nML\n\nFW\n\nFL\n\nFD\n\n\n1\n Ding Junhui\n\n3\n3\n0\n15\n10\n+5\n\n\n2\n Sunny Akani\n\n3\n2\n1\n14\n10\n+4\n\n\n3\n Jimmy Robertson\n\n3\n1\n2\n12\n11\n+1\n\n\n4\n Mohamed Khairy\n\n3\n0\n3\n5\n15\n−10\n\n\n\n\n\nSunny Akani 5–4 Jimmy Robertson\nDing Junhui 5–3 Mohamed Khairy\nDing Junhui 5–4 Sunny Akani\nMohamed Khairy 1–5 Jimmy Robertson\nDing Junhui 5–3 Jimmy Robertson\nSunny Akani 5–1 Mohamed Khairy","title":"Round-robin stage"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Zhou Yuelong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhou_Yuelong"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Anthony McGill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_McGill"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Joe Perry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Perry_(snooker_player)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Michael Holt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Holt_(snooker_player)"}],"sub_title":"Group F","text":"POS\n\nPlayer\n\nMP\n\nMW\n\nML\n\nFW\n\nFL\n\nFD\n\n\n1\n Zhou Yuelong\n\n3\n2\n1\n13\n11\n+2\n\n\n2\n Anthony McGill\n\n3\n2\n1\n13\n12\n+1\n\n\n3\n Joe Perry\n\n3\n1\n2\n12\n13\n−1\n\n\n4\n Michael Holt\n\n3\n1\n2\n11\n13\n−2\n\n\n\n\n\nMichael Holt 5–3 Joe Perry\nAnthony McGill 5–3 Zhou Yuelong\nAnthony McGill 5–4 Michael Holt\nZhou Yuelong 5–4 Joe Perry\nAnthony McGill 3–5 Joe Perry\nMichael Holt 2–5 Zhou Yuelong","title":"Round-robin stage"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Luca Brecel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luca_Brecel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Marco Fu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Fu"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"Noppon Saengkham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noppon_Saengkham"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Kurt Dunham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Dunham"}],"sub_title":"Group G","text":"POS\n\nPlayer\n\nMP\n\nMW\n\nML\n\nFW\n\nFL\n\nFD\n\n\n1\n Luca Brecel\n\n3\n2\n1\n14\n8\n+6\n\n\n2\n Marco Fu\n\n3\n2\n1\n14\n12\n+2\n\n\n3\n Noppon Saengkham\n\n3\n2\n1\n11\n11\n0\n\n\n4\n Kurt Dunham\n\n3\n0\n3\n7\n15\n−8\n\n\n\n\n\nNoppon Saengkham 5–4 Marco Fu\nLuca Brecel 5–2 Kurt Dunham\nLuca Brecel 4–5 Marco Fu\nNoppon Saengkham 5–2 Kurt Dunham\nLuca Brecel 5–1 Noppon Saengkham\nKurt Dunham 3–5 Marco Fu","title":"Round-robin stage"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Mark Selby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Selby"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates"},{"link_name":"Mohammed Shehab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Shehab"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"David Gilbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Gilbert_(snooker_player)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"Thanawat Tirapongpaiboon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thanawat_Tirapongpaiboon"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Group H","text":"POS\n\nPlayer\n\nMP\n\nMW\n\nML\n\nFW\n\nFL\n\nFD\n\n\n1\n Mark Selby\n\n3\n3\n0\n15\n7\n+8\n\n\n2\n Mohammed Shehab\n\n3\n2\n1\n14\n13\n+1\n\n\n3\n David Gilbert\n\n3\n1\n2\n10\n13\n−3\n\n\n4\n Thanawat Tirapongpaiboon\n\n3\n0\n3\n9\n15\n−6\n\n\n\n\n\nThanawat Tirapongpaiboon 3–5 David Gilbert\nMark Selby 5–4 Mohammed Shehab\nMark Selby 5–1 David Gilbert\nThanawat Tirapongpaiboon 4–5 Mohammed Shehab\nMark Selby 5–2 Thanawat Tirapongpaiboon\nMohammed Shehab 5–4 David GilbertSource:[9][10]","title":"Round-robin stage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-results-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thai_-12"}],"text":"The last 16 matches and quarter-finals were played on 6 September, the semi-finals on 7 September and the final on 8 September.[11][12]","title":"Knockout stage"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Final"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"maximum break","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_break"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-results-11"},{"link_name":"Stuart Bingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Bingham"},{"link_name":"Ding Junhui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ding_Junhui"}],"text":"(Note: A maximum break in 6-red is 75)[11]Stuart Bingham\nDing Junhui","title":"Maximum breaks"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Six Red World Championship - World Snooker\". World Snooker. Archived from the original on 2 August 2018. Retrieved 2 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.worldsnooker.com/tournaments/six-red-world-championship-2018/","url_text":"\"Six Red World Championship - World Snooker\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180802163006/http://www.worldsnooker.com/tournaments/six-red-world-championship-2018/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"6 Reds World Championship (2018) - snooker.org\". snooker.org. Archived from the original on 2 August 2018. Retrieved 2 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.snooker.org/res/index.asp?event=723","url_text":"\"6 Reds World Championship (2018) - snooker.org\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180802193044/http://www.snooker.org/res/index.asp?event=723","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"A Simplified Form of Snooker (ie Six Reds)\" (PDF). World Snooker. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 August 2018. Retrieved 16 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.worldsnooker.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Click-here-for-the-six-red-rules.pdf","url_text":"\"A Simplified Form of Snooker (ie Six Reds)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180816194349/http://www.worldsnooker.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Click-here-for-the-six-red-rules.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Williams Takes Six Red Glory\". World Snooker. 9 September 2017. Archived from the original on 13 November 2017. Retrieved 5 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.worldsnooker.com/williams-takes-six-red-glory/","url_text":"\"Williams Takes Six Red Glory\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171113194846/http://www.worldsnooker.com/williams-takes-six-red-glory/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Kyren Wilson Wins Six Red World Championship - SnookerHQ\". SnookerHQ. Archived from the original on 11 October 2018. Retrieved 10 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://snookerhq.com/2018/09/08/kyren-wilson-wins-six-red-world-championship/","url_text":"\"Kyren Wilson Wins Six Red World Championship - SnookerHQ\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181011140123/https://snookerhq.com/2018/09/08/kyren-wilson-wins-six-red-world-championship/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"SangSom 6 Red World Championship 2018\" (PDF). World Snooker. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 September 2018. Retrieved 5 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.worldsnooker.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Click-here-for-the-group-draw.pdf","url_text":"\"SangSom 6 Red World Championship 2018\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180905141134/http://www.worldsnooker.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Click-here-for-the-group-draw.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"International Qualifiers Announced for SangSom 6-Red World Championship | WSF l World Snooker Federation\". worldsnookerfederation.org. 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Retrieved 16 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.worldsnooker.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/click-here.pdf","url_text":"\"SangSom 6 Red World Championship 2018 Additional Event Rules\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180808172146/http://www.worldsnooker.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/click-here.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"SangSom 6 Red World Championship 2018\" (PDF). World Snooker. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 August 2018. Retrieved 16 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.worldsnooker.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Click-here-for-the-draw-3.pdf","url_text":"\"SangSom 6 Red World Championship 2018\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180808172018/http://www.worldsnooker.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Click-here-for-the-draw-3.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"SangSom 6 Red World Championship\" (PDF). World Snooker. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 August 2018. 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Retrieved 6 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thailandsnooker.org/data/schedules/files/1536228383_40.pdf","url_text":"\"Knockout Round results\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.worldsnooker.com/tournaments/six-red-world-championship-2018/","external_links_name":"\"Six Red World Championship - World Snooker\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180802163006/http://www.worldsnooker.com/tournaments/six-red-world-championship-2018/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.snooker.org/res/index.asp?event=723","external_links_name":"\"6 Reds World Championship (2018) - snooker.org\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180802193044/http://www.snooker.org/res/index.asp?event=723","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.worldsnooker.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Click-here-for-the-six-red-rules.pdf","external_links_name":"\"A Simplified Form of Snooker (ie Six Reds)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180816194349/http://www.worldsnooker.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Click-here-for-the-six-red-rules.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.worldsnooker.com/williams-takes-six-red-glory/","external_links_name":"\"Williams Takes Six Red Glory\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171113194846/http://www.worldsnooker.com/williams-takes-six-red-glory/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://snookerhq.com/2018/09/08/kyren-wilson-wins-six-red-world-championship/","external_links_name":"\"Kyren Wilson Wins Six Red World Championship - SnookerHQ\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181011140123/https://snookerhq.com/2018/09/08/kyren-wilson-wins-six-red-world-championship/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.worldsnooker.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Click-here-for-the-group-draw.pdf","external_links_name":"\"SangSom 6 Red World Championship 2018\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180905141134/http://www.worldsnooker.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Click-here-for-the-group-draw.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.worldsnookerfederation.org/international-qualifiers-announced-for-sangsom-6-red-world-championship/","external_links_name":"\"International Qualifiers Announced for SangSom 6-Red World Championship | WSF l World Snooker Federation\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180808202723/https://www.worldsnookerfederation.org/international-qualifiers-announced-for-sangsom-6-red-world-championship/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.worldsnooker.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/click-here.pdf","external_links_name":"\"SangSom 6 Red World Championship 2018 Additional Event Rules\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180808172146/http://www.worldsnooker.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/click-here.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.worldsnooker.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Click-here-for-the-draw-3.pdf","external_links_name":"\"SangSom 6 Red World Championship 2018\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180808172018/http://www.worldsnooker.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Click-here-for-the-draw-3.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.worldsnooker.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Click-here-for-the-match-schedule.pdf","external_links_name":"\"SangSom 6 Red World Championship\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180816162139/http://www.worldsnooker.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Click-here-for-the-match-schedule.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.thailandsnooker.org/data/schedules/files/1536228383_94.pdf","external_links_name":"\"SangSom 6 Red World Championship results\""},{"Link":"http://www.thailandsnooker.org/data/schedules/files/1536228383_40.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Knockout Round results\""},{"Link":"http://www.worldsnooker.com/tournaments/six-red-world-championship-2018/","external_links_name":"Official website"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannibal_House | Hannibal House | ["1 History","2 References"] | Coordinates: 51°29′40″N 0°05′59″W / 51.4944°N 0.0997°W / 51.4944; -0.0997Building in Southwark, London, England
Hannibal HouseGeneral informationStatusDemolishedConstruction started1960Completed1965DemolishedApril 2021Technical detailsFloor count16
Hannibal House was a 1960s office building positioned above the Elephant and Castle shopping centre in Southwark, south London.
History
In 1968 it housed the Government offices of the Ministry of Public Building and Works, Post Office Directorate. This Directorate was responsible for the design and construction of new P.O. projects, including exchanges and P.O. buildings. This included The Post Office Research Establishment at Martlesham Heath in Suffolk. Home office work was also carried out such as building and modifications of prisons and large fire brigade projects. The Fire Brigade technical college at Moreton-in-Marsh in Gloucestershire was one of these. This Directorate, during Government reorganisation in the early 1970s, became part of The Directorate of the Environment (Public Service Agency) and moved to new office accommodation in Croydon (Apolo and Luner Houses).
Until 2005, the building housed various bodies and agencies of the Department of Health, including the Devices section of the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (the Medical Devices Agency until April 2003). It achieved some fame in hosting the enquiries into the murders of Stephen Lawrence in 1997, and Victoria Climbie. Various training and religious organisations have since taken up offices. Although the building was expected to be demolished in 2012, it was announced in March 2007 that the British passport interview office for London would be based on the 9th and 10th floors. The interview office of the Identity and Passport Service opened to the public in September 2007.
With the planned redevelopment of the area, tenants, which mostly included charities, were evicted in 2018. The demolition of Hannibal House and of the shopping centre it stood on started in April 2021.
References
^ "Stephen Lawrence Day: We want to give a young person a chance, in Stephen's memory". The Voice. 22 April 2021. Retrieved 24 April 2021.
^ "Elephant & Castle Shopping Centre: the Battle at London's Gentrification "Ground Zero"". 24 July 2019.
^ "High Reach Demolition Starts" (PDF). April 2021.
51°29′40″N 0°05′59″W / 51.4944°N 0.0997°W / 51.4944; -0.0997
This article about a London building or structure is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Elephant and Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephant_and_Castle"},{"link_name":"Southwark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwark"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"}],"text":"Building in Southwark, London, EnglandHannibal House was a 1960s office building positioned above the Elephant and Castle shopping centre in Southwark, south London.","title":"Hannibal House"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Department of Health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Health_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicines_and_Healthcare_products_Regulatory_Agency"},{"link_name":"Stephen Lawrence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Lawrence"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Victoria Climbie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Climbie"},{"link_name":"British passport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_passport"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"In 1968 it housed the Government offices of the Ministry of Public Building and Works, Post Office Directorate. This Directorate was responsible for the design and construction of new P.O. projects, including exchanges and P.O. buildings. This included The Post Office Research Establishment at Martlesham Heath in Suffolk. Home office work was also carried out such as building and modifications of prisons and large fire brigade projects. The Fire Brigade technical college at Moreton-in-Marsh in Gloucestershire was one of these. This Directorate, during Government reorganisation in the early 1970s, became part of The Directorate of the Environment (Public Service Agency) and moved to new office accommodation in Croydon (Apolo and Luner Houses).Until 2005, the building housed various bodies and agencies of the Department of Health, including the Devices section of the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (the Medical Devices Agency until April 2003). It achieved some fame in hosting the enquiries into the murders of Stephen Lawrence in 1997,[1] and Victoria Climbie. Various training and religious organisations have since taken up offices. Although the building was expected to be demolished in 2012, it was announced in March 2007 that the British passport interview office for London would be based on the 9th and 10th floors. The interview office of the Identity and Passport Service opened to the public in September 2007.With the planned redevelopment of the area, tenants, which mostly included charities, were evicted in 2018.[2] The demolition of Hannibal House and of the shopping centre it stood on started in April 2021.[3]","title":"History"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Stephen Lawrence Day: We want to give a young person a chance, in Stephen's memory\". The Voice. 22 April 2021. Retrieved 24 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.voice-online.co.uk/opinion/2021/04/22/stephen-lawrence-day-we-want-to-give-a-young-person-a-chance-in-stephens-memory/","url_text":"\"Stephen Lawrence Day: We want to give a young person a chance, in Stephen's memory\""}]},{"reference":"\"Elephant & Castle Shopping Centre: the Battle at London's Gentrification \"Ground Zero\"\". 24 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://corporatewatch.org/elephant-castle-shopping-centre-the-battle-at-londons-gentrification-ground-zero/","url_text":"\"Elephant & Castle Shopping Centre: the Battle at London's Gentrification \"Ground Zero\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"High Reach Demolition Starts\" (PDF). April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://elephantandcastletowncentre.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Newsletter-April-2021-1.pdf","url_text":"\"High Reach Demolition Starts\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hannibal_House¶ms=51.4944_N_0.0997_W_region:GB_type:landmark","external_links_name":"51°29′40″N 0°05′59″W / 51.4944°N 0.0997°W / 51.4944; -0.0997"},{"Link":"https://www.voice-online.co.uk/opinion/2021/04/22/stephen-lawrence-day-we-want-to-give-a-young-person-a-chance-in-stephens-memory/","external_links_name":"\"Stephen Lawrence Day: We want to give a young person a chance, in Stephen's memory\""},{"Link":"https://corporatewatch.org/elephant-castle-shopping-centre-the-battle-at-londons-gentrification-ground-zero/","external_links_name":"\"Elephant & Castle Shopping Centre: the Battle at London's Gentrification \"Ground Zero\"\""},{"Link":"https://elephantandcastletowncentre.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Newsletter-April-2021-1.pdf","external_links_name":"\"High Reach Demolition Starts\""},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hannibal_House¶ms=51.4944_N_0.0997_W_region:GB_type:landmark","external_links_name":"51°29′40″N 0°05′59″W / 51.4944°N 0.0997°W / 51.4944; -0.0997"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hannibal_House&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Herring | HMS Herring | [] | At least three ships of the Royal Navy have borne the name HMS Herring, after the herring, a species of fish:
HMS Herring (1804) was a 4-gun Ballahoo-class schooner launched in 1804 that foundered in July 1813.
HMS Herring (1856) was an Albacore-class wooden screw gunboat launched in 1856 and broken up in 1865.
HMS Herring (T 307) was an anti-submarine warfare trawler launched in December 1942 and sunk in April 1943 in a collision with the French merchant vessel Cassard north-east of Blyth.
List of ships with the same or similar names
This article includes a list of ships with the same or similar names. If an internal link for a specific ship led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended ship article, if one exists. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"HMS Herring (1804)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Herring_(1804)"},{"link_name":"Ballahoo-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballahoo-class_schooner"},{"link_name":"schooner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schooner"},{"link_name":"HMS Herring (1856)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HMS_Herring_(1856)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Albacore-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albacore-class_gunboat_(1855)"},{"link_name":"gunboat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunboat"},{"link_name":"HMS Herring (T 307)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HMS_Herring_(T_307)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"anti-submarine warfare trawler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_trawler"},{"link_name":"Blyth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blyth,_Northumberland"},{"link_name":"list of ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Ships/Guidelines#Index_pages"},{"link_name":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere/HMS_Herring&namespace=0"}],"text":"HMS Herring (1804) was a 4-gun Ballahoo-class schooner launched in 1804 that foundered in July 1813.\nHMS Herring (1856) was an Albacore-class wooden screw gunboat launched in 1856 and broken up in 1865.\nHMS Herring (T 307) was an anti-submarine warfare trawler launched in December 1942 and sunk in April 1943 in a collision with the French merchant vessel Cassard north-east of Blyth.List of ships with the same or similar names\nThis article includes a list of ships with the same or similar names. If an internal link for a specific ship led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended ship article, if one exists.","title":"HMS Herring"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere/HMS_Herring&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octaword | Integer (computer science) | ["1 Value and representation","2 Common integral data types","2.1 Bytes and octets","2.2 Words","2.3 Standard integer","2.4 Short integer","2.5 Long integer","2.6 Long long","3 Syntax","4 See also","5 Notes","6 References"] | Datum of integral data type
In computer science, an integer is a datum of integral data type, a data type that represents some range of mathematical integers. Integral data types may be of different sizes and may or may not be allowed to contain negative values. Integers are commonly represented in a computer as a group of binary digits (bits). The size of the grouping varies so the set of integer sizes available varies between different types of computers. Computer hardware nearly always provides a way to represent a processor register or memory address as an integer.
Value and representation
The value of an item with an integral type is the mathematical integer that it corresponds to. Integral types may be unsigned (capable of representing only non-negative integers) or signed (capable of representing negative integers as well).
An integer value is typically specified in the source code of a program as a sequence of digits optionally prefixed with + or −. Some programming languages allow other notations, such as hexadecimal (base 16) or octal (base 8). Some programming languages also permit digit group separators.
The internal representation of this datum is the way the value is stored in the computer's memory. Unlike mathematical integers, a typical datum in a computer has some minimal and maximum possible value.
The most common representation of a positive integer is a string of bits, using the binary numeral system. The order of the memory bytes storing the bits varies; see endianness. The width, precision, or bitness of an integral type is the number of bits in its representation. An integral type with n bits can encode 2n numbers; for example an unsigned type typically represents the non-negative values 0 through 2n−1. Other encodings of integer values to bit patterns are sometimes used, for example binary-coded decimal or Gray code, or as printed character codes such as ASCII.
There are four well-known ways to represent signed numbers in a binary computing system. The most common is two's complement, which allows a signed integral type with n bits to represent numbers from −2(n−1) through 2(n−1)−1. Two's complement arithmetic is convenient because there is a perfect one-to-one correspondence between representations and values (in particular, no separate +0 and −0), and because addition, subtraction and multiplication do not need to distinguish between signed and unsigned types. Other possibilities include offset binary, sign-magnitude, and ones' complement.
Some computer languages define integer sizes in a machine-independent way; others have varying definitions depending on the underlying processor word size. Not all language implementations define variables of all integer sizes, and defined sizes may not even be distinct in a particular implementation. An integer in one programming language may be a different size in a different language, on a different processor, or in an execution context of different bitness; see § Words.
Some older computer architectures used decimal representations of integers, stored in binary-coded decimal (BCD) or other format. These values generally require data sizes of 4 bits per decimal digit (sometimes called a nibble), usually with additional bits for a sign. Many modern CPUs provide limited support for decimal integers as an extended datatype, providing instructions for converting such values to and from binary values. Depending on the architecture, decimal integers may have fixed sizes (e.g., 7 decimal digits plus a sign fit into a 32-bit word), or may be variable-length (up to some maximum digit size), typically occupying two digits per byte (octet).
Common integral data types
Bits
Name
Range (assuming two's complement for signed)
Decimal digits
Uses
Implementations
C/C++
C#
Pascal and Delphi
Java
SQL
FORTRAN
D
Rust
4
nibble, semioctet
Signed: From −8 to 7, from −(23) to 23 − 1
0.9
Binary-coded decimal, single decimal digit representation
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Unsigned: From 0 to 15, which equals 24 − 1
1.2
8
byte, octet, i8, u8
Signed: From −128 to 127, from −(27) to 27 − 1
2.11
ASCII characters, code units in the UTF-8 character encoding
int8_t, signed char
sbyte
Shortint
byte
tinyint
integer(1)
byte
i8
Unsigned: From 0 to 255, which equals 28 − 1
2.41
uint8_t, unsigned char
byte
Byte
—
unsigned tinyint
—
ubyte
u8
16
halfword, word, short, i16, u16
Signed: From −32,768 to 32,767, from −(215) to 215 − 1
4.52
UCS-2 characters, code units in the UTF-16 character encoding
int16_t, short, int
short
Smallint
short
smallint
integer(2)
short
i16
Unsigned: From 0 to 65,535, which equals 216 − 1
4.82
uint16_t, unsigned, unsigned int
ushort
Word
char
unsigned smallint
—
ushort
u16
32
word, long, doubleword, longword, int, i32, u32
Signed: From −2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647, from −(231) to 231 − 1
9.33
UTF-32 characters, true color with alpha, FourCC, pointers in 32-bit computing
int32_t, int, long
int
LongInt; Integer
int
int
integer(4)
int
i32
Unsigned: From 0 to 4,294,967,295, which equals 232 − 1
9.63
uint32_t, unsigned, unsigned int, unsigned long
uint
LongWord; DWord; Cardinal
—
unsigned int
—
uint
u32
64
word, doubleword, longword, long, long long, quad, quadword, qword, int64, i64, u64
Signed: From −9,223,372,036,854,775,808 to 9,223,372,036,854,775,807, from −(263) to 263 − 1
18.96
Time (milliseconds since the Unix epoch), pointers in 64-bit computing
int64_t, long, long long
long
Int64
long
bigint
integer(8)
long
i64
Unsigned: From 0 to 18,446,744,073,709,551,615, which equals 264 − 1
19.27
uint64_t, unsigned long long
ulong
UInt64; QWord
—
unsigned bigint
—
ulong
u64
128
octaword, double quadword, i128, u128
Signed: From −170,141,183,460,469,231,731,687,303,715,884,105,728 to 170,141,183,460,469,231,731,687,303,715,884,105,727, from −(2127) to 2127 − 1
38.23
Complex scientific calculations,
IPv6 addresses,
GUIDs
C: only available as non-standard compiler-specific extension
—
—
—
—
integer(16)
cent
i128
Unsigned: From 0 to 340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,455, which equals 2128 − 1
38.53
—
ucent
u128
n
n-bit integer (general case)
Signed: −(2n−1) to (2n−1 − 1)
(n − 1) log10 2
C23: _BitInt(n), signed _BitInt(n)
Ada: range -2**(n-1)..2**(n-1)-1
Unsigned: 0 to (2n − 1)
n log10 2
C23: unsigned _BitInt(n)
Ada: range 0..2**n-1, mod 2**n; standard libraries' or third-party arbitrary arithmetic libraries' BigDecimal or Decimal classes in many languages such as Python, C++, etc.
Different CPUs support different integral data types. Typically, hardware will support both signed and unsigned types, but only a small, fixed set of widths.
The table above lists integral type widths that are supported in hardware by common processors. High level programming languages provide more possibilities. It is common to have a 'double width' integral type that has twice as many bits as the biggest hardware-supported type. Many languages also have bit-field types (a specified number of bits, usually constrained to be less than the maximum hardware-supported width) and range types (that can represent only the integers in a specified range).
Some languages, such as Lisp, Smalltalk, REXX, Haskell, Python, and Raku, support arbitrary precision integers (also known as infinite precision integers or bignums). Other languages that do not support this concept as a top-level construct may have libraries available to represent very large numbers using arrays of smaller variables, such as Java's BigInteger class or Perl's "bigint" package. These use as much of the computer's memory as is necessary to store the numbers; however, a computer has only a finite amount of storage, so they, too, can only represent a finite subset of the mathematical integers. These schemes support very large numbers; for example one kilobyte of memory could be used to store numbers up to 2466 decimal digits long.
A Boolean or Flag type is a type that can represent only two values: 0 and 1, usually identified with false and true respectively. This type can be stored in memory using a single bit, but is often given a full byte for convenience of addressing and speed of access.
A four-bit quantity is known as a nibble (when eating, being smaller than a bite) or nybble (being a pun on the form of the word byte). One nibble corresponds to one digit in hexadecimal and holds one digit or a sign code in binary-coded decimal.
Bytes and octets
Main articles: Byte and Octet (computing)
The term byte initially meant 'the smallest addressable unit of memory'. In the past, 5-, 6-, 7-, 8-, and 9-bit bytes have all been used. There have also been computers that could address individual bits ('bit-addressed machine'), or that could only address 16- or 32-bit quantities ('word-addressed machine'). The term byte was usually not used at all in connection with bit- and word-addressed machines.
The term octet always refers to an 8-bit quantity. It is mostly used in the field of computer networking, where computers with different byte widths might have to communicate.
In modern usage byte almost invariably means eight bits, since all other sizes have fallen into disuse; thus byte has come to be synonymous with octet.
Words
Main article: Word (computer architecture)
The term 'word' is used for a small group of bits that are handled simultaneously by processors of a particular architecture. The size of a word is thus CPU-specific. Many different word sizes have been used, including 6-, 8-, 12-, 16-, 18-, 24-, 32-, 36-, 39-, 40-, 48-, 60-, and 64-bit. Since it is architectural, the size of a word is usually set by the first CPU in a family, rather than the characteristics of a later compatible CPU. The meanings of terms derived from word, such as longword, doubleword, quadword, and halfword, also vary with the CPU and OS.
Practically all new desktop processors are capable of using 64-bit words, though embedded processors with 8- and 16-bit word size are still common. The 36-bit word length was common in the early days of computers.
One important cause of non-portability of software is the incorrect assumption that all computers have the same word size as the computer used by the programmer. For example, if a programmer using the C language incorrectly declares as int a variable that will be used to store values greater than 215−1, the program will fail on computers with 16-bit integers. That variable should have been declared as long, which has at least 32 bits on any computer. Programmers may also incorrectly assume that a pointer can be converted to an integer without loss of information, which may work on (some) 32-bit computers, but fail on 64-bit computers with 64-bit pointers and 32-bit integers. This issue is resolved by C99 in stdint.h in the form of intptr_t.
The bitness of a program may refer to the word size (or bitness) of the processor on which it runs, or it may refer to the width of a memory address or pointer, which can differ between execution modes or contexts. For example, 64-bit versions of Microsoft Windows support existing 32-bit binaries, and programs compiled for Linux's x32 ABI run in 64-bit mode yet use 32-bit memory addresses.
Standard integer
The standard integer size is platform-dependent.
In C, it is denoted by int and required to be at least 16 bits. Windows and Unix systems have 32-bit ints on both 32-bit and 64-bit architectures.
Short integer
A short integer can represent a whole number that may take less storage, while having a smaller range, compared with a standard integer on the same machine.
In C, it is denoted by short. It is required to be at least 16 bits, and is often smaller than a standard integer, but this is not required. A conforming program can assume that it can safely store values between −(215−1) and 215−1, but it may not assume that the range is not larger. In Java, a short is always a 16-bit integer. In the Windows API, the datatype SHORT is defined as a 16-bit signed integer on all machines.
Common short integer sizes
Programming language
Data type name
Signedness
Size in bytes
Minimum value
Maximum value
C and C++
short
signed
2
−32,767
+32,767
unsigned short
unsigned
2
0
65,535
C#
short
signed
2
−32,768
+32,767
ushort
unsigned
2
0
65,535
Java
short
signed
2
−32,768
+32,767
SQL
smallint
signed
2
−32,768
+32,767
Long integer
A long integer can represent a whole integer whose range is greater than or equal to that of a standard integer on the same machine.
In C, it is denoted by long. It is required to be at least 32 bits, and may or may not be larger than a standard integer. A conforming program can assume that it can safely store values between −(231−1) and 231−1, but it may not assume that the range is not larger.
Common long integer sizes
Programming language
Approval Type
Platforms
Data type name
Storage in bytes
Signed range
Unsigned range
C ISO/ANSI C99
International Standard
Unix, 16/32-bit systemsWindows, 16/32/64-bit systems
long
4(minimum requirement 4)
−2,147,483,647 to +2,147,483,647
0 to 4,294,967,295(minimum requirement)
C ISO/ANSI C99
International Standard
Unix,64-bit systems
long
8(minimum requirement 4)
−9,223,372,036,854,775,807 to +9,223,372,036,854,775,807
0 to 18,446,744,073,709,551,615
C++ ISO/ANSI
International Standard
Unix, Windows,16/32-bit system
long
4 (minimum requirement 4)
−2,147,483,648 to +2,147,483,647
0 to 4,294,967,295(minimum requirement)
C++/CLI
International StandardECMA-372
Unix, Windows,16/32-bit systems
long
4 (minimum requirement 4)
−2,147,483,648 to +2,147,483,647
0 to 4,294,967,295(minimum requirement)
VB
Company Standard
Windows
Long
4
−2,147,483,648 to +2,147,483,647
—
VBA
Company Standard
Windows, Mac OS X
Long
4
−2,147,483,648 to +2,147,483,647
—
SQL Server
Company Standard
Windows
BigInt
8
−9,223,372,036,854,775,808 to +9,223,372,036,854,775,807
0 to 18,446,744,073,709,551,615
C#/ VB.NET
ECMA International Standard
Microsoft .NET
long or Int64
8
−9,223,372,036,854,775,808 to +9,223,372,036,854,775,807
0 to 18,446,744,073,709,551,615
Java
International/Company Standard
Java platform
long
8
−9,223,372,036,854,775,808 to +9,223,372,036,854,775,807
—
Pascal
?
Windows, UNIX
int64
8
−9,223,372,036,854,775,808 to +9,223,372,036,854,775,807
0 to 18,446,744,073,709,551,615 (Qword type)
Long long
"long long" redirects here. Not to be confused with long or Long, Long, Long.
In the C99 version of the C programming language and the C++11 version of C++, a long long type is supported that has double the minimum capacity of the standard long. This type is not supported by compilers that require C code to be compliant with the previous C++ standard, C++03, because the long long type did not exist in C++03. For an ANSI/ISO compliant compiler, the minimum requirements for the specified ranges, that is, −(263−1) to 263−1 for signed and 0 to 264−1 for unsigned, must be fulfilled; however, extending this range is permitted. This can be an issue when exchanging code and data between platforms, or doing direct hardware access. Thus, there are several sets of headers providing platform independent exact width types. The C standard library provides stdint.h; this was introduced in C99 and C++11.
Syntax
Literals for integers can be written as regular Arabic numerals, consisting of a sequence of digits and with negation indicated by a minus sign before the value. However, most programming languages disallow use of commas or spaces for digit grouping. Examples of integer literals are:
42
10000
-233000
There are several alternate methods for writing integer literals in many programming languages:
Many programming languages, especially those influenced by C, prefix an integer literal with 0X or 0x to represent a hexadecimal value, e.g. 0xDEADBEEF. Other languages may use a different notation, e.g. some assembly languages append an H or h to the end of a hexadecimal value.
Perl, Ruby, Java, Julia, D, Go, Rust and Python (starting from version 3.6) allow embedded underscores for clarity, e.g. 10_000_000, and fixed-form Fortran ignores embedded spaces in integer literals. C (starting from C23) and C++ use single quotes for this purpose.
In C and C++, a leading zero indicates an octal value, e.g. 0755. This was primarily intended to be used with Unix modes; however, it has been criticized because normal integers may also lead with zero. As such, Python, Ruby, Haskell, and OCaml prefix octal values with 0O or 0o, following the layout used by hexadecimal values.
Several languages, including Java, C#, Scala, Python, Ruby, OCaml, C (starting from C23) and C++ can represent binary values by prefixing a number with 0B or 0b.
See also
Arbitrary-precision arithmetic
Binary-coded decimal (BCD)
C data types
Integer overflow
Signed number representations
Notes
^ Not all SQL dialects have unsigned datatypes.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n The sizes of char, short, int, long and long long in C/C++ are dependent upon the implementation of the language.
^ Java does not directly support arithmetic on char types. The results must be cast back into char from an int.
^ a b The sizes of Delphi's Integer and Cardinal are not guaranteed, varying from platform to platform; usually defined as LongInt and LongWord respectively.
^ a b Reserved for future use. Not implemented yet.
^ The ISO C standard allows implementations to reserve the value with sign bit 1 and all other bits 0 (for sign–magnitude and two's complement representation) or with all bits 1 (for ones' complement) for use as a "trap" value, used to indicate (for example) an overflow.
References
^ Cheever, Eric. "Representation of numbers". Swarthmore College. Retrieved 2011-09-11.
^ Madhusudhan Konda (2011-09-02). "A look at Java 7's new features - O'Reilly Radar". Radar.oreilly.com. Retrieved 2013-10-15.
^ Barr, Adam (2018-10-23). The Problem with Software: Why Smart Engineers Write Bad Code. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-34821-8.
^ "Sybase Adaptive Server Enterprise 15.5: Exact Numeric Datatypes".
^ "MySQL 5.6 Numeric Datatypes".
^ "BigInteger (Java Platform SE 6)". Oracle. Retrieved 2011-09-11.
^ a b c d e Fog, Agner (2010-02-16). "Calling conventions for different C++ compilers and operating systems: Chapter 3, Data Representation" (PDF). Retrieved 2010-08-30.
^ Thorsten Leemhuis (2011-09-13). "Kernel Log: x32 ABI gets around 64-bit drawbacks". www.h-online.com. Archived from the original on 28 October 2011. Retrieved 2011-11-01.
^ Giguere, Eric (1987-12-18). "The ANSI Standard: A Summary for the C Programmer". Retrieved 2010-09-04.
^ a b Meyers, Randy (2000-12-01). "The New C: Integers in C99, Part 1". drdobbs.com. Retrieved 2010-09-04.
^ a b c d "ISO/IEC 9899:201x" (PDF). open-std.org. section 6.2.6.2, paragraph 2. Retrieved 2016-06-20.
^ a b c "ISO/IEC 9899:201x" (PDF). open-std.org. section 5.2.4.2.1. Retrieved 2016-06-20.
^ "Fundamental types in C++". cppreference.com. Retrieved 5 December 2010.
^ "Chapter 8.6.2 on page 12" (PDF). ecma-international.org.
^ VB 6.0 help file
^ "The Integer, Long, and Byte Data Types (VBA)". microsoft.com. Retrieved 2006-12-19.
^ Giguere, Eric (December 18, 1987). "The ANSI Standard: A Summary for the C Programmer". Retrieved 2010-09-04.
^ "American National Standard Programming Language C specifies the syntax and semantics of programs written in the C programming language". Archived from the original on 2010-08-22. Retrieved 2010-09-04.
^ ECMAScript 6th Edition draft: https://people.mozilla.org/~jorendorff/es6-draft.html#sec-literals-numeric-literals Archived 2013-12-16 at the Wayback Machine
vteData typesUninterpreted
Bit
Byte
Trit
Tryte
Word
Bit array
Numeric
Arbitrary-precision or bignum
Complex
Decimal
Fixed point
Floating point
Reduced precision
Minifloat
Half precision
bfloat16
Single precision
Double precision
Quadruple precision
Octuple precision
Extended precision
Long double
Integer
signedness
Interval
Rational
Pointer
Address
physical
virtual
Reference
Text
Character
String
null-terminated
Composite
Algebraic data type
generalized
Array
Associative array
Class
Dependent
Equality
Inductive
Intersection
List
Object
metaobject
Option type
Product
Record or Struct
Refinement
Set
Union
tagged
Other
Boolean
Bottom type
Collection
Enumerated type
Exception
Function type
Opaque data type
Recursive data type
Semaphore
Stream
Strongly typed identifier
Top type
Type class
Empty type
Unit type
Void
Relatedtopics
Abstract data type
Boxing
Data structure
Generic
Kind
metaclass
Parametric polymorphism
Primitive data type
Interface
Subtyping
Type constructor
Type conversion
Type system
Type theory
Variable | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"datum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data"},{"link_name":"data type","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_type"},{"link_name":"range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interval_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"integers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integer"},{"link_name":"register","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_size"}],"text":"In computer science, an integer is a datum of integral data type, a data type that represents some range of mathematical integers. Integral data types may be of different sizes and may or may not be allowed to contain negative values. Integers are commonly represented in a computer as a group of binary digits (bits). The size of the grouping varies so the set of integer sizes available varies between different types of computers. Computer hardware nearly always provides a way to represent a processor register or memory address as an integer.","title":"Integer (computer science)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"source code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_code"},{"link_name":"digit group separators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digit_group_separator"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"bits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit"},{"link_name":"binary numeral system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_numeral_system"},{"link_name":"bytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byte"},{"link_name":"endianness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endianness"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"binary-coded decimal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary-coded_decimal"},{"link_name":"Gray code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray_code"},{"link_name":"ASCII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII"},{"link_name":"ways to represent signed numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signed_number_representations"},{"link_name":"two's complement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two%27s_complement"},{"link_name":"one-to-one correspondence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bijection"},{"link_name":"addition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addition"},{"link_name":"subtraction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtraction"},{"link_name":"multiplication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplication"},{"link_name":"offset binary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offset_binary"},{"link_name":"sign-magnitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign-magnitude"},{"link_name":"ones' complement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ones%27_complement"},{"link_name":"programming language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_language"},{"link_name":"§ Words","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Words"},{"link_name":"older computer architectures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decimal_computer"},{"link_name":"binary-coded decimal (BCD)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary-coded_decimal"},{"link_name":"nibble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nibble"}],"text":"The value of an item with an integral type is the mathematical integer that it corresponds to. Integral types may be unsigned (capable of representing only non-negative integers) or signed (capable of representing negative integers as well).[1]An integer value is typically specified in the source code of a program as a sequence of digits optionally prefixed with + or −. Some programming languages allow other notations, such as hexadecimal (base 16) or octal (base 8). Some programming languages also permit digit group separators.[2]The internal representation of this datum is the way the value is stored in the computer's memory. Unlike mathematical integers, a typical datum in a computer has some minimal and maximum possible value.The most common representation of a positive integer is a string of bits, using the binary numeral system. The order of the memory bytes storing the bits varies; see endianness. The width, precision, or bitness[3] of an integral type is the number of bits in its representation. An integral type with n bits can encode 2n numbers; for example an unsigned type typically represents the non-negative values 0 through 2n−1. Other encodings of integer values to bit patterns are sometimes used, for example binary-coded decimal or Gray code, or as printed character codes such as ASCII.There are four well-known ways to represent signed numbers in a binary computing system. The most common is two's complement, which allows a signed integral type with n bits to represent numbers from −2(n−1) through 2(n−1)−1. Two's complement arithmetic is convenient because there is a perfect one-to-one correspondence between representations and values (in particular, no separate +0 and −0), and because addition, subtraction and multiplication do not need to distinguish between signed and unsigned types. Other possibilities include offset binary, sign-magnitude, and ones' complement.Some computer languages define integer sizes in a machine-independent way; others have varying definitions depending on the underlying processor word size. Not all language implementations define variables of all integer sizes, and defined sizes may not even be distinct in a particular implementation. An integer in one programming language may be a different size in a different language, on a different processor, or in an execution context of different bitness; see § Words.Some older computer architectures used decimal representations of integers, stored in binary-coded decimal (BCD) or other format. These values generally require data sizes of 4 bits per decimal digit (sometimes called a nibble), usually with additional bits for a sign. Many modern CPUs provide limited support for decimal integers as an extended datatype, providing instructions for converting such values to and from binary values. Depending on the architecture, decimal integers may have fixed sizes (e.g., 7 decimal digits plus a sign fit into a 32-bit word), or may be variable-length (up to some maximum digit size), typically occupying two digits per byte (octet).","title":"Value and representation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CPUs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_processing_unit"},{"link_name":"Lisp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisp_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"Smalltalk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smalltalk"},{"link_name":"REXX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/REXX"},{"link_name":"Haskell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haskell"},{"link_name":"Python","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"Raku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raku_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"bignums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bignum"},{"link_name":"Perl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perl"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Boolean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boolean_datatype"},{"link_name":"Flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_(computing)"},{"link_name":"nibble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nibble"},{"link_name":"hexadecimal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexadecimal"}],"text":"Different CPUs support different integral data types. Typically, hardware will support both signed and unsigned types, but only a small, fixed set of widths.The table above lists integral type widths that are supported in hardware by common processors. High level programming languages provide more possibilities. It is common to have a 'double width' integral type that has twice as many bits as the biggest hardware-supported type. Many languages also have bit-field types (a specified number of bits, usually constrained to be less than the maximum hardware-supported width) and range types (that can represent only the integers in a specified range).Some languages, such as Lisp, Smalltalk, REXX, Haskell, Python, and Raku, support arbitrary precision integers (also known as infinite precision integers or bignums). Other languages that do not support this concept as a top-level construct may have libraries available to represent very large numbers using arrays of smaller variables, such as Java's BigInteger class or Perl's \"bigint\" package.[6] These use as much of the computer's memory as is necessary to store the numbers; however, a computer has only a finite amount of storage, so they, too, can only represent a finite subset of the mathematical integers. These schemes support very large numbers; for example one kilobyte of memory could be used to store numbers up to 2466 decimal digits long.A Boolean or Flag type is a type that can represent only two values: 0 and 1, usually identified with false and true respectively. This type can be stored in memory using a single bit, but is often given a full byte for convenience of addressing and speed of access.A four-bit quantity is known as a nibble (when eating, being smaller than a bite) or nybble (being a pun on the form of the word byte). One nibble corresponds to one digit in hexadecimal and holds one digit or a sign code in binary-coded decimal.","title":"Common integral data types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"computer networking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_network"}],"sub_title":"Bytes and octets","text":"The term byte initially meant 'the smallest addressable unit of memory'. In the past, 5-, 6-, 7-, 8-, and 9-bit bytes have all been used. There have also been computers that could address individual bits ('bit-addressed machine'), or that could only address 16- or 32-bit quantities ('word-addressed machine'). The term byte was usually not used at all in connection with bit- and word-addressed machines.The term octet always refers to an 8-bit quantity. It is mostly used in the field of computer networking, where computers with different byte widths might have to communicate.In modern usage byte almost invariably means eight bits, since all other sizes have fallen into disuse; thus byte has come to be synonymous with octet.","title":"Common integral data types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_architecture"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-agnerfog-12"},{"link_name":"embedded processors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedded_system"},{"link_name":"36-bit word length","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/36-bit"},{"link_name":"stdint.h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stdint.h"},{"link_name":"Microsoft Windows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows"},{"link_name":"x32 ABI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X32_ABI"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Words","text":"The term 'word' is used for a small group of bits that are handled simultaneously by processors of a particular architecture. The size of a word is thus CPU-specific. Many different word sizes have been used, including 6-, 8-, 12-, 16-, 18-, 24-, 32-, 36-, 39-, 40-, 48-, 60-, and 64-bit. Since it is architectural, the size of a word is usually set by the first CPU in a family, rather than the characteristics of a later compatible CPU. The meanings of terms derived from word, such as longword, doubleword, quadword, and halfword, also vary with the CPU and OS.[7]Practically all new desktop processors are capable of using 64-bit words, though embedded processors with 8- and 16-bit word size are still common. The 36-bit word length was common in the early days of computers.One important cause of non-portability of software is the incorrect assumption that all computers have the same word size as the computer used by the programmer. For example, if a programmer using the C language incorrectly declares as int a variable that will be used to store values greater than 215−1, the program will fail on computers with 16-bit integers. That variable should have been declared as long, which has at least 32 bits on any computer. Programmers may also incorrectly assume that a pointer can be converted to an integer without loss of information, which may work on (some) 32-bit computers, but fail on 64-bit computers with 64-bit pointers and 32-bit integers. This issue is resolved by C99 in stdint.h in the form of intptr_t.The bitness of a program may refer to the word size (or bitness) of the processor on which it runs, or it may refer to the width of a memory address or pointer, which can differ between execution modes or contexts. For example, 64-bit versions of Microsoft Windows support existing 32-bit binaries, and programs compiled for Linux's x32 ABI run in 64-bit mode yet use 32-bit memory addresses.[8]","title":"Common integral data types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language)"}],"sub_title":"Standard integer","text":"The standard integer size is platform-dependent.In C, it is denoted by int and required to be at least 16 bits. Windows and Unix systems have 32-bit ints on both 32-bit and 64-bit architectures.","title":"Common integral data types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-c99-14"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-drdobbsinteger-15"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-c-std-6.2.6.2p2-16"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-c-std-5.2.4.2.1-17"},{"link_name":"Java","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"Windows API","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_API"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-agnerfog-12"}],"sub_title":"Short integer","text":"A short integer can represent a whole number that may take less storage, while having a smaller range, compared with a standard integer on the same machine.In C, it is denoted by short. It is required to be at least 16 bits, and is often smaller than a standard integer, but this is not required.[9][10] A conforming program can assume that it can safely store values between −(215−1)[11] and 215−1,[12] but it may not assume that the range is not larger. In Java, a short is always a 16-bit integer. In the Windows API, the datatype SHORT is defined as a 16-bit signed integer on all machines.[7]","title":"Common integral data types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"integer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integer"},{"link_name":"range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Range_(computer_science)"},{"link_name":"C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-c-std-6.2.6.2p2-16"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-c-std-5.2.4.2.1-17"}],"sub_title":"Long integer","text":"A long integer can represent a whole integer whose range is greater than or equal to that of a standard integer on the same machine.In C, it is denoted by long. It is required to be at least 32 bits, and may or may not be larger than a standard integer. A conforming program can assume that it can safely store values between −(231−1)[11] and 231−1,[12] but it may not assume that the range is not larger.","title":"Common integral data types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"long","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Long, Long, Long","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long,_Long,_Long"},{"link_name":"C99","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C99"},{"link_name":"C programming language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"C++11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B11"},{"link_name":"C++","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-c-std-6.2.6.2p2-16"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-c-std-5.2.4.2.1-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"standard library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_library"},{"link_name":"stdint.h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stdint.h"}],"sub_title":"Long long","text":"\"long long\" redirects here. Not to be confused with long or Long, Long, Long.In the C99 version of the C programming language and the C++11 version of C++, a long long type is supported that has double the minimum capacity of the standard long. This type is not supported by compilers that require C code to be compliant with the previous C++ standard, C++03, because the long long type did not exist in C++03. For an ANSI/ISO compliant compiler, the minimum requirements for the specified ranges, that is, −(263−1)[11] to 263−1 for signed and 0 to 264−1 for unsigned,[12] must be fulfilled; however, extending this range is permitted.[17][18] This can be an issue when exchanging code and data between platforms, or doing direct hardware access. Thus, there are several sets of headers providing platform independent exact width types. The C standard library provides stdint.h; this was introduced in C99 and C++11.","title":"Common integral data types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arabic numerals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_numerals"},{"link_name":"minus sign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyphen-minus"},{"link_name":"digit grouping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digit_grouping"},{"link_name":"C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"hexadecimal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexadecimal"},{"link_name":"assembly languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_language"},{"link_name":"Perl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perl"},{"link_name":"Ruby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"Java","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"Julia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"Go","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"Rust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rust_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"Python","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"underscores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underscore"},{"link_name":"Fortran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortran"},{"link_name":"C23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C23_(C_standard_revision)"},{"link_name":"C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"C++","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B"},{"link_name":"octal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octal"},{"link_name":"Unix modes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modes_(Unix)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Python","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"Ruby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"Haskell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haskell"},{"link_name":"OCaml","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCaml"},{"link_name":"Java","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"C#","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"Scala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scala_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"Python","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"Ruby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"OCaml","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCaml"}],"text":"Literals for integers can be written as regular Arabic numerals, consisting of a sequence of digits and with negation indicated by a minus sign before the value. However, most programming languages disallow use of commas or spaces for digit grouping. Examples of integer literals are:42\n10000\n-233000There are several alternate methods for writing integer literals in many programming languages:Many programming languages, especially those influenced by C, prefix an integer literal with 0X or 0x to represent a hexadecimal value, e.g. 0xDEADBEEF. Other languages may use a different notation, e.g. some assembly languages append an H or h to the end of a hexadecimal value.\nPerl, Ruby, Java, Julia, D, Go, Rust and Python (starting from version 3.6) allow embedded underscores for clarity, e.g. 10_000_000, and fixed-form Fortran ignores embedded spaces in integer literals. C (starting from C23) and C++ use single quotes for this purpose.\nIn C and C++, a leading zero indicates an octal value, e.g. 0755. This was primarily intended to be used with Unix modes; however, it has been criticized because normal integers may also lead with zero.[19] As such, Python, Ruby, Haskell, and OCaml prefix octal values with 0O or 0o, following the layout used by hexadecimal values.\nSeveral languages, including Java, C#, Scala, Python, Ruby, OCaml, C (starting from C23) and C++ can represent binary values by prefixing a number with 0B or 0b.","title":"Syntax"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-notesqla_6-0"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SybDT-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MySQLDT-5"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-notescb_7-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-notescb_7-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-notescb_7-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-notescb_7-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-notescb_7-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-notescb_7-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-notescb_7-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-notescb_7-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-notescb_7-8"},{"link_name":"j","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-notescb_7-9"},{"link_name":"k","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-notescb_7-10"},{"link_name":"l","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-notescb_7-11"},{"link_name":"m","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-notescb_7-12"},{"link_name":"n","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-notescb_7-13"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-notejavad_8-0"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-notedelphic_9-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-notedelphic_9-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-notede_10-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-notede_10-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-c-std-6.2.6.2p2-16"}],"text":"^ Not all SQL dialects have unsigned datatypes.[4][5]\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n The sizes of char, short, int, long and long long in C/C++ are dependent upon the implementation of the language.\n\n^ Java does not directly support arithmetic on char types. The results must be cast back into char from an int.\n\n^ a b The sizes of Delphi's Integer and Cardinal are not guaranteed, varying from platform to platform; usually defined as LongInt and LongWord respectively.\n\n^ a b Reserved for future use. Not implemented yet. \n\n^ The ISO C standard allows implementations to reserve the value with sign bit 1 and all other bits 0 (for sign–magnitude and two's complement representation) or with all bits 1 (for ones' complement) for use as a \"trap\" value, used to indicate (for example) an overflow.[11]","title":"Notes"}] | [] | [{"title":"Arbitrary-precision arithmetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbitrary-precision_arithmetic"},{"title":"Binary-coded decimal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary-coded_decimal"},{"title":"C data types","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_data_types"},{"title":"Integer overflow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integer_overflow"},{"title":"Signed number representations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signed_number_representations"}] | [{"reference":"Cheever, Eric. \"Representation of numbers\". Swarthmore College. Retrieved 2011-09-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.swarthmore.edu/NatSci/echeeve1/Ref/BinaryMath/NumSys.html","url_text":"\"Representation of numbers\""}]},{"reference":"Madhusudhan Konda (2011-09-02). \"A look at Java 7's new features - O'Reilly Radar\". Radar.oreilly.com. Retrieved 2013-10-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://radar.oreilly.com/2011/09/java7-features.html","url_text":"\"A look at Java 7's new features - O'Reilly Radar\""}]},{"reference":"Barr, Adam (2018-10-23). The Problem with Software: Why Smart Engineers Write Bad Code. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-34821-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=BxdxDwAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA268&dq=%22bitness%22&hl=en","url_text":"The Problem with Software: Why Smart Engineers Write Bad Code"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-34821-8","url_text":"978-0-262-34821-8"}]},{"reference":"\"Sybase Adaptive Server Enterprise 15.5: Exact Numeric Datatypes\".","urls":[{"url":"http://infocenter.sybase.com/help/index.jsp?topic=/com.sybase.infocenter.dc36271.1550/html/blocks/blocks20.htm","url_text":"\"Sybase Adaptive Server Enterprise 15.5: Exact Numeric Datatypes\""}]},{"reference":"\"MySQL 5.6 Numeric Datatypes\".","urls":[{"url":"http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.6/en/numeric-types.html","url_text":"\"MySQL 5.6 Numeric Datatypes\""}]},{"reference":"\"BigInteger (Java Platform SE 6)\". Oracle. Retrieved 2011-09-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://download.oracle.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/math/BigInteger.html","url_text":"\"BigInteger (Java Platform SE 6)\""}]},{"reference":"Fog, Agner (2010-02-16). \"Calling conventions for different C++ compilers and operating systems: Chapter 3, Data Representation\" (PDF). Retrieved 2010-08-30.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.agner.org/optimize/calling_conventions.pdf","url_text":"\"Calling conventions for different C++ compilers and operating systems: Chapter 3, Data Representation\""}]},{"reference":"Thorsten Leemhuis (2011-09-13). \"Kernel Log: x32 ABI gets around 64-bit drawbacks\". www.h-online.com. Archived from the original on 28 October 2011. Retrieved 2011-11-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111028081253/http://www.h-online.com/open/features/Kernel-Log-x32-ABI-gets-around-64-bit-drawbacks-1342061.html","url_text":"\"Kernel Log: x32 ABI gets around 64-bit drawbacks\""},{"url":"http://www.h-online.com/open/features/Kernel-Log-x32-ABI-gets-around-64-bit-drawbacks-1342061.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Giguere, Eric (1987-12-18). \"The ANSI Standard: A Summary for the C Programmer\". Retrieved 2010-09-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ericgiguere.com/articles/ansi-c-summary.html","url_text":"\"The ANSI Standard: A Summary for the C Programmer\""}]},{"reference":"Meyers, Randy (2000-12-01). \"The New C: Integers in C99, Part 1\". drdobbs.com. Retrieved 2010-09-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.drdobbs.com/184401323","url_text":"\"The New C: Integers in C99, Part 1\""}]},{"reference":"\"ISO/IEC 9899:201x\" (PDF). open-std.org. section 6.2.6.2, paragraph 2. Retrieved 2016-06-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.open-std.org/JTC1/SC22/WG14/www/docs/n1570.pdf","url_text":"\"ISO/IEC 9899:201x\""}]},{"reference":"\"ISO/IEC 9899:201x\" (PDF). open-std.org. section 5.2.4.2.1. Retrieved 2016-06-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.open-std.org/JTC1/SC22/WG14/www/docs/n1570.pdf","url_text":"\"ISO/IEC 9899:201x\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fundamental types in C++\". cppreference.com. Retrieved 5 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://cppreference.com/wiki/language/types","url_text":"\"Fundamental types in C++\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chapter 8.6.2 on page 12\" (PDF). ecma-international.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/files/ECMA-ST/ECMA-372.pdf","url_text":"\"Chapter 8.6.2 on page 12\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Integer, Long, and Byte Data Types (VBA)\". microsoft.com. Retrieved 2006-12-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://msdn2.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa164754(office.10).aspx","url_text":"\"The Integer, Long, and Byte Data Types (VBA)\""}]},{"reference":"Giguere, Eric (December 18, 1987). \"The ANSI Standard: A Summary for the C Programmer\". Retrieved 2010-09-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ericgiguere.com/articles/ansi-c-summary.html","url_text":"\"The ANSI Standard: A Summary for the C Programmer\""}]},{"reference":"\"American National Standard Programming Language C specifies the syntax and semantics of programs written in the C programming language\". Archived from the original on 2010-08-22. Retrieved 2010-09-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100822072551/http://flash-gordon.me.uk/ansi.c.txt","url_text":"\"American National Standard Programming Language C specifies the syntax and semantics of programs written in the C programming language\""},{"url":"http://flash-gordon.me.uk/ansi.c.txt","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.swarthmore.edu/NatSci/echeeve1/Ref/BinaryMath/NumSys.html","external_links_name":"\"Representation of numbers\""},{"Link":"http://radar.oreilly.com/2011/09/java7-features.html","external_links_name":"\"A look at Java 7's new features - O'Reilly Radar\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=BxdxDwAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA268&dq=%22bitness%22&hl=en","external_links_name":"The Problem with Software: Why Smart Engineers Write Bad Code"},{"Link":"http://infocenter.sybase.com/help/index.jsp?topic=/com.sybase.infocenter.dc36271.1550/html/blocks/blocks20.htm","external_links_name":"\"Sybase Adaptive Server Enterprise 15.5: Exact Numeric Datatypes\""},{"Link":"http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.6/en/numeric-types.html","external_links_name":"\"MySQL 5.6 Numeric Datatypes\""},{"Link":"http://download.oracle.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/math/BigInteger.html","external_links_name":"\"BigInteger (Java Platform SE 6)\""},{"Link":"http://www.agner.org/optimize/calling_conventions.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Calling conventions for different C++ compilers and operating systems: Chapter 3, Data Representation\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111028081253/http://www.h-online.com/open/features/Kernel-Log-x32-ABI-gets-around-64-bit-drawbacks-1342061.html","external_links_name":"\"Kernel Log: x32 ABI gets around 64-bit drawbacks\""},{"Link":"http://www.h-online.com/open/features/Kernel-Log-x32-ABI-gets-around-64-bit-drawbacks-1342061.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.ericgiguere.com/articles/ansi-c-summary.html","external_links_name":"\"The ANSI Standard: A Summary for the C Programmer\""},{"Link":"http://www.drdobbs.com/184401323","external_links_name":"\"The New C: Integers in C99, Part 1\""},{"Link":"http://www.open-std.org/JTC1/SC22/WG14/www/docs/n1570.pdf","external_links_name":"\"ISO/IEC 9899:201x\""},{"Link":"http://www.open-std.org/JTC1/SC22/WG14/www/docs/n1570.pdf","external_links_name":"\"ISO/IEC 9899:201x\""},{"Link":"http://cppreference.com/wiki/language/types","external_links_name":"\"Fundamental types in C++\""},{"Link":"http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/files/ECMA-ST/ECMA-372.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Chapter 8.6.2 on page 12\""},{"Link":"http://msdn2.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa164754(office.10).aspx","external_links_name":"\"The Integer, Long, and Byte Data Types (VBA)\""},{"Link":"http://www.ericgiguere.com/articles/ansi-c-summary.html","external_links_name":"\"The ANSI Standard: A Summary for the C Programmer\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100822072551/http://flash-gordon.me.uk/ansi.c.txt","external_links_name":"\"American National Standard Programming Language C specifies the syntax and semantics of programs written in the C programming language\""},{"Link":"http://flash-gordon.me.uk/ansi.c.txt","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://people.mozilla.org/~jorendorff/es6-draft.html#sec-literals-numeric-literals","external_links_name":"https://people.mozilla.org/~jorendorff/es6-draft.html#sec-literals-numeric-literals"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131216202526/https://people.mozilla.org/~jorendorff/es6-draft.html","external_links_name":"Archived"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Wrath_(TV_series) | Cape Wrath (TV series) | ["1 Plot","2 Production","3 Cast","4 Episodes","5 References","6 External links"] | 2007 British TV series
Cape WrathUK Ad BumperAlso known asMeadowlandsGenreThrillerCreated by
Robert Murphy
Matthew Arlidge
Directed by
Duane Clark
Andrew Gunn
Paul Walker
Starring
David Morrissey
Lucy Cohu
Ralph Brown
Tristan Gemmill
Melanie Hill
Nina Sosanya
Felicity Jones
Harry Treadaway
Don Gilet
Scot Williams
Ella Smith
Sian Brooke
ComposerAdrian JohnstonCountry of originUnited KingdomOriginal languageEnglishNo. of series1No. of episodes8 (list of episodes)ProductionExecutive producers
Matthew Arlidge
Douglas Rae
Francis Hopkinson
ProducerCaroline LevyCinematography
John Daly
Mark Waters
Editors
Luke Dunkley
Paul Endacott
Running time45 minutesProduction companyEcosse FilmsOriginal releaseNetwork
Channel 4
E4 (First Look)
Showtime (US)
Release17 June (2007-06-17) –5 August 2007 (2007-08-05)
Cape Wrath (also known as Meadowlands) is a British thriller drama television series, created by Robert Murphy and Matthew Arlidge, that first broadcast in the United Kingdom on 10 July 2007 on Channel 4. Produced by Ecosse Films, the series focuses on the Brogan family, who are trying to escape their past while confronting an even more uncertain future.
The series was a co-production between Channel 4 in the UK and Showtime in the United States, where it received its world première on 17 June 2007, at 22:00 EST. During its original broadcast on Showtime, the series was accompanied by an interactive online experience, which following each episode, featured exclusive content detailing the background of a specific character from their life before they moved to Meadowlands, including their real name.
Due to low ratings, Channel 4 executives confirmed that a second series would not be commissioned. The complete series was released on Region 2 DVD on 27 August 2007. A quiz based upon the series is available to play on FunTrivia.
Plot
The series opens with Danny (David Morrissey) and Evelyn Brogan (Lucy Cohu) and their two teenage children, Zoe (Felicity Jones) and Mark (Harry Treadaway), entering a witness protection programme and moving to a bucolic neighbourhood known as Meadowlands to begin a new life. Picturesque and crime-free, Meadowlands appears to be a suburban paradise where the Brogan family can start a new life. However, they soon realise that it is not so easy to escape the past, and their haven becomes a world of paranoia and psychological intrigue with shocking surprises around every corner, especially the particularly stunning revelation that they can never leave.
Production
The series was filmed in Kent. Many of the interior sets were built in a warehouse close to The Maidstone Studios. The estate itself is in fact The Lakes, a new housing development built next to Leybourne Lakes Country Park. Kings Hill features as the local town centre. Other locations include The Kings Hill Golf Course, Wye College and Maidstone Leisure Centre.
Cast
Main article: List of Cape Wrath characters
David Morrissey as Danny Brogan
Lucy Cohu as Evelyn Brogan
Ralph Brown as Bernard Wintersgill
Tristan Gemmill as David York
Melanie Hill as Brenda Ogilvie
Nina Sosanya as Samantha Campbell
Felicity Jones as Zoe Brogan
Harry Treadaway as Mark Brogan
Don Gilet as Freddie Marcuse
Scot Williams as Tom Tyrell
Ella Smith as Jezebel Ogilvie
Sian Brooke as Lori Marcuse
Emma Davies as Abigail York
Tom Hardy as Jack Donnelly
Sean Harris as Gordon Ormond
Episodes
No.TitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateUK airdateUK viewers(millions) 1"Episode 1"Robert MurphyDuane Clark17 June 2007 (2007-06-17)10 July 20071.83
The Brogans arrive at Meadowlands and meet their neighbours: bad boy handyman Jack Donnelly, vivacious and bubbly Brenda and general practitioner Dr. York, all of whom harbour secrets as potentially devastating as the Brogans'.
2"Episode 2"Robert MurphyDuane Clark24 June 2007 (2007-06-24)10 July 2007TBA
A day that begins with hope for the future ends with tragedy when Mark's experimenting with cross-dressing results in a brutal attack that leaves him traumatised again and Danny reeling from his own murderous rage.
3"Episode 3"Chris DunlopDuane Clark30 June 2007 (2007-06-30)10 July 2007TBA
Local cop Wintersgill becomes suspicious of Jack Donnelly's absence and begins investigating his disappearance, while Danny and Mark struggle to keep Jack's murder a secret.
4"Episode 4"Robert MurphyDuane Clark8 July 2007 (2007-07-08)17 July 2007TBA
A vicious psychological game of cat and mouse ensues between Danny and Wintersgill, as Mark has a charged encounter with neighbour Brenda and Evelyn learns a shocking truth that affects her past and future.
5"Episode 5"Chris Denne & Joel JenkinsPaul Walker15 July 2007 (2007-07-15)24 July 2007TBA
Danny's handlers frame Ormond for Jack's murder, while Evelyn pleads with Dr. York to lie about Danny's fertility test results and Zoe undertakes an investigation of Jack's death with the help of former journalist Tom Tyrell.
6"Episode 6"Robert MurphyPaul Walker22 July 2007 (2007-07-22)31 July 2007TBA
Danny attempts to decipher the truth about Cape Wrath, while Samantha's visit with her dying father reveals more of the history behind Meadowlands and the romantic triangle between York, Abigail and Evelyn takes a disturbing turn.
7"Episode 7"Chris DunlopAndrew Gunn29 July 2007 (2007-07-29)7 August 2007TBA
Danny launches a desperate plan to escape from Meadowlands with his family, while York becomes increasingly unhinged and demands sexual favours from Evelyn in exchange for keeping her secret.
8"Episode 8"Robert MurphyAndrew Gunn5 August 2007 (2007-08-05)7 August 2007TBA
The painful truth about Danny's relationship to his children is finally revealed, as is the shocking location of Meadowlands; his escape plan gets a hand from a most unlikely source.
^ Episodes 1 & 2 were edited together into a single 77-minute episode when first broadcast on Channel 4.
^ From Episode 3 onwards, episodes were first broadcast on E4 as part of its "First Look" strand, immediately following the broadcast of the previous episode on Channel 4.
^ Episode 8 was broadcast directly after Episode 7, meaning that it was technically shown on 8 August 2007, as it was broadcast at 00:05.
References
^ a b "Channel 4 - Cape Wrath". Channel 4. Retrieved 7 January 2019.
^ a b "Showtime - Meadowlands (2007)". Showtime. Archived from the original on 15 October 2008. Retrieved 7 January 2019.
^ Hemley, Matthew (28 August 2007). "Edinburgh bites: Cape Wrath no, Marchioness no, Jekyll maybe". The Stage. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 2007-08-28.
^ "Cape Wrath ". Amazon. Retrieved 7 January 2019.
^ "Welcome to Meadowlands ---Cape Wrath". Fun Trivia. Retrieved 7 January 2019.
^ a b "Kent Film Office Cape Wrath Article". Kent Film Office. Retrieved 7 January 2019.
^ "Weekly Top 30 Programmes". BARB. Retrieved 7 January 2019.
External links
Cape Wrath at IMDb
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Showtime (OTT) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dramatic_programming"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Channel 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Channel_4-1"},{"link_name":"Ecosse Films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosse_Films"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Channel_4-1"},{"link_name":"Channel 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_4"},{"link_name":"Showtime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Showtime_(TV_network)"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"EST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Standard_Time_(North_America)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Showtime-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Showtime-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TheStage-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Amazon-4"},{"link_name":"FunTrivia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FunTrivia"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FunTrivia-5"}],"text":"Cape Wrath (also known as Meadowlands) is a British thriller drama television series, created by Robert Murphy and Matthew Arlidge, that first broadcast in the United Kingdom on 10 July 2007 on Channel 4.[1] Produced by Ecosse Films, the series focuses on the Brogan family, who are trying to escape their past while confronting an even more uncertain future.[1]The series was a co-production between Channel 4 in the UK and Showtime in the United States, where it received its world première on 17 June 2007, at 22:00 EST.[2] During its original broadcast on Showtime, the series was accompanied by an interactive online experience, which following each episode, featured exclusive content detailing the background of a specific character from their life before they moved to Meadowlands, including their real name.[2]Due to low ratings, Channel 4 executives confirmed that a second series would not be commissioned.[3] The complete series was released on Region 2 DVD on 27 August 2007.[4] A quiz based upon the series is available to play on FunTrivia.[5]","title":"Cape Wrath (TV series)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David Morrissey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Morrissey"},{"link_name":"Lucy Cohu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy_Cohu"},{"link_name":"Felicity Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felicity_Jones"},{"link_name":"Harry Treadaway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Treadaway"},{"link_name":"witness protection programme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witness_protection"}],"text":"The series opens with Danny (David Morrissey) and Evelyn Brogan (Lucy Cohu) and their two teenage children, Zoe (Felicity Jones) and Mark (Harry Treadaway), entering a witness protection programme and moving to a bucolic neighbourhood known as Meadowlands to begin a new life. Picturesque and crime-free, Meadowlands appears to be a suburban paradise where the Brogan family can start a new life. However, they soon realise that it is not so easy to escape the past, and their haven becomes a world of paranoia and psychological intrigue with shocking surprises around every corner, especially the particularly stunning revelation that they can never leave.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent"},{"link_name":"The Maidstone Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Maidstone_Studios"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kent_Film_Office-6"},{"link_name":"Kings Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kings_Hill"},{"link_name":"Wye College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wye_College"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kent_Film_Office-6"}],"text":"The series was filmed in Kent. Many of the interior sets were built in a warehouse close to The Maidstone Studios.[6] The estate itself is in fact The Lakes, a new housing development built next to Leybourne Lakes Country Park. Kings Hill features as the local town centre. Other locations include The Kings Hill Golf Course, Wye College and Maidstone Leisure Centre.[6]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David Morrissey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Morrissey"},{"link_name":"Lucy Cohu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy_Cohu"},{"link_name":"Ralph Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Brown"},{"link_name":"Tristan Gemmill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristan_Gemmill"},{"link_name":"Melanie Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanie_Hill"},{"link_name":"Nina Sosanya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nina_Sosanya"},{"link_name":"Felicity Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felicity_Jones"},{"link_name":"Harry Treadaway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Treadaway"},{"link_name":"Don Gilet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Gilet"},{"link_name":"Scot Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scot_Williams"},{"link_name":"Ella Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella_Smith_(actress)"},{"link_name":"Sian Brooke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sian_Brooke"},{"link_name":"Emma Davies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Davies_(actress)"},{"link_name":"Tom Hardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Hardy"},{"link_name":"Sean Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Harris"}],"text":"David Morrissey as Danny Brogan\nLucy Cohu as Evelyn Brogan\nRalph Brown as Bernard Wintersgill\nTristan Gemmill as David York\nMelanie Hill as Brenda Ogilvie\nNina Sosanya as Samantha Campbell\nFelicity Jones as Zoe Brogan\nHarry Treadaway as Mark Brogan\nDon Gilet as Freddie Marcuse\nScot Williams as Tom Tyrell\nElla Smith as Jezebel Ogilvie\nSian Brooke as Lori Marcuse\nEmma Davies as Abigail York\nTom Hardy as Jack Donnelly\nSean Harris as Gordon Ormond","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"E4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E4_(channel)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"}],"text":"^ Episodes 1 & 2 were edited together into a single 77-minute episode when first broadcast on Channel 4.\n\n^ From Episode 3 onwards, episodes were first broadcast on E4 as part of its \"First Look\" strand, immediately following the broadcast of the previous episode on Channel 4.\n\n^ Episode 8 was broadcast directly after Episode 7, meaning that it was technically shown on 8 August 2007, as it was broadcast at 00:05.","title":"Episodes"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Channel 4 - Cape Wrath\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defencist | Internationalist–defencist schism | ["1 Division","2 Effects by country","2.1 Russia","3 Post-war impact","4 See also","5 Sources and links"] | This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (July 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
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Internationalist and defencist were the broad opposing camps in the international socialist movement during and shortly after the First World War. Prior to 1914, anti-militarism had been an article of faith among most European socialist parties. Leaders of the Second International had even suggested that socialist workers might foil a declaration of war by means of a general strike.
However, when war broke out in August 1914, the leaders of most European socialist parties rallied to the support of their respective countries, while a minority continued to oppose the war. Those in favour of their country's war efforts were variously called 'social patriots' or 'defencists'. Those opposed to the war called themselves 'Internationalists' and were often called 'defeatists' by their opponents.
Division
The 'defencist' camp included many venerable figures of European socialism: Jules Guesde and Édouard Vaillant in France, Gustav Noske and Friedrich Ebert in Germany, Georgi Plekhanov and Ekaterina Breshkovskaia among the Russians. Leaders of the anti-war 'Internationalist' camp included Jean Jaurès (who was murdered for his anti-war stance in 1914), Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg, and later also Karl Kautsky and Eduard Bernstein, in Germany, Iulii Martov, Vladimir Lenin, Viktor Chernov and Mark Natanson among the Russians. The anti-war socialists held two international conferences at Zimmerwald and Kienthal in Switzerland in 1915 and 1916.
The defencist–internationalist schism did not necessarily coincide with earlier, pre-existing splits, such as that between reformists and revolutionaries, Revisionists and orthodox Marxists, Bolsheviks and Mensheviks, etc. For example, Guesde and Vaillant in France had belonged to the intransigent, revolutionary left of the Socialist Party, and in 1914, anti-war sentiment was strongest on the far left. Yet both of these veterans were ardent supporters of the French war effort, while the old reformist leader Jaurès opposed the war. Likewise, Kautsky and Bernstein had been on opposite sides during the Revisionism controversy of the 1890s, Kautsky defending orthodox Marxism and Bernstein being the principal exponent of Revisionism; they both joined the anti-war faction. Meanwhile, the left wing Marxists Paul Lensch, Heinrich Cunow and Konrad Haenisch went on to form the Lensch-Cunow-Haenisch group, which argued that the First World War was a revolutionary war against the liberal capitalism of the Triple Entente.
'Defencism' and 'Internationalism' were broad categories; within each camp, there were further differences and divisions. Out-and-out 'Social Patriots' who supported their countries' war efforts unconditionally, including territorial ambitions, were fairly rare, though they included some of the most prominent representatives of the pre-war socialist movement: people like Henry Hyndman, Plekhanov and Guesde. More common was an attitude of conditional support for the war, approving a 'defensive' war but rejecting annexations and indemnities. A special case arose in Russia in 1917: After the February Revolution, several Mensheviks and Socialist-Revolutionaries (SRs) who had previously been Internationalists and Zimmerwaldists now favoured 'revolutionary defencism' – continued war effort in defence of the revolution. This was the case with Mensheviks like Fedor Dan and Irakli Tsereteli, SRs like Avram Gots and Nikolai Avksentiev and Trudoviks like Alexander Kerensky. In 1917 some Bolsheviks took also this position, before Lenin returned to Russia and successfully opposed this view. On the Internationalist side, too, there were divisions. Most Internationalists favoured passive resistance to the war and called for an international peace agreement, 'without annexations or indemnities'. Jaurès, Kautsky, Bernstein, Martov and Chernov belonged to this camp; so, at first, did the Bolshevik Lev Kamenev. A minority led by Lenin advocated 'revolutionary defeatism': instead of seeking a peace agreement that would restore the status quo ante, socialists should seek to convert the 'imperialist war' into a revolutionary 'civil war', with each socialist party working for the defeat of its own country.
Effects by country
The schism caused splits in many European socialist parties. In France, the split between socialists and communists did not occur until 1920. In Germany, the Independent Social-Democrats (USPD) formally separated from the majority Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) in 1917, and the more radical Spartacist League formed the nucleus of the post-war German Communist Party (KPD). Italy was a special case: whereas, in most European socialist parties, Defencists predominated (at least at the beginning of the war), in Italy, the majority of the members and most of the leaders of the Socialist Party, from reformists to radicals, were against Italy's entry into the war, while a minority, led by the former Maximalist and future fascist dictator Benito Mussolini, campaigned for Italian intervention and was expelled from the party for it. Only the Serbian socialists remained fairly uniformly anti-war.
Russia
Divisions in Russia were especially complicated and affected party alignments during the Russian Revolution. The Mensheviks and Socialist-Revolutionaries were badly divided. A small minority on the right took an out-and-out Social Patriotic stance, even supporting territorial expansion as a war aim. Plekhanov and the 'Grandmother of the Revolution, Breshkovskaia, belonged to this group. Slightly more moderate were Mensheviks like Aleksandr Potresov and SRs like Vadim Rudnev. The Menshevik and SR majority, including Dan, Tsereteli, Abramovich, Liber, Gots, Avksentiev, Zenzinov and so on, were 'Revolutionary Defencists'; they had been Zimmerwaldists and opponents of the war until February 1917 but now favoured limited defensive war.
Some later returned to the Internationalist camp (such as Dan and Abramovich). The Revolutionary Defencists dominated the soviets and the Provisional Government until the October Revolution of 1917. The Menshevik/SR Revolutionary Defencists in the soviet supported the Provisional Government, but with increasing misgivings. Kerensky had been one of them, a Zimmerwaldist until 1917, then a Revolutionary Defencist; however, as, initially, the only socialist in the Provisional Government, he had adopted a more and more unqualified stance in support of the war, in line with his liberal colleagues.
Georgy Plekhanov and Leo Deutsch leading the demonstration in favor of the June military offensive in front of the Defense Ministry in Petrograd, June 1917
To the left of the revolutionary defencists stood Internationalists like Chernov, who collaborated with the soviet leaders and even joined the Provisional Government, although he opposed both a continuation of the war and a coalition with the liberals. More principled in his opposition to the war was the Menshevik Internationalist leader Martov, who, however, was in a minority in his party until the Bolsheviks had taken power. The Mezhraiontsy group, headed by Leon Trotsky, was firmly internationalist but not necessarily revolutionary defeatist; in 1918, Trotsky resigned his ministry rather than sign the harsh peace agreement of Brest-Litovsk proposed by the Germans.
The Left Socialist-Revolutionaries, who counted the veteran Mark Natanson and many young militants among their number, were also firmly Internationalist but broke their short-lived coalition with the Bolsheviks when the latter signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. The Bolsheviks were fairly united in opposing the war, but not all Bolsheviks were comfortable with Lenin's Revolutionary Defeatism. Before Lenin's return to Russia, Joseph Stalin had even briefly adopted a Revolutionary Defencist position. Divisions over the war vitiated the attempts occasionally made, both before and after the October Revolution, to set up an all-socialist government, from the Bolsheviks to the Popular Socialists.
Post-war impact
After World War I was over, divisions over the war could not be healed. Many internationalists wanted nothing to do with the Defencist leaders of the old Second International. Some affiliated with Lenin's communist Third International. A minority, who opposed both communism and the Second International leadership, formed the International Working Union of Socialist Parties, based in Vienna and known as the 'Second-and-a-Half International'. This included many former Internationalists, German Independent Social-Democrats like Rudolf Hilferding, Austro-Marxists like Max and Friedrich Adler, Mensheviks like Dan, centre-left SRs like Chernov and the Left SRs. Eventually this third camp dissolved; some rejoined the majority socialist parties of their countries, others the communists. The split between Defencists and Internationalists continued to fester, however, until the Second World War was on the horizon.
A belated echo of the split was the division among French socialists in the late 1930s over what attitude to take if Hitler invaded Poland. Most French socialists were firmly anti-fascist; though none contemplated the prospect of another war with Germany with joy, they were prepared to take that step if Germany attacked Poland. A minority, however, wanted to maintain peace at any cost. Some were motivated by unconditional pacifism, others by fascist sympathies which subsequently manifested themselves, as in the case of the ex-socialist and future premier of the Vichy régime, Pierre Laval.
See also
Social chauvinism
Manifesto of the Sixteen, a defencist declaration that split the international anarchist movement
Sources and links
The Defencist/Internationalist split over World War I is discussed in virtually all histories of socialism, communism, anarchism, particular socialist parties or the biographies of socialist personalities then living.
Lenin, V.I., The Tasks of the Proletariat in Our Revolution (1917) contains a critique of Revolutionary Defencism, online at: http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1917/tasks/ch05.htm.
Lenin, V.I., The Revolution of 1917: From the March Revolution to the July Days. New York, 1929.
Gorter, H., Der Imperialismus, der Weltkrieg, und die Sozialdemokratie. Amsterdam, 1915.
Braunthal, J., Geschichte der Internationale. Dietz, 1963.
Cole, G.D.H., Communism and Social Democracy, 1914–1931. Two parts. London, 1958.
'The Second International.'
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Other
Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo
Mutilated victory
The Golden Virgin
They shall not pass
Category | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_World_War"},{"link_name":"Second International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_International"},{"link_name":"defeatists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defeatism"}],"text":"Internationalist and defencist were the broad opposing camps in the international socialist movement during and shortly after the First World War. Prior to 1914, anti-militarism had been an article of faith among most European socialist parties. Leaders of the Second International had even suggested that socialist workers might foil a declaration of war by means of a general strike.However, when war broke out in August 1914, the leaders of most European socialist parties rallied to the support of their respective countries, while a minority continued to oppose the war. Those in favour of their country's war efforts were variously called 'social patriots' or 'defencists'. Those opposed to the war called themselves 'Internationalists' and were often called 'defeatists' by their opponents.","title":"Internationalist–defencist schism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jules Guesde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Guesde"},{"link_name":"Édouard Vaillant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Vaillant"},{"link_name":"Gustav Noske","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Noske"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Ebert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Ebert"},{"link_name":"Georgi Plekhanov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgi_Plekhanov"},{"link_name":"Ekaterina Breshkovskaia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekaterina_Breshkovskaia"},{"link_name":"Jean Jaurès","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s"},{"link_name":"Karl Liebknecht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Liebknecht"},{"link_name":"Rosa Luxemburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg"},{"link_name":"Karl Kautsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Kautsky"},{"link_name":"Eduard Bernstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein"},{"link_name":"Iulii Martov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Martov"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Lenin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V.I._Lenin"},{"link_name":"Viktor Chernov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Chernov"},{"link_name":"Mark Natanson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Natanson"},{"link_name":"Zimmerwald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimmerwald_Conference"},{"link_name":"Kienthal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kienthal_Conference"},{"link_name":"Bolsheviks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolsheviks"},{"link_name":"Mensheviks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mensheviks"},{"link_name":"Socialist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SFIO_Party"},{"link_name":"Paul Lensch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Lensch"},{"link_name":"Heinrich Cunow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Cunow"},{"link_name":"Konrad Haenisch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Haenisch"},{"link_name":"Lensch-Cunow-Haenisch group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lensch-Cunow-Haenisch_group"},{"link_name":"Triple Entente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_Entente"},{"link_name":"Henry Hyndman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Hyndman"},{"link_name":"February Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Mensheviks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mensheviks"},{"link_name":"Socialist-Revolutionaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist-Revolutionary_Party"},{"link_name":"revolutionary defencism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defensivism"},{"link_name":"Fedor Dan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dan"},{"link_name":"Irakli Tsereteli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irakli_Tsereteli"},{"link_name":"Avram Gots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avram_Gots"},{"link_name":"Nikolai Avksentiev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Avksentiev"},{"link_name":"Trudoviks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trudoviks"},{"link_name":"Alexander Kerensky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Kerensky"},{"link_name":"Lev Kamenev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Kamenev"},{"link_name":"revolutionary defeatism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutionary_defeatism"}],"text":"The 'defencist' camp included many venerable figures of European socialism: Jules Guesde and Édouard Vaillant in France, Gustav Noske and Friedrich Ebert in Germany, Georgi Plekhanov and Ekaterina Breshkovskaia among the Russians. Leaders of the anti-war 'Internationalist' camp included Jean Jaurès (who was murdered for his anti-war stance in 1914), Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg, and later also Karl Kautsky and Eduard Bernstein, in Germany, Iulii Martov, Vladimir Lenin, Viktor Chernov and Mark Natanson among the Russians. The anti-war socialists held two international conferences at Zimmerwald and Kienthal in Switzerland in 1915 and 1916.The defencist–internationalist schism did not necessarily coincide with earlier, pre-existing splits, such as that between reformists and revolutionaries, Revisionists and orthodox Marxists, Bolsheviks and Mensheviks, etc. For example, Guesde and Vaillant in France had belonged to the intransigent, revolutionary left of the Socialist Party, and in 1914, anti-war sentiment was strongest on the far left. Yet both of these veterans were ardent supporters of the French war effort, while the old reformist leader Jaurès opposed the war. Likewise, Kautsky and Bernstein had been on opposite sides during the Revisionism controversy of the 1890s, Kautsky defending orthodox Marxism and Bernstein being the principal exponent of Revisionism; they both joined the anti-war faction. Meanwhile, the left wing Marxists Paul Lensch, Heinrich Cunow and Konrad Haenisch went on to form the Lensch-Cunow-Haenisch group, which argued that the First World War was a revolutionary war against the liberal capitalism of the Triple Entente.'Defencism' and 'Internationalism' were broad categories; within each camp, there were further differences and divisions. Out-and-out 'Social Patriots' who supported their countries' war efforts unconditionally, including territorial ambitions, were fairly rare, though they included some of the most prominent representatives of the pre-war socialist movement: people like Henry Hyndman, Plekhanov and Guesde. More common was an attitude of conditional support for the war, approving a 'defensive' war but rejecting annexations and indemnities. A special case arose in Russia in 1917: After the February Revolution, several Mensheviks and Socialist-Revolutionaries (SRs) who had previously been Internationalists and Zimmerwaldists now favoured 'revolutionary defencism' – continued war effort in defence of the revolution. This was the case with Mensheviks like Fedor Dan and Irakli Tsereteli, SRs like Avram Gots and Nikolai Avksentiev and Trudoviks like Alexander Kerensky. In 1917 some Bolsheviks took also this position, before Lenin returned to Russia and successfully opposed this view. On the Internationalist side, too, there were divisions. Most Internationalists favoured passive resistance to the war and called for an international peace agreement, 'without annexations or indemnities'. Jaurès, Kautsky, Bernstein, Martov and Chernov belonged to this camp; so, at first, did the Bolshevik Lev Kamenev. A minority led by Lenin advocated 'revolutionary defeatism': instead of seeking a peace agreement that would restore the status quo ante, socialists should seek to convert the 'imperialist war' into a revolutionary 'civil war', with each socialist party working for the defeat of its own country.","title":"Division"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Independent Social-Democrats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"Social Democratic Party of Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"Spartacist League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spartacist_League"},{"link_name":"German Communist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"Socialist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Socialist_Party"},{"link_name":"fascist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascist"},{"link_name":"Benito Mussolini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benito_Mussolini"}],"text":"The schism caused splits in many European socialist parties. In France, the split between socialists and communists did not occur until 1920. In Germany, the Independent Social-Democrats (USPD) formally separated from the majority Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) in 1917, and the more radical Spartacist League formed the nucleus of the post-war German Communist Party (KPD). Italy was a special case: whereas, in most European socialist parties, Defencists predominated (at least at the beginning of the war), in Italy, the majority of the members and most of the leaders of the Socialist Party, from reformists to radicals, were against Italy's entry into the war, while a minority, led by the former Maximalist and future fascist dictator Benito Mussolini, campaigned for Italian intervention and was expelled from the party for it. Only the Serbian socialists remained fairly uniformly anti-war.","title":"Effects by country"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Revolution_(1917)"},{"link_name":"Aleksandr Potresov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Potresov"},{"link_name":"Vadim Rudnev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vadim_Rudnev"},{"link_name":"Abramovich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael_Abramovitch"},{"link_name":"Liber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Liber"},{"link_name":"Zenzinov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Zenzinov"},{"link_name":"Provisional Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Provisional_Government"},{"link_name":"October Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_Revolution"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plej%C3%A1novYDeichAFavorDeLaOfensivaEnMinisterioDeDefensaJunio1917.png"},{"link_name":"Georgy Plekhanov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgi_Plekhanov"},{"link_name":"Leo Deutsch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Deutsch"},{"link_name":"Mezhraiontsy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezhraiontsy"},{"link_name":"Leon Trotsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Trotsky"},{"link_name":"Left Socialist-Revolutionaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_Socialist-Revolutionaries"},{"link_name":"Mark Natanson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Natanson"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Brest-Litovsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk"},{"link_name":"Joseph Stalin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Stalin"},{"link_name":"Popular Socialists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_Socialists_(Russia)"}],"sub_title":"Russia","text":"Divisions in Russia were especially complicated and affected party alignments during the Russian Revolution. The Mensheviks and Socialist-Revolutionaries were badly divided. A small minority on the right took an out-and-out Social Patriotic stance, even supporting territorial expansion as a war aim. Plekhanov and the 'Grandmother of the Revolution, Breshkovskaia, belonged to this group. Slightly more moderate were Mensheviks like Aleksandr Potresov and SRs like Vadim Rudnev. The Menshevik and SR majority, including Dan, Tsereteli, Abramovich, Liber, Gots, Avksentiev, Zenzinov and so on, were 'Revolutionary Defencists'; they had been Zimmerwaldists and opponents of the war until February 1917 but now favoured limited defensive war.Some later returned to the Internationalist camp (such as Dan and Abramovich). The Revolutionary Defencists dominated the soviets and the Provisional Government until the October Revolution of 1917. The Menshevik/SR Revolutionary Defencists in the soviet supported the Provisional Government, but with increasing misgivings. Kerensky had been one of them, a Zimmerwaldist until 1917, then a Revolutionary Defencist; however, as, initially, the only socialist in the Provisional Government, he had adopted a more and more unqualified stance in support of the war, in line with his liberal colleagues.Georgy Plekhanov and Leo Deutsch leading the demonstration in favor of the June military offensive in front of the Defense Ministry in Petrograd, June 1917To the left of the revolutionary defencists stood Internationalists like Chernov, who collaborated with the soviet leaders and even joined the Provisional Government, although he opposed both a continuation of the war and a coalition with the liberals. More principled in his opposition to the war was the Menshevik Internationalist leader Martov, who, however, was in a minority in his party until the Bolsheviks had taken power. The Mezhraiontsy group, headed by Leon Trotsky, was firmly internationalist but not necessarily revolutionary defeatist; in 1918, Trotsky resigned his ministry rather than sign the harsh peace agreement of Brest-Litovsk proposed by the Germans.The Left Socialist-Revolutionaries, who counted the veteran Mark Natanson and many young militants among their number, were also firmly Internationalist but broke their short-lived coalition with the Bolsheviks when the latter signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. The Bolsheviks were fairly united in opposing the war, but not all Bolsheviks were comfortable with Lenin's Revolutionary Defeatism. Before Lenin's return to Russia, Joseph Stalin had even briefly adopted a Revolutionary Defencist position. Divisions over the war vitiated the attempts occasionally made, both before and after the October Revolution, to set up an all-socialist government, from the Bolsheviks to the Popular Socialists.","title":"Effects by country"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Second International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_International"},{"link_name":"Third International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_International"},{"link_name":"Second International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_International"},{"link_name":"International Working Union of Socialist Parties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Working_Union_of_Socialist_Parties"},{"link_name":"Rudolf Hilferding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Hilferding"},{"link_name":"Max","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Adler_(Marxist)"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Adler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Adler_(assassin)"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"Pierre Laval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Laval"}],"text":"After World War I was over, divisions over the war could not be healed. Many internationalists wanted nothing to do with the Defencist leaders of the old Second International. Some affiliated with Lenin's communist Third International. A minority, who opposed both communism and the Second International leadership, formed the International Working Union of Socialist Parties, based in Vienna and known as the 'Second-and-a-Half International'. This included many former Internationalists, German Independent Social-Democrats like Rudolf Hilferding, Austro-Marxists like Max and Friedrich Adler, Mensheviks like Dan, centre-left SRs like Chernov and the Left SRs. Eventually this third camp dissolved; some rejoined the majority socialist parties of their countries, others the communists. The split between Defencists and Internationalists continued to fester, however, until the Second World War was on the horizon.A belated echo of the split was the division among French socialists in the late 1930s over what attitude to take if Hitler invaded Poland. Most French socialists were firmly anti-fascist; though none contemplated the prospect of another war with Germany with joy, they were prepared to take that step if Germany attacked Poland. A minority, however, wanted to maintain peace at any cost. Some were motivated by unconditional pacifism, others by fascist sympathies which subsequently manifested themselves, as in the case of the ex-socialist and future premier of the Vichy régime, Pierre Laval.","title":"Post-war impact"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1917/tasks/ch05.htm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1917/tasks/ch05.htm"},{"link_name":"The Second International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.marxists.org/history/international/social-democracy/index.htm"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:World_War_I"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:World_War_I"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_War_I"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Military engagements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_military_engagements_of_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Aftermath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Economic history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Geography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Role_of_geography_in_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Historiography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography_of_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Home fronts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_front_during_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Memorials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I_memorials"},{"link_name":"Opposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opposition_to_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Popular culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I_in_popular_culture"},{"link_name":"Propaganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda_in_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Puppet states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_War_I_puppet_states"},{"link_name":"Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_during_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"European","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Balkans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkans_theatre"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_campaign"},{"link_name":"Western Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)"},{"link_name":"Eastern Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Italian Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_front_(World_War_I)"},{"link_name":"Middle Eastern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Eastern_theatre_of_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Gallipoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallipoli_campaign"},{"link_name":"Sinai and Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinai_and_Palestine_campaign"},{"link_name":"Caucasus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasus_campaign"},{"link_name":"Persia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_campaign_(World_War_I)"},{"link_name":"Mesopotamia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamian_campaign"},{"link_name":"South Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Arabia_during_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Central Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Saudi-Rashidi_War_(1915-1918)"},{"link_name":"African","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_theatre_of_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"South West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_West_Africa_campaign"},{"link_name":"East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_I)"},{"link_name":"Kamerun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamerun_campaign"},{"link_name":"Togoland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togoland_campaign"},{"link_name":"North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_operations_in_North_Africa_during_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Asian and Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_and_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Tsingtao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Tsingtao"},{"link_name":"German Samoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_of_German_Samoa"},{"link_name":"German New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_occupation_of_German_New_Guinea"},{"link_name":"Naval warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_warfare_of_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"U-boat campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U-boat_campaign"},{"link_name":"North Atlantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_U-boat_campaign_of_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_warfare_in_the_Mediterranean_during_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Entente Powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Leaders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_leaders_of_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil_during_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_during_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Army_in_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"French Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_colonial_empire"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece_during_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Empire of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Montenegro#World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Portuguese Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)"},{"link_name":"Russian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Russia_(1894%E2%80%931917)#Russia_at_war,_1914%E2%80%931916"},{"link_name":"Russian Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Republic"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Serbia#Serbia_in_World_War_I_(1914%E2%80%931918)"},{"link_name":"Siam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siam_in_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_the_First_World_War"},{"link_name":"British Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_in_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Central Powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Powers"},{"link_name":"Leaders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaders_of_the_Central_Powers_of_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire"},{"link_name":"Austria-Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Austria-Hungary_during_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire_in_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Senussi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senussi_Campaign"},{"link_name":"South African Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritz_Rebellion"},{"link_name":"Darfur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Darfur"},{"link_name":"Timeline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Franco-Prussian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War"},{"link_name":"Scramble for Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa"},{"link_name":"Russo-Japanese War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War"},{"link_name":"Tangier Crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Moroccan_Crisis"},{"link_name":"Bosnian Crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnian_Crisis"},{"link_name":"Agadir Crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agadir_Crisis"},{"link_name":"Italo-Turkish War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War"},{"link_name":"First Balkan War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Balkan_War"},{"link_name":"Second Balkan War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Balkan_War"},{"link_name":"Origins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Historiography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography_of_the_causes_of_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Sarajevo assassination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand"},{"link_name":"Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Serb_riots_in_Sarajevo"},{"link_name":"July Crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_Crisis"},{"link_name":"German invasion of Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1914)"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Frontiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Frontiers"},{"link_name":"Battle of Cer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cer"},{"link_name":"Battle of Galicia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Galicia"},{"link_name":"Russian invasion of East Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_East_Prussia_(1914)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Tannenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tannenberg"},{"link_name":"Siege of Tsingtao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Tsingtao"},{"link_name":"First Battle of the Masurian Lakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_the_Masurian_Lakes"},{"link_name":"Battle of Grand Couronné","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Grand_Couronn%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"First Battle of the Marne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_the_Marne"},{"link_name":"Siege of Przemyśl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Przemy%C5%9Bl"},{"link_name":"Race to the Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_to_the_Sea"},{"link_name":"First Battle of Ypres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_Ypres"},{"link_name":"Black Sea raid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sea_raid"},{"link_name":"Battle of Kolubara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kolubara"},{"link_name":"Battle of Sarikamish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sarikamish"},{"link_name":"Christmas truce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_truce"},{"link_name":"Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Masurian_Lakes"},{"link_name":"Battle of Łomża","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_%C5%81om%C5%BCa"},{"link_name":"Second Battle of Ypres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Ypres"},{"link_name":"Sinking of the RMS Lusitania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinking_of_the_RMS_Lusitania"},{"link_name":"Battle of Gallipoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallipoli_campaign"},{"link_name":"Second Battle of Artois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Artois"},{"link_name":"Battles of the Isonzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battles_of_the_Isonzo"},{"link_name":"Gorlice–Tarnów offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorlice%E2%80%93Tarn%C3%B3w_offensive"},{"link_name":"Great Retreat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Retreat_(Russia)"},{"link_name":"Bug-Narew Offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bug%E2%80%93Narew_Offensive"},{"link_name":"Siege of Novogeorgievsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Novogeorgievsk"},{"link_name":"Vistula–Bug offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Bug_offensive"},{"link_name":"Second Battle of Champagne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Champagne"},{"link_name":"Kosovo offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo_offensive_(1915)"},{"link_name":"Siege of Kut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Kut"},{"link_name":"Battle of Loos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Loos"},{"link_name":"Battle of Robat Karim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Robat_Karim"},{"link_name":"Erzurum offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erzurum_offensive"},{"link_name":"Battle of Verdun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Verdun"},{"link_name":"Lake Naroch offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Naroch_offensive"},{"link_name":"Battle of Asiago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Asiago"},{"link_name":"Battle of Jutland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Jutland"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Somme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Somme"},{"link_name":"first day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_day_on_the_Somme"},{"link_name":"Brusilov offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brusilov_offensive"},{"link_name":"Baranovichi offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baranovichi_offensive"},{"link_name":"Battle of Romani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Romani"},{"link_name":"Monastir offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monastir_offensive"},{"link_name":"Battle of Transylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Transylvania"},{"link_name":"1917","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_I_(1917%E2%80%931918)"},{"link_name":"Capture of Baghdad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Baghdad_(1917)"},{"link_name":"February Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Zimmermann Telegram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimmermann_Telegram"},{"link_name":"Second Battle of Arras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Arras_(1917)"},{"link_name":"Second Battle of the Aisne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Aisne"},{"link_name":"Kerensky offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerensky_offensive"},{"link_name":"Battle of Mărăști","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_M%C4%83r%C4%83%C8%99ti"},{"link_name":"Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Passchendaele"},{"link_name":"Battle of Mărășești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_M%C4%83r%C4%83%C8%99e%C8%99ti"},{"link_name":"Third Battle of Oituz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Oituz"},{"link_name":"Battle of Caporetto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Caporetto"},{"link_name":"Southern Palestine offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Palestine_offensive"},{"link_name":"October Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Battle of La Malmaison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_La_Malmaison"},{"link_name":"Battle of Cambrai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cambrai_(1917)"},{"link_name":"Armistice of Focșani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armistice_of_Foc%C8%99ani"},{"link_name":"Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armistice_between_Russia_and_the_Central_Powers"},{"link_name":"1918","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_I_(1917%E2%80%931918)"},{"link_name":"Operation Faustschlag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Faustschlag"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Brest-Litovsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk"},{"link_name":"German spring offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_spring_offensive"},{"link_name":"Zeebrugge Raid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeebrugge_Raid"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Bucharest of 1918","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1918)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Goychay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Goychay"},{"link_name":"Second Battle of the Piave River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Piave_River"},{"link_name":"Second Battle of the Marne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Marne"},{"link_name":"Hundred Days Offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Days_Offensive"},{"link_name":"Vardar offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vardar_offensive"},{"link_name":"Battle of Megiddo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Megiddo_(1918)"},{"link_name":"Third Transjordan attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Transjordan_attack"},{"link_name":"Meuse–Argonne offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meuse%E2%80%93Argonne_offensive"},{"link_name":"Battle of Vittorio Veneto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Vittorio_Veneto"},{"link_name":"Armistice of Salonica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armistice_of_Salonica"},{"link_name":"Armistice of Mudros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armistice_of_Mudros"},{"link_name":"Armistice of Villa Giusti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armistice_of_Villa_Giusti"},{"link_name":"Second Romanian campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Romanian_campaign_of_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Armistice with Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armistice_of_11_November_1918"},{"link_name":"Armistice of Belgrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armistice_of_Belgrade"},{"link_name":"Somaliland campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somaliland_campaign"},{"link_name":"Mexican Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Maritz rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritz_rebellion"},{"link_name":"Muscat rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscat_rebellion"},{"link_name":"Zaian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaian_War"},{"link_name":"Kurdish rebellions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdish_rebellions_during_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Ovambo Uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovambo_Uprising"},{"link_name":"Kelantan rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelantan_rebellion"},{"link_name":"Senussi campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senussi_campaign"},{"link_name":"Volta-Bani War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volta-Bani_War"},{"link_name":"National Protection War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Protection_War"},{"link_name":"Arab Revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Revolt"},{"link_name":"Central Asian Revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Asian_revolt_of_1916"},{"link_name":"Invasion of Darfur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Darfur"},{"link_name":"Easter Rising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_Rising"},{"link_name":"Kaocen revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaocen_revolt"},{"link_name":"Russian Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Finnish Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Russian Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian–Soviet War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian%E2%80%93Soviet_War"},{"link_name":"Armenian–Azerbaijani War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian%E2%80%93Azerbaijani_war_(1918%E2%80%931920)"},{"link_name":"Armeno-Georgian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armeno-Georgian_War"},{"link_name":"German Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919"},{"link_name":"Revolutions and interventions in Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutions_and_interventions_in_Hungary_(1918%E2%80%931920)"},{"link_name":"Hungarian–Romanian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian%E2%80%93Romanian_War"},{"link_name":"Greater Poland Uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Poland_uprising_(1918%E2%80%931919)"},{"link_name":"Estonian War of Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonian_War_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"Latvian War of Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvian_War_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"Lithuanian Wars of Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_Wars_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"Polish–Ukrainian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Ukrainian_War"},{"link_name":"Third Anglo-Afghan War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Anglo-Afghan_War"},{"link_name":"Egyptian Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1919_Egyptian_revolution"},{"link_name":"Polish–Lithuanian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_War"},{"link_name":"Polish–Soviet War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War"},{"link_name":"Irish War of Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"Turkish War of Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"Franco-Turkish War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Turkish_War"},{"link_name":"Greco-Turkish War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1919%E2%80%931922)"},{"link_name":"Turkish–Armenian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish%E2%80%93Armenian_War"},{"link_name":"Iraqi Revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Revolt"},{"link_name":"Vlora War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlora_War"},{"link_name":"Franco-Syrian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Syrian_War"},{"link_name":"Soviet–Georgian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Aviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviation_in_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Strategic bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Chemical weapons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_weapons_in_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Cryptography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I_cryptography"},{"link_name":"Horses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horses_in_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Logistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logistics_in_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Naval warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_warfare_of_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Convoy system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convoys_in_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Trench warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trench_warfare"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I_conscription_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscription_Crisis_of_1917"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seferberlik"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recruitment_to_the_British_Army_during_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscription_Crisis_of_1918"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_Service_Act_of_1917"},{"link_name":"Casualties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I_casualties"},{"link_name":"Parliamentarians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_British_parliamentarians_who_died_in_the_First_World_War"},{"link_name":"Ottoman casualties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_casualties_of_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Rugby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_international_rugby_union_players_killed_in_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Olympians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Olympians_killed_in_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"1899–1923 cholera pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1899%E2%80%931923_cholera_pandemic"},{"link_name":"1915 typhus epidemic in Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1915_typhus_and_relapsing_fever_epidemic_in_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Spanish flu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_flu"},{"link_name":"Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_occupation_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_occupation_of_Albania"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_occupation_of_Serbia_(World_War_I)"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_occupation_of_Belgium_during_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_occupation_of_Luxembourg_during_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Northeast France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_occupation_of_north-east_France_during_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Ober Ost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ober_Ost"},{"link_name":"Occupied Enemy Territory Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupied_Enemy_Territory_Administration"},{"link_name":"Eastern Galicia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Eastern_Galicia_(1914%E2%80%931915)"},{"link_name":"Western Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_of_Western_Armenia"},{"link_name":"POWs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Italians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_War_I_prisoner-of-war_camps_in_Canada"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I_prisoners_of_war_in_Germany"},{"link_name":"camps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_prisoner-of-war_camps_in_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner_of_war_camps_in_Switzerland_during_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Refugees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugees_of_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_refugees_in_the_Netherlands_during_the_First_World_War"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_refugees_in_Britain_during_the_First_World_War"},{"link_name":"War crimes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_crimes_in_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Eastern Mediterranean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blockade_of_the_Eastern_Mediterranean"},{"link_name":"Mount Lebanon famine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Famine_of_Mount_Lebanon"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blockade_of_Germany_(1914%E2%80%931919)"},{"link_name":"Deportations from East Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deportations_from_East_Prussia_during_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Destruction of Kalisz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destruction_of_Kalisz"},{"link_name":"Sack of Dinant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sack_of_Dinant"},{"link_name":"Late Ottoman genocides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Ottoman_genocides"},{"link_name":"Armenian genocide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_genocide"},{"link_name":"Assyrian genocide (Sayfo)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayfo"},{"link_name":"Pontic Greek genocide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_genocide"},{"link_name":"Rape of Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rape_of_Belgium"},{"link_name":"Urkun (Kyrgyzstan)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Asian_revolt_of_1916"},{"link_name":"Massacres of Albanians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacres_of_Albanians_in_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian Canadian internment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Canadian_internment"},{"link_name":"Diplomacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Austria-Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_entry_into_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_entry_into_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_entry_into_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_entry_into_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_entry_into_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_entry_into_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_entry_into_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_entry_into_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_entry_into_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Declarations of war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declarations_of_war_during_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Austria-Hungary against Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/To_my_peoples"},{"link_name":"UK against Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_declaration_of_war_upon_Germany_(1914)"},{"link_name":"Ottomans against the Triple Entente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire_in_World_War_I#Declaration_of_jihad"},{"link_name":"USA against Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_declaration_of_war_on_Germany_(1917)"},{"link_name":"USA against Austria-Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_declaration_of_war_on_Austria-Hungary"},{"link_name":"Constantinople Agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople_Agreement"},{"link_name":"Treaty of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1915)"},{"link_name":"Damascus Protocol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus_Protocol"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria–Germany treaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria%E2%80%93Germany_treaty_(1915)"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Darin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Darin"},{"link_name":"Sykes–Picot Agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sykes%E2%80%93Picot_Agreement"},{"link_name":"Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sazonov%E2%80%93Pal%C3%A9ologue_Agreement"},{"link_name":"Paris Economy Pact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Economy_Pact"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Bucharest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1916)"},{"link_name":"Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agreement_of_Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne"},{"link_name":"Modus vivendi of Acroma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modus_vivendi_of_Acroma"},{"link_name":"Russia–Central Powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk"},{"link_name":"Ukraine–Central Powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk_(Ukraine%E2%80%93Central_Powers)"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Bucharest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1918)"},{"link_name":"Paris Peace Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Versailles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles"},{"link_name":"Treaty of St. Germain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye_(1919)"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Neuilly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Neuilly-sur-Seine"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Trianon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Sèvres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Lausanne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne"},{"link_name":"Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrest_of_a_Suspect_in_Sarajevo"},{"link_name":"Mutilated victory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutilated_victory"},{"link_name":"The Golden Virgin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Golden_Virgin"},{"link_name":"They shall not pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/They_shall_not_pass"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:World_War_I"}],"text":"The Defencist/Internationalist split over World War I is discussed in virtually all histories of socialism, communism, anarchism, particular socialist parties or the biographies of socialist personalities then living.Lenin, V.I., The Tasks of the Proletariat in Our Revolution (1917) contains a critique of Revolutionary Defencism, online at: http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1917/tasks/ch05.htm.\nLenin, V.I., The Revolution of 1917: From the March Revolution to the July Days. New York, 1929.\nGorter, H., Der Imperialismus, der Weltkrieg, und die Sozialdemokratie. Amsterdam, 1915.\nBraunthal, J., Geschichte der Internationale. Dietz, 1963.\nCole, G.D.H., Communism and Social Democracy, 1914–1931. Two parts. London, 1958.\n'The Second International.'vteWorld War I\nOutline\nMilitary engagements\nAftermath\nEconomic history\nGeography\nHistoriography\nHome fronts\nMemorials\nOpposition\nPopular culture\nPropaganda\nPuppet states\nTechnology\nTheatresEuropean\nBalkans\nSerbia\nWestern Front\nEastern Front\nRomania\nItalian Front\nMiddle Eastern\nGallipoli\nSinai and Palestine\nCaucasus\nPersia\nMesopotamia\nSouth Arabia\nCentral Arabia\nAfrican\nSouth West\nEast\nKamerun\nTogoland\nNorth\nAsian and Pacific\nTsingtao\nGerman Samoa\nGerman New Guinea\nNaval warfare\nU-boat campaign\nNorth Atlantic\nMediterranean\nPrincipalparticipantsEntente Powers\nLeaders\nBelgium\nBrazil\nChina\nFrance\nFrench Empire\nGreece\nItaly\nJapan\nEmpire of Japan\nMontenegro\nPortuguese Empire\nRomania\nRussia\nRussian Empire\nRussian Republic\nSerbia\nSiam\nUnited Kingdom\nBritish Empire\nUnited States\nCentral Powers\nLeaders\nGermany\nAustria-Hungary\nOttoman Empire\nBulgaria\nSenussi\nSouth African Republic\nDarfur\nTimelinePre-War conflicts\nFranco-Prussian War (1870–71)\nScramble for Africa (1880–1914)\nRusso-Japanese War (1905)\nTangier Crisis (1905–06)\nBosnian Crisis (1908–09)\nAgadir Crisis (1911)\nItalo-Turkish War (1911–12)\nFirst Balkan War (1912–13)\nSecond Balkan War (1913)\nPrelude\nOrigins\nHistoriography\nSarajevo assassination\nAnti-Serb riots in Sarajevo\nJuly Crisis\n1914\nGerman invasion of Belgium\nBattle of the Frontiers\nBattle of Cer\nBattle of Galicia\nRussian invasion of East Prussia\nBattle of Tannenberg\nSiege of Tsingtao\nFirst Battle of the Masurian Lakes\nBattle of Grand Couronné\nFirst Battle of the Marne\nSiege of Przemyśl\nRace to the Sea\nFirst Battle of Ypres\nBlack Sea raid\nBattle of Kolubara\nBattle of Sarikamish\nChristmas truce\n1915\nSecond Battle of the Masurian Lakes\nBattle of Łomża\nSecond Battle of Ypres\nSinking of the RMS Lusitania\nBattle of Gallipoli\nSecond Battle of Artois\nBattles of the Isonzo\nGorlice–Tarnów offensive\nGreat Retreat\nBug-Narew Offensive\nSiege of Novogeorgievsk\nVistula–Bug offensive\nSecond Battle of Champagne\nKosovo offensive\nSiege of Kut\nBattle of Loos\nBattle of Robat Karim\n1916\nErzurum offensive\nBattle of Verdun\nLake Naroch offensive\nBattle of Asiago\nBattle of Jutland\nBattle of the Somme\nfirst day\nBrusilov offensive\nBaranovichi offensive\nBattle of Romani\nMonastir offensive\nBattle of Transylvania\n1917\nCapture of Baghdad\nFebruary Revolution\nZimmermann Telegram\nSecond Battle of Arras\nSecond Battle of the Aisne\nKerensky offensive\nBattle of Mărăști\nThird Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele)\nBattle of Mărășești\nThird Battle of Oituz\nBattle of Caporetto\nSouthern Palestine offensive\nOctober Revolution\nBattle of La Malmaison\nBattle of Cambrai\nArmistice of Focșani\nArmistice between Russia and the Central Powers\n1918\nOperation Faustschlag\nTreaty of Brest-Litovsk\nGerman spring offensive\nZeebrugge Raid\nTreaty of Bucharest of 1918\nBattle of Goychay\nSecond Battle of the Piave River\nSecond Battle of the Marne\nHundred Days Offensive\nVardar offensive\nBattle of Megiddo\nThird Transjordan attack\nMeuse–Argonne offensive\nBattle of Vittorio Veneto\nArmistice of Salonica\nArmistice of Mudros\nArmistice of Villa Giusti\nSecond Romanian campaign\nArmistice with Germany\nArmistice of Belgrade\nCo-belligerent conflicts\nSomaliland campaign (1900–1920)\nMexican Revolution (1910–1920)\nMaritz rebellion (1914–15)\nMuscat rebellion (1913–1920)\nZaian War (1914–1921)\nKurdish rebellions (1914–1917)\nOvambo Uprising (1914-1917)\nKelantan rebellion (1915)\nSenussi campaign (1915–1917)\nVolta-Bani War (1915–1917)\nNational Protection War\nArab Revolt (1916-1918)\nCentral Asian Revolt (1916–17)\nInvasion of Darfur (1916)\nEaster Rising (1916)\nKaocen revolt (1916–17)\nRussian Revolution (1917)\nFinnish Civil War (1918)\nPost-War conflicts\nRussian Civil War (1917–1921)\nUkrainian–Soviet War (1917–1921)\nArmenian–Azerbaijani War (1918–1920)\nArmeno-Georgian War (1918)\nGerman Revolution (1918–19)\nRevolutions and interventions in Hungary (1918–1920)\nHungarian–Romanian War (1918–19)\nGreater Poland Uprising (1918–19)\nEstonian War of Independence (1918–1920)\nLatvian War of Independence (1918–1920)\nLithuanian Wars of Independence (1918–1920)\nPolish–Ukrainian War (1918–19)\nThird Anglo-Afghan War (1919)\nEgyptian Revolution (1919)\nPolish–Lithuanian War (1919–1920)\nPolish–Soviet War (1919–1921)\nIrish War of Independence (1919–1921)\nTurkish War of Independence\nFranco-Turkish War (1918–1921)\nGreco-Turkish War (1919–1922)\nTurkish–Armenian War (1920)\nIraqi Revolt (1920)\nVlora War (1920)\nFranco-Syrian War (1920)\nSoviet–Georgian War (1921)\nAspectsWarfare\nAviation\nStrategic bombing\nChemical weapons\nCryptography\nHorses\nLogistics\nNaval warfare\nConvoy system\nTrench warfare\n Conscription\nAustralia\nCanada\nOttoman Empire\nUnited Kingdom\nIreland\nUnited States\n\nCasualties /Civilian impact\nBritish casualties\nParliamentarians\nOttoman casualties\nSports\nRugby\nOlympians\n Disease\n1899–1923 cholera pandemic\n1915 typhus epidemic in Serbia\nSpanish flu\nOccupations\nAustro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia\nBulgarian occupations\nAlbania\nSerbia\nGerman occupations\nBelgium\nLuxembourg\nNortheast France\nOber Ost\nOccupied Enemy Territory Administration\nRussian occupations\nEastern Galicia\nWestern Armenia\nPOWs\nGermans\nin the United States\nItalians\nPOW locations\nCanada\nGermany / camps\nSwitzerland\nRefugees\nBelgian refugees\nNetherlands\nUnited Kingdom\nWar crimes\nAllied blockades\nEastern Mediterranean\nMount Lebanon famine\nGermany\nDeportations from East Prussia\nDestruction of Kalisz\nSack of Dinant\nLate Ottoman genocides\nArmenian genocide\nAssyrian genocide (Sayfo)\nPontic Greek genocide\nRape of Belgium\nUrkun (Kyrgyzstan)\nMassacres of Albanians\nUkrainian Canadian internment\n\nDiplomacyEntry into the war\nAustria-Hungary\nFrance\nGermany\nItaly\nJapan\nOttoman Empire\nRussia\nUnited Kingdom\nUnited States\nDeclarations of war\nAustria-Hungary against Serbia\nUK against Germany\nOttomans against the Triple Entente\nUSA against Germany\nUSA against Austria-Hungary\nAgreements\nConstantinople Agreement\nTreaty of London\nDamascus Protocol\nBulgaria–Germany treaty\nTreaty of Darin\nSykes–Picot Agreement\nSazonov–Paléologue Agreement\nParis Economy Pact\nTreaty of Bucharest\nAgreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne\nPeace treaties\nModus vivendi of Acroma\nTreaties of Brest-Litovsk\nRussia–Central Powers\nUkraine–Central Powers\nTreaty of Bucharest\nParis Peace Conference\nTreaty of Versailles\nTreaty of St. Germain\nTreaty of Neuilly\nTreaty of Trianon\nTreaty of Sèvres\nTreaty of Lausanne\nOther\nArrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo\nMutilated victory\nThe Golden Virgin\nThey shall not pass\n\nCategory","title":"Sources and links"}] | [{"image_text":"Georgy Plekhanov and Leo Deutsch leading the demonstration in favor of the June military offensive in front of the Defense Ministry in Petrograd, June 1917","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Plej%C3%A1novYDeichAFavorDeLaOfensivaEnMinisterioDeDefensaJunio1917.png/220px-Plej%C3%A1novYDeichAFavorDeLaOfensivaEnMinisterioDeDefensaJunio1917.png"}] | [{"title":"Social chauvinism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_chauvinism"},{"title":"Manifesto of the Sixteen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifesto_of_the_Sixteen"}] | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1917/tasks/ch05.htm","external_links_name":"http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1917/tasks/ch05.htm"},{"Link":"https://www.marxists.org/history/international/social-democracy/index.htm","external_links_name":"The Second International"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philander_mcilhennyi | McIlhenny's four-eyed opossum | ["1 References","2 External links"] | Species of marsupial
McIlhenny's four-eyed opossum
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Mammalia
Infraclass:
Marsupialia
Order:
Didelphimorphia
Family:
Didelphidae
Genus:
Philander
Species:
P. mcilhennyi
Binomial name
Philander mcilhennyiGardner & Patton, 1972
McIlhenny's four-eyed opossum range
McIlhenny's four-eyed opossum (Philander mcilhennyi) is a South American species of opossum. Found in Brazil and Peru, it is almost entirely black, except for white spots above each eye.
This species is named for John Stauffer "Jack" McIlhenny (1909-1997), a grandson of the founder of the McIlhenny Company, maker of Tabasco sauce. He funded the 1968 Louisiana State University expedition that discovered the species.
References
^ Costa, L.P.; Astúa, D.; Brito, D.; Cáceres, N. (2021). "Philander mcilhennyi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T136501A197311360. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T136501A197311360.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
^ Gardner, A.L. (2005). "Order Didelphimorphia". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
External links
John F. Eisenberg and Kent H. Redford, 2000. Mammals of Neotropics: Ecuador, Bolivia and Brazil.
Maggie Heyn Richardson, "Rara avis", Imagine Louisiana magazine, Spring 2007, pp. 46–48.
vteExtant Didelphimorphia (opossums) species
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordata
Class Mammalia
Infraclass Marsupialia
Subfamily CaluromyinaeCaluromys(Woolly opossums)
Subgenus Caluromys
Bare-tailed woolly opossum (C. philander)
Subgenus Mallodelphys
Derby's woolly opossum (C. derbianus)
Brown-eared woolly opossum (C. lanatus)
Caluromysiops
Black-shouldered opossum (C. irrupta)
Glironia
Bushy-tailed opossum (G. venusta)
Subfamily Didelphinae (cont. below)Chacodelphys
Chacoan pygmy opossum (C. chacoensis)
Chironectes
Water opossum (C. minimus)
Cryptonanus
Agricola's gracile opossum (C. agricolai)
Chacoan gracile opossum (C. chacoensis)
Guahiba gracile opossum (C. guahybae)
Unduavi gracile opossum (C. unduaviensis)
Didelphis(Large Americanopossums)
White-eared opossum (D. albiventris)
Big-eared opossum (D. aurita)
Guianan white-eared opossum (D. imperfecta)
Common opossum (D. marsupialis)
Andean white-eared opossum (D. pernigra)
Virginia opossum (D. virginiana)
Gracilinanus
Aceramarca gracile opossum (G. aceramarcae)
Agile gracile opossum (G. agilis)
Wood sprite gracile opossum (G. dryas)
Emilia's gracile opossum (G. emilae)
Northern gracile opossum (G. marica)
Brazilian gracile opossum (G. microtarsus)
Hyladelphys
Kalinowski's mouse opossum (H. kalinowskii)
Lestodelphys
Patagonian opossum (L. halli)
Lutreolina
Big lutrine opossum (L. crassicaudata)
Massoia's lutrine opossum (L. massoia))
Marmosa(Mouse opossums)
Alston's mouse opossum (M. alstoni)
Heavy-browed mouse opossum (M. andersoni)
White-bellied woolly mouse opossum (M. constantiae)
Woolly mouse opossum (M. demerarae)
Isthmian mouse opossum (M. isthmica)
Rufous mouse opossum (M. lepida)
Mexican mouse opossum (M. mexicana)
Linnaeus's mouse opossum (M. murina)
Tate's woolly mouse opossum (M. paraguayanus)
Little woolly mouse opossum (M. phaeus)
Quechuan mouse opossum (M. quichua)
Bare-tailed woolly mouse opossum (M. regina)
Robinson's mouse opossum (M. robinsoni)
Red mouse opossum (M. rubra)
Tyler's mouse opossum (M. tyleriana)
Guajira mouse opossum (M. xerophila)
Marmosops
Bishop's slender opossum (M. bishopi)
Narrow-headed slender opossum (M. cracens)
Creighton's slender opossum (M. creightoni)
Dorothy's slender opossum (M. dorothea)
Dusky slender opossum (M. fuscatus)
Handley's slender opossum (M. handleyi)
Tschudi's slender opossum (M. impavidus)
Gray slender opossum (M. incanus)
Panama slender opossum (M. invictus)
Junin slender opossum (M. juninensis)
Neblina slender opossum (M. neblina)
White-bellied slender opossum (M. noctivagus)
Delicate slender opossum (M. parvidens)
Brazilian slender opossum (M. paulensis)
Pinheiro's slender opossum (M. pinheiroi)
Subfamily Didelphinae (cont. above)Metachirus
Brown four-eyed opossum (M. nudicaudatus)
Monodelphis(Short-tailedopossums)
Sepia short-tailed opossum (M. adusta)
Northern three-striped opossum (M. americana)
Northern red-sided opossum (M. brevicaudata)
Yellow-sided opossum (M. dimidiata)
Gray short-tailed opossum (M. domestica)
Emilia's short-tailed opossum (M. emiliae)
Amazonian red-sided opossum (M. glirina)
Ihering's three-striped opossum (M. iheringi)
Pygmy short-tailed opossum (M. kunsi)
Marajó short-tailed opossum (M. maraxina)
Osgood's short-tailed opossum (M. osgoodi)
Hooded red-sided opossum (M. palliolata)
Peruvian short-tailed opossum (M. peruviana)
Reig's opossum (M. reigi)
Ronald's opossum (M. ronaldi)
Chestnut-striped opossum (M. rubida)
Long-nosed short-tailed opossum (M. scalops)
Southern red-sided opossum (M. sorex)
Southern three-striped opossum (M. theresa)
Red three-striped opossum (M. umbristriata)
One-striped opossum (M. unistriata)
Philander(Gray & black four-eyed opossums)
Anderson's four-eyed opossum (P. andersoni)
Deltaic four-eyed opossum (P. deltae)
Southeastern four-eyed opossum (P. frenatus)
McIlhenny's four-eyed opossum (P. mcilhennyi)
Mondolfi's four-eyed opossum (P. mondolfii)
Olrog's four-eyed opossum (P. olrogi)
Gray four-eyed opossum (P. opossum)
Thylamys
Cinderella fat-tailed mouse opossum (T. cinderella)
Elegant fat-tailed mouse opossum (T. elegans)
Karimi's fat-tailed mouse opossum (T. karimii)
Paraguayan fat-tailed mouse opossum (T. macrurus)
White-bellied fat-tailed mouse opossum (T. pallidior)
Common fat-tailed mouse opossum (T. pusillus)
Argentine fat-tailed mouse opossum (T. sponsorius)
Tate's fat-tailed mouse opossum (T. tatei)
Dwarf fat-tailed mouse opossum (T. velutinus)
Buff-bellied fat-tailed mouse opossum (T. venustus)
Tlacuatzin
Grayish mouse opossum (T. canescens)
Taxon identifiersPhilander mcilhennyi
Wikidata: Q194606
Wikispecies: Philander mcilhennyi
BioLib: 301893
CoL: 4G4WH
EoL: 1036093
GBIF: 5219947
iNaturalist: 42584
ITIS: 709377
IUCN: 136501
MDD: 1000029
MSW: 10400155
NCBI: 42729
Open Tree of Life: 84809
Paleobiology Database: 284761
This article about a marsupial is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species"},{"link_name":"opossum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opossum"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-msw3-2"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru"},{"link_name":"McIlhenny Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McIlhenny_Company"},{"link_name":"Tabasco sauce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabasco_sauce"},{"link_name":"Louisiana State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_State_University"}],"text":"McIlhenny's four-eyed opossum (Philander mcilhennyi) is a South American species of opossum.[2] Found in Brazil and Peru, it is almost entirely black, except for white spots above each eye.This species is named for John Stauffer \"Jack\" McIlhenny (1909-1997), a grandson of the founder of the McIlhenny Company, maker of Tabasco sauce. He funded the 1968 Louisiana State University expedition that discovered the species.","title":"McIlhenny's four-eyed opossum"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Costa, L.P.; Astúa, D.; Brito, D.; Cáceres, N. (2021). \"Philander mcilhennyi\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T136501A197311360. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T136501A197311360.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/136501/197311360","url_text":"\"Philander mcilhennyi\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T136501A197311360.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T136501A197311360.en"}]},{"reference":"Gardner, A.L. (2005). \"Order Didelphimorphia\". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?id=10400155","url_text":"\"Order Didelphimorphia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_E._Wilson","url_text":"Wilson, D.E."},{"url":"http://www.google.com/books?id=JgAMbNSt8ikC&pg=PA16","url_text":"Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8221-0","url_text":"978-0-8018-8221-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/62265494","url_text":"62265494"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/136501/197311360","external_links_name":"\"Philander mcilhennyi\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T136501A197311360.en","external_links_name":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T136501A197311360.en"},{"Link":"http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?id=10400155","external_links_name":"\"Order Didelphimorphia\""},{"Link":"http://www.google.com/books?id=JgAMbNSt8ikC&pg=PA16","external_links_name":"Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/62265494","external_links_name":"62265494"},{"Link":"https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id301893","external_links_name":"301893"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/4G4WH","external_links_name":"4G4WH"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/1036093","external_links_name":"1036093"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/5219947","external_links_name":"5219947"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/42584","external_links_name":"42584"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=709377","external_links_name":"709377"},{"Link":"https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/136501","external_links_name":"136501"},{"Link":"https://www.mammaldiversity.org/taxon/1000029","external_links_name":"1000029"},{"Link":"https://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?s=y&id=10400155","external_links_name":"10400155"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=42729","external_links_name":"42729"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=84809","external_links_name":"84809"},{"Link":"https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=284761","external_links_name":"284761"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=McIlhenny%27s_four-eyed_opossum&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BA_y_yo_somos_tres | You and Me Are Three | ["1 Cast","2 References","3 External links"] | 1962 Argentine filmYou and Me Are ThreeSpanishTú y yo somos tres
Directed byRafael GilWritten byRafael García SerranoRodolfo M. Taboada Rafael GilBased onYou and Me Are Threeby Enrique Jardiel PoncelaStarringAnalía GadéAlberto de MendozaPepe RubioCinematographyHeinrich GärtnerEdited byAntonio Ramírez de LoaysaMusic byCarlos FerrariManuel Parada ProductioncompaniesCoral Producciones CinematográficasInternacional Productora de Peliculas ArgentinasDistributed byChamartínRelease date
6 September 1962 (1962-09-06)
Running time89 minutesCountriesArgentinaSpainLanguageSpanish
You and Me Are Three (Spanish: Tú y yo somos tres) is a 1962 Argentine-Spanish comedy film directed by Rafael Gil. It is about a woman who falls in love by correspondence with a man who turns out to have a conjoined twin. It is based on a play by Enrique Jardiel Poncela.
Cast
Analía Gadé as Manolina
Alberto de Mendoza as Rodolfo Céspedes / Adolfo Céspedes
Pepe Rubio as Ramiro
Ismael Merlo as Dr. Alberto Cendreras
Katia Loritz as Eva
Matilde Muñoz Sampedro as Manolina's aunt
José Franco as Raimundo Cisneros's uncle
Paula Martel as maiden
José María Tasso as photographer
Pilarín Casanova
Venancio Moreno
Pilar Cano
Beni Deus
Laly Soldevila as street girl
Erasmo Pascual
Ramón Elías
José Morales
Julia Caba Alba as Dominga
Licia Calderón as Matilde
José Isbert as President
Manolo Gómez Bur as Cabo Rebollo
José Luis López Vázquez as nurse Gómez
Ángel de Andrés as chauffeur
Gracita Morales as receptionist at the hospital
References
^ de España, Rafael. Directory of Spanish and Portuguese Film-Makers and Films. Greenwood Press, 1994. p. 119. ISBN 0313294593.
External links
You and Me Are Three at IMDb
vteFilms directed by Rafael Gil1940s
The Man Who Wanted to Kill Himself (1942)
Journey to Nowhere (1942)
Traces of Light (1943)
Eloisa Is Under an Almond Tree (1943)
Lessons in Good Love (1944)
The Nail (1944)
Thirsty Land (1945)
The Phantom and Dona Juanita (1945)
The Prodigal Woman (1946)
The Holy Crown (1947)
Don Quixote (1947)
The Faith (1947)
Mare Nostrum (1948)
The Sunless Street (1948)
Just Any Woman (1949)
Adventures of Juan Lucas (1949)
1950s
Saturday Night (1950)
Apollo Theatre (1950)
The Great Galeoto (1951)
Our Lady of Fatima (1951)
The Song of Sister Maria (1952)
From Madrid to Heaven (1952)
I Was a Parish Priest (1953)
He Died Fifteen Years Ago (1954)
Judas' Kiss (1954)
The Other Life of Captain Contreras (1955)
The Cock Crow (1955)
The Big Lie (1956)
Miracle of the White Suit (1956)
Let's Make the Impossible! (1958)
Luxury Cabin (1959)
College Boarding House (1959)
1960s
Litri and His Shadow (1960)
Darling (1961)
Green Harvest (1961)
Rogelia (1962)
Queen of the Chantecler (1962)
You and Me Are Three (1962)
The Blackmailers (1963)
Pedrito de Andía's New Life (1965)
Currito of the Cross (1965)
Samba (1965)
Road to Rocío (1966)
He's My Man! (1966)
Another's Wife (1967)
Fruit of Temptation (1968)
The Sailor with Golden Fists (1968)
A Decent Adultery (1969)
Blood in the Bullring (1969)
1970s
The Locket (1970)
The Man Who Wanted to Kill Himself (1970)
The Green Envelope (1971)
The Doubt (1972)
Nothing Less Than a Real Man (1972)
The Guerrilla (1973)
The King is the Best Mayor (1974)
The Good Days Lost (1975)
Forget the Drums (1975)
Death's Newlyweds (1975)
The Legion Like Women (1976)
Two Men and Two Women Amongst Them (1977)
Father Cami's Wedding (1979)
1980s
Spoiled Children (1980)
And in the Third Year, He Rose Again (1980)
Old Shirt to New Jacket (1982)
The Autonomines (1984)
The Cheerful Colsada Girls (1984)
This article related to an Argentine film of the 1960s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"comedy film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy_film"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"conjoined twin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjoined_twin"},{"link_name":"Enrique Jardiel Poncela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrique_Jardiel_Poncela"}],"text":"You and Me Are Three (Spanish: Tú y yo somos tres) is a 1962 Argentine-Spanish comedy film directed by Rafael Gil.[1] It is about a woman who falls in love by correspondence with a man who turns out to have a conjoined twin. It is based on a play by Enrique Jardiel Poncela.","title":"You and Me Are Three"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Analía Gadé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anal%C3%ADa_Gad%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Alberto de Mendoza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_de_Mendoza"},{"link_name":"Pepe Rubio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepe_Rubio"},{"link_name":"Ismael Merlo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismael_Merlo"},{"link_name":"Katia Loritz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katia_Loritz"},{"link_name":"Matilde Muñoz Sampedro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matilde_Mu%C3%B1oz_Sampedro"},{"link_name":"José Franco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Franco_(actor)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Paula Martel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paula_Martel&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"es","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paula_Martel"},{"link_name":"José María Tasso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Tasso&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"es","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Tasso"},{"link_name":"Beni Deus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beni_Deus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"es","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beni_Deus"},{"link_name":"Laly Soldevila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laly_Soldevila"},{"link_name":"Erasmo Pascual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erasmo_Pascual&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"es","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erasmo_Pascual"},{"link_name":"Ramón Elías","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ram%C3%B3n_El%C3%ADas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"José Morales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Morales_(actor)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Julia Caba Alba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Caba_Alba"},{"link_name":"Licia Calderón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licia_Calder%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Manolo Gómez Bur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manolo_G%C3%B3mez_Bur"},{"link_name":"José Luis López Vázquez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Luis_L%C3%B3pez_V%C3%A1zquez"},{"link_name":"Ángel de Andrés","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81ngel_de_Andr%C3%A9s"},{"link_name":"Gracita Morales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gracita_Morales"}],"text":"Analía Gadé as Manolina\nAlberto de Mendoza as Rodolfo Céspedes / Adolfo Céspedes\nPepe Rubio as Ramiro\nIsmael Merlo as Dr. Alberto Cendreras\nKatia Loritz as Eva\nMatilde Muñoz Sampedro as Manolina's aunt\nJosé Franco as Raimundo Cisneros's uncle\nPaula Martel [es] as maiden\nJosé María Tasso [es] as photographer\nPilarín Casanova\nVenancio Moreno\nPilar Cano\nBeni Deus [es]\nLaly Soldevila as street girl\nErasmo Pascual [es]\nRamón Elías\nJosé Morales\nJulia Caba Alba as Dominga\nLicia Calderón as Matilde\nJosé Isbert as President\nManolo Gómez Bur as Cabo Rebollo\nJosé Luis López Vázquez as nurse Gómez\nÁngel de Andrés as chauffeur\nGracita Morales as receptionist at the hospital","title":"Cast"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0055561/","external_links_name":"You and Me Are Three"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You_and_Me_Are_Three&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9gis_de_l%27Estourbeillon | Régis de l'Estourbeillon | ["1 Publications","2 Notes"] | Régis de l'Estourbeillon dressed in Breton costume at the Celtic Congress of Caernarfon, 1904.Régis-Marie-Joseph de l'Estourbeillon de la Garnache (11 February 1858 - 7 September 1946) was a Breton aristocrat and politician who was associated with Breton regionalist activism. He is generally known as Régis de l'Estourbeillon, but held the title Marquis de l'Estourbeillon.
He was born in Nantes. He became interested in preserving Breton regional identity as a young man, founding the Breton Regionalist Union in 1898. He edited La Revue de Bretagne with the Count René de Laigue. The publication appeared from 1902 to 1943.
He was elected to the national Chamber of Deputies of France for the department of Morbihan, becoming one of the most active members of Action libérale, a rightist pro-Catholic faction within the Republic. L'Estourbeillon was associated with anti-Dreyfusard views, and attended a "grand reunion antisemite" in Nantes with Jules Guérin in 1898. Liberals and Drefusards left the Breton Regionalist Union to found the rival Blues of Brittany in the same year.
In 1909, deputed by the first district of Vannes, he led the delegation to lobby for the teaching of the Breton language in Breton schools and colleges. He attempted to interest the Minister of State for education Gaston Doumergue who refused their request by claiming that "teaching of Breton would support the separatist tendencies".
He participated in World War I as a volunteer, joining French forces at the age of 56. For his actions he was decorated with the Croix de guerre 1914-1918 and made Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur.
After the war he withdrew from national politics, but continued to pursue his demands for official teaching of the Breton language. In January 1919 he wrote a public declaration reasserting the demand published by Libre parole.
In the 1920s he became a member of the Breton cultural movement Seiz Breur, sometimes writing under the Breton pseudonym Hoël Broërec'h.
He died at the château de Penhoët, Avessac.
Publications
Les frairies de la paroisse de Macerac - par le conte Régis de l'Estourbeilon - Inspecteur de la société française d'archéologie, Nantes 1883
Nominoé, père de la patrie - Marquis de l'Estourbeillon, député du Morbihan, directeur de l'Union régionale bretonne - Rennes MCMXII
Le droit des langues et la liberté des peuples, Saint-Brieuc, 1919
La Nation bretonne - Conférence sur l'histoire de Bretagne - par Mr de l'Estoubeillon, ancien député du Morbihan, président de l'ORB - 8 septembre 1924
L'Ame de la Bretagne , ses légitimes revendications, rapport présenté par mr de l'Estroubeillon, ancien député au congrès de l'A.N.O. le samedi 20 mai 1933
Pour nos costumes nationaux, la presse seule peut les sauver - Hoël Broërec'h - édité par l'union régionaliste bretonne.
Notes
^ Jean Guiffan, La Bretagne et l'Affaire Dreyfus, 1999, Terre de Brume, p. 119
^ Keltia
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
United States
People
Sycomore
Other
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Breton regionalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breton_nationalist"},{"link_name":"Nantes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nantes"},{"link_name":"Breton Regionalist Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breton_Regionalist_Union"},{"link_name":"Chamber of Deputies of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_of_France"},{"link_name":"Morbihan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morbihan"},{"link_name":"Action libérale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_lib%C3%A9rale"},{"link_name":"anti-Dreyfusard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Dreyfusard"},{"link_name":"Jules Guérin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Gu%C3%A9rin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Blues of Brittany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleus_de_Bretagne"},{"link_name":"Vannes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vannes"},{"link_name":"Breton language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breton_language"},{"link_name":"Gaston Doumergue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston_Doumergue"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Croix de guerre 1914-1918","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croix_de_guerre_1914-1918"},{"link_name":"Légion d'honneur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9gion_d%27honneur"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Seiz Breur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seiz_Breur"},{"link_name":"Avessac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avessac"}],"text":"Régis-Marie-Joseph de l'Estourbeillon de la Garnache (11 February 1858 - 7 September 1946) was a Breton aristocrat and politician who was associated with Breton regionalist activism. He is generally known as Régis de l'Estourbeillon, but held the title Marquis de l'Estourbeillon.He was born in Nantes. He became interested in preserving Breton regional identity as a young man, founding the Breton Regionalist Union in 1898. He edited La Revue de Bretagne with the Count René de Laigue. The publication appeared from 1902 to 1943.He was elected to the national Chamber of Deputies of France for the department of Morbihan, becoming one of the most active members of Action libérale, a rightist pro-Catholic faction within the Republic. L'Estourbeillon was associated with anti-Dreyfusard views, and attended a \"grand reunion antisemite\" in Nantes with Jules Guérin in 1898.[1] Liberals and Drefusards left the Breton Regionalist Union to found the rival Blues of Brittany in the same year.In 1909, deputed by the first district of Vannes, he led the delegation to lobby for the teaching of the Breton language in Breton schools and colleges. He attempted to interest the Minister of State for education Gaston Doumergue who refused their request by claiming that \"teaching of Breton would support the separatist tendencies\".He participated in World War I as a volunteer, joining French forces at the age of 56. For his actions he was decorated with the Croix de guerre 1914-1918 and made Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur.After the war he withdrew from national politics, but continued to pursue his demands for official teaching of the Breton language. In January 1919 he wrote a public declaration reasserting the demand published by Libre parole.[2]In the 1920s he became a member of the Breton cultural movement Seiz Breur, sometimes writing under the Breton pseudonym Hoël Broërec'h.He died at the château de Penhoët, Avessac.","title":"Régis de l'Estourbeillon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nominoé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominoe"}],"text":"Les frairies de la paroisse de Macerac - par le conte Régis de l'Estourbeilon - Inspecteur de la société française d'archéologie, Nantes 1883\nNominoé, père de la patrie - Marquis de l'Estourbeillon, député du Morbihan, directeur de l'Union régionale bretonne - Rennes MCMXII\nLe droit des langues et la liberté des peuples, Saint-Brieuc, 1919\nLa Nation bretonne - Conférence sur l'histoire de Bretagne - par Mr de l'Estoubeillon, ancien député du Morbihan, président de l'ORB - 8 septembre 1924\nL'Ame de la Bretagne , ses légitimes revendications, rapport présenté par mr de l'Estroubeillon, ancien député au congrès de l'A.N.O. le samedi 20 mai 1933\nPour nos costumes nationaux, la presse seule peut les sauver - Hoël Broërec'h - édité par l'union régionaliste bretonne.","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Keltia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.bzh.com/keltia/galleg/histoire/preuves/bretagne/dcl-0119.htm"},{"link_name":"permanent dead link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3455687#identifiers"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000031255402"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/44337329"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJhd7TVR4FpkH6WMPhrrMP"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12157019r"},{"link_name":"BnF data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12157019r"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n86871098"},{"link_name":"Sycomore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www2.assemblee-nationale.fr/sycomore/fiche/(num_dept)/4166"},{"link_name":"IdRef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.idref.fr/078716969"}],"text":"^ Jean Guiffan, La Bretagne et l'Affaire Dreyfus, 1999, Terre de Brume, p. 119\n\n^ Keltia[permanent dead link]Authority control databases International\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nFrance\nBnF data\nUnited States\nPeople\nSycomore\nOther\nIdRef","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"Régis de l'Estourbeillon dressed in Breton costume at the Celtic Congress of Caernarfon, 1904.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Estourbeillon.jpg/220px-Estourbeillon.jpg"}] | null | [] | [{"Link":"http://www.bzh.com/keltia/galleg/histoire/preuves/bretagne/dcl-0119.htm","external_links_name":"Keltia"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000031255402","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/44337329","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJhd7TVR4FpkH6WMPhrrMP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12157019r","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12157019r","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n86871098","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://www2.assemblee-nationale.fr/sycomore/fiche/(num_dept)/4166","external_links_name":"Sycomore"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/078716969","external_links_name":"IdRef"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masakin_language | Ngile language | ["1 Dialects","2 References"] | Niger Congo unwritten language
NgileDalokaNative toSudanRegionSouth KordofanEthnicityMesakinNative speakers39,000 (2024)Language familyNiger–Congo?
KordofanianTalodi–HeibanTalodiNgile–DengebuNgileWriting systemLatin (limited use)Language codesISO 639-3jleGlottologngil1242ELPNgileNgile is classified as Severely Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
Ngile, also known as Daloka, Taloka, Darra, Masakin, Mesakin, is a Niger–Congo unwritten language in the Talodi family spoken in the southern Nuba Mountains in the south of Sudan. It is 80% lexically similar with Dengebu, which is also spoken by the Mesakin people.
Dialects
Dialects are (Ethnologue, 22nd edition):
Masakin Tuwal dialect (spoken in Masakin and Togosilu villages)
Daloka dialect (spoken in Daloka and El Aheimar villages)
References
^ Ngile at Ethnologue (27th ed., 2024)
vteLanguages of SudanOfficial languages
Standard Arabic
English
IndigenouslanguagesNilo-Saharan
Daza
Dinka
Doni
Fur
Kadallu
Kadugli
Kanga
Keiga
Krongo
Temein
Tese
Tulishi
Tumtum
Zaghawa
Niger-Congo
Acheron
Amira
Dengebu
Ebang
Jomang
Katla
Ko
Kwalib
Laro
Logol
Lumun
Moro
Nding
Ngile
Shirumba
Tagoi
Tegali
Tegem
Tima
Tiro
Tocho
Torona
Utoro
Warnang
Other
Beja
Domari
Other languages
Sudanese Arabic
Sudanese Sign Languages
vteKordofanian languages (geographic)Talodi–HeibanHeiban
Ebang
Ko
Kwalib
Laro
Logol
Moro
Shirumba
Tiro
Utoro
Warnang
Talodi
Acheron
Dagik
Jomang
Lumun
Nding
Ngile
Tocho
Torona
Katla-RashadKatla
Domorik
Kaalak
Rashad
Tagoi
Tegali
KaduWestern
Kanga
Keiga
Tulishi
Eastern
Krongo
Tumtum
Other
Kadugli
Lafofa
Amira
Tegem
This article about Kordofanian languages is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Niger–Congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo"},{"link_name":"Talodi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talodi_languages"},{"link_name":"Nuba Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuba_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan"},{"link_name":"Dengebu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dengebu_language"},{"link_name":"Mesakin people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesakin_people"}],"text":"Ngile, also known as Daloka, Taloka, Darra, Masakin, Mesakin, is a Niger–Congo unwritten language in the Talodi family spoken in the southern Nuba Mountains in the south of Sudan. It is 80% lexically similar with Dengebu, which is also spoken by the Mesakin people.","title":"Ngile language"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Dialects are (Ethnologue, 22nd edition):Masakin Tuwal dialect (spoken in Masakin and Togosilu villages)\nDaloka dialect (spoken in Daloka and El Aheimar villages)","title":"Dialects"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/ngil1242","external_links_name":"ngil1242"},{"Link":"http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/4333","external_links_name":"Ngile"},{"Link":"https://www.ethnologue.com/language/jle","external_links_name":"Ngile"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ngile_language&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_93_armoured_car | Type 93 armoured car | ["1 Design and history","2 Notes","3 References","4 External links"] | Japanese interwar armoured car
Type 93 armoured car A Type 93 armoured car of the Special Naval Landing ForcesPlace of originEmpire of JapanProduction historyDesigned1933ManufacturerIshikawajima Motorcar Factory (Isuzu)Produced1933No. built5SpecificationsMass4.5 tonsLength4.80 metersWidth1.80 metersHeight2.30 metersCrew4 to 6Armor8-11 mmMainarmament1x 7.7mm Vickers Mk I medium machine gunSecondaryarmament4x 6.5mm Type 91 or Nambu Type 11 machine gunsEnginegasoline (petrol)85 hpSuspensionwheeledOperationalrange170 km (110 mi)Maximum speed 40 km/h road, 59.5 km/h rail
The Type 93 armoured car (九三式装甲自動車) was an armoured car used by the Empire of Japan both before and during World War II in China.
Design and history
The Type 93 was specifically designed to be operated on rail or roads. The vehicle had three axles; to provide better balance and pitch control, a pair of auxiliary metal wheels were mounted behind the front axle. Armament consisted of one 7.7 mm machine gun and four 6.5 mm Type 91 machine guns or four Nambu Type 11 machine guns. Its anti-aircraft machine-gun mount could be stowed inside the top turret. It is also known as the Type 2593 "Hokoku" or Type 93 "Kokusan" armored car. It has also been incorrectly referred to as a Type 92, when the "right designation is Type 93".
The Type 93 was originally made for use by the Japanese Navy marine units of the Special Naval Landing Forces. Production was very limited, with an estimate of only five being produced for use in China. The vehicle was considered a superior design to the Chiyoda armored car. The "gable-roof bonnet" was designed to deflect grenades and the front sloping plate of its turret allowed it to fire at the high angle needed to reach the top floors of buildings on the narrow Chinese streets. IJN armored cars were to be used in tactical deployment in the coastal regions of China near ports and Japanese bases.
Japanese armored cars in the Battle for Shanghai. Vickers Crossley Armoured Cars and a Type 93 armoured car (second from left) are shown
Notes
^ a b c d Taki's Imperial Japanese Army: Type 93 Armored Car
^ a b c d e Tomczyk 2002, p. 80.
^ Daugherty 2002, p. 90.
^ a b Tomczyk 2002, p. 79.
^ Tomczyk 2002, pp. 79, 80.
^ Tomczyk 2002, pp. 79, 87.
^ Tomczyk 2002, pp. 78, 79.
References
Daugherty, Leo J. (2002). Fighting Techniques of a Japanese Infantryman 1941-1945: Training, Techniques and Weapons. St. Paul, Minn.: MBI. ISBN 0-7603-1145-5.
Tomczyk, Andrzej (2002). Japanese Armor Vol. 1. AJ Press. ISBN 83-7237-097-4.
External links
Taki's Imperial Japanese Army Page - Akira Takizawa
vte Japanese armored fighting vehicles of World War IITankettes
Type Ka Kijusha
Type 92 Jyu-Sokosha
Type 94 tankette
Type 97 Te-Ke tankette
Light tanks
Ko-Gata Sensha
Otsu-Gata Sensha
Type 95 Ha-Go
Type 98 Ke-Ni
Type 2 Ke-To
Type 4 Ke-Nu
Medium tanks
Type 89 I-Go
Type 97 Chi-Ha
Type 97 ShinHōtō
Type 1 Chi-He
Type 3 Chi-Nu
Amphibious tanks
Type 2 Ka-Mi
Type 3 Ka-Chi
Self-propelled artillery(including tank destroyers)
Type 1 Ho-Ni I
Type 1 Ho-Ni II
Type 2 Ho-I
Type 3 Ho-Ni III
Type 4 Ho-Ro
Type 4 Ha-To
Short barrel 120 mm gun tank
Armored cars
Vickers Crossley armoured car
Wolseley armoured car
Chiyoda armored car
Type 91 armored railroad car
Type 93 armoured car
Half-track and full-tracked vehicles
Type 98 Ko-Hi
Type 98 20 mm AA half-track vehicle
Type 98 So-Da
Type 1 Ho-Ki
Type 1 Ho-Ha
Type 4 Chi-So
Other
SS-Ki
Type 94 disinfecting and gas scattering vehicle
S B swamp vehicle
F B swamp vehicle
T B swamp scout vehicle
Type 95 So-Ki
Type 97 Se-Ri
Type 100 Te-Re
Ho-K
Basso-Ki
Type 4 Ka-Tsu
Type 4 Work vehicle
Prototypes
Type 87 Chi-I
Type 91 heavy tank
Type 95 heavy tank
10 cm SPG Hi-Ro Sha
10 cm SPG Ji-Ro
Type 92 A-I-Go
Type 97 Chi-Ni
Type 1 Mi-Sha
Type 97 Ki-To SPAAG
Type 98 Chi-Ho
O-I
Type 98 Ta-Se
Type 98 20 mm AAG tank
Type 3 Ke-Ri
Special number 3 Ku-Ro
Type 97 flamethrower tank
Type 2 Ke-To work vehicle
Type 2 Ku-Se
Type 5 Ke-Ho
Type 4 Chi-To
Type 5 Chi-Ri
Type 4 Ho-To
Type 5 Ho-Ri
Type 5 Ho-Ru
Type 5 Ka-To
Type 5 Na-To
Type 5 To-Ku
Naval 12 cm SPG | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"armoured car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armored_car_(military)"},{"link_name":"Empire of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"}],"text":"The Type 93 armoured car (九三式装甲自動車) was an armoured car used by the Empire of Japan both before and during World War II in China.","title":"Type 93 armoured car"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railroad"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaugherty200290-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomczyk200279-4"},{"link_name":"Nambu Type 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_11_light_machine_gun"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomczyk200279,_80-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Taki-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Taki-1"},{"link_name":"Special Naval Landing Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Naval_Landing_Forces"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomczyk200279,_87-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Taki-1"},{"link_name":"Chiyoda armored car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiyoda_armored_car"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomczyk200278,_79-7"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomczyk200279-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dispatched_armored_cars_of_the_Shanghai_Special_Naval_Force_just_after_the_Murder_of_Oyama_and_Saito.jpg"},{"link_name":"Vickers Crossley Armoured Cars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_Crossley_Armoured_Car"}],"text":"The Type 93 was specifically designed to be operated on rail or roads.[3] The vehicle had three axles; to provide better balance and pitch control, a pair of auxiliary metal wheels were mounted behind the front axle.[4] Armament consisted of one 7.7 mm machine gun and four 6.5 mm Type 91 machine guns or four Nambu Type 11 machine guns. Its anti-aircraft machine-gun mount could be stowed inside the top turret.[5][1] It is also known as the Type 2593 \"Hokoku\" or Type 93 \"Kokusan\" armored car. It has also been incorrectly referred to as a Type 92, when the \"right designation is Type 93\".[1]The Type 93 was originally made for use by the Japanese Navy marine units of the Special Naval Landing Forces.[6] Production was very limited, with an estimate of only five being produced for use in China.[1] The vehicle was considered a superior design to the Chiyoda armored car. The \"gable-roof bonnet\" was designed to deflect grenades and the front sloping plate of its turret allowed it to fire at the high angle needed to reach the top floors of buildings on the narrow Chinese streets.[7] IJN armored cars were to be used in tactical deployment in the coastal regions of China near ports and Japanese bases.[4]Japanese armored cars in the Battle for Shanghai. Vickers Crossley Armoured Cars and a Type 93 armoured car (second from left) are shown","title":"Design and history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Taki_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Taki_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Taki_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Taki_1-3"},{"link_name":"Taki's Imperial Japanese Army: Type 93 Armored Car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www3.plala.or.jp/takihome/93car.htm"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomczyk200280_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomczyk200280_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomczyk200280_2-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomczyk200280_2-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomczyk200280_2-4"},{"link_name":"Tomczyk 2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFTomczyk2002"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaugherty200290_3-0"},{"link_name":"Daugherty 2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFDaugherty2002"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomczyk200279_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomczyk200279_4-1"},{"link_name":"Tomczyk 2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFTomczyk2002"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomczyk200279,_80_5-0"},{"link_name":"Tomczyk 2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFTomczyk2002"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomczyk200279,_87_6-0"},{"link_name":"Tomczyk 2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFTomczyk2002"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomczyk200278,_79_7-0"},{"link_name":"Tomczyk 2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFTomczyk2002"}],"text":"^ a b c d Taki's Imperial Japanese Army: Type 93 Armored Car\n\n^ a b c d e Tomczyk 2002, p. 80.\n\n^ Daugherty 2002, p. 90.\n\n^ a b Tomczyk 2002, p. 79.\n\n^ Tomczyk 2002, pp. 79, 80.\n\n^ Tomczyk 2002, pp. 79, 87.\n\n^ Tomczyk 2002, pp. 78, 79.","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"Japanese armored cars in the Battle for Shanghai. Vickers Crossley Armoured Cars and a Type 93 armoured car (second from left) are shown","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Dispatched_armored_cars_of_the_Shanghai_Special_Naval_Force_just_after_the_Murder_of_Oyama_and_Saito.jpg/220px-Dispatched_armored_cars_of_the_Shanghai_Special_Naval_Force_just_after_the_Murder_of_Oyama_and_Saito.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Daugherty, Leo J. (2002). Fighting Techniques of a Japanese Infantryman 1941-1945: Training, Techniques and Weapons. St. Paul, Minn.: MBI. ISBN 0-7603-1145-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7603-1145-5","url_text":"0-7603-1145-5"}]},{"reference":"Tomczyk, Andrzej (2002). Japanese Armor Vol. 1. AJ Press. ISBN 83-7237-097-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-7237-097-4","url_text":"83-7237-097-4"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www3.plala.or.jp/takihome/93car.htm","external_links_name":"Taki's Imperial Japanese Army: Type 93 Armored Car"},{"Link":"http://www3.plala.or.jp/takihome/93car.htm","external_links_name":"Taki's Imperial Japanese Army Page - Akira Takizawa"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sfax_War_Cemetery | Sfax War Cemetery | ["1 Notable interments","2 References"] | Coordinates: 34°43′13″N 10°44′01″E / 34.72034°N 10.73369°E / 34.72034; 10.73369Commonwealth War Graves Commission cemetery in Tunisia
Sfax War CemeterySfax War CemeteryDetailsLocationSfaxCountryTunisiaCoordinates34°43′13″N 10°44′01″E / 34.72034°N 10.73369°E / 34.72034; 10.73369TypeCommonwealth War Graves Commission cemeteryNo. of interments1,253WebsiteOfficial website
Sfax War Cemetery is a war cemetery located near Sfax, Tunisia, currently maintained by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission. It contains a single Commonwealth burial from World War I, 1253 Commonwealth burials from World War II (52 of them have yet to be identified), and the grave of one Greek soldier from World War II.
Notable interments
Private Eric Anderson VC
Colonel Edward Orlando Kellett DSO
Second Lieutenant Moana-Nui-a-Kiwa Ngarimu VC
Company Havildar-Major Chhelu Ram VC
Lieutenant Colonel Derek Anthony Seagrim VC
References
^ "Sfax War Cemetery". Commonwealth War Graves Commission. Retrieved 1 November 2014.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sfax War Cemetery. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"war cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_cemetery"},{"link_name":"Sfax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sfax"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth War Graves Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greeks"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Commonwealth War Graves Commission cemetery in TunisiaSfax War Cemetery is a war cemetery located near Sfax, Tunisia, currently maintained by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission. It contains a single Commonwealth burial from World War I, 1253 Commonwealth burials from World War II (52 of them have yet to be identified), and the grave of one Greek soldier from World War II.[1]","title":"Sfax War Cemetery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eric Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Anderson_(VC)"},{"link_name":"VC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Cross"},{"link_name":"Edward Orlando Kellett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Orlando_Kellett"},{"link_name":"DSO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Order"},{"link_name":"Moana-Nui-a-Kiwa Ngarimu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moana-Nui-a-Kiwa_Ngarimu"},{"link_name":"Chhelu Ram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhelu_Ram"},{"link_name":"Derek Anthony Seagrim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_Anthony_Seagrim"}],"text":"Private Eric Anderson VC\nColonel Edward Orlando Kellett DSO\nSecond Lieutenant Moana-Nui-a-Kiwa Ngarimu VC\nCompany Havildar-Major Chhelu Ram VC\nLieutenant Colonel Derek Anthony Seagrim VC","title":"Notable interments"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Sfax War Cemetery\". Commonwealth War Graves Commission. Retrieved 1 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cwgc.org/find-a-cemetery/cemetery/47312/SFAX%20WAR%20CEMETERY","url_text":"\"Sfax War Cemetery\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sfax_War_Cemetery¶ms=34.72034_N_10.73369_E_type:landmark","external_links_name":"34°43′13″N 10°44′01″E / 34.72034°N 10.73369°E / 34.72034; 10.73369"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sfax_War_Cemetery¶ms=34.72034_N_10.73369_E_type:landmark","external_links_name":"34°43′13″N 10°44′01″E / 34.72034°N 10.73369°E / 34.72034; 10.73369"},{"Link":"http://www.cwgc.org/find-a-cemetery/cemetery/47312/SFAX%20WAR%20CEMETERY","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"http://www.cwgc.org/find-a-cemetery/cemetery/47312/SFAX%20WAR%20CEMETERY","external_links_name":"\"Sfax War Cemetery\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frozen_Ever_After | Frozen Ever After | ["1 History","2 Ride experience","2.1 Florida, Hong Kong and Paris version","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"] | Coordinates: 28°22′15″N 81°32′47″W / 28.37083°N 81.54639°W / 28.37083; -81.54639Attraction at Epcot in Walt Disney World
Frozen Ever AfterAttraction entranceEpcotAreaWorld Showcase, Norway pavilionCoordinates28°22′15″N 81°32′47″W / 28.37083°N 81.54639°W / 28.37083; -81.54639StatusOperatingOpening dateJune 21, 2016ReplacedMaelstrom
Hong Kong DisneylandAreaWorld of FrozenStatusOperatingOpening dateNovember 20, 2023
Tokyo DisneySeaNameAnna and Elsa's Frozen JourneyAreaFantasy Springs(Frozen Kingdom)StatusOperatingSoft opening dateMay 16, 2024Opening dateJune 6, 2024
Disney Adventure WorldAreaWorld of FrozenStatusUnder constructionOpening datesecond half of 2025
Ride statisticsAttraction typeReversing Shoot the Chute/Dark rideManufacturerIntaminDesignerWalt Disney ImagineeringModelDark Boat RideThemeFrozenFrozen FeverMusicKristen Anderson-Lopez (music & lyrics) and Robert Lopez (music and lyrics)Drop28 ft (8.5 m)Length964 ft (294 m)Capacity1000 riders per hourVehicle typeViking BoatRiders per vehicle16Rows4Riders per row4 + lapsittersDuration5:00Lift count1Number of drops1 Disney Genie+ Lightning Lane Available Must transfer from wheelchair Assistive listening available
Frozen Ever After (under name is Anna and Elsa's Frozen Journey) is a musical reversing Shoot the Chute dark ride in Epcot at the Walt Disney World Resort. Part of the Norway Pavilion of the Epcot's World Showcase section, the attraction features scenes inspired by Disney's animated film Frozen as well as the 2015 animated short Frozen Fever. It opened on June 21, 2016, using the ride vehicles and track layout of the former Maelstrom attraction. A version of the attraction opened at Hong Kong Disneyland on November 20, 2023, as part of The Walt Disney Company's centennial celebration and Tokyo DisneySea on June 6, 2024 with one more scheduled to open at Disney Adventure World in the spring of 2025.
History
On September 12, 2014, Walt Disney World officials announced that the Maelstrom attraction would be replaced by an attraction based on Frozen. Maelstrom's final day of operation was October 5, 2014.
In June 2015, then-Disney Chief Operating Officer Tom Staggs revealed that plans for a Frozen attraction were discussed prior to the film's release, but were accelerated after the film's worldwide success. On responding to whether converting a portion of the Norway pavilion into an attraction based on a fictional place was appropriate for World Showcase, Staggs stated: "If the goal is to give people a taste of something like Scandinavia with the Norway pavilion, then Frozen would only increase the extent to which people would be drawn to it. To me it doesn't seem out-of-character at all."
Disney also released the first details on the new attraction and revealed its final name, "Frozen Ever After." The attraction uses the same ride vehicles and course that was used for Maelstrom. The Audio-Animatronic figures for the attraction feature improvements in facial animation that were first used on the Seven Dwarfs Mine Train, which opened in 2014 at the Magic Kingdom. The Audio-Animatronics are also the first ever all-electric Audio-Animatronics, with previous Audio-Animatronics using either pneumatics or hydraulics. While there are no new songs in the attraction, some of the original songs from Frozen have revised lyrics written by the original composers.
On May 20, 2016, Disney Parks revealed that the attraction would open June 21 that year. On opening day, the wait times were over five hours long, as the lines started in the China Pavilion. Epcot employees gave out ice cream and water bottles to guests in order to cool off in the hot sun.
Ride experience
Florida, Hong Kong and Paris version
A scene from the ride
The Frozen Ever After ride commemorates the anniversary of the day Princess Anna saved her sister, Queen Elsa, from an attempted assassination with an unselfish act of true love, thus thawing a frozen heart and ending the eternal winter. To celebrate the event, Elsa bestowed an "Official Summer Snow Day" upon the Arendelle citizenry, inspiring the amusement ride.
Advertisements promoting the winter festival are visible to guests as they queue for the ride. Guests travel through Wandering Oaken's Trading Post and Sauna, where they find Oaken in the sauna waving to them. Riders next board a boat and sail off into a winter wonderland, where they encounter Olaf and Sven greeting guests with a rendition of "Do You Want to Build a Snowman?". Guests then pass Grand Pabbie as he recounts the story of the film to a group of young trolls.
Riders next ascend a lift towards Elsa's ice palace. When they reach the top, they find Olaf ice skating and singing "For the First Time in Forever", failing comically with the lyrics. Guests soon pass a singing Anna and Kristoff, while Sven sits on the side with his tongue stuck to a pole. Two gates open and guests see Elsa, who is singing "Let It Go" while conjuring ice. The boats and riders then accelerate backwards down a small dip, passing images of Elsa creating the ice palace.
Guests next encounter Marshmallow and the Snowgies from Frozen Fever. The boat moves forward as Marshmallow spits out mist, passing through the mist, and down a short drop, at which an on-ride photo is taken. Riders then pass Arendelle Castle with fireworks bursting over top. Lastly, guests reach Anna, Elsa, and Olaf, who are singing "In Summer", as they return to the village and disembark.
See also
List of Epcot attractions
Norway Pavilion at Epcot
List of Hong Kong Disneyland attractions
List of Tokyo DisneySea attractions
List of Disney Adventure World attractions
References
^ a b Fickley-Baker, Jennifer. "Frozen Ever After Attraction Set to Open at Epcot in June". Disney Parks Blog. Retrieved 20 April 2016.
^ a b Fickley-Baker, Jennifer. "Frozen Ever After Attraction & Royal Sommerhus Set to Open at Epcot June 21". Disney Parks Blog. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
^ "Maelstrom". disneyworld.com. Coaster 101. Retrieved 3 December 2019.
^ Tom Staggs (September 12, 2014). "'Frozen' Attraction Coming to Epcot". Disney Parks Blog. Retrieved September 12, 2014.
^ McNary, Dave (September 12, 2014). "Disney Adding 'Frozen' Attraction at Epcot". Variety. Retrieved September 12, 2014.
^ Pallotta, Frank (15 September 2014). "Yet another 'Frozen' spinoff: An Epcot theme park attraction". CNN Money. Retrieved 29 September 2014.
^ "Maelstrom". disneyworld.com. Disney Parks. Archived from the original on 5 October 2014. Retrieved 5 October 2014.
^ a b c d e f Fritz, Ben (June 9, 2015). "'Frozen Ever After:' An Exclusive Look at Disney's Upcoming Attraction". wsj.com. Dow Jones & Company, Inc. Retrieved June 9, 2015.
^ Porges, Seth (October 13, 2016). "9 Things You (Probably) Didn't Know About Disney's New 'Frozen' Ride". Forbes. Retrieved November 2, 2016.
^ "Disney's 'Frozen Ever After' ride opens with 5 hour waits".
External links
Official site
Official site
Official site
Media related to Frozen Ever After at Wikimedia Commons
vteDisney's FrozenFeature films
Frozen (2013)
accolades
Frozen II (2019)
accolades
Shorts
Frozen Fever (2015)
Olaf's Frozen Adventure (2017)
Once Upon a Snowman (2020)
Olaf Presents (2021)
Characters
Anna
Elsa
Olaf
Kristoff
Sven
Hans
MusicFrozen
"Frozen Heart"
"Do You Want to Build a Snowman?"
"For the First Time in Forever"
"Love Is an Open Door"
"Let It Go"
"Reindeer(s) Are Better Than People"
"In Summer"
"Fixer Upper"
Frozen II
"All Is Found"
"Into the Unknown"
"Lost in the Woods"
"Show Yourself"
"The Next Right Thing"
Other
"Life's Too Short"
"Making Today a Perfect Day"
"Monster"
Live shows
For the First Time in Forever: A Frozen Sing-Along Celebration
Frozen – Live at the Hyperion
Frozen (musical)
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Frozen: Olaf's Quest (2013)
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The Art of Frozen
Conceal, Don't Feel: A Twisted Tale
Frozen 2: Dangerous Secrets
Related
"The Snow Queen"
World of Frozen
Frozen Ever After
Wandering Oaken's Sliding Sleighs
Fantasy Springs
The Story of Frozen: Making a Disney Animated Classic (2014)
Into the Unknown: Making Frozen II (2020)
Ralph Breaks the Internet (2018)
Once Upon a Studio (2023)
Once Upon a Time (season 4)
High School Musical: The Musical: The Series (season 3)
"Frozen" (political advertisement)
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Incredicoaster
Jessie's Critter Carousel
Pixar Pal-A-Round
Tomorrowland(Discoveryland)
Astro Orbiter
Autopia
Buzz Lightyear Astro Blasters
Disneyland Monorail System
Finding Nemo Submarine Voyage
Jet Packs
Monsters, Inc. Laugh Floor
Monsters, Inc. Ride & Go Seek
Les Mystères du Nautilus
PeopleMover
Space Mountain
Starcade
Star Tours – The Adventures Continue
Star Wars Launch Bay
Stitch Encounter
Star Wars: Path of the Jedi
Tron Lightcycle Power Run
Videopolis
Walt Disney's Carousel of Progress
Former
Captain EO
Innoventions
Jedi Training: Trials of the Temple
Stitch's Great Escape!
Star Wars: Galaxy's Edge
Star Wars: Millennium Falcon – Smugglers Run
Star Wars: Rise of the Resistance
Toy Story Land(Toy Story Playland)
Alien Swirling Saucers
RC Racer
Slinky Dog Zigzag Spin
Slinky Dog Dash
Toy Soldiers Parachute Drop
Treasure Cove
Pirates of the Caribbean: Battle for the Sunken Treasure
World Celebration
Spaceship Earth
Imagination!
Journey into Imagination with Figment
World Discovery
Mission: Space
Test Track
Guardians of the Galaxy: Cosmic Rewind
World Nature
The Land
Living with the Land
The Seas with Nemo & Friends
World of Frozen(Frozen Kingdom)
Frozen Ever After
World Showcase
The American Adventure
Canada
Canada Far and Wide
China
Reflections of China
France
Impressions de France
Germany
Italy
Japan
Mexico
Gran Fiesta Tour Starring The Three Caballeros
Morocco
Norway
United Kingdom
All different areas
Animation Academy
Festival of the Lion King
The Haunted Mansion
The Little Mermaid: Ariel's Undersea Adventure
Remy's Ratatouille Adventure
Soarin'
Toy Story (Midway) Mania!
Turtle Talk with Crush
Honey, I Shrunk the Audience!
Tiana's Bayou Adventure | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shoot the Chute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoot_the_Chute"},{"link_name":"Epcot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epcot"},{"link_name":"Walt Disney World Resort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_World_Resort"},{"link_name":"Norway Pavilion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_Pavilion_at_Epcot"},{"link_name":"World Showcase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Showcase"},{"link_name":"Disney's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_Animation_Studios"},{"link_name":"Frozen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frozen_(2013_film)"},{"link_name":"Frozen Fever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frozen_Fever"},{"link_name":"Maelstrom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maelstrom_(ride)"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong Disneyland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Disneyland"},{"link_name":"Tokyo DisneySea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_DisneySea"},{"link_name":"Disney Adventure World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_Studios_Park"}],"text":"Attraction at Epcot in Walt Disney WorldFrozen Ever After (under name is Anna and Elsa's Frozen Journey) is a musical reversing Shoot the Chute dark ride in Epcot at the Walt Disney World Resort. Part of the Norway Pavilion of the Epcot's World Showcase section, the attraction features scenes inspired by Disney's animated film Frozen as well as the 2015 animated short Frozen Fever. It opened on June 21, 2016, using the ride vehicles and track layout of the former Maelstrom attraction. A version of the attraction opened at Hong Kong Disneyland on November 20, 2023, as part of The Walt Disney Company's centennial celebration and Tokyo DisneySea on June 6, 2024 with one more scheduled to open at Disney Adventure World in the spring of 2025.","title":"Frozen Ever After"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maelstrom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maelstrom_(ride)"},{"link_name":"Frozen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frozen_(franchise)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maelstorm_official_page-7"},{"link_name":"Tom Staggs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_O._Staggs"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frozen-Reveal-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frozen-Reveal-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frozen-Reveal-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frozen-Reveal-8"},{"link_name":"Audio-Animatronic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio-Animatronics"},{"link_name":"Seven Dwarfs Mine Train","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Dwarfs_Mine_Train"},{"link_name":"Magic Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frozen-Reveal-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frozen-Reveal-8"},{"link_name":"Disney Parks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_Parks_and_Resorts"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Official_Opening-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Opening_June_21-2"},{"link_name":"China Pavilion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Pavilion_at_Epcot"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"On September 12, 2014, Walt Disney World officials announced that the Maelstrom attraction would be replaced by an attraction based on Frozen.[4][5][6] Maelstrom's final day of operation was October 5, 2014.[7]In June 2015, then-Disney Chief Operating Officer Tom Staggs revealed that plans for a Frozen attraction were discussed prior to the film's release, but were accelerated after the film's worldwide success.[8] On responding to whether converting a portion of the Norway pavilion into an attraction based on a fictional place was appropriate for World Showcase, Staggs stated: \"If the goal is to give people a taste of something like Scandinavia with the Norway pavilion, then Frozen would only increase the extent to which people would be drawn to it. To me it doesn't seem out-of-character at all.\"[8]Disney also released the first details on the new attraction and revealed its final name, \"Frozen Ever After.\"[8] The attraction uses the same ride vehicles and course that was used for Maelstrom.[8] The Audio-Animatronic figures for the attraction feature improvements in facial animation that were first used on the Seven Dwarfs Mine Train, which opened in 2014 at the Magic Kingdom.[8] The Audio-Animatronics are also the first ever all-electric Audio-Animatronics, with previous Audio-Animatronics using either pneumatics or hydraulics.[9] While there are no new songs in the attraction, some of the original songs from Frozen have revised lyrics written by the original composers.[8]On May 20, 2016, Disney Parks revealed that the attraction would open June 21 that year.[1][2] On opening day, the wait times were over five hours long, as the lines started in the China Pavilion. Epcot employees gave out ice cream and water bottles to guests in order to cool off in the hot sun.[10]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Ride experience"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Frozen_Ever_After_(27746209702).jpg"},{"link_name":"Princess Anna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_(Frozen)"},{"link_name":"Queen Elsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsa_(Frozen)"},{"link_name":"Olaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olaf_(Frozen)"},{"link_name":"Sven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sven_(Frozen)"},{"link_name":"Do You Want to Build a Snowman?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do_You_Want_to_Build_a_Snowman%3F"},{"link_name":"For the First Time in Forever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/For_the_First_Time_in_Forever"},{"link_name":"Kristoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristoff_(Frozen)"},{"link_name":"Let It Go","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let_It_Go_(Disney_song)"},{"link_name":"Frozen Fever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frozen_Fever"},{"link_name":"on-ride photo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-ride_photo"},{"link_name":"In Summer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Summer"}],"sub_title":"Florida, Hong Kong and Paris version","text":"A scene from the rideThe Frozen Ever After ride commemorates the anniversary of the day Princess Anna saved her sister, Queen Elsa, from an attempted assassination with an unselfish act of true love, thus thawing a frozen heart and ending the eternal winter. To celebrate the event, Elsa bestowed an \"Official Summer Snow Day\" upon the Arendelle citizenry, inspiring the amusement ride.Advertisements promoting the winter festival are visible to guests as they queue for the ride. Guests travel through Wandering Oaken's Trading Post and Sauna, where they find Oaken in the sauna waving to them. Riders next board a boat and sail off into a winter wonderland, where they encounter Olaf and Sven greeting guests with a rendition of \"Do You Want to Build a Snowman?\". Guests then pass Grand Pabbie as he recounts the story of the film to a group of young trolls.Riders next ascend a lift towards Elsa's ice palace. When they reach the top, they find Olaf ice skating and singing \"For the First Time in Forever\", failing comically with the lyrics. Guests soon pass a singing Anna and Kristoff, while Sven sits on the side with his tongue stuck to a pole. Two gates open and guests see Elsa, who is singing \"Let It Go\" while conjuring ice. The boats and riders then accelerate backwards down a small dip, passing images of Elsa creating the ice palace.Guests next encounter Marshmallow and the Snowgies from Frozen Fever. The boat moves forward as Marshmallow spits out mist, passing through the mist, and down a short drop, at which an on-ride photo is taken. Riders then pass Arendelle Castle with fireworks bursting over top. Lastly, guests reach Anna, Elsa, and Olaf, who are singing \"In Summer\", as they return to the village and disembark.","title":"Ride experience"}] | [{"image_text":"A scene from the ride","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Frozen_Ever_After_%2827746209702%29.jpg/220px-Frozen_Ever_After_%2827746209702%29.jpg"}] | [{"title":"List of Epcot attractions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Epcot_attractions"},{"title":"Norway Pavilion at Epcot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_Pavilion_at_Epcot"},{"title":"List of Hong Kong Disneyland attractions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Hong_Kong_Disneyland_attractions"},{"title":"List of Tokyo DisneySea attractions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Tokyo_DisneySea_attractions"},{"title":"List of Disney Adventure World attractions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Walt_Disney_Studios_Park_attractions"}] | [{"reference":"Fickley-Baker, Jennifer. \"Frozen Ever After Attraction Set to Open at Epcot in June\". Disney Parks Blog. Retrieved 20 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://disneyparks.disney.go.com/blog/2016/04/frozen-ever-after-attraction-set-to-open-at-epcot-in-june/","url_text":"\"Frozen Ever After Attraction Set to Open at Epcot in June\""}]},{"reference":"Fickley-Baker, Jennifer. \"Frozen Ever After Attraction & Royal Sommerhus Set to Open at Epcot June 21\". Disney Parks Blog. Retrieved 20 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://disneyparks.disney.go.com/blog/2016/05/frozen-ever-after-attraction-royal-sommerhus-set-to-open-at-epcot-june-21/","url_text":"\"Frozen Ever After Attraction & Royal Sommerhus Set to Open at Epcot June 21\""}]},{"reference":"\"Maelstrom\". disneyworld.com. Coaster 101. Retrieved 3 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.coaster101.com/2016/06/24/secrets-behind-frozen-ever/","url_text":"\"Maelstrom\""}]},{"reference":"Tom Staggs (September 12, 2014). \"'Frozen' Attraction Coming to Epcot\". Disney Parks Blog. Retrieved September 12, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_O._Staggs","url_text":"Tom Staggs"},{"url":"http://disneyparks.disney.go.com/blog/2014/09/frozen-attraction-coming-to-epcot/","url_text":"\"'Frozen' Attraction Coming to Epcot\""}]},{"reference":"McNary, Dave (September 12, 2014). \"Disney Adding 'Frozen' Attraction at Epcot\". Variety. Retrieved September 12, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2014/film/news/disney-frozen-epcot-1201304634/","url_text":"\"Disney Adding 'Frozen' Attraction at Epcot\""}]},{"reference":"Pallotta, Frank (15 September 2014). \"Yet another 'Frozen' spinoff: An Epcot theme park attraction\". CNN Money. Retrieved 29 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://money.cnn.com/2014/09/12/media/disney-frozen-ride/index.html?iid=EL","url_text":"\"Yet another 'Frozen' spinoff: An Epcot theme park attraction\""}]},{"reference":"\"Maelstrom\". disneyworld.com. Disney Parks. Archived from the original on 5 October 2014. Retrieved 5 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141005175403/https://disneyworld.disney.go.com/attractions/epcot/maelstrom/","url_text":"\"Maelstrom\""},{"url":"https://disneyworld.disney.go.com/attractions/epcot/maelstrom/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Fritz, Ben (June 9, 2015). \"'Frozen Ever After:' An Exclusive Look at Disney's Upcoming Attraction\". wsj.com. Dow Jones & Company, Inc. Retrieved June 9, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2015/06/09/frozen-ever-after-an-exclusive-look-at-disneys-upcoming-attraction/","url_text":"\"'Frozen Ever After:' An Exclusive Look at Disney's Upcoming Attraction\""}]},{"reference":"Porges, Seth (October 13, 2016). \"9 Things You (Probably) Didn't Know About Disney's New 'Frozen' Ride\". Forbes. Retrieved November 2, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/sethporges/2016/10/13/9-things-you-probably-didnt-know-about-disneys-new-frozen-ride/#3523999a30df","url_text":"\"9 Things You (Probably) Didn't Know About Disney's New 'Frozen' Ride\""}]},{"reference":"\"Disney's 'Frozen Ever After' ride opens with 5 hour waits\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.clickorlando.com/theme-parks/2016/06/21/disneys-frozen-ever-after-ride-opens-with-5-hour-waits/","url_text":"\"Disney's 'Frozen Ever After' ride opens with 5 hour waits\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Frozen_Ever_After¶ms=28_22_15_N_81_32_47_W_region:US_type:landmark_source:kolossus-frwiki","external_links_name":"28°22′15″N 81°32′47″W / 28.37083°N 81.54639°W / 28.37083; -81.54639"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Frozen_Ever_After¶ms=28_22_15_N_81_32_47_W_region:US_type:landmark_source:kolossus-frwiki","external_links_name":"28°22′15″N 81°32′47″W / 28.37083°N 81.54639°W / 28.37083; -81.54639"},{"Link":"https://disneyparks.disney.go.com/blog/2016/04/frozen-ever-after-attraction-set-to-open-at-epcot-in-june/","external_links_name":"\"Frozen Ever After Attraction Set to Open at Epcot in June\""},{"Link":"https://disneyparks.disney.go.com/blog/2016/05/frozen-ever-after-attraction-royal-sommerhus-set-to-open-at-epcot-june-21/","external_links_name":"\"Frozen Ever After Attraction & Royal Sommerhus Set to Open at Epcot June 21\""},{"Link":"https://www.coaster101.com/2016/06/24/secrets-behind-frozen-ever/","external_links_name":"\"Maelstrom\""},{"Link":"http://disneyparks.disney.go.com/blog/2014/09/frozen-attraction-coming-to-epcot/","external_links_name":"\"'Frozen' Attraction Coming to Epcot\""},{"Link":"https://variety.com/2014/film/news/disney-frozen-epcot-1201304634/","external_links_name":"\"Disney Adding 'Frozen' Attraction at Epcot\""},{"Link":"https://money.cnn.com/2014/09/12/media/disney-frozen-ride/index.html?iid=EL","external_links_name":"\"Yet another 'Frozen' spinoff: An Epcot theme park attraction\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141005175403/https://disneyworld.disney.go.com/attractions/epcot/maelstrom/","external_links_name":"\"Maelstrom\""},{"Link":"https://disneyworld.disney.go.com/attractions/epcot/maelstrom/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2015/06/09/frozen-ever-after-an-exclusive-look-at-disneys-upcoming-attraction/","external_links_name":"\"'Frozen Ever After:' An Exclusive Look at Disney's Upcoming Attraction\""},{"Link":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/sethporges/2016/10/13/9-things-you-probably-didnt-know-about-disneys-new-frozen-ride/#3523999a30df","external_links_name":"\"9 Things You (Probably) Didn't Know About Disney's New 'Frozen' Ride\""},{"Link":"https://www.clickorlando.com/theme-parks/2016/06/21/disneys-frozen-ever-after-ride-opens-with-5-hour-waits/","external_links_name":"\"Disney's 'Frozen Ever After' ride opens with 5 hour waits\""},{"Link":"https://disneyworld.disney.go.com/attractions/epcot/frozen-ever-after/","external_links_name":"Official site"},{"Link":"https://www.hongkongdisneyland.com/attractions/frozen-ever-after/","external_links_name":"Official site"},{"Link":"https://www.tokyodisneyresort.jp/en/tds/attraction/detail/255/","external_links_name":"Official site"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadma_(Jamshedpur) | Kadma, Jamshedpur | ["1 Civic administration","2 See also","3 References"] | Coordinates: 22°48′21″N 86°09′57″E / 22.80583°N 86.16583°E / 22.80583; 86.16583This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Kadma, Jamshedpur" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Residential area in Jamshedpur in IndiaKadmaResidential area in JamshedpurKadmaCoordinates: 22°48′21″N 86°09′57″E / 22.80583°N 86.16583°E / 22.80583; 86.16583CountryIndiaCityJamshedpurGovernment • TypeTata company quarters' area are governed by JUSCO, while large part of residential areas are governed by JNAC.Population • Total100,000Time zoneGMT + 0530PIN Code831005
Kadma is a neighbourhood in the city of Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, India. It is a residential area. The area has both the residential quarters of Tata Steel and private residential apartment buildings.
Civic administration
There is a police station at Kadma.
See also
Bistupur
Sakchi
Sonari, Jamshedpur
List of neighbourhoods of Jamshedpur
References
^ "District Police Profile – East Singhbhum". Jharkhand Police. Retrieved 30 December 2021.
This article related to a location in Jharkhand is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jamshedpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamshedpur"},{"link_name":"Jharkhand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jharkhand"},{"link_name":"Tata Steel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tata_Steel"}],"text":"Residential area in Jamshedpur in IndiaKadma is a neighbourhood in the city of Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, India. It is a residential area. The area has both the residential quarters of Tata Steel and private residential apartment buildings.","title":"Kadma, Jamshedpur"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"There is a police station at Kadma.[1]","title":"Civic administration"}] | [] | [{"title":"Bistupur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bistupur"},{"title":"Sakchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakchi"},{"title":"Sonari, Jamshedpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonari,_Jamshedpur"},{"title":"List of neighbourhoods of Jamshedpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_neighbourhoods_of_Jamshedpur"}] | [{"reference":"\"District Police Profile – East Singhbhum\". Jharkhand Police. Retrieved 30 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://jhpolice.gov.in/east-singhbhum","url_text":"\"District Police Profile – East Singhbhum\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kadma,_Jamshedpur¶ms=22_48_21_N_86_09_57_E_region:IN-DL_type:city(100000)","external_links_name":"22°48′21″N 86°09′57″E / 22.80583°N 86.16583°E / 22.80583; 86.16583"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Kadma%2C+Jamshedpur%22","external_links_name":"\"Kadma, Jamshedpur\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Kadma%2C+Jamshedpur%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Kadma%2C+Jamshedpur%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Kadma%2C+Jamshedpur%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Kadma%2C+Jamshedpur%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Kadma%2C+Jamshedpur%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kadma,_Jamshedpur¶ms=22_48_21_N_86_09_57_E_region:IN-DL_type:city(100000)","external_links_name":"22°48′21″N 86°09′57″E / 22.80583°N 86.16583°E / 22.80583; 86.16583"},{"Link":"https://jhpolice.gov.in/east-singhbhum","external_links_name":"\"District Police Profile – East Singhbhum\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kadma,_Jamshedpur&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TESO_(Austrian_hacker_group) | TESO (Austrian hacker group) | ["1 History","2 Achievements","3 Quotes","4 Members and name","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"] | Hacker group
This article is about a hacker group. For the Ugandan ethnic group, see Iteso. For the ferryboat service to the Dutch island of Texel, see Royal TESO. For the video game, see The Elder Scrolls Online.
This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (April 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
TESO was a hacker group, which originated in Austria. It was active from 1998 to 2004, and during its peak around 2000, it was responsible for a significant share of the exploits on the bugtraq mailing list.
History
TESO Research Lab
In 1998, Teso was founded, and quickly grew to 6 people, which first met in 1999 at the CCC Camp near Berlin.
By 2000, the group was at its peak, and started speaking on various conferences, wrote articles for Phrack and released security tools and exploits at a very high pace. Some of its exploits only became known after leaking to the community. This included exploits for wu-ftp, apache, and openssh.
2000 First remote vulnerability in OpenBSD followed by a series of remote exploits against OpenBSD (some co-authored with ADM). Forced OpenBSD to remove the claim from the OpenBSD webpage "7 years without vulnerability".
In September 2001 released comprehensive Format String Research Paper by scut describing uncontrolled format string vulnerabilities.
In 2003, the group informally disbanded, and in 2004 the website went down.
Achievements
In 2000, developed hellkit, the first shellcode generator.
In 2000, wrote TesoGCC, the first format string vulnerability scanner, and the first comprehensive guide on format string exploitation.
BurnEye team member is widely believed to be one of the first proper ELF executable crypters.
Quotes
ADM and TESO made almost inappropriately large splashes in the community when they were active. Almost all their exploits were beyond the standard, and at times it seemed they were the ones finding all the new bug-classes. But at their peak, they couldn't have been very large groups. Certainly smaller than the reverse engineering and security group at a good sized IDS/IPS company these days.
— Abdullah Khann, CEO and Founder of Immunity, Inc.
Members and name
The original crew from left to right: Typo (Paul Bohm), Scut, Oxigen, Edi, Hendy
The name originally was an acronym of the nicknames of the original founders (typo, edi, stanly, oxigen), but as many of the most skilled members joined later, this interpretation quickly became meaningless. Teso originally and during its peak was a small and tightly knit group. A full list of members does not appear to exist, but if public sources can be trusted, at least the following members existed:
Abdullah Khann
caddis
edi
halvar
hendy
lorian
oxigen
palmers
randomizer
scut, published in September 2001 Exploiting format strings vulnerabilies paper
smiler
skyper
stealth/S.Krahmer
stanly
typo aka Paul Bohm
xdr/mdr
zip
See also
Goatse Security
w00w00 - A rivaling hacking group. Some research and releases were published together with w00w00 members.
The Hacker's Choice - Some team-teso members joined THC after TESO was disbanded.
References
^ http://archives.neohapsis.com/archives/dailydave/2005-q2/0386.html Abdullah on TESO
^ Source: http://downloads.securityfocus.com/vulnerabilities/exploits/bsdchpass-exp.c
^ a b c Source: http://www.trust-us.ch/phrack/phrack/62/p62-0x04_Prophile_on_scut.txt
^ Source: http://www.ccc.de/congress/2001/fahrplan/event/255.de.html
^ Source: http://marc.info/?l=bugtraq&m=99385173302656&w=2
^ a b c "examples / Network Security Assessment". GitLab. Retrieved 2022-07-21.
^ Source: http://freeworld.thc.org/root/docs/loadable_kernel_modules/p58-0x06.txt
^ Source: http://mixter.void.ru/about.html
^ "Files ≈ Packet Storm". packetstormsecurity.com. Retrieved 2022-07-21.
^ http://julianor.tripod.com/bc/formatstring-1.2.pdf>Exploiting format strings vulnerabilies
^ a b "Files ≈ Packet Storm".
^ "Files ≈ Packet Storm". packetstormsecurity.com. Retrieved 2022-07-21.
^ "Files ≈ Packet Storm". packetstormsecurity.com. Retrieved 2022-07-21.
External links
Dave Aitel on TESO
Packetstorm TESO Archive | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Iteso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iteso"},{"link_name":"Royal TESO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_TESO"},{"link_name":"The Elder Scrolls Online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Elder_Scrolls_Online"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Team_TESO_Logo.gif"},{"link_name":"hacker group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hacker_(computer_security)"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"exploits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploit_(computer_security)"},{"link_name":"bugtraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugtraq"}],"text":"This article is about a hacker group. For the Ugandan ethnic group, see Iteso. For the ferryboat service to the Dutch island of Texel, see Royal TESO. For the video game, see The Elder Scrolls Online.TESO was a hacker group, which originated in Austria. It was active from 1998 to 2004, and during its peak around 2000, it was responsible for a significant share of the exploits on the bugtraq mailing list.","title":"TESO (Austrian hacker group)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Research_Lab.jpg"},{"link_name":"CCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaos_Computer_Club"},{"link_name":"Phrack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrack"},{"link_name":"wu-ftp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu-ftp"},{"link_name":"apache","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache"},{"link_name":"openssh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Openssh"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.exploit-db.com/exploits/20271"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Format String Research Paper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//julianor.tripod.com/bc/formatstring-1.2.pdf"},{"link_name":"uncontrolled format string","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncontrolled_format_string"}],"text":"TESO Research LabIn 1998, Teso was founded, and quickly grew to 6 people, which first met in 1999 at the CCC Camp near Berlin.By 2000, the group was at its peak, and started speaking on various conferences, wrote articles for Phrack and released security tools and exploits at a very high pace. Some of its exploits only became known after leaking to the community. This included exploits for wu-ftp, apache, and openssh.2000 First remote vulnerability [1] in OpenBSD followed by a series of remote exploits against OpenBSD (some co-authored with ADM). Forced OpenBSD to remove the claim from the OpenBSD webpage \"7 years without vulnerability\"[citation needed].In September 2001 released comprehensive Format String Research Paper by scut describing uncontrolled format string vulnerabilities.In 2003, the group informally disbanded, and in 2004 the website went down.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hellkit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//packetstormsecurity.com/groups/teso/hellkit-1.2.tar.gz"},{"link_name":"shellcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shellcode"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"vulnerability scanner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulnerability_scanner"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"In 2000, developed hellkit, the first shellcode generator.[citation needed]\nIn 2000, wrote TesoGCC, the first format string vulnerability scanner, and the first comprehensive guide on format string exploitation.[citation needed]\nBurnEye team member is widely believed to be one of the first proper ELF executable crypters.[citation needed]","title":"Achievements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-neohapsis1-1"}],"text":"ADM and TESO made almost inappropriately large splashes in the community when they were active. Almost all their exploits were beyond the standard, and at times it seemed they were the ones finding all the new bug-classes. But at their peak, they couldn't have been very large groups. Certainly smaller than the reverse engineering and security group at a good sized IDS/IPS company these days.\n— Abdullah Khann, CEO and Founder of Immunity, Inc.[1]","title":"Quotes"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Teso_Crew_1999_at_CCC_Camp.jpg"},{"link_name":"Paul Bohm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Bohm&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"acronym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acronym"},{"link_name":"nicknames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickname"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-securityfocus1-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trust-us1-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ccc1-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-marc1-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oreilly1-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trust-us1-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thc1-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-void1-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-packetstormsecurity1-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oreilly1-6"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-packetstormsecurity3-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-packetstormsecurity2-12"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trust-us1-3"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-packetstormsecurity4-13"},{"link_name":"Paul Bohm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Bohm&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-packetstormsecurity3-11"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oreilly1-6"}],"text":"The original crew from left to right: Typo (Paul Bohm), Scut, Oxigen, Edi, HendyThe name originally was an acronym of the nicknames of the original founders (typo, edi, stanly, oxigen), but as many of the most skilled members joined later, this interpretation quickly became meaningless. Teso originally and during its peak was a small and tightly knit group. A full list of members does not appear to exist, but if public sources can be trusted, at least the following members existed:Abdullah Khann\ncaddis[2]\nedi[3]\nhalvar[4]\nhendy[5]\nlorian[6]\noxigen[3]\npalmers[7]\nrandomizer[8]\nscut,[9] published in September 2001[10] Exploiting format strings vulnerabilies paper\nsmiler[6]\nskyper[11]\nstealth/S.Krahmer[12]\nstanly[3]\ntypo[13] aka Paul Bohm\nxdr/mdr[11]\nzip[6]","title":"Members and name"}] | [{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a2/Team_TESO_Logo.gif/250px-Team_TESO_Logo.gif"},{"image_text":"TESO Research Lab","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Research_Lab.jpg/220px-Research_Lab.jpg"},{"image_text":"The original crew from left to right: Typo (Paul Bohm), Scut, Oxigen, Edi, Hendy","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b2/Teso_Crew_1999_at_CCC_Camp.jpg/300px-Teso_Crew_1999_at_CCC_Camp.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Goatse Security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goatse_Security"},{"title":"w00w00","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W00w00"},{"title":"The Hacker's Choice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Hacker%27s_Choice&action=edit&redlink=1"}] | [{"reference":"\"examples / Network Security Assessment\". GitLab. Retrieved 2022-07-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://resources.oreilly.com/examples/9780596006112","url_text":"\"examples / Network Security Assessment\""}]},{"reference":"\"Files ≈ Packet Storm\". packetstormsecurity.com. Retrieved 2022-07-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://packetstormsecurity.com/groups/teso/teso-advisory-011.txt","url_text":"\"Files ≈ Packet Storm\""}]},{"reference":"\"Files ≈ Packet Storm\".","urls":[{"url":"http://packetstormsecurity.org/groups/teso/arpmitm-0.1.tar.gz","url_text":"\"Files ≈ Packet Storm\""}]},{"reference":"\"Files ≈ Packet Storm\". packetstormsecurity.com. Retrieved 2022-07-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://packetstormsecurity.com/groups/teso/adv6.tar.gz","url_text":"\"Files ≈ Packet Storm\""}]},{"reference":"\"Files ≈ Packet Storm\". packetstormsecurity.com. Retrieved 2022-07-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://packetstormsecurity.com/9909-exploits/dirthy.c","url_text":"\"Files ≈ Packet Storm\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/20271","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://julianor.tripod.com/bc/formatstring-1.2.pdf","external_links_name":"Format String Research Paper"},{"Link":"https://packetstormsecurity.com/groups/teso/hellkit-1.2.tar.gz","external_links_name":"hellkit"},{"Link":"http://archives.neohapsis.com/archives/dailydave/2005-q2/0386.html","external_links_name":"http://archives.neohapsis.com/archives/dailydave/2005-q2/0386.html"},{"Link":"http://downloads.securityfocus.com/vulnerabilities/exploits/bsdchpass-exp.c","external_links_name":"http://downloads.securityfocus.com/vulnerabilities/exploits/bsdchpass-exp.c"},{"Link":"http://www.trust-us.ch/phrack/phrack/62/p62-0x04_Prophile_on_scut.txt","external_links_name":"http://www.trust-us.ch/phrack/phrack/62/p62-0x04_Prophile_on_scut.txt"},{"Link":"http://www.ccc.de/congress/2001/fahrplan/event/255.de.html","external_links_name":"http://www.ccc.de/congress/2001/fahrplan/event/255.de.html"},{"Link":"https://marc.info/?l=bugtraq&m=99385173302656&w=2","external_links_name":"http://marc.info/?l=bugtraq&m=99385173302656&w=2"},{"Link":"https://resources.oreilly.com/examples/9780596006112","external_links_name":"\"examples / Network Security Assessment\""},{"Link":"http://freeworld.thc.org/root/docs/loadable_kernel_modules/p58-0x06.txt","external_links_name":"http://freeworld.thc.org/root/docs/loadable_kernel_modules/p58-0x06.txt"},{"Link":"http://mixter.void.ru/about.html","external_links_name":"http://mixter.void.ru/about.html"},{"Link":"https://packetstormsecurity.com/groups/teso/teso-advisory-011.txt","external_links_name":"\"Files ≈ Packet Storm\""},{"Link":"http://julianor.tripod.com/bc/formatstring-1.2.pdf","external_links_name":"http://julianor.tripod.com/bc/formatstring-1.2.pdf"},{"Link":"http://packetstormsecurity.org/groups/teso/arpmitm-0.1.tar.gz","external_links_name":"\"Files ≈ Packet Storm\""},{"Link":"https://packetstormsecurity.com/groups/teso/adv6.tar.gz","external_links_name":"\"Files ≈ Packet Storm\""},{"Link":"https://packetstormsecurity.com/9909-exploits/dirthy.c","external_links_name":"\"Files ≈ Packet Storm\""},{"Link":"http://archives.neohapsis.com/archives/dailydave/2005-q2/0386.html","external_links_name":"Dave Aitel on TESO"},{"Link":"http://packetstormsecurity.org/groups/teso/","external_links_name":"Packetstorm TESO Archive"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linum | Linum | ["1 Cultivation","2 Selected species","3 References","4 External links"] | Genus of flowering plants
For the town of ancient Mysia, see Linum (Mysia). For the town in Germany, see Linum (village).
Linum
Linum pubescens
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
Clade:
Tracheophytes
Clade:
Angiosperms
Clade:
Eudicots
Clade:
Rosids
Order:
Malpighiales
Family:
Linaceae
Subfamily:
Linoideae
Genus:
LinumL.
Species
about 200, see text
Linum (flax) is a genus of approximately 200 species in the flowering plant family Linaceae. They are native to temperate and subtropical regions of the world. The genus includes the common flax (L. usitatissimum), the bast fibre of which is used to produce linen and the seeds to produce linseed oil.
Linum narbonense
The flowers of most species are blue or yellow, rarely red, white, or pink, and some are heterostylous. There is an average of 6 to 10 seeds per boll.
Linum species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including the cabbage moth, the nutmeg, the setaceous Hebrew character and Coleophora striolatella, which feeds exclusively on Linum narbonense.
Cultivation
Several flaxes are cultivated as garden ornamentals, including the blue-flowered species blue flax (L. narbonense), Lewis' blue flax (L. lewisii), and perennial blue flax (L. perenne), the red-flowered scarlet flax (L. grandiflorum), and the yellow-flowered golden flax (L. flavum). In Eurasia, since Roman times, the genus Linum has been cultivated not only for its plant fiber, but also its seeds and tender leaves for culinary usage.
Selected species
Main article: List of Linum species
Linum africanum
Linum alatum – winged flax
Linum album
Linum alpinum
Linum arboreum – tree flax
Linum arenicola – sand flax
Linum aristatum – bristle flax
Linum australe – southern flax
Linum austriacum – Asian flax
Linum berlandieri – Berlandier's yellow flax
Linum bienne (syn. L. angustifolium) – pale flax
Linum campanulatum
Linum cariense
Linum carteri – Carter's flax
Linum catharticum – fairy flax
Linum compactum – Wyoming flax
Linum cratericola – Galápagos Islands flax
Linum dolomiticum – Dolomite Flax
Linum elongatum – Laredo flax
Linum flavum – golden flax
Linum floridanum – Florida yellow flax
Linum grandiflorum – scarlet flax, flowering flax
Linum hirsutum – downy flax
Linum hudsonioides – Texas flax
Linum imbricatum – tufted flax
Linum intercursum – sandplain flax
Linum kingii – King's flax
Linum leoni
Linum lewisii – Lewis' blue flax, Lewis flax
Linum usitatissimumLinum lundellii – Sullivan City flax
Linum macrocarpum – Spring Hill flax
Linum marginale – Australian native flax
Linum medium – stiff yellow flax
Linum monogynum – New Zealand linen flax
Linum narbonense – blue flax
Linum neomexicanum – New Mexico yellow flax
Linum perenne – perennial blue flax
Linum pratense – meadow flax
Linum puberulum – plains flax
Linum pubescens
Linum rigidum -– stiffstem flax
Linum rupestre – rock flax
Linum schiedeanum – Schiede's flax
Linum strictum – ridged yellow flax
Linum subteres – Sprucemont flax, slenderfoot flax
Linum suffruticosum
Linum sulcatum – grooved flax
Linum tenuifolium
Linum trigynum – French flax
Linum ucranicum
Linum usitatissimum – common cultivated flax
Linum vernal – Chihuahuan flax
Linum virginianum – woodland flax
Linum westii – West's flax
References
^ Linum. The Jepson Manual.
^ Muravenko, O. V., et al. (2010). Karyogenomics of species of the genus Linum L. Russian Journal of Genetics 46(10), 1182-85.
^ Babylonian Talmud (Baba Bathra 92a, Rashi, s.v. ולא צמחו; Nedarim 49a), Mishnah (Peah 6:4), Tosefta (Ma'aser Rishon 3:8)
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Linum.
IPNI Query
Linum lepagei type sheet from Louis-Marie Herbarium (Laval University).
The Flax Council of Canada
Taxon identifiersLinum
Wikidata: Q161100
Wikispecies: Linum
APDB: 192181
APNI: 54728
CoL: 62YHH
eFloraSA: Linum
EPPO: 1LIUG
FloraBase: 21633
FNA: 118675
FoC: 118675
GBIF: 2873855
GRIN: 6875
iNaturalist: 51309
IPNI: 24945-1
IRMNG: 1041608
ITIS: 29201
NBN: NHMSYS0000460397
NCBI: 4005
NZOR: 3c90a46a-64b3-4399-b8ef-2e88a61f082a
Open Tree of Life: 1000260
PLANTS: LINUM
POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:24945-1
Tropicos: 40007385
VASCAN: 1353
VicFlora: 5617b6ad-0c6c-4e48-af2d-2d4577265579
WFO: wfo-4000021903
WoRMS: 415566
Authority control databases: National
Israel | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Linum (Mysia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linum_(Mysia)"},{"link_name":"Linum (village)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linum_(village)"},{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jeps-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"flowering plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowering_plant"},{"link_name":"Linaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linaceae"},{"link_name":"temperate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperateness"},{"link_name":"subtropical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtropics"},{"link_name":"common flax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flax"},{"link_name":"bast fibre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bast_fibre"},{"link_name":"linen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linen"},{"link_name":"linseed oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linseed_oil"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Linum_narbonense_flor.jpg"},{"link_name":"Linum narbonense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linum_narbonense"},{"link_name":"heterostylous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterostylous"},{"link_name":"larvae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larva"},{"link_name":"Lepidoptera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepidoptera"},{"link_name":"cabbage moth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabbage_moth"},{"link_name":"the nutmeg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutmeg_(moth)"},{"link_name":"setaceous Hebrew character","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setaceous_Hebrew_character"},{"link_name":"Coleophora striolatella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coleophora_striolatella"},{"link_name":"Linum narbonense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linum_narbonense"}],"text":"For the town of ancient Mysia, see Linum (Mysia). For the town in Germany, see Linum (village).Linum (flax) is a genus of approximately 200 species[1][2] in the flowering plant family Linaceae. They are native to temperate and subtropical regions of the world. The genus includes the common flax (L. usitatissimum), the bast fibre of which is used to produce linen and the seeds to produce linseed oil.Linum narbonenseThe flowers of most species are blue or yellow, rarely red, white, or pink, and some are heterostylous. There is an average of 6 to 10 seeds per boll.Linum species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including the cabbage moth, the nutmeg, the setaceous Hebrew character and Coleophora striolatella, which feeds exclusively on Linum narbonense.","title":"Linum"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ornamentals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornamental_plant"},{"link_name":"blue flax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linum_narbonense"},{"link_name":"Lewis' blue flax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linum_lewisii"},{"link_name":"perennial blue flax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linum_perenne"},{"link_name":"scarlet flax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linum_grandiflorum"},{"link_name":"golden flax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linum_flavum"},{"link_name":"Eurasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Several flaxes are cultivated as garden ornamentals, including the blue-flowered species blue flax (L. narbonense), Lewis' blue flax (L. lewisii), and perennial blue flax (L. perenne), the red-flowered scarlet flax (L. grandiflorum), and the yellow-flowered golden flax (L. flavum). In Eurasia, since Roman times, the genus Linum has been cultivated not only for its plant fiber, but also its seeds and tender leaves for culinary usage.[3]","title":"Cultivation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Linum africanum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linum_africanum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Linum alatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linum_alatum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Linum album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linum_album&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Linum alpinum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linum_alpinum"},{"link_name":"Linum arboreum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linum_arboreum"},{"link_name":"Linum arenicola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linum_arenicola"},{"link_name":"Linum aristatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linum_aristatum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Linum australe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linum_australe&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Linum austriacum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linum_austriacum"},{"link_name":"Linum berlandieri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linum_berlandieri&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Linum bienne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linum_bienne"},{"link_name":"Linum campanulatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linum_campanulatum"},{"link_name":"Linum cariense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linum_cariense"},{"link_name":"Linum carteri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linum_carteri&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Linum catharticum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linum_catharticum"},{"link_name":"Linum compactum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linum_compactum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Linum cratericola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linum_cratericola"},{"link_name":"Linum dolomiticum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linum_dolomiticum"},{"link_name":"Linum elongatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linum_elongatum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Linum flavum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linum_flavum"},{"link_name":"Linum floridanum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linum_floridanum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Linum grandiflorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linum_grandiflorum"},{"link_name":"Linum hirsutum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linum_hirsutum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Linum hudsonioides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linum_hudsonioides&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Linum imbricatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linum_imbricatum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Linum intercursum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linum_intercursum"},{"link_name":"Linum kingii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linum_kingii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Linum leoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linum_leoni&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Linum lewisii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linum_lewisii"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flax_flowers.jpg"},{"link_name":"Linum usitatissimum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flax"},{"link_name":"Linum lundellii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linum_lundellii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Linum macrocarpum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linum_macrocarpum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Linum marginale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linum_marginale"},{"link_name":"Linum medium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linum_medium"},{"link_name":"Linum monogynum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linum_monogynum"},{"link_name":"Linum narbonense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linum_narbonense"},{"link_name":"Linum neomexicanum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linum_neomexicanum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Linum perenne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linum_perenne"},{"link_name":"Linum pratense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linum_pratense"},{"link_name":"Linum puberulum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linum_puberulum"},{"link_name":"Linum pubescens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linum_pubescens"},{"link_name":"Linum rigidum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linum_rigidum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Linum rupestre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linum_rupestre&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Linum schiedeanum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linum_schiedeanum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Linum strictum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linum_strictum"},{"link_name":"Linum subteres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linum_subteres&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Linum suffruticosum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linum_suffruticosum"},{"link_name":"Linum sulcatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linum_sulcatum"},{"link_name":"Linum tenuifolium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linum_tenuifolium"},{"link_name":"Linum trigynum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linum_trigynum"},{"link_name":"Linum ucranicum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linum_ucranicum"},{"link_name":"Linum usitatissimum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flax"},{"link_name":"Linum vernal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linum_vernal&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Linum virginianum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linum_virginianum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Linum westii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linum_westii&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Linum africanum\nLinum alatum – winged flax\nLinum album\nLinum alpinum\nLinum arboreum – tree flax\nLinum arenicola – sand flax\nLinum aristatum – bristle flax\nLinum australe – southern flax\nLinum austriacum – Asian flax\nLinum berlandieri – Berlandier's yellow flax\nLinum bienne (syn. L. angustifolium) – pale flax\nLinum campanulatum\nLinum cariense\nLinum carteri – Carter's flax\nLinum catharticum – fairy flax\nLinum compactum – Wyoming flax\nLinum cratericola – Galápagos Islands flax\nLinum dolomiticum – Dolomite Flax\nLinum elongatum – Laredo flax\nLinum flavum – golden flax\nLinum floridanum – Florida yellow flax\nLinum grandiflorum – scarlet flax, flowering flax\nLinum hirsutum – downy flax\nLinum hudsonioides – Texas flax\nLinum imbricatum – tufted flax\nLinum intercursum – sandplain flax\nLinum kingii – King's flax\nLinum leoni\nLinum lewisii – Lewis' blue flax, Lewis flax\nLinum usitatissimumLinum lundellii – Sullivan City flax\nLinum macrocarpum – Spring Hill flax\nLinum marginale – Australian native flax\nLinum medium – stiff yellow flax\nLinum monogynum – New Zealand linen flax\nLinum narbonense – blue flax\nLinum neomexicanum – New Mexico yellow flax\nLinum perenne – perennial blue flax\nLinum pratense – meadow flax\nLinum puberulum – plains flax\nLinum pubescens\nLinum rigidum -– stiffstem flax\nLinum rupestre – rock flax\nLinum schiedeanum – Schiede's flax\nLinum strictum – ridged yellow flax\nLinum subteres – Sprucemont flax, slenderfoot flax\nLinum suffruticosum\nLinum sulcatum – grooved flax\nLinum tenuifolium\nLinum trigynum – French flax\nLinum ucranicum\nLinum usitatissimum – common cultivated flax\nLinum vernal – Chihuahuan flax\nLinum virginianum – woodland flax\nLinum westii – West's flax","title":"Selected species"}] | [{"image_text":"Linum narbonense","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Linum_narbonense_flor.jpg/220px-Linum_narbonense_flor.jpg"},{"image_text":"Linum usitatissimum","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Flax_flowers.jpg/220px-Flax_flowers.jpg"}] | null | [] | 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ossip_K._Flechtheim | Ossip K. Flechtheim | ["1 Early life","2 Emigration and Academic Career in United States","3 Return to Germany and Participation in Politics","4 Futurology","5 Notes","6 Selected works","7 Further reading"] | Ossip Kurt Flechtheim (March 5, 1909 – March 4, 1998) was a German jurist, political scientist, author, futurist, and a humanist. He is credited with coining of the term "Futurology".
Early life
Flechtheim was born in Nikolaev (then Russian Empire, now Mykolaiv, Ukraine), into a Jewish family, the son of bookseller Herrmann Flechtheim (1880–1960) and his wife Olga, née Farber (1884–1964). In 1910 the family moved back into the father's hometown of Westphalian Münster, where his relatives had a grain trade business, and later to Düsseldorf. The art dealer Alfred Flechtheim was his uncle.
His family being secular, Flechtheim did not receive religious upbringing. In later life (after Second World War in West Berlin) he became a member (as a non-denominational humanist) of the German Freethinkers Association (later Humanist Association of Germany).
After graduating from the Hindenburg School (now Humboldt-Gymnasium Düsseldorf) in 1927, he became a member of KPD which he left after five years, following a trip to Moscow (his mother's native city) in 1931, and having begun to detest the ideological narrowness of the movement. Flechtheim studied law and political science at the universities in Freiburg, Paris, Heidelberg, Berlin, and finally Cologne. From 1931 to 1933 he completed his legal clerkship at the Higher Regional Court of Düsseldorf. He was awarded his Doctorate in Law in 1934 for his work on Hegel's criminal theory, while studying in Cologne under Carl Schmitt.
Emigration and Academic Career in United States
After Nazi takeover of power in 1933, Flechtheim was dismissed from civil service as being Jewish and a member of Neu Beginnen. In 1935 he was jailed for a total of 22 days. He emigrated to Belgium and then to Switzerland, where he was awarded a scholarship to continue his studies at the Graduate Institute of International Studies (HEI) affiliated with the University of Geneva, where he graduated in 1939 (University of Cologne stripped him of his degree in 1938).
In 1939 he established contacts with Institute for Social Research in Geneva, and then emigrated to the United States, having accepted the fellowship offered by Max Horkheimer, the director of the Institute, when it was relocated to Columbia University in New York City. There he met Erich Fromm, Herbert Marcuse, and also became acquainted with Isaac Asimov. In December 1942, he married Lili Therese Factor, the daughter of Emil Faktor, the former chief editor of the Berliner Börsen-Courier, their daughter Marion Ruth was born on September 26, 1946. Flechtheim taught at Atlanta University, a Historically Black College, in Atlanta GA until 1943, and afterwards accepted a position an Assistant Professor at the Bates College.
During the Second World War Flechtheim joined the US Army. In 1946 he returned to service in a rank of lieutenant colonel, joining for several months the Office of the US Chief of Counsel for War Crimes in Germany.
From 1947 to 1951 he continued his academic career in the United States as a university lecturer.
Return to Germany and Participation in Politics
In 1947 University of Heidelberg awarded Flechtheim a doctorate for his work (published in 1948) on KPD in Weimar Republic. He applied for the reinstatement of his law degree from Cologne University, which was also granted in 1947. From 1952 to 1959 Flechtheim was a full professor at the German University of Politics. After the integration of that institution into the Free University of Berlin in 1959, he became a professor of political science at the local Otto-Suhr-Institut, the position he held until his retirement in 1974.
In political life, Flechtheim became a co-founder of the liberal-left Republican Club in West Berlin, remaining a member of Social Democratic Party of Germany for ten years until 1962, and becoming member of the Greens in 1981. He has published a variety of books, essays, and articles in newspapers (including Frankfurter Rundschau and Die Zeit). Flechtheim was a founding member and vice president of German chapter of the International Federation for Human Rights, a member of the PEN Club, the council of peace studies and the Board of Trustees of the German Society for Peace and Conflict Studies. Flechtheim was an active supporter of the International War Resisters. On August 9, 1985, in interview for Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung he commented on what he detested the most: "inhumanity" and the war of the people against each other.
Following the German reunification Flechtheim was one of the few that argued in favour of "third way" of synthesis of both Western and Eastern position on a basis of "democratic socialism".
Flechtheim died on the eve of his 89th birthday in his adopted hometown of Berlin, and was buried in Dahlem Cemetery plot 2, next to some of his political friends interred there.
Futurology
The founding father of modern futurism, if there is one, may well be a mild-mannered German professor who, as early as the mid-1940s, began speaking and writing about the need for what he termed "futurology."... Flechtheim argued that universities ought to teach about the future. In this essay, he refers to "futurology" as a new "science." Even if systematic forecasting did no more than unveil the inevitable, he asserts, it would still be of crucial value.
—Alvin Toffler in his book The Futurists (1972)
In 1943 Flechtheim coined the term "Futurology" as a systematic and critical treatment of problematic related to Future studies. In his 1945 publication Teaching the Future he called for the development of courses dealing with the future. In his 1969 essay Discussion on Future Research he explained that it "... was the attempt to discuss the evolution of man and his society in the hitherto forbidden future tense. I held that, by marshaling the ever growing resources of science and scholarship, we could do more than employ retrospective analysis and hypothetical predictions; we could try to establish the degree of credibility and probability of forecasts."
In 1970 he published his work Futurology: The battle for the future. In it he criticized both the future studies in the West, and the technocratic approach promoted in the socialist countries, instead promoting a model of the "liberation of the future." Flechtheim's concept of futurology around that time was based on the process of social evolution that was emerging in Eastern and Western Europe, leading a "Third Road" beyond capitalist and communist systems and would mean a new democratic alternative to existing societies.
Notes
^ a b c d Fromm, Eberhard (1999). "Father of Futurology". Berlinische Monatsschrift Heft 3/99 (in German). Berlin: Edition Luisenstadt: 50–57.
^ a b Kessler, Mario (2011), "Between History and Futurology: Ossip K. Flechtheim", German Scholars in Exile: New Studies in Intellectual History, Lexington Books, pp. 173–210, ISBN 9780739150481
Selected works
Bolshevist and national socialist doctrines of international law, New York: Social Research, 1940
Teaching the Future, Journal for Higher Education, 16 (1945), 460-65, and in: Forum, 104 (1945), 307-11
Fundamentals of Political Science, New York: Ronald Press, 1952
History and Futurology, Meisenheim am Glan: Anton Hain, 1966
Discussion on Future Research, in: Robert Jungk and Johan Galtung (Eds.), Mankind 2000, Oslo: Universitetsforlaget, and London: Allen & Unwin, 1969
The German Left Since 1945 (with William D. Graf), Oleander Press, 1976, ISBN 978-0902675544
Futurologie. Der Kampf um die Zukunft, Köln: Wiss. u. Pol., 1982, ISBN 978-3804684157
Further reading
Christian Fenner, Bernhard Blanke (ed.): System change and democratization. Dedication to Ossip K. Flechtheim. European publishing house, Frankfurt 1975, ISBN 3-434-00257-X.
Andreas W. Mytze (ed.): Ossip K. Flechtheim 80th birthday (in European ideas H. 69, ISSN 0344-2888.) Arani-Verlag, Berlin 1989
Wolfram Beyer (ed.): Refuse military service - pacifism today. Tribute to Ossip K. Flechtheim. Humanist Association of Germany - Landesverband Berlin - Berlin-Kreuzberg, Berlin 2000, ISBN 3-924041-18-0.
Mario Kessler: Ossip K. Flechtheim. Political scientist and futurist (1909–1998) (Historical Studies. Vol. 41). Böhlau, Köln 2007 ISBN 978-3-412-14206-3.
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IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Ossip K. Flechtheim"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nikolaev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mykolaiv"},{"link_name":"Russian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish"},{"link_name":"Münster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnster"},{"link_name":"grain trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grain_trade"},{"link_name":"Düsseldorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EberhardFromm1999-1"},{"link_name":"Alfred Flechtheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Flechtheim"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"West Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Berlin"},{"link_name":"non-denominational humanist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secular_humanism"},{"link_name":"KPD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow"},{"link_name":"Cologne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EberhardFromm1999-1"},{"link_name":"Doctorate in Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_law#Germany"},{"link_name":"Hegel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegel"},{"link_name":"Carl Schmitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Schmitt"}],"text":"Flechtheim was born in Nikolaev (then Russian Empire, now Mykolaiv, Ukraine), into a Jewish family, the son of bookseller Herrmann Flechtheim (1880–1960) and his wife Olga, née Farber (1884–1964). In 1910 the family moved back into the father's hometown of Westphalian Münster, where his relatives had a grain trade business, and later to Düsseldorf.[1] The art dealer Alfred Flechtheim was his uncle.His family being secular, Flechtheim did not receive religious upbringing. In later life (after Second World War in West Berlin) he became a member (as a non-denominational humanist) of the German Freethinkers Association (later Humanist Association of Germany).After graduating from the Hindenburg School (now Humboldt-Gymnasium Düsseldorf) in 1927, he became a member of KPD which he left after five years, following a trip to Moscow (his mother's native city) in 1931, and having begun to detest the ideological narrowness of the movement. Flechtheim studied law and political science at the universities in Freiburg, Paris, Heidelberg, Berlin, and finally Cologne.[1] From 1931 to 1933 he completed his legal clerkship at the Higher Regional Court of Düsseldorf. He was awarded his Doctorate in Law in 1934 for his work on Hegel's criminal theory, while studying in Cologne under Carl Schmitt.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nazi takeover of power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enabling_Act_of_1933"},{"link_name":"Neu Beginnen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neu_Beginnen"},{"link_name":"Graduate Institute of International Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graduate_Institute_of_International_Studies"},{"link_name":"University of Geneva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Geneva"},{"link_name":"Max Horkheimer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Horkheimer"},{"link_name":"Columbia University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Erich Fromm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Fromm"},{"link_name":"Herbert Marcuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse"},{"link_name":"Isaac Asimov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Asimov"},{"link_name":"Emil Faktor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Faktor"},{"link_name":"Berliner Börsen-Courier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berliner_B%C3%B6rsen-Courier"},{"link_name":"Bates College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bates_College"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MarioKessler2011-2"},{"link_name":"US Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Army"},{"link_name":"US Chief of Counsel for War Crimes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg_trials#American_role_in_the_trial"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EberhardFromm1999-1"}],"text":"After Nazi takeover of power in 1933, Flechtheim was dismissed from civil service as being Jewish and a member of Neu Beginnen. In 1935 he was jailed for a total of 22 days. He emigrated to Belgium and then to Switzerland, where he was awarded a scholarship to continue his studies at the Graduate Institute of International Studies (HEI) affiliated with the University of Geneva, where he graduated in 1939 (University of Cologne stripped him of his degree in 1938).In 1939 he established contacts with Institute for Social Research in Geneva, and then emigrated to the United States, having accepted the fellowship offered by Max Horkheimer, the director of the Institute, when it was relocated to Columbia University in New York City. There he met Erich Fromm, Herbert Marcuse, and also became acquainted with Isaac Asimov. In December 1942, he married Lili Therese Factor, the daughter of Emil Faktor, the former chief editor of the Berliner Börsen-Courier, their daughter Marion Ruth was born on September 26, 1946. Flechtheim taught at Atlanta University, a Historically Black College, in Atlanta GA until 1943, and afterwards accepted a position an Assistant Professor at the Bates College.[2]During the Second World War Flechtheim joined the US Army. In 1946 he returned to service in a rank of lieutenant colonel, joining for several months the Office of the US Chief of Counsel for War Crimes in Germany.[1]\nFrom 1947 to 1951 he continued his academic career in the United States as a university lecturer.","title":"Emigration and Academic Career in United States"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Heidelberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Heidelberg"},{"link_name":"Weimar Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weimar_Republic"},{"link_name":"German University of Politics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Hochschule_f%C3%BCr_Politik"},{"link_name":"Free University of Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_University_of_Berlin"},{"link_name":"Otto-Suhr-Institut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto-Suhr-Institut"},{"link_name":"Social Democratic Party of Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"Greens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Party_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"Frankfurter Rundschau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurter_Rundschau"},{"link_name":"Die Zeit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Zeit"},{"link_name":"International Federation for Human Rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_for_Human_Rights"},{"link_name":"PEN Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PEN_Club"},{"link_name":"Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurter_Allgemeine_Zeitung"},{"link_name":"German reunification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_reunification"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EberhardFromm1999-1"},{"link_name":"Dahlem Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahlem_Cemetery"}],"text":"In 1947 University of Heidelberg awarded Flechtheim a doctorate for his work (published in 1948) on KPD in Weimar Republic. He applied for the reinstatement of his law degree from Cologne University, which was also granted in 1947. From 1952 to 1959 Flechtheim was a full professor at the German University of Politics. After the integration of that institution into the Free University of Berlin in 1959, he became a professor of political science at the local Otto-Suhr-Institut, the position he held until his retirement in 1974.In political life, Flechtheim became a co-founder of the liberal-left Republican Club in West Berlin, remaining a member of Social Democratic Party of Germany for ten years until 1962, and becoming member of the Greens in 1981. He has published a variety of books, essays, and articles in newspapers (including Frankfurter Rundschau and Die Zeit). Flechtheim was a founding member and vice president of German chapter of the International Federation for Human Rights, a member of the PEN Club, the council of peace studies and the Board of Trustees of the German Society for Peace and Conflict Studies. Flechtheim was an active supporter of the International War Resisters. On August 9, 1985, in interview for Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung he commented on what he detested the most: \"inhumanity\" and the war of the people against each other.\nFollowing the German reunification Flechtheim was one of the few that argued in favour of \"third way\" of synthesis of both Western and Eastern position on a basis of \"democratic socialism\".[1]Flechtheim died on the eve of his 89th birthday in his adopted hometown of Berlin, and was buried in Dahlem Cemetery plot 2, next to some of his political friends interred there.","title":"Return to Germany and Participation in Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alvin Toffler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvin_Toffler"},{"link_name":"socialist countries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_state"},{"link_name":"social evolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociocultural_evolution"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MarioKessler2011-2"}],"text":"The founding father of modern futurism, if there is one, may well be a mild-mannered German professor who, as early as the mid-1940s, began speaking and writing about the need for what he termed \"futurology.\"... Flechtheim argued that universities ought to teach about the future. In this essay, he refers to \"futurology\" as a new \"science.\" Even if systematic forecasting did no more than unveil the inevitable, he asserts, it would still be of crucial value.\n\n\n—Alvin Toffler in his book The Futurists (1972)In 1943 Flechtheim coined the term \"Futurology\" as a systematic and critical treatment of problematic related to Future studies. In his 1945 publication Teaching the Future he called for the development of courses dealing with the future. In his 1969 essay Discussion on Future Research he explained that it \"... was the attempt to discuss the evolution of man and his society in the hitherto forbidden future tense. I held that, by marshaling the ever growing resources of science and scholarship, we could do more than employ retrospective analysis and hypothetical predictions; we could try to establish the degree of credibility and probability of forecasts.\"In 1970 he published his work Futurology: The battle for the future. In it he criticized both the future studies in the West, and the technocratic approach promoted in the socialist countries, instead promoting a model of the \"liberation of the future.\" Flechtheim's concept of futurology around that time was based on the process of social evolution that was emerging in Eastern and Western Europe, leading a \"Third Road\" beyond capitalist and communist systems and would mean a new democratic alternative to existing societies.[2]","title":"Futurology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EberhardFromm1999_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EberhardFromm1999_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EberhardFromm1999_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EberhardFromm1999_1-3"},{"link_name":"\"Father of Futurology\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.luise-berlin.de/bms/bmstxt99/9903deua.htm"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-MarioKessler2011_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-MarioKessler2011_2-1"},{"link_name":"German Scholars in Exile: New Studies in Intellectual History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=h5hfYijlxL4C"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780739150481","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780739150481"}],"text":"^ a b c d Fromm, Eberhard (1999). \"Father of Futurology\". Berlinische Monatsschrift Heft 3/99 (in German). Berlin: Edition Luisenstadt: 50–57.\n\n^ a b Kessler, Mario (2011), \"Between History and Futurology: Ossip K. Flechtheim\", German Scholars in Exile: New Studies in Intellectual History, Lexington Books, pp. 173–210, ISBN 9780739150481","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=_qtmAAAAMAAJ"},{"link_name":"Johan Galtung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Galtung"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0902675544","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0902675544"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3804684157","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3804684157"}],"text":"Bolshevist and national socialist doctrines of international law, New York: Social Research, 1940\nTeaching the Future, Journal for Higher Education, 16 (1945), 460-65, and in: Forum, 104 (1945), 307-11\nFundamentals of Political Science, New York: Ronald Press, 1952\nHistory and Futurology, Meisenheim am Glan: Anton Hain, 1966 [1]\nDiscussion on Future Research, in: Robert Jungk and Johan Galtung (Eds.), Mankind 2000, Oslo: Universitetsforlaget, and London: Allen & Unwin, 1969\nThe German Left Since 1945 (with William D. Graf), Oleander Press, 1976, ISBN 978-0902675544\nFuturologie. Der Kampf um die Zukunft, Köln: Wiss. u. Pol., 1982, ISBN 978-3804684157","title":"Selected works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-434-00257-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-434-00257-X"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-924041-18-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-924041-18-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-412-14206-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-412-14206-3"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123899#identifiers"},{"link_name":"FAST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//id.worldcat.org/fast/61220/"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000109319075"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/108757564"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJcR4XwKx7yXy7YXDxd84q"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90168805"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12752603v"},{"link_name":"BnF data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12752603v"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/118533789"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//opac.sbn.it/nome/RAVV044835"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007261253405171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n80123200"},{"link_name":"Latvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000151114&P_CON_LNG=ENG"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00439693"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=skuk0002474&CON_LNG=ENG"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35088451"},{"link_name":"Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC2018N9668"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p06917573X"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810598879405606"},{"link_name":"CiNii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01103621?l=en"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Biographie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118533789.html?language=en"},{"link_name":"Trove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//trove.nla.gov.au/people/823052"},{"link_name":"IdRef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.idref.fr/095672524"}],"text":"Christian Fenner, Bernhard Blanke (ed.): System change and democratization. Dedication to Ossip K. Flechtheim. European publishing house, Frankfurt 1975, ISBN 3-434-00257-X.\nAndreas W. Mytze (ed.): Ossip K. Flechtheim 80th birthday (in European ideas H. 69, ISSN 0344-2888.) Arani-Verlag, Berlin 1989\nWolfram Beyer (ed.): Refuse military service - pacifism today. Tribute to Ossip K. Flechtheim. Humanist Association of Germany - Landesverband Berlin - Berlin-Kreuzberg, Berlin 2000, ISBN 3-924041-18-0.\nMario Kessler: Ossip K. Flechtheim. Political scientist and futurist (1909–1998) (Historical Studies. Vol. 41). Böhlau, Köln 2007 ISBN 978-3-412-14206-3.Authority control databases International\nFAST\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nNorway\nFrance\nBnF data\nGermany\nItaly\nIsrael\nUnited States\nLatvia\nJapan\nCzech Republic\nAustralia\nKorea\nNetherlands\nPoland\nAcademics\nCiNii\nPeople\nDeutsche Biographie\nTrove\nOther\nIdRef","title":"Further reading"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Fromm, Eberhard (1999). \"Father of Futurology\". Berlinische Monatsschrift Heft 3/99 (in German). Berlin: Edition Luisenstadt: 50–57.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.luise-berlin.de/bms/bmstxt99/9903deua.htm","url_text":"\"Father of Futurology\""}]},{"reference":"Kessler, Mario (2011), \"Between History and Futurology: Ossip K. Flechtheim\", German Scholars in Exile: New Studies in Intellectual History, Lexington Books, pp. 173–210, ISBN 9780739150481","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=h5hfYijlxL4C","url_text":"German Scholars in Exile: New Studies in Intellectual History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780739150481","url_text":"9780739150481"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.luise-berlin.de/bms/bmstxt99/9903deua.htm","external_links_name":"\"Father of Futurology\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=h5hfYijlxL4C","external_links_name":"German Scholars in Exile: New Studies in Intellectual History"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_qtmAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/61220/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000109319075","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/108757564","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJcR4XwKx7yXy7YXDxd84q","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90168805","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12752603v","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12752603v","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/118533789","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://opac.sbn.it/nome/RAVV044835","external_links_name":"Italy"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007261253405171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80123200","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000151114&P_CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Latvia"},{"Link":"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00439693","external_links_name":"Japan"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=skuk0002474&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35088451","external_links_name":"Australia"},{"Link":"https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC2018N9668","external_links_name":"Korea"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p06917573X","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810598879405606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01103621?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118533789.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/823052","external_links_name":"Trove"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/095672524","external_links_name":"IdRef"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MeatballWiki | MeatballWiki | ["1 Founding","2 Relationship to wiki community","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"] | Wiki dedicated to online communities
MeatballWikiType of siteWikiCreated bySunir ShahURLmeatballwiki.orgLaunched2000Current statusActive (Read-only archive from 2013 to March 2021)Content licenseNone (Content is copyrighted by MeatballWiki or respective authors.)
MeatballWiki is a wiki dedicated to online communities, network culture, and hypermedia. Containing a record of experience on running wikis, it is intended for "discussion about wiki philosophy, wiki culture, instructions and observations."
According to founder Sunir Shah, it ran on "a hacked-up version of UseModWiki". In April 2013, after several spam attacks and a period of downtime, the site was made read-only. In March 2021, the site was de-spammed and reopened for editing as part of a rebuilding effort alongside Ward's Wiki and Community Wiki.
Founding
MeatballWiki was started in 2000 by Sunir Shah, a forum administrator from Ontario, Canada, on Clifford Adams's Internet domain usemod.com. MeatballWiki was created as a place for discussion about Ward Cunningham's WikiWikiWeb and its operation, which were beyond the scope of WikiWikiWeb. As Sunir Shah stated in the WikiWikiWeb page referring to MeatballWiki: "Community discussions about how to run the community itself should be left here. Abstract discussions, or objective analyses of community are encouraged on MeatballWiki." Shah created this site "as a friendly fork of WikiWikiWeb." About the Meatball project, the website says: "The web, and media like it, looks like a big bowl of meatball spaghetti. You've got content – the meatballs – linked together with the spaghetti."
According to Igor Nikolic and Chris Davis, MeatballWiki was spun off of the Portland Pattern Repository, the first wiki.
Relationship to wiki community
The original intent of MeatballWiki was to offer observations and opinions about wikis and their online communities, with the intent of helping online communities, culture and hypermedia.
In Good Faith Collaboration, Joseph M. Reagle Jr. describes MeatballWiki as "the wiki about wiki collaboration". Being a community about communities, MeatballWiki became the launching point for other wiki-based projects and a general resource for broader wiki concepts, reaching "cult status". It describes the general tendencies observed on wikis and other online communities, for example the life cycles of wikis and people's behavior on them.
What differentiates MeatballWiki from many online meta-communities is that participants spend much of their time talking about sociology rather than technology, and when they do talk about technology, they do so in a social context.
The MeatballWiki members created a "bus tour" through existing wikis.
Barnstars – badges that wiki editors use to express appreciation for another editor's work – were invented on MeatballWiki and adopted by Wikipedia in 2003.
Evgeny Morozov of Boston Review notes that another Wikipedia norm around voting may also have stemmed from MeatballWiki.
See also
Internet portal
History of wikis
Online community
References
^ "Meatball Wiki: MeatballWikiCopyright". meatballwiki.org. Retrieved 2021-07-04.
^ a b Ebersbach, Anja; Glaser, Markus; Heigl, Richard; Warta, Alexander (2008). Wiki: Web Collaboration (2nd ed.). Springer Verlag. p. 430. ISBN 978-3-540-68173-1. a community that has reached cult status and that focuses on virtual communities, network culture and hypermedia
^ a b Nikolic, Igor; Davis, Chris (30 Apr 2012). "Self-Organization in Wikis". In Egyedi, Tineke M.; Mehos, Donna C. (eds.). Inverse Infrastructures: Disrupting Networks from Below. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 114. ISBN 9781849803014.
^ a b "Meatball Wiki". C2.com. 27 March 2006. Retrieved 2007-12-28.
^ RecentChanges; first archived "This page is read-only" page.
^ Posts on meatball:MeatballToDo and meatball:SunirShah.
^ a b "MeatballWiki". WikiIndex. 4 October 2007. Retrieved 2007-12-28.
^ "Meatball Wiki: MeatballProject". meatballwiki.org.
^ Reagle Jr., Joseph M. (2012). Good Faith Collaboration: The Culture of Wikipedia. MIT Press. p. 60. ISBN 9780262288705.
^ Vaughan, K. T. L.; Jablonski, Jon; Marlow, Cameron; Shah, Sunir; Mayfield, Ross (2004). "Beyond the Sandbox: Wikis and Blogs That Get Work Done". ASIST 2004 Annual Meeting; "Managing and Enhancing Information: Cultures and Conflicts" (ASIST AM 04). Archived from the original on 2007-10-12. Retrieved 2007-12-28.
^ "TourBusMap". meatballwiki. Retrieved 18 March 2016.
^ Matias, Nathan (3 November 2003). "What is a Wiki?". SitePoint. SitePoint. Retrieved 2007-12-28.
^ Zhu, Haiyi; Kraut, Robert E.; Kittur, Aniket (2016). "A Contingency View of Transferring and Adapting Best Practices Within Online Communities". Proceedings of the 19th ACM Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work & Social Computing. CSCW '16. New York, NY, USA: ACM. pp. 729–743. doi:10.1145/2818048.2819976. ISBN 9781450335928. Author's copy
^ Morozov, Evgeny (November 5, 2009). "Edit This Page". Boston Review. Retrieved 2023-10-04.
External links
Official website
Official website as of March 31, 2014 web.archive.org | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"wiki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiki"},{"link_name":"online communities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_community"},{"link_name":"culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture"},{"link_name":"hypermedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypermedia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ebersbach-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nikolic-3"},{"link_name":"UseModWiki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UseModWiki"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-c2-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Ward's Wiki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ward%27s_Wiki"},{"link_name":"Community Wiki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Community_Wiki&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"MeatballWiki is a wiki dedicated to online communities, network culture, and hypermedia.[2] Containing a record of experience on running wikis, it is intended for \"discussion about wiki philosophy, wiki culture, instructions and observations.\"[3]According to founder Sunir Shah, it ran on \"a hacked-up version of UseModWiki\".[4] In April 2013, after several spam attacks and a period of downtime, the site was made read-only.[5] In March 2021, the site was de-spammed and reopened for editing as part of a rebuilding effort alongside Ward's Wiki and Community Wiki.[6]","title":"MeatballWiki"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"forum administrator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forum_administrator"},{"link_name":"Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario"},{"link_name":"Clifford Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_Adams"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WikiIndex-7"},{"link_name":"Ward Cunningham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ward_Cunningham"},{"link_name":"WikiWikiWeb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WikiWikiWeb"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-c2-4"},{"link_name":"fork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fork_(software_development)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Portland Pattern Repository","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland_Pattern_Repository"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nikolic-3"}],"text":"MeatballWiki was started in 2000 by Sunir Shah, a forum administrator from Ontario, Canada, on Clifford Adams's Internet domain usemod.com.[7] MeatballWiki was created as a place for discussion about Ward Cunningham's WikiWikiWeb and its operation, which were beyond the scope of WikiWikiWeb. As Sunir Shah stated in the WikiWikiWeb page referring to MeatballWiki: \"Community discussions about how to run the community itself should be left here. Abstract discussions, or objective analyses of community are encouraged on MeatballWiki.\"[4] Shah created this site \"as a friendly fork of WikiWikiWeb.\" About the Meatball project, the website says: \"The web, and media like it, looks like a big bowl of meatball spaghetti. You've got content – the meatballs – linked together with the spaghetti.\"[8]According to Igor Nikolic and Chris Davis, MeatballWiki was spun off of the Portland Pattern Repository, the first wiki.[3]","title":"Founding"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"online communities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_community"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Good Faith Collaboration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Faith_Collaboration"},{"link_name":"Joseph M. Reagle Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_M._Reagle_Jr."},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ebersbach-2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WikiIndex-7"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Barnstars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnstar"},{"link_name":"Wikipedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Boston Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Review"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"The original intent of MeatballWiki was to offer observations and opinions about wikis and their online communities, with the intent of helping online communities, culture and hypermedia.[citation needed]In Good Faith Collaboration, Joseph M. Reagle Jr. describes MeatballWiki as \"the wiki about wiki collaboration\".[9] Being a community about communities, MeatballWiki became the launching point for other wiki-based projects and a general resource for broader wiki concepts, reaching \"cult status\".[2] It describes the general tendencies observed on wikis and other online communities, for example the life cycles of wikis and people's behavior on them.[7]What differentiates MeatballWiki from many online meta-communities is that participants spend much of their time talking about sociology rather than technology, and when they do talk about technology, they do so in a social context.[10]The MeatballWiki members created a \"bus tour\" through existing wikis.[11][12]Barnstars – badges that wiki editors use to express appreciation for another editor's work – were invented on MeatballWiki and adopted by Wikipedia in 2003.[13]Evgeny Morozov of Boston Review notes that another Wikipedia norm around voting may also have stemmed from MeatballWiki.[14]","title":"Relationship to wiki community"}] | [] | [{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg"},{"title":"Internet portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Internet"},{"title":"History of wikis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_wikis"},{"title":"Online community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_community"}] | [{"reference":"\"Meatball Wiki: MeatballWikiCopyright\". meatballwiki.org. Retrieved 2021-07-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://meatballwiki.org/wiki/MeatballWikiCopyright","url_text":"\"Meatball Wiki: MeatballWikiCopyright\""}]},{"reference":"Ebersbach, Anja; Glaser, Markus; Heigl, Richard; Warta, Alexander (2008). Wiki: Web Collaboration (2nd ed.). Springer Verlag. p. 430. ISBN 978-3-540-68173-1. a community that has reached cult status and that focuses on virtual communities, network culture and hypermedia","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Verlag","url_text":"Springer Verlag"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-68173-1","url_text":"978-3-540-68173-1"}]},{"reference":"Nikolic, Igor; Davis, Chris (30 Apr 2012). \"Self-Organization in Wikis\". In Egyedi, Tineke M.; Mehos, Donna C. (eds.). Inverse Infrastructures: Disrupting Networks from Below. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 114. ISBN 9781849803014.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Elgar_Publishing","url_text":"Edward Elgar Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781849803014","url_text":"9781849803014"}]},{"reference":"\"Meatball Wiki\". C2.com. 27 March 2006. Retrieved 2007-12-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?MeatballWiki","url_text":"\"Meatball Wiki\""}]},{"reference":"\"MeatballWiki\". WikiIndex. 4 October 2007. Retrieved 2007-12-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wikiindex.org/MeatballWiki","url_text":"\"MeatballWiki\""}]},{"reference":"\"Meatball Wiki: MeatballProject\". meatballwiki.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://meatballwiki.org/wiki/action=browse&id=MeatballProject&oldid=MeatBall","url_text":"\"Meatball Wiki: MeatballProject\""}]},{"reference":"Reagle Jr., Joseph M. (2012). Good Faith Collaboration: The Culture of Wikipedia. MIT Press. p. 60. ISBN 9780262288705.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_M._Reagle_Jr.","url_text":"Reagle Jr., Joseph M."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Faith_Collaboration:_The_Culture_of_Wikipedia","url_text":"Good Faith Collaboration: The Culture of Wikipedia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Press","url_text":"MIT Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262288705","url_text":"9780262288705"}]},{"reference":"Vaughan, K. T. L.; Jablonski, Jon; Marlow, Cameron; Shah, Sunir; Mayfield, Ross (2004). \"Beyond the Sandbox: Wikis and Blogs That Get Work Done\". ASIST 2004 Annual Meeting; \"Managing and Enhancing Information: Cultures and Conflicts\" (ASIST AM 04). Archived from the original on 2007-10-12. Retrieved 2007-12-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071012142728/http://www.asis.org/Conferences/AM04/abstracts/114.html","url_text":"\"Beyond the Sandbox: Wikis and Blogs That Get Work Done\""},{"url":"http://www.asis.org/Conferences/AM04/abstracts/114.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"TourBusMap\". meatballwiki. Retrieved 18 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://meatballwiki.org/wiki/TourBusMap","url_text":"\"TourBusMap\""}]},{"reference":"Matias, Nathan (3 November 2003). \"What is a Wiki?\". SitePoint. SitePoint. Retrieved 2007-12-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sitepoint.com/print/what-is-a-wiki","url_text":"\"What is a Wiki?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SitePoint","url_text":"SitePoint"}]},{"reference":"Zhu, Haiyi; Kraut, Robert E.; Kittur, Aniket (2016). \"A Contingency View of Transferring and Adapting Best Practices Within Online Communities\". Proceedings of the 19th ACM Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work & Social Computing. CSCW '16. New York, NY, USA: ACM. pp. 729–743. doi:10.1145/2818048.2819976. ISBN 9781450335928.","urls":[{"url":"https://zenodo.org/record/894626","url_text":"\"A Contingency View of Transferring and Adapting Best Practices Within Online Communities\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1145%2F2818048.2819976","url_text":"10.1145/2818048.2819976"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781450335928","url_text":"9781450335928"}]},{"reference":"Morozov, Evgeny (November 5, 2009). \"Edit This Page\". Boston Review. Retrieved 2023-10-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bostonreview.net/articles/edit-page-wikipedia-evgeny-morozov/","url_text":"\"Edit This Page\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Review","url_text":"Boston Review"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://meatballwiki.org/","external_links_name":"meatballwiki.org"},{"Link":"http://meatballwiki.org/wiki/MeatballWikiCopyright","external_links_name":"\"Meatball Wiki: MeatballWikiCopyright\""},{"Link":"http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?MeatballWiki","external_links_name":"\"Meatball Wiki\""},{"Link":"http://meatballwiki.org/wiki/RecentChanges","external_links_name":"RecentChanges"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130430135505/http://meatballwiki.org/wiki/WikiVolunteersNeededForHurricaneSurvivors","external_links_name":"\"This page is read-only\""},{"Link":"http://www.wikiindex.org/MeatballWiki","external_links_name":"\"MeatballWiki\""},{"Link":"http://meatballwiki.org/wiki/action=browse&id=MeatballProject&oldid=MeatBall","external_links_name":"\"Meatball Wiki: MeatballProject\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071012142728/http://www.asis.org/Conferences/AM04/abstracts/114.html","external_links_name":"\"Beyond the Sandbox: Wikis and Blogs That Get Work Done\""},{"Link":"http://www.asis.org/Conferences/AM04/abstracts/114.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://meatballwiki.org/wiki/TourBusMap","external_links_name":"\"TourBusMap\""},{"Link":"http://www.sitepoint.com/print/what-is-a-wiki","external_links_name":"\"What is a Wiki?\""},{"Link":"https://zenodo.org/record/894626","external_links_name":"\"A Contingency View of Transferring and Adapting Best Practices Within Online Communities\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1145%2F2818048.2819976","external_links_name":"10.1145/2818048.2819976"},{"Link":"http://haiyizhu.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/BestPracticeTransfer.pdf","external_links_name":"Author's copy"},{"Link":"https://www.bostonreview.net/articles/edit-page-wikipedia-evgeny-morozov/","external_links_name":"\"Edit This Page\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140331061937/http://meatballwiki.org/wiki/MeatballWiki","external_links_name":"Official website as of March 31, 2014"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birlan | Birlan | ["1 References"] | Coordinates: 37°31′54″N 45°10′17″E / 37.53167°N 45.17139°E / 37.53167; 45.17139For the asteroid, see 10034 Birlan.
Village in West Azerbaijan, IranBirlan
بيرلانvillageBirlanCoordinates: 37°31′54″N 45°10′17″E / 37.53167°N 45.17139°E / 37.53167; 45.17139Country IranProvinceWest AzerbaijanCountyUrmiaBakhshCentralRural DistrictBakeshluchayPopulation (2006) • Total148Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST) • Summer (DST)UTC+4:30 (IRDT)
Birlan (Persian: بيرلان, also Romanized as Bīrlān; also known as Bīlān) is a village in Bakeshluchay Rural District, in the Central District of Urmia County, West Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 148, in 35 families.
References
^ Birlan can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "-3813064" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database".
^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20.
vte Urmia CountyCapital
Urmia
DistrictsCentralCities
Urmia
Rural districts and villagesBakeshluchay
Aghcheh Qaleh
Almanabad
Aydinlu
Balderlu
Barajuq
Birlan
Burashan
Chehreh Gosha
Darghalu
Dehkadeh-ye Asayesh
Dizaj-e Naqaleh
Elyasabad
Emamzadeh
Eslamlu
Gabaran
Gol Pashin
Golmankhaneh
Hajji Pirlu
Hasbestan
Hesar-e Hajjilar
Hesar-e Tarmani
Igdir
Jarchelu
Kashtiban
Kordlar
Lashenlu
Marajul
Mashkabad-e Olya
Mashkabad-e Sofla
Miavaq
Posht-e Gol
Qalilu
Qamat
Qarah Aghaj-e Olya
Qarah Hasanlu-ye Khvajeh Pasha
Qarajalu
Qeshlaq-e Mirza Ali
Qeshlaq-e Mohammad Qoli
Qoturlar
Reyhanabad
Rikan
Sadaqeh
Salehabad
Sangar-e Mir Abdollah
Tarmani
Vazirabad
Yengejeh-ye Qazi
Yuvalar
Baranduz
Aliabad-e Baran Duz
Angaman
Band
Baran Duz
Bozveh
Chavrash
Didan-e Olya
Didan-e Sofla
Dizaj-e Fathi
Dizaj-e Rahim Pur
Gazanehkesh
Hasu Kandi
Havanduk
Heydarlu
Jafarian
Janvislu
Jowrni
Kelisay-e Sir
Khataylu
Khorramabad
Narlar
Saatluy Kuh
Sari Beygluy-e Musai
Shamlakan
Sheykh Mazari
Sidak
Sir
Varmazyar
Baranduzchay-ye Jonubi(South Baranduzchay)
Aghbolagh
Balanej
Barbaran
Baruzh
Bayat
Bozorgabad
Darin Qaleh
Dulama
Fuladlu
Goldanlu
Hesar-e Agh Bolagh
Ilazgi
Isalu
Karvansara
Kukiya
Kurani
Mahmudabad
Mobarakabad
Nivlu
Qaleh Juq
Qasemlu
Rahimabad
Seylaneh
Shaban Kandi
Shiru Kandi
Tappeh Maki
Tarzelu
Tazeh Kand-e Jamalkhan
Tulkan
Tumatar
Tupuzabad
Uzan Malek
Zovik
Baranduzchay-ye Shomali(North Baranduzchay)
Borhanlu
Dizaj-e Takyeh
Faqih Beyglu
Gug Tappeh
Qarah Aghaj
Qaralar-e Kuh
Qotlu
Qurshalu
Saralan
Sari Beygluy-e Moin
Satlu
Shams-e Hajjian
Vandai
Bash Qaleh
Ayeblu
Berenjabad
Burbur
Chichagluy-e Mansur
Chichakluy-e Bash Qaleh
Dadeh Saqi
Danqaralu
Eslampanahabadi Jadid
Gaznaq
Guyj Ali Tappeh
Guyjeh Ali Aslan
Isaluy-e Heydarlu
Isaluy-e Zemi
Kechah Bash
Mazraeh-ye Owj Ovlar
Qahremanluy-e Olya
Qahremanluy-e Sofla
Qaleh-ye Azizbeyg
Qarabqolu
Qazan Ali
Qezel Hajjilu
Qosur
Safarbehi
Safarqoli Khan Kandi
Sari Beygluy-e Araliq
Sarijalu
Shahrak-e Golmarz
Sheykh Teymur
Shur Kand
Takalu
Tupraq Qaleh
Urmia Industrial Estate
Yaghmur Ali
Yurqunabad-e Olya
Yurqunabad-e Sofla
Yusefabad-e Shah Mirza Kandi
Dul
Balestan
Bardeh Kish
Cement Cooperative
Dalow
Darband
Dash Aghol
Dizaj-e Dowl
Eslamabad
Jolbar
Kamaneh
Kanan-e Olya
Kanan-e Sofla
Nanas
Nari
Nasirabad
Naznaz
Pirali
Qameshlu
Rashkan
Samartu
Shahrak-e Rustayi-ye Naser
Soltanabad
Zharabad
Ziveh
Nazluy-ye Jonubi (South Nazluy)
Abbasabad
Arabluy-e Bisheh
Arabluy-e Darreh
Arabluy-e Yekan
Asgarabad Tappeh
Barbin
Bozlu
Chichakluy-e Hajji Aqa
Chonqeraluy-e Yekan
Dastjerd
Daylaq
Faqibeyglu
Gardabad
Ghaffar Behi
Irvanlu
Kakalar
Marangaluy-e Kuchek
Owzarlu
Qaraguz-e Hajji Baba
Qaraguz-e Salimaqa
Qaralar-e Lotfollah
Qareh Guz-e Il
Qerekhlu
Saidlu
Salim Kandi
Sam Salu
Sheykh Sar Mast
Tazeh Kand-e Afshar
Tazeh Kand-e Qeshlaq
Urmia Airport
Zaiyeh Kandi
Rowzeh Chay
Aliabad
Alvach
Anhar-e Olya
Anhar-e Sofla
Ashnaabad
Badaki
Balaji
Balu
Darazam
Gajin
Ganjabad
Golhar
Gowzgavand
Jehatlu
Kani Quzan
Kavalaq
Khalifatan
Khanqah-e Alvaj
Kutalan
Lerni
Lur
Mazraeh-ye Nasrabad
Mirabad
Pir Morad
Qarah Hasanlu
Qasrik
Qeshlaq-e Tarazlu
Qezel Asheq
Tazeh Kand-e Anhar
Tezkharab
Valindeh-ye Olya
Valindeh-ye Sofla
Yowrqanlu
Zeynalu
Torkaman
Alqian
Arablu
Babarud
Chub Tarash
Darbarud
Gharib Kandi
Hasanabad
Hesar-e Gapuchi
Hesar-e Torkaman
IRIB Broadcasting Station
Jabalkandi
Jeyran-e Olya
Jeyran-e Sofla
Khanjar Qeshlaqi
Khezrabad
Kusehabad
Mirshekarlu
Moqaddam
Morad Ali-ye Olya
Morad Ali-ye Sofla
Moradkandi
Naybin
Nazarabad Qaleh
Nazarabad-e Eftekhar
Ordushahi
Owch Ovlar
Qaralar-e Aqataqi
Qaralar-e Hajjqasem
Qurt Tappeh
Sarajuq
Sardrud
Shahinabad
Tabbat
Takah
Tappeh
Tappeh Torkaman
Tasmalu
Tazeh Kand
Tizkharab
Torkaman
Uzan Eskandari
AnzalCities
Qushchi
Rural districts and villagesAnzal-e Jonubi(South Anzal)
Ali Kan
Bahleh
Bolarghu
Deladar
Emam Kandi
Gavlan
Gol Tappeh
Golanik-e Olya
Golanik-e Sofla
Hajji Bayram
Hammamlar
Jabal Kandi
Kahriz
Kani Shurik
Kaseb
Khorramabad
Kureh-ye Olya
Kureh-ye Sofla
Mahmudan
Maku Kandi
Meshik
Nur ol Dinabad
Pirgol
Qahraman
Qulonji
Quyujoq
Senjilik
Shahid Ab Shanasan Garrison
Sharifabad
Shirakan
Soltanabad
Tandarak
Zangabad
Anzal-e Shomali(North Anzal)
Bari
Gurchin Qaleh
Jamalabad
Moqitalu
Najafabad
Qalqachi
Qarah Bagh
NazluCities
Nushin
Rural districts and villagesNazluchay
Armudaghaj
Azadegan
Badelbu
Bahlulabad
Department of Agriculture
Hajjiabad
Hesar Kharabeh
Janizeh
Kavsi
Kharabeh-ye Senji
Kuseh Ahmad
Nazlu
Qaleh Sardar
Qaleh-ye Esmail Aqa
Qaralar-e Tasuji
Senji
Tamtaman
Tapik
Tazeh Kand
Tazeh Kand-e Janizeh
Tazeh Kand-e Qaterchi
Yowrqanlu-ye Janizeh
Nazlu-e Shomali(North Nazlu)
Abajaluy-e Olya
Ali Kandi
Alibeyglu
Angeneh
Arnesa
Asgarabad-e Kuh
Babaganjeh
Baghestan
Bashlan Beshlu
Chanaqlu
Cher
Chonqeraluy-e Pol
Dowyran
Guyjeh Yaran
Hesar-e Babaganjeh
Hesar-e Bahram Khan
Heydarlu
Heydarluy-e Beyglar
Kalvan
Karimabad
Khaledabad
Khaneqah Sorkh
Lak
Lalahluy-e Torab
Lulham
Marangaluy-e Bozorg
Meskin
Nakhjavan Tappeh
Owkhchilar
Par
Qarah Qiz
Qarah Quyunlu
Qareh Jalu
Qelinjlu
Qeshlaq-e Shakur
Rahimabad
Saatluy-e Beyglar
Sari Beygluy-e Cheragh
Shirabad
Tappeh-ye Babaganjeh
Taqlidabad
Tazeh Kand-e Baba Ganjeh
Vaqasluy-e Olya
Vaqasluy-e Sofla
Zadehlu
Zonbalan
Tala Tappeh
Abajaluy-e Sofla
Adeh
Chamaki
Hesar-e Sopurghan
Khaneshan
Khodaverdi Khan Kandi
Owsaluy-e Allahverdi Khan
Owsaluy-e Kazem
Sopurghan
Tala Tappeh
Yengejeh
Zirmanlu
SilvanehCities
Silvaneh
Rural districts and villagesDasht
Bardehsur
Chaman
Darband
Dareh Senji
Dazgir
Dowla Pasan
Gowjar
Halafaleh
Kay
Khvoshaku
Mirabad
Nushan-e Olya
Nushan-e Sofla
Owali
Peshkeleh
Pirhadi
Qarayi
Qasrik
Razhan
Salim Beyg
Sulik
Tui
Tuli
Zanglan
Margavar
Aleyh
Aversi
Bavan
Berasb
Berazan
Best
Bi Bakran
Cherikabad
Dizaj
Dowkana
Felekan
Galleh Behi
Gerdevan
Gerdik
Gerdik Naser
Golestaneh
Haftabad
Halaj
Hasanabad
Hashemabad
Kachaleh
Kani Dastar
Kani Tayer
Kasian
Kayer
Kelasi
Khurasb
Lajani
Lowrzini
Mamakan
Mansurabad
Mirabad
Molla Basak
Nari
Nergi
Nuy
Qaraneh
Razgeh
Sehgergan
Shahrak-e Ziveh
Shaklabad
Sheykh Zard
Shirakan
Sudinabad
Suleh Dugal
Surkan
Susanabad
Tupuzabad
Zharabad
Zharazhi
Ziveh
Targavar
Anbi
Arzin
Ashki
Avdi
Balowlan
Bani
Basrik
Biquz
Do Bareh
Dustalan
Gerdah Belij
Haki
Halulan
Karimabad
Khaneqah
Kuraneh
Kurteh Kavil
Mavana
Pesan
Shahr-e Viran
Sheyban
Sheykh Shamzin
Surbani
Talin
Tibatan
Towlaki
Sumay-ye BeradustCities
Serow
Rural districts and villagesBeradust
Akhyan-e Bozorg
Akhyan-e Kuchek
Asengaran
Avdelan-e Olya
Avdelan-e Sofla
Bardehzi-ye Olya
Chareh
Emam Kandi
Eskandarabad
Firuzian
Gangachin
Gol-e Sheykhan
Gonbad
Gundak-e Molla
Guranabad
Haftsaran
Halah Qush
Hangravan
Ishgeh Su
Kanespi
Kani Shurik
Kanisi
Khalyan
Khanik
Khvoshalan
Kulgani
Kuraneh
Mafaran
Majruseh
Maluneh
Margarash
Mastakan
Neychalan
Omarabad
Post
Qareh Aghaj
Qarnesa
Qasrik
Rabat
Ravand-e Olya
Ravand-e Sofla
Shegaftik-e Olya
Shegaftik-e Sofla
Siarak
Sufi Kani
Tazeh Kand-e Sheshmal
Zangakan
Sumay-ye Jonubi(South Sumay)
Abdi Beyg
Aghsaqal
Bardeh Rash
Barduk
Bavan
Gachi
Gowdal
Hasanlu
Hashtian
Hovarsin
Jalqaran
Juhni
Jujahi
Kanespi
Kani Miran
Kharah Gush
Kuran
Marnah
Piranjuq
Qasrik
Sinabad
Soltani
Sufian
Sumay-ye Shomali(North Sumay)
Bachehjik
Baraspi
Bardian
Bastakabad
Bazhergah
Galeh Khar
Ghazan
Goli Suyi
Hasanabad
Jatar
Kani Rash
Khanik
Mamakan
Mastakan
Mingol
Mirabad
Oskandrian
Quni
Qurmik
Rigabad
Sakan
Seydan
Surmanabad
Yengejeh
Iran portal
This Urmia County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"10034 Birlan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10034_Birlan"},{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"Romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanize"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Bakeshluchay Rural District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakeshluchay_Rural_District"},{"link_name":"Central District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_District_(Urmia_County)"},{"link_name":"Urmia County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urmia_County"},{"link_name":"West Azerbaijan Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Azerbaijan_Province"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"For the asteroid, see 10034 Birlan.Village in West Azerbaijan, IranBirlan (Persian: بيرلان, also Romanized as Bīrlān; also known as Bīlān)[1] is a village in Bakeshluchay Rural District, in the Central District of Urmia County, West Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 148, in 35 families.[2]","title":"Birlan"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1385/results/all/04.xls","url_text":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_Center_of_Iran","url_text":"Statistical Center of Iran"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920084728/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/04.xls","url_text":"Archived"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Birlan¶ms=37_31_54_N_45_10_17_E_region:IR_type:city(148)","external_links_name":"37°31′54″N 45°10′17″E / 37.53167°N 45.17139°E / 37.53167; 45.17139"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Birlan¶ms=37_31_54_N_45_10_17_E_region:IR_type:city(148)","external_links_name":"37°31′54″N 45°10′17″E / 37.53167°N 45.17139°E / 37.53167; 45.17139"},{"Link":"http://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/","external_links_name":"this link"},{"Link":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1385/results/all/04.xls","external_links_name":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920084728/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/04.xls","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Birlan&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomohisa_Yuge | Tomohisa Yuge | ["1 Filmography","1.1 Drama","1.2 Film","2 References","3 External links"] | Japanese actor
This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Tomohisa Yuge" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Japanese. Click for important translation instructions.
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Tomohisa Yuge弓削智久Born (1980-05-25) May 25, 1980 (age 44)OccupationactorYears active2000–presentNotable credit(s)Kamen Rider Ryukias Goro YuraPretty Guardian Sailor Moonas Fake Tuxedo KamenHeight1.86 m (6 ft 1 in)
Tomohisa Yuge (弓削智久, Yuge Tomohisa, born 25 May 1980) is a Japanese actor who has had roles in numerous TV Asahi Tokusatsu shows, including Kamen Rider Ryuki and Kamen Rider Kabuto, as well as a number of films.
Filmography
Drama
Kamen Rider Ryuki (2003), Goro Yura
Kamen Rider Ryuki Special: 13 Riders (2003), Goro Yura
Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon (2003), Fake Tuxedo Kamen (Ep. 9)
Sh15uya (live-action TV) (2005), Kengo
Garo (2005), Piano Playing Suicide Victim (Ep. 8)
H2~Kimi to Itahibi (2005), Ootake Fumio
Kamen Rider Kabuto (2007), Masato Mishima (Kamen Rider TheBee in Episode 16; Gryllusworm in Ep. 48 & 49)
Kamen Rider Gaim (2013), Kiyojiro Bando
Death Note (2015 TV series) (2015), Shuichi Aizawa
Zero: Dragon Blood (2017), Edel
Todome no Kiss (2018), Tsuji
Film
Kamen Rider Ryuki: Episode Final (2002)
Shibuya kaidan a.k.a. The Locker (2003)
Shibuya kaidan 2 a.k.a. The Locker 2 (2004)
Sakuramburu hatsu koi no sonata (2004)
Nibanme no kanojo (2004)
School Wars: Hero (2004)
Koibumi-biyori (2004)
Si-sei (2006)
Bandage (2006)
Kamen Rider Kabuto: God Speed Love (2006)
Kyō Kara Hitman (2009)
Higanjima (2010) as Ken
Heisei Riders vs. Showa Riders: Kamen Rider Taisen feat. Super Sentai (2014)
Futari no Uketorinin (2018)
References
^ Special Feature: Kamen Rider Ryuki", Toei Hero MAX, Vol.1, Tatsumi Publishing, 2002, 11 pages, ISBN 978-4886417312.
External links
Tomohisa Yuge at IMDb
This article about a Japanese actor is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"TV Asahi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Asahi"},{"link_name":"Tokusatsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokusatsu"},{"link_name":"Kamen Rider Ryuki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamen_Rider_Ryuki"},{"link_name":"Kamen Rider Kabuto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamen_Rider_Kabuto"}],"text":"Tomohisa Yuge (弓削智久, Yuge Tomohisa, born 25 May 1980) is a Japanese actor[1] who has had roles in numerous TV Asahi Tokusatsu shows, including Kamen Rider Ryuki and Kamen Rider Kabuto, as well as a number of films.","title":"Tomohisa Yuge"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kamen Rider Ryuki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamen_Rider_Ryuki"},{"link_name":"Kamen Rider Ryuki Special: 13 Riders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamen_Rider_Ryuki_Special:_13_Riders"},{"link_name":"Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretty_Guardian_Sailor_Moon_(live-action_series)"},{"link_name":"Sh15uya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh15uya"},{"link_name":"Garo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garo_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Kamen Rider Kabuto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamen_Rider_Kabuto"},{"link_name":"Kamen Rider Gaim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamen_Rider_Gaim"},{"link_name":"Death Note (2015 TV series)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_Note_(2015_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Zero: Dragon Blood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero:_Dragon_Blood"},{"link_name":"Todome no Kiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todome_no_Kiss"}],"sub_title":"Drama","text":"Kamen Rider Ryuki (2003), Goro Yura\nKamen Rider Ryuki Special: 13 Riders (2003), Goro Yura\nPretty Guardian Sailor Moon (2003), Fake Tuxedo Kamen (Ep. 9)\nSh15uya (live-action TV) (2005), Kengo\nGaro (2005), Piano Playing Suicide Victim (Ep. 8)\nH2~Kimi to Itahibi (2005), Ootake Fumio\nKamen Rider Kabuto (2007), Masato Mishima (Kamen Rider TheBee in Episode 16; Gryllusworm in Ep. 48 & 49)\nKamen Rider Gaim (2013), Kiyojiro Bando\nDeath Note (2015 TV series) (2015), Shuichi Aizawa\nZero: Dragon Blood (2017), Edel\nTodome no Kiss (2018), Tsuji","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kamen Rider Ryuki: Episode Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamen_Rider_Ryuki:_Episode_Final"},{"link_name":"Shibuya kaidan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shibuya_kaidan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Shibuya kaidan 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shibuya_kaidan_2&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sakuramburu hatsu koi no sonata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sakuramburu_hatsu_koi_no_sonata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nibanme no kanojo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nibanme_no_kanojo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"School Wars: Hero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_Wars:_Hero"},{"link_name":"Koibumi-biyori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Koibumi-biyori&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Si-sei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Si-sei&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bandage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Banfage_(2006_film)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kamen Rider Kabuto: God Speed Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamen_Rider_Kabuto:_God_Speed_Love"},{"link_name":"Kyō Kara Hitman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ky%C5%8D_Kara_Hitman"},{"link_name":"Higanjima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higanjima"},{"link_name":"Heisei Riders vs. Showa Riders: Kamen Rider Taisen feat. Super Sentai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heisei_Riders_vs._Showa_Riders:_Kamen_Rider_Taisen_feat._Super_Sentai"}],"sub_title":"Film","text":"Kamen Rider Ryuki: Episode Final (2002)\nShibuya kaidan a.k.a. The Locker (2003)\nShibuya kaidan 2 a.k.a. The Locker 2 (2004)\nSakuramburu hatsu koi no sonata (2004)\nNibanme no kanojo (2004)\nSchool Wars: Hero (2004)\nKoibumi-biyori (2004)\nSi-sei (2006)\nBandage (2006)\nKamen Rider Kabuto: God Speed Love (2006)\nKyō Kara Hitman (2009)\nHiganjima (2010) as Ken\nHeisei Riders vs. Showa Riders: Kamen Rider Taisen feat. Super Sentai (2014)\nFutari no Uketorinin (2018)","title":"Filmography"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Tomohisa+Yuge%22","external_links_name":"\"Tomohisa Yuge\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Tomohisa+Yuge%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Tomohisa+Yuge%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Tomohisa+Yuge%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Tomohisa+Yuge%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Tomohisa+Yuge%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://deepl.com/","external_links_name":"DeepL"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/","external_links_name":"Google Translate"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1544754/","external_links_name":"Tomohisa Yuge"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tomohisa_Yuge&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Railway_Historical_Society | National Railway Historical Society | ["1 National organization","1.1 History","1.2 Currently","1.3 \"RailCamp\" program","2 Local chapters","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"] | Non-profit organization established in 1935
The National Railway Historical Society (NRHS) is a non-profit organization established in 1935 in the United States to promote interest in, and appreciation for the historical development of railroads. It is headquartered in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and organized into 16 regions and 170 local chapters located in the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom. The NRHS sponsors the popular RailCamp summer orientation program in partnership with Amtrak and the National Park Service, offering high school youth hands-on experience in the railroad industry.
National organization
History
The NRHS was formed in Baltimore, Maryland, on August 18, 1935, when railfans from Lancaster, Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Trenton, New Jersey, and New York City gathered there for a farewell excursion on the then soon-to-be-abandoned Washington, Baltimore and Annapolis Electric Railway. Officers from railfan clubs in those cities decided to merge and form a national organization, which they dubbed the "National Railway Historical Society".
Leon Franks of the Lancaster club was elected the first chairman of the NRHS and William P. Hamilton III of Trenton was the first NRHS president.
Currently
The NRHS has around 10,000 members as of October 2015 and is one of the largest rail historical societies in the U.S. The NRHS is a non-profit section 501(c)(3) organization. Al Weber of St Louis, Missouri, is currently national president . Its mailing address is: c/o John K Fiorilla, Esq., Capehart & Scatchard PA, P.O Box 5016, Mt.Laurel, NJ 08054. The NRHS is "a historical preservation charity", with its future focus on education and preservation.
SP&S #700 (pictured in 1991 at Portland, Oregon), pulled an excursion train for the 2005 NRHS national convention there.
The Society holds an annual national convention, featuring exhibits and excursions using historic railroad locomotives and rolling stock. It publishes the National Railway Bulletin, a bimonthly membership newsletter containing articles, photos, and news about railroads, both past and present, as well as coverage of local chapter activities.
The organization began a "Railway Heritage Grants Program" in 1991, to provide financial grants to "organizations that educate, publish, and preserve railroad history to benefit future generations", according to an NRHS news release. As described by the NRHS, projects assisted by the Railway Heritage Grants Program "range from refurbishing historic railroad stations and restoring vintage steam locomotives for operating and museum display, to the cataloging and storage of historic railroad archives".
"RailCamp" program
The NRHS conducts two week-long "Railcamps" each summer for high school-age youth. The program offers firsthand experience of rail history and operations, offered in partnership with the National Park Service and Amtrak and other organizations and companies in the rail industry. In 2008, participants toured Steamtown's roundhouse and shops, operating some of the shop machinery. The youth also visited Amtrak's massive Wilmington, Delaware, maintenance facility, where they went inside locomotives and met with Amtrak employees to learn about railroad careers. One participant wrote afterwards in Trains magazine that, "The experience truly increased my respect for the men and women who ... care for these huge machines."
Local chapters
The Dover Harbor of Washington DC chapter, on display in New York
Typically, local NRHS chapters concentrate on railroad history in their specific geographic area. For example, Mid-Atlantic Region chapters are particularly interested in such lines as the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, the Pennsylvania Railroad, the Western Maryland Railway, and the Maryland and Pennsylvania Railroad, all of which once operated in the region.
In addition to the study and preservation of railroad artifacts, NRHS chapter activities may include periodic excursions using historic railroad equipment, such as steam locomotives. Some chapters are involved in restoration of rail equipment and structures . Others operate rail museums or own locomotives, such as the Central New York Chapter's two former Pennsylvania Railroad EMD E8 diesel locomotives. A few chapters even own and operate entire short-line railroads, such as the New Hope Valley Railway.
See also
Cooperstown and Charlotte Valley Railroad
Delaware Otsego Corporation
Hull Street Station
Rochester Subway
Henry H. Rogers
Ulster & Delaware Railroad Historical Society
Union County Industrial Railroad
Hawaiian Railway Society
References
^ "RailCamp 2009". National Railway Historical Society. 2008. Retrieved 2008-10-27.
^ a b About the National Railway Historical Society Archived 2005-11-11 at the Wayback Machine
^ NRHS news release, July 2, 2004.
^ a b Weihmann, Alex (November 2008). "Teaching a new generation". Trains magazine. Vol. 68, no. 11. p. 80.
^ Steve Glischinski (May 2008). "Riding the Covered Wagon Trail". Trains magazine.
External links
Official website
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
Germany
Israel
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"railroads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_transport"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Amtrak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amtrak"},{"link_name":"National Park Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-campweb-1"}],"text":"The National Railway Historical Society (NRHS) is a non-profit organization established in 1935 in the United States to promote interest in, and appreciation for the historical development of railroads. 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It publishes the National Railway Bulletin, a bimonthly membership newsletter containing articles, photos, and news about railroads, both past and present, as well as coverage of local chapter activities.The organization began a \"Railway Heritage Grants Program\" in 1991, to provide financial grants to \"organizations that educate, publish, and preserve railroad history to benefit future generations\", according to an NRHS news release.[3] As described by the NRHS, projects assisted by the Railway Heritage Grants Program \"range from refurbishing historic railroad stations and restoring vintage steam locomotives for operating and museum display, to the cataloging and storage of historic railroad archives\".","title":"National organization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Park Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service"},{"link_name":"Amtrak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amtrak"},{"link_name":"roundhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_roundhouse"},{"link_name":"Wilmington, Delaware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmington,_Delaware"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Trains1108-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Trains1108-4"}],"sub_title":"\"RailCamp\" program","text":"The NRHS conducts two week-long \"Railcamps\" each summer for high school-age youth. 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Others operate rail museums or own locomotives, such as the Central New York Chapter's two former Pennsylvania Railroad EMD E8 diesel locomotives.[5] A few chapters even own and operate entire short-line railroads, such as the New Hope Valley Railway.","title":"Local chapters"}] | [{"image_text":"SP&S #700 (pictured in 1991 at Portland, Oregon), pulled an excursion train for the 2005 NRHS national convention there.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Spokane_Portland_and_Seattle_engine_700_Union_Station.jpg/220px-Spokane_Portland_and_Seattle_engine_700_Union_Station.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Dover Harbor of Washington DC chapter, on display in New York","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/NRHS_Dover_Harbor_CGMPoT_jeh.jpg/220px-NRHS_Dover_Harbor_CGMPoT_jeh.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Cooperstown and Charlotte Valley Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperstown_and_Charlotte_Valley_Railroad"},{"title":"Delaware Otsego Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_Otsego_Corporation"},{"title":"Hull Street Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hull_Street_Station"},{"title":"Rochester Subway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester_Subway"},{"title":"Henry H. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_M%C3%BCller | Steven Müller | ["1 References","2 External links"] | German sprinter
Steven MüllerSteven Müller in 2015Personal informationNationalityGermanBorn (1990-09-15) 15 September 1990 (age 33)SportSportAthleticsEventSprinting
Steven Müller (born 15 September 1990) is a German track and field athlete. He competed in the men's 200 metres event at the 2019 World Athletics Championships.
References
^ "Steven Müller". IAAF. Retrieved 30 September 2019.
^ "200 Metres Men - Round 1" (PDF). IAAF (Doha 2019). Retrieved 30 September 2019.
External links
Steven Müller at World Athletics
vteGerman champions in men's 200 metres
1991: Michael Huke
1992–93: Robert Kurnicki
1994: Michael Huke
1995–97: Marc Blume
1998: Daniel Bittner
1999: Stefan Holz
2000: Marc Blume
2001: Alexander Kosenkow
2002: Marc Blume
2003–05: Tobias Unger
2006: Sebastian Ernst
2007–08: Daniel Schnelting
2009: Robert Hering
2010: Daniel Schnelting
2011: Robin Erewa
2012–13: Julian Reus
2014: Robin Erewa
2015: Julian Reus
2016: Robin Erewa
2017: Julian Reus
2018: Robin Erewa
2019–20: Steven Müller
Authority control databases: People
World Athletics
This biographical article about a German sprinter is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"track and field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Track_and_field"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"men's 200 metres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_World_Athletics_Championships_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_200_metres"},{"link_name":"2019 World Athletics Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_World_Athletics_Championships"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Steven Müller (born 15 September 1990) is a German track and field athlete.[1] He competed in the men's 200 metres event at the 2019 World Athletics Championships.[2]","title":"Steven Müller"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Steven Müller\". IAAF. Retrieved 30 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iaaf.org/athletes/germany/steven-muller-289315","url_text":"\"Steven Müller\""}]},{"reference":"\"200 Metres Men - Round 1\" (PDF). IAAF (Doha 2019). Retrieved 30 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://media.aws.iaaf.org/competitiondocuments/pdf/6033/AT-200-M-h----.SL2.pdf","url_text":"\"200 Metres Men - Round 1\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.iaaf.org/athletes/germany/steven-muller-289315","external_links_name":"\"Steven Müller\""},{"Link":"https://media.aws.iaaf.org/competitiondocuments/pdf/6033/AT-200-M-h----.SL2.pdf","external_links_name":"\"200 Metres Men - Round 1\""},{"Link":"https://worldathletics.org/athletes/-/14559362","external_links_name":"Steven Müller"},{"Link":"https://www.iaaf.org/athletes/_/14559362","external_links_name":"World Athletics"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steven_M%C3%BCller&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladosporium_psychrotolerans | Cladosporium psychrotolerans | ["1 References"] | Species of fungus
Cladosporium psychrotolerans
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Fungi
Division:
Ascomycota
Class:
Dothideomycetes
Order:
Capnodiales
Family:
Davidiellaceae
Genus:
Cladosporium
Species:
C. psychrotolerans
Binomial name
Cladosporium psychrotoleransZalar, de Hoog, Schroers, Crous, Groenewald & Gunde-Cimerman (2007)
Cladosporium psychrotolerans is a fungus found in hypersaline environments. It grows well at 4 °C but not at 30 °C, and has ornamented, globoid conidia with long digitate projections.
References
^ Zalar, P.; de Hoog, G.S.; Schroers, H.-J.; Crous, P.W.; Groenewald, J.Z.; Gunde-Cimerman, N. (2007). "Phylogeny and ecology of the ubiquitous saprobe Cladosporium sphaerospermum, with descriptions of seven new species from hypersaline environments". Studies in Mycology. 58 (1): 157–183. doi:10.3114/sim.2007.58.06. ISSN 0166-0616. PMC 2104741. PMID 18490999.
Taxon identifiersCladosporium psychrotolerans
Wikidata: Q5124965
EoL: 18194909
Fungorum: 492428
GBIF: 3501910
MycoBank: 492428
NCBI: 1052091
NZOR: 1ffc3c4b-5683-4e4f-b7a8-4e4a78ec03c9
Open Tree of Life: 580434
This Capnodiales-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fungus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungus"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zalarde_Hoog2007-1"},{"link_name":"conidia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conidium"}],"text":"Cladosporium psychrotolerans is a fungus[1] found in hypersaline environments. It grows well at 4 °C but not at 30 °C, and has ornamented, globoid conidia with long digitate projections.","title":"Cladosporium psychrotolerans"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Zalar, P.; de Hoog, G.S.; Schroers, H.-J.; Crous, P.W.; Groenewald, J.Z.; Gunde-Cimerman, N. (2007). \"Phylogeny and ecology of the ubiquitous saprobe Cladosporium sphaerospermum, with descriptions of seven new species from hypersaline environments\". Studies in Mycology. 58 (1): 157–183. doi:10.3114/sim.2007.58.06. ISSN 0166-0616. PMC 2104741. PMID 18490999.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2104741","url_text":"\"Phylogeny and ecology of the ubiquitous saprobe Cladosporium sphaerospermum, with descriptions of seven new species from hypersaline environments\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3114%2Fsim.2007.58.06","url_text":"10.3114/sim.2007.58.06"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0166-0616","url_text":"0166-0616"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2104741","url_text":"2104741"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18490999","url_text":"18490999"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2104741","external_links_name":"\"Phylogeny and ecology of the ubiquitous saprobe Cladosporium sphaerospermum, with descriptions of seven new species from hypersaline environments\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3114%2Fsim.2007.58.06","external_links_name":"10.3114/sim.2007.58.06"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0166-0616","external_links_name":"0166-0616"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2104741","external_links_name":"2104741"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18490999","external_links_name":"18490999"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/18194909","external_links_name":"18194909"},{"Link":"http://www.indexfungorum.org/names/NamesRecord.asp?RecordID=492428","external_links_name":"492428"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/3501910","external_links_name":"3501910"},{"Link":"https://www.mycobank.org/MB/492428","external_links_name":"492428"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=1052091","external_links_name":"1052091"},{"Link":"https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/1ffc3c4b-5683-4e4f-b7a8-4e4a78ec03c9","external_links_name":"1ffc3c4b-5683-4e4f-b7a8-4e4a78ec03c9"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=580434","external_links_name":"580434"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cladosporium_psychrotolerans&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Biet | Félix Biet | ["1 Life","2 See also","3 References"] | French missionary and naturalist
Félix-Marie BietChurchCatholic ChurchDioceseApostolic Vicariate of TibetInstalled27 August 1878Term ended9 September 1901PredecessorJoseph-Marie Chauveau SuccessorPierre-Philippe Giraudeau Other post(s)Titular Bishop of DianaOrdersConsecrationby Annet-Théophile Pinchon Personal detailsBorn(1838-10-21)21 October 1838Langres, Haute-Marne, FranceDied9 September 1901(1901-09-09) (aged 62)Saint-Cyr-au-Mont-d'Or, Lyon Metropolis, FranceOccupationPriest, missionary, entomologist, ornithologistMottoSuaviter et fortiterCoat of arms
Félix Biet (1838 in Langres, Haute-Marne – 1901 in Saint-Cyr-au-Mont-d'Or) was a French missionary from Paris Foreign Missions Society and naturalist.
Life
Four Westerners in Tatsienlu, 1890, photographed by Prince Henri d’Orléans. From left: Léonard-Louis Déjean, Bishop Félix Biet, the American Tibetologist W.W. Rockhill and André Soulié
Biet was born in 1838. He was ordained as a priest in 1864. He was next sent to Tatsienlu in Tibet (called Dartsedo by Tibetans) as a missionary and he became the Bishop of the Apostolic Vicariate of Thibet, now Diocese of Kangding, in 1898. Félix Biet collected butterflies for Charles Oberthür who dedicated three new species (Thecla bieti, Pantoporia bieti and Anthocharis bieti) to him. Alphonse Milne-Edwards described the Chinese mountain cat (Felis bieti) and the black snub-nosed monkey, (Rhinopithecus bieti), the latter collected and sent by Jean-André Soulié. The Biet's laughingthrush a Chinese endemic species was another discovery, named by Émile Oustalet in 1897. Those natural history collections from Tibet and China are in the National Museum of Natural History in Paris.
He was succeeded by Pierre-Philippe Giraudeau.
See also
Catholic Church in Sichuan
Catholic Church in Tibet
References
Adrien Launay (1916), Mémorial de la Société des missions étrangères
Françoise Fauconnet-Buzelin (2012), Les Martyrs oubliés du Tibet. Chronique d'une rencontre manquée (1855-1940), éd. du Cerf, coll. Petit Cerf, Paris, 2012, 656 pages
vteChristianity in TibetMain articleCatholic(Main article)Diocese
Diocese of Kangding
Churchbuildings
Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception, Kangding (within Sichuan)
Cathedral of the Sacred Heart of Jesus, Kangding (within Sichuan)
Sacred Heart of Jesus Church, Bahang (within Yunnan)
Sacred Heart Church, Cizhong (within Yunnan)
Catholic Church of Lhasa
St. Anne's Church, Moxi (within Sichuan)
Sacred Heart Church, Xiaoweixi (within Yunnan)
Our Lady of the Sacred Heart Church, Yerkalo
Sacred Heart Church, Zhongding (within Yunnan)
Missionaries
Paris Foreign Missions Society
Jesuit missions in Tibet
António de Andrade
Giuseppe Maria Bernini
Félix Biet
Augustin Bourry
Jean-Baptiste Brieux
Estêvão Cacella
Joseph-Marie Chauveau
Nuño Coresma
Armand David
Auguste Desgodins
Ippolito Desideri
Jules Dubernard
Joseph Gabet
Annet Genestier
Pierre-Philippe Giraudeau
Francis Goré
Johann Grueber
Matthias Hermanns
Évariste Régis Huc
Nicolas Krick
Angelin Lovey
Marco della Tomba
Jean-Théodore Monbeig
Pascual Nadal Oltra
Odoric of Pordenone
Albert d'Orville
Francesco della Penna
Ignatius Persico
Julien Rabin
Charles-René Renou
Louis Schram
Dominik Schröder
Jean-André Soulié
Léon Thomine Desmazures
Maurice Tornay
Pierre Valentin
Related
Archdiocese of Agra
Diocese of Darjeeling
Batang uprising
Dimaluo Village
Moxi Town
John Baptist Wang Ruohan
Catholic Church in Sichuan
ProtestantChurchbuildings
Gospel Church, Kangding (within Sichuan)
Missionaries
Moravian Church mission
China Inland Mission
Tibetan Pioneer Mission
Seventh-day Adventist Tibetan Mission
Edvard Amundsen
John Nevins Andrews
H. A. Baker
Geoffrey Bull
James Cameron
Robert Cunningham
Marion Herbert Duncan
James Huston Edgar
August Hermann Francke
Maria Heyde
Heinrich August Jäschke
Zenas Sanford Loftis
Karl Marx
Roderick McLeod
James Clarence Ogden
George Parker
George Patterson
Victor Guy Plymire
Cecil H. Polhill
Susanna Carson Rijnhart
Albert Shelton
William Wallace Simpson
Sadhu Sundar Singh
Theo Sørensen
Dorothy Spicer
Annie Royle Taylor
Tibetan Bible
Bible translations into Tibetan
Heinrich August Jäschke
August Hermann Francke
Yoseb Gergan
Related
Dorris Shelton Still
The West China Missionary News
Journal of the West China Border Research Society
Protestantism in Sichuan
vteChristianity in SichuanMain articleChurch of the East
Church of the East in Sichuan
Fang Guan
Catholic(Main article)
An Account of the Entry of the Catholic Religion into Sichuan
Synodus Vicariatus Sutchuensis
Batang uprising
Spanish Redemptorist missions in Sichuan
Youyang anti-missionary riot
Bailu Town
Moxi Town
Dioceses
Chengdu
Chongqing
Jiading
Kangding
Ningyuan
Shunqing
Suifu
Wanxian
Churchbuildings
Immaculate Conception Cathedral, Chengdu
St. Joseph's Cathedral, Chongqing
Cathedral of the Angels, Xichang
Bailin Catholic Church
Annunciation Seminary, Bailu
Sacred Heart of Jesus Church, Beibei
Our Lady of Lourdes Church, Bishan
St. Thérèse of Lisieux Church, Chongqing
Sacred Heart Church, Cizhong (Tibetan region)
Sacred Heart Church, Dechang
Annunciation Church, Dengchigou
Fuling Catholic Church
Church of Our Lady, Huili
Our Lady of Lourdes Church, Mianyang
Sacred Heart of Jesus Church, Mianzhu
St. Anne's Church, Moxi (Tibetan region)
Our Lady of the Sacred Heart Church, Yerkalo (Tibetan region)
Holy Rosary Church, Yibin
Missionaries
Paris Foreign Missions Society
Jesuit missions in China
Congregation of the Mission
Luigi Antonio Appiani
Jean Basset
Stanislas Baudry
Félix Biet
René-Désiré-Romain Boisguérin
Joseph Bourgain
Jean-Baptiste Brieux
Lodovico Buglio
Juan Campos Rodríguez
Joseph-Marie Chauveau
Célestin Chouvellon
Eugène-Paul Coupat
Armand David
Constant de Deken
Louis-Charles Delamarre
Joseph Desflèches
Jules Dubernard
Gabriel-Taurin Dufresse
Marie-Julien Dunand
Paul Guillaume Farges
Jean-Louis Florens
Lucien Galan
Pierre-Philippe Giraudeau
Francis Goré
Jean de Guébriant
Laurent-Joseph-Marius Imbert
Louis-Gabriel-Xavier Jantzen
Georges-Marie de Jonghe d'Ardoye
Joannes-Baptista Kou
Jean-François Martin de La Baluère
Frédéric-Vincent Lebbe
Urbain Lefebvre
Charles Lemaire
Paul Liu Hanzuo
Gabriel de Magalhães
Joachim-Enjobert de Martiliat
Jean-Théodore Monbeig
Claude Motel
Jean-Martin Moye
Johannes Müllener
Pascual Nadal Oltra
Jacques-Léonard Pérocheau
Pierre-Julien Pichon
Henri Pinault
Annet-Théophile Pinchon
François Pottier
Charles-René Renou
Jacques-Victor-Marius Rouchouse
Adolphe Roulland
Jean-Didier de Saint-Martin
Jean-André Soulié
Augustine Tchao
Léon Thomine Desmazures
Pierre Valentin
Eleutherius Winance
Lucy Yi Zhenmei
NativeCatholics
Chang Shan-tse
Joseph Chen Gong'ao
John Chen Shi-zhong
John Chen Xianheng
Matthew Chen Zhemin
Paul Deng Jizhou
John Dong Shizhi
Matthias Duan Yinming
Paul He Zeqing
Joseph Hou Guoyang
John Lei Jiapei
Paul Lei Shiyin
Matthias Li Jun-ho
John Li Xiting
Paul Liu Hanzuo
Thaddeus Liu Ruiting
Michael Liu Xianru
Liu Yuliang
Peter Luo Beizhan
Matthew Luo Duxi
Peter Luo Xuegang
Empress Dowager Ma
Joseph Tang Yuange
Wang Juguang
Wang Liangzuo
Paul Wang Wencheng
Francis Xavier Wang Zepu
Joseph Xu Zhixuan
Lucy Yi Zhenmei
Joseph Yuan Zaide
Related
Audrey Donnithorne
Artus de Lionne
Joche Albert Ly
Ignatius Persico
Thérèse of Lisieux
Maurice Tornay
Agnes Tsao Kou Ying
John Baptist Wang Ruohan
Basil Xu
Candida Xu
St. Andrew's Abbey
Our Lady of Joy Abbey
Catholic Church in Tibet
Protestant(Main article)
China Inland Mission
The West China Missionary News
Journal of the West China Border Research Society
West China Union University
West China College of Stomatology
West China Medical Center
Early Rain Covenant Church
Anglican(Main article)Diocese
Diocese of Szechwan
Churchbuildings
Trinity Church, Langzhong
St John's Cathedral, Langzhong
St John's Church, Chengdu
Gospel Church, Guanghan
Gospel Church, Jiangyou
Gospel Church, Mianyang
Gospel Church, Mianzhu
Gospel Church, Wanzhou
Missionaries
China Inland Mission
Church Missionary Society
W. H. Aldis
Kenneth Bevan
Frederick Boreham
William Cassels
Vyvyan Donnithorne
Alice Entwistle
Brook Hannah
John Holden
Sverre Holth
James Heywood Horsburgh
Frank Houghton
Ku Ho-lin
Montagu Robert Lawrence
John Howard Lechler
Harold Alexander Maxwell
Howard Mowll
Cecil H. Polhill
Arthur T. Polhill
Montagu Proctor-Beauchamp
Douglas Sargent
Song Cheng-tsi
Tsai Fuh-tsu
Richard Alexander Whiteside
Methodist(Main article)
Sï-Shen-Tsï Methodist Church
Gospel Hospital, Chengdu
The West China Missionary News
Missionaries
American Methodist Episcopal Mission
Canadian Methodist Mission
Joseph Beech
George John Bond
Newton Ernest Bowles
Harry Lee Canright
Charles Rupert Carscallen
W. Y. Chen
James Endicott
James Gareth Endicott
Ailie Gale
Francis Dunlap Gamewell
Virgil Chittenden Hart
George Everson Hartwell
Gertrude Howe
Charles Julius Pasmore Jolliffe
Leslie Gifford Kilborn
Omar Leslie Kilborn
William John Mortimore
Susanna Carson Rijnhart
Walter Small
Theo Sørensen
David W. Stevenson
Charles Winfield Service
Edward Wilson Wallace
Ralph A. Ward
Lucius Nathan Wheeler
Quakers(Main article)Missionaries
Friends' Foreign Mission Association
Tongchuan Meeting House
Alice M. Beck
Mira L. Cumber
A. Warburton Davidson
Robert John Davidson
Mary Jane Davidson
Frederic S. Deane
Lucy E. Harris
Elizabeth Joy Hodgkin
Henry Hodgkin
Esther L. Mason
Isaac Mason
H. T. Silcock
Caroline N. Southall
Margaret Southall
Clifford Morgan Stubbs
Edward B. Vardon
Margaret Vardon
Leonard Wigham
Related
W. Brian Harland
Fred Rowntree
Baptists(Main article)
American Baptist Foreign Mission Society
Alfred James Broomhall
David Crockett Graham
William Reginald Morse
Esther Nelson
Henry James Openshaw
Joseph Taylor
William M. Upcraft
George Warner
Robert Wellwood
Seventh-dayAdventist(Main article)
Francis Arthur Allum
John Nevins Andrews
Claude Lockyer Blandford
Alexander Blackburn Buzzell
Holman Carl Currie
Johann Heinrich Effenberg
Cecil Bennett Guild
Alton Eugene Hughes
Sidney Henton Lindt
Ernest L. Lutz
Ida Mae Matson
Emma Neale Ortner
Evaline Osborne
Dorothy Spicer
Merritt C. Warren
Dallas R. White
George L. Wilkinson
Charles A. Woolsey
Lutheran
Holy Cross Church, Wanzhou
Edvard Amundsen
George Oliver Lillegard
YMCA
Chengdu Young Men's Christian Association
Grace Service
Robert Roy Service
Y. C. James Yen
Disciples ofChrist
Marion Herbert Duncan
Zenas Sanford Loftis
James Clarence Ogden
Susanna Carson Rijnhart
Albert Shelton
Mennonites
Henry Cornelius Bartel
Nellie Schmidt Bartel
Otherdenominations
Gospel Church, Kangding (Tibetan region)
Robert Cunningham
James Huston Edgar
Griffith John
Robert Henry Mathews
Thomas Torrance
Alexander Wylie
NativeProtestants
Chang Chʽün
Lincoln L. G. Dsang
Ruth Dsang
S. H. Fong
Susan Huang
Ku Ho-lin
Li Bifeng
Liu Zhongjing
Ran Yunfei
Song Cheng-tsi
Tsai Fuh-tsu
Wang Yi
Stephen Yang
Y. C. James Yen
Yu Jie
Zhang Jin
Eastern Orthodox
Eastern Orthodoxy in Sichuan
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
France
BnF data | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Langres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langres"},{"link_name":"Haute-Marne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haute-Marne"},{"link_name":"Saint-Cyr-au-Mont-d'Or","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Cyr-au-Mont-d%27Or"},{"link_name":"missionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missionary"},{"link_name":"Paris Foreign Missions Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Foreign_Missions_Society"},{"link_name":"naturalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalist"}],"text":"Félix Biet (1838 in Langres, Haute-Marne – 1901 in Saint-Cyr-au-Mont-d'Or) was a French missionary from Paris Foreign Missions Society and naturalist.","title":"Félix Biet"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Missionaries_tatsienlu_Four_Westerners_in_Tatsienlu,_1890,_photographed_by_Prince_Henri_d%E2%80%99Orl%C3%A9ans.jpg"},{"link_name":"Prince Henri d’Orléans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Henri_of_Orl%C3%A9ans"},{"link_name":"Léonard-Louis Déjean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A9onard-Louis_D%C3%A9jean&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"W.W. Rockhill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W.W._Rockhill"},{"link_name":"André Soulié","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Souli%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Tatsienlu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatsienlu"},{"link_name":"Apostolic Vicariate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostolic_Vicariate"},{"link_name":"Thibet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Kangding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Kangding"},{"link_name":"butterflies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterflies"},{"link_name":"Charles Oberthür","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Oberth%C3%BCr_(entomologist)"},{"link_name":"Thecla bieti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thecla_bieti"},{"link_name":"Pantoporia bieti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantoporia_bieti"},{"link_name":"Anthocharis bieti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthocharis_bieti"},{"link_name":"Alphonse Milne-Edwards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphonse_Milne-Edwards"},{"link_name":"Chinese mountain cat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_mountain_cat"},{"link_name":"Felis bieti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felis_bieti"},{"link_name":"black snub-nosed monkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_snub-nosed_monkey"},{"link_name":"Rhinopithecus bieti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinopithecus_bieti"},{"link_name":"Jean-André Soulié","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Andr%C3%A9_Souli%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Biet's laughingthrush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-speckled_laughingthrush"},{"link_name":"endemic species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemic_species"},{"link_name":"Émile Oustalet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Oustalet"},{"link_name":"Tibet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_dynasty"},{"link_name":"National Museum of Natural History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_Natural_History_(France)"}],"text":"Four Westerners in Tatsienlu, 1890, photographed by Prince Henri d’Orléans. From left: Léonard-Louis Déjean, Bishop Félix Biet, the American Tibetologist W.W. Rockhill and André SouliéBiet was born in 1838. He was ordained as a priest in 1864. He was next sent to Tatsienlu in Tibet (called Dartsedo by Tibetans) as a missionary and he became the Bishop of the Apostolic Vicariate of Thibet, now Diocese of Kangding, in 1898. Félix Biet collected butterflies for Charles Oberthür who dedicated three new species (Thecla bieti, Pantoporia bieti and Anthocharis bieti) to him. Alphonse Milne-Edwards described the Chinese mountain cat (Felis bieti) and the black snub-nosed monkey, (Rhinopithecus bieti), the latter collected and sent by Jean-André Soulié. The Biet's laughingthrush a Chinese endemic species was another discovery, named by Émile Oustalet in 1897. Those natural history collections from Tibet and China are in the National Museum of Natural History in Paris.He was succeeded by Pierre-Philippe Giraudeau.","title":"Life"}] | [{"image_text":"Four Westerners in Tatsienlu, 1890, photographed by Prince Henri d’Orléans. From left: Léonard-Louis Déjean, Bishop Félix Biet, the American Tibetologist W.W. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Gaudio | Tony Gaudio | ["1 Early Life and Education","2 Career","2.1 Italy","2.2 New York","2.3 Hollywood","2.3.1 1920s","2.3.1.1 Presidency","2.3.2 Director","2.3.3 Returning to the Camera","2.3.4 1930s","2.3.5 1940s","3 Personal Life","4 Legacy","4.1 The Montage","4.2 Mitchell Camera Viewfinder","4.3 Device for Photographing Exterior Night Scenes in the Daytime","4.4 First All-Talkie, All-Color Film","4.5 Documentary","5 Awards and Nominations","6 Filmography","7 References","8 Further reading"] | Italian-American cinematographer
Tony GaudioTony Gaudio, ASCBornGaetano Antonio Gaudio(1883-11-20)November 20, 1883Celico, Cosenza, ItalyDiedAugust 10, 1951(1951-08-10) (aged 67)Burlingame, CaliforniaNationalityItalianTitleA.S.C. President (1924–1925)Board member ofA.S.C.SpouseRosina GaudioChildrenFrancesco "Frank" Gaudio, Tony Gaudio, Elena Gaudio Hipple, Vera Gaudio Woods.RelativesEugene Gaudio (brother)Awards1936 Academy Award for Best Cinematography
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Gaetano (Tony) Gaudio, A.S.C. (20 November 1883 – 10 August 1951) was a pioneer Italian-American cinematographer of more than 1000 films. Gaudio won the Academy Award for Best Cinematography for Anthony Adverse, becoming the first Italian to have won an Oscar, and was nominated five additional times for Hell's Angels, Juarez, The Letter, Corvette K-225, and A Song to Remember. He is cited as the first to have created a montage sequence for a film in The Mark of Zorro. He was among the founders of the American Society of Cinematographers, and served as President from 1924 until 1925.
Early Life and Education
Born Gaetano Antonio Gaudio in Celico, Cosenza, Italy in 1883 to a famous photographic family. The son of one of Italy’s foremost photographic artists, the boy was quite literally brought up in the studio, where he learned at an early age to use the still camera and to develop negatives in the darkroom. His father also gave him a liberal education in lenses, cameras, composition and the manipulation of lights so that when the time came to take up motion photography, the young Tony had a head full of useful information to start with.
At two months old, Tony’s family moved from Cosenza to Rome for a short period in order for Tony to attend art school. He is indebted to his art training for his later interest in the camera as a medium of art, as opposed to a mere recording instrument. Tony was hardly nine years old when he began to play with photographic papers, making his own enlargements. After attending art school in Rome, he became an assistant to his father and older brother, Rafael (Ralph) Gaudio, a prominent portrait photographer in Italy who later became president of the Society of Photography in Europe, and was nominated as Knight of the Crown in Italy for photographic achievement.
Then it became necessary to take time out from the photographic side of his education to go to military school. It was 1900 when he bade good-bye to the army and returned home, where he worked as an apprentice alongside his younger brother Eugenio (Eugene) Gaudio in the family photography studio owned by Rafael, "Foto Gaudio", in the historic center of the Calabrian city.
Career
Italy
Eventually he segued into cinema, starting with several years with the famous Ambrosio Films in Torino- a film company popular in Italy in the early days of cinema. In 1903, 19-year-old Tony filmed “Napoleon Crossing the Alps”. Years later in a New York Times interview, Tony remembered that his only lighting problem in this film was the sun, which kept ducking behind the clouds. “It was quite bad,” Mr. Gaudio recalled. A young Gaudio shot hundreds of short subjects for Italian film companies, two or three features a week, before emigrating to America in 1906 at the age of 22 together with his brother Eugene, who would follow him to the United States.
New York
In 1906 a young Gaudio arrived in the United States, moving to New York City. Tony was employed by Al Simpson to produce "song slides" that could be shown in theaters so patrons could sing along with the music. Twelve hand-colored slides were made for each new popular or near popular song. After quitting Simpson in 1908, Tony worked in Vitagraph’s film development laboratories in New York. It was in 1908 that Tony acted as the cinematographer for his first film in the United States, Madame Nicotine. In 1909 the photographer moved to Flatbush — which is now as for many years it has been a part of Brooklyn — where he took full charge of the Vitagraph laboratory.
Frame from the previously lost 1911 film Pictureland
Then he moved across the Brooklyn Bridge to Carl Laemmle’s Independent Moving Picture CO., supervising the construction of IMP’s New York laboratories. He had complete charge of both positive and negative departments until perfectly organized when he was promoted to be a studio manager. From 1910-1912 he became the Chief of Cinematography at IMP, shooting one picture a week and fifty a year. The leading players in the Eleventh Avenue studio at that time were Mary Pickford, King Baggot, Joe Smiley, and Owen Moore, among others. There, he shot Mary Pickford’s films for director Thomas H. Ince. In addition to being her cameraman, Gaudio also wrote For the Queen’s Honor (1911), using his writing skills from the many films he wrote and directed in Italy before then. With IMP in 1910, Tony pioneered filming underwater, shooting the first submarine picture, titled “Submarine”. He went down in a submarine at Newport News in Virginia, taking pictures inside a submersible vessel.
He then left IMP to work for Biograph, a studio established in Brooklyn Heights, where he was engaged with the specials the company was making for Klaw and Erlanger, stage producers in New York. Among these specials were Strongheart, and Classmates, with Blanche Sweet and Marshall Nielan. Together, the stage and screen men were adapting plays, one of the earliest instances in which a staged play was converted to the screen. Gaudio remained here until 1915. Gaudio found a home at Metro Pictures by 1916, where his brother Eugene now worked as a director.
Hollywood
In 1916, Gaudio made the transition to California with a troupe of the early Metro Company, one of the three organizations which would later become Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, where Eugene now worked as a director. In his unit were Harold Lockwood and May Allison, headed by Richard (Dick) Rowland. At Metro, Tony shot 10 films for director Fred J. Balshofer, produced by Yorke Film Corporation. Following the death of Lockwood in a flu epidemic, Gaudio joined forces with Alan Dwan’s company for such pictures as The Forbidden Thing, and The Sin of Martha. Dawn would also loan would loan Gaudio to R.K.O. in order to photograph the company’s first production, Kismet (1920), with Otis Skinner.
1920s
In Old Kentucky (1919): (from left) cinematographer Henry Cronjager, assistant director Alfred E. Green, director Marshall Neilan, and cinematographer Tony Gaudio
Beginning in 1919 and transitioning into the 1920s, Gaudio began his collaboration with First National Pictures, starting with films A Man of Honor, In Wrong, The Red Lantern, and Her Kingdom of Dreams and In Old Kentucky. In 1920, Gaudio photographed Douglas Fairbanks’ The Mark of Zorro, pioneering the use of montage. In 1921, Gaudio photographed “A Bride of the Gods”, later known as Shattered Idols.
The Brahman temple scenes in the film were said to be among the most artistic shots ever made.
Still from the American drama film Shattered Idols (1922)
Over 1,500,000 candle-power were employed to light up this set, the greater part of the light being supplied by the fifteen sunlight arcs. Gaudio also used four generator sets on the scene. Producer J.L. Frothingham was so pleased with Gaudio’s work on this film that he retained him for his next project, The Woman He Loved. In total, Gaudio and Frothingham collaborated five times on The Ten Dollar Raise, The Other Woman, A Bride of the Gods, The Man Who Smiled and Pilgrim of Night. Tony Gaudio, August 1925After this collaboration, Gaudio stayed with First National Pictures, joining Norma Talmadge under the management of her husband and producer, Joseph Schenck. He was also a cameraman for Norma’s sister Constance Talmadge in East is West. Gaudio was given lavish praise for the photographic excellence of Secrets, directed by Frank Borzage, a long time future collaborator of Gaudio. Arrangements were made whereby he was “farmed out” to other large producers, he having thus photographed John M. Stahl’s Husbands and Lovers, Corrine Griffith’s Déclassée, and Marion Davies in Adam and Eva. For the Corrine Griffith production, the special arrangement was during the vacation of Norma Talmadge. In total, Gaudio photographed 10 Talmadge films from 1922 to 1925 as Chief Cinematographer of Joseph M. Schenck productions, most notably with The Eternal Flame, Secrets, and Ashes of Vengeance.
Presidency
The American Cinematographer. 1923-01 Vol. III no. 10 cover
In 1924, Tony Gaudio was elected president of the American Society of Cinematographers, the highest honor at the disposal of the cinematographers. A.S.C. is the professional body his brother had helped create to promote standardization in the industry of cinematography, serving as a body of information for cameramen.
At the time of the election, A.S.C. cited Gaudio as one of the world’s foremost cinematographers and pioneers in the industry. Gaudio held the position until 1925.
Director
In 1925, Tony Gaudio turned to directing for a brief period of time, directing a total of two films. In July of 1925 it was announced that Gaudio would be directing the Waldorf special feature production in collaboration with Columbia Pictures, starring Alice Lake and Gaston Glass, with ASC’s Sam Landers as the cinematographer, titled The Price of Success. The Price of Success (1925) with film director Tony Gaudio, Florence Turner, and Alice Lake
Gaudio’s direction of the Waldorf production did not interfere with his relations with Joseph M. Schenck. He continued as Chief Cinematographer for Norma Talmadge, filming her next feature and their last together, Graustark. All eyes were on Gaudio for his directorial debut, and Schenck was impressed, clearing the way for Gaudio to direct his second feature film with Waldorf, Sealed Lips, starring Dorothy Revier and Cullen Landis. Schenck waived Gaudio’s contract in what he hoped to be a promising directorial career for the camera veteran.
Returning to the Camera
This directorial streak did not last for long, as Gaudio returned Metro as a cinematographer in 1926 with The Temptress, a Greta Garbo feature in which Tony lost the little finger of his left hand when he fell on the set. Tony continued to work with First National for The Blonde Saint, The Notorious Lady and An Affair of the Follies, in addition to photographing The Gaucho for Fairbanks. Also with First National was Two Arabian Knights and The Racket, both directed by Lewis Milestone, for businessman and producer Howard Hughes in collaboration with United Artists. The Gaucho featured one of the earliest two-strip Technicolor sequences. Gaudio also shot two-strip Technicolor scenes for On with the Show! (1929) and General Crack (1929) for Warner Bros. On with the Show! was the first all-talking, all-color feature. When First National was acquired by Warner Bros. in 1928, Gaudio moved over to the new studio, signing a long-term contract with Warners in 1930.
1930s
Poster- Hell's Angels (1930)
Gaudio hit his stride after signing with Warner Bros. in 1930, shooting Mervyn LeRoy’s gangster classic Little Caesar (1931), in a harsh style that fit the gritty subject matter. Gaudio contributed to two seminal war films in 1930, acting as second camera to A.S.C.’s Arthur Edeson for All Quiet on the Western Front, and as cinematographer for Hell’s Angels (1930), handling the dialogue scenes with co-cinematographer Harry Perry as well as the aerial cinematography. Hell’s Angels won Gaudio his first Oscar nomination for Best Cinematography, a picture that made records from the photographic side, as the film was exposed for two and a half years. By the time the picture was completed as a silent film, then came the revolution of sound.
Throughout the 1930s, Gaudio collaborated with many directors repeatedly, all under the banner of Warner Bros. Tony Gaudio and Archie Mayo shot four pictures together, including Bordertown, The Man with Two Faces, Go into Your Dance, and The Case of the Lucky Legs. Gaudio was a regular cameraman for starlett Bette Davis. For Ex-Lady (1933), an early attempt to turn her into a sex symbol, Gaudio gave Davis the glamour treatment. By the time he shot Bordertown (1934), the studio realized her histrionic talents, and Gaudio brought a stark realism to the seedy Mexican setting. In 1936, Gaudio shot Warners' first three-strip Technicolor film, God's Country and the Woman, with director William Keighley, a four time collaborator of Gaudio’s. The film was made in exactly 59 shooting days, which included a long and strenuous location trip to northern Washington. With German director William Dieterle, Gaudio photographed eight pictures, most notably The Life of Emile Zola (1937), which one the 1937 Academy Award for Best Picture, and Juarez (1939). Guadio and director Michael Curtiz collaborated six times, notably on The Adventures of Robin Hood (1938), and Kid Galahad (1937), another Bette Davis joint which gave him the opportunity to contrast high-key Art Deco scenes with the smoky interiors of the boxing ring. Another main collaborator was Mervyn Leroy, with whom Gaudio shot six films, notably Anthony Adverse, for which he won his first and only oscar for the 1936 Academy Award for Best Cinematography, Black-and-White.
On set of 1936 Anthony Adverse; Mervyn LeRoy (seated right) directing costars March and DeHavilland; behind LeRoy is Tony Gaudio
Upon winning the Oscar, in an interview with The American Cinematographer in April, 1937, Gaudio gushes:“I am convinced there never has been one of my brother cameramen who was so happy over winning this award as I have been. For me, it has been a deep as it will be an abiding satisfaction. And my gratitude, deeper than words can express, goes to the men and women of this great industry".The years of 1938 and 1939 are busy times for Gaudio, completing his 1000th picture. Gaudio acted as Director of Photography on Edmund Goulding’s The Dawn Patrol, shooting aerial scenes as well as claustrophobic interiors. As of June 1938, Tony was the oldest cinematographer on features in the world at 55 years old. In an interview with The American Cinematographer in their June, 1938 issue, Tony comments:“Today’s cameramen are virtually a new race of artists. Sound, with its new requirements, brought a saner approach to motion picture photography. Camera work should be like that of the portrait artist, reality and character with only so much retouching as is necessary to smooth out the rougher spots. Realism and character must be preserved at all costs.”
"Juarez" 1939 Title, from Trailer
At the end of the decade, Gaudio photographed two more Bette Davis pictures in which he de-glamorized the actress. This includes The Old Maid (1939) and Juarez (1939), for which he earned the Oscar nomination once again for Best Cinematography, Black-and-White. The picture was the first major subject in Hollywood to be photographed on the new Eastman Plus X Panchromatic film. Not an inch of any other brand was used in the production, declares Tony Gaudio in an interview with The American Cinematographer.“The Eastman company is responsible for many improvements in photography,” he said, “but I am convinced this stock is not only a distinct advance. It is the best thing Eastman has done for the motion picture industry as a whole.”In this work he retained the same balance between highlights, half tones and shadows as he had formerly with film that preceded Plus X. This level of illumination was reduced by exactly 50 percent, which saved costs in lighting.“It is smoother, finer in grain and in speed.” the cameraman said in conclusion. “Yes, I am using Plus X in “The Old Maid”, the picture I am now on, another Bette Davis subject, and I expect to be using it as long as I am in pictures. No, I don’t think there ever will be anything really better.”
1940s
Gaudio began the decade of the 1940s while still in collaboration with Warner Bros. With William Keighley, Tony shot The Fighting 69th (1940), which was labeled a “truly brilliant example of screencraft” by The Film Daily. Also in 1940, Gaudio photographed The Letter, a William Wyler picture that gave Tony his 4th Oscar nomination for Best Cinematography, Black-and-White. This was another Bette Davis picture, one of her better remembered vehicles that is distinguished by Gaudio's moody cinematography, especially the memorable opening shot, a slow track through a Malaysian rubber plantation that sets the tone for the whole picture. In 1941, Gaudio lit Raoul Walsh's crime masterwork High Sierra in an ultra realistic, documentary-like fashion that was a precursor of film noir.
Tony Gaudio on Experiment Perilous, 1944
In the 40s, he photographed seven pictures with Lloyd Bacon under Warner, including Brother Orchid (1940), Affectionately Yours (1942), and Wings for the Eagle (1942). Their collaboration stopped in 1943 when Gaudio left Warner Bros. to go freelance after shooting another Raoul Walsh film, Background to Danger. After leaving the studio, Gaudio only photographed 11 more films before his death in 1951.
His first film that he shot freelance was Corvette K-225 (1943) for Universal Pictures, for which he was nominated for his 5th Academy Award for Best Cinematography, Black-and-White.
Next, he filmed two Jacques Tourner pictures, Experiment Perilous (1944) and Days of Glory (1944). Gaudio joined with Dieterle again for I’ll Be Seeing You (1944) before winning his last Oscar nomination for Best Cinematography, Color in 1946 for A Song To Remember (1945).In 1946, the Gaudio, Borzage, and Republic Pictures collaboration I’ve Always Loved You was a box office hit, winning the Honor Box for the Box Office Digest. In 1946 and 1947, Tony worked on 3 more films before his last film, being Swell Guy with Frank Tuttle, That’s My Man with Frank Borzage, and Love From a Stranger with Richard Whorf. Tony Gaudio’s last film was shot in 1949 with Lewis Milestone and Republic Pictures, titled The Red Pony. It was renowned for its mastery of color.
Personal Life
In 1939, Gaudio was nominated by King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy as a Knight of the Crown for his contributions to the art of motion picture photography. Gaudio declined to accept the honor and recognition for his work because it came from a foreign country, despite that country once being his homeland. In an interview with The American Cinematographer in their April, 1939 Issue, Gaudio explained:"It has nothing to with the present form of government in Italy. Nevertheless, I do not feel that it is right for me, now an American, to accept a foreign order."After the divorce from his first wife, Rosina Gaudio, which caused a scandal at the time, there was an estrangement with his children. After retiring from work in 1949, Gaudio moved to San Francisco with his second wife, Marie Gaudio.
He died at his home on August 10, 1951 in Burlingame, California at the age of 66 of a heart attack. and is interred in the Hollywood Forever Cemetery in Hollywood, California. His brother Eugene Gaudio, also a cinematographer, died in 1920 at the age of 34. Gaudio is survived by his wife, Marie, and two sons- Frank, also a cameraman, and Antonio, a San Francisco Lawyer.
Legacy
Gaudio circa 1919
Tony Gaudio has always been one of the most consistently progressive members of the camera profession. He has taken part in all of the ASC’s technical researches, such as those which smoothed the introduction of monochromatic film, Mazda lighting and modern make-up.
Gaudio was a revolutionary cinematographer, instituting and influencing many techniques and technologies in the craft. He has pioneered the use of “Dinky Inkies” and “precision lighting”, using spotlights almost to the exclusion of flood-lighting units. In addition, he pioneered the use of the Montage, invented the Mitchell Camera Viewfinder, worked on the first All-talkie and All-color film, as well as revolutionized photographing exterior night scenes during daylight. Gaudio's legacy lives on through his inventive and creative cinematographic mind that still impacts cinema today.
The Montage
Tony Gaudio was the first Hollywood photographer to use a montage. It was produced in a Douglas Fairbanks picture, “Mark of Zorro.”
Mitchell Camera Viewfinder
Tony was at the forefront of technical innovation in the craft of cinematography. A longtime fan and owner of the Mitchell camera, Gaudio was quoted in 1921 as stating that “The Mitchell does everything a camera ought to do and then a lot more”.
In 1922, he invented a viewfinder for the new Mitchell Camera, as well as inventing the camera focusing microscope. In the 1920s, the Hollywood motion picture industry was dominated by Bell and Howell cameras, but Mitchell established a foothold and broke through by the end of the decade, propelled by cinematographers such as Gaudio who advocated for the Mitchell and its positive attributes. While the Bell and Howell produced a superior image due to its innovative pressure plate behind the lens, it was too noisy for sound work, which opened up the market to Mitchell.
Mitchell Camera circ 1930s
Now, any time anyone looks through the focusing microscope of a Mitchell camera, Tony Gaudio invented it. In the 1920s, when you focused a professional camera, you viewed your image either on the film itself or on a removable ground-glass focusing screen. In either event, if you had a good camera, you probably viewed this image through a simple, low-powered magnifying glass, which still gave you an image which was upside-down and turned around left or right.
Gaudio believed that there was a better way of lining up a shot, and felt it would be easier if you could see your image right side up and laterally correct, and also rather highly magnified. He worked in close collaboration with the Mitchell engineers and with the Bausch and Lomb opticians. Finally after many months of experimentation, a focusing optical system was perfected. For the first time in the history of cinematography, you could look into a camera and see, magnified some 10 diameters, the actual image cast by his lens. By a turn of a small control, the vital center-area of the image could be scanned, with the magnification almost doubled.
Device for Photographing Exterior Night Scenes in the Daytime
Gaudio was among the first cinematographers to experiment successfully with the idea of photographing exterior night-scenes in the daytime, with filters. Faced with a unified chorus of “It can’t be done”, he succeeded. In 1923, Gaetano Gaudio invented an epochal device in lighting sets for darkness, paving the way to save millions in film production a year by the elimination of night exterior filming, revolutionizing picture making at night time. While shooting Norma Talmadge’s Joseh M. Schenck drama The Song of Love, Gaudio used his process during three days, in which night scenes of an Algerian village street were taken during the day. Gaudio was never satisfied by artificial night lighting, and looked forward to the entire industry adopting his invention, which inevitably occurred. The invention was perfected after only five weeks of experiment, and can be applied to any camera, having few attachments. The working principle rests in the preparation of the raw film. The new process gives a black sky, a light foreground, a clearly defined skyline, perfect silhouettes and stereoscopic relief with high visibility, to figures both in close-ups and even until their disappearance on the skyline. The shadows of figures walking in moonlight are strongly outlined. Gaudio announced at the time of invention that he was willing to stake his cinematographic reputation on this invention.
First All-Talkie, All-Color Film
Gaudio photographed “On With the Show!,” the first “all-talkie” musical in color. In a person essay for The American Cinematographer, Lighting Color on a Black-and-White Schedule from December 1936, Gaetano explained:"In those days, everything was a problem. Certain colors had to be avoided, since the process wouldn’t reproduce them, others had to be achieved by showing the camera an entirely different tone. But the biggest problem was lighting. The two-color technicolor of those old days demanded an unbelievable amount of light."Gaudio commented that color did not slow the process down significantly, and on some days they were able to make as many as 22 different set ups, which for a major studio production was about as fast as a black-and-white picture.
"On With the Show" ad in The Film Daily, Jan-Jun 1929
In addition, Gaudio’s team pioneered something that had not yet been done in a Technicolor production, making projected background process shots. This can be seen in a sequence played in an airplane, flying over the lumber country of the Northwest, and finally landing. Gaudio comments on the development of color in film-making:"Picture making is picture making no matter what you’re shooting, and those of us who have spent years learning the fundamentals of the job ought to be competent to take a new development like color in our stride. Of course it means new tools to work with, new problems and new ways of expressing many new thoughts: but it is still the same basic job of putting entertainment on celluloid."
Documentary
The Lost Legacy of Tony Gaudio is an upcoming 2024 documentary that is about to hit festival screens that tells the story of Tony Gaudio from Calabria and Hollywood, exploring the mystery behind the disappearance of his prized statuette, the first Italian Oscar. The story follows Tony Gaudio, little known until a few years ago, born from an initiative to rediscover this artist. The documentary was implemented by the Cineteca della Calabria, which aroused the interest of a group of young authors from Cosenza and their production company "Open Fields".
They proposed the idea of a documentary, obtaining the contribution of the Calabria Film Commission and the support of its counterpart Piedmontese institution. Broken Typewriter Productions from Los Angeles, CA is proud to announce their collaboration with Open Fields Productions from Cosenza, Italy for the feature documentary The Lost Legacy of Tony Gaudio. Open Fields’ Alessandro Nucci (director) and his brother Fabrizio Nucci (Producer) are in cooperation with The Margaret Herrick Academy archives and the American Society of Cinematographers. The website, The Tony Gaudio Foundation for The Cinematic Arts, was set up in efforts to fundraise and spread awareness about the documentary. The foundation’s CEO is Gino Gaudio, great nephew of Tony Gaudio, with the CFO being Chester Hipple, Tony Gaudio’s grandson. In a message on the website, it reads: "His name and contributions have been lost to the public. We would like the Gaudio name to live on and be remembered and celebrated from this day forward. “We trust The Lost Legacy of Tony Gaudio documentary will be a beautiful reminder for all film lovers of the important role of the cinematographer in films.”In April, in Gaetano Gaudio’s hometown, the first screening of the trailer of the documentary will be played. "It is the story of the first Italian winner of an Oscar, but it is also the discovery of an innovator in the field of photography; it is, at the same time, the story of the birth of cinema, in Italy and the United States, the discovery of techniques and perspectives; it is the story of the emigration of Italians; and it is also an investigation - punctuated by a fictional part - in search of the statuette won almost 90 years ago and of which traces have been lost."The documentary will feature interviews - combined with images of the works - from some American teachers and scholars and entertainment industry professionals of Italy and the US. These include Patrick Keating and Jonathan Kuntz, or personalities of US cinema, such as the Oscar winner Richard Edlund, special visual effects supervisor of films such as Star Wars, or M. David Mullen, director of photography of The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel. In addition, there will be interviews from the president of the Cineteca della Calabria, Eugenio Attanasio, and from the Calabrian director of photography and Oscar winner for Avatar, Mauro Fiore. The film will also feature interviews from Gaudio’s relatives.“This documentary – explains the director – posed a series of problems from the beginning: very little repertoire, no private photos, perhaps due to a fire that would have destroyed all the albums, and less than 100 public photos. Involving the family was absolutely necessary."After Gaudio's death, all traces of the Oscar were lost, intersecting a line between the emotional story of the grandchildren and the artistic path of the pioneer cinematographer.
Awards and Nominations
Academy Awards
Year
Category
Film
Result
1930
Best Cinematography
Hell's Angels
Nominated
1936
Best Cinematography, Black-and-White
Anthony Adverse
Won
1939
Best Cinematography, Black-and-White
Juarez
Nominated
1940
Best Cinematography, Black-and-White
The Letter
Nominated
1943
Best Cinematography, Black-and-White
Corvette K-225
Nominated
1945
Best Cinematography, Color
A Song to Remember
Nominated
Filmography
(as per International Dictionary of Film and Filmmakers and as per AFI's database))
Year
Title
Role
Production/Distribution Co.
Director
Notes
1903
Napoleon Crossing the Alps
Director
Cinematographer
Tony Gaudio
1st film, Italy
1908
Madame Nicotine
Cinematographer
1910
Submarine
Cinematographer
Pr./Dist. Independent Motion Pictures
1st underwater feature
1911
Shorts: Pictureland, The Dream, Maid or Man, At the Duke's Command, The Mirror, The Message in the Bottle, Her Darkest Hour, Artful Kate, A Manly Man, The Fisher-Maid, In Old Madrid, Sweet Memories, The Stampede, The Fair Dentist, For Her Brother's Sake, The Master and the Man, At a Quarter of Two, The Lighthouse Keeper, A Gasoline Engagement, Science, The Skating Bug, The Call of the Song, The Toss of a Coin, The Sentinel Asleep, The Better Way, His Dress Shirt, From the Bottom of the Sea
Cinematographer
Pr./Dist. Independent Motion Pictures
Thomas Ince
1911
For the Queen's Honor
Cinematographer
Writer
Pr./Dist. Independent Motion Pictures
Thomas Ince
1911
Their First Misunderstanding
Cinematographer
Pr./Dist. Independent Motion Pictures
Thomas Ince,
G. Tucker
1911
Second Sight
Cinematographer
Pr./Dist. Independent Motion Pictures
Thomas Ince,
J. Smiley
1911
In the Sultan's Garden
Cinematographer
Pr./Dist. Independent Motion Pictures
Thomas Ince,
W. Clifford
1911
The Rose's Story
Cinematographer
Pr./Dist. Independent Motion Pictures
J. Smiley,
G. Tucker
1912
The Rose of California
Camera
Pr./Dist. Independent Motion Pictures
Francis J. Grandon
1914
Classmates
Cinematographer
Pr./Dist. Biograph Company
James Kirkwood
1914
Strongheart
Cinematographer
Pr. Klaw & Erlanger
Dist. Biograph Company
James Kirkwood
1914
The Cricket on the Hearth
Cinematographer
Pr./Dist. Biograph Company
Lawrence Marsten
1914
The Woman in Black
Cinematographer
Pr. Biograph Company
Dist. General Film Company
Lawrence Marsten
1916
The Unpardonable Sin
Cinematographer
Pr. Shubert Film Corp.
Barry O'Neill
1916
The Masked Rider
Cinematographer
Pr. Quality Pictures Co.
Dist. Metro Pictures
Fred J. Balshofer
1916
The River of Romance
Cinematographer
Pr. Yorke Film Corporation
Dist. Metro Pictures
Fred J. Balshofer
1916
Big Tremaine
Cinematographer
Pr. Yorke Film Corporation
Dist. Metro Pictures
Henry Otto
1916
Mister 44
Cinematographer
Pr. Yorke Film Corporation
Dist. Metro Pictures
Henry Otto
1916
Pidgin Island
Cinematographer
Pr. Yorke Film Corporation
Dist. Metro Pictures
Fred J. Balshofer
1917
The Hidden Spring
Cinematographer
Pr. Yorke Film Corporation
Dist. Metro Pictures
E. Mason Hopper
1917
The Promise
Cinematographer
Pr. Yorke Film Corporation
Dist. Metro Pictures
Jay Hunt
1917
The Haunted Pajamas
Cinematographer
Pr. Yorke Film Corporation
Dist. Metro Pictures
Fred J. Balshofer
1917
Under Handicap
Cinematographer
Pr. Yorke Film Corporation
Dist. Metro Pictures
Fred J. Balshofer
1917
Paradise Garden
Cinematographer
Pr. Yorke Film Corporation
Dist. Metro Pictures
Fred J. Balshofer
1917
The Hidden Children
Cinematographer
Pr. Yorke Film Corporation
Dist. Metro Pictures
Oscar Apfel
1917
The Square Deceiver
Cinematographer
Pr. Yorke Film Corporation
Dist. Metro Pictures
Fred J. Balshofer
1917
The Avenging Trail
Cinematographer
Pr. Yorke Film Corporation
Dist. Metro Pictures
Francis Ford
1918
Broadway Bill
Cinematographer
Pr. Yorke Film Corporation
Dist. Metro Pictures
Fred J. Balshofer
1918
The Landloper
Cinematographer
Pr. Yorke Film Corporation
Dist. Metro Pictures
George Irving
1918
Lend Me Your Name
Cinematographer
Pr. Yorke Film Corporation
Dist. Metro Pictures
Fred J. Balshofer
1918
Pals First
Cinematographer
Pr. Yorke Film CorporationDist. First National
Edwin Carewe
1919
The Unpardonable Sin
Cinematographer
Pr. Hary Garson Production
Dist. World Pictures
Marshall Neilan
Co. Cronjaner
1919
A Man of Honor
Cinematographer
Dist. First National
Fred J. Balshofer
1919
In Wrong
Cinematographer
Dist. First National
James Kirkwood
1919
Atonement
Cinematographer
Pr. Humphrey Pictures
Dist. Pioneer Pictures
William J. Humphrey
1919
The Red Lantern
Cinematographer
Pr. Nazimova ProductionsDist. Metro Pictures
Albert Capellani
1919
Her Kingdom of Dreams
Cinematographer
Pr. Louis B. Mayer
Dist. First National
Marshall Neilan
1920
The Inferior Sex
Cinematographer
Pr. Chaplin-Mayers
Dist. First National
Joseph Henabery
1920
In Old Kentucky
Cinematographer
Pr. Louis B. Mayer
Dist. First National
Marshall Neilan
1920
Whispering Devils
Cinematographer
Pr. Harry Garson Production
Dist. Equity Pictures
Harry Garson
1920
Fighting Shepherdess
Cinematographer
Pr. Louis B. Mayer
Dist. First National
Edward Jose
1920
The Mark of Zorro
Cinematographer
Pr. Douglas Fairbanks
Dist. United Artists
Fred Niblo
Montage
1920
An Adventuress
Cinematographer
Pr. Yorke Film CorporationDist. Republic Distributing
Fred J. Balshofer
1920
Kismet
Cinematographer
Pr. Waldorf Productions
Dist. Robertson-Cole
Louis J. Gasnier
1920
The Forbidden Thing
Cinematographer
Pr. Allan Dwan ProductionsDist. Associated Producers
Allan Dwan
1921
The Sin of Martha Queed
Cinematographer
Pr. Mayflower PhotoplayDist. Associated Exhibitors
Allan Dwan
1921
The Other Woman
Cinematographer
Pr. J.L. FrothinghamProductions
Dist. Hodkinson Pictures
Edward Sloman
1921
The Ten Dollar Raise
Cinematographer
Pr. J.L. Frothingham
Productions
Dist. Associated Producers
Edward Sloman
1921
The Sin of Martha Queed
Cinematographer
Pr. Mayflower Photoplay
Dist. Associated Exhibitors
Allan Dwan
1921
Pilgrims of the Night
Cinematographer
Pr. J.L. FrothinghamProductions
Dist. First National
Edward Sloman
1922
Shattered Idols
Cinematographer
Pr. J.L. FrothinghamProductions
Dist. First National
Edward Sloman
1922
The Eternal Flame
Cinematographer
Pr. Talmadge ProductionsDist. First National
Frank Lloyd
1922
The Woman He Loved
Cinematographer
Pr. J.L. FrothinghamProductions
Dist. American Releasing
Edward Sloman
1922
East is West
Cinematographer
Pr. Talmadge ProductionsDist. First National
Sidney Franklin
1923
The Voice from the Minaret
Cinematographer
Pr. Talmadge ProductionsDist. First National
Frank Lloyd
1923
Adam and Eva
Cinematographer
Pr. Cosmopolitan Prod.
Dist. Paramount Pictures
Robert G. Vignola
1923
Within the Law
Cinematographer
Pr. Talmadge Productions
Dist. First National
Frank Lloyd
1923
The Song of Love
Cinematographer
Pr. Talmadge ProductionsDist. First National
C. Franklin, F. Marion
1923
Ashes of Vengeance
Cinematographer
Pr. Talmadge ProductionsDist. First National
Frank Lloyd
1924
Secrets
Cinematographer
Pr. Talmadge ProductionsDist. First National
Frank Borzage
1924
Husbands and Lovers
Cinematographer
Pr. Louis B. Mayer
Dist. First National
John M. Stahl
1924
The Only Woman
Cinematographer
Pr. Talmadge ProductionsDist. First National
Sidney Olcott
1925
The Lady
Cinematographer
Pr. Talmadge ProductionsDist. First National
Frank Borzage
1925
Déclassée
Cinematographer
Pr./Dist. First National
Robert G. Vignola
1925
Sealed Lips
Director
Pr. Waldorf Productions
Dist. Columbia Pictures
Tony Gaudio
U.S. Directorial Debut
1925
The Price of Success
Director
Pr. Waldorf Productions
Dist. Columbia Pictures
Tony Gaudio
1925
Graustark
Cinematographer
Pr. Talmadge ProductionsDist. First National
Dimitri Buchowetzki
1926
The Temptress
Cinematographer
Pr./Dist. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer
Fred Niblo
1926
The Gay Deceiver
Cinematographer
Pr./Dist. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer
John M. Stahl
co. Max Fabian
1926
Upstage
Cinematographer
Pr./Dist. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer
Monta Bell
1926
The Blonde Saint
Cinematographer
Pr. Sam E. Rork Productions
Dist. First National
Svend Gade
1927
An Affair of the Follies
Cinematographer
Pr. Al Rockett ProductionsDist. First National
Millard Webb
1927
The Notorious Lady
Cinematographer
Pr. Sam E. Rork Productions
Dist. First National
King Baggott
1927
Two Arabian Knights
Cinematographer
Pr. Howard Hughes
Dist. United Artists
Lewis Milestone
1927
The Gaucho
Cinematographer
Pr. Douglas Fairbanks
Dist. United Artists
F. Richard Jones
1928
The Racket
Cinematographer
Pr. Howard Hughes
Dist. Paramount Pictures
Lewis Milestone
1929
She Goes to War
Cinematographer
Pr. Inspiration Pictures
Henry King
Co. John P. Fulton
1929
Tiger Rose
Cinematographer
Pr./Dist. Warner Bros.
George Fitzmaurice
1929
On with the Show!
Cinematographer
Pr./Dist. Warner Bros.
Alan Crosland
1st all-talking all-color feature
1929
General Crack
Cinematographer
Pr./Dist. Warner Bros.
Alan Crosland
1930
Hell's Angels
Cinematographer
Pr. Howard Hughes
Dist. Warner Bros.
Howard Hughes
co. H.Perry
Oscar nom
1930
Little Caesar
Cinematographer
Pr. First National
Dist. Warner Bros.
Mervyn LeRoy
1930
All Quiet on the Western Front
2nd Cameraman
Pr. Universal Studios
Dist. Universal Pictures
Lewis Milestone
cin. Edeson
1931
The Lady Who Dared
Cinematographer
Pr. First National
Dist. Warner Bros.
William Beaudine
1931
The Front Page
Cinematographer
Pr. Howard Hughes
Dist. United Artists
Lewis Milestone
1932
Tiger Shark
Cinematographer
Pr./Dist. First National
Howard Hawks
1932
Sky Devils
Cinematographer
Pr. The Caddo Co.
Dist. First National
Edward Sutherland,Busby Berkeley
1932
The Mask of Fu Manchu
Cinematographer
Pr. Cosmopolitan Prod.
Dist. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer
Charles Brabin
1933
Blondie Johnson
Cinematographer
Pr./Dist. Warner Bros.
Ray Enright
1933
Ex-Lady
Cinematographer
Pr./Dist. Warner Bros.
Robert Florey
1933
The Silk Express
Cinematographer
Pr./Dist. Warner Bros.
Ray Enright
1933
The Narrow Corner
Cinematographer
Pr./Dist. Warner Bros.
Alfred E. Green
1933
Private Detective 62
Cinematographer
Pr./Dist. Warner Bros.
Michael Curtiz
1933
Voltaire
Cinematographer
Pr./Dist. Warner Bros.
John G. Adolfi
1933
Ladies Must Love
Cinematographer
Pr./Dist. Universal Pictures
E. A. Dupont
1933
The World Changes
Cinematographer
Pr. First National
Dist. Warner Bros.
Mervyn LeRoy
1933
Lady Killer
Cinematographer
Pr./Dist. Warner Bros.
Roy D. Ruth
1934
Mandalay
Cinematographer
Pr. First National
Dist. Warner Bros.
Michael Curtiz
1934
Upper World
Cinematographer
Pr./Dist. Warner Bros.
Roy D. Ruth
1934
Fog Over Frisco
Cinematographer
Pr. First National
Dist. Warner Bros.
William Dieterle
1934
The Dragon Murder Case
Cinematographer
Pr. First National
Dist. Warner Bros.
H. Bruce Humberstone
1934
Happiness Ahead
Cinematographer
Pr. First National
Dist. Warner Bros.
Mervyn LeRoy
1934
Bordertown
Cinematographer
Pr./Dist. Warner Bros.
Archie Mayo
1934
The Man with Two Faces
Cinematographer
Pr. First National
Dist. Warner Bros.
Archie Mayo
1935
The White Cockatoo
Cinematographer
Pr./Dist. Warner Bros.
Alan Crosland
1935
Sweet Music
Cinematographer
Pr./Dist. Warner Bros.
Alfred E. Green
co. James Van Trees
1935
Oil for the Lamps of China
Cinematographer
Pr./Dist. First National
Mervyn LeRoy
1935
Go into Your Dance
Cinematographer
Pr. First National
Dist. Warner Bros.
Archie Mayo
1935
Little Big Shot
Cinematographer
Pr./Dist. Warner Bros.
Michael Curtiz
1935
Front Page Woman
Cinematographer
Pr./Dist. Warner Bros.
Michael Curtiz
1935
The Case of the Lucky Legs
Cinematographer
Pr./Dist. Warner Bros.
Archie Mayo
1935
Dr. Socrates
Cinematographer
Pr./Dist. Warner Bros.
William Dieterle
1936
The White Angel
Cinematographer
Pr./Dist. Warner Bros.
William Dieterle
1936
God's Country and the Woman
Cinematographer
Pr./Dist. Warner Bros.
William Keighley
1936
Anthony Adverse
Cinematographer
Pr./Dist. Warner Bros.
Mervyn LeRoy
Oscar win
1936
The Story of Louis Pasteur
Cinematographer
Pr./Dist. Warner Bros.
William Dieterle
1937
The Life of Emile Zola
Cinematographer
Pr./Dist. Warner Bros.
William Dieterle
1937
The King and the Chorus Girl
Cinematographer
Pr./Dist. Warner Bros.
Mervyn LeRoy
1937
Kid Galahad
Cinematographer
Pr./Dist. Warner Bros.
Michael Curtiz
1937
Another Dawn
Cinematographer
Pr./Dist. Warner Bros.
William Dieterle
1937
San Quentin
2nd Photography
Pr./Dist. Warner Bros.
Lloyd Bacon
1938
Torchy Blane in Panama
Cinematographer
Pr./Dist. Warner Bros.
William Clemens
1938
The Adventures of Robin Hood
Cinematographer
Pr./Dist. Warner Bros.
Michael Curtiz,
William Keighley
Co. Sol Polito
1938
The Amazing Dr. Clitterhouse
Cinematographer
Pr./Dist. Warner Bros.
Anatole Litvak
1938
Garden of the Moon
Cinematographer
Pr./Dist. Warner Bros.
Bubsy Berkeley
1000th film
1938
The Sisters
Cinematographer
Pr./Dist. Warner Bros.
Anatole Litvak
1938
The Dawn Patrol
Cinematographer
Pr./Dist. Warner Bros.
Edmund Goulding
1939
Juarez
Cinematographer
Pr./Dist. Warner Bros.
William Dieterle
Oscar nom
1939
The Old Maid
Cinematographer
Pr./Dist. Warner Bros.
Edmund Goulding
1939
We Are Not Alone
Cinematographer
Pr. First National
Dist. Warner Bros.
Edmund Goulding
1940
The Fighting 69th
Cinematographer
Pr./Dist. Warner Bros.
William Keighley
1940
'Til We Meet Again
Cinematographer
Pr./Dist. Warner Bros.
Edmund Goulding,
Anatole Litvak
1940
Brother Orchid
Cinematographer
Pr./Dist. Warner Bros.
Lloyd Bacon
1940
Knute Rockne, All American
Cinematographer
Pr./Dist. Warner Bros.
Lloyd Bacon
1940
The Letter
Cinematographer
Pr./Dist. Warner Bros.
William Wyler
Oscar nom
1941
High Sierra
Cinematographer
Pr./Dist. Warner Bros.
Raoul Walsh
1941
The Great Lie
Cinematographer
Pr./Dist. Warner Bros.
Edmund Goulding
1941
Affectionately Yours
Cinematographer
Pr./Dist. Warner Bros.
Lloyd Bacon
1941
Navy Blues
Cinematographer
Pr./Dist. Warner Bros.
Lloyd Bacon
1941
The Man Who Came to Dinner
Cinematographer
Pr./Dist. Warner Bros.
William Keighley
1942
Larceny, Inc.
Cinematographer
Pr./Dist. Warner Bros.
Lloyd Bacon
1942
Wings for the Eagle
Cinematographer
Pr./Dist. Warner Bros.
Lloyd Bacon
1942
You Can't Escape Forever
Cinematographer
Pr./Dist. Warner Bros.
Jo Graham
co. James Van Trees
1943
Action in the North Atlantic
Cinematographer
Pr./Dist. Warner Bros.
Lloyd Bacon
1943
The Constant Nymph
Cinematographer
Pr./Dist. Warner Bros.
Edmund Goulding
1943
Background to Danger
Cinematographer
Pr./Dist. Warner Bros.
Raoul Walsh
1943
Corvette K-225
Cinematographer
Pr./Dist. Universal Pictures
Richard Rosson
Oscar nom
1944
Days of Glory
Cinematographer
Pr./Dist. RKO Radio Pictures
Jacques Tourner
1944
Experiment Perilous
Cinematographer
Pr./Dist. RKO Radio Pictures
Jacques Tourner
1944
I'll Be Seeing You
Cinematographer
Pr./Dist. United Artists
William Dieterle
1945
A Song to Remember
Cinematographer
Pr./Dist. Columbia Pictures
Charles Vidor
Oscar nom
1946
The Bandit of Sherwood Forest
Cinematographer
Pr./Dist. Columbia Pictures
Henry Levin,
George Sherman
1946
I've Always Loved You
Cinematographer
Pr./Dist. Republic Pictures
Frank Borzage
1946
Swell Guy
Cinematographer
Pr./Dist. Universal Pictures
Frank Tuttle
1947
That's My Man
Cinematographer
Pr./Dist. Republic Pictures
Frank Borzage
1947
Love from a Stranger
Cinematographer
Pr. Bryan Foy Productions
Dist. Eagle-Lion Films
Richard Whorf
1949
The Red Pony
Cinematographer
Pr./Dist. Republic Pictures
Lewis Milestone
References
^ a b c d e f "Tony Gaudio, 66, Film Cameraman". The New York Times. August 11, 1951.
^ a b c d e "Little Close-Ups of the A.S.C." The American Cinematographer. 2 (February 1922). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Long Record and More Honor for Tony Gaudio on His Screen Work". American Cinematographer. 19 (June, 1938): 230–232.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "Tony Gaudio Wins Camera Honors". American Cinematographer. 18 (April, 1937).
^ a b "Who Is Tony Gaudio?". The Tony Gaudio Foundation For The Cinematic Arts. 2023.
^ a b c d e f g h i ABENAVOLI, DI PAOLA (March 9, 2024). "From Cosenza to the American Dream: The Film About Tony Gaudio Arrives, On the Story of the First Italian to Win an Oscar (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter, Roma.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Tony in Focus". The Tony Gaudio Foundation For The Cinematic Arts. 2023.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Gallagher, John A. (2000). "Gaudio, Tony, International Dictionary of Film and Filmmakers". St. James Press. 4 (2000): 310–312.
^ a b c d Whitman, Philip H. "Pans and Tilts". The American Cinematographer. 1 (October, 1921).
^ a b c d e "A.S.C. Elects New Officers". The American Cinematographer. 5 (May, 1924): 5.
^ "In Camera Fornia". The American Cinematographer. 2 (December, 1921).
^ "In Camera Fornia". The American Cinematographer. 5 (April, 1924): 26.
^ a b c "Way Cleared for Gaudio to Direct". The American Cinematographer. 5 (August, 1925).
^ "In Camera Fornia". The American Cinematographer. 5 (May, 1924).
^ "In Camera Fornia". The American Cinematographer. 5 (December, 1924).
^ a b c d "Tony Gaudio, A.S.C. Becomes Director". The American Cinematographer. 6 (July, 1925): 13.
^ a b c d e Gaudio, Gaetano. "Lighting Color on a Black-and-White Schedule". The American Cinematographer. 17 (December, 1936).
^ a b c d "Juarez Declared Really Great Picture". The American Cinematographer. 20 (April, 1939) – via Media History Digital Library.
^ "Ten Best Pictures of 1939 in the Film Daily's Annual Poll of Critics of America". The Film Daily. 1939 – via Media History Digital Library.
^ "Tony Gaudio Photographed Two of the Best Pictures of 1939". The Film Daily. 1939 – via Media History Digital Library.
^ a b c d e f "TONY GAUDIO". American Film Institute.
^ "Honor Box, This Week REPUBLIC Wins With: I've Always Loved You (1946)". The Box Office Digest (May-Dec 1946). 1946 – via Media History Digital Library.
^ a b "Gaudio Declines". The American Cinematographer. 20 (April, 1939).
^ a b c d e f g h Blanchard, Walter. "Aces of the Camera XV: "Tony" Gaudio, A.S.C.". The American Cinematographer. 23 (March, 1942): 112–138 – via Media History Digital Library.
^ "In Camera Fornia". The American Cinematographer. 1 (December, 1921) – via Media History Digital Library.
^ a b c d e "Gaudio Inventor of Epoch-making Device". The American Cinematographer. 3 (November, 1923) – via Media History Digital Library.
^ a b c "Documentary". The Tony Gaudio Foundation For The Cinematic Arts. 2023.
Further reading
VERHALEN, CHARLES J. American Cinematographer,: February, 1937 (Classic Reprint). FORGOTTEN BOOKS, 2022.
Tennoe, Mariam T., Surhone, Lambert M., Henssonow, Susan F. et al. Tony Gaudio. Mager and Quinn’s Bookselllers.
Langman, Larry. “Tony Gaudio.” Destination Hollywood, The Influence of Europeans on American Filmmaking, Jefferson, North Carolina, and London, 2000.
“Tony Gaudio, 66, Film Cameraman.” The New York Times, 11 Aug. 1951. Obituary, https://www.nytimes.com/1951/08/11/archives/tony-gaudio-66-film-cameraman-1937-academy-award-winner-for-anthony.html.
“AFI Catalog of Feature Films, Tony Gaudio.” American FIlm INstitute, catalog.afi.com/Person/148490-Tony-Gaudio?sid=6c79e45e-4a8e-4903-8668-8542deb492f3&sr=9.857439&cp=1&pos=0&isMiscCredit=false.
Blanchard, Walter. “Aces of the Camera XV: ‘Tony’ Gaudio, A.S.C.” The American Cinematographer, vol. 23, no. March, 1942, pp. 112–138, https://doi.org/Media History Digital Library.
Abenavoli, Di Paola. “From Cosenza to the American Dream: The Film About Tony Gaudio Arrives, On the Story of the First Italian to Win an Oscar (Exclusive).” The Hollywood Reporter Roma, 9 Mar. 2024, www.hollywoodreporter.it/film/festival-e-premi/tony-gaudio-la-storia-vera-del-primo-italiano-che-vinse-un-premio-oscar/93985/.
Gallagher, John A. "Gaudio, Tony." International Dictionary of Films and Filmmakers, edited by Sara Pendergast and Tom Pendergast, 4th ed., vol. 4: Writers and Production Artists, St. James Press, 2000, pp. 310-312. Gale eBooks, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3406802321/GVRL?u=usocal_main&sid=bookmark-GVRL&xid=ce370610.
American Cinematographer. ASC Holding Corp., Vol 1 (1920) to Vol. 32 (1951) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A.S.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_of_Cinematographers"},{"link_name":"cinematographer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinematographer"},{"link_name":"Academy Award for Best Cinematography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Cinematography"},{"link_name":"Anthony Adverse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Adverse"},{"link_name":"Hell's Angels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hell%27s_Angels_(film)"},{"link_name":"Juarez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juarez_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Letter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Letter_(1940_film)"},{"link_name":"Corvette K-225","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corvette_K-225"},{"link_name":"A Song to Remember","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Song_to_Remember"},{"link_name":"montage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montage_(filmmaking)"},{"link_name":"The Mark of Zorro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mark_of_Zorro_(1920_film)"},{"link_name":"American Society of Cinematographers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_of_Cinematographers"}],"text":"Gaetano (Tony) Gaudio, A.S.C. (20 November 1883 – 10 August 1951) was a pioneer Italian-American cinematographer of more than 1000 films. Gaudio won the Academy Award for Best Cinematography for Anthony Adverse, becoming the first Italian to have won an Oscar, and was nominated five additional times for Hell's Angels, Juarez, The Letter, Corvette K-225, and A Song to Remember. He is cited as the first to have created a montage sequence for a film in The Mark of Zorro. He was among the founders of the American Society of Cinematographers, and served as President from 1924 until 1925.","title":"Tony Gaudio"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Celico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celico"},{"link_name":"Cosenza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosenza"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"Knight of the Crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Crown_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"Eugenio (Eugene) Gaudio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Gaudio"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"}],"text":"Born Gaetano Antonio Gaudio in Celico, Cosenza, Italy in 1883 to a famous photographic family.[1] The son of one of Italy’s foremost photographic artists, the boy was quite literally brought up in the studio, where he learned at an early age to use the still camera and to develop negatives in the darkroom.[2] His father also gave him a liberal education in lenses, cameras, composition and the manipulation of lights so that when the time came to take up motion photography, the young Tony had a head full of useful information to start with.[2]At two months old, Tony’s family moved from Cosenza to Rome for a short period in order for Tony to attend art school.[3] He is indebted to his art training for his later interest in the camera as a medium of art, as opposed to a mere recording instrument.[3] Tony was hardly nine years old when he began to play with photographic papers, making his own enlargements.[4] After attending art school in Rome, he became an assistant to his father and older brother, Rafael (Ralph) Gaudio, a prominent portrait photographer in Italy who later became president of the Society of Photography in Europe, and was nominated as Knight of the Crown in Italy for photographic achievement.[4]Then it became necessary to take time out from the photographic side of his education to go to military school.[4] It was 1900 when he bade good-bye to the army and returned home, where he worked as an apprentice alongside his younger brother Eugenio (Eugene) Gaudio[5] in the family photography studio owned by Rafael, \"Foto Gaudio\",[4] in the historic center of the Calabrian city.","title":"Early Life and Education"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ambrosio Films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrosio_Film"},{"link_name":"Torino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turin"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:14-6"}],"sub_title":"Italy","text":"Eventually he segued into cinema, starting with several years with the famous Ambrosio Films in Torino[4]- a film company popular in Italy in the early days of cinema. In 1903, 19-year-old Tony filmed “Napoleon Crossing the Alps”. Years later in a New York Times interview, Tony remembered that his only lighting problem in this film was the sun, which kept ducking behind the clouds. “It was quite bad,” Mr. Gaudio recalled.[1] A young Gaudio shot hundreds of short subjects for Italian film companies, two or three features a week,[3] before emigrating to America in 1906 at the age of 22[5] together with his brother Eugene, who would follow him to the United States.[6]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-7"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"Vitagraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitagraph_Studios"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-8"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-1"},{"link_name":"Flatbush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flatbush"},{"link_name":"Vitagraph laboratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitagraph_Studios"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pictureland_frame.jpg"},{"link_name":"Carl Laemmle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Laemmle"},{"link_name":"Independent Moving Picture CO.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Moving_Pictures"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-2"},{"link_name":"studio manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studio_manager"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Eleventh Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleventh_Avenue_(Manhattan)"},{"link_name":"Mary Pickford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Pickford"},{"link_name":"King Baggot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Baggot"},{"link_name":"Joe Smiley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_W._Smiley"},{"link_name":"Owen Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owen_Moore"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"Mary Pickford’s films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Pickford_filmography"},{"link_name":"Thomas H. Ince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_H._Ince"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Newport News in Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport_News,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"submersible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submersible"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-1"},{"link_name":"Biograph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biograph_Company"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn Heights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Heights"},{"link_name":"Klaw and Erlanger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaw_and_Erlanger"},{"link_name":"Strongheart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strongheart_(film)"},{"link_name":"Classmates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classmates_(1914_film)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-7"}],"sub_title":"New York","text":"In 1906 a young Gaudio arrived in the United States, moving to New York City. Tony was employed by Al Simpson to produce \"song slides\" that could be shown in theaters so patrons could sing along with the music.[7] Twelve hand-colored slides were made for each new popular or near popular song.[4] After quitting Simpson in 1908, Tony worked in Vitagraph’s film development laboratories in New York.[8] It was in 1908 that Tony acted as the cinematographer for his first film in the United States, Madame Nicotine.[1] In 1909 the photographer moved to Flatbush — which is now as for many years it has been a part of Brooklyn — where he took full charge of the Vitagraph laboratory.[4]Frame from the previously lost 1911 film PicturelandThen he moved across the Brooklyn Bridge to Carl Laemmle’s Independent Moving Picture CO., supervising the construction of IMP’s New York laboratories.[2] He had complete charge of both positive and negative departments until perfectly organized when he was promoted to be a studio manager.[2] From 1910-1912 he became the Chief of Cinematography at IMP, shooting one picture a week and fifty a year.[3] The leading players in the Eleventh Avenue studio at that time were Mary Pickford, King Baggot, Joe Smiley, and Owen Moore, among others.[4] There, he shot Mary Pickford’s films for director Thomas H. Ince. In addition to being her cameraman, Gaudio also wrote For the Queen’s Honor (1911), using his writing skills from the many films he wrote and directed in Italy before then.[3] With IMP in 1910, Tony pioneered filming underwater, shooting the first submarine picture, titled “Submarine”.[3] He went down in a submarine at Newport News in Virginia, taking pictures inside a submersible vessel.[1]He then left IMP to work for Biograph, a studio established in Brooklyn Heights, where he was engaged with the specials the company was making for Klaw and Erlanger, stage producers in New York. Among these specials were Strongheart, and Classmates, with Blanche Sweet and Marshall Nielan.[2] Together, the stage and screen men were adapting plays, one of the earliest instances in which a staged play was converted to the screen. Gaudio remained here until 1915.[4] Gaudio found a home at Metro Pictures by 1916, where his brother Eugene now worked as a director.[7]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Metro Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer"},{"link_name":"Eugene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Gaudio"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-7"},{"link_name":"Harold Lockwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Lockwood"},{"link_name":"May Allison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_Allison"},{"link_name":"Richard (Dick) Rowland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_A._Rowland"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"Fred J. Balshofer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_J._Balshofer"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-7"},{"link_name":"Yorke Film Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorke_Film_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Alan Dwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Dwan"},{"link_name":"The Forbidden Thing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Forbidden_Thing"},{"link_name":"The Sin of Martha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sin_of_Martha_Queed"},{"link_name":"R.K.O.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RKO_Pictures"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"Kismet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kismet_(1920_film)"},{"link_name":"Otis Skinner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otis_Skinner"}],"sub_title":"Hollywood","text":"In 1916, Gaudio made the transition to California with a troupe of the early Metro Company,[4] one of the three organizations which would later become Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, where Eugene now worked as a director.[7] In his unit were Harold Lockwood and May Allison, headed by Richard (Dick) Rowland.[4] At Metro, Tony shot 10 films for director Fred J. Balshofer,[7] produced by Yorke Film Corporation. Following the death of Lockwood in a flu epidemic, Gaudio joined forces with Alan Dwan’s company for such pictures as The Forbidden Thing, and The Sin of Martha. Dawn would also loan would loan Gaudio to R.K.O. in order to photograph the company’s first production,[4] Kismet (1920), with Otis Skinner.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:In_Old_Kentucky_(1919)_-_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"In Old Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Old_Kentucky_(1919_film)"},{"link_name":"First National Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_National_Pictures"},{"link_name":"In Wrong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Wrong"},{"link_name":"The Red Lantern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Red_Lantern"},{"link_name":"Her Kingdom of Dreams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Her_Kingdom_of_Dreams"},{"link_name":"In Old Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Old_Kentucky_(1919_film)"},{"link_name":"Douglas Fairbanks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Fairbanks"},{"link_name":"The Mark of Zorro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mark_of_Zorro_(1920_film)"},{"link_name":"montage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montage_(filmmaking)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-7"},{"link_name":"Shattered Idols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shattered_Idols"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shattered_Idols_(1922)_-_3.jpg"},{"link_name":"Shattered Idols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shattered_Idols"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-9"},{"link_name":"J.L. Frothingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._L._Frothingham"},{"link_name":"The Woman He Loved","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Woman_He_Loved_(1922_film)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-9"},{"link_name":"The Ten Dollar Raise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ten_Dollar_Raise"},{"link_name":"The Other Woman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Other_Woman_(1921_film)"},{"link_name":"The Man Who Smiled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Man_Who_Smiled"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-10"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tony_Gaudio_-_Aug_1925_EH.jpg"},{"link_name":"First National Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_National_Pictures"},{"link_name":"Norma Talmadge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norma_Talmadge"},{"link_name":"Joseph Schenck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_M._Schenck"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Constance Talmadge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constance_Talmadge"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-10"},{"link_name":"East is West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Is_West_(1922_film)"},{"link_name":"Secrets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secrets_(1924_film)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Frank Borzage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Borzage"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-13"},{"link_name":"John M. Stahl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_M._Stahl"},{"link_name":"Husbands and Lovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husbands_and_Lovers"},{"link_name":"Corrine Griffith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corinne_Griffith"},{"link_name":"Déclassée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9class%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"Marion Davies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion_Davies"},{"link_name":"Adam and Eva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_and_Eva"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Corrine Griffith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corinne_Griffith"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-7"},{"link_name":"Joseph M. Schenck productions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_M._Schenck"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-10"},{"link_name":"The Eternal Flame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Eternal_Flame_(film)"},{"link_name":"Secrets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secrets_(1924_film)"},{"link_name":"Ashes of Vengeance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashes_of_Vengeance"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tony_Gaudio&action=edit§ion=7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_American_Cinematographer._1923-01_Vol._III_no._10_cover.jpg"},{"link_name":"American Society of Cinematographers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_of_Cinematographers"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-10"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-16"},{"link_name":"A.S.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.S.C."},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-7"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-10"}],"sub_title":"Hollywood - 1920s","text":"In Old Kentucky (1919): (from left) cinematographer Henry Cronjager, assistant director Alfred E. Green, director Marshall Neilan, and cinematographer Tony GaudioBeginning in 1919 and transitioning into the 1920s, Gaudio began his collaboration with First National Pictures, starting with films A Man of Honor, In Wrong, The Red Lantern, and Her Kingdom of Dreams and In Old Kentucky. In 1920, Gaudio photographed Douglas Fairbanks’ The Mark of Zorro, pioneering the use of montage.[7] In 1921, Gaudio photographed “A Bride of the Gods”, later known as Shattered Idols.The Brahman temple scenes in the film were said to be among the most artistic shots ever made.[9]Still from the American drama film Shattered Idols (1922)Over 1,500,000 candle-power were employed to light up this set, the greater part of the light being supplied by the fifteen sunlight arcs.[9] Gaudio also used four generator sets on the scene.[9] Producer J.L. Frothingham was so pleased with Gaudio’s work on this film that he retained him for his next project, The Woman He Loved.[9] In total, Gaudio and Frothingham collaborated five times on The Ten Dollar Raise, The Other Woman, A Bride of the Gods, The Man Who Smiled and Pilgrim of Night.[10]Tony Gaudio, August 1925After this collaboration, Gaudio stayed with First National Pictures, joining Norma Talmadge under the management of her husband and producer, Joseph Schenck.[11] He was also a cameraman for Norma’s sister Constance Talmadge[10] in East is West. Gaudio was given lavish praise for the photographic excellence of Secrets,[12] directed by Frank Borzage, a long time future collaborator of Gaudio. Arrangements were made whereby he was “farmed out” to other large producers,[13] he having thus photographed John M. Stahl’s Husbands and Lovers, Corrine Griffith’s Déclassée, and Marion Davies in Adam and Eva.[14] For the Corrine Griffith production, the special arrangement was during the vacation of Norma Talmadge.[15] In total, Gaudio photographed 10 Talmadge films from 1922 to 1925[7] as Chief Cinematographer of Joseph M. Schenck productions,[10] most notably with The Eternal Flame, Secrets, and Ashes of Vengeance.Presidency[edit]The American Cinematographer. 1923-01 Vol. III no. 10 coverIn 1924, Tony Gaudio was elected president of the American Society of Cinematographers, the highest honor at the disposal of the cinematographers.[10][16] A.S.C. is the professional body his brother had helped create to promote standardization in the industry of cinematography, serving as a body of information for cameramen.[7]At the time of the election, A.S.C. cited Gaudio as one of the world’s foremost cinematographers and pioneers in the industry.[10] Gaudio held the position until 1925.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Columbia Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Pictures"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-16"},{"link_name":"Alice Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Lake"},{"link_name":"Gaston Glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston_Glass"},{"link_name":"The Price of Success","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Price_of_Success_(1925_film)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-16"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Price_of_Success_(1925)_-_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"The Price of Success","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Price_of_Success_(1925_film)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-16"},{"link_name":"Sealed Lips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sealed_Lips_(1925_film)"},{"link_name":"Dorothy Revier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Revier"},{"link_name":"Cullen Landis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cullen_Landis"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-13"}],"sub_title":"Hollywood - Director","text":"In 1925, Tony Gaudio turned to directing for a brief period of time, directing a total of two films. In July of 1925 it was announced that Gaudio would be directing the Waldorf special feature production in collaboration with Columbia Pictures,[16] starring Alice Lake and Gaston Glass, with ASC’s Sam Landers as the cinematographer, titled The Price of Success.[16]The Price of Success (1925) with film director Tony Gaudio, Florence Turner, and Alice LakeGaudio’s direction of the Waldorf production did not interfere with his relations with Joseph M. Schenck. He continued as Chief Cinematographer for Norma Talmadge, filming her next feature and their last together, Graustark.[16] All eyes were on Gaudio for his directorial debut, and Schenck was impressed, clearing the way for Gaudio to direct his second feature film with Waldorf, Sealed Lips, starring Dorothy Revier and Cullen Landis.[13] Schenck waived Gaudio’s contract in what he hoped to be a promising directorial career for the camera veteran.[13]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer"},{"link_name":"The Temptress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Temptress"},{"link_name":"Greta Garbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greta_Garbo"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"First National","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_National_Pictures"},{"link_name":"The Blonde Saint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blonde_Saint"},{"link_name":"The Notorious Lady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Notorious_Lady"},{"link_name":"An Affair of the Follies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Affair_of_the_Follies"},{"link_name":"The Gaucho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gaucho"},{"link_name":"Fairbanks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Fairbanks"},{"link_name":"Two Arabian Knights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Arabian_Knights"},{"link_name":"The Racket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Racket_(1928_film)"},{"link_name":"Lewis Milestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Milestone"},{"link_name":"Howard Hughes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Hughes"},{"link_name":"United Artists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Artists_Releasing"},{"link_name":"Technicolor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technicolor"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-8"},{"link_name":"Technicolor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technicolor"},{"link_name":"On with the Show!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_with_the_Show!_(1929_film)"},{"link_name":"General Crack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Crack"},{"link_name":"Warner Bros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros."},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-8"},{"link_name":"On with the Show!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_with_the_Show!_(1929_film)"},{"link_name":"First National","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_National_Pictures"},{"link_name":"Warner Bros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros."},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-7"}],"sub_title":"Hollywood - Returning to the Camera","text":"This directorial streak did not last for long, as Gaudio returned Metro as a cinematographer in 1926 with The Temptress, a Greta Garbo feature in which Tony lost the little finger of his left hand when he fell on the set.[3] Tony continued to work with First National for The Blonde Saint, The Notorious Lady and An Affair of the Follies, in addition to photographing The Gaucho for Fairbanks. Also with First National was Two Arabian Knights and The Racket, both directed by Lewis Milestone, for businessman and producer Howard Hughes in collaboration with United Artists. The Gaucho featured one of the earliest two-strip Technicolor sequences.[8] Gaudio also shot two-strip Technicolor scenes for On with the Show! (1929) and General Crack (1929) for Warner Bros.[8] On with the Show! was the first all-talking, all-color feature. When First National was acquired by Warner Bros. in 1928, Gaudio moved over to the new studio, signing a long-term contract with Warners in 1930.[7]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Poster_-_Hell%27s_Angels_(1930)_04.jpg"},{"link_name":"Warner Bros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros."},{"link_name":"Mervyn LeRoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mervyn_LeRoy"},{"link_name":"Little Caesar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Caesar_(film)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-8"},{"link_name":"Arthur Edeson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Edeson"},{"link_name":"All Quiet on the Western Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Quiet_on_the_Western_Front_(1930_film)"},{"link_name":"Hell’s Angels (1930)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hell%27s_Angels_(film)"},{"link_name":"Harry Perry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Perry_(cinematographer)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-8"},{"link_name":"Hell’s Angels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hell%27s_Angels_(film)"},{"link_name":"Oscar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Best Cinematography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Cinematography"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"Archie Mayo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archie_Mayo"},{"link_name":"Bordertown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordertown_(1935_film)"},{"link_name":"The Man with Two Faces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Man_with_Two_Faces_(1934_film)"},{"link_name":"Go into Your Dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_into_Your_Dance"},{"link_name":"The Case of the Lucky Legs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Case_of_the_Lucky_Legs"},{"link_name":"Bette Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bette_Davis"},{"link_name":"Ex-Lady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex-Lady"},{"link_name":"Bordertown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordertown_(1935_film)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-8"},{"link_name":"Technicolor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technicolor"},{"link_name":"God's Country and the Woman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God%27s_Country_and_the_Woman"},{"link_name":"William Keighley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Keighley"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-8"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:15-17"},{"link_name":"William Dieterle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Dieterle"},{"link_name":"The Life of Emile Zola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Life_of_Emile_Zola"},{"link_name":"Academy Award for Best Picture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Picture"},{"link_name":"Juarez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juarez_(film)"},{"link_name":"Michael Curtiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Curtiz"},{"link_name":"The Adventures of Robin Hood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Robin_Hood"},{"link_name":"Kid Galahad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kid_Galahad_(1937_film)"},{"link_name":"Bette Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bette_Davis"},{"link_name":"Art Deco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Deco"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-8"},{"link_name":"Mervyn Leroy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mervyn_LeRoy"},{"link_name":"Anthony Adverse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Adverse"},{"link_name":"Academy Award for Best Cinematography, Black-and-White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Cinematography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Filming_on_set_of_Anthony_Adverse,_1936.jpeg"},{"link_name":"The American Cinematographer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Cinematographer"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Director of Photography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Director_of_Photography"},{"link_name":"Edmund Goulding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Goulding"},{"link_name":"The Dawn Patrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dawn_Patrol_(1938_film)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-8"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"The American Cinematographer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Cinematographer"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Juarez_1939_Title.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bette Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bette_Davis"},{"link_name":"The Old Maid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Old_Maid_(1939_film)"},{"link_name":"Juarez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juarez_(film)"},{"link_name":"Best Cinematography, Black-and-White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Cinematography"},{"link_name":"Eastman Plus X Panchromatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodak"},{"link_name":"The American Cinematographer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Cinematographer"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-18"}],"sub_title":"Hollywood - 1930s","text":"Poster- Hell's Angels (1930)Gaudio hit his stride after signing with Warner Bros. in 1930, shooting Mervyn LeRoy’s gangster classic Little Caesar (1931), in a harsh style that fit the gritty subject matter.[8] Gaudio contributed to two seminal war films in 1930, acting as second camera to A.S.C.’s Arthur Edeson for All Quiet on the Western Front, and as cinematographer for Hell’s Angels (1930), handling the dialogue scenes with co-cinematographer Harry Perry as well as the aerial cinematography.[8] Hell’s Angels won Gaudio his first Oscar nomination for Best Cinematography, a picture that made records from the photographic side, as the film was exposed for two and a half years. By the time the picture was completed as a silent film, then came the revolution of sound.[4]Throughout the 1930s, Gaudio collaborated with many directors repeatedly, all under the banner of Warner Bros. Tony Gaudio and Archie Mayo shot four pictures together, including Bordertown, The Man with Two Faces, Go into Your Dance, and The Case of the Lucky Legs. Gaudio was a regular cameraman for starlett Bette Davis. For Ex-Lady (1933), an early attempt to turn her into a sex symbol, Gaudio gave Davis the glamour treatment. By the time he shot Bordertown (1934), the studio realized her histrionic talents, and Gaudio brought a stark realism to the seedy Mexican setting.[8] In 1936, Gaudio shot Warners' first three-strip Technicolor film, God's Country and the Woman, with director William Keighley, a four time collaborator of Gaudio’s.[8] The film was made in exactly 59 shooting days, which included a long and strenuous location trip to northern Washington.[17] With German director William Dieterle, Gaudio photographed eight pictures, most notably The Life of Emile Zola (1937), which one the 1937 Academy Award for Best Picture, and Juarez (1939). Guadio and director Michael Curtiz collaborated six times, notably on The Adventures of Robin Hood (1938), and Kid Galahad (1937), another Bette Davis joint which gave him the opportunity to contrast high-key Art Deco scenes with the smoky interiors of the boxing ring.[8] Another main collaborator was Mervyn Leroy, with whom Gaudio shot six films, notably Anthony Adverse, for which he won his first and only oscar for the 1936 Academy Award for Best Cinematography, Black-and-White.On set of 1936 Anthony Adverse; Mervyn LeRoy (seated right) directing costars March and DeHavilland; behind LeRoy is Tony GaudioUpon winning the Oscar, in an interview with The American Cinematographer in April, 1937,[4] Gaudio gushes:“I am convinced there never has been one of my brother cameramen who was so happy over winning this award as I have been. For me, it has been a deep as it will be an abiding satisfaction. And my gratitude, deeper than words can express, goes to the men and women of this great industry\".[4]The years of 1938 and 1939 are busy times for Gaudio, completing his 1000th picture.[3] Gaudio acted as Director of Photography on Edmund Goulding’s The Dawn Patrol, shooting aerial scenes as well as claustrophobic interiors.[8] As of June 1938, Tony was the oldest cinematographer on features in the world at 55 years old.[3] In an interview with The American Cinematographer in their June, 1938 issue,[3] Tony comments:“Today’s cameramen are virtually a new race of artists. Sound, with its new requirements, brought a saner approach to motion picture photography. Camera work should be like that of the portrait artist, reality and character with only so much retouching as is necessary to smooth out the rougher spots. Realism and character must be preserved at all costs.”[3]\"Juarez\" 1939 Title, from TrailerAt the end of the decade, Gaudio photographed two more Bette Davis pictures in which he de-glamorized the actress. This includes The Old Maid (1939) and Juarez (1939), for which he earned the Oscar nomination once again for Best Cinematography, Black-and-White. The picture was the first major subject in Hollywood to be photographed on the new Eastman Plus X Panchromatic film. Not an inch of any other brand was used in the production, declares Tony Gaudio in an interview with The American Cinematographer[18].“The Eastman company is responsible for many improvements in photography,” he said, “but I am convinced this stock is not only a distinct advance. It is the best thing Eastman has done for the motion picture industry as a whole.”[18]In this work he retained the same balance between highlights, half tones and shadows as he had formerly with film that preceded Plus X.[18] This level of illumination was reduced by exactly 50 percent, which saved costs in lighting.“It is smoother, finer in grain and in speed.” the cameraman said in conclusion. “Yes, I am using Plus X in “The Old Maid”, the picture I am now on, another Bette Davis subject, and I expect to be using it as long as I am in pictures. No, I don’t think there ever will be anything really better.”[18]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Warner Bros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros."},{"link_name":"William Keighley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Keighley"},{"link_name":"The Fighting 69th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fighting_69th"},{"link_name":"The Film Daily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Film_Daily"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"The Letter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Letter_(1940_film)"},{"link_name":"William Wyler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Wyler"},{"link_name":"Best Cinematography, Black-and-White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Cinematography"},{"link_name":"Bette Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bette_Davis"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-8"},{"link_name":"Raoul Walsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raoul_Walsh"},{"link_name":"High Sierra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Sierra_(film)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tony_Gaudio_on_Experiment_Perilous.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lloyd Bacon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd_Bacon"},{"link_name":"Warner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros."},{"link_name":"Brother Orchid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brother_Orchid"},{"link_name":"Affectionately Yours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affectionately_Yours"},{"link_name":"Wings for the Eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wings_for_the_Eagle"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-21"},{"link_name":"Warner Bros.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros."},{"link_name":"Raoul Walsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raoul_Walsh"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-7"},{"link_name":"Background to Danger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Background_to_Danger"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-21"},{"link_name":"Corvette K-225","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corvette_K-225"},{"link_name":"Universal Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Pictures"},{"link_name":"Academy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Best Cinematography, Black-and-White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Cinematography"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-7"},{"link_name":"Jacques Tourner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Tourneur"},{"link_name":"Experiment Perilous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experiment_Perilous"},{"link_name":"Days of Glory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Days_of_Glory_(1944_film)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-21"},{"link_name":"Dieterle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Dieterle"},{"link_name":"I’ll Be Seeing You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27ll_Be_Seeing_You_(1944_film)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-21"},{"link_name":"Best Cinematography, Color","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best_Cinematography,_Color"},{"link_name":"A Song To Remember","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Song_to_Remember"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-8"},{"link_name":"Borzage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Borzage"},{"link_name":"Republic Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_Pictures"},{"link_name":"I’ve Always Loved You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27ve_Always_Loved_You"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Swell Guy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swell_Guy"},{"link_name":"Frank Tuttle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Tuttle"},{"link_name":"That’s My Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/That%27s_My_Man"},{"link_name":"Frank Borzage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Borzage"},{"link_name":"Love From a Stranger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_from_a_Stranger_(1947_film)"},{"link_name":"Richard Whorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Whorf"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-21"},{"link_name":"Lewis Milestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Milestone"},{"link_name":"Republic Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_Pictures"},{"link_name":"The Red Pony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Red_Pony_(1949_film)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-7"}],"sub_title":"Hollywood - 1940s","text":"Gaudio began the decade of the 1940s while still in collaboration with Warner Bros. With William Keighley, Tony shot The Fighting 69th (1940), which was labeled a “truly brilliant example of screencraft” by The Film Daily.[19][20] Also in 1940, Gaudio photographed The Letter, a William Wyler picture that gave Tony his 4th Oscar nomination for Best Cinematography, Black-and-White. This was another Bette Davis picture, one of her better remembered vehicles that is distinguished by Gaudio's moody cinematography, especially the memorable opening shot, a slow track through a Malaysian rubber plantation that sets the tone for the whole picture.[8] In 1941, Gaudio lit Raoul Walsh's crime masterwork High Sierra in an ultra realistic, documentary-like fashion that was a precursor of film noir.[8]Tony Gaudio on Experiment Perilous, 1944In the 40s, he photographed seven pictures with Lloyd Bacon under Warner, including Brother Orchid (1940), Affectionately Yours (1942), and Wings for the Eagle (1942).[21] Their collaboration stopped in 1943 when Gaudio left Warner Bros. to go freelance after shooting another Raoul Walsh film,[7] Background to Danger. After leaving the studio, Gaudio only photographed 11 more films before his death in 1951.[21]His first film that he shot freelance was Corvette K-225 (1943) for Universal Pictures, for which he was nominated for his 5th Academy Award for Best Cinematography, Black-and-White.[7]Next, he filmed two Jacques Tourner pictures, Experiment Perilous (1944) and Days of Glory (1944).[21] Gaudio joined with Dieterle again for I’ll Be Seeing You (1944)[21] before winning his last Oscar nomination for Best Cinematography, Color in 1946 for A Song To Remember (1945)[8].In 1946, the Gaudio, Borzage, and Republic Pictures collaboration I’ve Always Loved You was a box office hit, winning the Honor Box for the Box Office Digest.[22] In 1946 and 1947, Tony worked on 3 more films before his last film, being Swell Guy with Frank Tuttle, That’s My Man with Frank Borzage, and Love From a Stranger with Richard Whorf.[21] Tony Gaudio’s last film was shot in 1949 with Lewis Milestone and Republic Pictures, titled The Red Pony. It was renowned for its mastery of color.[7]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-23"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:14-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-1"},{"link_name":"Hollywood Forever Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood_Forever_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"Eugene Gaudio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Gaudio"}],"text":"In 1939, Gaudio was nominated by King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy as a Knight of the Crown for his contributions to the art of motion picture photography. Gaudio declined to accept the honor and recognition for his work because it came from a foreign country, despite that country once being his homeland.[23] In an interview with The American Cinematographer in their April, 1939 Issue, Gaudio explained:\"It has nothing to with the present form of government in Italy. Nevertheless, I do not feel that it is right for me, now an American, to accept a foreign order.\"[23]After the divorce from his first wife, Rosina Gaudio, which caused a scandal at the time, there was an estrangement with his children. After retiring from work in 1949, Gaudio moved to San Francisco with his second wife, Marie Gaudio.[6]He died at his home on August 10, 1951 in Burlingame, California at the age of 66 of a heart attack.[1] and is interred in the Hollywood Forever Cemetery in Hollywood, California. His brother Eugene Gaudio, also a cinematographer, died in 1920 at the age of 34. Gaudio is survived by his wife, Marie, and two sons- Frank, also a cameraman, and Antonio, a San Francisco Lawyer.","title":"Personal Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TonyGaudio1919.png"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:17-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:17-24"}],"text":"Gaudio circa 1919Tony Gaudio has always been one of the most consistently progressive members of the camera profession. He has taken part in all of the ASC’s technical researches, such as those which smoothed the introduction of monochromatic film, Mazda lighting and modern make-up.[24]Gaudio was a revolutionary cinematographer, instituting and influencing many techniques and technologies in the craft. He has pioneered the use of “Dinky Inkies” and “precision lighting”, using spotlights almost to the exclusion of flood-lighting units.[24] In addition, he pioneered the use of the Montage, invented the Mitchell Camera Viewfinder, worked on the first All-talkie and All-color film, as well as revolutionized photographing exterior night scenes during daylight. Gaudio's legacy lives on through his inventive and creative cinematographic mind that still impacts cinema today.","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-1"}],"sub_title":"The Montage","text":"Tony Gaudio was the first Hollywood photographer to use a montage. It was produced in a Douglas Fairbanks picture, “Mark of Zorro.”[1]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mitchell camera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitchell_Camera"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"viewfinder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viewfinder"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Bell and Howell cameras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_%26_Howell"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mitchell_STD_(c1930s).jpg"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:17-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:17-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:17-24"},{"link_name":"Mitchell engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitchell_Camera"},{"link_name":"Bausch and Lomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bausch_%26_Lomb"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:17-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:17-24"}],"sub_title":"Mitchell Camera Viewfinder","text":"Tony was at the forefront of technical innovation in the craft of cinematography. A longtime fan and owner of the Mitchell camera, Gaudio was quoted in 1921 as stating that “The Mitchell does everything a camera ought to do and then a lot more”.[25]In 1922, he invented a viewfinder for the new Mitchell Camera, as well as inventing the camera focusing microscope.[3] In the 1920s, the Hollywood motion picture industry was dominated by Bell and Howell cameras, but Mitchell established a foothold and broke through by the end of the decade,[7] propelled by cinematographers such as Gaudio who advocated for the Mitchell and its positive attributes. While the Bell and Howell produced a superior image due to its innovative pressure plate behind the lens, it was too noisy for sound work, which opened up the market to Mitchell.[7]Mitchell Camera circ 1930sNow, any time anyone looks through the focusing microscope of a Mitchell camera, Tony Gaudio invented it. In the 1920s, when you focused a professional camera, you viewed your image either on the film itself or on a removable ground-glass focusing screen.[24] In either event, if you had a good camera, you probably viewed this image through a simple, low-powered magnifying glass, which still gave you an image which was upside-down and turned around left or right.[24]Gaudio believed that there was a better way of lining up a shot, and felt it would be easier if you could see your image right side up and laterally correct, and also rather highly magnified.[24] He worked in close collaboration with the Mitchell engineers and with the Bausch and Lomb opticians. Finally after many months of experimentation, a focusing optical system was perfected.[24] For the first time in the history of cinematography, you could look into a camera and see, magnified some 10 diameters, the actual image cast by his lens. By a turn of a small control, the vital center-area of the image could be scanned, with the magnification almost doubled.[24]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:17-24"},{"link_name":"Norma Talmadge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norma_Talmadge"},{"link_name":"Joseh M. Schenck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_M._Schenck"},{"link_name":"The Song of Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Song_of_Love_(1923_film)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:18-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:18-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:18-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:18-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:18-26"}],"sub_title":"Device for Photographing Exterior Night Scenes in the Daytime","text":"Gaudio was among the first cinematographers to experiment successfully with the idea of photographing exterior night-scenes in the daytime, with filters. Faced with a unified chorus of “It can’t be done”, he succeeded.[24] In 1923, Gaetano Gaudio invented an epochal device in lighting sets for darkness, paving the way to save millions in film production a year by the elimination of night exterior filming, revolutionizing picture making at night time. While shooting Norma Talmadge’s Joseh M. Schenck drama The Song of Love, Gaudio used his process during three days, in which night scenes of an Algerian village street were taken during the day.[26] Gaudio was never satisfied by artificial night lighting, and looked forward to the entire industry adopting his invention, which inevitably occurred.[26] The invention was perfected after only five weeks of experiment, and can be applied to any camera, having few attachments. The working principle rests in the preparation of the raw film.[26] The new process gives a black sky, a light foreground, a clearly defined skyline, perfect silhouettes and stereoscopic relief with high visibility, to figures both in close-ups and even until their disappearance on the skyline.[26] The shadows of figures walking in moonlight are strongly outlined. Gaudio announced at the time of invention that he was willing to stake his cinematographic reputation on this invention.[26]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"On With the Show!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_with_the_Show!_(1929_film)"},{"link_name":"The American Cinematographer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_American_Cinematographer"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:15-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:15-17"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%22On_With_the_Show%22_ad_in_The_Film_Daily,_Jan-Jun_1929_(page_1289_crop).jpg"},{"link_name":"Technicolor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technicolor"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:15-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:15-17"}],"sub_title":"First All-Talkie, All-Color Film","text":"Gaudio photographed “On With the Show!,” the first “all-talkie” musical in color. In a person essay for The American Cinematographer, Lighting Color on a Black-and-White Schedule from December 1936, Gaetano explained:\"In those days, everything was a problem. Certain colors had to be avoided, since the process wouldn’t reproduce them, others had to be achieved by showing the camera an entirely different tone. But the biggest problem was lighting. The two-color technicolor of those old days demanded an unbelievable amount of light.\"[17]Gaudio commented that color did not slow the process down significantly, and on some days they were able to make as many as 22 different set ups,[17] which for a major studio production was about as fast as a black-and-white picture.\"On With the Show\" ad in The Film Daily, Jan-Jun 1929In addition, Gaudio’s team pioneered something that had not yet been done in a Technicolor production, making projected background process shots. This can be seen in a sequence played in an airplane, flying over the lumber country of the Northwest, and finally landing.[17] Gaudio comments on the development of color in film-making:\"Picture making is picture making no matter what you’re shooting, and those of us who have spent years learning the fundamentals of the job ought to be competent to take a new development like color in our stride. Of course it means new tools to work with, new problems and new ways of expressing many new thoughts: but it is still the same basic job of putting entertainment on celluloid.\"[17]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:14-6"},{"link_name":"Calabria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calabria"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:16-27"},{"link_name":"Cineteca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cineteca_Italiana"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:14-6"},{"link_name":"The Margaret Herrick Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//collections.oscars.org/onesearch/"},{"link_name":"American Society of Cinematographers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_of_Cinematographers"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:16-27"},{"link_name":"The Tony Gaudio Foundation for The Cinematic Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.tonygaudiofoundation.org/"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:16-27"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:14-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:14-6"},{"link_name":"Richard Edlund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Edlund"},{"link_name":"Star Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Wars_(film)"},{"link_name":"M. David Mullen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._David_Mullen"},{"link_name":"The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Marvelous_Mrs._Maisel"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:14-6"},{"link_name":"Cineteca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cineteca_Italiana"},{"link_name":"Avatar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avatar_(2009_film)"},{"link_name":"Mauro Fiore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauro_Fiore"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:14-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:14-6"}],"sub_title":"Documentary","text":"The Lost Legacy of Tony Gaudio is an upcoming 2024 documentary that is about to hit festival screens[6] that tells the story of Tony Gaudio from Calabria and Hollywood, exploring the mystery behind the disappearance of his prized statuette, the first Italian Oscar.[27] The story follows Tony Gaudio, little known until a few years ago, born from an initiative to rediscover this artist. The documentary was implemented by the Cineteca della Calabria, which aroused the interest of a group of young authors from Cosenza and their production company \"Open Fields\".They proposed the idea of a documentary, obtaining the contribution of the Calabria Film Commission and the support of its counterpart Piedmontese institution.[6] Broken Typewriter Productions from Los Angeles, CA is proud to announce their collaboration with Open Fields Productions from Cosenza, Italy for the feature documentary The Lost Legacy of Tony Gaudio. Open Fields’ Alessandro Nucci (director) and his brother Fabrizio Nucci (Producer) are in cooperation with The Margaret Herrick Academy archives and the American Society of Cinematographers.[27] The website, The Tony Gaudio Foundation for The Cinematic Arts, was set up in efforts to fundraise and spread awareness about the documentary. The foundation’s CEO is Gino Gaudio, great nephew of Tony Gaudio, with the CFO being Chester Hipple, Tony Gaudio’s grandson. In a message on the website, it reads:\"His name and contributions have been lost to the public. We would like the Gaudio name to live on and be remembered and celebrated from this day forward. “We trust The Lost Legacy of Tony Gaudio documentary will be a beautiful reminder for all film lovers of the important role of the cinematographer in films.”[27]In April, in Gaetano Gaudio’s hometown, the first screening of the trailer of the documentary will be played.\"It is the story of the first Italian winner of an Oscar, but it is also the discovery of an innovator in the field of photography; it is, at the same time, the story of the birth of cinema, in Italy and the United States, the discovery of techniques and perspectives; it is the story of the emigration of Italians; and it is also an investigation - punctuated by a fictional part - in search of the statuette won almost 90 years ago and of which traces have been lost.\"[6]The documentary will feature interviews - combined with images of the works - from some American teachers and scholars and entertainment industry professionals of Italy and the US. These include Patrick Keating and Jonathan Kuntz, or personalities of US cinema,[6] such as the Oscar winner Richard Edlund, special visual effects supervisor of films such as Star Wars, or M. David Mullen, director of photography of The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel.[6] In addition, there will be interviews from the president of the Cineteca della Calabria, Eugenio Attanasio, and from the Calabrian director of photography and Oscar winner for Avatar, Mauro Fiore. The film will also feature interviews from Gaudio’s relatives.[6]“This documentary – explains the director – posed a series of problems from the beginning: very little repertoire, no private photos, perhaps due to a fire that would have destroyed all the albums, and less than 100 public photos. Involving the family was absolutely necessary.\"[6]After Gaudio's death, all traces of the Oscar were lost, intersecting a line between the emotional story of the grandchildren and the artistic path of the pioneer cinematographer.","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and Nominations"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"VERHALEN, CHARLES J. American Cinematographer,: February, 1937 (Classic Reprint). FORGOTTEN BOOKS, 2022.\nTennoe, Mariam T., Surhone, Lambert M., Henssonow, Susan F. et al. Tony Gaudio. Mager and Quinn’s Bookselllers.\nLangman, Larry. “Tony Gaudio.” Destination Hollywood, The Influence of Europeans on American Filmmaking, Jefferson, North Carolina, and London, 2000.\n“Tony Gaudio, 66, Film Cameraman.” The New York Times, 11 Aug. 1951. Obituary, https://www.nytimes.com/1951/08/11/archives/tony-gaudio-66-film-cameraman-1937-academy-award-winner-for-anthony.html.\n“AFI Catalog of Feature Films, Tony Gaudio.” American FIlm INstitute, catalog.afi.com/Person/148490-Tony-Gaudio?sid=6c79e45e-4a8e-4903-8668-8542deb492f3&sr=9.857439&cp=1&pos=0&isMiscCredit=false.\nBlanchard, Walter. “Aces of the Camera XV: ‘Tony’ Gaudio, A.S.C.” The American Cinematographer, vol. 23, no. March, 1942, pp. 112–138, https://doi.org/Media History Digital Library.\nAbenavoli, Di Paola. “From Cosenza to the American Dream: The Film About Tony Gaudio Arrives, On the Story of the First Italian to Win an Oscar (Exclusive).” The Hollywood Reporter Roma, 9 Mar. 2024, www.hollywoodreporter.it/film/festival-e-premi/tony-gaudio-la-storia-vera-del-primo-italiano-che-vinse-un-premio-oscar/93985/.\nGallagher, John A. \"Gaudio, Tony.\" International Dictionary of Films and Filmmakers, edited by Sara Pendergast and Tom Pendergast, 4th ed., vol. 4: Writers and Production Artists, St. James Press, 2000, pp. 310-312. Gale eBooks, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3406802321/GVRL?u=usocal_main&sid=bookmark-GVRL&xid=ce370610.\nAmerican Cinematographer. ASC Holding Corp., Vol 1 (1920) to Vol. 32 (1951)","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Frame from the previously lost 1911 film Pictureland","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Pictureland_frame.jpg/220px-Pictureland_frame.jpg"},{"image_text":"In Old Kentucky (1919): (from left) cinematographer Henry Cronjager, assistant director Alfred E. Green, director Marshall Neilan, and cinematographer Tony Gaudio","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/In_Old_Kentucky_%281919%29_-_2.jpg/271px-In_Old_Kentucky_%281919%29_-_2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Still from the American drama film Shattered Idols (1922)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Shattered_Idols_%281922%29_-_3.jpg/220px-Shattered_Idols_%281922%29_-_3.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tony Gaudio, August 1925","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Tony_Gaudio_-_Aug_1925_EH.jpg/192px-Tony_Gaudio_-_Aug_1925_EH.jpg"},{"image_text":"The American Cinematographer. 1923-01 Vol. III no. 10 cover","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/The_American_Cinematographer._1923-01_Vol._III_no._10_cover.jpg/128px-The_American_Cinematographer._1923-01_Vol._III_no._10_cover.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Price of Success (1925) with film director Tony Gaudio, Florence Turner, and Alice Lake","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/The_Price_of_Success_%281925%29_-_1.jpg/391px-The_Price_of_Success_%281925%29_-_1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Poster- Hell's Angels (1930)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Poster_-_Hell%27s_Angels_%281930%29_04.jpg/151px-Poster_-_Hell%27s_Angels_%281930%29_04.jpg"},{"image_text":"On set of 1936 Anthony Adverse; Mervyn LeRoy (seated right) directing costars March and DeHavilland; behind LeRoy is Tony Gaudio","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Filming_on_set_of_Anthony_Adverse%2C_1936.jpeg/330px-Filming_on_set_of_Anthony_Adverse%2C_1936.jpeg"},{"image_text":"\"Juarez\" 1939 Title, from Trailer","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Juarez_1939_Title.jpg/220px-Juarez_1939_Title.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tony Gaudio on Experiment Perilous, 1944","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Tony_Gaudio_on_Experiment_Perilous.jpg/220px-Tony_Gaudio_on_Experiment_Perilous.jpg"},{"image_text":"Gaudio circa 1919","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/TonyGaudio1919.png/220px-TonyGaudio1919.png"},{"image_text":"Mitchell Camera circ 1930s","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Mitchell_STD_%28c1930s%29.jpg/220px-Mitchell_STD_%28c1930s%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"\"On With the Show\" ad in The Film Daily, Jan-Jun 1929","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/%22On_With_the_Show%22_ad_in_The_Film_Daily%2C_Jan-Jun_1929_%28page_1289_crop%29.jpg/141px-%22On_With_the_Show%22_ad_in_The_Film_Daily%2C_Jan-Jun_1929_%28page_1289_crop%29.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Tony Gaudio, 66, Film Cameraman\". The New York Times. August 11, 1951.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Little Close-Ups of the A.S.C.\" The American Cinematographer. 2 (February 1922).","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/americancinemato02amer_0/americancinemato02amer_0_djvu.txt","url_text":"\"Little Close-Ups of the A.S.C.\""}]},{"reference":"\"Long Record and More Honor for Tony Gaudio on His Screen Work\". American Cinematographer. 19 (June, 1938): 230–232.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Tony Gaudio Wins Camera Honors\". American Cinematographer. 18 (April, 1937).","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Who Is Tony Gaudio?\". The Tony Gaudio Foundation For The Cinematic Arts. 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tonygaudiofoundation.org/","url_text":"\"Who Is Tony Gaudio?\""}]},{"reference":"ABENAVOLI, DI PAOLA (March 9, 2024). \"From Cosenza to the American Dream: The Film About Tony Gaudio Arrives, On the Story of the First Italian to Win an Oscar (Exclusive)\". The Hollywood Reporter, Roma.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.it/film/festival-e-premi/tony-gaudio-la-storia-vera-del-primo-italiano-che-vinse-un-premio-oscar/93985/","url_text":"\"From Cosenza to the American Dream: The Film About Tony Gaudio Arrives, On the Story of the First Italian to Win an Oscar (Exclusive)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tony in Focus\". The Tony Gaudio Foundation For The Cinematic Arts. 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tonygaudiofoundation.org/tony-gaudio","url_text":"\"Tony in Focus\""}]},{"reference":"Gallagher, John A. (2000). \"Gaudio, Tony, International Dictionary of Film and Filmmakers\". St. James Press. 4 (2000): 310–312.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Whitman, Philip H. \"Pans and Tilts\". The American Cinematographer. 1 (October, 1921).","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"A.S.C. Elects New Officers\". The American Cinematographer. 5 (May, 1924): 5.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"In Camera Fornia\". The American Cinematographer. 2 (December, 1921).","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"In Camera Fornia\". The American Cinematographer. 5 (April, 1924): 26.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Way Cleared for Gaudio to Direct\". The American Cinematographer. 5 (August, 1925).","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"In Camera Fornia\". The American Cinematographer. 5 (May, 1924).","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"In Camera Fornia\". The American Cinematographer. 5 (December, 1924).","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Tony Gaudio, A.S.C. Becomes Director\". The American Cinematographer. 6 (July, 1925): 13.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Gaudio, Gaetano. \"Lighting Color on a Black-and-White Schedule\". The American Cinematographer. 17 (December, 1936).","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Juarez Declared Really Great Picture\". The American Cinematographer. 20 (April, 1939) – via Media History Digital Library.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Ten Best Pictures of 1939 in the Film Daily's Annual Poll of Critics of America\". The Film Daily. 1939 – via Media History Digital Library.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Tony Gaudio Photographed Two of the Best Pictures of 1939\". The Film Daily. 1939 – via Media History Digital Library.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"TONY GAUDIO\". American Film Institute.","urls":[{"url":"https://catalog.afi.com/Person/148490-Tony-Gaudio?sid=6c79e45e-4a8e-4903-8668-8542deb492f3&sr=9.857439&cp=1&pos=0&isMiscCredit=false","url_text":"\"TONY GAUDIO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Honor Box, This Week REPUBLIC Wins With: I've Always Loved You (1946)\". The Box Office Digest (May-Dec 1946). 1946 – via Media History Digital Library.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Gaudio Declines\". The American Cinematographer. 20 (April, 1939).","urls":[]},{"reference":"Blanchard, Walter. \"Aces of the Camera XV: \"Tony\" Gaudio, A.S.C.\". The American Cinematographer. 23 (March, 1942): 112–138 – via Media History Digital Library.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"In Camera Fornia\". The American Cinematographer. 1 (December, 1921) – via Media History Digital Library.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Gaudio Inventor of Epoch-making Device\". The American Cinematographer. 3 (November, 1923) – via Media History Digital Library.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Documentary\". The Tony Gaudio Foundation For The Cinematic Arts. 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tonygaudiofoundation.org/documentary","url_text":"\"Documentary\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Tony+Gaudio%22","external_links_name":"\"Tony Gaudio\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Tony+Gaudio%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Tony+Gaudio%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Tony+Gaudio%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Tony+Gaudio%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Tony+Gaudio%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://collections.oscars.org/onesearch/","external_links_name":"The Margaret Herrick Academy"},{"Link":"https://www.tonygaudiofoundation.org/","external_links_name":"The Tony Gaudio Foundation for The Cinematic Arts"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/americancinemato02amer_0/americancinemato02amer_0_djvu.txt","external_links_name":"\"Little Close-Ups of the A.S.C.\""},{"Link":"https://www.tonygaudiofoundation.org/","external_links_name":"\"Who Is Tony Gaudio?\""},{"Link":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.it/film/festival-e-premi/tony-gaudio-la-storia-vera-del-primo-italiano-che-vinse-un-premio-oscar/93985/","external_links_name":"\"From Cosenza to the American Dream: The Film About Tony Gaudio Arrives, On the Story of the First Italian to Win an Oscar (Exclusive)\""},{"Link":"https://www.tonygaudiofoundation.org/tony-gaudio","external_links_name":"\"Tony in Focus\""},{"Link":"https://catalog.afi.com/Person/148490-Tony-Gaudio?sid=6c79e45e-4a8e-4903-8668-8542deb492f3&sr=9.857439&cp=1&pos=0&isMiscCredit=false","external_links_name":"\"TONY GAUDIO\""},{"Link":"https://www.tonygaudiofoundation.org/documentary","external_links_name":"\"Documentary\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentrich,_Derbyshire | Pentrich | ["1 Pentrich rising","2 St Matthew's Church","3 In literature","4 See also","5 References","6 Bibliography","7 External links"] | Coordinates: 53°04′N 1°25′W / 53.07°N 1.42°W / 53.07; -1.42This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Pentrich" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Human settlement in EnglandPentrichPentrich ChurchPentrichLocation within DerbyshirePopulation191 (2011)OS grid referenceSK389525DistrictAmber ValleyShire countyDerbyshireRegionEast MidlandsCountryEnglandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townRIPLEYPostcode districtDE5Dialling code01773PoliceDerbyshireFireDerbyshireAmbulanceEast Midlands
UK ParliamentAmber Valley
List of places
UK
England
Derbyshire
53°04′N 1°25′W / 53.07°N 1.42°W / 53.07; -1.42
Pentrich is a small village and civil parish between Belper and Alfreton in Amber Valley, Derbyshire, England. The population of the civil parish taken at the 2011 Census was 191.
Pentrich rising
Main article: Pentrich rising
The village gave its name to the Pentrich rising, an armed uprising which occurred on the night of 9/10 June 1817. The name is controversial. While much of the planning took place in Pentrich, two of the three ringleaders were from South Wingfield and the other was from Sutton in Ashfield; the 'revolution' itself started from Hunt's Barn in South Wingfield, and the only person killed died in Wingfield Park.
A gathering of some two or three hundred men (stockingers, quarrymen and iron workers), led by Jeremiah Brandreth ('The Nottingham Captain'), (an unemployed stockinger, and claimed, without substantiation, by Gyles Brandreth as an ancestor), set out from South Wingfield to march to Nottingham. They were lightly armed with pikes, scythes and a few guns, which had been hidden in a quarry in Wingfield Park, and had a set of rather unfocussed revolutionary demands, including the wiping out of the National Debt.
The organizer of the event turned out to be a government spy, who became known as Oliver the Spy, and the uprising was quashed soon after it began. Three men were hanged for their participation in the uprising, including Brandreth.
St Matthew's Church
St Matthew's Church
Whilst St Matthew's Church is not mentioned in the Domesday book (1086), a charter of 1154–9 confirms the gift of the church of Pentrich to the canons of Darley Abbey. Of this Norman church or one which shortly after replaced it the five arcades separating the aisles from the nave, parts of the west wall and south aisle and lower part of the tower remain.
The tower was made higher in the late 14th century and the two aisles were rebuilt. Around 1430 a new pointed chancel arch was built, retaining the earlier capitals and piers and a clerestory was added. The tracery of the east window suggests a date of 1420–50.
The font stands on a pedestal dated 1662 but the bowl has decoration typical of the Norman period. During the 19th century the bowl was absent and was used for the salting of beef.
On the exterior of the south chancel wall is a scratch dial or mass clock, a sort of sundial used to show service times.
Interior St Matthew's Church
In literature
Percy Bysshe Shelley wrote the pamphlet "We Pity the Plumage, But Forget the Dying Bird" (1817) contrasting the wretched fate of the 'Pentrich Martyrs' (Brandreth, Turner & Ludlam) to the public mourning for the death of Princess Charlotte Augusta of Wales in childbirth a day earlier.
Charles Lamb wrote "The Three Graves" (1820) (which turns out to be not for the condemned men, but their accusers)
...
I ask'd the fiend, for whom these rites were meant?
"These graves," quoth he, "when life's brief oil is spent,
When the dark night comes, and they're sinking bedwards,
I mean for Castles, Oliver, and Edwards."
A fictional account is given of the postwar slump, chartism, the Pentrich Revolution and industrial progress in The Reckoning, Volume 15 of The Morland Dynasty, a series of historical novels by author Cynthia Harrod-Eagles.
Historical romance and erotic novelist Pam Rosenthal involves the hero and heroine of her novel The Slightest Provocation in the unmasking of the Pentrich uprising's government provocateur.
Paul and Clara visit the village in D. H. Lawrence's Sons and Lovers (Chapter 12). Although this is doubtful as he often used nearby placenames as substitutes for the actual location of his novels. Real Pentrich does not fit the context of this story as they walk to "Pentrich" from chapel in Eastwood, too far for an evening stroll. It is more likely Alma Hill near Kimberley with its "ruined windmill".
See also
Listed buildings in Pentrich
References
^ "Civil Parish population 2011". Neighbourhood Statistics. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 17 March 2016.
^ Sean Lang (2011). British History For Dummies. John Wiley & Sons. p. 308. ISBN 978-0-470-74068-2.
^ John Cannon (4 July 2009). A Dictionary of British History. Oxford University Press. p. 1106. ISBN 978-0-19-955038-8. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
^ St Matthew's Church
^ A DH Lawrence Companion by F.B. Pinion Page 297
Bibliography
This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (May 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Cooper, B (1983) Transformation of a Valley: The Derbyshire Derwent Heinemann, republished 1991 Cromford: Scarthin Books
Cox, J C (1879) The Churches of Derbyshire Vol 4
Pevsner, N (1978) The Buildings of England: Derbyshire
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pentrich.
Pentrich Parish Council
St Matthew's Church, Pentrich
Pentrich Historical Society website
Pentrich and South Wingfield Revolution Group | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"civil parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_parishes_in_England"},{"link_name":"Belper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belper"},{"link_name":"Alfreton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfreton"},{"link_name":"Amber Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amber_Valley"},{"link_name":"Derbyshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derbyshire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Human settlement in EnglandPentrich is a small village and civil parish between Belper and Alfreton in Amber Valley, Derbyshire, England. 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The name is controversial.[citation needed] While much of the planning took place in Pentrich, two of the three ringleaders were from South Wingfield and the other was from Sutton in Ashfield; the 'revolution' itself started from Hunt's Barn in South Wingfield, and the only person killed died in Wingfield Park.A gathering of some two or three hundred men (stockingers, quarrymen and iron workers), led by Jeremiah Brandreth ('The Nottingham Captain'), (an unemployed stockinger, and claimed, without substantiation, by Gyles Brandreth as an ancestor), set out from South Wingfield to march to Nottingham. They were lightly armed with pikes, scythes and a few guns, which had been hidden in a quarry in Wingfield Park, and had a set of rather unfocussed revolutionary demands, including the wiping out of the National Debt.The organizer of the event[citation needed] turned out to be a government spy, who became known as Oliver the Spy, and the uprising was quashed soon after it began.[2] Three men were hanged for their participation in the uprising, including Brandreth.[3]","title":"Pentrich rising"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:View_of_south_side,_St_Matthew%27s_Church,_Pentrich.JPG"},{"link_name":"St Matthew's Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Matthew%27s_Church,_Pentrich"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Domesday book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domesday_book"},{"link_name":"clerestory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clerestory"},{"link_name":"scratch dial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_dial"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Interior,_St_Matthew%27s_Church,_Pentrich.JPG"}],"text":"St Matthew's ChurchWhilst St Matthew's Church[4] is not mentioned in the Domesday book (1086), a charter of 1154–9 confirms the gift of the church of Pentrich to the canons of Darley Abbey. Of this Norman church or one which shortly after replaced it the five arcades separating the aisles from the nave, parts of the west wall and south aisle and lower part of the tower remain.The tower was made higher in the late 14th century and the two aisles were rebuilt. Around 1430 a new pointed chancel arch was built, retaining the earlier capitals and piers and a clerestory was added. The tracery of the east window suggests a date of 1420–50.The font stands on a pedestal dated 1662 but the bowl has decoration typical of the Norman period. 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H. Lawrence's Sons and Lovers (Chapter 12). Although this is doubtful as he often used nearby placenames as substitutes for the actual location of his novels. Real Pentrich does not fit the context of this story as they walk to \"Pentrich\" from chapel in Eastwood, too far for an evening stroll. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolph_III,_Count_of_Waldeck | Adolph III, Count of Waldeck | ["1 Life","2 References"] | Count of Waldeck-Landau
Adolph III, Count of WaldeckBorn1362Died(1431-04-19)19 April 1431Noble familyHouse of WaldeckSpouse(s)Agnes of ZiegenhainFatherHenry VI, Count of WaldeckMotherElisabeth of Berg
Adolph III, Count of Waldeck (1362 – 19 April 1431) was Count of Waldeck-Landau from 1397 until his death. He was the founder of the elder Waldeck-Landau line.
Life
Adolph III was a son of Count Henry VI and his wife Elisabeth of Berg. His older brother was Henry VII of Waldeck-Waldeck. In 1387, Adolph married Agnes, the daughter of Count Gottfried VIII of Ziegenhain. The marriage produced a son, Otto III, who would later succeed Adolph. Adolph III and his family lived at Landau Castle, which his father had assigned to him, and remained there after the county had been divided into Waldeck-Landau and Waldeck-Waldeck after his father's death in 1397.
His reign was marked with conflicts with Henry VII. He disagrees with Henry's attack on the area around Kassel in 1400, which destroyed the alliance Waldeck had had with the Landgraviate of Hesse. Hesse responded by invading Waldeck. Adolph tried to restore good relations with Hesse. In 1406, Henry published nineteen complaints about Adolph and proposed to have the issue arbitrated by the mayors and councillors from Korbach and Niederwildungen. Adolph, in turn, accused Henry of selling Schartenberg to the Archbishop of Cologne without his consent. Attempts to mediate between the brothers were unsuccessful.
It was not until 1421 that Adolph's brother-in-law, Count John II of Ziegenhain, managed to mediate a compromise between the two brothers and theirs sons, Otto III and Wolrad. The division of the county was confirmed, however, the brothers also agreed that no land would be sold off or mortgaged without knowledge and consent from the other family branch. Deeds relating to either half of the county were to be archived in a common archive at Waldeck Castle. Completed fiefs would revert to joint ownership. Future disputes were to be investigated and settled by the burgmannen and councils. In later years, this agreement was renewed and refined.
References
Adolph Theodor Ludwig Varnhagen: Grundlage der Waldeckischen Landes- und Regentengeschichte. Band 2, Arolsen, 1853, p. 1-5
Adolph III, Count of Waldeck House of WaldeckBorn: 1362 Died: 19 April 1431
Preceded byHenry VIas Count of Waldeck
Count of Waldeck-Landau 1397-1431
Succeeded byOtto III
This article about a German count is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Adolph III, Count of Waldeck (1362 – 19 April 1431) was Count of Waldeck-Landau from 1397 until his death. He was the founder of the elder Waldeck-Landau line.","title":"Adolph III, Count of Waldeck"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Henry VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VI,_Count_of_Waldeck"},{"link_name":"Henry VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VII,_Count_of_Waldeck"},{"link_name":"Gottfried VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottfried_VIII,_Count_of_Ziegenhain"},{"link_name":"Ziegenhain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Ziegenhain"},{"link_name":"Otto III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_III,_Count_of_Waldeck"},{"link_name":"Landau Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Landau_Castle&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kassel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kassel"},{"link_name":"Landgraviate of Hesse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landgraviate_of_Hesse"},{"link_name":"Korbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korbach"},{"link_name":"Niederwildungen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Wildungen"},{"link_name":"John II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_II,_Count_of_Ziegenhain"},{"link_name":"Otto III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_III,_Count_of_Waldeck"},{"link_name":"Wolrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolrad_I,_Count_of_Waldeck"},{"link_name":"Waldeck Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Waldeck_Castle_(Waldeck)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fiefs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fief"},{"link_name":"burgmannen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgmann"}],"text":"Adolph III was a son of Count Henry VI and his wife Elisabeth of Berg. His older brother was Henry VII of Waldeck-Waldeck. In 1387, Adolph married Agnes, the daughter of Count Gottfried VIII of Ziegenhain. The marriage produced a son, Otto III, who would later succeed Adolph. Adolph III and his family lived at Landau Castle, which his father had assigned to him, and remained there after the county had been divided into Waldeck-Landau and Waldeck-Waldeck after his father's death in 1397.His reign was marked with conflicts with Henry VII. He disagrees with Henry's attack on the area around Kassel in 1400, which destroyed the alliance Waldeck had had with the Landgraviate of Hesse. Hesse responded by invading Waldeck. Adolph tried to restore good relations with Hesse. In 1406, Henry published nineteen complaints about Adolph and proposed to have the issue arbitrated by the mayors and councillors from Korbach and Niederwildungen. Adolph, in turn, accused Henry of selling Schartenberg to the Archbishop of Cologne without his consent. Attempts to mediate between the brothers were unsuccessful.It was not until 1421 that Adolph's brother-in-law, Count John II of Ziegenhain, managed to mediate a compromise between the two brothers and theirs sons, Otto III and Wolrad. The division of the county was confirmed, however, the brothers also agreed that no land would be sold off or mortgaged without knowledge and consent from the other family branch. Deeds relating to either half of the county were to be archived in a common archive at Waldeck Castle. Completed fiefs would revert to joint ownership. Future disputes were to be investigated and settled by the burgmannen and councils. In later years, this agreement was renewed and refined.","title":"Life"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adolph_III,_Count_of_Waldeck&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bricelyn,_Minnesota | Bricelyn, Minnesota | ["1 History","2 Geography","3 Demographics","3.1 2010 census","3.2 2000 census","4 References","5 External links"] | Coordinates: 43°33′39″N 93°48′47″W / 43.56083°N 93.81306°W / 43.56083; -93.81306
City in Minnesota, United States
City in Minnesota, United StatesBricelynCityMotto: "A Good Place To Call Home"Location of Bricelyn, MinnesotaCoordinates: 43°33′39″N 93°48′47″W / 43.56083°N 93.81306°W / 43.56083; -93.81306CountryUnited StatesStateMinnesotaCountyFaribaultGovernment • TypeMayor - Council • MayorThomas SensArea • Total0.29 sq mi (0.75 km2) • Land0.29 sq mi (0.75 km2) • Water0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2)Elevation1,181 ft (360 m)Population (2020) • Total348 • Density1,200.00/sq mi (462.59/km2)Time zoneUTC-6 (Central (CST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-5 (CDT)ZIP code56014Area code507FIPS code27-07678GNIS feature ID2393414Websitehttp://www.co.faribault.mn.us/Bricelyn/
Bricelyn is a city in Faribault County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 365 at the 2010 census.
History
The town developed as a result of the railroad passing through the area. In 1899, town lots were auctioned. The city was named for John Brice, the original owner of the town site. A post office has been in operation at Bricelyn since 1899.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.29 square miles (0.75 km2), all land.
Demographics
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
1900166—1910352112.0%192056460.2%1930509−9.8%194060118.1%19506396.3%1960542−15.2%1970470−13.3%19804873.6%1990426−12.5%2000379−11.0%2010365−3.7%2020348−4.7%U.S. Decennial Census
2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 365 people, 168 households, and 97 families living in the city. The population density was 1,258.6 inhabitants per square mile (485.9/km2). There were 197 housing units at an average density of 679.3 per square mile (262.3/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 92.6% White, 2.5% African American, 1.4% Native American, 0.8% Asian, 0.5% from other races, and 2.2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 9.6% of the population.
There were 168 households, of which 21.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.6% were married couples living together, 8.9% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.2% had a male householder with no wife present, and 42.3% were non-families. 38.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.17 and the average family size was 2.89.
The median age in the city was 47.9 years. 22.5% of residents were under the age of 18; 6.5% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 18.6% were from 25 to 44; 27.4% were from 45 to 64; and 24.9% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 52.1% male and 47.9% female.
2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 379 people, 182 households, and 101 families living in the city. The population density was 1,283.9 inhabitants per square mile (495.7/km2). There were 208 housing units at an average density of 704.6 per square mile (272.0/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 99.47% White, 0.26% from other races, and 0.26% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.96% of the population.
There were 182 households, out of which 21.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.5% were married couples living together, 2.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 44.0% were non-families. 39.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 20.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.08 and the average family size was 2.80.
In the city, the population was spread out, with 20.8% under the age of 18, 5.8% from 18 to 24, 22.4% from 25 to 44, 23.7% from 45 to 64, and 27.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 46 years. For every 100 females, there were 102.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 106.9 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $29,375, and the median income for a family was $39,375. Males had a median income of $31,354 versus $21,111 for females. The per capita income for the city was $15,340. About 7.5% of families and 10.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7.5% of those under age 18 and 10.5% of those age 65 or over.
References
^ a b "The City of Bricelyn Minnesota". The City of Bricelyn Minnesota. Archived from the original on January 18, 2012. Retrieved October 14, 2012.
^ "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 24, 2022.
^ a b U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Bricelyn, Minnesota
^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
^ "2010 Census Redistricting Data (Public Law 94-171) Summary File". American FactFinder. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved April 27, 2011.
^ Chicago and North Western Railway Company (1908). A History of the Origin of the Place Names Connected with the Chicago & North Western and Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis & Omaha Railways. p. 46.
^ "Faribault County". Jim Forte Postal History. Retrieved May 29, 2015.
^ "US Gazetteer files 2010". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on January 25, 2012. Retrieved November 13, 2012.
^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved November 13, 2012.
External links
The City of Bricelyn Minnesota
ePodunk: Profile for Bricelyn, Minnesota
vteMunicipalities and communities of Faribault County, Minnesota, United StatesCounty seat: Blue EarthCities
Blue Earth
Bricelyn
Delavan
Easton
Elmore
Frost
Kiester
Minnesota Lake‡
Walters
Wells
Winnebago
Map of Minnesota highlighting Faribault CountyTownships
Barber
Blue Earth City
Brush Creek
Clark
Delavan
Dunbar
Elmore
Emerald
Foster
Jo Daviess
Kiester
Lura
Minnesota Lake
Pilot Grove
Prescott
Rome
Seely
Verona
Walnut Lake
Winnebago City
Unincorporated communities
Baroda
Brush Creek
Dell
Guckeen
Huntley
Marna
Pilot Grove
Ghost towns
Clayton
Homedahl
Walnut Lake
Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
Minnesota portal
United States portal | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Faribault County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faribault_County,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota"},{"link_name":"2010 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2010_Census_(City)-5"}],"text":"City in Minnesota, United StatesCity in Minnesota, United StatesBricelyn is a city in Faribault County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 365 at the 2010 census.[5]","title":"Bricelyn, Minnesota"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_City_of_Bricelyn_Minnesota-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The town developed as a result of the railroad passing through the area. In 1899, town lots were auctioned.[1] The city was named for John Brice, the original owner of the town site.[6] A post office has been in operation at Bricelyn since 1899.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gazetteer_files-8"}],"text":"According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.29 square miles (0.75 km2), all land.[8]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wwwcensusgov-10"},{"link_name":"population density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"}],"sub_title":"2010 census","text":"As of the census[10] of 2010, there were 365 people, 168 households, and 97 families living in the city. The population density was 1,258.6 inhabitants per square mile (485.9/km2). There were 197 housing units at an average density of 679.3 per square mile (262.3/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 92.6% White, 2.5% African American, 1.4% Native American, 0.8% Asian, 0.5% from other races, and 2.2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 9.6% of the population.There were 168 households, of which 21.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.6% were married couples living together, 8.9% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.2% had a male householder with no wife present, and 42.3% were non-families. 38.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.17 and the average family size was 2.89.The median age in the city was 47.9 years. 22.5% of residents were under the age of 18; 6.5% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 18.6% were from 25 to 44; 27.4% were from 45 to 64; and 24.9% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 52.1% male and 47.9% female.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"sub_title":"2000 census","text":"As of the census of 2000, there were 379 people, 182 households, and 101 families living in the city. The population density was 1,283.9 inhabitants per square mile (495.7/km2). There were 208 housing units at an average density of 704.6 per square mile (272.0/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 99.47% White, 0.26% from other races, and 0.26% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.96% of the population.There were 182 households, out of which 21.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.5% were married couples living together, 2.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 44.0% were non-families. 39.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 20.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.08 and the average family size was 2.80.In the city, the population was spread out, with 20.8% under the age of 18, 5.8% from 18 to 24, 22.4% from 25 to 44, 23.7% from 45 to 64, and 27.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 46 years. For every 100 females, there were 102.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 106.9 males.The median income for a household in the city was $29,375, and the median income for a family was $39,375. Males had a median income of $31,354 versus $21,111 for females. The per capita income for the city was $15,340. About 7.5% of families and 10.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7.5% of those under age 18 and 10.5% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"}] | [{"image_text":"Map of Minnesota highlighting Faribault County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Map_of_Minnesota_highlighting_Faribault_County.svg/180px-Map_of_Minnesota_highlighting_Faribault_County.svg.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"The City of Bricelyn Minnesota\". The City of Bricelyn Minnesota. Archived from the original on January 18, 2012. Retrieved October 14, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120118151518/http://www.co.faribault.mn.us/Bricelyn/","url_text":"\"The City of Bricelyn Minnesota\""},{"url":"http://www.co.faribault.mn.us/Bricelyn/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 24, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_27.txt","url_text":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"2010 Census Redistricting Data (Public Law 94-171) Summary File\". American FactFinder. United States Census Bureau. 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Retrieved May 29, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.postalhistory.com/postoffices.asp?task=display&state=MN&county=Faribault","url_text":"\"Faribault County\""}]},{"reference":"\"US Gazetteer files 2010\". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on January 25, 2012. Retrieved November 13, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120125061959/http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt","url_text":"\"US Gazetteer files 2010\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"},{"url":"https://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of Population and Housing\". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Lawn_Cemetery_(Columbus,_Ohio) | Green Lawn Cemetery (Columbus, Ohio) | ["1 History","1.1 Establishment of Green Lawn","1.2 Growth of the cemetery","1.3 21st century vandalism","2 Huntington Chapel","3 About Green Lawn Cemetery","3.1 Notable structures and art","4 Notable burials","5 See also","6 References","7 Bibliography","8 External links"] | Coordinates: 39°56′25″N 83°01′56″W / 39.940389°N 83.032324°W / 39.940389; -83.032324Green Lawn CemeteryMain (east) entrance of Green Lawn CemeteryDetailsEstablishedJuly 9, 1849Location1000 Greenlawn Avenue, Columbus, OhioCountryUnited StatesCoordinates39°56′25″N 83°01′56″W / 39.940389°N 83.032324°W / 39.940389; -83.032324TypePrivate nonprofitOwned byGreen Lawn Cemetery AssociationSize360 acres (150 ha)No. of graves155,000 (as of 2017)WebsiteGreen Lawn CemeteryFind a GraveGreen Lawn CemeteryThe Political GraveyardGreen Lawn CemeteryHistoric site
Green Lawn Cemetery is an active historic private rural cemetery located in Columbus, Ohio, in the United States. Organized in 1848 and opened in 1849, the cemetery was the city's premier burying ground in the 1800s and beyond. An American Civil War memorial was erected there in 1891, and chapel constructed in 1902. With 360 acres (150 ha), it is Ohio's second-largest cemetery.
History
Franklinton Cemetery was the first cemetery established in what later became Columbus. It was built on land donated by Lucas Sullivant on River Street near Souder Avenue in 1799. Many of the early settlers of Franklinton and Columbus were buried there. The 11.5-acre (4.7 ha) North Graveyard followed in 1812, and the 11.25-acre (4.55 ha) East Graveyard in 1841. A 3-acre (1.2 ha) Roman Catholic cemetery opened in 1848 (although it had been in use as early as 1846).
Establishment of Green Lawn
By the mid-1840s, growing settlement in the area left the Franklinton, North, and East cemeteries too small to accommodate more burials. On February 24, 1848, the Ohio General Assembly enacted a law providing for the incorporation of cemetery associations by 10 or more people. On August 2, 1848, a group of Columbus area business and civic leaders that included A.C Brown, William G. Deshler, William A. Platt, Thomas Sparrow, Alfred P. Stone, Joseph Sullivant, William B. Thrall, and others formed the Green Lawn Cemetery Association. The group secured a charter from the Ohio General Assembly on March 23, 1849, incorporating the "Green Lawn Cemetery of Columbus". A public meeting was held on July 12, and a committee of 11 local leaders appointed to select a site and draft articles of incorporation. The committee presented the public with draft articles of incorporation on August 2. These were accepted, and the first board of directors organized on August 26.
The board sought a site of about 50 to 100 acres (20 to 40 ha) of gently rolling land well-covered in trees and shrubs. The first purchase of 83 acres (34 ha) of forested land was made in the early spring of 1849 at a cost of $3,750 ($100,000 in 2022 dollars). This consisted of a 39-acre (16 ha) tract obtained from Judge Gershom M. Peters and a 44-acre (18 ha) tract from William Miner. A public picnic was held on the ground on May 23, during which a partial clearing of a small portion of the land occurred. Architect Howard Daniels was hired to lay out the roads, paths, and plots. Daniels had spent several months in Europe studying rural cemetery design there, and had recently designed his first cemetery, Cincinnati's widely praised Spring Grove Cemetery. A formal dedication of the cemetery occurred on July 9. A superintendent's cottage was erected near the main gate on Brown Road, and Richard Woolley appointed the first superintendent. Daniels, who died in December 1863, is buried in the cemetery.
Growth of the cemetery
Packard family mausoleum
Gay family mausoleum
At the time, the cemetery was located 2.5 miles (4.0 km) west of the nascent village of Columbus. The first burial at Green Lawn Cemetery was that of a child, Leonora Perry, on July 7, 1849. The second, and first adult, was Dr. B. F. Gard on July 12. The first headstone or other monument in the cemetery was erected the second week of October 1849 by William G. Deshler. It was for his wife, Olive, who had died at the age of 19. The monument consisted of an upright stone slab depicting a rose branch. The bloom itself was carved on the plinth on which the slab stood, and was inscribed "Olive, wife of William G. Deshler, age 19". After Green Lawn opened, most of the families with graves at Franklinton Cemetery moved their ancestral remains to Green Lawn. Franklinton Cemetery quickly fell out of favor as a place to be buried. Those buried at North Graveyard also disinterred loved ones' remains and moved them to Green Lawn. By 1869, about half of those buried at North Graveyard had been reinterred at Green Lawn.
Green Lawn Cemetery lotholders voted to bar non-whites from being buried at Green Lawn in 1856. It was not until 1872 that this restriction was lifted, and a segregated section set aside for African Americans.
In February 1864, the trustees of Green Lawn Cemetery offered to exchange burial lots with those individuals who still retained plots at North Graveyard. Green Lawn intended to build homes on the site of the abandoned North Graveyard and lease them in order to generate income. In addition, the Columbus, Chicago and Indiana Central Railway sought to condemn a portion of the burying ground for a railroad right of way. The two offers generated extensive litigation, as lotholders sought to prevent the disinterment of loved ones and those who had deeded land to the city tried to regain title to it. This litigation was not resolved until the late 1870s, and it was not until 1881 that most graves were removed from North Graveyard.
On April 1, 1872, the cemetery purchased a 32-acre (13 ha) tract from Samuel Stimmel and a 30-acre (12 ha) tract from John Stimmel, bringing the cemetery's total size to 147 acres (59 ha). In 1887, Green Lawn expanded to 275 acres (111 ha), and Green Lawn Avenue opened to create an eastern entrance to the cemetery. In 1898, an iron bridge was built over a ravine between sections 54 and 55. By 1919, all the roads in the cemetery were of macadam, and had gutters.
The Soldiers and Sailors' Memorial was erected at Green Lawn Cemetery in 1891. Cemetery officials first set aside a section (M) for military burials on June 10, 1862. The Ex-Soldiers and Sailors' Association of Franklin County, a group of Civil War veterans, purchased four lots in section 28 in November 1881 for the interment of veterans. Two years later, the association began a campaign to raise funds for the design and erection of a veterans memorial in that section. Another four lots in section 28 were purchased in January 1886, and in March 1886 the Ohio General Assembly authorized the commissioners of Franklin County to levy a tax to aid in the construction of the memorial. A memorial design was approved in October 1886, and the memorial erected by the New England Granite Works of Hartford, Connecticut. The $8,900 ($300,000 in 2022 dollars) memorial was completed in November 1890.
21st century vandalism
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In 2012, metal thieves damaged numerous family mausoleums, in some cases stealing entire door and window grates and in one case breaking into crypts in a family mausoleum. The perpetrators were never caught, and the cemetery extended fences to prevent after-hours vehicular entry and contract random security patrols. These measures proved insufficient when the next acts of vandalism occurred.
A vandal struck Green Lawn Cemetery more than a dozen times beginning in the fall of 2014. The vandal initially knocked over gravestones, but over time the damage worsened. By early 2016, more than 600 monuments were damaged as well as glass and the historic bust of Gustavus Swan. Cemetery officials estimated the cost of repairs at more than $1.25 million ($1,500,000 in 2022 dollars). Cemetery officials contracted full nighttime security patrols in the cemetery and installed numerous security cameras which resulted in identifying the vandal, but he was never charged by law enforcement. By 2021 most of the damage was repaired except for a few broken obelisks.
The enhanced security measures have, as of 2021, curtailed any similar vandalism after-hours.
In the wake of the vandalism, cemetery volunteers and instructors at Columbus State Community College created a geographic information system capstone course. Taught by Doreen Whitley Rogers, nonprofit executive and wife of a cemetery trustee, students in the course donated more than $10,000 ($11,939 in 2022 dollars) in free consulting services to the cemetery. Damaged graves were identified and damage documented, potential vandal points of entry noted, repair cost analyses generated, and patterns of criminal activity in the cemetery identified.
Starting in 2020, a vandal damaged nearly 100 trees over a period of several months during mornings shortly after the grounds opened. As of September 2021, evidence was being processed and charges were pending against an identified suspect.
Huntington Chapel
Huntington Chapel
Green Lawn officials had long desired to build a chapel at the cemetery ever since its formation in 1848. A site was selected, but cemetery expansion made it less than ideal. A second site was selected, but again expansion rendered the site inappropriate. After the 1887 expansion, the board of directors felt secure enough to select a permanent location for the new chapel. Design and construction were put off until enough funds had been raised to erect a substantial building of excellent materials and workmanship. The fundraising effort neared completion in 1899, at which time the board selected architect Frank L. Packard to design the chapel. Packard was a natural choice, as he had advised the board for several years on the landscape design and aesthetics of the cemetery.
This structure, originally called the Mortuary Chapel, was dedicated on November 11, 1902. The chapel is in the Renaissance Revival style, and features a rotunda capped in red vitrified tile. The dome bears a resemblance to the Ohio Statehouse (then still under construction). The structure rests on a bed of gravel 8 feet (2.4 m) below the surface. The foundations are of concrete and stone, and arches of brick and concrete support the building above. The exterior walls are of white marble, while the interior walls are clad in "English vein" Italian marble. The main entry doors are bronze and flanked by Ionic columns, while the interior floor is a geometric pattern of black and white tile. The dome, made of leaded art glass, supported by interior pilasters of bronze and marble.
The chapel contains two murals (depicting Truth and Wisdom), a number of mosaics, and windows of both leaded and stained glass. The art glass murals were designed by Frederick Wilson and executed by Tiffany & Co. The stained glass windows were designed by Tiffany & Co. The north window depicts Peggy Thompson, the first white woman known to die in the area, and the south window Isaac Dalton, a superintendent of the Soldier's Home in Columbus who took special care of wounded soldiers during the American Civil War. Peletiah Huntington, founder of what became Huntington Bancshares, donated the mosaics, murals, and stained glass windows. The rest of the chapel cost $24,000 ($800,000 in 2022 dollars). The funeral space in the chapel was dedicated to Huntington in 1902 with the placement of a bronze tablet there.
The Mortuary Chapel was designed to be a place where funerals could be held. Over time, few funerals were held there. Instead, the public began using the chapel as a meditative space, and requesting to be buried inside it. The chapel was renovated, a west wing with service room and bathrooms added, and a carillon with bells constructed in 1963. The leaded glass rotunda was capped with a concrete dome to protect it. The addition and carillon were in the Neoclassical style. A north wing was completed in 1979. The Thompson stained glass window was removed, and a door cut through to the new wing. The historic window was relocated to the east wall of the new wing, while a new stained glass window and fountain were placed at the west wall of the wing. The north wing serves as an indoor mausoleum.
The chapel was rededicated in the early 2000s as Huntington Chapel.
About Green Lawn Cemetery
Section 51, one of six sections at Green Lawn Cemetery set aside for war dead and veterans
Green Lawn Cemetery is privately owned by the nonprofit Green Lawn Cemetery Association. The cemetery is one of Ohio's most prominent rural (or "garden") cemeteries. Any member of the public may purchase a plot.
As of 2021, Green Lawn Cemetery contained 360 acres (1.5 km2), making it Ohio's second-largest cemetery. About 80 acres (32 ha) were undeveloped, which cemetery officials said should provide burial space for another 100 to 150 years. About 27 miles (43 km) of roads wind through the burying ground.
There are roughly 7,000 trees belonging to 150 species at the cemetery. This includes four "state champion" trees (the largest and tallest trees of their species anywhere in the state). In 1999, the Audubon Society recognized Green Lawn Cemetery as part of the Lower Scioto River Ohio "Important Bird Area".
According to cemetery records in 2021, more than 155,000 people were buried at Green Lawn Cemetery. This included 6,000 veterans buried in seven military sections (thousands more are buried on private lots), of which 15 were generals and five Medal of Honor recipients. Portions of two of the military sections are National Cemeteries.
Sections at Green Lawn Cemetery were originally lettered in the order in which they were developed. The cemetery's rapid expansion forced the cemetery to begin numbering sections after running through the alphabet.
Notable structures and art
The Hayden Mausoleum
The Hayden family mausoleum is the cemetery's largest. Designed by local architect Frank L. Packard, it was completed for banker Charles H. Hayden in early 1905. Built at a cost of about $80,000 to $100,000 ($2,600,000 to $3,300,000 in 2022 dollars), the Neoclassical style tomb had a granite foundation, interior and exterior walls of white Vermont marble, and two Ionic columns on each side of the main entrance. The structure is 45 feet (14 m) wide, 55 feet (17 m) deep, and has a 45-foot (14 m) high dome. The interior is octagonal, and features two columns of marble with a hue like alabaster in each corner. The tomb originally contained eight marble sarcophagi, carved in Italy. The main doors were of bronze. Hayden wanted the construction of the mausoleum to be a surprise for his family, so Packard refused to tell the press or cemetery officials who commissioned the work until it was completed.
A row of small, Egyptian Revival mausoleums in section 65 contains the Packard mausoleum. Architect Frank L. Packard designed the Packard family mausoleum himself.
Notable burials
See also: Category:Burials at Green Lawn Cemetery (Columbus, Ohio)
Grave of Alfred Kelley and his immediate descendants
Grave of World War I flying ace Eddie Rickenbacker
Notable individuals buried at the cemetery include:
Monument to the Sells family
De Witt C. Badger, member of the U.S. House of Representatives and Mayor of Columbus
Gordon Battelle, founder of Battelle Memorial Institute
Otto Beatty Jr., attorney, politician, Civil Rights leader
Thomas Blakiston, English explorer and naturalist
John W. Bricker, Ohio Governor, U.S. Senator, and U.S. Vice Presidential candidate
Samuel Bush, industrialist, grandfather of President George H. W. Bush, and great-grandfather of President George W. Bush
James E. Campbell, Governor of Ohio and member of the U.S. House of Representatives
William Turner Coggeshall, newspaper editor, spy for the Union Army, U.S. Ambassador to Ecuador
James M. Comly, Civil War general in the Union Army, newspaper editor, and political backer
James L. Conger, member of the U.S. House of Representatives
George L. Converse, member of the U.S. House of Representatives
Howard Daniels, landscape architect and rural cemetery designer
Augustus Stoner Decker, Mayor of Columbus
William Dennison Jr., Governor of Ohio
Cromwell Dixon, aviation pioneer, first person to fly over the Continental Divide
Daniel S. Earhart, member of the U.S. House of Representatives
Merie Earle, actress
Al G. Field, minstrel show operator
James W. Forsyth, U.S. Army general, war criminal
Samuel Galloway, member of the U.S. House of Representatives
Wally Gerber, baseball player
Washington Gladden, minister and social reformer
Lincoln Goodale, first physician to practice in Columbus
Stomp Gordon, jump blues pianist and singer
Clinton Greaves, Buffalo Soldier and Medal of Honor recipient
Phale Hale, civil rights leader and Ohio state legislator
Henry Howe, historian
Alfred Kelley, banker, canal builder, and railroad executive
Nathan Kelley, architect, designer of the Ohio Statehouse
Simon Lazarus, founder of Lazarus department stores
John J. Lentz, member of the U.S. House of Representatives
George H. Maetzel, Ohio architect
William T. Martin, Mayor of Columbus
Edward S. Matthias, longest-serving associate justice on the Supreme Court of Ohio
Abram Irvin McDowell, Mayor of Columbus
William L. McMillen, physician, Civil War general in the Union Army, and carpetbagger legislator
Samuel Medary, newspaper owner and territorial governor of Minnesota and Kansas
Grant Mitchell, actor
John G. Mitchell, Civil War general in the Union Army
Heman A. Moore, member of the U.S. House of Representatives
George K. Nash, Governor of Ohio
Edward Orton Sr., Ohio State Geologist and first president of Ohio State University
Edward Orton Jr., Ohio State Geologist and ceramic engineer
Joseph H. Outhwaite, member of the U.S. House of Representatives
Frank Packard, architect
Alice E. Heckler Peters (1845-1921), social reformer
Frederick Phisterer, Civil War captain and recipient of the Medal of Honor
James Preston Poindexter, abolitionist, Civil Rights activist
Joseph H. Potter, American Civil War general in the Union Army
James A. Rhodes, Governor of Ohio and Mayor of Columbus
Eddie Rickenbacker, WWI flying ace and industrialist
Joseph Ridgway, member of the U.S. House of Representatives
James Linn Rodgers, American diplomat
Alice Schille, watercolor artist
Orland Smith, Civil War general in the Union Army
James H. Snook, Ohio State University professor and convicted murderer
Billy Southworth, baseball player and manager, inducted to the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 2008
Billy Southworth Jr., baseball player and bomber pilot, son of Billy Southworth
Alfred P. Stone, member of the U.S. House of Representatives
Lucas Sullivant, land surveyor, founder of Franklinton, Ohio
Joseph Rockwell Swan, associate justice of the Supreme Court of Ohio
Edward L. Taylor Jr., member of the U.S. House of Representatives
William Oxley Thompson, fifth President of Ohio State University
James Thurber, humorist, author, and New Yorker columnist
Allen G. Thurman, member of the U.S. Senate and U.S. House of Representatives, associate justice of the Supreme Court of Ohio, and U.S. Vice Presidential candidate
Dan Tipton, sailor, gambler, and posse rider with Wyatt Earp's vendetta ride
Edward C. Turner, Ohio Attorney General and associate justice of the Supreme Court of Ohio
John Martin Vorys, member of the U.S. House of Representatives
Charles C. Walcutt, Civil War general in the Union Army and Mayor of Columbus
David K. Watson, member of the U.S. House of Representatives
Wallace Ralston Westlake, Mayor of Columbus
Wayne Bidwell Wheeler, Prohibitionist and leader of Anti-Saloon League
James Andrew Williams, Major League Baseball manager
William Tecumseh Wilson, Civil War general in the Union Army
George Ziegler, Civil War general in the Union Army
See also
Green Lawn Abbey, nearby but unrelated
References
Notes
^ This cemetery had no name, but was generally referred to as the "Catholic Burying-Ground" and later the "Old Catholic Burying-Ground".
^ The committee consisted of William B. Hubbard, William Kelsey, Robert McCoy, John Miller, A.F. Perry, William A. Platt, Joseph Ridgway Jr., Joseph Sullivant, William B. Thrall, and John Walton.
^ The purchase was announced on January 25, 1849.
^ Purchase of additional land was not originally contemplated, but moved and authorized at a board of directors on April 16, 1849.
^ Not all family plots were moved, and many individual graves also remained at Franklinton Cemetery.
^ The North Graveyard was only partially racially integrated when it opened. Although African Americans could be buried there, they were buried in a separate section. When the East Graveyard opened in 1841, the city required that it be racially integrated. This land was marshy, and was used as a potter's field.
^ Not all bodies were removed. Several hundred bodies were never removed, and lay just 2 to 3 feet (0.61 to 0.91 m) below the surface.
^ White Italian marble comes in three classes: Sicilian (also known as Bianco Chiaro), with cloudy and irregular veins; Statuary, which has no clouds or veins; and Vein. In the United States, Sicilian and Vein are lumped together into a single category, known as English vein. English vein is classified as grade one (no clouds, well-defined light or heavy veins), grade two (light clouds, with well-defined light or heavy veins), and grade three (clouds and veins, light or heavy, well- or ill-defined).
Citations
^ a b c Lehosit 2015, p. 32.
^ a b Martin 1993, p. 161.
^ a b c d Lee 1892, p. 723.
^ a b Studer 1873, p. 225.
^ a b Miller 2008, p. 7.
^ a b c d e f Lehosit 2015, p. 33.
^ Acts of a General Nature Passed by the Forty-Sixth General Assembly 1848, pp. 97–100.
^ a b c d e Samuelson 1976, p. 249.
^ a b c d Martin 1993, p. 162.
^ Acts of a Local Nature Passed by the Forty-Eighth General Assembly 1850, pp. 583–584.
^ a b c d e f Studer 1873, p. 219.
^ a b c Lee 1892, p. 724.
^ Studer 1873, pp. 219, 223.
^ Lee 1892, pp. 724–725.
^ Cothran & Danylchak 2018, p. 148.
^ Martin 1993, p. 163.
^ "News Items". The Xenia Sentinel. Xenia, Ohio. December 22, 1863. p. 2. Retrieved January 24, 2023 – via newspapers.com.
^ Martin 1993, p. 164.
^ a b c d Lee 1892, p. 725.
^ Martin 1993, pp. 163–164.
^ Lee 1892, p. 727.
^ Lee 1892, p. 726.
^ Hendren, Sam (April 27, 2017). "A Tower Will Rise Above North Market. Below, A Graveyard Awaits". WOSU. Retrieved July 13, 2018.
^ Leland 1919, pp. 146, 147.
^ a b c d e f g h i j "A Peaceful Interlude". Smart Business Magazine. May 2015. pp. 14–15. Retrieved July 12, 2018.
^ a b Leland 1919, p. 146.
^ a b c d Hooper 1920, p. 54.
^ a b Strader 1899, p. 50.
^ a b Strader 1899, p. 49.
^ a b c d e Thompson, Emily (May 22, 2017). "To Save Green Lawn Cemetery, Columbus State Students Track The Damage". WOSU. Retrieved July 13, 2018.
^ Leland 1919, pp. 147, 148.
^ a b c d e f g h Blundo, Joe (November 29, 2012). "Cemetery, chapel teeming with history". Columbus Dispatch. Retrieved July 12, 2018.
^ a b c "Mortuary Chapel, Greenlawn Cemetery, Columbus, Ohio". The Monumental News. June 1901. p. 349. hdl:2027/uc1.c2558857. Retrieved July 31, 2018.
^ Renwick 1909, p. 73.
^ McClymont, J.J. (May 1924). "List of the World's Marbles (cont.)". Through the Ages Magazine. p. 39.
^ Leland 1919, p. 148.
^ Thomas, W.H. (May 1906). "Glass Mosaic—An Old Art With a New Distinction". The International Studio: 74–78. hdl:2027/gri.ark:/13960/t5bd0dw7d. Retrieved July 31, 2018.
^ a b Bentley 1984, p. 240.
^ Wooley & Van Brimmer 2006, p. 191.
^ Bentley 1984, p. 239.
^ Zachariah, Holly (May 26, 2017). "Green Lawn Cemetery wants to recapture founders' original intent". The Columbus Dispatch. Retrieved July 13, 2018; "Three offbeat tours of Columbus". Columbus Monthly. March 9, 2016. Retrieved July 13, 2018.
^ Division of Geological Survey (1992). Report on Ohio Mineral Industries: With Directories of Reporting Coal and Industrial Mineral Operators (Report). Columbus, Ohio: Ohio Department of Natural Resources. p. 6.
^ McCormac, Jim (November 19, 2017). "Nature: Green Lawn Cemetery's majestic old trees leave lasting impression". Columbus Dispatch. Retrieved July 13, 2018.
^ a b c Hendren, Sam (February 6, 2017). "Grave Concern: The Million-Dollar Destruction of Green Lawn Cemetery". WOSU. Retrieved July 12, 2018.
^ Deitch, Linda (August 25, 2013). "Did You Know? Park is hot spot for migrating birds". Columbus Dispatch. Retrieved July 13, 2018.
^ Wartenberg, Steve (September 29, 2013). "Century-old Atlas Building bringing more upscale living Downtown". The Columbus Dispatch. Retrieved July 31, 2018.
^ a b "Mausoleum With Unknown Owner". The Reporter. September 1904. p. 43. Retrieved July 31, 2018.
^ Darbee & Recchie 2008, p. 229.
^ United States Congress. "De Witt Clinton Badger (id: B000021)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
^ United States Congress. "John W. Bricker (id: B000820)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
^ United States Congress. "James E. Campbell (id: C000087)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
^ Andrews, William D. (Summer 1972). "William T. Coggeshall: 'Booster' of Western Literature". Ohio History Journal: 213. Retrieved July 14, 2018.
^ a b c d e f g h Eicher & Eicher 2001, p. 684.
^ Hannan & Herman 2008, p. 157.
^ United States Congress. "George L. Converse (id: C000711)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
^ Scee, Trudy Irene (2019). Garden Cemeteries of New England, 1796-2019. Lanham, Md.: Down East Books. p. 155. ISBN 9781608939077.
^ Phillips, David E. (January 1908). "Monumental Inscriptions From Green Lawn Cemetery, Columbus, Ohio". The "Old Northwest" Genealogical Quarterly: 53. Retrieved July 13, 2018.
^ Eicher & Eicher 2001, p. 206.
^ Barrett 2012, pp. 22–24.
^ United States Congress. "Daniel S. Earhart (id: E000006)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
^ Wilson & Mank 2016, p. 216.
^ Eicher & Eicher 2001, pp. 240–241.
^ United States Congress. "Samuel Galloway (id: G000027)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
^ Lee 2009, p. 146.
^ Eagle & LeBlanc 2013, pp. 81–82.
^ a b Reitzel, Rick (May 29, 2017). "Memorial Day services in Columbus' honor decorated Buffalo Soldier". WCMH-TV. Retrieved July 14, 2018.
^ Smith, Joseph P. (January 1896). "Henry Howe, The Historian". Ohio Archaeological and Historical Quarterly: 336. Retrieved July 14, 2018.
^ Phillips, David E. (October 1907). "Monumental Inscriptions From Green Lawn Cemetery, Columbus, Ohio". The "Old Northwest" Genealogical Quarterly: 357. Retrieved July 13, 2018.
^ Johnson, Alan (November 25, 2011). "Statehouse architect finally to get marker in Green Lawn Cemetery". Columbus Dispatch. Retrieved July 14, 2018.
^ United States Congress. "John J. Lentz (id: L000244)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
^ "Maetzel's designs span Front Street". Columbus Dispatch. October 21, 2014. Retrieved September 4, 2022.
^ Lentz, Ed (August 19, 2013). "Martin legacy: Early Columbus history". ThisWeek. Retrieved July 14, 2018.
^ "Judge Matthias Services Set For Thursday". Sandusky Register Star News. November 3, 1953. p. 3. Retrieved July 14, 2018.
^ Phillips, David E. (July 1907). "Monumental Inscriptions From Green Lawn Cemetery, Columbus, Ohio". The "Old Northwest" Genealogical Quarterly: 252. Retrieved July 13, 2018.
^ United States Congress. "Herman A. Moore (id: M000899)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
^ "Proclamation of Governor Herrick". Xenia Daily Gazette. October 29, 1904. p. 1. Retrieved July 13, 2018.
^ Phillips, David E. (October 1907). "Monumental Inscriptions From Green Lawn Cemetery, Columbus, Ohio". The "Old Northwest" Genealogical Quarterly: 359. Retrieved July 13, 2018.
^ "General Edward Orton, Jr.—Our Tribute". The Clay-Worker. February 1932. pp. 74–75.
^ United States Congress. "Joseph H. Outhwaite (id: O000136)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
^ Oliphint, Joel; Rogers, Jenny; Schmidt, Kristen; Sullivan, Michelle; Thompson, Emily; Tiberio, Tom; Tonguette, Peter (December 2013). "Storied Buildings". Columbus Monthly. p. 67. Retrieved July 14, 2018.
^ "Alice E. Heckler 31 March 1845 – 1 April 1921 99T6-GVL". ident.familysearch.org. Retrieved 5 July 2022.
^ Eicher & Eicher 2001, p. 437.
^ United States Congress. "Joseph Ridgway (id: R000247)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
^ Decker, Theodore (December 22, 2016). "Green Lawn vandals steal peace from families". Columbus Dispatch. Retrieved July 14, 2018.
^ "Ex-Manager Southworth Dies at 76". Zanesville Times Recorder. November 16, 1969. p. 25. Retrieved July 14, 2018.
^ "Billy Southworth, Jr". Baseball's Greatest Sacrifice.
^ United States Congress. "Alfred P. Stone (id: S000952)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
^ Phillips, David E. (July 1907). "Monumental Inscriptions From Green Lawn Cemetery, Columbus, Ohio". The "Old Northwest" Genealogical Quarterly: 352–353. Retrieved July 14, 2018.
^ United States Congress. "Edward L. Taylor Jr. (id: T000071)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
^ Lentz, Ed (August 7, 2016). "Minister left lasting OSU legacy". ThisWeek. Retrieved July 14, 2018.
^ United States Congress. "Allen G. Thurman (id: T000251)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
^ Boardman, Mark (April 24, 2010). "Tracking a Vendetta Rider". True West Magazine. Retrieved July 14, 2018.
^ "Judge Turner Rites to be Held Saturday". Columbus Dispatch. September 14, 1950. pp. A1, A6.
^ United States Congress. "John Martin Vorys (id: V000119)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
^ United States Congress. "David K. Watson (id: W000200)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
^ "Obituary: Westlake". Columbus Dispatch. December 11, 1978. p. B7.
^ Lee 2009, p. 428.
Bibliography
Acts of a General Nature Passed by the Forty-Sixth General Assembly of the State of Ohio, Begun and Held in the City of Columbus December 6, 1847 and in the Forty-Sixth Year of Said State. Volume XLVI. Columbus, Ohio: Chas. Scott's Steam Press. 1848. hdl:2027/uc1.b3831116.
Acts of a Local Nature Passed by the Forty-Eighth General Assembly of the State of Ohio, Begun and Held in the City of Columbus December 3, 1849 and in the Forty-Eighth Year of Said State. Volume XLVIII. Columbus, Ohio: Scott& Bascom. 1850. hdl:2027/osu.32437011486079.
Barrett, Richard E. (2012). Aviation in Columbus. Charleston, S.C.: Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 9780738593715.
Bentley, Elizabeth Petty (1984). Ohio Cemetery Records. Baltimore, Md.: Genealogical Publishing Company. ISBN 9780806310718.
Cothran, James R.; Danylchak, Erica (2018). Historic American Cemeteries and the Nineteenth Century Rural Cemetery Movement. Columbia, S.C.: University of South Carolina Press. ISBN 9781611177992.
Darbee, Jeffrey T.; Recchie, Nancy A. (2008). The AIA Guide to Columbus. Ohio University Press. ISBN 9780821416846.
Eagle, Bob; LeBlanc, Eric S. (2013). Blues: A Regional Experience. Santa Barbara, Calif.: Praeger. ISBN 9780313344237.
Eicher, John H.; Eicher, David J. (2001). Civil War High Commands. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press. ISBN 9780804736411.
Hannan, Caryn; Herman, Jennifer L. (2008). Michigan Biographical Dictionary. Hamburg, Mich.: State History Publications. ISBN 9781878592958.
Hooper, Osman Castle (1920). History of the City of Columbus, Ohio, From the Founding of Franklinton in 1797, Through the World War Period to the Year 1920. Columbus, Ohio: Memorial Publishing Co.
Lee, Alfred Emory (1892). History of the City of Columbus, Capital of Ohio. Volume 2. Chicago: Munsell & Co.
Lee, Bill (2009). The Baseball Necrology: The Post-Baseball Lives and Deaths of More 7,600 Major League Players and Others. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Co. ISBN 9780786442393.
Lehosit, Sean V. (2015). West Columbus. Charleston, S.C.: Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 9781467114639.
Leland, Ernest S. (August 1919). "Green Lawn Cemetery, An Appreciation". Park and Cemetery. pp. 146–148. Retrieved July 12, 2018.
Martin, Martin T. (1993). History of Franklin County: A Collection of Reminiscences of the Early Settlement of the County. Columbus, Ohio: Bergman Books. ISBN 9780963603609.
Miller, C.L. (2008). Mount Calvary Cemetery. Charleston, S.C.: Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 9780738552057.
Renwick, William G. (1909). Marble and Marble Working. New York: D. Van Nostrand & Co.
Samuelson, Robert E.; et al. (Pasquale C. Grado, Judith L. Kitchen, Jeffrey T. Darbee) (1976). Architecture: Columbus. The Foundation of The Columbus Chapter of The American Institute of Architects. OCLC 2697928.
Strader, Levi T. (1899). Facts and Figures of Franklin County, Ohio. Columbus, Ohio: Strader.
Studer, Jacob Henry (1873). Columbus, Ohio: Its History, Resources, and Progress, with Numerous Illustrations. Columbus, Ohio: Higginson Book Company. hdl:2027/hvd.32044013663596.
Wilson, Scott; Mank, Gregory W. (2016). Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons. Jeffeerson, N.C.: McFarland & Co. ISBN 9780786479924.
Wooley, Charles F.; Van Brimmer, Barbara (2006). The Second Blessing: Columbus Medicine and Health: The Early Years. South Egremont, Mass.: Science International Corp. ISBN 9780978816902.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Green Lawn Cemetery (Columbus, Ohio).
Green Lawn Cemetery burial search and plat maps provided by Central Ohio Gravesearch
Green Lawn Cemetery burial search and grave images provided by Franklin County, Ohio Gravestone Photos Etc. at GenealogyBug.net
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rural cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural_cemetery"},{"link_name":"Columbus, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"}],"text":"Green Lawn Cemetery is an active historic private rural cemetery located in Columbus, Ohio, in the United States. Organized in 1848 and opened in 1849, the cemetery was the city's premier burying ground in the 1800s and beyond. An American Civil War memorial was erected there in 1891, and chapel constructed in 1902. With 360 acres (150 ha), it is Ohio's second-largest cemetery.","title":"Green Lawn Cemetery (Columbus, Ohio)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lucas Sullivant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucas_Sullivant"},{"link_name":"Franklinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklinton,_Columbus,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehosit201532-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin1993161-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee1892723-3"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuder1873225-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller20087-5"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Franklinton Cemetery was the first cemetery established in what later became Columbus. It was built on land donated by Lucas Sullivant on River Street near Souder Avenue in 1799. Many of the early settlers of Franklinton and Columbus were buried there.[1] The 11.5-acre (4.7 ha)[2] North Graveyard followed in 1812, and the 11.25-acre (4.55 ha) East Graveyard in 1841.[3] A 3-acre (1.2 ha) Roman Catholic cemetery opened in 1848[4] (although it had been in use as early as 1846).[5][a]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehosit201533-7"},{"link_name":"Ohio General Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_General_Assembly"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Acts_of_a_General_Nature_Passed_by_the_Forty-Sixth_General_Assembly''184897%E2%80%93100-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuelson1976249-9"},{"link_name":"Alfred P. Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_P._Stone"},{"link_name":"Ohio General Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_General_Assembly"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin1993162-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Acts_of_a_Local_Nature_Passed_by_the_Forty-Eighth_General_Assembly''1850583%E2%80%93584-11"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee1892723-3"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuder1873219-12"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuder1873219-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee1892724-14"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuder1873219,_223-15"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuder1873219-12"},{"link_name":"[d]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin1993162-10"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee1892724%E2%80%93725-18"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuelson1976249-9"},{"link_name":"rural cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural_cemetery"},{"link_name":"Cincinnati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati"},{"link_name":"Spring Grove Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_Grove_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECothranDanylchak2018148-19"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin1993162-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuder1873219-12"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin1993163-20"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-danielsdied-21"}],"sub_title":"Establishment of Green Lawn","text":"By the mid-1840s, growing settlement in the area left the Franklinton, North, and East cemeteries too small to accommodate more burials.[6] On February 24, 1848, the Ohio General Assembly enacted a law providing for the incorporation of cemetery associations by 10 or more people.[7] On August 2, 1848,[8] a group of Columbus area business and civic leaders that included A.C Brown, William G. Deshler, William A. Platt, Thomas Sparrow, Alfred P. Stone, Joseph Sullivant, William B. Thrall, and others formed the Green Lawn Cemetery Association. The group secured a charter from the Ohio General Assembly on March 23, 1849, incorporating the \"Green Lawn Cemetery of Columbus\".[9][10] A public meeting was held on July 12,[3] and a committee of 11 local leaders appointed to select a site and draft articles of incorporation.[11][b] The committee presented the public with draft articles of incorporation on August 2. These were accepted, and the first board of directors organized on August 26.[11]The board sought a site of about 50 to 100 acres (20 to 40 ha) of gently rolling land well-covered in trees and shrubs.[12] The first purchase of 83 acres (34 ha) of forested land was made in the early spring of 1849 at a cost of $3,750 ($100,000 in 2022 dollars).[13] This consisted of a 39-acre (16 ha) tract obtained from Judge Gershom M. Peters[c] and a 44-acre (18 ha) tract from William Miner.[11][d] A public picnic was held on the ground on May 23, during which a partial clearing of a small portion of the land occurred.[9][14] Architect Howard Daniels was hired to lay out the roads, paths, and plots.[8] Daniels had spent several months in Europe studying rural cemetery design there, and had recently designed his first cemetery, Cincinnati's widely praised Spring Grove Cemetery.[15] A formal dedication of the cemetery occurred on July 9.[9] A superintendent's cottage was erected near the main gate on Brown Road,[11] and Richard Woolley appointed the first superintendent.[16] Daniels, who died in December 1863,[17] is buried in the cemetery.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Frank_Packard_Mausoleum,_Green_Lawn_Cemetery_%E2%80%94_Columbus,_Ohio.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gay_Mausoleum,_Green_Lawn_Cemetery_%E2%80%94_Columbus,_Ohio_-_53075217038.jpg"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin1993162-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuder1873219-12"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin1993164-22"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee1892725-23"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehosit201532-1"},{"link_name":"[e]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuelson1976249-9"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee1892725-23"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin1993163%E2%80%93164-25"},{"link_name":"[f]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee1892725-23"},{"link_name":"Columbus, Chicago and Indiana Central Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus,_Chicago_and_Indiana_Central_Railway"},{"link_name":"condemn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eminent_domain_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"right of way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_of_way"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee1892726-28"},{"link_name":"[g]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuder1873219-12"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeland1919146,_147-31"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-interlude-32"},{"link_name":"macadam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macadam"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeland1919146-33"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooper192054-34"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee1892725-23"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooper192054-34"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrader189950-35"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooper192054-34"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrader189950-35"},{"link_name":"Franklin County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooper192054-34"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrader189949-36"},{"link_name":"Hartford, Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartford,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrader189949-36"}],"sub_title":"Growth of the cemetery","text":"Packard family mausoleumGay family mausoleumAt the time, the cemetery was located 2.5 miles (4.0 km) west of the nascent village of Columbus.[9] The first burial at Green Lawn Cemetery was that of a child, Leonora Perry, on July 7, 1849.[11] The second, and first adult, was Dr. B. F. Gard on July 12.[18] The first headstone or other monument in the cemetery was erected the second week of October 1849 by William G. Deshler. It was for his wife, Olive, who had died at the age of 19. The monument consisted of an upright stone slab depicting a rose branch. The bloom itself was carved on the plinth on which the slab stood, and was inscribed \"Olive, wife of William G. Deshler, age 19\".[19] After Green Lawn opened, most of the families with graves at Franklinton Cemetery moved their ancestral remains to Green Lawn.[1][e] Franklinton Cemetery quickly fell out of favor as a place to be buried.[8] Those buried at North Graveyard also disinterred loved ones' remains and moved them to Green Lawn. By 1869, about half of those buried at North Graveyard had been reinterred at Green Lawn.[19]Green Lawn Cemetery lotholders voted to bar non-whites from being buried at Green Lawn in 1856.[20][f] It was not until 1872 that this restriction was lifted, and a segregated section set aside for African Americans.[19]In February 1864, the trustees of Green Lawn Cemetery offered to exchange burial lots with those individuals who still retained plots at North Graveyard. Green Lawn intended to build homes on the site of the abandoned North Graveyard and lease them in order to generate income. In addition, the Columbus, Chicago and Indiana Central Railway sought to condemn a portion of the burying ground for a railroad right of way. The two offers generated extensive litigation, as lotholders sought to prevent the disinterment of loved ones and those who had deeded land to the city tried to regain title to it. This litigation was not resolved until the late 1870s, and it was not until 1881 that most graves were removed from North Graveyard.[22][g]On April 1, 1872, the cemetery purchased a 32-acre (13 ha) tract from Samuel Stimmel and a 30-acre (12 ha) tract from John Stimmel, bringing the cemetery's total size to 147 acres (59 ha).[11] In 1887, Green Lawn expanded to 275 acres (111 ha), and Green Lawn Avenue opened to create an eastern entrance to the cemetery.[24] In 1898, an iron bridge was built over a ravine between sections 54 and 55.[25] By 1919, all the roads in the cemetery were of macadam, and had gutters.[26]The Soldiers and Sailors' Memorial was erected at Green Lawn Cemetery in 1891.[27] Cemetery officials first set aside a section (M) for military burials on June 10, 1862.[19] The Ex-Soldiers and Sailors' Association of Franklin County, a group of Civil War veterans, purchased four lots in section 28 in November 1881 for the interment of veterans.[27][28] Two years later, the association began a campaign to raise funds for the design and erection of a veterans memorial in that section.[27] Another four lots in section 28 were purchased in January 1886,[28] and in March 1886 the Ohio General Assembly authorized the commissioners of Franklin County to levy a tax to aid in the construction of the memorial.[27][29] A memorial design was approved in October 1886, and the memorial erected by the New England Granite Works of Hartford, Connecticut. The $8,900 ($300,000 in 2022 dollars) memorial was completed in November 1890.[29]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thompson-37"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thompson-37"},{"link_name":"Columbus State Community College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus_State_Community_College"},{"link_name":"geographic information system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_information_system"},{"link_name":"capstone course","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capstone_course"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thompson-37"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Green_Lawn_Cemetery_(Columbus,_Ohio)&action=edit"},{"link_name":"needs update","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"}],"sub_title":"21st century vandalism","text":"In 2012, metal thieves damaged numerous family mausoleums, in some cases stealing entire door and window grates and in one case breaking into crypts in a family mausoleum. The perpetrators were never caught, and the cemetery extended fences to prevent after-hours vehicular entry and contract random security patrols. These measures proved insufficient when the next acts of vandalism occurred.A vandal struck Green Lawn Cemetery more than a dozen times beginning in the fall of 2014. The vandal initially knocked over gravestones, but over time the damage worsened. By early 2016, more than 600 monuments were damaged as well as glass and the historic bust of Gustavus Swan.[30] Cemetery officials estimated the cost of repairs at more than $1.25 million ($1,500,000 in 2022 dollars).[30] Cemetery officials contracted full nighttime security patrols in the cemetery and installed numerous security cameras which resulted in identifying the vandal, but he was never charged by law enforcement. By 2021 most of the damage was repaired except for a few broken obelisks.The enhanced security measures have, as of 2021, curtailed any similar vandalism after-hours.In the wake of the vandalism, cemetery volunteers and instructors at Columbus State Community College created a geographic information system capstone course. Taught by Doreen Whitley Rogers, nonprofit executive and wife of a cemetery trustee, students in the course donated more than $10,000 ($11,939 in 2022 dollars) in free consulting services to the cemetery. Damaged graves were identified and damage documented, potential vandal points of entry noted, repair cost analyses generated, and patterns of criminal activity in the cemetery identified.[30]Starting in 2020, a vandal damaged nearly 100 trees over a period of several months during mornings shortly after the grounds opened. As of September 2021[update], evidence was being processed and charges were pending against an identified suspect.[needs update]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Huntington_Chapel,_Green_Lawn_Cemetery_%E2%80%94_Columbus,_Ohio.jpg"},{"link_name":"Frank L. Packard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_L._Packard_(architect)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeland1919146-33"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeland1919147,_148-38"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuelson1976249-9"},{"link_name":"Renaissance Revival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_Revival_architecture"},{"link_name":"rotunda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotunda_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blundo-39"},{"link_name":"vitrified tile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitrified_tile"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-monumental-40"},{"link_name":"Ohio Statehouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_Statehouse"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blundo-39"},{"link_name":"gravel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravel"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-monumental-40"},{"link_name":"[h]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Ionic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionic_order"},{"link_name":"pilasters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilaster"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-monumental-40"},{"link_name":"murals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mural"},{"link_name":"mosaics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosaic"},{"link_name":"leaded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Came_glasswork"},{"link_name":"stained glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stained_glass"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeland1919148-44"},{"link_name":"Frederick Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Wilson_(artist)"},{"link_name":"Tiffany & Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiffany_%26_Co."},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Tiffany & Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiffany_%26_Co."},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-interlude-32"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBentley1984240-46"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBentley1984240-46"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWooleyVan_Brimmer2006191-47"},{"link_name":"Huntington Bancshares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington_Bancshares"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blundo-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBentley1984239-48"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blundo-39"},{"link_name":"carillon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carillon"},{"link_name":"Neoclassical style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuelson1976249-9"},{"link_name":"mausoleum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mausoleum"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-interlude-32"}],"text":"Huntington ChapelGreen Lawn officials had long desired to build a chapel at the cemetery ever since its formation in 1848. A site was selected, but cemetery expansion made it less than ideal. A second site was selected, but again expansion rendered the site inappropriate. After the 1887 expansion, the board of directors felt secure enough to select a permanent location for the new chapel. Design and construction were put off until enough funds had been raised to erect a substantial building of excellent materials and workmanship. The fundraising effort neared completion in 1899, at which time the board selected architect Frank L. Packard to design the chapel. Packard was a natural choice, as he had advised the board for several years on the landscape design and aesthetics of the cemetery.[26]This structure, originally called the Mortuary Chapel,[31] was dedicated on November 11, 1902.[8] The chapel is in the Renaissance Revival style, and features a rotunda[32] capped in red vitrified tile.[33] The dome bears a resemblance to the Ohio Statehouse (then still under construction).[32] The structure rests on a bed of gravel 8 feet (2.4 m) below the surface. The foundations are of concrete and stone, and arches of brick and concrete support the building above. The exterior walls are of white marble, while the interior walls are clad in \"English vein\" Italian marble.[33][h] The main entry doors are bronze and flanked by Ionic columns, while the interior floor is a geometric pattern of black and white tile. The dome, made of leaded art glass, supported by interior pilasters of bronze and marble.[33]The chapel contains two murals (depicting Truth and Wisdom), a number of mosaics, and windows of both leaded and stained glass.[36] The art glass murals were designed by Frederick Wilson and executed by Tiffany & Co.[37] The stained glass windows were designed by Tiffany & Co.[25] The north window depicts Peggy Thompson, the first white woman known to die in the area,[38] and the south window Isaac Dalton,[38] a superintendent of the Soldier's Home in Columbus who took special care of wounded soldiers during the American Civil War.[39] Peletiah Huntington, founder of what became Huntington Bancshares, donated the mosaics, murals, and stained glass windows. The rest of the chapel cost $24,000 ($800,000 in 2022 dollars).[32] The funeral space in the chapel was dedicated to Huntington in 1902 with the placement of a bronze tablet there.[40]The Mortuary Chapel was designed to be a place where funerals could be held. Over time, few funerals were held there. Instead, the public began using the chapel as a meditative space, and requesting to be buried inside it.[32] The chapel was renovated, a west wing with service room and bathrooms added, and a carillon with bells constructed in 1963. The leaded glass rotunda was capped with a concrete dome to protect it. The addition and carillon were in the Neoclassical style.[8] A north wing was completed in 1979. The Thompson stained glass window was removed, and a door cut through to the new wing. The historic window was relocated to the east wall of the new wing, while a new stained glass window and fountain were placed at the west wall of the wing. The north wing serves as an indoor mausoleum.[citation needed]The chapel was rededicated in the early 2000s as Huntington Chapel.[25]","title":"Huntington Chapel"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Looking_W_at_sec_51_-_Green_Lawn_Cemetery.jpg"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-interlude-32"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hendren-52"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hendren-52"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-interlude-32"},{"link_name":"Audubon Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audubon_Society"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thompson-37"},{"link_name":"generals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-interlude-32"},{"link_name":"Medal of Honor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medal_of_Honor"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thompson-37"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-interlude-32"}],"text":"Section 51, one of six sections at Green Lawn Cemetery set aside for war dead and veteransGreen Lawn Cemetery is privately owned by the nonprofit Green Lawn Cemetery Association.[41] The cemetery is one of Ohio's most prominent rural (or \"garden\") cemeteries.[42] Any member of the public may purchase a plot.As of 2021, Green Lawn Cemetery contained 360 acres (1.5 km2), making it Ohio's second-largest cemetery.[43] About 80 acres (32 ha) were undeveloped, which cemetery officials said should provide burial space for another 100 to 150 years.[25] About 27 miles (43 km) of roads wind through the burying ground.[44]There are roughly 7,000 trees[44] belonging to 150 species at the cemetery. This includes four \"state champion\" trees (the largest and tallest trees of their species anywhere in the state).[25] In 1999, the Audubon Society recognized Green Lawn Cemetery as part of the Lower Scioto River Ohio \"Important Bird Area\".[45]According to cemetery records in 2021, more than 155,000 people were buried at Green Lawn Cemetery.[30] This included 6,000 veterans buried in seven military sections (thousands more are buried on private lots), of which 15 were generals[25] and five Medal of Honor recipients.[30] Portions of two of the military sections are National Cemeteries.Sections at Green Lawn Cemetery were originally lettered in the order in which they were developed. The cemetery's rapid expansion forced the cemetery to begin numbering sections after running through the alphabet.[25]","title":"About Green Lawn Cemetery"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hayden_Mausoleum,_Green_Lawn_Cemetery_%E2%80%94_Columbus,_Ohio_-_53074133942.jpg"},{"link_name":"Frank L. Packard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_L._Packard_(architect)"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unknown-55"},{"link_name":"alabaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabaster"},{"link_name":"sarcophagi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcophagus"},{"link_name":"bronze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unknown-55"},{"link_name":"Egyptian Revival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Revival_architecture"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarbeeRecchie2008229-56"}],"sub_title":"Notable structures and art","text":"The Hayden MausoleumThe Hayden family mausoleum is the cemetery's largest. Designed by local architect Frank L. Packard,[46] it was completed for banker Charles H. Hayden in early 1905.[47] Built at a cost of about $80,000 to $100,000 ($2,600,000 to $3,300,000 in 2022 dollars), the Neoclassical style tomb had a granite foundation, interior and exterior walls of white Vermont marble, and two Ionic columns on each side of the main entrance. The structure is 45 feet (14 m) wide, 55 feet (17 m) deep, and has a 45-foot (14 m) high dome. The interior is octagonal, and features two columns of marble with a hue like alabaster in each corner. The tomb originally contained eight marble sarcophagi, carved in Italy. The main doors were of bronze. Hayden wanted the construction of the mausoleum to be a surprise for his family, so Packard refused to tell the press or cemetery officials who commissioned the work until it was completed.[47]A row of small, Egyptian Revival mausoleums in section 65 contains the Packard mausoleum. Architect Frank L. Packard designed the Packard family mausoleum himself.[48]","title":"About Green Lawn Cemetery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Category:Burials at Green Lawn Cemetery (Columbus, Ohio)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Burials_at_Green_Lawn_Cemetery_(Columbus,_Ohio)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alfred_Kelley_grave_07_-_Green_Lawn_Cemetery.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eddie_Rickenbacker_-_Green_Lawn_Cemetery.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sells_Monument,_Green_Lawn_Cemetery_%E2%80%94_Columbus,_Ohio.jpg"},{"link_name":"De Witt C. Badger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Witt_C._Badger"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Gordon Battelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Battelle"},{"link_name":"Battelle Memorial Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battelle_Memorial_Institute"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-interlude-32"},{"link_name":"Otto Beatty Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Beatty_Jr."},{"link_name":"Thomas Blakiston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Blakiston"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"John W. Bricker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._Bricker"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Samuel Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Bush"},{"link_name":"George H. W. Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush"},{"link_name":"George W. Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehosit201533-7"},{"link_name":"James E. Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_E._Campbell"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"William Turner Coggeshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Turner_Coggeshall"},{"link_name":"U.S. Ambassador to Ecuador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_Ecuador"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"James M. Comly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_M._Comly"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEicherEicher2001684-61"},{"link_name":"James L. Conger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_L._Conger"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHannanHerman2008157-62"},{"link_name":"George L. Converse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_L._Converse"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"Augustus Stoner Decker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_Stoner_Decker"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"William Dennison Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Dennison_Jr."},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEicherEicher2001206-66"},{"link_name":"Cromwell Dixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cromwell_Dixon"},{"link_name":"Continental Divide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Divide_of_the_Americas"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrett201222%E2%80%9324-67"},{"link_name":"Daniel S. Earhart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_S._Earhart"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"Merie Earle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merie_Earle"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilsonMank2016216-69"},{"link_name":"Al G. Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_G._Field"},{"link_name":"minstrel show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minstrel_show"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hendren-52"},{"link_name":"James W. Forsyth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_W._Forsyth"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEicherEicher2001240%E2%80%93241-70"},{"link_name":"Samuel Galloway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Galloway"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"Wally Gerber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wally_Gerber"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2009146-72"},{"link_name":"Washington Gladden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Gladden"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehosit201533-7"},{"link_name":"Lincoln Goodale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_Goodale"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-interlude-32"},{"link_name":"Stomp Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomp_Gordon"},{"link_name":"jump blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jump_blues"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEagleLeBlanc201381%E2%80%9382-73"},{"link_name":"Clinton Greaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinton_Greaves"},{"link_name":"Buffalo Soldier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_Soldier"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reitzel2-74"},{"link_name":"Phale Hale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phale_Hale"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blundo-39"},{"link_name":"Henry Howe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Howe"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"Alfred Kelley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Kelley"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"Nathan Kelley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Kelley"},{"link_name":"Ohio Statehouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_Statehouse"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"Simon Lazarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Lazarus"},{"link_name":"Lazarus department stores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazarus_(department_store)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-interlude-32"},{"link_name":"John J. Lentz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_J._Lentz"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"George H. Maetzel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._Maetzel"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"William T. Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_T._Martin_(mayor)"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"Edward S. Matthias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_S._Matthias"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Ohio"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"Abram Irvin McDowell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abram_Irvin_McDowell"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"William L. McMillen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_L._McMillen"},{"link_name":"carpetbagger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpetbagger"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEicherEicher2001684-61"},{"link_name":"Samuel Medary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Medary"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEicherEicher2001684-61"},{"link_name":"Grant Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grant_Mitchell_(actor)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehosit201533-7"},{"link_name":"John G. Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Grant_Mitchell_(soldier)"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEicherEicher2001684-61"},{"link_name":"Heman A. Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heman_A._Moore"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"George K. Nash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_K._Nash"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"Edward Orton Sr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Orton_Sr."},{"link_name":"Ohio State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_State_University"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"Edward Orton Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Orton_Jr."},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"Joseph H. Outhwaite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_H._Outhwaite"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"Frank Packard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Packard"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"Alice E. Heckler Peters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_E._Heckler_Peters"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-familysearch-89"},{"link_name":"Frederick Phisterer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Phisterer"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reitzel2-74"},{"link_name":"James Preston Poindexter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Preston_Poindexter"},{"link_name":"Joseph H. Potter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_H._Potter"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEicherEicher2001437-90"},{"link_name":"James A. Rhodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Rhodes"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blundo-39"},{"link_name":"Eddie Rickenbacker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Rickenbacker"},{"link_name":"WWI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blundo-39"},{"link_name":"Joseph Ridgway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Ridgway"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"James Linn Rodgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Rodgers_(consul)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Alice Schille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Schille"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"Orland Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orland_Smith"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEicherEicher2001684-61"},{"link_name":"James H. Snook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Snook"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blundo-39"},{"link_name":"Billy Southworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Southworth"},{"link_name":"National Baseball Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Baseball_Hall_of_Fame_and_Museum"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"Billy Southworth Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Southworth_Jr."},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sac-94"},{"link_name":"Alfred P. Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_P._Stone"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"Lucas Sullivant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucas_Sullivant"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehosit201533-7"},{"link_name":"Joseph Rockwell Swan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Rockwell_Swan_(politician)"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"Edward L. Taylor Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_L._Taylor_Jr."},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"William Oxley Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Oxley_Thompson"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"James Thurber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Thurber"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehosit201533-7"},{"link_name":"Allen G. Thurman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_G._Thurman"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"Dan Tipton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Tipton"},{"link_name":"Wyatt Earp's vendetta ride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earp_Vendetta_Ride"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"Edward C. Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_C._Turner"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"John Martin Vorys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Martin_Vorys"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"Charles C. Walcutt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_C._Walcutt"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEicherEicher2001684-61"},{"link_name":"David K. Watson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_K._Watson"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"Wallace Ralston Westlake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralston_Westlake"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"Wayne Bidwell Wheeler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Bidwell_Wheeler"},{"link_name":"James Andrew Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Williams_(19th-century_baseball_manager)"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2009428-105"},{"link_name":"William Tecumseh Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Wilson"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEicherEicher2001684-61"},{"link_name":"George Ziegler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Ziegler_(general)"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEicherEicher2001684-61"}],"text":"See also: Category:Burials at Green Lawn Cemetery (Columbus, Ohio)Grave of Alfred Kelley and his immediate descendantsGrave of World War I flying ace Eddie RickenbackerNotable individuals buried at the cemetery include:Monument to the Sells familyDe Witt C. Badger, member of the U.S. House of Representatives and Mayor of Columbus[49]\nGordon Battelle, founder of Battelle Memorial Institute[25]\nOtto Beatty Jr., attorney, politician, Civil Rights leader\nThomas Blakiston, English explorer and naturalist[citation needed]\nJohn W. Bricker, Ohio Governor, U.S. Senator, and U.S. Vice Presidential candidate[50]\nSamuel Bush, industrialist, grandfather of President George H. W. Bush, and great-grandfather of President George W. Bush[6]\nJames E. Campbell, Governor of Ohio and member of the U.S. House of Representatives[51]\nWilliam Turner Coggeshall, newspaper editor, spy for the Union Army, U.S. Ambassador to Ecuador[52]\nJames M. Comly, Civil War general in the Union Army, newspaper editor, and political backer[53]\nJames L. Conger, member of the U.S. House of Representatives[54]\nGeorge L. Converse, member of the U.S. House of Representatives[55]\nHoward Daniels, landscape architect and rural cemetery designer[56]\nAugustus Stoner Decker, Mayor of Columbus[57]\nWilliam Dennison Jr., Governor of Ohio[58]\nCromwell Dixon, aviation pioneer, first person to fly over the Continental Divide[59]\nDaniel S. Earhart, member of the U.S. House of Representatives[60]\nMerie Earle, actress[61]\nAl G. Field, minstrel show operator[44]\nJames W. Forsyth, U.S. Army general, war criminal [62]\nSamuel Galloway, member of the U.S. House of Representatives[63]\nWally Gerber, baseball player[64]\nWashington Gladden, minister and social reformer[6]\nLincoln Goodale, first physician to practice in Columbus[25]\nStomp Gordon, jump blues pianist and singer[65]\nClinton Greaves, Buffalo Soldier and Medal of Honor recipient[66]\nPhale Hale, civil rights leader and Ohio state legislator[32]\nHenry Howe, historian[67]\nAlfred Kelley, banker, canal builder, and railroad executive[68]\nNathan Kelley, architect, designer of the Ohio Statehouse[69]\nSimon Lazarus, founder of Lazarus department stores[25]\nJohn J. Lentz, member of the U.S. House of Representatives[70]\nGeorge H. Maetzel, Ohio architect[71]\nWilliam T. Martin, Mayor of Columbus[72]\nEdward S. Matthias, longest-serving associate justice on the Supreme Court of Ohio[73]\nAbram Irvin McDowell, Mayor of Columbus[74]\nWilliam L. McMillen, physician, Civil War general in the Union Army, and carpetbagger legislator[53]\nSamuel Medary, newspaper owner and territorial governor of Minnesota and Kansas[53]\nGrant Mitchell, actor[6]\nJohn G. Mitchell, Civil War general in the Union Army[53]\nHeman A. Moore, member of the U.S. House of Representatives[75]\nGeorge K. Nash, Governor of Ohio[76]\nEdward Orton Sr., Ohio State Geologist and first president of Ohio State University[77]\nEdward Orton Jr., Ohio State Geologist and ceramic engineer[78]\nJoseph H. Outhwaite, member of the U.S. House of Representatives[79]\nFrank Packard, architect[80]\nAlice E. Heckler Peters (1845-1921), social reformer[81]\nFrederick Phisterer, Civil War captain and recipient of the Medal of Honor[66]\nJames Preston Poindexter, abolitionist, Civil Rights activist\nJoseph H. Potter, American Civil War general in the Union Army[82]\nJames A. Rhodes, Governor of Ohio and Mayor of Columbus[32]\nEddie Rickenbacker, WWI flying ace and industrialist[32]\nJoseph Ridgway, member of the U.S. House of Representatives[83]\nJames Linn Rodgers, American diplomat[citation needed]\nAlice Schille, watercolor artist[84]\nOrland Smith, Civil War general in the Union Army[53]\nJames H. Snook, Ohio State University professor and convicted murderer[32]\nBilly Southworth, baseball player and manager, inducted to the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 2008[85]\nBilly Southworth Jr., baseball player and bomber pilot, son of Billy Southworth[86]\nAlfred P. Stone, member of the U.S. House of Representatives[87]\nLucas Sullivant, land surveyor, founder of Franklinton, Ohio[6]\nJoseph Rockwell Swan, associate justice of the Supreme Court of Ohio[88]\nEdward L. Taylor Jr., member of the U.S. House of Representatives[89]\nWilliam Oxley Thompson, fifth President of Ohio State University[90]\nJames Thurber, humorist, author, and New Yorker columnist[6]\nAllen G. Thurman, member of the U.S. Senate and U.S. House of Representatives, associate justice of the Supreme Court of Ohio, and U.S. Vice Presidential candidate[91]\nDan Tipton, sailor, gambler, and posse rider with Wyatt Earp's vendetta ride[92]\nEdward C. Turner, Ohio Attorney General and associate justice of the Supreme Court of Ohio[93]\nJohn Martin Vorys, member of the U.S. House of Representatives[94]\nCharles C. Walcutt, Civil War general in the Union Army and Mayor of Columbus[53]\nDavid K. Watson, member of the U.S. House of Representatives[95]\nWallace Ralston Westlake, Mayor of Columbus[96]\nWayne Bidwell Wheeler, Prohibitionist and leader of Anti-Saloon League\nJames Andrew Williams, Major League Baseball manager[97]\nWilliam Tecumseh Wilson, Civil War general in the Union Army[53]\nGeorge Ziegler, Civil War general in the Union Army[53]","title":"Notable burials"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Acts of a General Nature Passed by the Forty-Sixth General Assembly of the State of Ohio, Begun and Held in the City of Columbus December 6, 1847 and in the Forty-Sixth Year of Said State. 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Volume 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=8rECAAAAMAAJ"},{"link_name":"The Baseball Necrology: The Post-Baseball Lives and Deaths of More 7,600 Major League Players and Others","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=4oEwCgAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780786442393","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786442393"},{"link_name":"West Columbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=kkNmCgAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781467114639","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781467114639"},{"link_name":"\"Green Lawn Cemetery, An Appreciation\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=ibkxAQAAMAAJ&q=%22Green+Lawn+Cemetery%22+columbus+garden&pg=RA1-PA146"},{"link_name":"History of Franklin County: A Collection of Reminiscences of the Early Settlement of the County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=V81MDwAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780963603609","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780963603609"},{"link_name":"Mount Calvary Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=d4o9TPFMIbEC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780738552057","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780738552057"},{"link_name":"Marble and Marble Working","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=iX9CAAAAIAAJ"},{"link_name":"Architecture: Columbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.google.com/books/edition/Architecture_Columbus/ttNPAAAAMAAJ"},{"link_name":"The Columbus Chapter of The American Institute of Architects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIA_Columbus"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2697928","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/2697928"},{"link_name":"Facts and Figures of Franklin County, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=_1MVJUIISlUC"},{"link_name":"hdl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2027/hvd.32044013663596","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fhvd.32044013663596"},{"link_name":"Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=FOHgDAAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780786479924","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786479924"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780978816902","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780978816902"}],"text":"Acts of a General Nature Passed by the Forty-Sixth General Assembly of the State of Ohio, Begun and Held in the City of Columbus December 6, 1847 and in the Forty-Sixth Year of Said State. Volume XLVI. Columbus, Ohio: Chas. Scott's Steam Press. 1848. hdl:2027/uc1.b3831116.\nActs of a Local Nature Passed by the Forty-Eighth General Assembly of the State of Ohio, Begun and Held in the City of Columbus December 3, 1849 and in the Forty-Eighth Year of Said State. Volume XLVIII. Columbus, Ohio: Scott& Bascom. 1850. hdl:2027/osu.32437011486079.\nBarrett, Richard E. (2012). Aviation in Columbus. Charleston, S.C.: Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 9780738593715.\nBentley, Elizabeth Petty (1984). Ohio Cemetery Records. Baltimore, Md.: Genealogical Publishing Company. ISBN 9780806310718.\nCothran, James R.; Danylchak, Erica (2018). Historic American Cemeteries and the Nineteenth Century Rural Cemetery Movement. Columbia, S.C.: University of South Carolina Press. ISBN 9781611177992.\nDarbee, Jeffrey T.; Recchie, Nancy A. (2008). The AIA Guide to Columbus. Ohio University Press. ISBN 9780821416846.\nEagle, Bob; LeBlanc, Eric S. (2013). Blues: A Regional Experience. Santa Barbara, Calif.: Praeger. ISBN 9780313344237.\nEicher, John H.; Eicher, David J. (2001). Civil War High Commands. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press. ISBN 9780804736411.\nHannan, Caryn; Herman, Jennifer L. (2008). Michigan Biographical Dictionary. Hamburg, Mich.: State History Publications. ISBN 9781878592958.\nHooper, Osman Castle (1920). History of the City of Columbus, Ohio, From the Founding of Franklinton in 1797, Through the World War Period to the Year 1920. Columbus, Ohio: Memorial Publishing Co.\nLee, Alfred Emory (1892). History of the City of Columbus, Capital of Ohio. Volume 2. Chicago: Munsell & Co.\nLee, Bill (2009). The Baseball Necrology: The Post-Baseball Lives and Deaths of More 7,600 Major League Players and Others. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Co. ISBN 9780786442393.\nLehosit, Sean V. (2015). West Columbus. Charleston, S.C.: Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 9781467114639.\nLeland, Ernest S. (August 1919). \"Green Lawn Cemetery, An Appreciation\". Park and Cemetery. pp. 146–148. Retrieved July 12, 2018.\nMartin, Martin T. (1993). History of Franklin County: A Collection of Reminiscences of the Early Settlement of the County. Columbus, Ohio: Bergman Books. ISBN 9780963603609.\nMiller, C.L. (2008). Mount Calvary Cemetery. Charleston, S.C.: Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 9780738552057.\nRenwick, William G. (1909). Marble and Marble Working. New York: D. Van Nostrand & Co.\nSamuelson, Robert E.; et al. (Pasquale C. Grado, Judith L. Kitchen, Jeffrey T. Darbee) (1976). Architecture: Columbus. The Foundation of The Columbus Chapter of The American Institute of Architects. OCLC 2697928.\nStrader, Levi T. (1899). Facts and Figures of Franklin County, Ohio. Columbus, Ohio: Strader.\nStuder, Jacob Henry (1873). Columbus, Ohio: Its History, Resources, and Progress, with Numerous Illustrations. Columbus, Ohio: Higginson Book Company. hdl:2027/hvd.32044013663596.\nWilson, Scott; Mank, Gregory W. (2016). Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons. Jeffeerson, N.C.: McFarland & Co. ISBN 9780786479924.\nWooley, Charles F.; Van Brimmer, Barbara (2006). The Second Blessing: Columbus Medicine and Health: The Early Years. South Egremont, Mass.: Science International Corp. ISBN 9780978816902.","title":"Bibliography"}] | [{"image_text":"Packard family mausoleum","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Frank_Packard_Mausoleum%2C_Green_Lawn_Cemetery_%E2%80%94_Columbus%2C_Ohio.jpg/220px-Frank_Packard_Mausoleum%2C_Green_Lawn_Cemetery_%E2%80%94_Columbus%2C_Ohio.jpg"},{"image_text":"Gay family mausoleum","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Gay_Mausoleum%2C_Green_Lawn_Cemetery_%E2%80%94_Columbus%2C_Ohio_-_53075217038.jpg/220px-Gay_Mausoleum%2C_Green_Lawn_Cemetery_%E2%80%94_Columbus%2C_Ohio_-_53075217038.jpg"},{"image_text":"Huntington Chapel","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Huntington_Chapel%2C_Green_Lawn_Cemetery_%E2%80%94_Columbus%2C_Ohio.jpg/220px-Huntington_Chapel%2C_Green_Lawn_Cemetery_%E2%80%94_Columbus%2C_Ohio.jpg"},{"image_text":"Section 51, one of six sections at Green Lawn Cemetery set aside for war dead and veterans","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Looking_W_at_sec_51_-_Green_Lawn_Cemetery.jpg/220px-Looking_W_at_sec_51_-_Green_Lawn_Cemetery.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Hayden Mausoleum","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Hayden_Mausoleum%2C_Green_Lawn_Cemetery_%E2%80%94_Columbus%2C_Ohio_-_53074133942.jpg/220px-Hayden_Mausoleum%2C_Green_Lawn_Cemetery_%E2%80%94_Columbus%2C_Ohio_-_53074133942.jpg"},{"image_text":"Grave of Alfred Kelley and his immediate descendants","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Alfred_Kelley_grave_07_-_Green_Lawn_Cemetery.jpg/220px-Alfred_Kelley_grave_07_-_Green_Lawn_Cemetery.jpg"},{"image_text":"Grave of World War I flying ace Eddie Rickenbacker","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Eddie_Rickenbacker_-_Green_Lawn_Cemetery.jpg/220px-Eddie_Rickenbacker_-_Green_Lawn_Cemetery.jpg"},{"image_text":"Monument to the Sells family","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Sells_Monument%2C_Green_Lawn_Cemetery_%E2%80%94_Columbus%2C_Ohio.jpg/220px-Sells_Monument%2C_Green_Lawn_Cemetery_%E2%80%94_Columbus%2C_Ohio.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Green Lawn Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Lawn_Abbey"}] | [{"reference":"\"News Items\". 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Coggeshall: 'Booster' of Western Literature\""}]},{"reference":"United States Congress. \"George L. Converse (id: C000711)\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=C000711","url_text":"\"George L. Converse (id: C000711)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress","url_text":"Biographical Directory of the United States Congress"}]},{"reference":"Scee, Trudy Irene (2019). Garden Cemeteries of New England, 1796-2019. Lanham, Md.: Down East Books. p. 155. ISBN 9781608939077.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=f6-hDwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Garden Cemeteries of New England, 1796-2019"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781608939077","url_text":"9781608939077"}]},{"reference":"Phillips, David E. (January 1908). \"Monumental Inscriptions From Green Lawn Cemetery, Columbus, Ohio\". The \"Old Northwest\" Genealogical Quarterly: 53. Retrieved July 13, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5zXTAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Alfred+Kelley%22+%22Green+Lawn+Cemetery%22&pg=PA357","url_text":"\"Monumental Inscriptions From Green Lawn Cemetery, Columbus, Ohio\""}]},{"reference":"United States Congress. \"Daniel S. Earhart (id: E000006)\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=E000006","url_text":"\"Daniel S. Earhart (id: E000006)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress","url_text":"Biographical Directory of the United States Congress"}]},{"reference":"United States Congress. \"Samuel Galloway (id: G000027)\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=G000027","url_text":"\"Samuel Galloway (id: G000027)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress","url_text":"Biographical Directory of the United States Congress"}]},{"reference":"Reitzel, Rick (May 29, 2017). \"Memorial Day services in Columbus' honor decorated Buffalo Soldier\". WCMH-TV. Retrieved July 14, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nbc4i.com/local-news/memorial-day-services-in-columbus-honor-decorated-buffalo-soldier_20180321075810213/1065022713","url_text":"\"Memorial Day services in Columbus' honor decorated Buffalo Soldier\""}]},{"reference":"Smith, Joseph P. (January 1896). \"Henry Howe, The Historian\". Ohio Archaeological and Historical Quarterly: 336. Retrieved July 14, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://resources.ohiohistory.org/ohj/browse/displaypages.php?display%5b%5d=0004&display%5b%5d=311&display%5b%5d=337","url_text":"\"Henry Howe, The Historian\""}]},{"reference":"Phillips, David E. (October 1907). \"Monumental Inscriptions From Green Lawn Cemetery, Columbus, Ohio\". The \"Old Northwest\" Genealogical Quarterly: 357. Retrieved July 13, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5zXTAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Alfred+Kelley%22+%22Green+Lawn+Cemetery%22&pg=PA357","url_text":"\"Monumental Inscriptions From Green Lawn Cemetery, Columbus, Ohio\""}]},{"reference":"Johnson, Alan (November 25, 2011). \"Statehouse architect finally to get marker in Green Lawn Cemetery\". Columbus Dispatch. Retrieved July 14, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dispatch.com/article/20111125/NEWS/311259753","url_text":"\"Statehouse architect finally to get marker in Green Lawn Cemetery\""}]},{"reference":"United States Congress. \"John J. Lentz (id: L000244)\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=L000244","url_text":"\"John J. Lentz (id: L000244)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress","url_text":"Biographical Directory of the United States Congress"}]},{"reference":"\"Maetzel's designs span Front Street\". Columbus Dispatch. October 21, 2014. Retrieved September 4, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dispatch.com/story/news/local/german-village/2014/10/21/maetzel-s-designs-span-front/23155185007/","url_text":"\"Maetzel's designs span Front Street\""}]},{"reference":"Lentz, Ed (August 19, 2013). \"Martin legacy: Early Columbus history\". ThisWeek. Retrieved July 14, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thisweeknews.com/content/stories/2013/08/22/as-it-were.html","url_text":"\"Martin legacy: Early Columbus history\""}]},{"reference":"\"Judge Matthias Services Set For Thursday\". Sandusky Register Star News. November 3, 1953. p. 3. Retrieved July 14, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://newspaperarchive.com/sandusky-register-star-news-nov-03-1953-p-3/","url_text":"\"Judge Matthias Services Set For Thursday\""}]},{"reference":"Phillips, David E. (July 1907). \"Monumental Inscriptions From Green Lawn Cemetery, Columbus, Ohio\". The \"Old Northwest\" Genealogical Quarterly: 252. Retrieved July 13, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=cBEzAQAAIAAJ&q=Abram+McDowell+%22Green+Lawn%22&pg=PA251","url_text":"\"Monumental Inscriptions From Green Lawn Cemetery, Columbus, Ohio\""}]},{"reference":"United States Congress. \"Herman A. Moore (id: M000899)\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=M000899","url_text":"\"Herman A. Moore (id: M000899)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress","url_text":"Biographical Directory of the United States Congress"}]},{"reference":"\"Proclamation of Governor Herrick\". Xenia Daily Gazette. October 29, 1904. p. 1. Retrieved July 13, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://newspaperarchive.com/xenia-daily-gazette-oct-29-1904-p-1/","url_text":"\"Proclamation of Governor Herrick\""}]},{"reference":"Phillips, David E. (October 1907). \"Monumental Inscriptions From Green Lawn Cemetery, Columbus, Ohio\". The \"Old Northwest\" Genealogical Quarterly: 359. Retrieved July 13, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5zXTAAAAMAAJ&q=Edward+Orton.++%22Green+Lawn+Cemetery%22&pg=PA359","url_text":"\"Monumental Inscriptions From Green Lawn Cemetery, Columbus, Ohio\""}]},{"reference":"\"General Edward Orton, Jr.—Our Tribute\". The Clay-Worker. February 1932. pp. 74–75.","urls":[]},{"reference":"United States Congress. \"Joseph H. Outhwaite (id: O000136)\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=O000136","url_text":"\"Joseph H. Outhwaite (id: O000136)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress","url_text":"Biographical Directory of the United States Congress"}]},{"reference":"Oliphint, Joel; Rogers, Jenny; Schmidt, Kristen; Sullivan, Michelle; Thompson, Emily; Tiberio, Tom; Tonguette, Peter (December 2013). \"Storied Buildings\". Columbus Monthly. p. 67. Retrieved July 14, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://issuu.com/columbusdispatch/docs/cm_december_lr","url_text":"\"Storied Buildings\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alice E. Heckler 31 March 1845 – 1 April 1921 99T6-GVL\". ident.familysearch.org. Retrieved 5 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.familysearch.org/tree/person/details/99T6-GVL","url_text":"\"Alice E. Heckler 31 March 1845 – 1 April 1921 99T6-GVL\""}]},{"reference":"United States Congress. \"Joseph Ridgway (id: R000247)\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=R000247","url_text":"\"Joseph Ridgway (id: R000247)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress","url_text":"Biographical Directory of the United States Congress"}]},{"reference":"Decker, Theodore (December 22, 2016). \"Green Lawn vandals steal peace from families\". Columbus Dispatch. Retrieved July 14, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dispatch.com/content/stories/local/2016/12/22/1-theodore-decker-green-lawn-vandals-steal-peace-from-families.html","url_text":"\"Green Lawn vandals steal peace from families\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ex-Manager Southworth Dies at 76\". Zanesville Times Recorder. November 16, 1969. p. 25. Retrieved July 14, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://newspaperarchive.com/zanesville-times-recorder-nov-16-1969-p-25/","url_text":"\"Ex-Manager Southworth Dies at 76\""}]},{"reference":"\"Billy Southworth, Jr\". Baseball's Greatest Sacrifice.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.baseballsgreatestsacrifice.com/biographies/southworth_billy_jr.html","url_text":"\"Billy Southworth, Jr\""}]},{"reference":"United States Congress. \"Alfred P. Stone (id: S000952)\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=S000952","url_text":"\"Alfred P. Stone (id: S000952)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress","url_text":"Biographical Directory of the United States Congress"}]},{"reference":"Phillips, David E. (July 1907). \"Monumental Inscriptions From Green Lawn Cemetery, Columbus, Ohio\". The \"Old Northwest\" Genealogical Quarterly: 352–353. Retrieved July 14, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6NsyAQAAMAAJ&q=%22Joseph+Rockwell+Swan%22+%22Green+Lawn%22&pg=PA253","url_text":"\"Monumental Inscriptions From Green Lawn Cemetery, Columbus, Ohio\""}]},{"reference":"United States Congress. \"Edward L. Taylor Jr. (id: T000071)\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=T000071","url_text":"\"Edward L. Taylor Jr. (id: T000071)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress","url_text":"Biographical Directory of the United States Congress"}]},{"reference":"Lentz, Ed (August 7, 2016). \"Minister left lasting OSU legacy\". ThisWeek. Retrieved July 14, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thisweeknews.com/content/stories/2016/08/11/as-it-were-minister-left-lasting-osu-legacy.html","url_text":"\"Minister left lasting OSU legacy\""}]},{"reference":"United States Congress. \"Allen G. Thurman (id: T000251)\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=T000251","url_text":"\"Allen G. Thurman (id: T000251)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress","url_text":"Biographical Directory of the United States Congress"}]},{"reference":"Boardman, Mark (April 24, 2010). \"Tracking a Vendetta Rider\". True West Magazine. Retrieved July 14, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://truewestmagazine.com/tracking-a-vendetta-rider/","url_text":"\"Tracking a Vendetta Rider\""}]},{"reference":"\"Judge Turner Rites to be Held Saturday\". Columbus Dispatch. September 14, 1950. pp. A1, A6.","urls":[]},{"reference":"United States Congress. \"John Martin Vorys (id: V000119)\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=V000119","url_text":"\"John Martin Vorys (id: V000119)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress","url_text":"Biographical Directory of the United States Congress"}]},{"reference":"United States Congress. \"David K. Watson (id: W000200)\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=W000200","url_text":"\"David K. Watson (id: W000200)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress","url_text":"Biographical Directory of the United States Congress"}]},{"reference":"\"Obituary: Westlake\". Columbus Dispatch. December 11, 1978. p. B7.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Acts of a General Nature Passed by the Forty-Sixth General Assembly of the State of Ohio, Begun and Held in the City of Columbus December 6, 1847 and in the Forty-Sixth Year of Said State. Volume XLVI. Columbus, Ohio: Chas. Scott's Steam Press. 1848. hdl:2027/uc1.b3831116.","urls":[{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.b3831116?urlappend=%3Bseq=103","url_text":"Acts of a General Nature Passed by the Forty-Sixth General Assembly of the State of Ohio, Begun and Held in the City of Columbus December 6, 1847 and in the Forty-Sixth Year of Said State. Volume XLVI"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fuc1.b3831116?urlappend=%3Bseq=103","url_text":"2027/uc1.b3831116"}]},{"reference":"Acts of a Local Nature Passed by the Forty-Eighth General Assembly of the State of Ohio, Begun and Held in the City of Columbus December 3, 1849 and in the Forty-Eighth Year of Said State. Volume XLVIII. Columbus, Ohio: Scott& Bascom. 1850. hdl:2027/osu.32437011486079.","urls":[{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027/osu.32437011486079?urlappend=%3Bseq=588","url_text":"Acts of a Local Nature Passed by the Forty-Eighth General Assembly of the State of Ohio, Begun and Held in the City of Columbus December 3, 1849 and in the Forty-Eighth Year of Said State. Volume XLVIII"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fosu.32437011486079?urlappend=%3Bseq=588","url_text":"2027/osu.32437011486079"}]},{"reference":"Barrett, Richard E. (2012). Aviation in Columbus. Charleston, S.C.: Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 9780738593715.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CXseEXXsYIgC","url_text":"Aviation in Columbus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780738593715","url_text":"9780738593715"}]},{"reference":"Bentley, Elizabeth Petty (1984). Ohio Cemetery Records. Baltimore, Md.: Genealogical Publishing Company. ISBN 9780806310718.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780806310718","url_text":"9780806310718"}]},{"reference":"Cothran, James R.; Danylchak, Erica (2018). Historic American Cemeteries and the Nineteenth Century Rural Cemetery Movement. Columbia, S.C.: University of South Carolina Press. ISBN 9781611177992.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rbM_DwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Historic American Cemeteries and the Nineteenth Century Rural Cemetery Movement"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781611177992","url_text":"9781611177992"}]},{"reference":"Darbee, Jeffrey T.; Recchie, Nancy A. (2008). The AIA Guide to Columbus. Ohio University Press. ISBN 9780821416846.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_AIA_Guide_to_Columbus/m8eDadki1VAC","url_text":"The AIA Guide to Columbus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780821416846","url_text":"9780821416846"}]},{"reference":"Eagle, Bob; LeBlanc, Eric S. (2013). Blues: A Regional Experience. Santa Barbara, Calif.: Praeger. ISBN 9780313344237.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6ZNfAQAAQBAJ","url_text":"Blues: A Regional Experience"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313344237","url_text":"9780313344237"}]},{"reference":"Eicher, John H.; Eicher, David J. (2001). Civil War High Commands. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press. ISBN 9780804736411.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Fs0Ajlnjl6AC","url_text":"Civil War High Commands"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780804736411","url_text":"9780804736411"}]},{"reference":"Hannan, Caryn; Herman, Jennifer L. (2008). Michigan Biographical Dictionary. Hamburg, Mich.: State History Publications. ISBN 9781878592958.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=aWR5HJJktL8C","url_text":"Michigan Biographical Dictionary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781878592958","url_text":"9781878592958"}]},{"reference":"Hooper, Osman Castle (1920). History of the City of Columbus, Ohio, From the Founding of Franklinton in 1797, Through the World War Period to the Year 1920. Columbus, Ohio: Memorial Publishing Co.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WjWfaxIi7zgC","url_text":"History of the City of Columbus, Ohio, From the Founding of Franklinton in 1797, Through the World War Period to the Year 1920"}]},{"reference":"Lee, Alfred Emory (1892). History of the City of Columbus, Capital of Ohio. Volume 2. Chicago: Munsell & Co.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8rECAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"History of the City of Columbus, Capital of Ohio. 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(August 1919). \"Green Lawn Cemetery, An Appreciation\". Park and Cemetery. pp. 146–148. Retrieved July 12, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ibkxAQAAMAAJ&q=%22Green+Lawn+Cemetery%22+columbus+garden&pg=RA1-PA146","url_text":"\"Green Lawn Cemetery, An Appreciation\""}]},{"reference":"Martin, Martin T. (1993). History of Franklin County: A Collection of Reminiscences of the Early Settlement of the County. Columbus, Ohio: Bergman Books. ISBN 9780963603609.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=V81MDwAAQBAJ","url_text":"History of Franklin County: A Collection of Reminiscences of the Early Settlement of the County"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780963603609","url_text":"9780963603609"}]},{"reference":"Miller, C.L. (2008). Mount Calvary Cemetery. Charleston, S.C.: Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 9780738552057.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=d4o9TPFMIbEC","url_text":"Mount Calvary Cemetery"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780738552057","url_text":"9780738552057"}]},{"reference":"Renwick, William G. (1909). Marble and Marble Working. New York: D. Van Nostrand & Co.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=iX9CAAAAIAAJ","url_text":"Marble and Marble Working"}]},{"reference":"Samuelson, Robert E.; et al. (Pasquale C. Grado, Judith L. Kitchen, Jeffrey T. Darbee) (1976). Architecture: Columbus. The Foundation of The Columbus Chapter of The American Institute of Architects. OCLC 2697928.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.com/books/edition/Architecture_Columbus/ttNPAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Architecture: Columbus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIA_Columbus","url_text":"The Columbus Chapter of The American Institute of Architects"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2697928","url_text":"2697928"}]},{"reference":"Strader, Levi T. (1899). Facts and Figures of Franklin County, Ohio. Columbus, Ohio: Strader.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_1MVJUIISlUC","url_text":"Facts and Figures of Franklin County, Ohio"}]},{"reference":"Studer, Jacob Henry (1873). Columbus, Ohio: Its History, Resources, and Progress, with Numerous Illustrations. Columbus, Ohio: Higginson Book Company. hdl:2027/hvd.32044013663596.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fhvd.32044013663596","url_text":"2027/hvd.32044013663596"}]},{"reference":"Wilson, Scott; Mank, Gregory W. (2016). Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons. Jeffeerson, N.C.: McFarland & Co. ISBN 9780786479924.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FOHgDAAAQBAJ","url_text":"Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786479924","url_text":"9780786479924"}]},{"reference":"Wooley, Charles F.; Van Brimmer, Barbara (2006). The Second Blessing: Columbus Medicine and Health: The Early Years. South Egremont, Mass.: Science International Corp. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip,_Count_of_Longueville | Philip, Count of Longueville | ["1 Murder of Charles de la Cerda","2 Alliance with England","3 Revolution in Paris","4 Peace and death","5 Ancestry","6 References","7 Sources"] | You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in French. (December 2009) Click for important translation instructions.
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Philip of Navarre, Count of Longueville (1336–1363) was a younger brother and supporter of Charles II of Navarre, a claimant to the French throne. The son of Philip III of Navarre and Joan II of Navarre, he married Yolande of Flanders in 1353. She was the daughter of Robert of Flanders and Joan of Brittany (from the House of Capet) and the widow of Henry IV of Bar. The marriage was childless, though by his mistress Jeannette d'Aisy Philip had two illegitimate children - Lancelot (who was granted Longueville as a gift in 1371 by his uncle Charles II of Navarre so long as he served in the company of the Duke of Brittany) and Robine (granted Longueville by her uncle Louis of Navarre in 1367). Philip and his brother Charles fought against John II of France in 1353.
Murder of Charles de la Cerda
Christmas 1353 he followed his brother Charles to Paris where they intended to pick a quarrel. On arrival they exchanged insults with Charles de la Cerda (also known as Charles of Spain), the Constable of France, in the king's presence, Philip even going so far a drawing his dagger.
Two weeks later Charles de la Cerda was travelling unescorted through Normandy when on 7 January 1354 Philip with a band of Norman and Navarrese followers including John, Count of Harcourt, the Bascon de Mareuil and Rabigot Dury, came to the village of l'Aigle and inn where Charles was spending the night. After surrounding the inn Philip stormed into Charles bedroom saying "Charles of Spain, I am Philip, son of a King, whom you have foully slandered". According to one account Charles begged for his life and promised to leave France forever, but the Bascon de Mareuil and Rabigot Dury fell upon him with four other troopers and stabbed him to death. In all eighty wounds was found on the body of Charles of Spain. The murder of Charles of Spain brought about a break in relations between the King of Navarre and the King of France and occasioned the first of Charles of Navarre's many rapprochements with the English. This time it was not to last long. Already in February Philips brother was, formally at least, reconcile to King John II. In the Treaty of Mantes concluded 22 February Charles of Navarre gained considerable territories in Lower Normandy as well as promises of pardons for Charles, his brothers and confederates for the murder of Charles of Spain.
Alliance with England
On 5 April 1356, John II unexpectedly, and to contemporaries quite shockingly, personally had Charles II arrested while he was attended a council of the leading noblemen of Normandy at Rouen. And so open war broke out between the Houses of Evreux and Valois as the King of France's armies lay siege to Evreux, Charles' administrative seat in Normandy. It fell to Philip to defend his imprisoned brother's interests in Normandy. After a brief attempt to negotiate with John II he withdrew to the Cotentin where he set up headquarters at Cherbourg and proclaimed himself his brother's lieutenant in France. Though the region had a long tradition of opposition to the French Crown the local nobility were reluctant to throw in their support as the Navarrese caused appeared doomed to fail. Philip sent his chief lieutenants Martin Henriques and Pedro Remirez back to Navarre to raise troops. There Louis, the youngest of the three brothers, was already busy raising money and seeking allies in Spain and at Avignon. However Philip knew that the resources of Navarre alone could never be enough to sustain a war against France and by the end of April he had sent to emissaries to England to seek an alliance. Though initially sceptical by 4 May the English government had decided to divert Henry, Duke of Lancaster's planned invasion of Brittany to Normandy. On 28 May Philip formally renounced his homage to the King of France and declared war on his former liege.
Henry of Lancaster arrived in the Contentin 1 June 1356 bringing with him some 1300 men. To this Philip added 300 of his own retainers. They were also joined by Robert Knolles bringing with him 800 men from the English garrisons in Brittany. The small but all mounted army rode out from Montebourg on 22 June. They were too late to save Evereux, but arrived in time to relieve and reinforce the Navarrese garrison at Pont-Audemer. From there they moved south reaching Conches-en-Ouche on 3 July only to find that the place had just fallen to the French. Driving off a small French army outside the walls of Breteuil they went to capture Verneuil by storm before turning west again on 8 July. By 13 July the army was back at Montebourg. They had failed to relieve Evreux, but brought back considerable booty making the short campaign a profitable venture for the participants. The raid also caused John II to be caught in a pointless siege of Breteuil instead of focusing on the threatening events taking place to the south. On 20 August he paid the garrison an enormous sum for surrendering the castle and rejoin Philip in the Cotentin.
The rest of the year Philip spent in England together with his Chancellor Thomas de Ladit to settle the terms of his alliance with Edward III. Philip did homage to Edward III as King of France and Duke of Normandy and promised to serve Edward against anyone except his own brothers. The formal agreement was concluded at the king's hunting lodge at Clarendon in Wiltshire. Philip was to have possession of anything own by him or his brother and keep all his conquests up to a value of 60 000 écus, a considerable sum. Edward was to have the demesne lands of the dukes of Normandy and anything else Philip might conquer. Philip was also required to surrender any place of special military or political value. Well satisfied Philip left England in early December with letters appointing him Edward III's Lieutenant in Normandy.
The capture of John II in the Battle of Poitiers on 17 September threw the French government, now headed by the Dauphin, into disarray. This allowed Philip reinforced with several shiploads of fresh soldiers from Navarre, to go on the offensive. Avranches was captured early December, by the end of 1356 Saint-Lô was the only significant place in the Cotentin holding out for the Dauphin.
In 1357, the English and Navarrese began spilling out from Normandy into Île de France. In January that year Philip rode out of the Cotentin with a mounted force of 700 of his own Navarrese and Norman retainers reinforced by a 100 English and German men-at-arms under the English captain Sir Richard Totesham. Travelling east into the Bessin they occupied several castles east of Bayeux before setting out towards Paris causing considerable panic. Passing Chartres they came within 8 miles from Paris before returning home.
Philip returned home to discover that the Duke of Lancaster had taken over control of Avranches and installed an English garrison there. Outraged Philip went to Lancaster's camp outside Rennes to complain. Though Lancaster agreed to reinstate the Navarrese garrison his captains remained in possession. Philip also became embroiled in another dispute with the English government. When the heirless Norman nobleman Godfrey of Harcourt fell in battle against the French in November 1356 Philip had taken possession of his castle, Saint-Sauveur-le-Vicomte, one of strongest and most valuable in the region. However Edward III sent his own men to take over the castle, citing a previous agreement with Godfrey of Harcourt had gifted the castle to the English King. Philip sent his Chancellor to Westminster to protest, but was overruled.
Revolution in Paris
September 1357 negotiations began in London between the English government and King John II, who was still a prisoner. Philip had attempted to persuade Edward that the release of his brother Charles should be one of the conditions for a truce with France, but met only evasions. 9 November 1357 Charles of Navarre escaped from his prison at Arleux, three weeks later he was received as a hero returned by a Paris increasingly hostile to the Dauphin's government. This sped up the proceedings considerably and the kings agreed to a draft treaty, which among other things, provided that Philip of Navarre should be restored to all that he had held in France before the outbreak of the civil war. Peace between France and England was however not in the interest of the King of Navarre who relied on the continued political instability to achieve his political ambitions.
In December Charles left Paris for Normandy to build up his strength before his final showdown with the Dauphin. He returned to Paris in February 1358 where he allied with the Provost of the Merchants, Etienne Marcel. However, by July the Dauphin had gained the advantage in the power struggle; he had the support of the French aristocracy, the Parisians, provoked by the presence of English and Navarrese guards within the city, were also increasingly sympathetic to his cause. Philip answered Charles' call for reinforcements by assembling a considerable force drawn from the garrisons of Normandy and Brittany. Composed mainly of Englishmen the army also included such veteran captains as Robert Knolles and Hugh Calveley and Philip's marshal John Fotheringhay. Before Philip could arrive the mood of the city had completely turned against the King of Navarre who had been forced to barricade himself in Saint-Denis with his guards. On 31 July Paris rose up against and destroyed the regime of Etienne Marcel, the Provost himself was killed by the mob. Charles now resolved upon a full alliance with Edward III. On 2 August Charles and Philip led their army to the north side of the city where they occupied the abbey and suburb of Saint-Denis, apparently preparing to take the city by assault. However evening the same day the Dauphin entered Paris by the Porte Saint-Antoine. All hopes of capturing Paris now lost; the Navarrese army withdrew to Mantes.
Spring 1359 he led a mainly English army out of Mantes to relieve the garrison of Saint-Valéry. The garrison surrendered 21 April before Philip could arrive. He instead led his army into western Champagne where he sustained himself for six weeks while evading the counterattacks of the Constable and Admiral of France, returning to Normandy in early June having achieved little of lasting value. On 20 August 1359 Charles of Navarre made his peace with the Dauphin. Philip however chose to continue in the service of the King of England as did many of the Navarrese garrisons in Normandy.
Peace and death
In 1360 England and France concluded the Treaty of Brétigny bringing the war to an end, for now. Later the same year Charles of Navarre signed a separate treaty with John II. But though the kings were no longer at war, peace proved elusive. The countless mercenary bands, routiers, whose loyalty to the English government had never been anything but nominal, continued to pillage and extract ransom. Philip was however able to retain some control of the Navarrese troops in the region. In summer 1363 he joined Bertrand du Guesclin in a campaign against the routier garrisons around Bayeux and Caen. Towards the end of this campaign Philip caught a chill and died August 1363.
Ancestry
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Ancestors of Philip, Count of Longueville 8. Philip III of France 4. Louis of Évreux 9. Marie of Brabant 2. Philip of Évreux 10. Philip of Artois 5. Margaret of Artois 11. Blanche of Brittany 1. Philip of Longueville 12. Philip IV of France 6. Louis X of France 13. Joan I of Navarre 3. Joan II of Navarre 14. Robert II of Burgundy 7. Margaret of Burgundy 15. Agnes of France
References
^ Woodacre 2013, p. xx.
Sources
Sumption, Jonathan, The Hundred Years War II: Trial by Fire, University of Pennsylvania Press, October 2001, ISBN 0-8122-1801-9
Woodacre, Elena (2013). The Queens Regnant of Navarre. Palgrave Macmillan. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charles II of Navarre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II_of_Navarre"},{"link_name":"Philip III of Navarre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_III_of_Navarre"},{"link_name":"Joan II of Navarre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_II_of_Navarre"},{"link_name":"Yolande of Flanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yolande_of_Dampierre"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodacre2013xx-1"},{"link_name":"House of Capet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Capet"},{"link_name":"Henry IV of Bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_IV_of_Bar"},{"link_name":"Charles II of Navarre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II_of_Navarre"},{"link_name":"Duke of Brittany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Brittany"},{"link_name":"Louis of Navarre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis,_Duke_of_Durazzo"},{"link_name":"John II of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_II_of_France"}],"text":"Philip of Navarre, Count of Longueville (1336–1363) was a younger brother and supporter of Charles II of Navarre, a claimant to the French throne. The son of Philip III of Navarre and Joan II of Navarre, he married Yolande of Flanders in 1353.[1] She was the daughter of Robert of Flanders and Joan of Brittany (from the House of Capet) and the widow of Henry IV of Bar. The marriage was childless, though by his mistress Jeannette d'Aisy Philip had two illegitimate children - Lancelot (who was granted Longueville as a gift in 1371 by his uncle Charles II of Navarre so long as he served in the company of the Duke of Brittany) and Robine (granted Longueville by her uncle Louis of Navarre in 1367). Philip and his brother Charles fought against John II of France in 1353.","title":"Philip, Count of Longueville"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charles de la Cerda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_la_Cerda"},{"link_name":"Constable of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constable_of_France"},{"link_name":"Normandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandy"},{"link_name":"John, Count of Harcourt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John,_Count_of_Harcourt&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bascon de Mareuil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bascon_de_Mareuil&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rabigot Dury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rabigot_Dury&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Mantes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Mantes"}],"text":"Christmas 1353 he followed his brother Charles to Paris where they intended to pick a quarrel. On arrival they exchanged insults with Charles de la Cerda (also known as Charles of Spain), the Constable of France, in the king's presence, Philip even going so far a drawing his dagger.Two weeks later Charles de la Cerda was travelling unescorted through Normandy when on 7 January 1354 Philip with a band of Norman and Navarrese followers including John, Count of Harcourt, the Bascon de Mareuil and Rabigot Dury, came to the village of l'Aigle and inn where Charles was spending the night. After surrounding the inn Philip stormed into Charles bedroom saying \"Charles of Spain, I am Philip, son of a King, whom you have foully slandered\". According to one account Charles begged for his life and promised to leave France forever, but the Bascon de Mareuil and Rabigot Dury fell upon him with four other troopers and stabbed him to death. In all eighty wounds was found on the body of Charles of Spain. The murder of Charles of Spain brought about a break in relations between the King of Navarre and the King of France and occasioned the first of Charles of Navarre's many rapprochements with the English. This time it was not to last long. Already in February Philips brother was, formally at least, reconcile to King John II. In the Treaty of Mantes concluded 22 February Charles of Navarre gained considerable territories in Lower Normandy as well as promises of pardons for Charles, his brothers and confederates for the murder of Charles of Spain.","title":"Murder of Charles de la Cerda"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rouen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouen"},{"link_name":"Evreux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evreux"},{"link_name":"Cotentin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotentin"},{"link_name":"Cherbourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherbourg"},{"link_name":"Martin Henriques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Henriques"},{"link_name":"Pedro Remirez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pedro_Remirez&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis,_Duke_of_Durazzo"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Avignon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avignon"},{"link_name":"Henry, Duke of Lancaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_of_Grosmont"},{"link_name":"Brittany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittany"},{"link_name":"Robert Knolles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Knolles"},{"link_name":"Montebourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montebourg"},{"link_name":"Pont-Audemer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pont-Audemer"},{"link_name":"Conches-en-Ouche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conches-en-Ouche"},{"link_name":"Breteuil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breteuil,_Eure"},{"link_name":"Verneuil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verneuil-sur-Avre"},{"link_name":"Chancellor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor"},{"link_name":"Thomas de Ladit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_de_Ladit&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Clarendon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarendon_Palace"},{"link_name":"Wiltshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiltshire"},{"link_name":"écus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cu"},{"link_name":"Battle of Poitiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Poitiers_(1356)"},{"link_name":"Dauphin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_V_of_France"},{"link_name":"Avranches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avranches"},{"link_name":"Saint-Lô","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-L%C3%B4"},{"link_name":"Île de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Ele_de_France"},{"link_name":"Richard Totesham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Totesham&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bessin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bessin"},{"link_name":"Bayeux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayeux"},{"link_name":"Chartres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartres"},{"link_name":"Godfrey of Harcourt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Godfrey_of_Harcourt&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Saint-Sauveur-le-Vicomte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Sauveur-le-Vicomte"}],"text":"On 5 April 1356, John II unexpectedly, and to contemporaries quite shockingly, personally had Charles II arrested while he was attended a council of the leading noblemen of Normandy at Rouen. And so open war broke out between the Houses of Evreux and Valois as the King of France's armies lay siege to Evreux, Charles' administrative seat in Normandy. It fell to Philip to defend his imprisoned brother's interests in Normandy. After a brief attempt to negotiate with John II he withdrew to the Cotentin where he set up headquarters at Cherbourg and proclaimed himself his brother's lieutenant in France. Though the region had a long tradition of opposition to the French Crown the local nobility were reluctant to throw in their support as the Navarrese caused appeared doomed to fail. Philip sent his chief lieutenants Martin Henriques and Pedro Remirez back to Navarre to raise troops. There Louis, the youngest of the three brothers, was already busy raising money and seeking allies in Spain and at Avignon. However Philip knew that the resources of Navarre alone could never be enough to sustain a war against France and by the end of April he had sent to emissaries to England to seek an alliance. Though initially sceptical by 4 May the English government had decided to divert Henry, Duke of Lancaster's planned invasion of Brittany to Normandy. On 28 May Philip formally renounced his homage to the King of France and declared war on his former liege.Henry of Lancaster arrived in the Contentin 1 June 1356 bringing with him some 1300 men. To this Philip added 300 of his own retainers. They were also joined by Robert Knolles bringing with him 800 men from the English garrisons in Brittany. The small but all mounted army rode out from Montebourg on 22 June. They were too late to save Evereux, but arrived in time to relieve and reinforce the Navarrese garrison at Pont-Audemer. From there they moved south reaching Conches-en-Ouche on 3 July only to find that the place had just fallen to the French. Driving off a small French army outside the walls of Breteuil they went to capture Verneuil by storm before turning west again on 8 July. By 13 July the army was back at Montebourg. They had failed to relieve Evreux, but brought back considerable booty making the short campaign a profitable venture for the participants. The raid also caused John II to be caught in a pointless siege of Breteuil instead of focusing on the threatening events taking place to the south. On 20 August he paid the garrison an enormous sum for surrendering the castle and rejoin Philip in the Cotentin.The rest of the year Philip spent in England together with his Chancellor Thomas de Ladit to settle the terms of his alliance with Edward III. Philip did homage to Edward III as King of France and Duke of Normandy and promised to serve Edward against anyone except his own brothers. The formal agreement was concluded at the king's hunting lodge at Clarendon in Wiltshire. Philip was to have possession of anything own by him or his brother and keep all his conquests up to a value of 60 000 écus, a considerable sum. Edward was to have the demesne lands of the dukes of Normandy and anything else Philip might conquer. Philip was also required to surrender any place of special military or political value. Well satisfied Philip left England in early December with letters appointing him Edward III's Lieutenant in Normandy.The capture of John II in the Battle of Poitiers on 17 September threw the French government, now headed by the Dauphin, into disarray. This allowed Philip reinforced with several shiploads of fresh soldiers from Navarre, to go on the offensive. Avranches was captured early December, by the end of 1356 Saint-Lô was the only significant place in the Cotentin holding out for the Dauphin.In 1357, the English and Navarrese began spilling out from Normandy into Île de France. In January that year Philip rode out of the Cotentin with a mounted force of 700 of his own Navarrese and Norman retainers reinforced by a 100 English and German men-at-arms under the English captain Sir Richard Totesham. Travelling east into the Bessin they occupied several castles east of Bayeux before setting out towards Paris causing considerable panic. Passing Chartres they came within 8 miles from Paris before returning home.Philip returned home to discover that the Duke of Lancaster had taken over control of Avranches and installed an English garrison there. Outraged Philip went to Lancaster's camp outside Rennes to complain. Though Lancaster agreed to reinstate the Navarrese garrison his captains remained in possession. Philip also became embroiled in another dispute with the English government. When the heirless Norman nobleman Godfrey of Harcourt fell in battle against the French in November 1356 Philip had taken possession of his castle, Saint-Sauveur-le-Vicomte, one of strongest and most valuable in the region. However Edward III sent his own men to take over the castle, citing a previous agreement with Godfrey of Harcourt had gifted the castle to the English King. Philip sent his Chancellor to Westminster to protest, but was overruled.","title":"Alliance with England"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Etienne Marcel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etienne_Marcel"},{"link_name":"Hugh Calveley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Calveley"},{"link_name":"John Fotheringhay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Fotheringhay&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Saint-Denis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Denis,_Seine-Saint-Denis"},{"link_name":"Saint-Denis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Denis,_Seine-Saint-Denis"},{"link_name":"Porte Saint-Antoine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porte_Saint-Antoine"},{"link_name":"Mantes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantes"},{"link_name":"Saint-Valéry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint-Val%C3%A9ry&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"September 1357 negotiations began in London between the English government and King John II, who was still a prisoner. Philip had attempted to persuade Edward that the release of his brother Charles should be one of the conditions for a truce with France, but met only evasions. 9 November 1357 Charles of Navarre escaped from his prison at Arleux, three weeks later he was received as a hero returned by a Paris increasingly hostile to the Dauphin's government. This sped up the proceedings considerably and the kings agreed to a draft treaty, which among other things, provided that Philip of Navarre should be restored to all that he had held in France before the outbreak of the civil war. Peace between France and England was however not in the interest of the King of Navarre who relied on the continued political instability to achieve his political ambitions.In December Charles left Paris for Normandy to build up his strength before his final showdown with the Dauphin. He returned to Paris in February 1358 where he allied with the Provost of the Merchants, Etienne Marcel. However, by July the Dauphin had gained the advantage in the power struggle; he had the support of the French aristocracy, the Parisians, provoked by the presence of English and Navarrese guards within the city, were also increasingly sympathetic to his cause. Philip answered Charles' call for reinforcements by assembling a considerable force drawn from the garrisons of Normandy and Brittany. Composed mainly of Englishmen the army also included such veteran captains as Robert Knolles and Hugh Calveley and Philip's marshal John Fotheringhay. Before Philip could arrive the mood of the city had completely turned against the King of Navarre who had been forced to barricade himself in Saint-Denis with his guards. On 31 July Paris rose up against and destroyed the regime of Etienne Marcel, the Provost himself was killed by the mob. Charles now resolved upon a full alliance with Edward III. On 2 August Charles and Philip led their army to the north side of the city where they occupied the abbey and suburb of Saint-Denis, apparently preparing to take the city by assault. However evening the same day the Dauphin entered Paris by the Porte Saint-Antoine. All hopes of capturing Paris now lost; the Navarrese army withdrew to Mantes.Spring 1359 he led a mainly English army out of Mantes to relieve the garrison of Saint-Valéry. The garrison surrendered 21 April before Philip could arrive. He instead led his army into western Champagne where he sustained himself for six weeks while evading the counterattacks of the Constable and Admiral of France, returning to Normandy in early June having achieved little of lasting value. On 20 August 1359 Charles of Navarre made his peace with the Dauphin. Philip however chose to continue in the service of the King of England as did many of the Navarrese garrisons in Normandy.","title":"Revolution in Paris"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Treaty of Brétigny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Br%C3%A9tigny"},{"link_name":"routiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routiers"},{"link_name":"Bertrand du Guesclin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_du_Guesclin"}],"text":"In 1360 England and France concluded the Treaty of Brétigny bringing the war to an end, for now. Later the same year Charles of Navarre signed a separate treaty with John II. But though the kings were no longer at war, peace proved elusive. The countless mercenary bands, routiers, whose loyalty to the English government had never been anything but nominal, continued to pillage and extract ransom. Philip was however able to retain some control of the Navarrese troops in the region. In summer 1363 he joined Bertrand du Guesclin in a campaign against the routier garrisons around Bayeux and Caen. Towards the end of this campaign Philip caught a chill and died August 1363.","title":"Peace and death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Philip III of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_III_of_France"},{"link_name":"Louis of Évreux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_of_%C3%89vreux"},{"link_name":"Marie of Brabant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_of_Brabant,_Queen_of_France"},{"link_name":"Philip of Évreux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_III_of_Navarre"},{"link_name":"Philip of Artois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_of_Artois"},{"link_name":"Margaret of Artois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_of_Artois"},{"link_name":"Blanche of Brittany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanche_of_Brittany"},{"link_name":"Philip IV of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_IV_of_France"},{"link_name":"Louis X of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_X_of_France"},{"link_name":"Joan I of Navarre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_I_of_Navarre"},{"link_name":"Joan II of Navarre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_II_of_Navarre"},{"link_name":"Robert II of Burgundy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_II_of_Burgundy"},{"link_name":"Margaret of Burgundy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_of_Burgundy,_Queen_of_France"},{"link_name":"Agnes of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnes_of_France,_Duchess_of_Burgundy"}],"text":"Ancestors of Philip, Count of Longueville 8. Philip III of France 4. Louis of Évreux 9. Marie of Brabant 2. Philip of Évreux 10. Philip of Artois 5. Margaret of Artois 11. Blanche of Brittany 1. Philip of Longueville 12. Philip IV of France 6. Louis X of France 13. Joan I of Navarre 3. Joan II of Navarre 14. Robert II of Burgundy 7. Margaret of Burgundy 15. Agnes of France","title":"Ancestry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8122-1801-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8122-1801-9"}],"text":"Sumption, Jonathan, The Hundred Years War II: Trial by Fire, University of Pennsylvania Press, October 2001, ISBN 0-8122-1801-9\nWoodacre, Elena (2013). The Queens Regnant of Navarre. Palgrave Macmillan.","title":"Sources"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Woodacre, Elena (2013). The Queens Regnant of Navarre. Palgrave Macmillan.","urls":[]}] | [{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/translate?&u=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPhilippe_de_Navarre&sl=fr&tl=en&prev=_t&hl=en","external_links_name":"View"},{"Link":"https://deepl.com/","external_links_name":"DeepL"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/","external_links_name":"Google Translate"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philip,_Count_of_Longueville&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve this section"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ge%C3%A7ita%C4%9Fz%C4%B1,_%C4%B0spir | Geçitağzı, İspir | ["1 References"] | Village in Turkey
Neighbourhood in İspir, Erzurum, TurkeyGeçitağzıNeighbourhoodCountryTurkeyProvinceErzurumDistrictİspirPopulation (2022)45Time zoneTRT (UTC+3)
Geçitağzı is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of İspir, Erzurum Province in Turkey. Its population is 45 (2022).
References
^ "Mahalli İdareler" (in Turkish). İspir Kaymakamlığı. Retrieved 30 August 2023.
^ Mahalle, Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
^ "Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2022, Favorite Reports" (XLS). TÜİK. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
vteNeighbourhoods of İspir District
Ahlatlı
Akgüney
Akpınar
Akseki
Aksu
Aktaş
Alacabük
Araköy
Ardıçlı
Armutlu
Aşağıfındıklı
Aşağıözbağ
Atürküten
Avcıköy
Bademli
Bahçeli
Başçeşme
Başköy
Başpınar
Bostancı
Bozan
Çakmaklı
Çamlıca
Çamlıkaya
Cankurtaran
Çatakkaya
Çayırbaşı
Çayırözü
Cibali
Çiçekli
Değirmendere
Değirmenli
Demirbilek
Demirkaya
Devedağı
Duruköy
Düzköy
Elmalı
Gaziler
Geçitağzı
Göçköy
Gölyurt
Gülhas
Güllübağ
Gündoğdu
Güney
Halilpaşa
İkisu
İncesu
Irmakköy
İyidere
Karahan
Karakale
Karakamış
Karakaya
Karaseydi
Karşıyaka
Kavaklı
Kaynakbaşı
Kirazlı
Kırık
Kızılhasan
Koçköy
Köprüköy
Kümetaş
Leylekköy
Madenköprübaşı
Mescitli
Meydanlı
Moryayla
Mülkköy
Numanpaşa
Ortaköy
Ortaören
Özlüce
Öztoprak
Petekli
Pınarlı
Sandıklı
Şenköy
Sırakonak
Soğuksu
Taşbaşı
Taşlıca
Tekpınar
Tepecik
Ulubel
Ulutaş
Üzümbağı
Yağlı
Yaylacık
Yedigöl
Yedigöze
Yeşiltepe
Yeşilyurt
Yıldıztepe
Yukarı
Yukarıfındıklı
Yukarıözbağ
Yunusköy
Zeyrek
This geographical article about a location in İspir District, Turkey is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"neighbourhood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahalle"},{"link_name":"İspir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0spir"},{"link_name":"Erzurum Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erzurum_Province"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Neighbourhood in İspir, Erzurum, TurkeyGeçitağzı is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of İspir, Erzurum Province in Turkey.[1][2] Its population is 45 (2022).[3]","title":"Geçitağzı, İspir"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Mahalli İdareler\" (in Turkish). İspir Kaymakamlığı. Retrieved 30 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ispir.gov.tr/mahalli-idareler","url_text":"\"Mahalli İdareler\""}]},{"reference":"\"Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2022, Favorite Reports\" (XLS). TÜİK. Retrieved 12 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=95&locale=en","url_text":"\"Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2022, Favorite Reports\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%9C%C4%B0K","url_text":"TÜİK"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.ispir.gov.tr/mahalli-idareler","external_links_name":"\"Mahalli İdareler\""},{"Link":"https://www.e-icisleri.gov.tr/Anasayfa/MulkiIdariBolumleri.aspx","external_links_name":"Mahalle"},{"Link":"https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=95&locale=en","external_links_name":"\"Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2022, Favorite Reports\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ge%C3%A7ita%C4%9Fz%C4%B1,_%C4%B0spir&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Louis_Leclerc,_Comte_de_Buffon | Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon | ["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Works","3.1 Publications","4 Racial studies","5 Relevance to modern biology","6 Works","7 Eponyms of Buffon","8 See also","9 References","10 External links"] | French naturalist of the 18th century
For other people named Buffon, see Buffon (disambiguation).
Georges-Louis Leclerc,Comte de BuffonPainting by François-Hubert DrouaisBornGeorges-Louis Leclerc(1707-09-07)7 September 1707Montbard, Burgundy, FranceDied16 April 1788(1788-04-16) (aged 80)Paris, FranceKnown forHistoire Naturelle (1749–1804)Buffon's needle problemRejection samplingScientific careerFieldsNatural historyInstitutionsAcadémie Française
Signature
Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon (French: ; 7 September 1707 – 16 April 1788) was a French naturalist, mathematician, and cosmologist. He held the position of intendant (director) at the Jardin du Roi, now called the Jardin des plantes.
Buffon's works influenced the next two generations of naturalists, including two prominent French scientists Jean-Baptiste Lamarck and Georges Cuvier. Buffon published thirty-six quarto volumes of his Histoire Naturelle during his lifetime, with additional volumes based on his notes and further research being published in the two decades following his death.
Ernst Mayr wrote that "Truly, Buffon was the father of all thought in natural history in the second half of the 18th century". Credited with being one of the first naturalists to recognize ecological succession, he was later forced by the theology committee at the University of Paris to recant his theories about geological history and animal evolution because they contradicted the biblical narrative of Creation.
Early life
Georges Louis Leclerc (later Comte de Buffon) was born at Montbard, in the province of Burgundy to Benjamin François Leclerc, a minor local official in charge of the salt tax and Anne-Christine Marlin also from a family of civil servants. Georges was named after his mother's uncle (his godfather) Georges Blaisot, the tax-farmer of the Duke of Savoy for all of Sicily. In 1714 Blaisot died childless, leaving a considerable fortune to his seven-year-old godson. Benjamin Leclerc then purchased an estate containing the nearby village of Buffon and moved the family to Dijon acquiring various offices there as well as a seat in the Dijon Parlement.
Georges attended the Jesuit College of Godrans in Dijon from the age of ten onwards. From 1723 to 1726 he then studied law in Dijon, the prerequisite for continuing the family tradition in civil service. In 1728 Georges left Dijon to study mathematics and medicine at the University of Angers in France. At Angers in 1730 he made the acquaintance of the young English Duke of Kingston, who was on his grand tour of Europe, and traveled with him on a large and expensive entourage for a year and a half through southern France and parts of Italy.
There are persistent but completely undocumented rumors from this period about duels, abductions and secret trips to England. In 1732 after the death of his mother and before the impending remarriage of his father, Georges left Kingston and returned to Dijon to secure his inheritance. Having added 'de Buffon' to his name while traveling with the Duke, he repurchased the village of Buffon, which his father had meanwhile sold off. With a fortune of about 80,000 livres Buffon set himself up in Paris to pursue science, at first primarily mathematics and mechanics, and the increase of his fortune.
Career
Buffon's microscope
In 1732 he moved to Paris, where he made the acquaintance of Voltaire and other intellectuals. He lived in the Faubourg Saint-Germain, with Gilles-François Boulduc, first apothecary of the King, professor of chemistry at the Royal Garden of Plants, member of the Academy of Sciences. He first made his mark in the field of mathematics and, in his Sur le jeu de franc-carreau (On the game of fair-square), introduced differential and integral calculus into probability theory; the problem of Buffon's needle in probability theory is named after him. In 1734 he was admitted to the French Academy of Sciences. During this period he corresponded with the Swiss mathematician Gabriel Cramer.
His protector Maurepas had asked the Academy of Sciences to do research on wood for the construction of ships in 1733. Soon afterward, Buffon began a long-term study, performing some of the most comprehensive tests to date on the mechanical properties of wood. Included were a series of tests to compare the properties of small specimens with those of large members. After carefully testing more than a thousand small specimens without knots or other defects, Buffon concluded that it was not possible to extrapolate to the properties of full-size timbers, and he began a series of tests on full-size structural members.
In 1739 he was appointed head of the Parisian Jardin du Roi with the help of Maurepas; he held this position to the end of his life. Buffon was instrumental in transforming the Jardin du Roi into a major research center and museum. He also enlarged it, arranging the purchase of adjoining plots of land and acquiring new botanical and zoological specimens from all over the world.
Thanks to his talent as a writer, he was invited to join Paris's second great academy, the Académie Française in 1753 and then in 1768 he was elected to the American Philosophical Society. In his Discours sur le style ("Discourse on Style"), pronounced before the Académie française, he said, "Writing well consists of thinking, feeling and expressing well, of clarity of mind, soul and taste ... The style is the man himself" ("Le style c'est l'homme même"). Unfortunately for him, Buffon's reputation as a literary stylist also gave ammunition to his detractors: the mathematician Jean le Rond d'Alembert, for example, called him "the great phrase-monger".
In 1752 Buffon married Marie-Françoise de Saint-Belin-Malain, the daughter of an impoverished noble family from Burgundy, who had been enrolled in the convent school run by his sister. Madame de Buffon's second child, a son born in 1764, survived childhood; she herself died in 1769. When in 1772 Buffon became seriously ill and the promise that his son (then only 8) should succeed him as director of the Jardin became clearly impracticable and was withdrawn, the King raised Buffon's estates in Burgundy to the status of a county – and thus Buffon (and his son) became a count. He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1782. Buffon died in Paris in 1788.
He was buried in a chapel adjacent to the church of Sainte-Urse Montbard; during the French Revolution, his tomb was broken into and the lead that covered the coffin was ransacked to produce bullets. His heart was initially saved, as it was guarded by Suzanne Necker (wife of Jacques Necker), but was later lost. Today, only Buffon's cerebellum remains, as it is kept in the base of the statue by Pajou that Louis XVI had commissioned in his honor in 1776, located at the Museum of Natural History in Paris.
Works
Statue of Buffon in the Jardin des plantes
"Preuves de la théorie de la Terre", in the Buffon Museum, Montbard, Côte-d'Or, France
Buffon's Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière (1749–1788: in 36 volumes; an additional volume based on his notes appeared in 1789) was originally intended to cover all three "kingdoms" of nature but the Histoire naturelle ended up being limited to the animal and mineral kingdoms, and the animals covered were only the birds and quadrupeds. "Written in a brilliant style, this work was read ... by every educated person in Europe". Those who assisted him in the production of this great work included Louis Jean-Marie Daubenton, Philibert Guéneau de Montbeillard, and Gabriel-Léopold Bexon, along with numerous artists. Buffon's Histoire naturelle was translated into many different languages, making him one of the most widely read authors of the day, a rival to Montesquieu, Rousseau, and Voltaire.
In the opening volumes of the Histoire naturelle Buffon questioned the usefulness of mathematics, criticized Carl Linnaeus's taxonomical approach to natural history, outlined a history of the Earth with little relation to the Biblical account, and proposed a theory of reproduction that ran counter to the prevailing theory of pre-existence. The early volumes were condemned by the Faculty of Theology at the Sorbonne. Buffon published a retraction, but he continued publishing the offending volumes without any change.
In the course of his examination of the animal world, Buffon noted that despite similar environments, different regions have distinct plants and animals, a concept later known as Buffon's Law. This is considered to be the first principle of biogeography. He made the suggestion that species may have both "improved" and "degenerated" after dispersing from a center of creation. In volume 14 he argued that all the world's quadrupeds had developed from an original set of just thirty-eight quadrupeds. On this basis, he is sometimes considered a "transformist" and a precursor of Darwin. He also asserted that climate change may have facilitated the worldwide spread of species from their centers of origin. Still, interpreting his ideas on the subject is not simple, for he returned to topics many times in the course of his work.
Buffon considered the similarities between humans and apes, but ultimately rejected the possibility of a common descent. He debated with James Burnett, Lord Monboddo on the relationship of the primates to man, Monboddo insisting, against Buffon, on a close relationship.
Volumes 1-12 of a 1774 edition of Supplement to Histoire Naturelle, Générale et Particulière
At one point, Buffon propounded a theory that nature in the New World was inferior to that of Eurasia. He argued that the Americas were lacking in large and powerful creatures, and that even the people were less virile than their European counterparts. He ascribed this inferiority to the marsh odors and dense forests of the American continent. These remarks so incensed Thomas Jefferson that he dispatched twenty soldiers to the New Hampshire woods to find a bull moose for Buffon as proof of the "stature and majesty of American quadrupeds".
In Les époques de la nature (1778) Buffon discussed the origins of the Solar System, speculating that the planets had been created by a comet's collision with the Sun. He also suggested that the Earth originated much earlier than 4004 BC, the date determined by Archbishop James Ussher. Basing his figures on the cooling rate of iron tested at his Laboratory the Petit Fontenet at Montbard, he calculated that the age of the Earth was 75,000 years. Once again, his ideas were condemned by the Sorbonne, and once again he issued a retraction to avoid further problems.
Buffon knew of the existence of extinct species as mammoths or european rhinos. And some of his assumptions have inspired current models, such as continental drift.
Publications
Histoire naturelle, générale et particuliére, Title page of the 10th volume (1763)
Histoire naturelle, générale et particuliére (in French). Vol. 3. Paris: Imprimerie Royale. 1749.
Histoire naturelle, générale et particuliére (in French). Vol. 4. Paris: Imprimerie Royale. 1753.
Histoire naturelle, générale et particuliére (in French). Vol. 5. Paris: Imprimerie Royale. 1755.
Histoire naturelle, générale et particuliére (in French). Vol. 6. Paris: Imprimerie Royale. 1756.
Histoire naturelle, générale et particuliére (in French). Vol. 7. Paris: Imprimerie Royale. 1756.
Histoire naturelle, générale et particuliére (in French). Vol. 10. Paris: Imprimerie Royale. 1763.
Histoire naturelle, générale et particuliére (in French). Vol. 11. Paris: Imprimerie Royale. 1754.
Histoire naturelle, générale et particuliére (in French). Vol. 13. Paris: Imprimerie Royale. 1765.
Histoire naturelle, générale et particuliére (in French). Vol. 14. Paris: Imprimerie Royale. 1766.
Histoire naturelle, générale et particuliére (in French). Vol. 15. Paris: Imprimerie Royale. 1767.
Racial studies
See also: Scientific racism
Buffon and Johann Blumenbach were believers in monogenism, the concept that all races have a single origin. They also believed in the "degeneration theory" of racial origins. They both said that Adam and Eve were Caucasian and that other races came about by degeneration from environmental factors, such as the sun and poor diet. They believed that the degeneration could be reversed if proper environmental control was taken, and that all contemporary forms of man could revert to the original Caucasian race.
Buffon and Blumenbach claimed that pigmentation arose because of the heat of the tropical sun. They suggested cold wind caused the tawny colour of the Eskimos. They thought the Chinese relatively fair-skinned compared to the other Asian stocks because they kept mostly in towns and were protected from environmental factors. Buffon said that food and the mode of living could make races degenerate and distinguish them from the original Caucasian race.
Believing in monogenism, Buffon thought that skin color could change in a single lifetime, depending on the conditions of climate and diet.
Buffon was an advocate of the Asia hypothesis; in his Histoire Naturelle, he argued that humans' birthplace must be in a high temperate zone. As he believed good climate conditions would breed healthy humans, he hypothesized that the most logical place to look for the first humans' existence would be in Asia and around the Caspian Sea region.
Relevance to modern biology
Charles Darwin wrote in his preliminary historical sketch added to the third edition of On the Origin of Species: "Passing over ... Buffon, with whose writings I am not familiar". Then, from the fourth edition onwards, he amended this to say that "the first author who in modern times has treated it in a scientific spirit was Buffon. But as his opinions fluctuated greatly at different periods, and as he does not enter on the causes or means of the transformation of species, I need not here enter on details". Buffon's work on degeneration, however, was immensely influential on later scholars but was overshadowed by strong moral overtones.
The paradox of Buffon is that, according to Ernst Mayr:
He was not an evolutionary biologist, yet he was the father of evolutionism. He was the first person to discuss a large number of evolutionary problems, problems that before Buffon had not been raised by anybody ... he brought them to the attention of the scientific world.
Except for Aristotle and Darwin, no other student of organisms has had as far-reaching an influence.
He brought the idea of evolution into the realm of science. He developed a concept of the "unity of type", a precursor of comparative anatomy. More than anyone else, he was responsible for the acceptance of a long-time scale for the history of the earth. He was one of the first to imply that you get inheritance from your parents, in a description based on similarities between elephants and mammoths. And yet, he hindered evolution by his frequent endorsement of the immutability of species. He provided a criterion of species, fertility among members of a species, that was thought impregnable.
Buffon wrote about the concept of struggle for existence. He developed a system of heredity which was similar to Darwin's hypothesis of pangenesis. Commenting on Buffon's views, Darwin stated, "If Buffon had assumed that his organic molecules had been formed by each separate unit throughout the body, his view and mine would have been very closely similar."
Works
Buffon, Œuvres, ed. S. Schmitt and C. Crémière, Paris: Gallimard, 2007.
Complete works
Vol 1. Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière, avec la description du Cabinet du Roy. Tome I (1749). Texte établi, introduit et annoté par Stéphane Schmitt avec la collaboration de Cédric Crémière, Paris: Honoré Champion, 2007, 1376 p. (ISBN 978-2-7453-1601-1)
Vol 2. Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière avec la participation du Cabinet du Roy. Tome II. Texte établi, introduit et annoté par Stéphane Schmitt, avec la collaboration de Cédric Crémière, Paris: Honoré Champion, 2008, 808 p. (ISBN 978-2-7453-1729-2)
Vol 3. Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière, avec la description du Cabinet du Roy. Texte établi, introduit et annoté par Stéphane Schmitt avec la collaboration de Cédric Crémière. Tome III (1749), Paris: Honoré Champion, 2009, 776 p. (ISBN 978-2-7453-1730-8)
Vol 4. Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière, avec la description du Cabinet du Roi. Texte établi, introduit et annoté par Stéphane Schmitt avec la collaboration de Cédric Crémière. Tome IV (1753), Paris: Honoré Champion, 2010. 1 vol., 864 p. (ISBN 978-2-7453-1928-9)
Vol 5. Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière, avec la description du Cabinet du Roi. Texte établi, introduit et annoté par Stéphane Schmitt avec la collaboration de Cédric Crémière. Tome V (1755), Paris: Honoré Champion, 2010. 1 vol., 536 p. (ISBN 978-2-7453-2057-5)
Vol 6. Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière, avec la description du Cabinet du Roi. Texte établi, introduit et annoté par Stéphane Schmitt avec la collaboration de Cédric Crémière. Tome VI (1756), Paris: Honoré Champion, 2011. 1 vol., 504 p. (ISBN 978-2-7453-2150-3)
Vol. 7. Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière, avec la description du Cabinet du Roi. Texte établi, introduit et annoté par Stéphane Schmitt avec la collaboration de Cédric Crémière. Tome VII (1758), Paris: Honoré Champion, 2011. 1 vol., 544 p. (ISBN 978-2-7453-2239-5)
Vol. 8. Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière, avec la description du Cabinet du Roi. Texte établi, introduit et annoté par Stéphane Schmitt avec la collaboration de Cédric Crémière. Tome VIII (1760), Paris: Honoré Champion, 2014, 640 p. (ISBN 978-2-7453-2615-7)
Vol. 9. Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière, avec la description du Cabinet du Roi. Texte établi, introduit et annoté par Stéphane Schmitt avec la collaboration de Cédric Crémière. Tome IX (1761), Paris: Honoré Champion, 2016, 720 p. (ISBN 978-2-7453-2994-3)
Vol. 10. Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière, avec la description du Cabinet du Roi. Texte établi, introduit et annoté par Stéphane Schmitt avec la collaboration de Cédric Crémière. Tome X (1763), Paris: Honoré Champion, 2017, 814 p. (ISBN 978-2-7453-3456-5)
Vol. 11. Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière, avec la description du Cabinet du Roi. Texte établi, introduit et annoté par Stéphane Schmitt avec la collaboration de Cédric Crémière. Tome XI (1764), Paris: Honoré Champion, 2018, 724 p. (ISBN 978-2-7453-4730-5)
Vol. 12. Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière, avec la description du Cabinet du Roi. Texte établi, introduit et annoté par Stéphane Schmitt avec la collaboration de Cédric Crémière. Tome XII (1764), Paris: Honoré Champion, 2018, 810 p. (ISBN 978-2-7453-4732-9)
Vol. 13. Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière, avec la description du Cabinet du Roi. Texte établi, introduit et annoté par Stéphane Schmitt avec la collaboration de Cédric Crémière. Tome XIII (1765), Paris: Honoré Champion, 2019, 887 p.
Vol. 14. Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière, avec la description du Cabinet du Roi. Texte établi, introduit et annoté par Stéphane Schmitt avec la collaboration de Cédric Crémière. Tome XIV (1768), Paris: Honoré Champion, 2020, 605 p.
Vol. 15. Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière, avec la description du Cabinet du Roi. Texte établi, introduit et annoté par Stéphane Schmitt avec la collaboration de Cédric Crémière. Tome XV (1767), Paris: Honoré Champion, 2021, 764 p.
1774 edition of Histoire Naturelle, Générale et Particulière
Frontispiece of a 1774 edition of Histoire Naturelle, Générale et Particulière
Table of contents of a 1774 edition of Histoire Naturelle, Générale et Particulière
1792 English translation of Buffon's Natural History
Title page of a 1792 English translation of Buffon's Natural History
Table of contents page of a 1792 English translation of Buffon's Natural History
Preface for a 1792 English translation of Buffon's Natural History
Eponyms of Buffon
rue Buffon, Dijon
See also
Scientific Revolution
Suites à Buffon
Buffon's needle
Rejection sampling
References
^ Farber, Paul (2000). Finding Order in Nature. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 14.
^ a b c Mayr, Ernst 1981. The Growth of Biological Thought. Cambridge: Harvard. p 330
^ Brody, David Eliot (6 August 2013). The Science Class You Wish You Had. ISBN 9780399160325.
^ Larsen, James A. (22 October 2013). Ecology of the Northern Lowland Bogs and Conifer Forests. Elsevier. ISBN 9781483269863.
^ Otis E. Fellows and Stephen F. Milliken, Buffon, Twayne's World Authors Series; TWAS 243 (New York: Twayne Publishers, 1972), 41-43.
^ Otis E. Fellows and Stephen F. Milliken, Buffon, Twayne's World Authors Series; TWAS 243 (New York: Twayne Publishers, 1972), 40-50.
^ Roger, Jacques (1997). Buffon: A Life in Natural History. Cornell University Press. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-8014-2918-7.
^ Bell, Whitfield J., and Charles Greifenstein, Jr. Patriot-Improvers: Biographical Sketches of Members of the American Philosophical Society. 3 vols. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1997, 3:569–572.
^ Fellows, Otis E. and Stephen F. Milliken 1972. Buffon. New York: Twayne. pp 149–54
^ "Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter B" (PDF). American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 28 July 2014.
^ Buffon, Georges Louis Leclerc, Comte de", Encyclopedia of Life Sciences. Biographies Plus Illustrated, H.W. Wilson Company, 2001. vnweb.hwwilsonweb.com (Accessed December 26, 2005)
^ Roger, Jacques 1989. Buffon: un philosophe au Jardin du Roi Paris: Fayard. pp 434–5
^ Cloyd E.L. 1972. James Burnett, Lord Monboddo (Oxford: Clarendon Press.
^ Bryson, Bill 2004. A Short History of Nearly Everything. New York: Broadway Books. p 81
^ L'Histoire Naturelle, générale et particulière, avec la description du Cabinet du Roi
^ Jean Stengers 1974. "Buffon et la Sorbonne" in Études sur le XVIIIe siecle, ed. Roland Mortier and Hervé Hasquin. Brussels: Université de Bruxelles. pp 113–24
^ a b Marvin Harris, The Rise of Anthropological Theory: A History of Theories of Culture, 2001, p. 84
^ Harris, Rise of Anthropological Theory, 2001, p. 86
^ Human Evolution: a guide to the debates, Brian Regal, p. 72
^ Darwin, Charles 1861. On the Origin of Species, An historical sketch: 3rd edition. xiii. 4th edition of 1866 xiii.
^ Mason, P.H. (2010) Degeneracy at multiple levels of complexity, Biological Theory: Integrating Development, Evolution and Cognition, 5(3), 277-288.
^ Zirkle, Conway (25 April 1941), "Natural Selection before the Origin of Species", Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 84 (1): 71–123, JSTOR 984852
^ Hull, David L. (1988). Science as a Process: An Evolutionary Account of the Social and Conceptual Development of Science. University of Chicago Press. p. 86. ISBN 0-226-36051-2 "As Darwin was to discover many years later, Buffon had devised a system of heredity not all that different from his own theory of pangenesis."
^ Zirkle, Conway (1935). "The Inheritance of Acquired Characters and the Provisional Hypothesis of Pangenesis". The American Naturalist. 69 (724): 417–445. doi:10.1086/280617. S2CID 84729069.
External links
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Buffon, George Louis Leclerc, Comte de".
Media related to Georges-Louis Leclerc, comte de Buffon at Wikimedia Commons
Wikiquote has quotations related to Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon.
Works by Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon at Project Gutenberg
Works by Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
Works by or about Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon at Internet Archive
(in French) The Buffon project : L'histoire naturelle
The same, in English: L'histoire naturelle
Buffon's Hypothesis about the Origin of the Earth
Buffon's View of Domestic Cats
Digital text Kyoto University
O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews
Buffon's American Degeneracy, from The Academy of Natural Sciences
William Smellie's English Translation of Buffon's Natural History, General and Particular, 3rd Edition
(in French) Discours sur le Style – at athena.unige.ch
Gaedike, R.; Groll, E. K. & Taeger, A. 2012: Bibliography of the entomological literature from the beginning until 1863 : online database - version 1.0 - Senckenberg Deutsches Entomologisches Institut.
A collection of high-resolution scans of animal illustrations from several books by Buffon, from the Linda Hall Library
Buffon's Histoire naturelle des époches de la nature, (this ed. published as Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière, avec la description du cabinet du roy, suppl. vol. 5. in 1778) - digital facsimile from the Linda Hall Library
"Dissertation sur les couleurs accidentelles" (PDF). Mémoire de l'Académie Royale des Sciences —- Année 1743: 147–158. 1746. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 June 2015.
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IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Buffon (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffon_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Comte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count"},{"link_name":"[ʒɔʁʒ lwi ləklɛʁ kɔ̃t də byfɔ̃]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"link_name":"naturalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_history"},{"link_name":"mathematician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematician"},{"link_name":"cosmologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmology"},{"link_name":"Jardin des plantes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jardin_des_plantes"},{"link_name":"Jean-Baptiste Lamarck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Lamarck"},{"link_name":"Georges Cuvier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Cuvier"},{"link_name":"quarto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarto"},{"link_name":"Histoire Naturelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_Naturelle"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Ernst Mayr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Mayr"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mayrp330-2"},{"link_name":"ecological succession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_succession"},{"link_name":"University of Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Paris"},{"link_name":"geological history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_geology"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"For other people named Buffon, see Buffon (disambiguation).Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon (French: [ʒɔʁʒ lwi ləklɛʁ kɔ̃t də byfɔ̃]; 7 September 1707 – 16 April 1788) was a French naturalist, mathematician, and cosmologist. He held the position of intendant (director) at the Jardin du Roi, now called the Jardin des plantes.Buffon's works influenced the next two generations of naturalists, including two prominent French scientists Jean-Baptiste Lamarck and Georges Cuvier. Buffon published thirty-six quarto volumes of his Histoire Naturelle during his lifetime, with additional volumes based on his notes and further research being published in the two decades following his death.[1]Ernst Mayr wrote that \"Truly, Buffon was the father of all thought in natural history in the second half of the 18th century\".[2] Credited with being one of the first naturalists to recognize ecological succession, he was later forced by the theology committee at the University of Paris to recant his theories about geological history and animal evolution because they contradicted the biblical narrative of Creation.[3][4]","title":"Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Montbard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montbard"},{"link_name":"Burgundy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgundy"},{"link_name":"salt tax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_tax"},{"link_name":"Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicily"},{"link_name":"Buffon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffon,_C%C3%B4te-d%27Or"},{"link_name":"University of Angers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Angers"},{"link_name":"Duke of Kingston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evelyn_Pierrepont,_2nd_Duke_of_Kingston-upon-Hull"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"livres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_livre"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Georges Louis Leclerc (later Comte de Buffon) was born at Montbard, in the province of Burgundy to Benjamin François Leclerc, a minor local official in charge of the salt tax and Anne-Christine Marlin also from a family of civil servants. Georges was named after his mother's uncle (his godfather) Georges Blaisot, the tax-farmer of the Duke of Savoy for all of Sicily. In 1714 Blaisot died childless, leaving a considerable fortune to his seven-year-old godson. Benjamin Leclerc then purchased an estate containing the nearby village of Buffon and moved the family to Dijon acquiring various offices there as well as a seat in the Dijon Parlement.Georges attended the Jesuit College of Godrans in Dijon from the age of ten onwards. From 1723 to 1726 he then studied law in Dijon, the prerequisite for continuing the family tradition in civil service. In 1728 Georges left Dijon to study mathematics and medicine at the University of Angers in France. At Angers in 1730 he made the acquaintance of the young English Duke of Kingston, who was on his grand tour of Europe, and traveled with him on a large and expensive entourage for a year and a half through southern France and parts of Italy.[5]There are persistent but completely undocumented rumors from this period about duels, abductions and secret trips to England. In 1732 after the death of his mother and before the impending remarriage of his father, Georges left Kingston and returned to Dijon to secure his inheritance. Having added 'de Buffon' to his name while traveling with the Duke, he repurchased the village of Buffon, which his father had meanwhile sold off. With a fortune of about 80,000 livres Buffon set himself up in Paris to pursue science, at first primarily mathematics and mechanics, and the increase of his fortune.[6]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fran%C3%A7oise_Foliot_-_Buffon_-_Microscope_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Voltaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltaire"},{"link_name":"Faubourg Saint-Germain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faubourg_Saint-Germain"},{"link_name":"Gilles-François Boulduc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilles-Fran%C3%A7ois_Boulduc"},{"link_name":"Royal Garden of Plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jardin_des_plantes"},{"link_name":"Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Academy_of_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"calculus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculus"},{"link_name":"probability theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability_theory"},{"link_name":"Buffon's needle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffon%27s_needle_problem"},{"link_name":"probability theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability_theory"},{"link_name":"French Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Academy_of_Sciences"},{"link_name":"Gabriel Cramer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Cramer"},{"link_name":"Maurepas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Ph%C3%A9lypeaux,_Count_of_Maurepas"},{"link_name":"wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood"},{"link_name":"Jardin du Roi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jardin_des_plantes#The_Buffon_period_(1739-1788)"},{"link_name":"Académie Française","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_Fran%C3%A7aise"},{"link_name":"American Philosophical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Jean le Rond d'Alembert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_le_Rond_d%27Alembert"},{"link_name":"count","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count"},{"link_name":"American Academy of Arts and Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AAAS-10"},{"link_name":"French Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution"},{"link_name":"heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart"},{"link_name":"Suzanne Necker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzanne_Curchod"},{"link_name":"Jacques Necker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Necker"},{"link_name":"cerebellum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebellum"},{"link_name":"Pajou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustin_Pajou"},{"link_name":"Louis XVI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XVI"},{"link_name":"Museum of Natural History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_Natural_History,_France"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"}],"text":"Buffon's microscopeIn 1732 he moved to Paris, where he made the acquaintance of Voltaire and other intellectuals. He lived in the Faubourg Saint-Germain, with Gilles-François Boulduc, first apothecary of the King, professor of chemistry at the Royal Garden of Plants, member of the Academy of Sciences.[7] He first made his mark in the field of mathematics and, in his Sur le jeu de franc-carreau (On the game of fair-square), introduced differential and integral calculus into probability theory; the problem of Buffon's needle in probability theory is named after him. In 1734 he was admitted to the French Academy of Sciences. During this period he corresponded with the Swiss mathematician Gabriel Cramer.His protector Maurepas had asked the Academy of Sciences to do research on wood for the construction of ships in 1733. Soon afterward, Buffon began a long-term study, performing some of the most comprehensive tests to date on the mechanical properties of wood. Included were a series of tests to compare the properties of small specimens with those of large members. After carefully testing more than a thousand small specimens without knots or other defects, Buffon concluded that it was not possible to extrapolate to the properties of full-size timbers, and he began a series of tests on full-size structural members.In 1739 he was appointed head of the Parisian Jardin du Roi with the help of Maurepas; he held this position to the end of his life. Buffon was instrumental in transforming the Jardin du Roi into a major research center and museum. He also enlarged it, arranging the purchase of adjoining plots of land and acquiring new botanical and zoological specimens from all over the world.Thanks to his talent as a writer, he was invited to join Paris's second great academy, the Académie Française in 1753 and then in 1768 he was elected to the American Philosophical Society.[8] In his Discours sur le style (\"Discourse on Style\"), pronounced before the Académie française, he said, \"Writing well consists of thinking, feeling and expressing well, of clarity of mind, soul and taste ... The style is the man himself\" (\"Le style c'est l'homme même\").[9] Unfortunately for him, Buffon's reputation as a literary stylist also gave ammunition to his detractors: the mathematician Jean le Rond d'Alembert, for example, called him \"the great phrase-monger\".In 1752 Buffon married Marie-Françoise de Saint-Belin-Malain, the daughter of an impoverished noble family from Burgundy, who had been enrolled in the convent school run by his sister. Madame de Buffon's second child, a son born in 1764, survived childhood; she herself died in 1769. When in 1772 Buffon became seriously ill and the promise that his son (then only 8) should succeed him as director of the Jardin became clearly impracticable and was withdrawn, the King raised Buffon's estates in Burgundy to the status of a county – and thus Buffon (and his son) became a count. He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1782.[10] Buffon died in Paris in 1788.He was buried in a chapel adjacent to the church of Sainte-Urse Montbard; during the French Revolution, his tomb was broken into and the lead that covered the coffin was ransacked to produce bullets. His heart was initially saved, as it was guarded by Suzanne Necker (wife of Jacques Necker), but was later lost. Today, only Buffon's cerebellum remains, as it is kept in the base of the statue by Pajou that Louis XVI had commissioned in his honor in 1776, located at the Museum of Natural History in Paris.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GLBuffon.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jardin des plantes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jardin_des_plantes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Montbard_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Buffon_-_Preuves_de_la_th%C3%A9orie_de_la_Terre.jpg"},{"link_name":"Montbard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montbard"},{"link_name":"Côte-d'Or","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4te-d%27Or"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_Naturelle"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mayrp330-2"},{"link_name":"Louis Jean-Marie Daubenton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Jean-Marie_Daubenton"},{"link_name":"Montesquieu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montesquieu"},{"link_name":"Rousseau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau"},{"link_name":"Voltaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltaire"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Carl Linnaeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus"},{"link_name":"pre-existence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preformationism"},{"link_name":"biogeography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogeography"},{"link_name":"quadrupeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrupedalism"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"transformist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmutation_of_species"},{"link_name":"Darwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin"},{"link_name":"climate change","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_variability_and_change"},{"link_name":"common descent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_descent"},{"link_name":"James Burnett, Lord Monboddo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Burnett,_Lord_Monboddo"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Buffon-1.jpg"},{"link_name":"New World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_World"},{"link_name":"Eurasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasia"},{"link_name":"Thomas Jefferson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson"},{"link_name":"New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"moose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moose"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bullmoose-14"},{"link_name":"Solar System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_System"},{"link_name":"comet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comet"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Earth originated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Earth"},{"link_name":"James Ussher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Ussher"},{"link_name":"iron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron"},{"link_name":"Petit Fontenet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Petit_Fontenet.JPG"},{"link_name":"Montbard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montbard"},{"link_name":"Sorbonne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Paris"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"mammoths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammoth"},{"link_name":"rhinos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinoceros"},{"link_name":"continental drift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_drift"}],"text":"Statue of Buffon in the Jardin des plantes\"Preuves de la théorie de la Terre\", in the Buffon Museum, Montbard, Côte-d'Or, FranceBuffon's Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière (1749–1788: in 36 volumes; an additional volume based on his notes appeared in 1789) was originally intended to cover all three \"kingdoms\" of nature but the Histoire naturelle ended up being limited to the animal and mineral kingdoms, and the animals covered were only the birds and quadrupeds. \"Written in a brilliant style, this work was read ... by every educated person in Europe\".[2] Those who assisted him in the production of this great work included Louis Jean-Marie Daubenton, Philibert Guéneau de Montbeillard, and Gabriel-Léopold Bexon, along with numerous artists. Buffon's Histoire naturelle was translated into many different languages, making him one of the most widely read authors of the day, a rival to Montesquieu, Rousseau, and Voltaire.[11]In the opening volumes of the Histoire naturelle Buffon questioned the usefulness of mathematics, criticized Carl Linnaeus's taxonomical approach to natural history, outlined a history of the Earth with little relation to the Biblical account, and proposed a theory of reproduction that ran counter to the prevailing theory of pre-existence. The early volumes were condemned by the Faculty of Theology at the Sorbonne. Buffon published a retraction, but he continued publishing the offending volumes without any change.In the course of his examination of the animal world, Buffon noted that despite similar environments, different regions have distinct plants and animals, a concept later known as Buffon's Law. This is considered to be the first principle of biogeography. He made the suggestion that species may have both \"improved\" and \"degenerated\" after dispersing from a center of creation. In volume 14 he argued that all the world's quadrupeds had developed from an original set of just thirty-eight quadrupeds.[12] On this basis, he is sometimes considered a \"transformist\" and a precursor of Darwin. He also asserted that climate change may have facilitated the worldwide spread of species from their centers of origin. Still, interpreting his ideas on the subject is not simple, for he returned to topics many times in the course of his work.Buffon considered the similarities between humans and apes, but ultimately rejected the possibility of a common descent. He debated with James Burnett, Lord Monboddo on the relationship of the primates to man, Monboddo insisting, against Buffon, on a close relationship.[13]Volumes 1-12 of a 1774 edition of Supplement to Histoire Naturelle, Générale et ParticulièreAt one point, Buffon propounded a theory that nature in the New World was inferior to that of Eurasia. He argued that the Americas were lacking in large and powerful creatures, and that even the people were less virile than their European counterparts. He ascribed this inferiority to the marsh odors and dense forests of the American continent. These remarks so incensed Thomas Jefferson that he dispatched twenty soldiers to the New Hampshire woods to find a bull moose for Buffon as proof of the \"stature and majesty of American quadrupeds\".[14]In Les époques de la nature (1778) Buffon discussed the origins of the Solar System, speculating that the planets had been created by a comet's collision with the Sun.[15] He also suggested that the Earth originated much earlier than 4004 BC, the date determined by Archbishop James Ussher. Basing his figures on the cooling rate of iron tested at his Laboratory the Petit Fontenet at Montbard, he calculated that the age of the Earth was 75,000 years. Once again, his ideas were condemned by the Sorbonne, and once again he issued a retraction to avoid further problems.[16]Buffon knew of the existence of extinct species as mammoths or european rhinos. And some of his assumptions have inspired current models, such as continental drift.","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Buffon,_Georges_Louis_-_Leclerc,_comte_de_%E2%80%93_Histoire_naturelle,_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_et_particuli%C3%A9re,_1763_%E2%80%93_BEIC_8822844.jpg"},{"link_name":"Histoire naturelle, générale et particuliére","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=8815035"},{"link_name":"Histoire naturelle, générale et particuliére","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=8816784"},{"link_name":"Histoire naturelle, générale et particuliére","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=8818623"},{"link_name":"Histoire naturelle, générale et particuliére","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=8819928"},{"link_name":"Histoire naturelle, générale et particuliére","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=8821365"},{"link_name":"Histoire naturelle, générale et particuliére","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=8822844"},{"link_name":"Histoire naturelle, générale et particuliére","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=8824341"},{"link_name":"Histoire naturelle, générale et particuliére","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=8825994"},{"link_name":"Histoire naturelle, générale et particuliére","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=8827791"},{"link_name":"Histoire naturelle, générale et particuliére","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=8829318"}],"sub_title":"Publications","text":"Histoire naturelle, générale et particuliére, Title page of the 10th volume (1763)Histoire naturelle, générale et particuliére (in French). Vol. 3. Paris: Imprimerie Royale. 1749.\nHistoire naturelle, générale et particuliére (in French). Vol. 4. Paris: Imprimerie Royale. 1753.\nHistoire naturelle, générale et particuliére (in French). Vol. 5. Paris: Imprimerie Royale. 1755.\nHistoire naturelle, générale et particuliére (in French). Vol. 6. Paris: Imprimerie Royale. 1756.\nHistoire naturelle, générale et particuliére (in French). Vol. 7. Paris: Imprimerie Royale. 1756.\nHistoire naturelle, générale et particuliére (in French). Vol. 10. Paris: Imprimerie Royale. 1763.\nHistoire naturelle, générale et particuliére (in French). Vol. 11. Paris: Imprimerie Royale. 1754.\nHistoire naturelle, générale et particuliére (in French). Vol. 13. Paris: Imprimerie Royale. 1765.\nHistoire naturelle, générale et particuliére (in French). Vol. 14. Paris: Imprimerie Royale. 1766.\nHistoire naturelle, générale et particuliére (in French). Vol. 15. Paris: Imprimerie Royale. 1767.","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scientific racism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_racism"},{"link_name":"Johann Blumenbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Blumenbach"},{"link_name":"monogenism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monogenism"},{"link_name":"Adam and Eve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_and_Eve"},{"link_name":"Caucasian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasian_race"},{"link_name":"degeneration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_degeneration"},{"link_name":"Caucasian race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasian_race"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harris-17"},{"link_name":"pigmentation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigment"},{"link_name":"Eskimos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskimo"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_people"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harris-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Asia hypothesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asia_hypothesis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caspian Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspian_Sea"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"See also: Scientific racismBuffon and Johann Blumenbach were believers in monogenism, the concept that all races have a single origin. They also believed in the \"degeneration theory\" of racial origins. They both said that Adam and Eve were Caucasian and that other races came about by degeneration from environmental factors, such as the sun and poor diet. They believed that the degeneration could be reversed if proper environmental control was taken, and that all contemporary forms of man could revert to the original Caucasian race.[17]Buffon and Blumenbach claimed that pigmentation arose because of the heat of the tropical sun. They suggested cold wind caused the tawny colour of the Eskimos. They thought the Chinese relatively fair-skinned compared to the other Asian stocks because they kept mostly in towns and were protected from environmental factors. Buffon said that food and the mode of living could make races degenerate and distinguish them from the original Caucasian race.[17]Believing in monogenism, Buffon thought that skin color could change in a single lifetime, depending on the conditions of climate and diet.[18]Buffon was an advocate of the Asia hypothesis; in his Histoire Naturelle, he argued that humans' birthplace must be in a high temperate zone. As he believed good climate conditions would breed healthy humans, he hypothesized that the most logical place to look for the first humans' existence would be in Asia and around the Caspian Sea region.[19]","title":"Racial studies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charles Darwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin"},{"link_name":"On the Origin of Species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Origin_of_Species"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Ernst Mayr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Mayr"},{"link_name":"comparative anatomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_anatomy"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mayrp330-2"},{"link_name":"struggle for existence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Struggle_for_existence"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"heredity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heredity"},{"link_name":"pangenesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangenesis"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"Charles Darwin wrote in his preliminary historical sketch added to the third edition of On the Origin of Species: \"Passing over ... Buffon, with whose writings I am not familiar\". Then, from the fourth edition onwards, he amended this to say that \"the first author who in modern times has treated it [evolution] in a scientific spirit was Buffon. But as his opinions fluctuated greatly at different periods, and as he does not enter on the causes or means of the transformation of species, I need not here enter on details\".[20] Buffon's work on degeneration, however, was immensely influential on later scholars but was overshadowed by strong moral overtones.[21]The paradox of Buffon is that, according to Ernst Mayr:He was not an evolutionary biologist, yet he was the father of evolutionism. He was the first person to discuss a large number of evolutionary problems, problems that before Buffon had not been raised by anybody ... he brought them to the attention of the scientific world.\nExcept for Aristotle and Darwin, no other student of organisms [whole animals and plants] has had as far-reaching an influence.\n\nHe brought the idea of evolution into the realm of science. He developed a concept of the \"unity of type\", a precursor of comparative anatomy. More than anyone else, he was responsible for the acceptance of a long-time scale for the history of the earth. He was one of the first to imply that you get inheritance from your parents, in a description based on similarities between elephants and mammoths. And yet, he hindered evolution by his frequent endorsement of the immutability of species. He provided a criterion of species, fertility among members of a species, that was thought impregnable.[2]Buffon wrote about the concept of struggle for existence.[22] He developed a system of heredity which was similar to Darwin's hypothesis of pangenesis.[23] Commenting on Buffon's views, Darwin stated, \"If Buffon had assumed that his organic molecules had been formed by each separate unit throughout the body, his view and mine would have been very closely similar.\"[24]","title":"Relevance to modern biology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2-7453-1601-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7453-1601-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2-7453-1729-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7453-1729-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2-7453-1730-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7453-1730-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2-7453-1928-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7453-1928-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2-7453-2057-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7453-2057-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2-7453-2150-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7453-2150-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2-7453-2239-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7453-2239-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2-7453-2615-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7453-2615-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2-7453-2994-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7453-2994-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2-7453-3456-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7453-3456-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2-7453-4730-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7453-4730-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2-7453-4732-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7453-4732-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Buffon-2.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Buffon-1-2.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Buffon-1-3.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Buffon-2-1.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Buffon-2-2.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Buffon-2-3.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Buffon-2-4.jpg"}],"text":"Buffon, Œuvres, ed. S. Schmitt and C. Crémière, Paris: Gallimard, 2007.Complete worksVol 1. Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière, avec la description du Cabinet du Roy. Tome I (1749). Texte établi, introduit et annoté par Stéphane Schmitt avec la collaboration de Cédric Crémière, Paris: Honoré Champion, 2007, 1376 p. (ISBN 978-2-7453-1601-1)\nVol 2. Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière avec la participation du Cabinet du Roy. Tome II. Texte établi, introduit et annoté par Stéphane Schmitt, avec la collaboration de Cédric Crémière, Paris: Honoré Champion, 2008, 808 p. (ISBN 978-2-7453-1729-2)\nVol 3. Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière, avec la description du Cabinet du Roy. Texte établi, introduit et annoté par Stéphane Schmitt avec la collaboration de Cédric Crémière. Tome III (1749), Paris: Honoré Champion, 2009, 776 p. (ISBN 978-2-7453-1730-8)\nVol 4. Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière, avec la description du Cabinet du Roi. Texte établi, introduit et annoté par Stéphane Schmitt avec la collaboration de Cédric Crémière. Tome IV (1753), Paris: Honoré Champion, 2010. 1 vol., 864 p. (ISBN 978-2-7453-1928-9)\nVol 5. Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière, avec la description du Cabinet du Roi. Texte établi, introduit et annoté par Stéphane Schmitt avec la collaboration de Cédric Crémière. Tome V (1755), Paris: Honoré Champion, 2010. 1 vol., 536 p. (ISBN 978-2-7453-2057-5)\nVol 6. Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière, avec la description du Cabinet du Roi. Texte établi, introduit et annoté par Stéphane Schmitt avec la collaboration de Cédric Crémière. Tome VI (1756), Paris: Honoré Champion, 2011. 1 vol., 504 p. (ISBN 978-2-7453-2150-3)\nVol. 7. Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière, avec la description du Cabinet du Roi. Texte établi, introduit et annoté par Stéphane Schmitt avec la collaboration de Cédric Crémière. Tome VII (1758), Paris: Honoré Champion, 2011. 1 vol., 544 p. (ISBN 978-2-7453-2239-5)\nVol. 8. Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière, avec la description du Cabinet du Roi. Texte établi, introduit et annoté par Stéphane Schmitt avec la collaboration de Cédric Crémière. Tome VIII (1760), Paris: Honoré Champion, 2014, 640 p. (ISBN 978-2-7453-2615-7)\nVol. 9. Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière, avec la description du Cabinet du Roi. Texte établi, introduit et annoté par Stéphane Schmitt avec la collaboration de Cédric Crémière. Tome IX (1761), Paris: Honoré Champion, 2016, 720 p. (ISBN 978-2-7453-2994-3)\nVol. 10. Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière, avec la description du Cabinet du Roi. Texte établi, introduit et annoté par Stéphane Schmitt avec la collaboration de Cédric Crémière. Tome X (1763), Paris: Honoré Champion, 2017, 814 p. (ISBN 978-2-7453-3456-5)\nVol. 11. Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière, avec la description du Cabinet du Roi. Texte établi, introduit et annoté par Stéphane Schmitt avec la collaboration de Cédric Crémière. Tome XI (1764), Paris: Honoré Champion, 2018, 724 p. (ISBN 978-2-7453-4730-5)\nVol. 12. Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière, avec la description du Cabinet du Roi. Texte établi, introduit et annoté par Stéphane Schmitt avec la collaboration de Cédric Crémière. Tome XII (1764), Paris: Honoré Champion, 2018, 810 p. (ISBN 978-2-7453-4732-9)\nVol. 13. Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière, avec la description du Cabinet du Roi. Texte établi, introduit et annoté par Stéphane Schmitt avec la collaboration de Cédric Crémière. Tome XIII (1765), Paris: Honoré Champion, 2019, 887 p.\nVol. 14. Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière, avec la description du Cabinet du Roi. Texte établi, introduit et annoté par Stéphane Schmitt avec la collaboration de Cédric Crémière. Tome XIV (1768), Paris: Honoré Champion, 2020, 605 p.\nVol. 15. Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière, avec la description du Cabinet du Roi. Texte établi, introduit et annoté par Stéphane Schmitt avec la collaboration de Cédric Crémière. Tome XV (1767), Paris: Honoré Champion, 2021, 764 p.1774 edition of Histoire Naturelle, Générale et Particulière\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFrontispiece of a 1774 edition of Histoire Naturelle, Générale et Particulière\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTable of contents of a 1774 edition of Histoire Naturelle, Générale et Particulière\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t1792 English translation of Buffon's Natural History\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTitle page of a 1792 English translation of Buffon's Natural History\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTable of contents page of a 1792 English translation of Buffon's Natural History\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPreface for a 1792 English translation of Buffon's Natural History","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rue Buffon, Dijon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.monnuage.fr/point-d-interet/la-rue-buffon-a104424"}],"text":"rue Buffon, Dijon","title":"Eponyms of Buffon"}] | [{"image_text":"Buffon's microscope","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Fran%C3%A7oise_Foliot_-_Buffon_-_Microscope_1.jpg/220px-Fran%C3%A7oise_Foliot_-_Buffon_-_Microscope_1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Statue of Buffon in the Jardin des plantes","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/GLBuffon.jpg/170px-GLBuffon.jpg"},{"image_text":"\"Preuves de la théorie de la Terre\", in the Buffon Museum, Montbard, Côte-d'Or, France","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Montbard_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Buffon_-_Preuves_de_la_th%C3%A9orie_de_la_Terre.jpg/200px-Montbard_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Buffon_-_Preuves_de_la_th%C3%A9orie_de_la_Terre.jpg"},{"image_text":"Volumes 1-12 of a 1774 edition of Supplement to Histoire Naturelle, Générale et Particulière","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Buffon-1.jpg/220px-Buffon-1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Histoire naturelle, générale et particuliére, Title page of the 10th volume (1763)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Buffon%2C_Georges_Louis_-_Leclerc%2C_comte_de_%E2%80%93_Histoire_naturelle%2C_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_et_particuli%C3%A9re%2C_1763_%E2%80%93_BEIC_8822844.jpg/220px-Buffon%2C_Georges_Louis_-_Leclerc%2C_comte_de_%E2%80%93_Histoire_naturelle%2C_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_et_particuli%C3%A9re%2C_1763_%E2%80%93_BEIC_8822844.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Scientific Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_Revolution"},{"title":"Suites à Buffon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suites_%C3%A0_Buffon"},{"title":"Buffon's needle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffon%27s_needle_problem"},{"title":"Rejection sampling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rejection_sampling"}] | [{"reference":"Histoire naturelle, générale et particuliére (in French). Vol. 3. Paris: Imprimerie Royale. 1749.","urls":[{"url":"https://gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=8815035","url_text":"Histoire naturelle, générale et particuliére"}]},{"reference":"Histoire naturelle, générale et particuliére (in French). Vol. 4. Paris: Imprimerie Royale. 1753.","urls":[{"url":"https://gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=8816784","url_text":"Histoire naturelle, générale et particuliére"}]},{"reference":"Histoire naturelle, générale et particuliére (in French). Vol. 5. Paris: Imprimerie Royale. 1755.","urls":[{"url":"https://gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=8818623","url_text":"Histoire naturelle, générale et particuliére"}]},{"reference":"Histoire naturelle, générale et particuliére (in French). Vol. 6. 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Finding Order in Nature. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 14.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Lawrence_Farber","url_text":"Farber, Paul"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press","url_text":"Johns Hopkins University Press"}]},{"reference":"Brody, David Eliot (6 August 2013). The Science Class You Wish You Had. ISBN 9780399160325.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8kiLDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA186","url_text":"The Science Class You Wish You Had"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780399160325","url_text":"9780399160325"}]},{"reference":"Larsen, James A. (22 October 2013). Ecology of the Northern Lowland Bogs and Conifer Forests. Elsevier. 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Retrieved 28 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterB.pdf","url_text":"\"Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter B\""}]},{"reference":"Zirkle, Conway (25 April 1941), \"Natural Selection before the Origin of Species\", Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 84 (1): 71–123, JSTOR 984852","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_American_Philosophical_Society","url_text":"Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society","url_text":"American Philosophical Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/984852","url_text":"984852"}]},{"reference":"Zirkle, Conway (1935). \"The Inheritance of Acquired Characters and the Provisional Hypothesis of Pangenesis\". The American Naturalist. 69 (724): 417–445. doi:10.1086/280617. S2CID 84729069.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conway_Zirkle","url_text":"Zirkle, Conway"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_American_Naturalist","url_text":"The American Naturalist"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F280617","url_text":"10.1086/280617"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:84729069","url_text":"84729069"}]},{"reference":"O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., \"Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon\", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_F._Robertson","url_text":"Robertson, Edmund F."},{"url":"https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Buffon.html","url_text":"\"Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacTutor_History_of_Mathematics_Archive","url_text":"MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews","url_text":"University of St Andrews"}]},{"reference":"\"Dissertation sur les couleurs accidentelles\" (PDF). Mémoire de l'Académie Royale des Sciences —- Année 1743: 147–158. 1746. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Martin_(footballer,_born_1923) | Alan Martin (footballer, born 1923) | ["1 Career","2 Style of play","3 Career statistics","4 Honours","5 References"] | English footballer
For the Australian player, see Alan Martin (Australian rules footballer).
Alan MartinPersonal informationFull name
John Alan MartinDate of birth
(1923-11-23)23 November 1923Place of birth
Smallthorne, EnglandDate of death
2004 (aged 80–81)Position(s)
Half-back / Inside-forwardYouth career
Nettlebank VillaSenior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)1941–1951
Port Vale
169
(28)1951–1955
Stoke City
104
(6)1955–1957
Bangor City
1957–1959
Port Vale
19
(0)
Northwich Victoria
Total
292
(34)Managerial career
Northwich Victoria
*Club domestic league appearances and goals
John Alan Martin (23 November 1923 – 2004) was an English footballer who played as a half-back and inside-forward. A pacey and intelligent player, he scored 94 goals in 292 league appearances in eleven years in the Football League.
He began his career at Port Vale, turning professional in December 1942. He was sold to Stoke City in exchange for Albert Mullard and £10,000 in September 1951, and played First Division football for the "Potters". He spent 1955 to 1957 at Bangor City, before re-joining Port Vale in July 1957. He helped the "Valiants" to win the Fourth Division title in 1958–59, before moving on to Northwich Victoria.
Career
Martin joined Port Vale in February 1941 as an amateur, signing professional forms in December 1942. He played 14 Third Division South games in 1946–47. He scored his first senior goals at The Old Recreation Ground in a 4–1 win over Ipswich Town on 1 November 1947, and was an ever-present throughout the 1947–48 campaign, scoring eight goals. He again played every minute of the 1948–49 season, and also bagged seven goals. He scored eight goals in 28 games in 1949–50, and five goals in 46 games in 1950–51. Manager Gordon Hodgson died in June 1951, and his replacement, Ivor Powell, sold Martin to Potteries derby rivals to Stoke City in exchange for Albert Mullard and £10,000 in September 1951. This was a club record for Stoke.
Martin scored twice in 34 First Division games in 1951–52, as the "Potters" narrowly avoided relegation under Bob McGrory. However, relegation was not avoided in 1952–53 under new boss Frank Taylor, with Martin scoring four goals in 30 appearances. He made 38 Second Division appearances in 1953–54 but featured just six times in 1954–55, and left the Victoria Ground for Welsh club Bangor City.
Martin returned to Burslem to re-sign for Port Vale on non-contract terms in July 1957; the club were now playing at Vale Park and managed by Norman Low, though were still in the Third Division South. He featured just three times in 1957–58, but made 16 appearances in the Fourth Division title winning season of 1958–59. He then left the club to become player-manager of Northwich Victoria, and also spent time coaching the Vale juniors.
Style of play
Former teammate Roy Sproson said that: "Alan's assets were his pace and good control. He was extremely good on the ball and a highly intelligent player too."
Career statistics
Source:
Club
Season
Division
League
FA Cup
Total
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Port Vale
1946–47
Third Division South
14
0
0
0
14
0
1947–48
Third Division South
42
8
1
0
43
8
1948–49
Third Division South
42
6
1
1
43
7
1949–50
Third Division South
24
7
4
1
28
8
1950–51
Third Division South
42
5
4
1
46
6
1951–52
Third Division South
5
2
0
0
5
2
Total
169
28
10
3
179
31
Stoke City
1951–52
First Division
34
2
4
0
38
2
1952–53
First Division
29
4
1
0
30
4
1953–54
Second Division
38
0
3
0
41
0
1954–55
Second Division
3
0
3
0
6
0
Total
104
6
11
0
115
6
Port Vale
1957–58
Third Division South
3
0
0
0
3
0
1958–59
Fourth Division
16
0
0
0
16
0
Total
19
0
0
0
19
0
Career total
292
34
21
2
313
36
Honours
Port Vale
Football League Fourth Division: 1958–59
References
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Kent, Jeff (1996). Port Vale Personalities. Witan Books. p. 185. ISBN 0-9529152-0-0.
^ "Record recruits made huge impacts to justify their big-money moves". The Sentinel Green 'Un. 6 February 2016. p. 7.
^ Matthews, Tony (1994). The Encyclopaedia of Stoke City. Lion Press. ISBN 0-9524151-0-0.
^ Harper, Chris (10 February 1975). "Sproson's Eleven". The Sentinel. Archived from the original on 19 November 2008. Retrieved 23 June 2009.
^ Alan Martin at the English National Football Archive (subscription required)
^ Kent, Jeff (1990). "Fame and Fortune (1950–1959)". The Valiants' Years: The Story of Port Vale. Witan Books. pp. 171–196. ISBN 0-9508981-4-7. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alan Martin (Australian rules footballer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Martin_(Australian_rules_footballer)"},{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"half-back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midfielder"},{"link_name":"inside-forward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Port Vale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Vale_F.C."},{"link_name":"Stoke City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoke_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"Albert Mullard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Mullard"},{"link_name":"First Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_First_Division"},{"link_name":"Bangor City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangor_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"Fourth Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Fourth_Division"},{"link_name":"Northwich Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwich_Victoria_F.C."}],"text":"For the Australian player, see Alan Martin (Australian rules footballer).John Alan Martin (23 November 1923 – 2004) was an English footballer who played as a half-back and inside-forward. A pacey and intelligent player, he scored 94 goals in 292 league appearances in eleven years in the Football League.He began his career at Port Vale, turning professional in December 1942. He was sold to Stoke City in exchange for Albert Mullard and £10,000 in September 1951, and played First Division football for the \"Potters\". He spent 1955 to 1957 at Bangor City, before re-joining Port Vale in July 1957. 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derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potteries_derby"},{"link_name":"Stoke City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoke_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"Albert Mullard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Mullard"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kent-1"},{"link_name":"club record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Stoke_City_F.C._records_and_statistics"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"First Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_First_Division"},{"link_name":"1951–52","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1951%E2%80%9352_Stoke_City_F.C._season"},{"link_name":"relegation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promotion_and_relegation"},{"link_name":"Bob McGrory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_McGrory"},{"link_name":"1952–53","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952%E2%80%9353_Stoke_City_F.C._season"},{"link_name":"Frank 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However, relegation was not avoided in 1952–53 under new boss Frank Taylor, with Martin scoring four goals in 30 appearances. He made 38 Second Division appearances in 1953–54 but featured just six times in 1954–55, and left the Victoria Ground for Welsh club Bangor City.[3]Martin returned to Burslem to re-sign for Port Vale on non-contract terms in July 1957; the club were now playing at Vale Park and managed by Norman Low, though were still in the Third Division South.[1] He featured just three times in 1957–58, but made 16 appearances in the Fourth Division title winning season of 1958–59.[1] He then left the club to become player-manager of Northwich Victoria, and also spent time coaching the Vale juniors.[1]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roy Sproson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Sproson"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Former teammate Roy Sproson said that: \"Alan's assets were his pace and good control. He was extremely good on the ball and a highly intelligent player too.\"[4]","title":"Style of play"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Source:[5]","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Football League Fourth Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Fourth_Division"},{"link_name":"1958–59","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1958%E2%80%9359_Port_Vale_F.C._season"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kent5859-6"}],"text":"Port ValeFootball League Fourth Division: 1958–59[6]","title":"Honours"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Kent, Jeff (1996). Port Vale Personalities. Witan Books. p. 185. ISBN 0-9529152-0-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9529152-0-0","url_text":"0-9529152-0-0"}]},{"reference":"\"Record recruits made huge impacts to justify their big-money moves\". The Sentinel Green 'Un. 6 February 2016. p. 7.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Matthews, Tony (1994). The Encyclopaedia of Stoke City. Lion Press. ISBN 0-9524151-0-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9524151-0-0","url_text":"0-9524151-0-0"}]},{"reference":"Harper, Chris (10 February 1975). \"Sproson's Eleven\". The Sentinel. Archived from the original on 19 November 2008. Retrieved 23 June 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081119231734/http://www.sprosonfund.com/Stories/sproson%27seleven.html","url_text":"\"Sproson's Eleven\""},{"url":"http://www.sprosonfund.com/Stories/sproson%27seleven.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kent, Jeff (1990). \"Fame and Fortune (1950–1959)\". The Valiants' Years: The Story of Port Vale. Witan Books. pp. 171–196. ISBN 0-9508981-4-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9508981-4-7","url_text":"0-9508981-4-7"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081119231734/http://www.sprosonfund.com/Stories/sproson%27seleven.html","external_links_name":"\"Sproson's Eleven\""},{"Link":"http://www.sprosonfund.com/Stories/sproson%27seleven.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.enfa.co.uk/","external_links_name":"Alan Martin"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Church,_Carew | St Mary's Church, Carew | ["1 Description","2 Tombs and memorials","3 References","4 Further reading","5 External links"] | Coordinates: 51°41′22″N 4°49′40″W / 51.6895°N 4.8278°W / 51.6895; -4.8278Church in WalesSt Mary's ChurchSt Mary's ChurchLocation in Pembrokeshire51°41′22″N 4°49′40″W / 51.6895°N 4.8278°W / 51.6895; -4.8278CountryWalesHistoryDedicationSt MaryArchitectureHeritage designationGrade IArchitectural typeChurch
St Mary's Church, Carew, is the parish church of Carew, Pembrokeshire, Wales and a Grade I listed building. Lewis's Topographical Dictionary of Wales states that the church is dedicated to St John the Baptist, but the reason for this is unclear. The church is in the small village of Carew Cheriton in the southwest of the parish.
Description
The oldest surviving parts of the building are the chancel and transept, dating to the 14th century. The nave, aisles and porch are 15th century, with the tower dating from about 1500. The tower has angle buttresses, uncommon in Pembrokeshire, and in 1842 was noted as having turrets (pinnacles) and a spire. The pinnacles were removed in the 19th century and the spire in the 20th century. A number of other alterations, externally and internally, were made during the 19th century, including to roofing and windows.
Tombs and memorials
In the chancel are the tombs of Sir Nicholas de Carew (died 1311, who built the Edwardian castle) and Sir John and Elizabeth Carew. There are memorials to members of the Allen and other leading families. The west window is an 1857 Crimea memorial.
Old Mortuary Chapel
In the churchyard is the Old Mortuary Chapel, also Grade I listed.
References
^ a b c d "British Listed Buildings: Church Of St. Mary, Carew". Retrieved 10 May 2016.
^ Cadw. "Church of St Mary, Carew (Grade I) (6007)". National Historic Assets of Wales. Retrieved 30 July 2019.
^ "GENUKI: Carew 1833". Retrieved 17 November 2018.
^ "GENUKI Parish maps: Carew (map 144)". Retrieved 10 May 2016.
^ "British Listed Buildings: Old Mortuary Chapel". Retrieved 17 November 2018.
Further reading
R Scourfield, History of St Mary's Church, Carew (1994);
W G Spurrell, History of Carew (1921), pp. 44–57, 81–87, 89–94, 103–130
External links
Official website
Historical information and further sources on GENUKI | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carew, Pembrokeshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carew,_Pembrokeshire"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"listed building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listed_building"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BLB-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GENUKI-3"},{"link_name":"Carew Cheriton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carew_Cheriton&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Church in WalesSt Mary's Church, Carew, is the parish church of Carew, Pembrokeshire, Wales and a Grade I listed building.[1][2] Lewis's Topographical Dictionary of Wales states that the church is dedicated to St John the Baptist, but the reason for this is unclear.[3] The church is in the small village of Carew Cheriton in the southwest of the parish.[4]","title":"St Mary's Church, Carew"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pembrokeshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembrokeshire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BLB-1"}],"text":"The oldest surviving parts of the building are the chancel and transept, dating to the 14th century. The nave, aisles and porch are 15th century, with the tower dating from about 1500. The tower has angle buttresses, uncommon in Pembrokeshire, and in 1842 was noted as having turrets (pinnacles) and a spire. The pinnacles were removed in the 19th century and the spire in the 20th century. A number of other alterations, externally and internally, were made during the 19th century, including to roofing and windows.[1]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BLB-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St_Marys_Mortuary_Chapel_Carew_Cheriton.jpg"},{"link_name":"Old Mortuary Chapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Mortuary_Chapel,_Carew"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BLB-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"In the chancel are the tombs of Sir Nicholas de Carew (died 1311, who built the Edwardian castle) and Sir John and Elizabeth Carew. There are memorials to members of the Allen and other leading families. The west window is an 1857 Crimea memorial.[1]Old Mortuary ChapelIn the churchyard is the Old Mortuary Chapel, also Grade I listed.[1][5]","title":"Tombs and memorials"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"R Scourfield, History of St Mary's Church, Carew (1994);\nW G Spurrell, History of Carew (1921), pp. 44–57, 81–87, 89–94, 103–130","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Old Mortuary Chapel","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/St_Marys_Mortuary_Chapel_Carew_Cheriton.jpg/220px-St_Marys_Mortuary_Chapel_Carew_Cheriton.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"British Listed Buildings: Church Of St. Mary, Carew\". Retrieved 10 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/wa-6007-church-of-st-mary-carew","url_text":"\"British Listed Buildings: Church Of St. Mary, Carew\""}]},{"reference":"Cadw. \"Church of St Mary, Carew (Grade I) (6007)\". National Historic Assets of Wales. Retrieved 30 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadw","url_text":"Cadw"},{"url":"https://cadwpublic-api.azurewebsites.net/reports/listedbuilding/FullReport?lang=en&id=6007","url_text":"\"Church of St Mary, Carew (Grade I) (6007)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Historic_Assets_of_Wales","url_text":"National Historic Assets of Wales"}]},{"reference":"\"GENUKI: Carew 1833\". Retrieved 17 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.genuki.org.uk/big/wal/PEM/Carew/Carew1833","url_text":"\"GENUKI: Carew 1833\""}]},{"reference":"\"GENUKI Parish maps: Carew (map 144)\". Retrieved 10 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.genuki.org.uk/files/wal/PEM/Redberth/ParishMap.html","url_text":"\"GENUKI Parish maps: Carew (map 144)\""}]},{"reference":"\"British Listed Buildings: Old Mortuary Chapel\". Retrieved 17 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/300005945-old-mortuary-chapel-carew#.W_AAF3r7TfY","url_text":"\"British Listed Buildings: Old Mortuary Chapel\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=St_Mary%27s_Church,_Carew¶ms=51.6895_N_4.8278_W_region:GB_type:landmark","external_links_name":"51°41′22″N 4°49′40″W / 51.6895°N 4.8278°W / 51.6895; -4.8278"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=St_Mary%27s_Church,_Carew¶ms=51.6895_N_4.8278_W_region:GB_type:landmark","external_links_name":"51°41′22″N 4°49′40″W / 51.6895°N 4.8278°W / 51.6895; -4.8278"},{"Link":"http://www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/wa-6007-church-of-st-mary-carew","external_links_name":"\"British Listed Buildings: Church Of St. Mary, Carew\""},{"Link":"https://cadwpublic-api.azurewebsites.net/reports/listedbuilding/FullReport?lang=en&id=6007","external_links_name":"\"Church of St Mary, Carew (Grade I) (6007)\""},{"Link":"https://www.genuki.org.uk/big/wal/PEM/Carew/Carew1833","external_links_name":"\"GENUKI: Carew 1833\""},{"Link":"http://www.genuki.org.uk/files/wal/PEM/Redberth/ParishMap.html","external_links_name":"\"GENUKI Parish maps: Carew (map 144)\""},{"Link":"https://britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/300005945-old-mortuary-chapel-carew#.W_AAF3r7TfY","external_links_name":"\"British Listed Buildings: Old Mortuary Chapel\""},{"Link":"https://www.stmaryscarew.com/#our-story","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.genuki.org.uk/big/wal/PEM/Carew","external_links_name":"Historical information and further sources on GENUKI"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahmanabad,_Irandegan | Rahmanabad, Irandegan | ["1 References"] | Coordinates: 27°40′47″N 61°03′14″E / 27.67972°N 61.05389°E / 27.67972; 61.05389Village in Sistan and Baluchestan, IranRahmanabad
رحمان ابادvillageRahmanabadCoordinates: 27°40′47″N 61°03′14″E / 27.67972°N 61.05389°E / 27.67972; 61.05389Country IranProvinceSistan and BaluchestanCountyKhashBakhshIrandeganRural DistrictKahnukPopulation (2006) • Total125Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST) • Summer (DST)UTC+4:30 (IRDT)
Rahmanabad (Persian: رحمان اباد, also Romanized as Raḩmānābād) is a village in Kahnuk Rural District, Irandegan District, Khash County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 125, in 33 families.
References
^ Rahmanabad can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "10531149" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database".
^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20.
vte Khash CountyCapital
Khash
DistrictsCentralCities
Khash
Rural Districts and villagesEsmailabad
Abbasabad
Akbarabad
Aliabad
Chah-e Sam
Eftekharabad
Esmailabad
Espidak
Gharibabad
Hajjiabad
Hajjiabad-e Esmailabad
Hasanabad
Industrial Estate
Kalchat-e Heydarabad
Karimabad-e Kheybar
Karuji
Khash Garrison
Khosrowabad
Mahmudabad
Mashay-e Dasht Kalla Chat
Menab Ab
Mohammadabad
Mohammadabad
Mowtowr-e Davazdah Bahman
Mowtowr-e Davazdah Farurdin
Mowtowr-e Fajr
Mowtowr-e Hajj Azim Gangu Zehi
Mowtowr-e Hajji Gaza Beyk
Mowtowr-e Hajji Hanif
Mowtowr-e Jamhuri
Mowtowr-e Jehad
Mowtowr-e Nazer
Mowtowr-e Panzdah Khordad
Najafabad
Naserabad
Nasirabad
Nematabad
Nikabad
Nushabad
Qasemabad
Rostamabad
Rud-e Gaz
Saidabad
Seh Chahan
Shahid Chamran
Shahid Rejai
Shahid Modarres
Karvandar
Ab Gushtukan
Agosk
Akramabad
Allahabad
Allahabad
Allahabad-e Bala
Chah-e Baluch Khan
Chah-e Kamal
Chah-e Kan
Chah-e Salar
Chah-e Shahi
Darreh Garm
Eslamabad
Gadukan
Gardak
Gazdivan
Gidbast
Gol Shir
Gunich
Gur Mordan Tigh Ab
Habibabad
Hajjiabad
Heydarabad
Hoseynabad
Hoseynabad
Junazi
Kahnak
Karvandar
Kohan Nuk
Kug
Mirzaabad
Mohammadabad
Mohammadabad
Mohammadabad-e Padgan
Mojtame-ye Mowtowr-e Hay Tigh Ab
Mowtowr-e Nur Mohmmadabad
Mowtowr-e Seyyed Mohammad
Ney Padan
Nukabad
Nurabad-e Dasht Abkhvan
Nurabad-e Sar Talap
Padgan-e Golzar
Pigol
Rahmanabad
Richkan
Saidabad
Shahruk
Sharifabad-e Chah Kan
Siah Kut
Tang-e Hanzab
Kuh Sefid
Abbasabad
Aliabad-e Garnechin
Allahabad
Bayatabad
Borhanabad
Chah-e Dar Mohammad
Chah-e Gargin
Chah-e Isa
Chah-e Jelai
Chah-e Mohammad Omar Dasht Robat
Chah-e Rahmat
Chah-e Saadat
Emamiyeh
Eslamabad-e Garnechin
Gharibabad
Gharibabad
Gidbast
Hesharkeh
Judin
Kalak Dinar
Kalkali
Kalkali-ye Now
Kamalabad
Khan Bibi
Mahmudabad
Mehrabad
Mirabad
Mirzaabad
Mohammadabad
Mohammadi
Mowtowr-e Garsaz Hoseynabad
Mowtowr-e Qader Bakhsh
Mowtowr-e Saheb Khan
Muzan
Naseri
Nosratabad
Nukabad
Posht Gorg
Qasemabad
Rahmatabad
Saidabad
Shahrak-e Piman
Poshtkuh
Afzalabad
Allahabad
Azadabad
Balalabad
Baluchabad
Bilari
Chah-e Dekal
Chah-e Kamal Nurollah
Chah-e Kamal Siah Jinad
Chah-e Nali
Chah-e Rahmat
Chahok
Chahtuk
Dasht-e Zar
Deh-e Bala
Esmailabad
Feyzabad
Gazdanan
Gazeh Shahnavazi
Gazu
Gurchan
Hasanabad-e Dastgerd
Heydarabad
Hoseynabad-e Nilgun
Kahn-e Karam Shah
Kalleh Sakan
Kam Zard
Kamalabad
Karimabad-e Seyyed Ali Khamenehi
Kashtag-e Dastgerd
Khalilabad
Lulakdan
Mohammadabad
Mohammadabad
Mowtowr-e Khvabiar
Mowtowr-e Mirza
Naderabad
Nasrabad-e Rutak
Nukabad
Pil Gushkan
Posht Giaban
Poshteh-ye Kamal
Rahmatabad-e Pain
Roknabad
Sabz Gaz-e Olya
Sabz Gaz-e Sofla
Sabz Gaz-e Vosta
Shahid Qalanbar
Shahrak-e Posht Giaban
Shahr-e Deraz
Sharifabad
Tilag
Sangan
Aliabad-e Chah Zar
Amidiyeh-ye Chah Zar
Bar Abak
Bulani
Chah Zaman
Chakol
Cheh-e Zar
Deh-e Now
Deruk
Deruneh
Dorudi
Dumak
Espetk-e Hajji Gholam
Estakhr
Gazok
Golkan-e Shahid Medani
Gorz
Gurehi
Hajjiabad
Kalleh Kaz
Kand-e Zard
Kashik
Khalband
Kulaku
Khvoshab
Mowtowr-e Hajji Abbas
Paval
Sangan
Sangan-e Sofla
Sarsaru
Shundeh
Suleki
Tang-e Vajeg
Tappeh-ye Lal Mohammad
Terati
Terati-ye Sang
Tiab
Torshab
Tudi
Zaghak
IrandeganCities
none
Rural Districts and villagesIrandegan
Bala Qaleh
Dadkan
Dahaneh
Dakab-e Rughan
Damikan
Darin
Darreh-ye Shargan
Darsan
Deh Qaleh
Eslamabad
Gar Abdy
Gazaki
Genz
Genzerig
Hakimabad
Hedkan
Heshik
Hitgar
Jangal
Jangal-e Mukan
Jangaluk
Javadabad
Kah Gishan
Kaminak
Kashen
Kuh-e Nurk
Kuh-e Pasan
Nimgan
Perom
Pusar
Shahrak
Shavatk
Varedan
Zirkeyk
Kahnuk
Akbarabad
Ali Morady
Angiar
Anjirak
Anjirak
Baghak
Baha ol Din
Barataki
Bibah
Binag
Bok
Bumask
Chah-e Nikabakht
Chegerd
Cheshmeh-ye Kondur
Dak Jamal
Darenan
Darkeshan
Dasht Kuh-e Anjirak
Deh Qola
Deh-e Rais
Del Morad
Espah
Gari Dasht Kuh
Gary
Gat Rais Golestan
Gavatamak
Gavatamak
Gavi
Gomn
Gunak
Gur Band
Hashemabad
Hirgan
Hisek
Hushab Aluk
Kahurak
Kal Shab Ravan
Kallah Gur
Kalleh Garmak
Kalleh Maran
Karuchi
Kasab
Kasap Dasht Kuh
Kerstan
Keshikan
Khuki
Kuy Patkuk Dasht Kuh
Lashkeran
Mahmudabad
Marandegan
Mareghan Kand
Mirabad
Nabahri
Nagan
Nali
Nargan
Nilgan
Palizan
Pedehi
Pestak
Purjangi
Qaderabad
Qanat-e Mir Qalandar
Rahmanabad
Randak
Rasulabad
Rishpesh
Saptuk
Sar Kand
Seh Rud
Seyah Takan
Shamgat
Shandan
Sharaf ol Din
Shirabad
Shurak
Sir Gavanani
Sorkh Degar
Sorkh Gazi
Sorkhkan
Sur Chahi
Yek Muki
Yusefabad
Zardian
Zardin Gar
Ziarat Konar
Zirogdan
Zohian
NukabadCities
Nukabad
Rural Districts and villagesEskelabad
Allahabad
Anjir Mehi
Baluchabad-e Kahnaki
Bidak-e Bala
Bidak-e Pain
Bidan Sarzeh
Biduk-e Murtak
Chahak
Chah-e Nabiabad
Chah-e Shur
Deh-e Pabid
Eskelabad
Garjumak
Garuk
Gharibabad
Gunak
Gushan-e Bala
Hajjiabad
Kafeh Hajjiabad
Kahnak
Kahn-e Nuk
Karimabad-e Deh Tajgi
Khalilabad
Khaz-e Bahari
Kolli
Malekabad
Milman
Mohammadabad
Mohammadabad
Murtak-e Pain
Narap
Rahmatabad
Rigabad
Rostamabad
Rubahuk
Sar Band
Sazink-e Olya
Senjedak
Siah Tir-e Pain
Sohrababad
Takhtun
Gowhar Kuh
Abd ol Azizabad
Aliabad
Arzantak
Azimabad
Azizabad
Bag
Bahadorabad
Beheshtiabad
Chacheragh
Chah-e Hajji Siah Khan
Chah-e Mirza
Deh-e Bala
Ebrahimabad
Eslamabad
Esmailabad (south)
Esmailabad (north)
Eydabad
Faqirabad
Fiselabad
Gowhar Kuh Shahrak
Habibabad
Hafezabad
Hajjiabad
Hajjiabad
Hasanabad-e Shandak
Hoseynabad
Jadidabad-e Shandak
Kalleh Shahu
Kalleh-ye Espid
Kalleh-ye Espid-e Eslamabad
Karimabad
Karimabad-e Hajji Karim
Kavari
Kureh-ye Bi Barg Khan
Lalabad
Malek Mohammadabad
Mansurabad
Mazraeh-ye Barani
Mohsenabad
Mowtowr-e Amirabad
Mowtowr-e Bajar
Mowtowr-e Bulan Zehi Kach
Mowtowr-e Hajji Mehrab
Mowtowr-e Hajji Qader Bakhsh
Mowtowr-e Hajji Yar Mohammad
Mowtowr-e Kamal ol Din Mohammadani
Mowtowr-e Khoda Nazer
Mowtowr-e Khodadad
Mowtowr-e Nowruz
Mowtowr-e Pasran Mahmud Isa Zehi
Mowtowr-e Qalandar
Mowtowr-e Saraj
Naserabad
Nazarabad
Nazarabad
Nazarabad
Nematabad
Nematabad
Nukabad
Nurabad
Padagi
Pardelabad
Qaderabad
Rahmatabad
Rigabad
Seyyedabad
Shahid Shah Nazar
Shahidayit-e Shandak
Sharifabad
Sherkat-e Tamp
Shirabad
Shurabad-e Fandaq
Tajabad
Vali Mohammadabad
Valiabad
Zafarabad
Ziruki-ye Gowhar Kuh
Nazil
Ab Namard
Ahmadabad
Akbarabad
Alamabad
Amirabad
Anari
Anjirak
Arzuni
Azizabad
Bahrabad
Bidak
Biduk-e Bala
Biduk-e Pain
Chah-e Ahmad
Chah-e Hajji Ahmad
Deh Nadam
Deh Shahdust
Dehnow
Eslamabad
Eslamabad
Esmailabad
Estakhru
Gharibabad-e Allah Dad
Gharibabad-e Nark
Gholam Nabi
Gol Gaz
Gol Kan
Golabad
Gorgunak
Gunak
Hajji Rasul
Hajjiabad
Haqabad
Hasanabad
Hasanabad
Hoseynabad
Hoseynabad
Hoseynabad
Hulmadian-e Bala
Hulmadian-e Pain
Kalak Shiman
Kalleh Shahtut
Kam-e Zard
Karamabad
Karimabad
Kheyrabad
Lalabad-e Huti
Mahmudabad
Malekabad
Mehrababad
Mirabad
Mohammadabad
Mohammadabad
Mohammadabad
Mohammadabad-e Pain Talarak
Mohammadabad-e Shah Nur
Molla Qus
Moradabad
Mowtowr-e Abdol Vahad
Mowtowr-e Amid
Mowtowr-e Baluch Khan
Mowtowr-e Emanollah
Mowtowr-e Gol Zaman
Mowtowr-e Golab
Mowtowr-e Hajji Pir Mohammad
Mowtowr-e Hajji Yar Mohammad Shah Bakhsh
Mowtowr-e Khoda Nazer
Mowtowr-e Mir Beyk
Mowtowr-e Nader
Mowtowr-e Pasand
Mowtowr-e Rasul
Mowtowr-e Sharif
Mowtowr-e Zaman
Musaabad
Nabiabad
Nabiabad
Naimabad
|Nalaki
Naserabad
Naserabad
Naserabad
Naserabad-e Talarak
Nazil
Nukabad
Patmati
Pur Janki
Rahimabad
Rahmatabad
Rahmatabad
Rasulabad
Rihani
Saidabad
Sangary
Sar Kang
Sar Tall
Seyah Darreh
Shah Nazerabad
Shahidabad-e Saruk
Shahrak
Shand
Shirabad
Shurcheh-ye Purgazy
Siah Kelak
Siah Kut-e Anjireh
Tah Rud
Tuzaki
Valiabad
Yusefabad
Yusefabad
Taftan-e Jonubi(South Taftan)
Aliyeh Dorudy
Biahu Dushing-e Pain
Bida Setar
Chah Zilan
Chahak
Cheshmeh-ye Abek
Chihaki
Darreh-ye Talayi
Deh-e Mir Baluch
Dejang-e Bala
Dejang-e Pain
Do Dar
Do Rudi
Do Rudi Narun
Do Shang
Dowlatabad
Eslamabad
Firuzabad
Garuk
Gati
Gazmeh-ye Marishan
Gurmurik
Hamidabad
Jamchin
Kalleh-ye Shurehi
Kamsegari
Karimabad
Khanak
Kharaki
Kheyrabad
Kolangur
Kusheh
Kusheh-ye Gardak
Kusheh-ye Qaleh Rashid Khan
Kuteh
Lisabad
Mahmudabad
Malekabad
Marishan
Mashin
Mehran
Mohammadabad
Narun
Narun
Posht-e Zard
Rahmatabad
Rahmatabad
Rud-e Sanib
Sangan-e Kuknak
Sar Kam
Shandi
Sihaki
Sihaki Kuteh
Takht
Tamandan
Towd Lang
Tudak-e Taqiabad
Vellan
Yusefabad
Yusefabad-e Tudak
Iran portal
This Khash County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"Romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanize"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Kahnuk Rural District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahnuk_Rural_District"},{"link_name":"Irandegan District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irandegan_District"},{"link_name":"Khash County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khash_County"},{"link_name":"Sistan and Baluchestan Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistan_and_Baluchestan_Province"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Village in Sistan and Baluchestan, IranRahmanabad (Persian: رحمان اباد, also Romanized as Raḩmānābād)[1] is a village in Kahnuk Rural District, Irandegan District, Khash County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 125, in 33 families.[2]","title":"Rahmanabad, Irandegan"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1385/results/all/11.xls","url_text":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_Center_of_Iran","url_text":"Statistical Center of Iran"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920084728/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/11.xls","url_text":"Archived"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Rahmanabad,_Irandegan¶ms=27_40_47_N_61_03_14_E_region:IR_type:city(125)","external_links_name":"27°40′47″N 61°03′14″E / 27.67972°N 61.05389°E / 27.67972; 61.05389"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Rahmanabad,_Irandegan¶ms=27_40_47_N_61_03_14_E_region:IR_type:city(125)","external_links_name":"27°40′47″N 61°03′14″E / 27.67972°N 61.05389°E / 27.67972; 61.05389"},{"Link":"http://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/","external_links_name":"this link"},{"Link":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1385/results/all/11.xls","external_links_name":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920084728/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/11.xls","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rahmanabad,_Irandegan&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairfax,_New_Zealand | Fairfax, New Zealand | ["1 References"] | Coordinates: 46°12′39.600″S 168°3′3.600″E / 46.21100000°S 168.05100000°E / -46.21100000; 168.05100000For the media company, see Fairfax Media. For the Otago settlement formerly known as Fairfax, see Tokoiti.
Fairfax is a town in the Southland region of New Zealand's South Island.
The population was 1,911 in the 2013 census. This was an increase of 111 people since the 2006 Census.
References
^ 2013 Census QuickStats about a place : Fairfax
vteSouthland District, New ZealandSeat: Invercargill CityPopulated placesMararoa Waimea WardFive Rivers Area
Athol
Eyre Creek
Garston
Lowther
Lumsden
Mossburn
Parawa
Te Anau Area
Manapouri
Mararoa
Milford Sound
Te Anau
Waikaia Area
Balfour
Riversdale
Waikaia
Waiau Aparima WardRiverton Area
Colac Bay / Ōraka
Gummies Bush
Orepuki
Pahia
Riverton / Aparima
Thornbury
Waipango
Tuatapere Area
Blackmount
Clifden
Te Waewae
Tuatapere
Wallace Area
Drummond
Fairfax
Heddon Bush
Isla Bank
Nightcaps
Ohai
Otautau
Wairio
Wreys Bush
Waihopai Toetoes WardToetoes Area
Curio Bay
Fortification
Fortrose
Glenham
Pine Bush
Pukewao
Slope Point
Titiroa
Te Peka
Tokanui
Waipapa Point
Waikawa
Waimahaka
Wyndham
Waihopai Area
Ashers
Dacre
Gorge Road
Grove Bush
Kapuka
Kapuka South
Longbush
Mabel Bush
Makarewa
Mokotua
Oteramika
Rakahouka
Roslyn Bush
Timpanys
Woodlands
Oreti WardTe Tipua Area
Edendale
Glencoe
Mataura Island
Menzies Ferry
Seaward Downs
Te Tipua
Tuturau
Waitane
Wallacetown Area
Lochiel
Waianiwa
Wallacetown
Waimatuku
Winton Area
Browns
Dipton
Hedgehope
Limehills
Springhills
Winton
Stewart Island / Rakiura
Oban
Port Pegasus
Geographic features
Mavora Lakes
Mokoreta River
Mount Richardson
Niagara Falls
Porpoise Bay
Waipapa Point
Facilities and attractions
Eyre Mountains / Taka Ra Haka Conservation Park
Hawea (Clio Rocks) Marine Reserve
Kahukura (Gold Arm) Marine Reserve
Kutu Parera (Gaer Arm) Marine Reserve
Mavora Lakes Conservation Park
Moana Uta (Wet Jacket Arm) Marine Reserve
Piopiotahi (Milford Sound) Marine Reserve
SS Tararua
Taipari Roa (Elizabeth Island) Marine Reserve
Taumoana (Five Fingers Peninsula) Marine Reserve
Te Awaatu Channel (The Gut) Marine Reserve
Te Hapua (Sutherland Sound) Marine Reserve
Te Tapuwae o Hua (Long Sound) Marine Reserve
Ulva Island-Te Wharawhara Marine Reserve
Waipapa Point Lighthouse
Government
District Council
Mayor
Regional Council
46°12′39.600″S 168°3′3.600″E / 46.21100000°S 168.05100000°E / -46.21100000; 168.05100000
This Southland Region geography article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fairfax Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairfax_Media"},{"link_name":"Tokoiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokoiti"},{"link_name":"Southland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southland,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"South Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Island"},{"link_name":"2013 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_New_Zealand_census"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"For the media company, see Fairfax Media. For the Otago settlement formerly known as Fairfax, see Tokoiti.Fairfax is a town in the Southland region of New Zealand's South Island.The population was 1,911 in the 2013 census. This was an increase of 111 people since the 2006 Census.[1]","title":"Fairfax, New Zealand"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Fairfax,_New_Zealand¶ms=46_12_39.600_S_168_3_3.600_E_region:NZ","external_links_name":"46°12′39.600″S 168°3′3.600″E / 46.21100000°S 168.05100000°E / -46.21100000; 168.05100000"},{"Link":"http://infoshare.stats.govt.nz/Census/2013-census/profile-and-summary-reports/quickstats-about-a-place.aspx?request_value=15142&tabname=15142","external_links_name":"2013 Census QuickStats about a place : Fairfax"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Fairfax,_New_Zealand¶ms=46_12_39.600_S_168_3_3.600_E_region:NZ","external_links_name":"46°12′39.600″S 168°3′3.600″E / 46.21100000°S 168.05100000°E / -46.21100000; 168.05100000"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fairfax,_New_Zealand&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koolywurtie,_South_Australia | Koolywurtie, South Australia | [] | Coordinates: 34°38′43″S 137°38′22″E / 34.645399°S 137.639484°E / -34.645399; 137.639484
Suburb of Yorke Peninsula Council, South AustraliaKoolywurtieSouth AustraliaKoolywurtieCoordinates34°38′43″S 137°38′22″E / 34.645399°S 137.639484°E / -34.645399; 137.639484Population101 (2021 census)Established1999Postcode(s)5575 Time zoneACST (UTC+9:30) • Summer (DST)ACST (UTC+10:30)Location 93 km (58 mi) W of Adelaide 20 km (12 mi) S of Maitland LGA(s)Yorke Peninsula CouncilRegionYorke and Mid NorthCountyFergussonState electorate(s)NarunggaFederal division(s)Grey
Mean max temp
Mean min temp
Annual rainfall
22.6 °C 73 °F
9.4 °C 49 °F
353.7 mm 13.9 in
Suburbs around Koolywurtie:
Wauraltee
Wauraltee
Wauraltee
Port RickabyBluff Beach
Koolywurtie
Curramulka
Bluff Beach
Minlaton
Curramulka
FootnotesAdjoining localities
Koolywurtie is a locality in the Australian state of South Australia located on the Yorke Peninsula about 93 kilometres (58 mi) west of the state capital of Adelaide and about 20 kilometres (12 mi) south of the municipal seat of Maitland.
Koolywurtie's boundaries were created on 27 May 1999 and given the “local established name” which is derived from the local aboriginal word used for some "nearby native wells."
The 2021 Australian census which was conducted in August 2021 reports that Koolywurtie had a population of 101 people.
Koolywurtie is located within the federal division of Grey, the state electoral district of Narungga and the local government area of the Yorke Peninsula Council.
References
^ a b c d e f g "Search results for 'Koolywurtie, LOCB' with the following datasets selected - 'Suburbs and localities', 'Counties', 'Local Government Areas', 'SA Government Regions' and 'Gazetteer'". Location SA Map Viewer. Government of South Australia. Retrieved 14 December 2022.
^ a b Australian Bureau of Statistics (28 June 2022). "Koolywurtie (State Suburb)". 2021 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 14 December 2022.
^ a b Kentish, Peter McLaren (27 May 1999), "GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES ACT 1991, Notice to Assign Boundaries and Names to Places (in the District Council of Yorke Peninsula)" (PDF), The South Australian Government Gazette: 2696, retrieved 14 December 2022 – via AustLII
^ a b "Postcode for Koolywurtie, South Australia". Postcodes Australia. Retrieved 14 December 2022.
^ a b Narungga (Map). Electoral District Boundaries Commission. 2016. Retrieved 1 March 2018.
^ a b "Profile of the electoral division of Grey (SA)". Australian Electoral Commission. Retrieved 14 December 2022.
^ a b c "MINLATON AERO (nearest weather station)". Climate statistics for Australian locations. Commonwealth of Australia , Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 13 December 2022.
vteLocalities of the Yorke Peninsula Council
Agery
Ardrossan
Arthurton
Balgowan
Black Point
Bluff Beach
Brentwood
Chinaman Wells
Clinton
Clinton Centre
Coobowie
Corny Point
Couch Beach
Cunningham
Curramulka
Dowlingville
Edithburgh
Foul Bay
Hardwicke Bay
Honiton
Inneston
James Well
Kainton
Koolywurtie
Maitland
Marion Bay
Minlaton
Nalyappa
Parsons Beach
Petersville
Pine Point
Point Pearce
Point Souttar
Point Turton
Port Arthur
Port Julia
Port Moorowie
Port Rickaby
Port Victoria
Port Vincent
Price
Ramsay
Rogues Point
Sandilands
Sheaoak Flat
South Kilkerran
Stansbury
Sultana Point
Sunnyvale
The Pines
Tiddy Widdy Beach
Urania
Warooka
Wauraltee
Weetulta
White Hut
Winulta
Wool Bay
Yorke Valley
Yorketown | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Yorke Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorke_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Adelaide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_city_centre"},{"link_name":"Maitland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maitland,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LMV-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-postcode-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SAGG-1999-3"},{"link_name":"2021 Australian census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Australian_census"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census2021-2"},{"link_name":"Grey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_of_Grey"},{"link_name":"Narungga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_district_of_Narungga"},{"link_name":"Yorke Peninsula Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorke_Peninsula_Council"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AEC-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LMV-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ECSA-5"}],"text":"Suburb of Yorke Peninsula Council, South AustraliaKoolywurtie is a locality in the Australian state of South Australia located on the Yorke Peninsula about 93 kilometres (58 mi) west of the state capital of Adelaide and about 20 kilometres (12 mi) south of the municipal seat of Maitland.[1][4]Koolywurtie's boundaries were created on 27 May 1999 and given the “local established name” which is derived from the local aboriginal word used for some \"nearby native wells.\"[3]The 2021 Australian census which was conducted in August 2021 reports that Koolywurtie had a population of 101 people.[2]Koolywurtie is located within the federal division of Grey, the state electoral district of Narungga and the local government area of the Yorke Peninsula Council.[6][1][5]","title":"Koolywurtie, South Australia"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Search results for 'Koolywurtie, LOCB' with the following datasets selected - 'Suburbs and localities', 'Counties', 'Local Government Areas', 'SA Government Regions' and 'Gazetteer'\". 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Retrieved 14 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://postcodes-australia.com/areas/sa/adelaide/koolywurtie","url_text":"\"Postcode for Koolywurtie, South Australia\""}]},{"reference":"Narungga (Map). Electoral District Boundaries Commission. 2016. Retrieved 1 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://edbc.sa.gov.au/redistributions/2016/2016-electoral-district-maps/narungga-map-2016-pdf/download.html","url_text":"Narungga"}]},{"reference":"\"Profile of the electoral division of Grey (SA)\". Australian Electoral Commission. Retrieved 14 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aec.gov.au/profiles/sa/grey.htm","url_text":"\"Profile of the electoral division of Grey (SA)\""}]},{"reference":"\"MINLATON AERO (nearest weather station)\". Climate statistics for Australian locations. Commonwealth of Australia , Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 13 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_022031_All.shtml","url_text":"\"MINLATON AERO (nearest weather station)\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Koolywurtie,_South_Australia¶ms=34.645399_S_137.639484_E_type:city_region:AU-SA","external_links_name":"34°38′43″S 137°38′22″E / 34.645399°S 137.639484°E / -34.645399; 137.639484"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Koolywurtie,_South_Australia¶ms=34.645399_S_137.639484_E_type:city_region:AU-SA","external_links_name":"34°38′43″S 137°38′22″E / 34.645399°S 137.639484°E / -34.645399; 137.639484"},{"Link":"https://location.sa.gov.au/viewer/?map=roads&x=137.5892&y=-34.67315&z=12&uids=19,2,11,20,105&pinx=137.640860&piny=-34.643950&pinTitle=Location&pinText=Koolywurtie,+Locb","external_links_name":"\"Search results for 'Koolywurtie, LOCB' with the following datasets selected - 'Suburbs and localities', 'Counties', 'Local Government Areas', 'SA Government Regions' and 'Gazetteer'\""},{"Link":"https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/SAL40710","external_links_name":"\"Koolywurtie (State Suburb)\""},{"Link":"http://www8.austlii.edu.au/au/other/sa_gazette/1999/68/2696.pdf","external_links_name":"\"GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES ACT 1991, Notice to Assign Boundaries and Names to Places (in the District Council of Yorke Peninsula)\""},{"Link":"https://postcodes-australia.com/areas/sa/adelaide/koolywurtie","external_links_name":"\"Postcode for Koolywurtie, South Australia\""},{"Link":"http://edbc.sa.gov.au/redistributions/2016/2016-electoral-district-maps/narungga-map-2016-pdf/download.html","external_links_name":"Narungga"},{"Link":"https://www.aec.gov.au/profiles/sa/grey.htm","external_links_name":"\"Profile of the electoral division of Grey (SA)\""},{"Link":"http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_022031_All.shtml","external_links_name":"\"MINLATON AERO (nearest weather station)\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Horsley-Beresford,_2nd_Baron_Decies | John Beresford, 2nd Baron Decies | ["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Personal life","3.1 Descendants","4 References"] | The Most ReverendThe Lord DeciesD.D.BornJohn Beresford(1774-01-20)20 January 1774Died1 March 1865(1865-03-01) (aged 91)Bolam, Northumberland, EnglandSpouse
Charlotte Philadelphia Horsley
(m. 1810; died 1852)ChildrenWilliam Beresford, 3rd Baron DeciesHon. Georgiana BrownLouisa Brudenell-Bruce, Marchioness of AilesburyCaroline Agnes Graham, Duchess of MontroseParent(s)William Beresford, 1st Baron DeciesElizabeth FitzGibbon
John Beresford, 2nd Baron Decies (20 January 1774 – 1 March 1865) was an Anglo-Irish peer and clergyman.
Early life
Beresford was born on 20 January 1774. He was the second son of nine children born to William Beresford, 1st Baron Decies and Elizabeth FitzGibbon. Through his brother, the Rev. George Beresford, he was an uncle to British Army officer Marcus Beresford, MP for Northallerton and Berwick-upon-Tweed, and through his sister Louisa (through her marriage to Thomas Hope), he was an uncle to Henry Thomas Hope, MP, and Alexander Beresford Hope, MP. Louisa later married their first cousin, William Beresford, 1st Viscount Beresford.
His maternal grandparents were John FitzGibbon and wife Isabella (née Grove) FitzGibbon and his uncle was John FitzGibbon, 1st Earl of Clare. His paternal grandparents were Marcus Beresford, 1st Earl of Tyrone and Lady Catharine Power (only daughter of James Power, 3rd Earl of Tyrone and 3rd Viscount Decies). Among his extended family were uncles George Beresford, 1st Marquess of Waterford and John Beresford, MP for Waterford, and aunts Catherine Beresford (wife of Thomas Christmas MP and Theophilus Jones MP), Frances Beresford (wife of Henry Flood), and Eliza Beresford (wife of Col. Thomas Cobbe MP, son of Charles Cobbe, Archbishop of Dublin).
He was educated at Emmanuel College, Cambridge University.
Career
A clergyman in the Church of Ireland, he served as Rector of Tuam while his father was the Archbishop of Tuam from 1794 to 1819.
Upon his father's death on 6 September 1819, he succeeded as the 2nd Baron Decies as his elder brother, Brig.-Gen. Marcus Beresford had died unmarried in 1804.
Personal life
Lord Decies' youngest daughter, Caroline Agnes Graham, Duchess of Montrose.
On 26 July 1810, Beresford was married to Charlotte Philadelphia Horsley, the only daughter and heiress of the former Ellen Mary Kerr (a daughter of Andrew Seton Kerr) and Robert Horsley, of Bolam House, Northumberland. Bolam House was built by Charlotte's father using stone from the ruined ancient castle on the estate which had been purchased in 1727 by his father, John Horsley. Following his marriage, he adopted the additional surname of Horsley in accordance with the terms of his wife's inheritance. Together, they were the parents of one son and three daughters:
William Robert John Horsley Beresford, 3rd Baron Decies (1811–1893), who married Catharine Anne Dent, the second daughter of Cmdr. William Dent of Shortflatt Tower.
Hon. Georgiana Catherine Horsley Beresford (b. 1812), who married William Watson and, later, Henry Edward Brown in 1845.
Hon. Louisa Elizabeth Horsley Beresford (1814–1891), who married Ernest Brudenell-Bruce, 3rd Marquess of Ailesbury, in 1834.
Hon. Caroline Agnes Horsley Beresford, Duchess of Montrose (1818–1894), who married James Graham, 4th Duke of Montrose in 1836. After his death in 1874, she married William Stuart Stirling-Crawfurd in 1876. After his death in 1883, she married, her second cousin twice removed, Marcus Henry Milner, third son of Henry Beilby William Milner and Charlotte Henrietta Beresford (second daughter of Most Rev. Marcus Gervais Beresford, Archbishop of Armagh), in 1888.
Lady Decies died on 9 March 1852. Lord Decies died on 1 March 1865 and was succeeded in the barony by his son William.
Descendants
Through his only son and principal heir John, he was a grandfather of Caroline Catherine Horsley-Beresford (wife of Col. George Alexander Eason Wilkinson) William Marcus de la Poer Horsley-Beresford, 4th Baron Decies, John Graham Hope Horsley de la Poer Beresford, 5th Baron Decies, Hon. Seton Robert de la Poer Horsley-Beresford (who married actress Delia Dorothy O'Sullivan and Joan Rosemary Graves-Sawle), Hon. Catherine Elizabeth Ellen Horsley-Beresford (wife of Lt.-Col. Edward J. M. Lumb), Hon. Charlotte Ernestine Horsley-Beresford (wife of Maj. Cameron Barclay), Hon. Henry William Walter Horsley-Beresford (who married Constance (née Blades) Levenston), and Hon. William Arthur de la Poer Horsley-Beresford (who married four times).
Through his daughter Louisa, he was grandfather to seven, including Lady Louisa Caroline Brudenell-Bruce (wife of Sir Henry Meux, 2nd Baronet), Lady Ernestine Mary Brudenell-Bruce (wife of William Hare, 3rd Earl of Listowel), Lt. George John Brudenell-Bruce (who married Lady Evelyn Mary Craven, daughter of the 2nd Earl of Craven), James Ernest Brudenell-Bruce, Henry Augustus Brudenell-Bruce, 5th Marquess of Ailesbury, Lord Robert Thomas Brudenell-Bruce (who married Emma Leigh), and Maj. Lord Charles Frederick Brudenell-Bruce (who married Margaret Renshaw).
Through his youngest daughter's first marriage, he was a grandfather of Douglas Graham, 5th Duke of Montrose, Lady Agnes Caroline Graham (wife of Lt. Col. John Murray), Lady Beatrice Violet Graham (wife of Algernon Greville, 2nd Baron Greville), and Lady Alma Imogen Leonora Carlotta Graham (wife of Gavin Campbell, 1st Marquess of Breadalbane).
References
Notes
^ Dutch-born Georgina Leonora Mosselmans (1900–1969) was the former wife of Barnard; Lord Sholto George Douglas (younger son of John Douglas, 9th Marquess of Queensberry); HIH Prince Mehmed Burhameddin of Turkey (son of Sultan Abdul Hamid II); Count Ferdinand de Saurigny).
^ Hon. William Arthur de la Poer Horsley-Beresford (1878–1949) married Florence Miller, a daughter of Gardner L. Miller, in 1901. They divorced in 1919 and he married Laura Coventry, eldest daughter of Capt. St John Halford Coventry, in 1919. They divorced in 1928 and he married oil heiress Georgina Leonora (née Mosselmans) de Saurigny, only daughter of Richard Frederick Hendrick Mosselmans, in 1933. They divorced in 1940 and he married Ida Kaye in 1941.
Sources
^ a b c d e f g h i j Mosley, Charles, editor. Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knightage, 107th edition, 3 volumes. Wilmington, Delaware, U.S.A.: Burke's Peerage (Genealogical Books) Ltd, 2003, volume 1, page 335.
^ Casey, Martin. "BERESFORD, Marcus (1800-1876), of 16 Cavendish Square, Mdx". www.historyofparliamentonline.org. History of Parliament Online. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
^ Debrett's Peerage of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. G. Woodfall. 1831. p. 961. Retrieved 2 February 2022.
^ "BOLAM CASTLE". www.gatehouse-gazetteer.info. Retrieved 2 February 2022.
^ "Bolam Lake: A history of the area of Bolam" (PDF). www.northumberland.gov. Northumberland County Council. Retrieved 2 February 2022.
^ The Dublin almanac, and general register of Ireland, for 1847. 1847. p. 102. Retrieved 2 February 2022.
^ Hansard's Pocket Peerage. T.C. Newby. 1845. p. 66. Retrieved 2 February 2022.
^ a b c Fox-Davies, Arthur Charles (1895). Armorial Families: A Complete Peerage, Baronetage, and Knightage, and a Directory of Some Gentlemen of Coat-armour, and Being the First Attempt to Show which Arms in Use at the Moment are Borne by Legal Authority. Jack. pp. 279–280. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
^ "DEATH OF LORD DECIES". The Newcastle Weekly Courant. 8 July 1893. p. 3. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
^ Dod's Peerage, Baronetage and Knightage, of Great Britain and Ireland, for ...: Including All the Titled Classes. S. Low, Marston & Company. 1901. p. 233. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
^ Selby, Walford Dakin (1884). The Genealogist. George Bell & Sons. p. 42. Retrieved 2 February 2022.
^ Society, Harleian (1897). The Publications of the Harleian Society: Registers. The Harleian Society. Retrieved 2 February 2022.
^ a b c The Titled Nobility of Europe: An International Peerage, Or "Who's Who", of the Sovereigns, Princes and Nobles of Europe. Harrison & Sons. 1914. pp. 563–564. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
^ "Lord Decies". The Times. 1 August 1910. p. 11. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
^ "Marriage Announcement". The Times. 13 March 1901. p. 10. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
^ "LORD DECIES DIES IN ENGLAND AT 77; Soldier, Sportsman, Friend of Taxpayer--Married Gould Heiress Here in 1911". The New York Times. 2 February 1944. Retrieved 29 January 2022.
^ "Delia Dorothy (née O'Sullivan), Lady Lucas". www.npg.org.uk. National Portrait Gallery, London. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
^ 'Col Ralph Cobbold-Sawle', The Times, 8 December 1965.
^ "BERESFORD-M1LLER. PROVIDENCE. R. I.. June 17. Hon. William Beresford, son of the late Lord Decies, of England, and Miss Florence Miller, daughter of Dr. Gardiner L. Miller, of this city, were married at noon to-day at St. Stephen's Episcopal Church by the Rev. George McClellan Fiske, the pastor". Indianapolis Journal, Volume 51, Number 169 (Hoosier State Chronicles). 18 June 1901. p. 3. Retrieved 1 August 2021.
^ "Lady Sholto Douglas, 1978-1936". www.douglashistory.co.uk. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
^ "Lord Sholto Douglas Married". The Guardian. 25 April 1921. p. 10. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
^ "Georgina Leonora Barnard Douglas (née Mosselmans)". www.npg.org.uk. National Portrait Gallery, London. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
^ "His Lordship Was a Hoofer". The San Francisco Examiner. 11 December 1966. p. 139. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
^ Morris, Susan (20 April 2020). Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage 2019. eBook Partnership. ISBN 978-1-9997670-5-1. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
^ Law, Cheryl (2018). "Greville , Lady (Beatrice) Violet (1842–1932), journalist and author". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. doi:10.1093/odnb/9780198614128.013.50387. ISBN 978-0-19-861412-8. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
Peerage of Ireland
Preceded byWilliam Beresford
Baron Decies 1819–1865
Succeeded byWilliam Robert John Horsley-Beresford | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anglo-Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Irish_people"}],"text":"John Beresford, 2nd Baron Decies (20 January 1774 – 1 March 1865) was an Anglo-Irish peer and clergyman.","title":"John Beresford, 2nd Baron Decies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Beresford, 1st Baron Decies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Beresford,_1st_Baron_Decies"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mosley2003-1"},{"link_name":"Marcus Beresford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Beresford_(British_Army_officer,_born_1800)"},{"link_name":"Northallerton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northallerton_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Berwick-upon-Tweed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berwick-upon-Tweed_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MBhop-2"},{"link_name":"Thomas Hope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hope_(banker,_born_1769)"},{"link_name":"Henry Thomas Hope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Thomas_Hope"},{"link_name":"Alexander Beresford Hope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Beresford_Hope"},{"link_name":"William Beresford, 1st Viscount Beresford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Beresford,_1st_Viscount_Beresford"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mosley2003-1"},{"link_name":"née","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names"},{"link_name":"John FitzGibbon, 1st Earl of Clare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_FitzGibbon,_1st_Earl_of_Clare"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mosley2003-1"},{"link_name":"Marcus Beresford, 1st Earl of Tyrone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Beresford,_1st_Earl_of_Tyrone"},{"link_name":"James Power, 3rd Earl of Tyrone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Power,_3rd_Earl_of_Tyrone"},{"link_name":"Viscount Decies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscount_Decies"},{"link_name":"George Beresford, 1st Marquess of Waterford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Beresford,_1st_Marquess_of_Waterford"},{"link_name":"John Beresford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Beresford_(Waterford_MP)"},{"link_name":"Thomas Christmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Christmas"},{"link_name":"Theophilus Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theophilus_Jones_(1729%E2%80%931811)"},{"link_name":"Henry Flood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Flood"},{"link_name":"Thomas Cobbe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cobbe"},{"link_name":"Charles Cobbe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Cobbe"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Dublin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mosley2003-1"},{"link_name":"Emmanuel College, Cambridge University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_College,_Cambridge_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mosley2003-1"}],"text":"Beresford was born on 20 January 1774. He was the second son of nine children born to William Beresford, 1st Baron Decies and Elizabeth FitzGibbon.[1] Through his brother, the Rev. George Beresford, he was an uncle to British Army officer Marcus Beresford, MP for Northallerton and Berwick-upon-Tweed,[2] and through his sister Louisa (through her marriage to Thomas Hope), he was an uncle to Henry Thomas Hope, MP, and Alexander Beresford Hope, MP. Louisa later married their first cousin, William Beresford, 1st Viscount Beresford.[1]His maternal grandparents were John FitzGibbon and wife Isabella (née Grove) FitzGibbon and his uncle was John FitzGibbon, 1st Earl of Clare.[1] His paternal grandparents were Marcus Beresford, 1st Earl of Tyrone and Lady Catharine Power (only daughter of James Power, 3rd Earl of Tyrone and 3rd Viscount Decies). Among his extended family were uncles George Beresford, 1st Marquess of Waterford and John Beresford, MP for Waterford, and aunts Catherine Beresford (wife of Thomas Christmas MP and Theophilus Jones MP), Frances Beresford (wife of Henry Flood), and Eliza Beresford (wife of Col. Thomas Cobbe MP, son of Charles Cobbe, Archbishop of Dublin).[1]He was educated at Emmanuel College, Cambridge University.[1]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Church of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Rector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rector_(ecclesiastical)"},{"link_name":"Tuam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Tuam"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Tuam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Tuam"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Debrett's1831-3"},{"link_name":"Baron Decies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_Decies"},{"link_name":"Marcus Beresford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Beresford_(British_Army_officer,_born_1764)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mosley2003-1"}],"text":"A clergyman in the Church of Ireland, he served as Rector of Tuam while his father was the Archbishop of Tuam from 1794 to 1819.[3]Upon his father's death on 6 September 1819, he succeeded as the 2nd Baron Decies as his elder brother, Brig.-Gen. Marcus Beresford had died unmarried in 1804.[1]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CarolineAgnes_Horsley-Beresford_(d.1894)_(DuchessOfMontrose).jpeg"},{"link_name":"Caroline Agnes Graham, Duchess of Montrose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline_Agnes_Graham,_Duchess_of_Montrose"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mosley2003-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BolamGG-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-northumberland-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dublin-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hansard's1845-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fox-Davies1895-8"},{"link_name":"William Robert John Horsley Beresford, 3rd Baron Decies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Horsley-Beresford,_3rd_Baron_Decies"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NWCObit1893-9"},{"link_name":"Shortflatt Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortflatt_Tower"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dod's1901-10"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fox-Davies1895-8"},{"link_name":"Ernest Brudenell-Bruce, 3rd Marquess of Ailesbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Brudenell-Bruce,_3rd_Marquess_of_Ailesbury"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Selby1884-11"},{"link_name":"Caroline Agnes Horsley Beresford, Duchess of Montrose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline_Agnes_Graham,_Duchess_of_Montrose"},{"link_name":"James Graham, 4th Duke of Montrose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Graham,_4th_Duke_of_Montrose"},{"link_name":"William Stuart Stirling-Crawfurd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Stuart_Stirling-Crawfurd"},{"link_name":"Marcus Henry Milner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Milner_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Marcus Gervais Beresford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Gervais_Beresford"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Armagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Armagh"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harleian1897-12"},{"link_name":"William","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Horsley-Beresford,_3rd_Baron_Decies"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mosley2003-1"}],"text":"Lord Decies' youngest daughter, Caroline Agnes Graham, Duchess of Montrose.On 26 July 1810, Beresford was married to Charlotte Philadelphia Horsley, the only daughter and heiress of the former Ellen Mary Kerr (a daughter of Andrew Seton Kerr)[1] and Robert Horsley, of Bolam House, Northumberland. Bolam House was built by Charlotte's father using stone from the ruined ancient castle on the estate which had been purchased in 1727 by his father, John Horsley.[4][5] Following his marriage, he adopted the additional surname of Horsley in accordance with the terms of his wife's inheritance.[6] Together, they were the parents of one son and three daughters:[7][8]William Robert John Horsley Beresford, 3rd Baron Decies (1811–1893),[9] who married Catharine Anne Dent, the second daughter of Cmdr. William Dent of Shortflatt Tower.[10]\nHon. Georgiana Catherine Horsley Beresford (b. 1812), who married William Watson and, later, Henry Edward Brown in 1845.[8]\nHon. Louisa Elizabeth Horsley Beresford (1814–1891), who married Ernest Brudenell-Bruce, 3rd Marquess of Ailesbury, in 1834.[11]\nHon. Caroline Agnes Horsley Beresford, Duchess of Montrose (1818–1894), who married James Graham, 4th Duke of Montrose in 1836. After his death in 1874, she married William Stuart Stirling-Crawfurd in 1876. After his death in 1883, she married, her second cousin twice removed, Marcus Henry Milner, third son of Henry Beilby William Milner and Charlotte Henrietta Beresford (second daughter of Most Rev. Marcus Gervais Beresford, Archbishop of Armagh), in 1888.[12]Lady Decies died on 9 March 1852. Lord Decies died on 1 March 1865 and was succeeded in the barony by his son William.[1]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harrison1914-13"},{"link_name":"William Marcus de la Poer Horsley-Beresford, 4th Baron Decies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Horsley-Beresford,_4th_Baron_Decies"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TimesObit1910-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1901Wedding-15"},{"link_name":"John Graham Hope Horsley de la Poer Beresford, 5th Baron Decies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Beresford,_5th_Baron_Decies"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1944LordDecies-16"},{"link_name":"Hon. Seton Robert de la Poer Horsley-Beresford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seton_Beresford"},{"link_name":"Joan Rosemary Graves-Sawle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joan_Graves-Sawle&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LadyLucas-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RCSTimesObit-18"},{"link_name":"Edward J. M. Lumb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_J._M._Lumb"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harrison1914-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harrison1914-13"},{"link_name":"née","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fox-Davies1895-8"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Sir Henry Meux, 2nd Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Henry_Meux,_2nd_Baronet"},{"link_name":"William Hare, 3rd Earl of Listowel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hare,_3rd_Earl_of_Listowel"},{"link_name":"George John Brudenell-Bruce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_John_Brudenell-Bruce&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2nd Earl of Craven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Craven,_2nd_Earl_of_Craven"},{"link_name":"Henry Augustus Brudenell-Bruce, 5th Marquess of Ailesbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Brudenell-Bruce,_5th_Marquess_of_Ailesbury"},{"link_name":"Robert Thomas Brudenell-Bruce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Thomas_Brudenell-Bruce"},{"link_name":"Charles Frederick Brudenell-Bruce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_Frederick_Brudenell-Bruce&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mosley2003-1"},{"link_name":"Douglas Graham, 5th Duke of Montrose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Graham,_5th_Duke_of_Montrose"},{"link_name":"Lady Beatrice Violet Graham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violet,_Lady_Greville"},{"link_name":"Algernon Greville, 2nd Baron Greville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algernon_Greville,_2nd_Baron_Greville"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Gavin Campbell, 1st Marquess of Breadalbane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavin_Campbell,_1st_Marquess_of_Breadalbane"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mosley2003-1"}],"sub_title":"Descendants","text":"Through his only son and principal heir John, he was a grandfather of Caroline Catherine Horsley-Beresford (wife of Col. George Alexander Eason Wilkinson)[13] William Marcus de la Poer Horsley-Beresford, 4th Baron Decies,[14][15] John Graham Hope Horsley de la Poer Beresford, 5th Baron Decies,[16] Hon. Seton Robert de la Poer Horsley-Beresford (who married actress Delia Dorothy O'Sullivan and Joan Rosemary Graves-Sawle),[17][18] Hon. Catherine Elizabeth Ellen Horsley-Beresford (wife of Lt.-Col. Edward J. M. Lumb),[13] Hon. Charlotte Ernestine Horsley-Beresford (wife of Maj. Cameron Barclay),[13] Hon. Henry William Walter Horsley-Beresford (who married Constance (née Blades) Levenston),[8] and Hon. William Arthur de la Poer Horsley-Beresford (who married four times).[b]Through his daughter Louisa, he was grandfather to seven, including Lady Louisa Caroline Brudenell-Bruce (wife of Sir Henry Meux, 2nd Baronet), Lady Ernestine Mary Brudenell-Bruce (wife of William Hare, 3rd Earl of Listowel), Lt. George John Brudenell-Bruce (who married Lady Evelyn Mary Craven, daughter of the 2nd Earl of Craven), James Ernest Brudenell-Bruce, Henry Augustus Brudenell-Bruce, 5th Marquess of Ailesbury, Lord Robert Thomas Brudenell-Bruce (who married Emma Leigh), and Maj. Lord Charles Frederick Brudenell-Bruce (who married Margaret Renshaw).[1]Through his youngest daughter's first marriage, he was a grandfather of Douglas Graham, 5th Duke of Montrose, Lady Agnes Caroline Graham (wife of Lt. Col. John Murray), Lady Beatrice Violet Graham (wife of Algernon Greville, 2nd Baron Greville),[25] and Lady Alma Imogen Leonora Carlotta Graham (wife of Gavin Campbell, 1st Marquess of Breadalbane).[1]","title":"Personal life"}] | [{"image_text":"Lord Decies' youngest daughter, Caroline Agnes Graham, Duchess of Montrose.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/CarolineAgnes_Horsley-Beresford_%28d.1894%29_%28DuchessOfMontrose%29.jpeg/220px-CarolineAgnes_Horsley-Beresford_%28d.1894%29_%28DuchessOfMontrose%29.jpeg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Casey, Martin. \"BERESFORD, Marcus (1800-1876), of 16 Cavendish Square, Mdx\". www.historyofparliamentonline.org. History of Parliament Online. Retrieved 1 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1820-1832/member/beresford-marcus-1800-1876","url_text":"\"BERESFORD, Marcus (1800-1876), of 16 Cavendish Square, Mdx\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Parliament_Online","url_text":"History of Parliament Online"}]},{"reference":"Debrett's Peerage of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. G. Woodfall. 1831. p. 961. Retrieved 2 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5e9DAQAAMAAJ","url_text":"Debrett's Peerage of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland"}]},{"reference":"\"BOLAM CASTLE\". www.gatehouse-gazetteer.info. Retrieved 2 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gatehouse-gazetteer.info/English%20sites/2410.html","url_text":"\"BOLAM CASTLE\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bolam Lake: A history of the area of Bolam\" (PDF). www.northumberland.gov. Northumberland County Council. Retrieved 2 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.northumberland.gov.uk/NorthumberlandCountyCouncil/media/Neigbourhood-and-Local-Services/Parks%20and%20open%20spaces/Bolam%20Lake%20200years%20project/17957-Bolam-Interpretation-Booklet-A5-Print2-LR.pdf","url_text":"\"Bolam Lake: A history of the area of Bolam\""}]},{"reference":"The Dublin almanac, and general register of Ireland, for 1847. 1847. p. 102. Retrieved 2 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-u8NAAAAQAAJ","url_text":"The Dublin almanac, and general register of Ireland, for 1847"}]},{"reference":"Hansard's Pocket Peerage. T.C. Newby. 1845. p. 66. Retrieved 2 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mfcDAAAAQAAJ","url_text":"Hansard's Pocket Peerage"}]},{"reference":"Fox-Davies, Arthur Charles (1895). Armorial Families: A Complete Peerage, Baronetage, and Knightage, and a Directory of Some Gentlemen of Coat-armour, and Being the First Attempt to Show which Arms in Use at the Moment are Borne by Legal Authority. Jack. pp. 279–280. Retrieved 31 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KDw6AQAAMAAJ","url_text":"Armorial Families: A Complete Peerage, Baronetage, and Knightage, and a Directory of Some Gentlemen of Coat-armour, and Being the First Attempt to Show which Arms in Use at the Moment are Borne by Legal Authority"}]},{"reference":"\"DEATH OF LORD DECIES\". The Newcastle Weekly Courant. 8 July 1893. p. 3. Retrieved 31 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/93914776/death-of-lord-decies/","url_text":"\"DEATH OF LORD DECIES\""}]},{"reference":"Dod's Peerage, Baronetage and Knightage, of Great Britain and Ireland, for ...: Including All the Titled Classes. S. Low, Marston & Company. 1901. p. 233. Retrieved 31 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DcVsAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Dod's Peerage, Baronetage and Knightage, of Great Britain and Ireland, for ...: Including All the Titled Classes"}]},{"reference":"Selby, Walford Dakin (1884). The Genealogist. George Bell & Sons. p. 42. Retrieved 2 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=L5xIAQAAMAAJ","url_text":"The Genealogist"}]},{"reference":"Society, Harleian (1897). The Publications of the Harleian Society: Registers. The Harleian Society. Retrieved 2 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-SfTAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"The Publications of the Harleian Society: Registers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harleian_Society","url_text":"Harleian Society"}]},{"reference":"The Titled Nobility of Europe: An International Peerage, Or \"Who's Who\", of the Sovereigns, Princes and Nobles of Europe. Harrison & Sons. 1914. pp. 563–564. Retrieved 31 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=PUm1lS2j-wQC","url_text":"The Titled Nobility of Europe: An International Peerage, Or \"Who's Who\", of the Sovereigns, Princes and Nobles of Europe"}]},{"reference":"\"Lord Decies\". The Times. 1 August 1910. p. 11. Retrieved 31 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/16693711/decies-4th-and-5th-1st-aug-1910-in/","url_text":"\"Lord Decies\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times","url_text":"The Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Marriage Announcement\". The Times. 13 March 1901. p. 10. Retrieved 31 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/93905806/marriage-announcement/","url_text":"\"Marriage Announcement\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times","url_text":"The Times"}]},{"reference":"\"LORD DECIES DIES IN ENGLAND AT 77; Soldier, Sportsman, Friend of Taxpayer--Married Gould Heiress Here in 1911\". The New York Times. 2 February 1944. Retrieved 29 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1944/02/02/archives/lord-decies-dies-in-england-at-77-soldier-sportsman-friend-of.html?searchResultPosition=6","url_text":"\"LORD DECIES DIES IN ENGLAND AT 77; Soldier, Sportsman, Friend of Taxpayer--Married Gould Heiress Here in 1911\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Delia Dorothy (née O'Sullivan), Lady Lucas\". www.npg.org.uk. National Portrait Gallery, London. Retrieved 31 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp139859/delia-dorothy-nee-osullivan-lady-lucas","url_text":"\"Delia Dorothy (née O'Sullivan), Lady Lucas\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London","url_text":"National Portrait Gallery, London"}]},{"reference":"\"BERESFORD-M1LLER. PROVIDENCE. R. I.. June 17. Hon. William Beresford, son of the late Lord Decies, of England, and Miss Florence Miller, daughter of Dr. Gardiner L. Miller, of this city, were married at noon to-day at St. Stephen's Episcopal Church by the Rev. George McClellan Fiske, the pastor\". Indianapolis Journal, Volume 51, Number 169 (Hoosier State Chronicles). 18 June 1901. p. 3. Retrieved 1 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://newspapers.library.in.gov/cgi-bin/indiana?a=d&d=IJ19010618.1.3&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-------","url_text":"\"BERESFORD-M1LLER. PROVIDENCE. R. I.. June 17. Hon. William Beresford, son of the late Lord Decies, of England, and Miss Florence Miller, daughter of Dr. Gardiner L. Miller, of this city, were married at noon to-day at St. Stephen's Episcopal Church by the Rev. George McClellan Fiske, the pastor\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis_Journal","url_text":"Indianapolis Journal"}]},{"reference":"\"Lady Sholto Douglas, 1978-1936\". www.douglashistory.co.uk. Retrieved 31 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.douglashistory.co.uk/history/lady_sholto_douglas.html","url_text":"\"Lady Sholto Douglas, 1978-1936\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lord Sholto Douglas Married\". The Guardian. 25 April 1921. p. 10. Retrieved 31 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/93914392/lord-sholto-douglas-married/","url_text":"\"Lord Sholto Douglas Married\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"\"Georgina Leonora Barnard Douglas (née Mosselmans)\". www.npg.org.uk. National Portrait Gallery, London. Retrieved 31 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp62429/georgina-leonora-barnard-douglas-nee-mosselmans","url_text":"\"Georgina Leonora Barnard Douglas (née Mosselmans)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London","url_text":"National Portrait Gallery, London"}]},{"reference":"\"His Lordship Was a Hoofer\". The San Francisco Examiner. 11 December 1966. p. 139. Retrieved 31 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/23858171/12-11-1966/","url_text":"\"His Lordship Was a Hoofer\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_San_Francisco_Examiner","url_text":"The San Francisco Examiner"}]},{"reference":"Morris, Susan (20 April 2020). Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage 2019. eBook Partnership. ISBN 978-1-9997670-5-1. Retrieved 31 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=99tHEAAAQBAJ","url_text":"Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage 2019"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-9997670-5-1","url_text":"978-1-9997670-5-1"}]},{"reference":"Law, Cheryl (2018). \"Greville [née Graham], Lady (Beatrice) Violet (1842–1932), journalist and author\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. doi:10.1093/odnb/9780198614128.013.50387. ISBN 978-0-19-861412-8. Retrieved 11 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-50387","url_text":"\"Greville [née Graham], Lady (Beatrice) Violet (1842–1932), journalist and author\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fodnb%2F9780198614128.013.50387","url_text":"10.1093/odnb/9780198614128.013.50387"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861412-8","url_text":"978-0-19-861412-8"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1820-1832/member/beresford-marcus-1800-1876","external_links_name":"\"BERESFORD, Marcus (1800-1876), of 16 Cavendish Square, Mdx\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5e9DAQAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Debrett's Peerage of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland"},{"Link":"http://www.gatehouse-gazetteer.info/English%20sites/2410.html","external_links_name":"\"BOLAM CASTLE\""},{"Link":"https://www.northumberland.gov.uk/NorthumberlandCountyCouncil/media/Neigbourhood-and-Local-Services/Parks%20and%20open%20spaces/Bolam%20Lake%20200years%20project/17957-Bolam-Interpretation-Booklet-A5-Print2-LR.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Bolam Lake: A history of the area of Bolam\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-u8NAAAAQAAJ","external_links_name":"The Dublin almanac, and general register of Ireland, for 1847"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mfcDAAAAQAAJ","external_links_name":"Hansard's Pocket Peerage"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KDw6AQAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Armorial Families: A Complete Peerage, Baronetage, and Knightage, and a Directory of Some Gentlemen of Coat-armour, and Being the First Attempt to Show which Arms in Use at the Moment are Borne by Legal Authority"},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/93914776/death-of-lord-decies/","external_links_name":"\"DEATH OF LORD DECIES\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DcVsAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Dod's Peerage, Baronetage and Knightage, of Great Britain and Ireland, for ...: Including All the Titled Classes"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=L5xIAQAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"The Genealogist"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-SfTAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"The Publications of the Harleian Society: Registers"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=PUm1lS2j-wQC","external_links_name":"The Titled Nobility of Europe: An International Peerage, Or \"Who's Who\", of the Sovereigns, Princes and Nobles of Europe"},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/16693711/decies-4th-and-5th-1st-aug-1910-in/","external_links_name":"\"Lord Decies\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/93905806/marriage-announcement/","external_links_name":"\"Marriage Announcement\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1944/02/02/archives/lord-decies-dies-in-england-at-77-soldier-sportsman-friend-of.html?searchResultPosition=6","external_links_name":"\"LORD DECIES DIES IN ENGLAND AT 77; Soldier, Sportsman, Friend of Taxpayer--Married Gould Heiress Here in 1911\""},{"Link":"https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp139859/delia-dorothy-nee-osullivan-lady-lucas","external_links_name":"\"Delia Dorothy (née O'Sullivan), Lady Lucas\""},{"Link":"https://newspapers.library.in.gov/cgi-bin/indiana?a=d&d=IJ19010618.1.3&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-------","external_links_name":"\"BERESFORD-M1LLER. PROVIDENCE. R. I.. June 17. Hon. William Beresford, son of the late Lord Decies, of England, and Miss Florence Miller, daughter of Dr. Gardiner L. Miller, of this city, were married at noon to-day at St. Stephen's Episcopal Church by the Rev. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mila_Doce,_Texas | Mila Doce, Texas | ["1 Geography","2 Demographics","3 Education","4 References"] | Coordinates: 26°13′16″N 97°57′42″W / 26.22111°N 97.96167°W / 26.22111; -97.96167
Census-designated place in TexasMilla Doce, TexasCensus-designated placeCoordinates: 26°13′16″N 97°57′42″W / 26.22111°N 97.96167°W / 26.22111; -97.96167Country United States of AmericaState TexasCounty HidalgoArea • Total3.3 sq mi (8.5 km2) • Land3.3 sq mi (8.5 km2) • Water0.0 sq mi (0.0 km2)Elevation59 ft (18 m)Population (2010) • Total6,222 • Density1,900/sq mi (730/km2)Time zoneUTC-6 (Central (CST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-5 (CDT)FIPS code48-48320GNIS feature ID1867555
Mila Doce ("Mile Twelve" in Spanish, from the name of the road it adjoins) is a census-designated place (CDP) in Hidalgo County, Texas, United States. The population was 6,222 at the 2010 United States Census. It is part of the McAllen–Edinburg–Mission Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Geography
Mila Doce is located at 26°13′16″N 97°57′42″W / 26.22111°N 97.96167°W / 26.22111; -97.96167 (26.221238, -97.961795).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 3.3 square miles (8.5 km2), all land.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 4,907 people, 1,020 households, and 974 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 1,492.2 inhabitants per square mile (576.1/km2). There were 1,147 housing units at an average density of 348.8 per square mile (134.7/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 94.74% White, 0.20% Native American, 4.26% from other races, and 0.79% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 99.53% of the population. Mila Doce has the highest percentage of Hispanics among United States census-designated places.
There were 1,020 households, out of which 70.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 76.6% were married couples living together, 14.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 4.5% were non-families. 3.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 1.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 4.81 and the average family size was 4.89.
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 43.9% under the age of 18, 14.2% from 18 to 24, 25.9% from 25 to 44, 12.4% from 45 to 64, and 3.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 21 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.8 males.
The median income for a household in the CDP was $15,944, and the median income for a family was $16,716. Males had a median income of $15,828 versus $15,025 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $4,221. About 59.1% of families and 66.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 72.9% of those under age 18 and 62.0% of those age 65 or over.
Education
Most of Mila Doce is served by the Weslaco Independent School District. Portions of the community are zoned to multiple WISD elementary schools: Justice Gonzales, Mario Ybarra, North Bridge, "Tony" Rico, and Airport Drive. Two middle schools, Mary Hoge and Central, serve WISD sections of Mila Doce. Weslaco East High School and Weslaco High School serve WISD sections of Mila Doce.
A small portion is zoned to the Edcouch-Elsa Independent School District. The schools in grades 6-12 serving the section are: P.F.C. David Ybarra Middle School, Carlos F. Truan Junior High School, and Edcouch Elsa High School.
In addition, South Texas Independent School District operates magnet schools that serve the community.
References
^ a b c "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.
^ a b "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
^ "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
^ a b "SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP (2010 CENSUS): Hidalgo County, TX." U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved on July 9, 2017.
^ a b "2010 CENSUS - CENSUS BLOCK MAP: Mila Doce CDP, TX." U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved on July 11, 2017.
^ "Elementary School Attendance Zones." Weslaco Independent School District. Retrieved on July 11, 2017.
^ "Middle School Attendance Zones." Weslaco Independent School District. Retrieved on July 11, 2017. Persons using Mozilla Firefox to directly view this file may encounter problems
^ "High School Attendance Zones." Weslaco Independent School District. Retrieved on July 11, 2017. Persons using Mozilla Firefox to directly view this file may encounter problems
vteMunicipalities and communities of Hidalgo County, Texas, United StatesCounty seat: EdinburgCities
Alamo
Alton
Donna
Edcouch
Edinburg
Elsa
Granjeno
Hidalgo
La Joya
La Villa
McAllen
Mercedes
Mission
Palmhurst
Palmview
Peñitas
Pharr
Progreso
Progreso Lakes
San Juan
Sullivan City
Weslaco
Hidalgo County mapCDPs
Abram
César Chávez
Citrus City
Cuevitas
Doffing
Doolittle
Harding Gill Tract
Hargill
Havana
Heidelberg
Indian Hills
La Blanca
La Coma Heights
La Homa
Laguna Seca
Linn
Llano Grande
Lopezville
Los Ebanos
Midway North
Midway South
Mila Doce
Monte Alto
Muniz
Murillo
North Alamo
Olivarez
Palmview South
Perezville
Relampago
Salida del Sol Estates
San Carlos
Scissors
South Alamo
Villa Verde
West Sharyland
Othercommunity
McCook
Texas portal
United States portal | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census-designated place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census-designated_place"},{"link_name":"Hidalgo County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidalgo_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"2010 United States Census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR1-1"},{"link_name":"McAllen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McAllen,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Edinburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburg,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Mission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Statistical Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McAllen-Edinburg-Mission_metropolitan_area"}],"text":"Census-designated place in TexasMila Doce (\"Mile Twelve\" in Spanish, from the name of the road it adjoins) is a census-designated place (CDP) in Hidalgo County, Texas, United States. The population was 6,222 at the 2010 United States Census.[1] It is part of the McAllen–Edinburg–Mission Metropolitan Statistical Area.","title":"Mila Doce, Texas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"26°13′16″N 97°57′42″W / 26.22111°N 97.96167°W / 26.22111; -97.96167","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mila_Doce,_Texas¶ms=26_13_16_N_97_57_42_W_type:city"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR1-1"},{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"}],"text":"Mila Doce is located at 26°13′16″N 97°57′42″W / 26.22111°N 97.96167°W / 26.22111; -97.96167 (26.221238, -97.961795).[1]According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 3.3 square miles (8.5 km2), all land.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-2"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"text":"As of the census[2] of 2000, there were 4,907 people, 1,020 households, and 974 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 1,492.2 inhabitants per square mile (576.1/km2). There were 1,147 housing units at an average density of 348.8 per square mile (134.7/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 94.74% White, 0.20% Native American, 4.26% from other races, and 0.79% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 99.53% of the population. Mila Doce has the highest percentage of Hispanics among United States census-designated places.There were 1,020 households, out of which 70.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 76.6% were married couples living together, 14.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 4.5% were non-families. 3.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 1.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 4.81 and the average family size was 4.89.In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 43.9% under the age of 18, 14.2% from 18 to 24, 25.9% from 25 to 44, 12.4% from 45 to 64, and 3.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 21 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.8 males.The median income for a household in the CDP was $15,944, and the median income for a family was $16,716. Males had a median income of $15,828 versus $15,025 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $4,221. About 59.1% of families and 66.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 72.9% of those under age 18 and 62.0% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Weslaco Independent School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weslaco_Independent_School_District"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-schooldistmap-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CDPmap-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Weslaco East High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weslaco_East_High_School"},{"link_name":"Weslaco High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weslaco_High_School"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Edcouch-Elsa Independent School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edcouch-Elsa_Independent_School_District"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-schooldistmap-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CDPmap-5"},{"link_name":"Edcouch Elsa High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edcouch_Elsa_High_School"},{"link_name":"South Texas Independent School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Texas_Independent_School_District"}],"text":"Most of Mila Doce is served by the Weslaco Independent School District.[4][5] Portions of the community are zoned to multiple WISD elementary schools: Justice Gonzales, Mario Ybarra, North Bridge, \"Tony\" Rico, and Airport Drive.[6] Two middle schools, Mary Hoge and Central, serve WISD sections of Mila Doce.[7] Weslaco East High School and Weslaco High School serve WISD sections of Mila Doce.[8]A small portion is zoned to the Edcouch-Elsa Independent School District.[4][5] The schools in grades 6-12 serving the section are: P.F.C. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wabasha,_Minnesota | Wabasha, Minnesota | ["1 Name","2 History","3 Geography","3.1 Climate","4 Demographics","4.1 2020 census","4.2 2010 census","4.3 2000 census","5 Arts and culture","6 Notable people","7 In popular culture","8 Government","9 Education","10 References","11 External links"] | Coordinates: 44°23′0.42″N 92°1′53.76″W / 44.3834500°N 92.0316000°W / 44.3834500; -92.0316000For the Sioux chiefs often called Wabasha, see Wapasha.
City in Minnesota, United StatesWabasha, MinnesotaCityDowntown WabashaMotto: "Governor's Fit City"Location of the city of Wabashawithin Wabasha Countyin the state of MinnesotaCoordinates: 44°22′46″N 92°2′8″W / 44.37944°N 92.03556°W / 44.37944; -92.03556CountryUnited StatesStateMinnesotaCountyWabashaArea • Total9.25 sq mi (23.96 km2) • Land8.19 sq mi (21.22 km2) • Water1.06 sq mi (2.75 km2)Elevation686 ft (209 m)Population (2020) • Total2,559 • Density312.42/sq mi (120.62/km2)Time zoneUTC-6 (Central (CST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-5 (CDT)ZIP code55981Area code651FIPS code27-67378GNIS feature ID0653695Websitewww.wabasha.org
Wabasha is a city and the county seat of Wabasha County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 2,559 at the time of the 2020 census. It is on the Mississippi River, near its confluence with the Zumbro River.
Name
Wabasha is named after the Mdewakanton Dakota mixed-blood (with Anishinaabe) chiefs Wapi-sha, or red leaf (wáȟpe šá - leaf red), father (1718–1806), son (1768–1855), and grandson (±1816–1876) of the same name. The second, Wabishaw the son, signed the 1830 USA treaty with the "Confederated Tribes of the Sacs and Foxes; the Medawah-Kanton, Wahpacoota, Wahpeton and Sissetong Bands or Tribes of Sioux; the Omahas, Ioways, Ottoes and Missourias" in Prairie du Chien. The grandson, Wabasha III (±1816–1876), signed the 1851 and 1858 treaties that ceded the southern half of what is now the state of Minnesota to the United States, beginning the removal of his band to the Minnesota River, then removal from Minnesota to Crow Creek Reservation in Dakota Territory, then to the Santee Reservation in Nebraska, where the last chief Wabasha died.
History
Wabasha was platted in 1854.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, Wabasha has an area of 9.25 square miles (23.96 km2); 8.19 square miles (21.21 km2) is land and 1.06 square miles (2.75 km2) is water. U.S. Highway 61 and Minnesota Highway 60 are two of the main routes in the city. Wisconsin Highways 25 and 35 are nearby.
The city of Wabasha is on the Mississippi River at the foot of Lake Pepin.
Wabasha Bridge over the Mississippi River
Climate
The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is "Dfb"(Warm Summer Continental Climate).
Demographics
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
1860894—18701,73994.5%18802,08820.1%18902,48919.2%19002,5281.6%19102,6223.7%19202,249−14.2%19302,212−1.6%19402,3687.1%19502,4684.2%19602,5001.3%19702,371−5.2%19802,3720.0%19902,3840.5%20002,5999.0%20102,521−3.0%20202,5591.5%U.S. Decennial Census
2020 census
As of the census of 2020, the population was 2,559. The population density was 312.4 inhabitants per square mile (120.6/km2). There were 1,344 housing units at an average density of 164.1 per square mile (63.4/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 93.0% White, 1.4% Black or African American, 0.4% Asian, 0.3% Native American, 0.2% Pacific Islander, 0.6% from other races, and 4.1% from two or more races. Ethnically, the population was 2.6% Hispanic or Latino of any race.
2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 2,521 people, 1,144 households, and 654 families living in the city. The population density was 306.7 inhabitants per square mile (118.4/km2). There were 1,315 housing units at an average density of 160.0 per square mile (61.8/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 96.2% White, 0.8% African American, 0.4% Native American, 0.2% Asian, 1.0% from other races, and 1.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.3% of the population.
There were 1,144 households, of which 23.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.2% were married couples living together, 9.4% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.5% had a male householder with no wife present, and 42.8% were non-families. 37.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.09 and the average family size was 2.72.
The median age in the city was 48.8 years. 19.4% of residents were under the age of 18; 5.5% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 20.1% were from 25 to 44; 28.2% were from 45 to 64; and 26.8% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47.2% male and 52.8% female.
2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 2,599 people, 1,062 households, and 665 families living in the city. The population density was 318.4 inhabitants per square mile (122.9/km2). There were 1,166 housing units at an average density of 142.9 per square mile (55.2/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 97.96% White, 0.69% African American, 0.54% Native American, 0.15% Asian, 0.19% from other races, and 0.46% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.31% of the population.
There were 1,062 households, out of which 26.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.5% were married couples living together, 7.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.3% were non-families. 32.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.27 and the average family size was 2.85.
In the city, the population was spread out, with 22.0% under the age of 18, 6.3% from 18 to 24, 23.3% from 25 to 44, 25.9% from 45 to 64, and 22.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 44 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84.2 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $35,291, and the median income for a family was $45,391. Males had a median income of $34,223 versus $24,167 for females. The per capita income for the city was $20,374. About 5.2% of families and 10.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.8% of those under age 18 and 14.3% of those age 65 or over.
Arts and culture
The National Eagle Center is in Wabasha. Wabasha is also home to Minnesota's oldest Episcopal church, Grace Memorial Episcopal Church, which features a Tiffany stained-glass window.
Grace Memorial Episcopal Church, Wabasha, Minnesota
Notable people
Larry Brandenburg, Actor
John R. Foley, one-term congressman from Maryland
Joyce M. Lund, journalist and Minnesota state legislator
Chief Tamaha, Mdewakanton Sioux chief
Tom Tiffany, Congressman from Wisconsin's 7th congressional district
John Van Dyke, Congressman from New Jersey's 4th congressional district from 1847 to 1851; member of Minnesota Senate from 1872 to 1873
Jim "Baron Von" Raschke, retired professional wrestler and manager
In popular culture
A sign reading "Welcome to Wabasha, Home of Grumpy Old Men" stands at the city limits. This is a tribute to the 1993 film Grumpy Old Men and its 1995 sequel Grumpier Old Men, both of which are set in Wabasha. Though many of the places the films mention (such as the local VFW and Slippery's Tavern) are in Wabasha, the films were shot in other Minnesota communities. The only scene filmed near Wabasha was the "snow angel" scene, filmed in Red Wing.
Government
Wabasha is located in Minnesota's 1st congressional district, represented by Brad Finstad, a Republican. Emily Durand is the current mayor.
Education
Run by Wabasha-Kellogg Independent School District #811, Wabasha-Kellogg is a K-12 school. Alternatively, St. Felix Catholic School is a private school offering a Pre K-6 curriculum.
References
^ "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 24, 2022.
^ a b "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
^ "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
^ a b "2020 Decennial Census: Wabasha city, Minnesota". data.census.gov. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved August 3, 2022.
^ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
^ 1830 US treaty with Native Americans on the upper Mississippi at Prairie du Chien http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/sau0305.htm
^ 1851 USA Treaty with the Sioux—Mdewakanton and Wahpakoota Bands 1851 Chief Wa-pa-sha, (The Standard, or “Red Leaf,”) http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/sio0591.htm
^ USA Treaty with the Sioux, 1858 — Mendawakanton and Wahpahoota Bands, Wa-bash-aw, his x mark. http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/sio0781.htm
^ Upham, Warren (1920). Minnesota Geographic Names: Their Origin and Historic Significance. Minnesota Historical Society. p. 559.
^ "2020 Gazetteer Files". census.gov. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved August 3, 2022.
^ "Wabasha, Minnesota Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)". Weatherbase.
^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved November 13, 2012.
^ "Home". National Eagle Center.
^ John Van Dyke, Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Accessed September 1, 2007.
^ Tabern, Robert (December 25, 2015). Outside the Rails: A Rail Route Guide from Chicago to St. Paul, MN (Second ed.). Lulu.com. ISBN 9781105592003.
^ "City Council". Wabasha.org.
^ "History of St. Felix Catholic School". stfelixschool.org.
External links
Wabasha-Kellogg (Minnesota) Convention and Visitors Bureau
City of Wabasha, MN – Official Website
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wabasha, Minnesota.
44°23′0.42″N 92°1′53.76″W / 44.3834500°N 92.0316000°W / 44.3834500; -92.0316000
vteMunicipalities and communities of Wabasha County, Minnesota, United StatesCounty seat: WabashaCities
Bellechester‡
Elgin
Hammond
Kellogg
Lake City‡
Mazeppa
Millville
Minneiska‡
Plainview
Wabasha
Zumbro Falls
Map of Minnesota highlighting Wabasha CountyTownships
Chester
Elgin
Gillford
Glasgow
Greenfield
Highland
Hyde Park
Lake
Mazeppa
Minneiska
Mount Pleasant
Oakwood
Pepin
Plainview
Watopa
West Albany
Zumbro
Unincorporatedcommunities
Bear Valley
Camp Lacupolis
Conception
Dumfries
Jarrett
Maple Springs
Oak Center
Reads Landing
South Troy
Theilman
Weaver
West Albany
West Newton
Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
Minnesota portal
United States portal
vteCounty seats of Minnesota
Ada
Aitkin
Albert Lea
Alexandria
Anoka
Austin
Bagley
Baudette
Bemidji
Benson
Blue Earth
Brainerd
Breckenridge
Buffalo
Caledonia
Cambridge
Carlton
Center City
Chaska
Crookston
Detroit Lakes
Duluth
Elbow Lake
Elk River
Fairmont
Faribault
Fergus Falls
Foley
Gaylord
Glencoe
Glenwood
Grand Marais
Grand Rapids
Granite Falls
Hallock
Hastings
International Falls
Ivanhoe
Jackson
Le Center
Litchfield
Little Falls
Long Prairie
Luverne
Madison
Mahnomen
Mankato
Mantorville
Marshall
Milaca
Minneapolis
Montevideo
Moorhead
Mora
Morris
New Ulm
Olivia
Ortonville
Owatonna
Park Rapids
Pine City
Pipestone
Preston
Red Lake Falls
Red Wing
Redwood Falls
Rochester
Roseau
Saint Paul
Shakopee
Slayton
St. Cloud
St. James
St. Peter
Stillwater
Thief River Falls
Two Harbors
Wabasha
Wadena
Walker
Warren
Waseca
Wheaton
Willmar
Windom
Winona
Worthington | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wapasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wapasha_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"county seat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_seat"},{"link_name":"Wabasha County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wabasha_County,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota"},{"link_name":"2020 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2020-census-2767378-4"},{"link_name":"Mississippi River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_River"},{"link_name":"Zumbro River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zumbro_River"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR6-5"}],"text":"For the Sioux chiefs often called Wabasha, see Wapasha.City in Minnesota, United StatesWabasha is a city and the county seat of Wabasha County, Minnesota, United States. 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The population density was 312.4 inhabitants per square mile (120.6/km2). There were 1,344 housing units at an average density of 164.1 per square mile (63.4/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 93.0% White, 1.4% Black or African American, 0.4% Asian, 0.3% Native American, 0.2% Pacific Islander, 0.6% from other races, and 4.1% from two or more races. 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The population density was 306.7 inhabitants per square mile (118.4/km2). There were 1,315 housing units at an average density of 160.0 per square mile (61.8/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 96.2% White, 0.8% African American, 0.4% Native American, 0.2% Asian, 1.0% from other races, and 1.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.3% of the population.There were 1,144 households, of which 23.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.2% were married couples living together, 9.4% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.5% had a male householder with no wife present, and 42.8% were non-families. 37.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. 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The gender makeup of the city was 47.2% male and 52.8% female.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-2"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"sub_title":"2000 census","text":"As of the census[2] of 2000, there were 2,599 people, 1,062 households, and 665 families living in the city. The population density was 318.4 inhabitants per square mile (122.9/km2). There were 1,166 housing units at an average density of 142.9 per square mile (55.2/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 97.96% White, 0.69% African American, 0.54% Native American, 0.15% Asian, 0.19% from other races, and 0.46% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.31% of the population.There were 1,062 households, out of which 26.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.5% were married couples living together, 7.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.3% were non-families. 32.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.27 and the average family size was 2.85.In the city, the population was spread out, with 22.0% under the age of 18, 6.3% from 18 to 24, 23.3% from 25 to 44, 25.9% from 45 to 64, and 22.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 44 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84.2 males.The median income for a household in the city was $35,291, and the median income for a family was $45,391. Males had a median income of $34,223 versus $24,167 for females. The per capita income for the city was $20,374. About 5.2% of families and 10.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.8% of those under age 18 and 14.3% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Eagle Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Eagle_Center"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Grace Memorial Episcopal Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_Memorial_Episcopal_Church_(Wabasha,_Minnesota)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GraceMemorialEpiscopalChurch2011.jpg"}],"text":"The National Eagle Center is in Wabasha.[13] Wabasha is also home to Minnesota's oldest Episcopal church, Grace Memorial Episcopal Church, which features a Tiffany stained-glass window.Grace Memorial Episcopal Church, Wabasha, Minnesota","title":"Arts and culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Larry Brandenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Brandenburg"},{"link_name":"John R. Foley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_R._Foley"},{"link_name":"Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland"},{"link_name":"Joyce M. Lund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joyce_M._Lund"},{"link_name":"Chief Tamaha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Tamaha"},{"link_name":"Mdewakanton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mdewakanton"},{"link_name":"Sioux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sioux"},{"link_name":"Tom Tiffany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Tiffany"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin's 7th congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin%27s_7th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"John Van Dyke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Van_Dyke_(politician)"},{"link_name":"New Jersey's 4th congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey%27s_4th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Minnesota Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Senate"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Jim \"Baron Von\" Raschke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_von_Raschke"},{"link_name":"professional wrestler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling"}],"text":"Larry Brandenburg, Actor\nJohn R. Foley, one-term congressman from Maryland\nJoyce M. Lund, journalist and Minnesota state legislator\nChief Tamaha, Mdewakanton Sioux chief\nTom Tiffany, Congressman from Wisconsin's 7th congressional district\nJohn Van Dyke, Congressman from New Jersey's 4th congressional district from 1847 to 1851; member of Minnesota Senate from 1872 to 1873[14]\nJim \"Baron Von\" Raschke, retired professional wrestler and manager","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grumpy Old Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grumpy_Old_Men_(film)"},{"link_name":"Grumpier Old Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grumpier_Old_Men"},{"link_name":"Red Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Wing,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"A sign reading \"Welcome to Wabasha, Home of Grumpy Old Men\" stands at the city limits. This is a tribute to the 1993 film Grumpy Old Men and its 1995 sequel Grumpier Old Men, both of which are set in Wabasha. Though many of the places the films mention (such as the local VFW and Slippery's Tavern) are in Wabasha, the films were shot in other Minnesota communities. The only scene filmed near Wabasha was the \"snow angel\" scene, filmed in Red Wing.[15]","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brad Finstad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Finstad"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Wabasha is located in Minnesota's 1st congressional district, represented by Brad Finstad, a Republican. Emily Durand is the current mayor.[16]","title":"Government"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Run by Wabasha-Kellogg Independent School District #811, Wabasha-Kellogg is a K-12 school. Alternatively, St. Felix Catholic School is a private school offering a Pre K-6 curriculum.[17]","title":"Education"}] | [{"image_text":"Wabasha Bridge over the Mississippi River","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wabasha_Bridge_1.JPG/220px-Wabasha_Bridge_1.JPG"},{"image_text":"Grace Memorial Episcopal Church, Wabasha, Minnesota","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/GraceMemorialEpiscopalChurch2011.jpg/220px-GraceMemorialEpiscopalChurch2011.jpg"},{"image_text":"Map of Minnesota highlighting Wabasha County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Map_of_Minnesota_highlighting_Wabasha_County.svg/180px-Map_of_Minnesota_highlighting_Wabasha_County.svg.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 24, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_27.txt","url_text":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://geonames.usgs.gov/","url_text":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"2020 Decennial Census: Wabasha city, Minnesota\". data.census.gov. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved August 3, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g=1600000US2767378&y=2020&d=DEC%20Redistricting%20Data%20%28PL%2094-171%29","url_text":"\"2020 Decennial Census: Wabasha city, Minnesota\""}]},{"reference":"\"Find a County\". National Association of Counties. Retrieved June 7, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx","url_text":"\"Find a County\""}]},{"reference":"Upham, Warren (1920). Minnesota Geographic Names: Their Origin and Historic Significance. Minnesota Historical Society. p. 559.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ShcLAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA559","url_text":"Minnesota Geographic Names: Their Origin and Historic Significance"}]},{"reference":"\"2020 Gazetteer Files\". census.gov. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved August 3, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.2020.html","url_text":"\"2020 Gazetteer Files\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wabasha, Minnesota Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)\". Weatherbase.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=255812&cityname=Wabasha,+Minnesota,+United+States+of+America&units=","url_text":"\"Wabasha, Minnesota Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved November 13, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Home\". National Eagle Center.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nationaleaglecenter.org/","url_text":"\"Home\""}]},{"reference":"Tabern, Robert (December 25, 2015). Outside the Rails: A Rail Route Guide from Chicago to St. Paul, MN (Second ed.). Lulu.com. ISBN 9781105592003.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=U9auAwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Outside the Rails: A Rail Route Guide from Chicago to St. Paul, MN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781105592003","url_text":"9781105592003"}]},{"reference":"\"City Council\". Wabasha.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wabasha.org/city-government/meet-city-council/","url_text":"\"City Council\""}]},{"reference":"\"History of St. Felix Catholic School\". stfelixschool.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stfelixschool.org/history","url_text":"\"History of St. Felix Catholic School\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Wabasha,_Minnesota¶ms=44_23_0.42_N_92_1_53.76_W_","external_links_name":"44°23′0.42″N 92°1′53.76″W / 44.3834500°N 92.0316000°W / 44.3834500; -92.0316000"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Wabasha,_Minnesota¶ms=44_22_46_N_92_2_8_W_region:US-MN_type:city(2559)","external_links_name":"44°22′46″N 92°2′8″W / 44.37944°N 92.03556°W / 44.37944; -92.03556"},{"Link":"http://www.wabasha.org/","external_links_name":"www.wabasha.org"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","external_links_name":"U.S. Decennial Census"},{"Link":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_27.txt","external_links_name":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"Link":"https://geonames.usgs.gov/","external_links_name":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\""},{"Link":"https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g=1600000US2767378&y=2020&d=DEC%20Redistricting%20Data%20%28PL%2094-171%29","external_links_name":"\"2020 Decennial Census: Wabasha city, Minnesota\""},{"Link":"http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Find a County\""},{"Link":"http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/sau0305.htm","external_links_name":"http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/sau0305.htm"},{"Link":"http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/sio0591.htm","external_links_name":"http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/sio0591.htm"},{"Link":"http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/sio0781.htm","external_links_name":"http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/sio0781.htm"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ShcLAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA559","external_links_name":"Minnesota Geographic Names: Their Origin and Historic Significance"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.2020.html","external_links_name":"\"2020 Gazetteer Files\""},{"Link":"http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=255812&cityname=Wabasha,+Minnesota,+United+States+of+America&units=","external_links_name":"\"Wabasha, Minnesota Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"Link":"https://www.nationaleaglecenter.org/","external_links_name":"\"Home\""},{"Link":"http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=V000035","external_links_name":"John Van Dyke"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=U9auAwAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Outside the Rails: A Rail Route Guide from Chicago to St. Paul, MN"},{"Link":"https://www.wabasha.org/city-government/meet-city-council/","external_links_name":"\"City Council\""},{"Link":"https://www.stfelixschool.org/history","external_links_name":"\"History of St. Felix Catholic School\""},{"Link":"http://www.wabashamn.org/","external_links_name":"Wabasha-Kellogg (Minnesota) Convention and Visitors Bureau"},{"Link":"http://www.wabasha.org/","external_links_name":"City of Wabasha, MN – Official Website"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Wabasha,_Minnesota¶ms=44_23_0.42_N_92_1_53.76_W_","external_links_name":"44°23′0.42″N 92°1′53.76″W / 44.3834500°N 92.0316000°W / 44.3834500; -92.0316000"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saranac_Lake,_New_York | Saranac Lake, New York | ["1 History","2 Culture","2.1 Artists' residences","3 Economy","4 Transportation","5 Geography","6 Demographics","7 Sister cities","8 Climate","9 Ecology","10 See also","11 References","12 Further reading","13 External links"] | Coordinates: 44°19′34″N 74°7′51″W / 44.32611°N 74.13083°W / 44.32611; -74.13083
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Village in New York, United StatesSaranac Lake, New YorkVillageLake Flower, from Riverside ParkNickname: The Capital of the AdirondacksSaranac LakeLocation in the state of New YorkCoordinates: 44°19′34″N 74°7′51″W / 44.32611°N 74.13083°W / 44.32611; -74.13083CountryUnited StatesStateNew YorkCountiesFranklin, EssexTownsHarrietstown, North Elba, St. ArmandGovernment • TypeMayor and Board of Trustees • MayorJimmy WilliamsArea • Total3.16 sq mi (8.18 km2) • Land2.91 sq mi (7.54 km2) • Water0.25 sq mi (0.64 km2)Elevation1,545 ft (471 m)Population (2020) • Total4,887 • Density1,678.80/sq mi (648.21/km2)Time zoneUTC−5 (Eastern (EST)) • Summer (DST)UTC−4 (EDT)ZIP Code12983Area code518FIPS code36-65233GNIS feature ID0964482Websitewww.saranaclakeny.gov
Saranac Lake is a village in the state of New York, United States. As of the 2020 census, the population was 4,887, making it the largest community by population in the Adirondack Park. The village is named after Upper, Middle and Lower Saranac lakes, which are nearby.
The village of Saranac Lake covers parts of three towns (Harrietstown, St. Armand, and North Elba) and two counties (Franklin and Essex). The county line is within two blocks of the center of the village. At the 2010 census, 3,897 village residents lived in Harrietstown, 1,367 lived in North Elba, and 142 lived in St. Armand. The village boundaries do not touch the shores of any of the three Saranac Lakes; Lower Saranac Lake, the nearest, is a half mile west of the village's downtown district. The northern reaches of Lake Flower, which is a wide part of the Saranac River downstream from the three Saranac Lakes, lie within the village. The town of Saranac is an entirely separate entity, 33 miles (53 km) down the Saranac River to the northeast.
The village lies within the boundaries of the Adirondack Park, 9 miles (14 km) west of Lake Placid. These two villages, along with nearby Tupper Lake, comprise what is known as the Tri-Lakes region.
Saranac Lake was named in 1995 the best small town in New York State and ranked 11th in the United States in The 100 Best Small Towns in America. In 1998, the National Civic League named Saranac Lake an All-America City, and in 2006 the village was named one of the "Dozen Distinctive Destinations" by the National Trust for Historic Preservation. 186 buildings in the village are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
History
This area was occupied by Iroquoian-speaking peoples for hundreds of years, and by other Indigenous peoples before them. The historic Mohawk people extended their hunting grounds to this area.
The area was first settled by European Americans in 1819, more than three decades after the American Revolutionary War. As the Iroquois, mostly allies of the British, had been forced to cede their land to the United States following the war, millions of acres of New York were opened up to non-Native development in the postwar period.
The Jacob Smith Moody family from Keene, New Hampshire, was the first to settle here. In 1827, settlers Pliny Miller and Alric Bushnell established a logging facility with a dam and sawmill, around which the village developed. The first school was built in 1838. In 1849, William F. Martin built one of the first hotels in the Adirondack Mountains. His Saranac Lake House, known simply as "Martin's", was located on the southeast shore of Lower Saranac Lake. Martin's soon became a favorite place for hunters, woodsmen, and socialites to meet and interact. The village of Saranac Lake, with Lake Flower below and Lake Colby above, from Scarface Mountain to the Southeast.
In 1876, Dr. Edward Livingston Trudeau arrived from New York City to treat his tuberculosis (TB) by a stay in the mountains. There was no medical treatment other than rest and nutrition at the time, and the disease was often fatal. Dry, cold air was considered to be good for patients, and sanitariums were also founded in European mountain resorts. Trudeau discovered that the fresh air and dry, alpine climate improved his health. In 1884, he founded his Adirondack Cottage Sanitarium, starting with a small cottage, called "Little Red". Two sisters from New York City who suffered from TB became the first patients. Little Red, the first "cure cottage", was built on a small patch of land on the north side of Mount Pisgah. The plot had been purchased for Trudeau by several of his hunting guides.
As more patients visited the region, including author Robert Louis Stevenson in 1887, Trudeau's fame grew. Soon, the sanitarium had grown to such size that it was entitled to its own post office, which delivered mail to the many patients. The Trudeau Institute, an independent medical research center, developed from Trudeau's work for the sanitarium. In 1964, the Trudeau Institute began researching the functions of the immune system and how it guards against many infectious diseases, including tuberculosis.
William S. Fowler was a real estate speculator and developer who owned several properties around Saranac Lake. One was a large property just outside the town on top of a hill. He named it "Spion Kop" in honor of a battle that was fought in the Boer War in South Africa. In commemoration, he placed miniature cannons on various parts of the property.
Several buildings were erected as cottages where people could "cure" from TB. In 1919, Fowler sold the property to the Northwestern Fire Insurance Company. They turned it into a private sanatorium for their employees.
In 1925, the sanatorium was sold to the National Vaudeville Artists. Around this time there were numerous vaudeville performers in Saranac Lake seeking cures at different locations. E. F. Albee, the owner and President of the National Vaudeville Artists, held benefit programs in New York City to raise funds to construct the large sanitarium. The older cure cottages were torn down and some were moved. By the end of the 1920s the Tudor Building was completed. It still stands today.
In the 1930s the National Vaudeville Artists no longer existed. After World War II antibiotics were used to treat TB, and the mountain sanitariums were converted to other uses. The Tudor Building was purchased by the Will Rogers Memorial Commission. In 1936, one year after Rogers' death, they renamed this building as the Will Rogers Memorial Hospital. A laboratory was built in later years and named the O'Donnell Memorial Laboratory in honor of R.J. O'Donnell, a well-known theater chain manager.
In the 1970s, New York State forced the closure of the hospital, as it did not meet contemporary codes and updating was cost-prohibitive. The Will Rogers building was adapted for other uses. It was operated as a night club, then as a timeshare vacation spot, and finally as apartments. Unable to attract enough renters, the owners abandoned the property, which deteriorated. In 1980, it was renovated for use as the press headquarters for the Winter Olympics. In 1995, the Kaplan Development Group purchased the property for adaptation as a retirement home for senior residents. It planned to restore the building's historic details.
A tuberculosis "Cure Cottage"
Telephone service was introduced in 1884, and the Chateaugay branch of the Delaware and Hudson Railroad reached Saranac Lake from Plattsburgh in 1887. Five years later, the Mohawk and Malone Railway main line reached nearby Lake Clear Junction. The New York Central and Hudson River Railroad purchased it in 1894, and it was merged into the New York Central Railroad in 1913. The NYC became the leading railroad from New York City, via Utica, into the northern Adirondacks, and its Lake Clear Junction-Saranac Lake-Lake Placid Branch was a key traffic source until NYC passenger service ended on April 24, 1965. Railroads both carried passenger traffic to the growing resort areas of the Adirondacks and shipped out the millions of feet of lumber that were harvested from this area into the early 20th century.
The village was incorporated on June 16, 1892, and Dr. Trudeau was elected the first village president soon thereafter. Electricity was introduced on September 20, 1894, by installing water wheels on the former site of Pliny Miller's mill. Paul Smith purchased the Saranac Lake Electricity Co. in 1907, and formed the Paul Smith's Electric Light and Power and Railroad Company. It eventually became part of Niagara-Mohawk. At the same time, the village began to develop municipal facilities, such as public schools, and fire and police departments.
In 1892, John Rudolphus Booth, the Canadian lumber king, rented a cottage at Saranac Lake for his daughter, who used it for several years in seeking a TB cure. Booth brought skis with him, and introduced the sport of skiing to the area.
Knollwood Club on Lower Saranac Lake, home of George Marshall
Starting in the 1890s and for the next 60 years, Saranac Lake was known as "the Western Hemisphere's foremost center for the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis". An effective antibiotic was first used on human TB patients in 1921, but only after World War II did it begin to be widely used in the US. In the postwar period, sanatorium treatment became less important and was phased out completely by 1954. Among the last of the prominent patients who sought treatment for tuberculosis was Manuel Luis Quezon y Molina, the first Filipino president of the Commonwealth of the Philippines, who died in Saranac Lake of the disease on August 1, 1944.
But the village had become a center of tuberculosis care, attracting many doctors and patients from around the world. They added to and supported the culture of the area, as did the wealthy who built Great Camps on the nearby Saranac and Saint Regis Lakes, the effect was to change the sleepy village of 300 of the 1880s into the vibrant "little city" of 8,000.
Like the cure cottages, downtown buildings included porches for tuberculosis patients.
Author Mark Twain vacationed on Lake Flower in 1901 at the height of his fame. While there, he wrote a Conan Doyle spoof, "A Double-Barreled Detective Story".
After multiple fires destroyed a large part of downtown, Saranac Lake rebuilt in the 1920s. The Hotel Saranac was built in the Art Deco style and still stands. Other permanent buildings were added to the townscape. During the Prohibition era, rum-running was common in the village, as smugglers brought liquor from over the border from Canada. Gangster Legs Diamond visited his brother Eddy, who had TB and stayed at a local cottage sanatorium. During the 1920s, entertainer Al Jolson and president Calvin Coolidge were semi-frequent visitors to the village; Jolson once performed a solo for three hours at the Pontiac Theater on Broadway.
Beginning in 1936, physicist Albert Einstein had a summer home in Saranac Lake, renting the cottage of local architect William L. Distin; he often sailed with his wife on Lake Flower. During World War II, Einstein summered frequently at Knollwood Club on Lower Saranac Lake. He heard with others from the radio that on August 6, 1945, the atom bomb had been dropped on Hiroshima. A few days later, Einstein gave his first interview about this event at Knollwood.
In 1954, Saranac Lake hosted the world premiere of the Biblical epic film The Silver Chalice, in which actor Paul Newman made his debut. Several of the stars, including Virginia Mayo, visited the village and participated in the winter carnival parade.
Since the late 20th century, Saranac Lake has become a more conventional tourist destination. New York's former governor, Andrew Cuomo, has visited there ever since he was a teenager and regularly vacations there with his family. The Hotel Saranac is a memorable early 20th century Art Deco structure. The former sanatorium is now used as the corporate call center for the American Management Association.
Numerous properties are listed on the National Register of Historic Places: the Dr. A. H. Allen Cottage, Berkeley Square Historic District, Bogie Cottage, Peyton Clark Cottage, Coulter Cottage, Cure Cottage at 43 Forest Hill Avenue, Denny Cottage, Fallon Cottage Annex, Freer Cottage, Hathaway Cottage, Helen Hill Historic District, Highland Park Historic District, Hill Cottage, The Homestead, Kennedy Cottage, Lane Cottage, Larom Cottage, Dr. Henry Leetch House, Lent Cottage, Little Red, Marquay Cottage, Marvin Cottage, Musselman Cottage, New York Central Railroad Adirondack Division Historic District, Partridge Cottage, Pittenger Cottage, Pomeroy Cottage, Will Rogers Memorial Hospital, Orin Savage Cottage, Paul Smith's Electric Light and Power and Railroad Company Complex, Prospect Point Camp, Stevenson Cottage, Stuckman Cottage, Trudeau Sanatorium, Chester Valentine House, Wilson Cottage, and Witherspoon Cottage.
Culture
Robert Louis Stevenson's Cure Cottage
Many tourists come to the village, which is picturesque owing to its setting and the preservation of older architecture. Much of the village fronts on Lake Flower, which was created by a dam in the Saranac River and named after Governor Roswell P. Flower.
There are opportunities for canoeing and boating, hiking and climbing. In the summer, the Village of Saranac Lake offers free concerts in Riverside Park on Lake Flower and the Berkeley Green park. Camping is also a popular pastime in the Saranac Lake region.
Doonesbury 2005
Cross-country and downhill skiing, snowshoeing, ice skating, snowmobiling are winter activities. There is also an annual 10-day winter carnival, an event held in celebration of winter since 1897. Each year the carnival is given a theme - 2016's theme was "Adirondack Wildlife". The Winter Carnival parade reflects the theme, and Garry Trudeau, the creator of the comic strip Doonesbury who grew up in the town, creates artwork with characters from his comic strip doing things related to the theme for a button that can be purchased each winter. The carnival's main attraction is the ice palace, which is made with blocks of ice taken from Lake Flower and illuminated with colored lights, along with various winter activities and competitions. These include a parade, which normally has several bagpipe and drum marching bands and the Lawn Chair Ladies, along with more usual floats and local school bands. Each year a Winter Carnival King and Queen, who preside over carnival activities, are selected from village residents based upon their contribution to Saranac Lake, while the prince and princess are from the two local colleges, North Country Community College and Paul Smith's College. There is also a winter rugby game.
A non-profit Village Improvement Society, dating from 1910, currently owns and maintains eight parks. The parkland along the lakefront, now owned by the village, is the result of the Society's earlier efforts.
Every year the Can Am Rugby Tournament, the largest such tournament in the Western Hemisphere, is held in the village.
Saranac Lake has a number of galleries, the Adirondacks' only year-round, professional theatre, monthly art walks June through September, and a Plein Air festival. The organization Saranac Lake ArtWorks is composed of dozens of artists and arts-related businesses. Historic Saranac Lake is an architectural heritage organization that has nominated almost two hundred properties to the National Register of Historic Places. The organization has completed the restoration of Edward Livingston Trudeau's 1894 Saranac Laboratory, now a museum, and the 1904 Union Depot.
The Adirondack Carousel is an enclosed carousel in which the ride's figures are all Adirondack wildlife -- whitetail deer, moose, loon, bobcat, trout, otter and a black fly — all carved or painted by local artists.
Filmmaker Fred G. Sullivan, a resident of Saranac Lake, depicted the town and many of its inhabitants with affectionate mockery in his film The Beer-Drinker's Guide to Fitness and Filmmaking.
Artists' residences
The composer Béla Bartók spent summers in Saranac Lake and wrote some of his best-known works there.
The writer Robert Louis Stevenson spent the winter of 1887 in a cottage in Saranac Lake, which still stands, and serves as a museum dedicated to his life.
The cartoonist Garry Trudeau, who draws the Doonesbury comic strip, was raised in Saranac Lake and has maintained his connections there. He is the great-grandson of Edward Trudeau, described above.
Stuntwoman Leslie Hoffman was born in Saranac Lake and came back to home to retire from the Entertainment Business.
Economy
After the local Ames Department Store closed due to bankruptcy and residents were forced to travel 50 miles to Plattsburgh for many consumer goods, the town was approached by Walmart, which offered to build a 120,000 square foot supercenter, but the community declined the offer, fearing that Walmart would negatively impact local business and increase traffic. As an alternative, a community-owned store was organized and shares were sold to community residents. $500,000 was raised by about 600 residents, who made the goal of an average investment of $800. The store, Saranac Lake Community Store, opened in October 29, 2011, in remodeled facilities in downtown Saranac Lake.
Transportation
Adirondack Scenic Railway Station
The Adirondack Regional Airport (SLK) is 7.3 miles (11.7 km) northwest of the village, offering daily commercial flights to New York City and Boston, along with general aviation services.
Adirondack Trailways serves Saranac Lake, and is part of the Greyhound Lines bus system.
There is also local bus service from Franklin County Public Transportation and local taxi services.
The Adirondack Scenic Railroad (a seasonal tourist attraction) to Lake Placid originated from the village train depot. Operations were suspended in 2017. There were plans to expand the route to Tupper Lake, but the state has decided to instead convert the northernmost 34 miles of rail corridor to a rail trail.
Geography
The Saranac River runs through the village.
Saranac Lake is located at 44°19′34″N 74°7′51″W / 44.32611°N 74.13083°W / 44.32611; -74.13083 (44.325988, −74.130944).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 3.0 square miles (7.8 km2), of which 2.8 square miles (7.2 km2) is land and 0.23 square miles (0.6 km2), or 8.21%, is water.
The village is located at the junction of the towns of North Elba and St. Armand in Essex County, and Harrietstown in Franklin County.
The village is at the intersection of New York State Route 3 and New York State Route 86. Essex County Road 33 enters the village from the southeast, Franklin County Road 47 joins NY-86 immediately north of the village, and Franklin County Road 18 connects from Ampersand Avenue on the northern edge of the village to New York State Route 30 near near Saranac Inn, New York.
The closest major metropolitan city is Montreal, Quebec, Canada, 103 miles (166 km) to the north. Plattsburgh is 50 miles (80 km) to the northeast, Burlington, Vermont, is 69 miles (111 km) by road to the east and Albany is 148 miles (238 km) to the south.
Demographics
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
1880191—1890768302.1%19002,594237.8%19104,98392.1%19205,1743.8%19308,02055.0%19407,138−11.0%19506,913−3.2%19606,421−7.1%19706,086−5.2%19805,578−8.3%19905,377−3.6%20005,041−6.2%20105,4067.2%20204,887−9.6%U.S. Decennial Census
Broadway, with Main St. at left
As of the census of 2000, there were 5,041 people, 2,369 households, and 1,182 families residing in the village. The population density was 1,812.0 inhabitants per square mile (699.6/km2). There were 2,854 housing units at an average density of 1,025.9 per square mile (396.1/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 96.87% White, 0.75% African American, 0.32% Native American, 0.48% Asian, 0.26% from other races, and 1.33% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.07% of the population.
There were 2,369 households, out of which 25.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 35.2% were married couples living together, 10.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 50.1% were non-families. 40.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.09 and the average family size was 2.88.
In the village, the population was spread out, with 22.2% under the age of 18, 11.4% from 18 to 24, 28.3% from 25 to 44, 23.1% from 45 to 64, and 15.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.8 males.
The median income for a household in the village was $29,754, and the median income for a family was $42,153. Males had a median income of $32,188 versus $24,759 for females. The per capita income for the village was $17,590. About 8.5% of families and 13.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.5% of those under age 18 and 17.6% of those age 65 or over.
Sister cities
Saranac Lake has two sister cities:
Entrains-sur-Nohain, France
Sainte-Agathe-des-Monts, Quebec, Canada
The village of Saranac Lake, bottom, with Lower Saranac Lake, above, from Baker Mountain, to the East. Lake Flower is at lower left.
Climate
According to the Köppen climate classification system, Saranac Lake has a warm-summer, humid continental climate (Dfb). Dfb climates are characterized by at least one month having an average mean temperature ≤ 32.0 °F (0.0 °C), at least four months with an average mean temperature ≥ 50.0 °F (10.0 °C), all months with an average mean temperature < 71.6 °F (22.0 °C) and no significant precipitation difference between seasons. Although most summer days are comfortably humid in Saranac Lake, episodes of heat and high humidity can occur, with heat index values > 89 °F (32 °C). Since 1981, the highest air temperature was 94.7 °F (34.8 °C) on August 3, 1988, and the highest daily average mean dew point was 70.7 °F (21.5 °C) on August 1, 2006. Since 1981, the wettest calendar day was 3.92 inches (100 mm) on November 8, 1996. During the winter months, the average annual extreme minimum air temperature is −28.8 °F (−33.8 °C). Since 1981, the coldest air temperature was −34.9 °F (−37.2 °C) on January 16, 1994. Episodes of extreme cold and wind can occur, with wind chill values less than −43 °F (−42 °C). The average annual snowfall total (October—May) is between 100 inches (254 cm) and 125 inches (318 cm). While Old Forge and Stillwater Reservoir in the southwestern Adirondacks hold the state record cold temperature at −52 °F (−47 °C), Saranac Lake is considered the coldest town in the state overall.
Climate data for Saranac Lake Airport, New York (1,663 ft or 507 m AMSL), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1903–present
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °F (°C)
62(17)
65(18)
79(26)
89(32)
94(34)
101(38)
99(37)
97(36)
92(33)
86(30)
75(24)
64(18)
101(38)
Mean maximum °F (°C)
49.0(9.4)
48.7(9.3)
58.2(14.6)
74.6(23.7)
83.8(28.8)
86.7(30.4)
87.3(30.7)
86.0(30.0)
83.3(28.5)
74.7(23.7)
62.5(16.9)
51.3(10.7)
89.3(31.8)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C)
24.9(−3.9)
27.6(−2.4)
36.5(2.5)
50.3(10.2)
64.4(18.0)
72.4(22.4)
76.6(24.8)
74.7(23.7)
67.9(19.9)
54.3(12.4)
41.7(5.4)
30.2(−1.0)
51.8(11.0)
Daily mean °F (°C)
13.6(−10.2)
15.3(−9.3)
24.1(−4.4)
38.2(3.4)
50.5(10.3)
59.4(15.2)
63.6(17.6)
61.7(16.5)
54.4(12.4)
43.3(6.3)
31.9(−0.1)
20.7(−6.3)
39.7(4.3)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C)
2.3(−16.5)
2.9(−16.2)
11.6(−11.3)
26.0(−3.3)
36.5(2.5)
46.3(7.9)
50.7(10.4)
48.7(9.3)
41.0(5.0)
32.3(0.2)
22.1(−5.5)
11.2(−11.6)
27.6(−2.4)
Mean minimum °F (°C)
−25.4(−31.9)
−22.5(−30.3)
−14.5(−25.8)
9.7(−12.4)
22.5(−5.3)
31.7(−0.2)
38.6(3.7)
35.4(1.9)
25.9(−3.4)
17.6(−8.0)
0.6(−17.4)
−15.2(−26.2)
−28.8(−33.8)
Record low °F (°C)
−46(−43)
−44(−42)
−35(−37)
−10(−23)
10(−12)
22(−6)
29(−2)
27(−3)
15(−9)
2(−17)
−21(−29)
−46(−43)
−46(−43)
Average precipitation inches (mm)
1.94(49)
1.50(38)
2.04(52)
3.09(78)
3.70(94)
4.36(111)
4.06(103)
3.56(90)
3.47(88)
3.85(98)
2.84(72)
2.20(56)
36.61(929)
Average snowfall inches (cm)
25.2(64)
22.9(58)
19.6(50)
9.0(23)
1.2(3.0)
0.0(0.0)
0.0(0.0)
0.0(0.0)
0.1(0.25)
1.9(4.8)
14.5(37)
24.7(63)
119.1(303.05)
Average extreme snow depth inches (cm)
20.6(52)
24.0(61)
25.0(64)
10.2(26)
0.6(1.5)
0.0(0.0)
0.0(0.0)
0.0(0.0)
0.0(0.0)
1.0(2.5)
6.4(16)
14.5(37)
29.8(76)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)
14.4
13.0
14.0
15.6
15.3
16.6
15.9
16.5
13.1
16.4
15.9
17.6
184.3
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in)
13.8
12.0
9.6
4.7
0.7
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
1.4
7.7
13.2
63.2
Source 1: NOAA
Source 2: National Weather Service (snow/snow days/snow depth 1903–1998)
Notes
^ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the highest and lowest temperature readings during an entire month or year) calculated based on data at said location from 1981 to 2010. In years with more than five missing daily values annually but with no single month exceeding five missing daily values, the annual extreme value derives from the most extreme monthly value.
^ Records maintained at Saranac Lake Airport since June 1998, at Ray Brook from April 1978 to May 1998 inclusive, and alternating between Paul Smiths and Gabriels before then.
Ecology
According to the A. W. Kuchler U.S. potential natural vegetation types, Saranac Lake would have a dominant vegetation type of Northern Hardwoods/Spruce (108), with a dominant vegetation form of Northern Hardwoods (23). The plant hardiness zone is 4a, with an average annual extreme minimum air temperature of −27.3 °F (−32.9 °C). The spring bloom typically peaks on approximately May 11 and fall color usually peaks around October 1.
See also
Adirondack Canoe Classic
Church Street Historic District (Saranac Lake, New York)
William L. Coulter
Cure Cottages of Saranac Lake
William G. Distin
Historic Saranac Lake
North Country Community College
Martha Reben
Saranac Lake High School
Sound Adirondack Growth Alliance
References
^ "ArcGIS REST Services Directory". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 20, 2022.
^ a b U.S. Census Bureau, 2020 Report, Saranac Lake village, New York https://www.census.gov/search-results.html?searchType=web&cssp=SERP&q=Saranac%20Lake%20village,%20New%20York Accessed Jan. 8, 2023
^ "Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Census Summary File 1 (G001), Saranac Lake village (part), Harrietstown town, Franklin County, New York". American FactFinder. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 14, 2020. Retrieved June 13, 2016.
^ "Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Census Summary File 1 (G001), Saranac Lake village (part), North Elba town, Essex County, New York". American FactFinder. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 14, 2020. Retrieved June 13, 2016.
^ "Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Census Summary File 1 (G001), Saranac Lake village (part), St. Armand town, Essex County, New York". American FactFinder. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 14, 2020. Retrieved June 13, 2016.
^ Crampton, Norman, The 100 Best Small Towns in America, Arco, 1995. ISBN 978-0-02-860577-7
^ National Trust - Dozen Distinctive Destinations
^ * Chalmers, Stephen (September 1912). "Sanitary Saranac Lake: A Small Town That Has Had Only Seventeen Deaths From Contagious Diseases In Twelve Years". The World's Work: A History of Our Time. XXIV: 581–585. Retrieved July 10, 2009.
^ "John R. Booth". Historic Saranac Lake. Retrieved March 14, 2013.
^ Gallos, Phillip L. (1985). "Cure Cottages of Saranac Lake", Historic Saranac Lake ISBN 0-9615159-0-2, pp. viii.
^ Gallos, Philip, Cure Cottages of Saranac Lake: Architecture and History of a Pioneer Health Resort, Saranac Lake:Historic Saranac Lake, 1985. ISBN 0-9615159-0-2
^ "A Brief History of Saranac Lake", pamphlet available at Saranac Lake visitor information center
^ Historic Saranac Lake Archived 2010-06-28 at the Wayback Machine
^ a b c d Taylor, Robert, America's Magic Mountain, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1986. ISBN 0-395-37905-9
^ Kaplan, Thomas (August 24, 2011). "In Mountain Village, Cuomo Finds Respite". The New York Times. Retrieved August 25, 2011.
^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.
^ "National Register of Historic Places". Weekly List of Actions Taken on Properties: 11/19/12 through 11/23/12. National Park Service. November 30, 2012.
^ "National Register of Historic Places". Weekly List of Actions Taken on Properties: 10/19/15 through 10/23/15. National Park Service. October 30, 2015.
^ "National Register of Historic Places". Weekly List of Actions Taken on Properties: 2/23/15 through 2/27/15. National Park Service. March 6, 2015.
^ Tissot, Caperton (2012). Saranac Lake's Ice Palace: history of Winter Carnival's crown jewel (1st ed.). Saranac Lake, NY: Snowy Owl Press. p. 6. ISBN 9780615619613.
^ Tissot, p. 12, 24
^ "Can Am Rugby Tournament". canamrugby.com.
^ "Pendragon Theatre". pendragontheatre.org/.
^ "Plein Air Festival". saranaclakeartworks.com.
^ "Saranac Lake ArtWorks". saranaclakeartworks.com.
^ Halpern, Sue (August 18, 1988). "Adirondack Film Maker Seeks Big-City Success". The New York Times.
^ Suchoff, Benjamin, Béla Bartók: A Celebration, Scarecrow Press, 2004, p. 8
^ "Robert Louis Stevenson Museum".
^ "Slate: GB Trudeau's Doonesbury".
^ Cortese, Amy (November 12, 2011). "A Town Creates its Own Department Store". The New York Times. Retrieved November 14, 2011. Community ownership seems to resonate in these days of protest.
^ "Google maps".
^ "Trailways".
^ "Yahoo Local".
^ "APA slates hearings on railroad corridors".
^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.
^ "Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Saranac Lake village, New York". U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder. Retrieved February 22, 2016.
^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
^ a b
"NOAA Online Weather Data – NWS Burlington". National Weather Service. Retrieved January 25, 2023.
^ "Home". threadex.rcc-acis.org.
^
"U.S. Climate Normals Quick Access – Station: Saranac RGNL AP, NY". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved January 25, 2023.
^ "U.S. Potential Natural Vegetation, Original Kuchler Types, v2.0 (Spatially Adjusted to Correct Geometric Distortions)". Retrieved October 9, 2019.
^ "USDA Interactive Plant Hardiness Map". United States Department of Agriculture. Archived from the original on June 18, 2021. Retrieved October 9, 2019.
Further reading
John J. Duquette (March 1992). John M. Penney (ed.). Saranac Lake, A Centennial: 1892-1992. Make-up by Carol Baker Snyder. Saranac Lake, New York: Saranac Lake 1992 Centennial Committee.
Maid, Chery (February 7, 2006). "Building boom brought many local landmarks- How the 20s roared in Saranac Lake". Adirondack Enterprise. pp. 1, 9.
Gallos, Phil (February 8, 2006). "Famous people you might meet on the street- How the 20s roared in Saranac Lake". Adirondack Enterprise. pp. 1, 10.
Jackson, Linda. "Flaunting the booze ban- How the 20s roared in Saranac Lake". Adirondack Enterprise. pp. 1, 12.
Gallos, Phillip L. (1985). Cure Cottages of Saranac Lake. Historic Saranac Lake. pp. viii. ISBN 0-9615159-0-2.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Saranac Lake, New York.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Saranac Lake.
Village of Saranac Lake official website
Saranac Lake History - Historic Saranac Lake
Saranac Lake Chamber of Commerce
The National Trust for Historic Preservation designation of Saranac Lake as one of the "Distinctive Dozen Destinations"
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United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village_(New_York)"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-census_2020-2"},{"link_name":"Upper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Saranac_Lake"},{"link_name":"Middle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Saranac_Lake"},{"link_name":"Lower Saranac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Saranac_Lake"},{"link_name":"Harrietstown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrietstown,_New_York"},{"link_name":"St. Armand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Armand,_New_York"},{"link_name":"North Elba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Elba,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Franklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Essex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Lake Flower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Flower"},{"link_name":"Saranac River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saranac_River"},{"link_name":"Saranac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saranac,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Adirondack Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adirondack_Park"},{"link_name":"Lake Placid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Placid,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Tupper Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupper_Lake_(village),_New_York"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"National Civic League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Civic_League"},{"link_name":"All-America City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-America_City_Award"},{"link_name":"National Trust for Historic Preservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Trust_for_Historic_Preservation"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"}],"text":"Village in New York, United StatesSaranac Lake is a village in the state of New York, United States. As of the 2020 census, the population was 4,887, making it the largest community by population in the Adirondack Park.[2] The village is named after Upper, Middle and Lower Saranac lakes, which are nearby.The village of Saranac Lake covers parts of three towns (Harrietstown, St. Armand, and North Elba) and two counties (Franklin and Essex). The county line is within two blocks of the center of the village. At the 2010 census, 3,897 village residents lived in Harrietstown,[3] 1,367 lived in North Elba,[4] and 142 lived in St. Armand.[5] The village boundaries do not touch the shores of any of the three Saranac Lakes; Lower Saranac Lake, the nearest, is a half mile west of the village's downtown district. The northern reaches of Lake Flower, which is a wide part of the Saranac River downstream from the three Saranac Lakes, lie within the village. The town of Saranac is an entirely separate entity, 33 miles (53 km) down the Saranac River to the northeast.The village lies within the boundaries of the Adirondack Park, 9 miles (14 km) west of Lake Placid. These two villages, along with nearby Tupper Lake, comprise what is known as the Tri-Lakes region.Saranac Lake was named in 1995 the best small town in New York State and ranked 11th in the United States in The 100 Best Small Towns in America.[6] In 1998, the National Civic League named Saranac Lake an All-America City, and in 2006 the village was named one of the \"Dozen Distinctive Destinations\" by the National Trust for Historic Preservation.[7] 186 buildings in the village are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.","title":"Saranac Lake, New York"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Iroquoian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iroquoian_language"},{"link_name":"Mohawk people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohawk_people"},{"link_name":"American Revolutionary War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War"},{"link_name":"Keene, New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keene,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Adirondack Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adirondack_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Lower Saranac Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Saranac_Lake"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saranac_Lake_Village.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lake Flower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Flower"},{"link_name":"Lake Colby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Colby"},{"link_name":"Edward Livingston Trudeau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Livingston_Trudeau"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"tuberculosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosis"},{"link_name":"Adirondack Cottage Sanitarium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adirondack_Cottage_Sanitarium"},{"link_name":"cure cottage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cure_Cottages_of_Saranac_Lake"},{"link_name":"Mount Pisgah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Pisgah_(New_York)"},{"link_name":"Robert Louis Stevenson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"post office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_office"},{"link_name":"Trudeau Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trudeau_Institute"},{"link_name":"Boer War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boer_War"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"National Vaudeville Artists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Vaudeville_Artists&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"vaudeville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaudeville"},{"link_name":"E. F. Albee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._F._Albee"},{"link_name":"Will Rogers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Rogers"},{"link_name":"Will Rogers Memorial Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Rogers_Memorial_Hospital"},{"link_name":"R.J. O'Donnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R.J._O%27Donnell"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saranac_Lake_Cure_Cottage.jpg"},{"link_name":"tuberculosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosis"},{"link_name":"Delaware and Hudson Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_and_Hudson_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Plattsburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plattsburgh_(city),_New_York"},{"link_name":"water wheels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_wheel"},{"link_name":"Paul Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollos_Smith"},{"link_name":"Niagara-Mohawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niagara-Mohawk"},{"link_name":"public schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_school_(government_funded)"},{"link_name":"fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firefighting"},{"link_name":"police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police"},{"link_name":"John Rudolphus Booth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Rudolphus_Booth"},{"link_name":"cottage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cure_Cottages_of_Saranac_Lake"},{"link_name":"skiing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skiing"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Knollwood_Club_on_Lower_Saranac_Lake.jpg"},{"link_name":"Knollwood Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knollwood_Club"},{"link_name":"George Marshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Marshall_(conservationist)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Manuel Luis Quezon y Molina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_L._Quezon"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth of the Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"Great Camps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Camps"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gallos-11"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PatientPorchesDowntownSaranacLakeNewYork.jpg"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Mark Twain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Twain"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Conan Doyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Conan_Doyle"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Taylor-14"},{"link_name":"Prohibition era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prohibition_era"},{"link_name":"rum-running","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rum-running"},{"link_name":"Legs Diamond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Diamond_(gangster)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Taylor-14"},{"link_name":"Al Jolson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Jolson"},{"link_name":"Calvin Coolidge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge"},{"link_name":"Albert Einstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein"},{"link_name":"William L. Distin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_L._Distin"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Taylor-14"},{"link_name":"Knollwood Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knollwood_Club"},{"link_name":"atom bomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom_bomb"},{"link_name":"Hiroshima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroshima"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Taylor-14"},{"link_name":"The Silver Chalice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Silver_Chalice_(film)"},{"link_name":"Paul Newman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Newman"},{"link_name":"Virginia Mayo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Mayo"},{"link_name":"winter carnival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_carnival"},{"link_name":"Andrew Cuomo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Cuomo"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT_Cuomo_story-15"},{"link_name":"Art Deco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Deco"},{"link_name":"sanatorium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanatorium"},{"link_name":"call center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_center"},{"link_name":"American Management Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Management_Association"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"Dr. A. H. Allen Cottage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._A._H._Allen_Cottage"},{"link_name":"Berkeley Square Historic District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_Square_Historic_District_(Saranac_Lake,_New_York)"},{"link_name":"Bogie Cottage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogie_Cottage"},{"link_name":"Peyton Clark Cottage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peyton_Clark_Cottage"},{"link_name":"Coulter Cottage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coulter_Cottage"},{"link_name":"Cure Cottage at 43 Forest Hill Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cure_Cottage_at_43_Forest_Hill_Avenue"},{"link_name":"Denny Cottage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denny_Cottage"},{"link_name":"Fallon Cottage Annex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallon_Cottage_Annex"},{"link_name":"Freer Cottage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freer_Cottage"},{"link_name":"Hathaway Cottage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hathaway_Cottage"},{"link_name":"Helen Hill Historic District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Hill_Historic_District"},{"link_name":"Highland Park Historic District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highland_Park_Historic_District_(Saranac_Lake,_New_York)"},{"link_name":"Hill Cottage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill_Cottage_(Saranac_Lake,_New_York)"},{"link_name":"The Homestead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Homestead_(Saranac_Lake,_New_York)"},{"link_name":"Kennedy Cottage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennedy_Cottage_(Saranac_Lake,_New_York)"},{"link_name":"Lane Cottage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lane_Cottage_(Saranac_Lake,_New_York)"},{"link_name":"Larom Cottage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larom_Cottage"},{"link_name":"Dr. Henry Leetch House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Henry_Leetch_House"},{"link_name":"Lent Cottage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lent_Cottage"},{"link_name":"Little Red","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Red_(Saranac_Lake,_New_York)"},{"link_name":"Marquay Cottage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquay_Cottage"},{"link_name":"Marvin Cottage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvin_Cottage"},{"link_name":"Musselman Cottage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musselman_Cottage"},{"link_name":"New York Central Railroad Adirondack Division Historic District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Central_Railroad_Adirondack_Division_Historic_District"},{"link_name":"Partridge Cottage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partridge_Cottage"},{"link_name":"Pittenger Cottage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittenger_Cottage"},{"link_name":"Pomeroy Cottage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomeroy_Cottage"},{"link_name":"Will Rogers Memorial Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Rogers_Memorial_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Orin Savage Cottage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orin_Savage_Cottage"},{"link_name":"Paul Smith's Electric Light and Power and Railroad Company Complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Smith%27s_Electric_Light_and_Power_and_Railroad_Company_Complex"},{"link_name":"Prospect Point Camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prospect_Point_Camp"},{"link_name":"Stevenson Cottage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevenson_Cottage"},{"link_name":"Stuckman Cottage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuckman_Cottage"},{"link_name":"Trudeau Sanatorium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adirondack_Cottage_Sanitarium"},{"link_name":"Chester Valentine House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_Valentine_House"},{"link_name":"Wilson Cottage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilson_Cottage"},{"link_name":"Witherspoon Cottage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witherspoon_Cottage"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nris-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nps-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nps1-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nps2-19"}],"text":"This area was occupied by Iroquoian-speaking peoples for hundreds of years, and by other Indigenous peoples before them. The historic Mohawk people extended their hunting grounds to this area.The area was first settled by European Americans in 1819, more than three decades after the American Revolutionary War. As the Iroquois, mostly allies of the British, had been forced to cede their land to the United States following the war, millions of acres of New York were opened up to non-Native development in the postwar period.The Jacob Smith Moody family from Keene, New Hampshire, was the first to settle here. In 1827, settlers Pliny Miller and Alric Bushnell established a logging facility with a dam and sawmill, around which the village developed. The first school was built in 1838. In 1849, William F. Martin built one of the first hotels in the Adirondack Mountains. His Saranac Lake House, known simply as \"Martin's\", was located on the southeast shore of Lower Saranac Lake. Martin's soon became a favorite place for hunters, woodsmen, and socialites to meet and interact.The village of Saranac Lake, with Lake Flower below and Lake Colby above, from Scarface Mountain to the Southeast.In 1876, Dr. Edward Livingston Trudeau arrived from New York City to treat his tuberculosis (TB) by a stay in the mountains. There was no medical treatment other than rest and nutrition at the time, and the disease was often fatal. Dry, cold air was considered to be good for patients, and sanitariums were also founded in European mountain resorts. Trudeau discovered that the fresh air and dry, alpine climate improved his health. In 1884, he founded his Adirondack Cottage Sanitarium, starting with a small cottage, called \"Little Red\". Two sisters from New York City who suffered from TB became the first patients. Little Red, the first \"cure cottage\", was built on a small patch of land on the north side of Mount Pisgah. The plot had been purchased for Trudeau by several of his hunting guides.As more patients visited the region, including author Robert Louis Stevenson in 1887, Trudeau's fame grew.[8] Soon, the sanitarium had grown to such size that it was entitled to its own post office, which delivered mail to the many patients. The Trudeau Institute, an independent medical research center, developed from Trudeau's work for the sanitarium. In 1964, the Trudeau Institute began researching the functions of the immune system and how it guards against many infectious diseases, including tuberculosis.William S. Fowler was a real estate speculator and developer who owned several properties around Saranac Lake. One was a large property just outside the town on top of a hill. He named it \"Spion Kop\" in honor of a battle that was fought in the Boer War in South Africa. In commemoration, he placed miniature cannons on various parts of the property.Several buildings were erected as cottages where people could \"cure\" from TB. In 1919, Fowler sold the property to the Northwestern Fire Insurance Company. They turned it into a private sanatorium for their employees.In 1925, the sanatorium was sold to the National Vaudeville Artists. Around this time there were numerous vaudeville performers in Saranac Lake seeking cures at different locations. E. F. Albee, the owner and President of the National Vaudeville Artists, held benefit programs in New York City to raise funds to construct the large sanitarium. The older cure cottages were torn down and some were moved. By the end of the 1920s the Tudor Building was completed. It still stands today.In the 1930s the National Vaudeville Artists no longer existed. After World War II antibiotics were used to treat TB, and the mountain sanitariums were converted to other uses. The Tudor Building was purchased by the Will Rogers Memorial Commission. In 1936, one year after Rogers' death, they renamed this building as the Will Rogers Memorial Hospital. A laboratory was built in later years and named the O'Donnell Memorial Laboratory in honor of R.J. O'Donnell, a well-known theater chain manager.In the 1970s, New York State forced the closure of the hospital, as it did not meet contemporary codes and updating was cost-prohibitive. The Will Rogers building was adapted for other uses. It was operated as a night club, then as a timeshare vacation spot, and finally as apartments. Unable to attract enough renters, the owners abandoned the property, which deteriorated. In 1980, it was renovated for use as the press headquarters for the Winter Olympics. In 1995, the Kaplan Development Group purchased the property for adaptation as a retirement home for senior residents. It planned to restore the building's historic details.A tuberculosis \"Cure Cottage\"Telephone service was introduced in 1884, and the Chateaugay branch of the Delaware and Hudson Railroad reached Saranac Lake from Plattsburgh in 1887. Five years later, the Mohawk and Malone Railway main line reached nearby Lake Clear Junction. The New York Central and Hudson River Railroad purchased it in 1894, and it was merged into the New York Central Railroad in 1913. The NYC became the leading railroad from New York City, via Utica, into the northern Adirondacks, and its Lake Clear Junction-Saranac Lake-Lake Placid Branch was a key traffic source until NYC passenger service ended on April 24, 1965. Railroads both carried passenger traffic to the growing resort areas of the Adirondacks and shipped out the millions of feet of lumber that were harvested from this area into the early 20th century.The village was incorporated on June 16, 1892, and Dr. Trudeau was elected the first village president soon thereafter. Electricity was introduced on September 20, 1894, by installing water wheels on the former site of Pliny Miller's mill. Paul Smith purchased the Saranac Lake Electricity Co. in 1907, and formed the Paul Smith's Electric Light and Power and Railroad Company. It eventually became part of Niagara-Mohawk. At the same time, the village began to develop municipal facilities, such as public schools, and fire and police departments.In 1892, John Rudolphus Booth, the Canadian lumber king, rented a cottage at Saranac Lake for his daughter, who used it for several years in seeking a TB cure. Booth brought skis with him, and introduced the sport of skiing to the area.[9]Knollwood Club on Lower Saranac Lake, home of George MarshallStarting in the 1890s and for the next 60 years, Saranac Lake was known as \"the Western Hemisphere's foremost center for the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis\".[10] An effective antibiotic was first used on human TB patients in 1921, but only after World War II did it begin to be widely used in the US. In the postwar period, sanatorium treatment became less important and was phased out completely by 1954. Among the last of the prominent patients who sought treatment for tuberculosis was Manuel Luis Quezon y Molina, the first Filipino president of the Commonwealth of the Philippines, who died in Saranac Lake of the disease on August 1, 1944.But the village had become a center of tuberculosis care, attracting many doctors and patients from around the world. They added to and supported the culture of the area, as did the wealthy who built Great Camps on the nearby Saranac and Saint Regis Lakes, the effect was to change the sleepy village of 300 of the 1880s into the vibrant \"little city\" of 8,000.[11]Like the cure cottages, downtown buildings included porches for tuberculosis patients.[12]Author Mark Twain vacationed on Lake Flower in 1901[13] at the height of his fame. While there, he wrote a Conan Doyle spoof, \"A Double-Barreled Detective Story\".[14]After multiple fires destroyed a large part of downtown, Saranac Lake rebuilt in the 1920s. The Hotel Saranac was built in the Art Deco style and still stands. Other permanent buildings were added to the townscape. During the Prohibition era, rum-running was common in the village, as smugglers brought liquor from over the border from Canada. Gangster Legs Diamond visited his brother Eddy, who had TB and stayed at a local cottage sanatorium.[14] During the 1920s, entertainer Al Jolson and president Calvin Coolidge were semi-frequent visitors to the village; Jolson once performed a solo for three hours at the Pontiac Theater on Broadway.Beginning in 1936, physicist Albert Einstein had a summer home in Saranac Lake, renting the cottage of local architect William L. Distin; he often sailed with his wife on Lake Flower.[14] During World War II, Einstein summered frequently at Knollwood Club on Lower Saranac Lake. He heard with others from the radio that on August 6, 1945, the atom bomb had been dropped on Hiroshima. A few days later, Einstein gave his first interview about this event at Knollwood.[14]In 1954, Saranac Lake hosted the world premiere of the Biblical epic film The Silver Chalice, in which actor Paul Newman made his debut. Several of the stars, including Virginia Mayo, visited the village and participated in the winter carnival parade.Since the late 20th century, Saranac Lake has become a more conventional tourist destination. New York's former governor, Andrew Cuomo, has visited there ever since he was a teenager and regularly vacations there with his family.[15] The Hotel Saranac is a memorable early 20th century Art Deco structure. The former sanatorium is now used as the corporate call center for the American Management Association.Numerous properties are listed on the National Register of Historic Places: the Dr. A. H. Allen Cottage, Berkeley Square Historic District, Bogie Cottage, Peyton Clark Cottage, Coulter Cottage, Cure Cottage at 43 Forest Hill Avenue, Denny Cottage, Fallon Cottage Annex, Freer Cottage, Hathaway Cottage, Helen Hill Historic District, Highland Park Historic District, Hill Cottage, The Homestead, Kennedy Cottage, Lane Cottage, Larom Cottage, Dr. Henry Leetch House, Lent Cottage, Little Red, Marquay Cottage, Marvin Cottage, Musselman Cottage, New York Central Railroad Adirondack Division Historic District, Partridge Cottage, Pittenger Cottage, Pomeroy Cottage, Will Rogers Memorial Hospital, Orin Savage Cottage, Paul Smith's Electric Light and Power and Railroad Company Complex, Prospect Point Camp, Stevenson Cottage, Stuckman Cottage, Trudeau Sanatorium, Chester Valentine House, Wilson Cottage, and Witherspoon Cottage.[16][17][18][19]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saranac_Lake_-_Stevenson_Cottage.jpg"},{"link_name":"Robert Louis Stevenson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson"},{"link_name":"Lake Flower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Flower"},{"link_name":"Saranac River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saranac_River"},{"link_name":"Roswell P. Flower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roswell_P._Flower"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Adirondack_aloha.png"},{"link_name":"Cross-country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-country_skiing"},{"link_name":"downhill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downhill_(ski_competition)"},{"link_name":"skiing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skiing"},{"link_name":"snowshoeing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowshoeing"},{"link_name":"ice skating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_skating"},{"link_name":"snowmobiling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowmobiling"},{"link_name":"winter carnival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_carnival"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tissot-20"},{"link_name":"Garry Trudeau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garry_Trudeau"},{"link_name":"Doonesbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doonesbury"},{"link_name":"ice palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_palace"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"bagpipe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagpipe"},{"link_name":"marching bands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marching_band"},{"link_name":"North Country Community College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Country_Community_College"},{"link_name":"Paul Smith's College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Smith%27s_College"},{"link_name":"rugby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_football"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"},{"link_name":"Historic Saranac Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_Saranac_Lake"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"Edward Livingston Trudeau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Livingston_Trudeau"},{"link_name":"Saranac Laboratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saranac_Laboratory"},{"link_name":"carousel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carousel"},{"link_name":"whitetail deer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitetail_deer"},{"link_name":"moose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moose"},{"link_name":"loon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loon"},{"link_name":"bobcat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobcat"},{"link_name":"trout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trout"},{"link_name":"otter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otter"},{"link_name":"black fly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_fly"},{"link_name":"Fred G. Sullivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_G._Sullivan"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"Robert Louis Stevenson's Cure CottageMany tourists come to the village, which is picturesque owing to its setting and the preservation of older architecture. Much of the village fronts on Lake Flower, which was created by a dam in the Saranac River and named after Governor Roswell P. Flower.There are opportunities for canoeing and boating, hiking and climbing. In the summer, the Village of Saranac Lake offers free concerts in Riverside Park on Lake Flower and the Berkeley Green park. Camping is also a popular pastime in the Saranac Lake region.Doonesbury 2005Cross-country and downhill skiing, snowshoeing, ice skating, snowmobiling are winter activities. There is also an annual 10-day winter carnival, an event held in celebration of winter since 1897.[20] Each year the carnival is given a theme - 2016's theme was \"Adirondack Wildlife\". The Winter Carnival parade reflects the theme, and Garry Trudeau, the creator of the comic strip Doonesbury who grew up in the town, creates artwork with characters from his comic strip doing things related to the theme for a button that can be purchased each winter. The carnival's main attraction is the ice palace, which is made with blocks of ice taken from Lake Flower and illuminated with colored lights, along with various winter activities and competitions.[21] These include a parade, which normally has several bagpipe and drum marching bands and the Lawn Chair Ladies, along with more usual floats and local school bands. Each year a Winter Carnival King and Queen, who preside over carnival activities, are selected from village residents based upon their contribution to Saranac Lake, while the prince and princess are from the two local colleges, North Country Community College and Paul Smith's College. There is also a winter rugby game.A non-profit Village Improvement Society, dating from 1910, currently owns and maintains eight parks. The parkland along the lakefront, now owned by the village, is the result of the Society's earlier efforts.Every year the Can Am Rugby Tournament, the largest such tournament in the Western Hemisphere, is held in the village.[22]Saranac Lake has a number of galleries, the Adirondacks' only year-round, professional theatre, monthly art walks June through September, and a Plein Air festival.[23][better source needed][24] The organization Saranac Lake ArtWorks is composed of dozens of artists and arts-related businesses.[25][better source needed] Historic Saranac Lake is an architectural heritage organization that has nominated almost two hundred properties to the National Register of Historic Places. The organization has completed the restoration of Edward Livingston Trudeau's 1894 Saranac Laboratory, now a museum, and the 1904 Union Depot.The Adirondack Carousel is an enclosed carousel in which the ride's figures are all Adirondack wildlife -- whitetail deer, moose, loon, bobcat, trout, otter and a black fly — all carved or painted by local artists.Filmmaker Fred G. Sullivan, a resident of Saranac Lake, depicted the town and many of its inhabitants with affectionate mockery in his film The Beer-Drinker's Guide to Fitness and Filmmaking.[26]","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Béla Bartók","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bart%C3%B3k"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Robert Louis Stevenson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson"},{"link_name":"a cottage in Saranac Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevenson_Cottage"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Garry Trudeau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garry_Trudeau"},{"link_name":"Doonesbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doonesbury"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Leslie Hoffman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Hoffman"}],"sub_title":"Artists' residences","text":"The composer Béla Bartók spent summers in Saranac Lake and wrote some of his best-known works there.[27]The writer Robert Louis Stevenson spent the winter of 1887 in a cottage in Saranac Lake, which still stands, and serves as a museum dedicated to his life.[28]The cartoonist Garry Trudeau, who draws the Doonesbury comic strip, was raised in Saranac Lake and has maintained his connections there. He is the great-grandson of Edward Trudeau, described above.[29]Stuntwoman Leslie Hoffman was born in Saranac Lake and came back to home to retire from the Entertainment Business.","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ames Department Store","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ames_Department_Stores_Inc."},{"link_name":"Plattsburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plattsburgh_(city),_New_York"},{"link_name":"Walmart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walmart"},{"link_name":"supercenter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wal-Mart#Walmart_Supercenter"},{"link_name":"community-owned store","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_ownership"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-30"}],"text":"After the local Ames Department Store closed due to bankruptcy and residents were forced to travel 50 miles to Plattsburgh for many consumer goods, the town was approached by Walmart, which offered to build a 120,000 square foot supercenter, but the community declined the offer, fearing that Walmart would negatively impact local business and increase traffic. As an alternative, a community-owned store was organized and shares were sold to community residents. $500,000 was raised by about 600 residents, who made the goal of an average investment of $800. The store, Saranac Lake Community Store, opened in October 29, 2011, in remodeled facilities in downtown Saranac Lake.[30]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Image-Adirondack_Scenic_Railroad_-_Saranac_Lake_Stn_-_Front.jpg"},{"link_name":"Adirondack Scenic Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adirondack_Scenic_Railway"},{"link_name":"Adirondack Regional Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adirondack_Regional_Airport"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Adirondack Trailways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adirondack_Trailways"},{"link_name":"Greyhound Lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greyhound_Lines"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Franklin County Public Transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.tupperlakeinfo.com/community/publictransport.htm"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Adirondack Scenic Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adirondack_Scenic_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Tupper Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupper_Lake_(town),_New_York"},{"link_name":"rail trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_trail"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"text":"Adirondack Scenic Railway StationThe Adirondack Regional Airport (SLK) is 7.3 miles (11.7 km) northwest of the village, offering daily commercial flights to New York City and Boston, along with general aviation services.[31]\nAdirondack Trailways serves Saranac Lake, and is part of the Greyhound Lines bus system.[32]\nThere is also local bus service from Franklin County Public Transportation and local taxi services.[33]\nThe Adirondack Scenic Railroad (a seasonal tourist attraction) to Lake Placid originated from the village train depot. Operations were suspended in 2017. There were plans to expand the route to Tupper Lake, but the state has decided to instead convert the northernmost 34 miles of rail corridor to a rail trail.[34]","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saranac_Lake_-_Saranac_River_bridge.jpg"},{"link_name":"Saranac River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saranac_River"},{"link_name":"44°19′34″N 74°7′51″W / 44.32611°N 74.13083°W / 44.32611; -74.13083","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Saranac_Lake,_New_York¶ms=44_19_34_N_74_7_51_W_type:city"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR1-35"},{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2010-36"},{"link_name":"North Elba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Elba,_New_York"},{"link_name":"St. Armand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Armand,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Essex County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Harrietstown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrietstown,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Franklin County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"New York State Route 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_3"},{"link_name":"New York State Route 86","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_86"},{"link_name":"New York State Route 30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_30"},{"link_name":"Saranac Inn, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saranac_Inn,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal"},{"link_name":"Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec"},{"link_name":"Plattsburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plattsburgh_(city),_New_York"},{"link_name":"Burlington, Vermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burlington,_Vermont"},{"link_name":"Albany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany,_New_York"}],"text":"The Saranac River runs through the village.Saranac Lake is located at 44°19′34″N 74°7′51″W / 44.32611°N 74.13083°W / 44.32611; -74.13083 (44.325988, −74.130944).[35]According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 3.0 square miles (7.8 km2), of which 2.8 square miles (7.2 km2) is land and 0.23 square miles (0.6 km2), or 8.21%, is water.[36]The village is located at the junction of the towns of North Elba and St. Armand in Essex County, and Harrietstown in Franklin County.The village is at the intersection of New York State Route 3 and New York State Route 86. Essex County Road 33 enters the village from the southeast, Franklin County Road 47 joins NY-86 immediately north of the village, and Franklin County Road 18 connects from Ampersand Avenue on the northern edge of the village to New York State Route 30 near near Saranac Inn, New York.The closest major metropolitan city is Montreal, Quebec, Canada, 103 miles (166 km) to the north. Plattsburgh is 50 miles (80 km) to the northeast, Burlington, Vermont, is 69 miles (111 km) by road to the east and Albany is 148 miles (238 km) to the south.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saranac_Lake,_NY_-_Broadway.jpg"},{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-38"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"text":"Broadway, with Main St. at leftAs of the census[38] of 2000, there were 5,041 people, 2,369 households, and 1,182 families residing in the village. The population density was 1,812.0 inhabitants per square mile (699.6/km2). There were 2,854 housing units at an average density of 1,025.9 per square mile (396.1/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 96.87% White, 0.75% African American, 0.32% Native American, 0.48% Asian, 0.26% from other races, and 1.33% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.07% of the population.There were 2,369 households, out of which 25.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 35.2% were married couples living together, 10.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 50.1% were non-families. 40.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.09 and the average family size was 2.88.In the village, the population was spread out, with 22.2% under the age of 18, 11.4% from 18 to 24, 28.3% from 25 to 44, 23.1% from 45 to 64, and 15.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.8 males.The median income for a household in the village was $29,754, and the median income for a family was $42,153. Males had a median income of $32,188 versus $24,759 for females. The per capita income for the village was $17,590. About 8.5% of families and 13.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.5% of those under age 18 and 17.6% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Entrains-sur-Nohain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entrains-sur-Nohain"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Sainte-Agathe-des-Monts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sainte-Agathe-des-Monts"},{"link_name":"Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SaranacLake.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lower Saranac Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Saranac_Lake"}],"text":"Saranac Lake has two sister cities:Entrains-sur-Nohain, France\n Sainte-Agathe-des-Monts, Quebec, CanadaThe village of Saranac Lake, bottom, with Lower Saranac Lake, above, from Baker Mountain, to the East. Lake Flower is at lower left.","title":"Sister cities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Köppen climate classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification"},{"link_name":"humid continental climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humid_continental_climate"},{"link_name":"heat index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_index"},{"link_name":"dew point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dew_point"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NOWData-39"},{"link_name":"wind chill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_chill"},{"link_name":"Old Forge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Forge,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Saranac Lake Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saranac_Lake_Airport"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NOAA-43"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NOWData-39"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-40"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-42"},{"link_name":"Ray Brook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Brook,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Paul Smiths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Smiths,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Gabriels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriels,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"text":"According to the Köppen climate classification system, Saranac Lake has a warm-summer, humid continental climate (Dfb). Dfb climates are characterized by at least one month having an average mean temperature ≤ 32.0 °F (0.0 °C), at least four months with an average mean temperature ≥ 50.0 °F (10.0 °C), all months with an average mean temperature < 71.6 °F (22.0 °C) and no significant precipitation difference between seasons. Although most summer days are comfortably humid in Saranac Lake, episodes of heat and high humidity can occur, with heat index values > 89 °F (32 °C). Since 1981, the highest air temperature was 94.7 °F (34.8 °C) on August 3, 1988, and the highest daily average mean dew point was 70.7 °F (21.5 °C) on August 1, 2006. Since 1981, the wettest calendar day was 3.92 inches (100 mm) on November 8, 1996. During the winter months, the average annual extreme minimum air temperature is −28.8 °F (−33.8 °C).[39] Since 1981, the coldest air temperature was −34.9 °F (−37.2 °C) on January 16, 1994. Episodes of extreme cold and wind can occur, with wind chill values less than −43 °F (−42 °C). The average annual snowfall total (October—May) is between 100 inches (254 cm) and 125 inches (318 cm). While Old Forge and Stillwater Reservoir in the southwestern Adirondacks hold the state record cold temperature at −52 °F (−47 °C), Saranac Lake is considered the coldest town in the state overall.Climate data for Saranac Lake Airport, New York (1,663 ft or 507 m AMSL), 1991–2020 normals,[a] extremes 1903–present[b]\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °F (°C)\n\n62(17)\n\n65(18)\n\n79(26)\n\n89(32)\n\n94(34)\n\n101(38)\n\n99(37)\n\n97(36)\n\n92(33)\n\n86(30)\n\n75(24)\n\n64(18)\n\n101(38)\n\n\nMean maximum °F (°C)\n\n49.0(9.4)\n\n48.7(9.3)\n\n58.2(14.6)\n\n74.6(23.7)\n\n83.8(28.8)\n\n86.7(30.4)\n\n87.3(30.7)\n\n86.0(30.0)\n\n83.3(28.5)\n\n74.7(23.7)\n\n62.5(16.9)\n\n51.3(10.7)\n\n89.3(31.8)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °F (°C)\n\n24.9(−3.9)\n\n27.6(−2.4)\n\n36.5(2.5)\n\n50.3(10.2)\n\n64.4(18.0)\n\n72.4(22.4)\n\n76.6(24.8)\n\n74.7(23.7)\n\n67.9(19.9)\n\n54.3(12.4)\n\n41.7(5.4)\n\n30.2(−1.0)\n\n51.8(11.0)\n\n\nDaily mean °F (°C)\n\n13.6(−10.2)\n\n15.3(−9.3)\n\n24.1(−4.4)\n\n38.2(3.4)\n\n50.5(10.3)\n\n59.4(15.2)\n\n63.6(17.6)\n\n61.7(16.5)\n\n54.4(12.4)\n\n43.3(6.3)\n\n31.9(−0.1)\n\n20.7(−6.3)\n\n39.7(4.3)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °F (°C)\n\n2.3(−16.5)\n\n2.9(−16.2)\n\n11.6(−11.3)\n\n26.0(−3.3)\n\n36.5(2.5)\n\n46.3(7.9)\n\n50.7(10.4)\n\n48.7(9.3)\n\n41.0(5.0)\n\n32.3(0.2)\n\n22.1(−5.5)\n\n11.2(−11.6)\n\n27.6(−2.4)\n\n\nMean minimum °F (°C)\n\n−25.4(−31.9)\n\n−22.5(−30.3)\n\n−14.5(−25.8)\n\n9.7(−12.4)\n\n22.5(−5.3)\n\n31.7(−0.2)\n\n38.6(3.7)\n\n35.4(1.9)\n\n25.9(−3.4)\n\n17.6(−8.0)\n\n0.6(−17.4)\n\n−15.2(−26.2)\n\n−28.8(−33.8)\n\n\nRecord low °F (°C)\n\n−46(−43)\n\n−44(−42)\n\n−35(−37)\n\n−10(−23)\n\n10(−12)\n\n22(−6)\n\n29(−2)\n\n27(−3)\n\n15(−9)\n\n2(−17)\n\n−21(−29)\n\n−46(−43)\n\n−46(−43)\n\n\nAverage precipitation inches (mm)\n\n1.94(49)\n\n1.50(38)\n\n2.04(52)\n\n3.09(78)\n\n3.70(94)\n\n4.36(111)\n\n4.06(103)\n\n3.56(90)\n\n3.47(88)\n\n3.85(98)\n\n2.84(72)\n\n2.20(56)\n\n36.61(929)\n\n\nAverage snowfall inches (cm)\n\n25.2(64)\n\n22.9(58)\n\n19.6(50)\n\n9.0(23)\n\n1.2(3.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.1(0.25)\n\n1.9(4.8)\n\n14.5(37)\n\n24.7(63)\n\n119.1(303.05)\n\n\nAverage extreme snow depth inches (cm)\n\n20.6(52)\n\n24.0(61)\n\n25.0(64)\n\n10.2(26)\n\n0.6(1.5)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n1.0(2.5)\n\n6.4(16)\n\n14.5(37)\n\n29.8(76)\n\n\nAverage precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)\n\n14.4\n\n13.0\n\n14.0\n\n15.6\n\n15.3\n\n16.6\n\n15.9\n\n16.5\n\n13.1\n\n16.4\n\n15.9\n\n17.6\n\n184.3\n\n\nAverage snowy days (≥ 0.1 in)\n\n13.8\n\n12.0\n\n9.6\n\n4.7\n\n0.7\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.1\n\n1.4\n\n7.7\n\n13.2\n\n63.2\n\n\nSource 1: NOAA[41]\n\n\nSource 2: National Weather Service (snow/snow days/snow depth 1903–1998)[39]Notes^ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the highest and lowest temperature readings during an entire month or year) calculated based on data at said location from 1981 to 2010. In years with more than five missing daily values annually but with no single month exceeding five missing daily values, the annual extreme value derives from the most extreme monthly value.\n\n^ Records maintained at Saranac Lake Airport since June 1998, at Ray Brook from April 1978 to May 1998 inclusive, and alternating between Paul Smiths and Gabriels before then.[40]","title":"Climate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A. W. Kuchler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._W._Kuchler"},{"link_name":"potential natural vegetation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential_natural_vegetation"},{"link_name":"Hardwoods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardwood"},{"link_name":"Spruce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spruce"},{"link_name":"Hardwoods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardwood"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Conservation_Biology_Institute-44"},{"link_name":"plant hardiness zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_hardiness_zone"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USDA-45"}],"text":"According to the A. W. Kuchler U.S. potential natural vegetation types, Saranac Lake would have a dominant vegetation type of Northern Hardwoods/Spruce (108), with a dominant vegetation form of Northern Hardwoods (23).[42] The plant hardiness zone is 4a, with an average annual extreme minimum air temperature of −27.3 °F (−32.9 °C).[43] The spring bloom typically peaks on approximately May 11 and fall color usually peaks around October 1.","title":"Ecology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-9615159-0-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9615159-0-2"}],"text":"John J. Duquette (March 1992). John M. Penney (ed.). Saranac Lake, A Centennial: 1892-1992. Make-up by Carol Baker Snyder. Saranac Lake, New York: Saranac Lake 1992 Centennial Committee.\nMaid, Chery (February 7, 2006). \"Building boom brought many local landmarks- How the 20s roared in Saranac Lake\". Adirondack Enterprise. pp. 1, 9.\nGallos, Phil (February 8, 2006). \"Famous people you might meet on the street- How the 20s roared in Saranac Lake\". Adirondack Enterprise. pp. 1, 10.\nJackson, Linda. \"Flaunting the booze ban- How the 20s roared in Saranac Lake\". Adirondack Enterprise. pp. 1, 12.\nGallos, Phillip L. (1985). Cure Cottages of Saranac Lake. Historic Saranac Lake. pp. viii. ISBN 0-9615159-0-2.","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"The village of Saranac Lake, with Lake Flower below and Lake Colby above, from Scarface Mountain to the Southeast.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Saranac_Lake_Village.jpg/350px-Saranac_Lake_Village.jpg"},{"image_text":"A tuberculosis \"Cure Cottage\"","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Saranac_Lake_Cure_Cottage.jpg/220px-Saranac_Lake_Cure_Cottage.jpg"},{"image_text":"Knollwood Club on Lower Saranac Lake, home of George Marshall","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Knollwood_Club_on_Lower_Saranac_Lake.jpg/220px-Knollwood_Club_on_Lower_Saranac_Lake.jpg"},{"image_text":"Like the cure cottages, downtown buildings included porches for tuberculosis patients.[12]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/PatientPorchesDowntownSaranacLakeNewYork.jpg/220px-PatientPorchesDowntownSaranacLakeNewYork.jpg"},{"image_text":"Robert Louis Stevenson's Cure Cottage","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Saranac_Lake_-_Stevenson_Cottage.jpg/220px-Saranac_Lake_-_Stevenson_Cottage.jpg"},{"image_text":"Doonesbury 2005","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/32/Adirondack_aloha.png/100px-Adirondack_aloha.png"},{"image_text":"Adirondack Scenic Railway Station","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Image-Adirondack_Scenic_Railroad_-_Saranac_Lake_Stn_-_Front.jpg/220px-Image-Adirondack_Scenic_Railroad_-_Saranac_Lake_Stn_-_Front.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Saranac River runs through the village.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Saranac_Lake_-_Saranac_River_bridge.jpg/220px-Saranac_Lake_-_Saranac_River_bridge.jpg"},{"image_text":"Broadway, with Main St. at left","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Saranac_Lake%2C_NY_-_Broadway.jpg/220px-Saranac_Lake%2C_NY_-_Broadway.jpg"},{"image_text":"The village of Saranac Lake, bottom, with Lower Saranac Lake, above, from Baker Mountain, to the East. Lake Flower is at lower left.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/SaranacLake.jpg/300px-SaranacLake.jpg"},{"image_text":"Map of New York highlighting Essex County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Map_of_New_York_highlighting_Essex_County.svg/180px-Map_of_New_York_highlighting_Essex_County.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Map of New York highlighting Franklin County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Map_of_New_York_highlighting_Franklin_County.svg/180px-Map_of_New_York_highlighting_Franklin_County.svg.png"}] | [{"title":"Adirondack Canoe Classic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adirondack_Canoe_Classic"},{"title":"Church Street Historic District (Saranac Lake, New York)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_Street_Historic_District_(Saranac_Lake,_New_York)"},{"title":"William L. Coulter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_L._Coulter"},{"title":"Cure Cottages of Saranac Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cure_Cottages_of_Saranac_Lake"},{"title":"William G. Distin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_G._Distin"},{"title":"Historic Saranac Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_Saranac_Lake"},{"title":"North Country Community College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Country_Community_College"},{"title":"Martha Reben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Reben"},{"title":"Saranac Lake High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saranac_Lake_High_School"},{"title":"Sound Adirondack Growth Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_Adirondack_Growth_Alliance"}] | [{"reference":"\"ArcGIS REST Services Directory\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 20, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/arcgis/rest/services/TIGERweb/Places_CouSub_ConCity_SubMCD/MapServer","url_text":"\"ArcGIS REST Services Directory\""}]},{"reference":"\"Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Census Summary File 1 (G001), Saranac Lake village (part), Harrietstown town, Franklin County, New York\". American FactFinder. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 14, 2020. Retrieved June 13, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20200214001139/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/G001/0700000US360333231465233","url_text":"\"Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Census Summary File 1 (G001), Saranac Lake village (part), Harrietstown town, Franklin County, New York\""},{"url":"http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/G001/0700000US360333231465233","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Census Summary File 1 (G001), Saranac Lake village (part), North Elba town, Essex County, New York\". American FactFinder. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 14, 2020. Retrieved June 13, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20200214000629/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/G001/0700000US360315193565233","url_text":"\"Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Census Summary File 1 (G001), Saranac Lake village (part), North Elba town, Essex County, New York\""},{"url":"http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/G001/0700000US360315193565233","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Census Summary File 1 (G001), Saranac Lake village (part), St. Armand town, Essex County, New York\". American FactFinder. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 14, 2020. Retrieved June 13, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20200214000703/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/G001/0700000US360316452965233","url_text":"\"Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Census Summary File 1 (G001), Saranac Lake village (part), St. Armand town, Essex County, New York\""},{"url":"http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/G001/0700000US360316452965233","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Chalmers, Stephen (September 1912). \"Sanitary Saranac Lake: A Small Town That Has Had Only Seventeen Deaths From Contagious Diseases In Twelve Years\". The World's Work: A History of Our Time. XXIV: 581–585. Retrieved July 10, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=F4pgvOJ2Xx8C&pg=PA581","url_text":"\"Sanitary Saranac Lake: A Small Town That Has Had Only Seventeen Deaths From Contagious Diseases In Twelve Years\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%27s_Work","url_text":"The World's Work: A History of Our Time"}]},{"reference":"\"John R. Booth\". Historic Saranac Lake. Retrieved March 14, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://localwiki.org/hsl/John_R._Booth","url_text":"\"John R. Booth\""}]},{"reference":"Kaplan, Thomas (August 24, 2011). \"In Mountain Village, Cuomo Finds Respite\". The New York Times. Retrieved August 25, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/25/nyregion/for-vacation-cuomo-favors-saranac-lake.html","url_text":"\"In Mountain Village, Cuomo Finds Respite\""}]},{"reference":"\"National Register Information System\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","url_text":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"\"National Register of Historic Places\". Weekly List of Actions Taken on Properties: 11/19/12 through 11/23/12. National Park Service. November 30, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/listings/20121130.htm","url_text":"\"National Register of Historic Places\""}]},{"reference":"\"National Register of Historic Places\". Weekly List of Actions Taken on Properties: 10/19/15 through 10/23/15. National Park Service. October 30, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/listings/20151030.htm","url_text":"\"National Register of Historic Places\""}]},{"reference":"\"National Register of Historic Places\". Weekly List of Actions Taken on Properties: 2/23/15 through 2/27/15. National Park Service. March 6, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/listings/20150306.htm","url_text":"\"National Register of Historic Places\""}]},{"reference":"Tissot, Caperton (2012). Saranac Lake's Ice Palace: history of Winter Carnival's crown jewel (1st ed.). Saranac Lake, NY: Snowy Owl Press. p. 6. ISBN 9780615619613.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780615619613","url_text":"9780615619613"}]},{"reference":"\"Can Am Rugby Tournament\". canamrugby.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.canamrugby.com/","url_text":"\"Can Am Rugby Tournament\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pendragon Theatre\". pendragontheatre.org/.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pendragontheatre.org/about-us","url_text":"\"Pendragon Theatre\""}]},{"reference":"\"Plein Air Festival\". saranaclakeartworks.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.saranaclakeartworks.com/pleinair/index.htm","url_text":"\"Plein Air Festival\""}]},{"reference":"\"Saranac Lake ArtWorks\". saranaclakeartworks.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.saranaclakeartworks.com/","url_text":"\"Saranac Lake ArtWorks\""}]},{"reference":"Halpern, Sue (August 18, 1988). \"Adirondack Film Maker Seeks Big-City Success\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1988/08/18/nyregion/adirondack-film-maker-seeks-big-city-success.html","url_text":"\"Adirondack Film Maker Seeks Big-City Success\""}]},{"reference":"\"Robert Louis Stevenson Museum\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.robert-louis-stevenson.org/museums/107","url_text":"\"Robert Louis Stevenson Museum\""}]},{"reference":"\"Slate: GB Trudeau's Doonesbury\".","urls":[{"url":"http://doonesbury.slate.com/strip/cast/bio","url_text":"\"Slate: GB Trudeau's Doonesbury\""}]},{"reference":"Cortese, Amy (November 12, 2011). \"A Town Creates its Own Department Store\". The New York Times. Retrieved November 14, 2011. Community ownership seems to resonate in these days of protest.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/13/business/a-town-in-new-york-creates-its-own-department-store.html","url_text":"\"A Town Creates its Own Department Store\""}]},{"reference":"\"Google maps\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.google.com/maps/dir/Saranac+Lake,+NY/Adirondack+Regional+Airport,+96+Airport+Rd,+Saranac+Lake,+NY+12983/@44.3580525,-74.2024749,13z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m13!4m12!1m5!1m1!1s0x4ccb103211431f41:0xfce94156e5a2168c!2m2!1d-74.1312662!2d44.329496!1m5!1m1!1s0x4ccb0efbdc66df1b:0xb9c1a35e46605c7a!2m2!1d-74.204942!2d44.380925","url_text":"\"Google maps\""}]},{"reference":"\"Trailways\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.trailways.com/","url_text":"\"Trailways\""}]},{"reference":"\"Yahoo Local\".","urls":[{"url":"http://local.yahoo.com/NY/Saranac+Lake/Travel+Lodging/Taxi+Services","url_text":"\"Yahoo Local\""}]},{"reference":"\"APA slates hearings on railroad corridors\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.adirondackexplorer.org/outtakes/adirondack-rail-trail-2/","url_text":"\"APA slates hearings on railroad corridors\""}]},{"reference":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html","url_text":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Saranac Lake village, New York\". U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder. Retrieved February 22, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://factfinder2.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/G001/1600000US3665233","url_text":"\"Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Saranac Lake village, New York\""}]},{"reference":"\"Census of Population and Housing\". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"NOAA Online Weather Data – NWS Burlington\". National Weather Service. Retrieved January 25, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.weather.gov/wrh/climate?wfo=btv","url_text":"\"NOAA Online Weather Data – NWS Burlington\""}]},{"reference":"\"Home\". threadex.rcc-acis.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://threadex.rcc-acis.org/","url_text":"\"Home\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Climate Normals Quick Access – Station: Saranac RGNL AP, NY\". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved January 25, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&stations=USW00094740&format=pdf&dataTypes=MLY-TMAX-NORMAL,MLY-TMIN-NORMAL,MLY-TAVG-NORMAL,MLY-PRCP-NORMAL,MLY-SNOW-NORMAL","url_text":"\"U.S. Climate Normals Quick Access – Station: Saranac RGNL AP, NY\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Potential Natural Vegetation, Original Kuchler Types, v2.0 (Spatially Adjusted to Correct Geometric Distortions)\". Retrieved October 9, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://databasin.org/datasets/1c7a301c8e6843f2b4fe63fdb3a9fe39","url_text":"\"U.S. Potential Natural Vegetation, Original Kuchler Types, v2.0 (Spatially Adjusted to Correct Geometric Distortions)\""}]},{"reference":"\"USDA Interactive Plant Hardiness Map\". United States Department of Agriculture. Archived from the original on June 18, 2021. Retrieved October 9, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210618111217/https://planthardiness.ars.usda.gov/PHZMWeb/InteractiveMap.aspx","url_text":"\"USDA Interactive Plant Hardiness Map\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture","url_text":"United States Department of Agriculture"},{"url":"https://planthardiness.ars.usda.gov/PHZMWeb/InteractiveMap.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"John J. Duquette (March 1992). John M. Penney (ed.). Saranac Lake, A Centennial: 1892-1992. Make-up by Carol Baker Snyder. Saranac Lake, New York: Saranac Lake 1992 Centennial Committee.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Maid, Chery (February 7, 2006). \"Building boom brought many local landmarks- How the 20s roared in Saranac Lake\". Adirondack Enterprise. pp. 1, 9.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Gallos, Phil (February 8, 2006). \"Famous people you might meet on the street- How the 20s roared in Saranac Lake\". Adirondack Enterprise. pp. 1, 10.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Jackson, Linda. \"Flaunting the booze ban- How the 20s roared in Saranac Lake\". Adirondack Enterprise. pp. 1, 12.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Gallos, Phillip L. (1985). Cure Cottages of Saranac Lake. Historic Saranac Lake. pp. viii. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%A9nh_An,_An_Giang | Vĩnh An, An Giang | ["1 References"] | For other uses, see Vĩnh An.
Rural commune in An Giang, VietnamVĩnh AnRural communeCountry VietnamProvinceAn GiangDistrictChâu Thành DistrictTime zoneUTC+07:00 (Indochina Time)ClimateAw
Vĩnh An is a rural commune (xã) of Châu Thành District in An Giang Province, Vietnam.
References
^ "Administrative subdivisions". General Statistics Office of Vietnam. To find information at reference, go to row 89, then row 892, and it is listed on row 30610.
vteAn Giang province
Capital: Long Xuyên
Long Xuyên
Mỹ Bình
Mỹ Long
Mỹ Xuyên
Bình Khánh
Mỹ Phước
Đông Xuyên
Mỹ Quý
Mỹ Thạnh
Mỹ Thới
Bình Đức
Mỹ Hòa
Mỹ Hòa Hưng
Mỹ Khánh
Châu Đốc
Châu Phú A
Châu Phú B
Núi Sam
Vĩnh Mỹ
Vĩnh Nguơn
Vĩnh Châu
Vĩnh Tế
Tân Châu
Long Phú
Long Châu
Long Hưng
Long Sơn
Long Thạnh
Châu Phong
Lê Chánh
Long An
Phú Lộc
Phú Vĩnh
Tân An
Tân Thạnh
Vĩnh Hòa
Vĩnh Xương
An Phú District
An Phú
Long Bình
Đa Phước
Khánh An
Khánh Bình
Nhơn Hội
Phú Hội
Phú Hữu
Phước Hưng
Quốc Thái
Vĩnh Hậu
Vĩnh Hội Đông
Vĩnh Lộc
Vĩnh Trường
Châu Phú District
Cái Dầu
Bình Chánh
Bình Long
Bình Mỹ
Bình Phú
Bình Thủy
Đào Hữu Cảnh
Khánh Hòa
Mỹ Đức
Mỹ Phú
Ô Long Vĩ
Thạnh Mỹ Tây
Vĩnh Thạnh Trung
Châu Thành District
An Châu
An Hòa
Bình Hòa
Bình Thạnh
Cần Đăng
Hòa Bình Thạnh
Tân Phú
Vĩnh An
Vĩnh Bình
Vĩnh Hanh
Vĩnh Lợi
Vĩnh Nhuận
Vĩnh Thành
Chợ Mới District
Chợ Mới
Mỹ Luông
An Thạnh Trung
Bình Phước Xuân
Hòa An
Hòa Bình
Hội An
Kiến An
Kiến Thành
Long Điền A
Long Điền B
Long Giang
Long Kiến
Mỹ An
Mỹ Hiệp
Mỹ Hội Đông
Nhơn Mỹ
Tấn Mỹ
Phú Tân District
Phú Mỹ
Chợ Vàm
Bình Thạnh Đông
Hiệp Xương
Hòa Lạc
Long Hòa
Phú An
Phú Bình
Phú Hiệp
Phú Hưng
Phú Lâm
Phú Thành
Phú Thạnh
Phú Thọ
Phú Long
Phú Xuân
Tân Hòa
Tân Trung
Thoại Sơn District
Núi Sập
Óc Eo
Phú Hòa
An Bình
Bình Thành
Định Mỹ
Định Thành
Mỹ Phú Đông
Phú Thuận
Tây Phú
Thoại Giang
Vĩnh Chánh
Vĩnh Khánh
Vĩnh Phú
Vĩnh Trạch
Vọng Đông
Vọng Thê
Tịnh Biên District
Tịnh Biên
Chi Lăng
Nhà Bàng
An Cư
An Hảo
An Nông
An Phú
Nhơn Hưng
Núi Voi
Tân Lập
Tân Lợi
Thới Sơn
Văn Giáo
Vĩnh Trung
Tri Tôn District
Tri Tôn
Ba Chúc
An Tức
Châu Lăng
Cô Tô
Lạc Quới
Lê Trì
Lương An Trà
Lương Phi
Núi Tô
Ô Lâm
Tà Đảnh
Tân Tuyến
Vĩnh Gia
Vĩnh Phước
This article about a location in An Giang province, Vietnam is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vĩnh An","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%A9nh_An_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"rural commune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commune_(Vietnam)"},{"link_name":"Châu Thành District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2u_Th%C3%A0nh_District,_An_Giang_Province"},{"link_name":"An Giang Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Giang_Province"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"For other uses, see Vĩnh An.Rural commune in An Giang, VietnamVĩnh An is a rural commune (xã) of Châu Thành District in An Giang Province, Vietnam.[1]","title":"Vĩnh An, An Giang"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Administrative subdivisions\". General Statistics Office of Vietnam.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gso.gov.vn/dmhc2015/","url_text":"\"Administrative subdivisions\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Statistics_Office_of_Vietnam","url_text":"General Statistics Office of Vietnam"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.gso.gov.vn/dmhc2015/","external_links_name":"\"Administrative subdivisions\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=V%C4%A9nh_An,_An_Giang&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_St_Bartholomew,_Yeovilton | Church of St Bartholomew, Yeovilton | ["1 History","2 Tower and bells","3 Fleet Air Arm Memorial Church","4 See also","5 References"] | Coordinates: 51°00′17″N 2°38′51″W / 51.00472°N 2.64750°W / 51.00472; -2.64750Church in Somerset, England
Church of St BartholomewLocationYeovilton, Somerset, EnglandCoordinates51°00′17″N 2°38′51″W / 51.00472°N 2.64750°W / 51.00472; -2.64750Builtc. 1300
Listed Building – Grade II*Official nameChurch of Saint BartholomewDesignated19 April 1961Reference no.262788
Location of Church of St Bartholomew in Somerset
The Church of St Bartholomew in the parish of Yeovilton, Somerset, England, was built around 1300. It is a Grade II* listed building.
The church became the property of Montacute Priory and then part of the Diocese of Bath and Wells. It still contains some fabric and fittings from the 14th and 15th centuries but underwent a major restoration in the Victorian era.
The church fell into disrepair in the 20th century but has been taken over and restored as the Fleet Air Arm’s Memorial Church following links since World War II with the nearby airbase RNAS Yeovilton.
History
The original Norman church was built of local lias stone with Hamstone dressings. It was granted by Sir William of Yeovilton to Montacute Priory between 1272 and 1282, who then sold it to Robert Burnell the Bishop of Bath and Wells and it eventually became part of the Diocese of Bath and Wells. From 1642 Richard Sterne held the rectory of Yeovilton before going on to become Archbishop of York. The rector between 1762 and 1805 was Daniel Dumaresq after his period as an educational consultant to Russian and Polish monarchs.
The chancel contains a 14th-century piscina and some 15th-century stained glass. The nave has a 15th-century font.
The vestry was added in 1872, when a major Victorian restoration was undertaken, and the wagon roof replaced.
Tower and bells
The three stage tower was built in 1486. The money for this was donated by Richard Swan, the rector at the time. It contains six bells, the oldest of which dates from around 1430 and was cast at the Exeter Bell foundry. The most recent was added in 1993 and was cast at the Whitechapel Bell Foundry.
Fleet Air Arm Memorial Church
In the first half of the 20th century the church was falling into disrepair until after World War II an association developed with the staff from the nearby RNAS Yeovilton. The churchyard contains 15 graves of British and Commonwealth forces during World War II mostly from the airbase. By 1988 the fabric of the building was considered unsafe and the church declared redundant, and was sold to the Royal Navy for £1. Restoration work was carried out funded by public donation and, in 1993, the church was reopened as the Fleet Air Arm’s Memorial Church. The church holds the Fleet Air Arm's Roll of Honour.
New porch gates, which were made at HMS Daedalus and carry the emblem of the Fleet Air Arm, have been installed. Within the Fleet Air Arm Memorial Chapel modern stained glass has been installed with the badges of RNAS stations Gannet, Osprey, Heron, Seahawk and Daedalus.
See also
List of ecclesiastical parishes in the Diocese of Bath and Wells
References
^ a b c Historic England. "Church of Saint Bartholomew (1056787)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 19 February 2013.
^ a b c R. W. Dunning (editor), A. P. Baggs, R. J. E. Bush, Margaret Tomlinson (1974). "Parishes: Yeovilton". A History of the County of Somerset: Volume 3. Institute of Historical Research. Retrieved 19 February 2013. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ a b c "St Bartholomew's Church". Fleet Air Arm Museum. Retrieved 19 February 2013.
^ Dunning, Robert (2007). Somerset Churches and Chapels: Building Repair and Restoration. Halsgrove. p. 41. ISBN 978-1841145921.
^ Pevsner, Nikolaus (2002). South and West Somerset (The Buildings of England) (Pevsner Architectural Guides: Buildings of England). Yale University Press. pp. 357–358. ISBN 978-0300096446.
^ "Yeovilton St Bartholomew". Dawson Heritage. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 19 February 2013.
^ "Yeovilton St Bartholomew". Dove's Guide for Church Bell Ringers. Retrieved 19 February 2013.
^ "The Fleet Air Arm Memorial Church". Fleet Air Arm Memorial Church.
^ "Yeovilton (St Bartholomew) Churchyard". Commonwealth War Graves Commission. Retrieved 19 February 2013.
^ "Redundant churches — Diocese of Bath and Wells" (PDF). Church of England. Retrieved 19 February 2013.
^ a b "St Bartholomew's Church, Yeovilton" (PDF). Cloudobservers. Retrieved 19 February 2013.
^ "Saint Bartholomew's, The Fleet Air Arm Memorial Church". Fly Navy Heritage Trust. Retrieved 19 February 2013. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yeovilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeovilton"},{"link_name":"Somerset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerset"},{"link_name":"listed building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listed_building"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IoE-1"},{"link_name":"Montacute Priory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montacute_Priory"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Bath and Wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_of_Bath_and_Wells"},{"link_name":"Victorian era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_era"},{"link_name":"Fleet Air Arm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleet_Air_Arm"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"RNAS Yeovilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNAS_Yeovilton_(HMS_Heron)"}],"text":"Church in Somerset, EnglandThe Church of St Bartholomew in the parish of Yeovilton, Somerset, England, was built around 1300. 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It still contains some fabric and fittings from the 14th and 15th centuries but underwent a major restoration in the Victorian era.The church fell into disrepair in the 20th century but has been taken over and restored as the Fleet Air Arm’s Memorial Church following links since World War II with the nearby airbase RNAS Yeovilton.","title":"Church of St Bartholomew, Yeovilton"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Norman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_architecture"},{"link_name":"lias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lias_Group"},{"link_name":"Hamstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamstone"},{"link_name":"Montacute Priory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montacute_Priory"},{"link_name":"Robert Burnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Burnell"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Bath and Wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Bath_and_Wells"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Bath and Wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_of_Bath_and_Wells"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bho-2"},{"link_name":"Richard Sterne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Sterne_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_York"},{"link_name":"Daniel Dumaresq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Dumaresq"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bho-2"},{"link_name":"chancel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancel"},{"link_name":"piscina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piscina"},{"link_name":"stained glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stained_glass"},{"link_name":"nave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nave"},{"link_name":"font","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptismal_font"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-faam-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bho-2"},{"link_name":"Victorian restoration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_restoration"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IoE-1"},{"link_name":"wagon roof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrel_vault"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-faam-3"}],"text":"The original Norman church was built of local lias stone with Hamstone dressings. It was granted by Sir William of Yeovilton to Montacute Priory between 1272 and 1282, who then sold it to Robert Burnell the Bishop of Bath and Wells and it eventually became part of the Diocese of Bath and Wells.[2] From 1642 Richard Sterne held the rectory of Yeovilton before going on to become Archbishop of York. The rector between 1762 and 1805 was Daniel Dumaresq after his period as an educational consultant to Russian and Polish monarchs.[2]The chancel contains a 14th-century piscina and some 15th-century stained glass. The nave has a 15th-century font.[3]The vestry was added in 1872,[2] when a major Victorian restoration was undertaken,[1] and the wagon roof replaced.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Exeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exeter"},{"link_name":"Whitechapel Bell Foundry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitechapel_Bell_Foundry"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The three stage tower was built in 1486.[4] The money for this was donated by Richard Swan, the rector at the time.[5][6] It contains six bells, the oldest of which dates from around 1430 and was cast at the Exeter Bell foundry. The most recent was added in 1993 and was cast at the Whitechapel Bell Foundry.[7]","title":"Tower and bells"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"RNAS Yeovilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNAS_Yeovilton_(HMS_Heron)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-faamc-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"redundant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redundant_church"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cloudobservers-11"},{"link_name":"Fleet Air Arm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleet_Air_Arm"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-faam-3"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"HMS Daedalus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNAS_Lee-on-Solent_(HMS_Daedalus)"},{"link_name":"Gannet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNAS_Eglinton_(HMS_Gannet)"},{"link_name":"Osprey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNAS_Portland_(HMS_Osprey)"},{"link_name":"Heron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Heron"},{"link_name":"Seahawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNAS_Culdrose_(HMS_Seahawk)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cloudobservers-11"}],"text":"In the first half of the 20th century the church was falling into disrepair until after World War II an association developed with the staff from the nearby RNAS Yeovilton.[8] The churchyard contains 15 graves of British and Commonwealth forces during World War II mostly from the airbase.[9] By 1988 the fabric of the building was considered unsafe and the church declared redundant,[10] and was sold to the Royal Navy for £1.[11] Restoration work was carried out funded by public donation and, in 1993, the church was reopened as the Fleet Air Arm’s Memorial Church. The church holds the Fleet Air Arm's Roll of Honour.[3][12]New porch gates, which were made at HMS Daedalus and carry the emblem of the Fleet Air Arm, have been installed. Within the Fleet Air Arm Memorial Chapel modern stained glass has been installed with the badges of RNAS stations Gannet, Osprey, Heron, Seahawk and Daedalus.[11]","title":"Fleet Air Arm Memorial Church"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of ecclesiastical parishes in the Diocese of Bath and Wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ecclesiastical_parishes_in_the_Diocese_of_Bath_and_Wells"}] | [{"reference":"Historic England. \"Church of Saint Bartholomew (1056787)\". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 19 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England","url_text":"Historic England"},{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1056787","url_text":"\"Church of Saint Bartholomew (1056787)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England","url_text":"National Heritage List for England"}]},{"reference":"R. W. Dunning (editor), A. P. Baggs, R. J. E. Bush, Margaret Tomlinson (1974). \"Parishes: Yeovilton\". A History of the County of Somerset: Volume 3. Institute of Historical Research. Retrieved 19 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=66496","url_text":"\"Parishes: Yeovilton\""}]},{"reference":"\"St Bartholomew's Church\". Fleet Air Arm Museum. Retrieved 19 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fleetairarm.com/faa-st-bartholomew-church.aspx","url_text":"\"St Bartholomew's Church\""}]},{"reference":"Dunning, Robert (2007). Somerset Churches and Chapels: Building Repair and Restoration. Halsgrove. p. 41. ISBN 978-1841145921.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1841145921","url_text":"978-1841145921"}]},{"reference":"Pevsner, Nikolaus (2002). South and West Somerset (The Buildings of England) (Pevsner Architectural Guides: Buildings of England). Yale University Press. pp. 357–358. ISBN 978-0300096446.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaus_Pevsner","url_text":"Pevsner, Nikolaus"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zaqpW4jc0JEC&q=St+Bartholomew+Yeovilton&pg=PA357","url_text":"South and West Somerset (The Buildings of England) (Pevsner Architectural Guides: Buildings of England)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300096446","url_text":"978-0300096446"}]},{"reference":"\"Yeovilton St Bartholomew\". Dawson Heritage. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 19 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150923212916/http://www.dawsonheritage.co.uk/somerset_churches/church.asp?ChooseChurch=Yeovilton%20St%20Bartholomew","url_text":"\"Yeovilton St Bartholomew\""},{"url":"http://www.dawsonheritage.co.uk/somerset_churches/church.asp?ChooseChurch=Yeovilton%20St%20Bartholomew","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Yeovilton St Bartholomew\". Dove's Guide for Church Bell Ringers. Retrieved 19 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://dove.cccbr.org.uk/detail.php?DoveID=YEOVILTON&showFrames=true","url_text":"\"Yeovilton St Bartholomew\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Fleet Air Arm Memorial Church\". Fleet Air Arm Memorial Church.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.faamc.co.uk/brief_history_1.html","url_text":"\"The Fleet Air Arm Memorial Church\""}]},{"reference":"\"Yeovilton (St Bartholomew) Churchyard\". Commonwealth War Graves Commission. Retrieved 19 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cwgc.org/find-a-cemetery/cemetery/2067918/Yeovilton%20(St.%20Bartholomew)%20Churchyard","url_text":"\"Yeovilton (St Bartholomew) Churchyard\""}]},{"reference":"\"Redundant churches — Diocese of Bath and Wells\" (PDF). Church of England. Retrieved 19 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.churchofengland.org/media/810289/bathandwells.pdf","url_text":"\"Redundant churches — Diocese of Bath and Wells\""}]},{"reference":"\"St Bartholomew's Church, Yeovilton\" (PDF). Cloudobservers. Retrieved 19 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://cloudobservers.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2011/10/FAA-Memorial-Church.pdf","url_text":"\"St Bartholomew's Church, Yeovilton\""}]},{"reference":"\"Saint Bartholomew's, The Fleet Air Arm Memorial Church\". Fly Navy Heritage Trust. Retrieved 19 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fnht.co.uk/fleet_air_arm_church.html","url_text":"\"Saint Bartholomew's, The Fleet Air Arm Memorial Church\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Church_of_St_Bartholomew,_Yeovilton¶ms=51_00_17_N_2_38_51_W_type:landmark","external_links_name":"51°00′17″N 2°38′51″W / 51.00472°N 2.64750°W / 51.00472; -2.64750"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Church_of_St_Bartholomew,_Yeovilton¶ms=51_00_17_N_2_38_51_W_type:landmark","external_links_name":"51°00′17″N 2°38′51″W / 51.00472°N 2.64750°W / 51.00472; -2.64750"},{"Link":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1056787","external_links_name":"\"Church of Saint Bartholomew (1056787)\""},{"Link":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=66496","external_links_name":"\"Parishes: Yeovilton\""},{"Link":"http://www.fleetairarm.com/faa-st-bartholomew-church.aspx","external_links_name":"\"St Bartholomew's Church\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zaqpW4jc0JEC&q=St+Bartholomew+Yeovilton&pg=PA357","external_links_name":"South and West Somerset (The Buildings of England) (Pevsner Architectural Guides: Buildings of England)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150923212916/http://www.dawsonheritage.co.uk/somerset_churches/church.asp?ChooseChurch=Yeovilton%20St%20Bartholomew","external_links_name":"\"Yeovilton St Bartholomew\""},{"Link":"http://www.dawsonheritage.co.uk/somerset_churches/church.asp?ChooseChurch=Yeovilton%20St%20Bartholomew","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://dove.cccbr.org.uk/detail.php?DoveID=YEOVILTON&showFrames=true","external_links_name":"\"Yeovilton St Bartholomew\""},{"Link":"http://www.faamc.co.uk/brief_history_1.html","external_links_name":"\"The Fleet Air Arm Memorial Church\""},{"Link":"http://www.cwgc.org/find-a-cemetery/cemetery/2067918/Yeovilton%20(St.%20Bartholomew)%20Churchyard","external_links_name":"\"Yeovilton (St Bartholomew) Churchyard\""},{"Link":"http://www.churchofengland.org/media/810289/bathandwells.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Redundant churches — Diocese of Bath and Wells\""},{"Link":"http://cloudobservers.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2011/10/FAA-Memorial-Church.pdf","external_links_name":"\"St Bartholomew's Church, Yeovilton\""},{"Link":"http://www.fnht.co.uk/fleet_air_arm_church.html","external_links_name":"\"Saint Bartholomew's, The Fleet Air Arm Memorial Church\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_Grant,_Nova_Scotia | Chester Grant, Nova Scotia | ["1 References"] | Coordinates: 44°36′40″N 64°19′33″W / 44.61111°N 64.32583°W / 44.61111; -64.32583 (Chester Grant, Nova Scotia)Human settlement in Nova Scotia, Canada
class=notpageimage| Chester Grant in Nova Scotia
Chester Grant is a community in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia, located in the Chester Municipal District.
44°36′40″N 64°19′33″W / 44.61111°N 64.32583°W / 44.61111; -64.32583 (Chester Grant, Nova Scotia)
References
Chester Grant on Destination Nova Scotia
This Lunenburg County, Nova Scotia location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canada_Nova_Scotia_location_map_2.svg"},{"link_name":"class=notpageimage|","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canada_Nova_Scotia_location_map_2.svg"},{"link_name":"Nova Scotia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"Canadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Nova Scotia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"Chester Municipal District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_Municipal_District,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"44°36′40″N 64°19′33″W / 44.61111°N 64.32583°W / 44.61111; -64.32583 (Chester Grant, Nova Scotia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chester_Grant,_Nova_Scotia¶ms=44_36_40_N_64_19_33_W_region:CA-NS_scale:100000&title=Chester+Grant%2C+Nova+Scotia"}],"text":"Human settlement in Nova Scotia, Canadaclass=notpageimage| Chester Grant in Nova ScotiaChester Grant is a community in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia, located in the Chester Municipal District.44°36′40″N 64°19′33″W / 44.61111°N 64.32583°W / 44.61111; -64.32583 (Chester Grant, Nova Scotia)","title":"Chester Grant, Nova Scotia"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chester_Grant,_Nova_Scotia¶ms=44_36_40_N_64_19_33_W_region:CA-NS_scale:100000&title=Chester+Grant%2C+Nova+Scotia","external_links_name":"44°36′40″N 64°19′33″W / 44.61111°N 64.32583°W / 44.61111; -64.32583 (Chester Grant, Nova Scotia)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chester_Grant,_Nova_Scotia¶ms=44_36_40_N_64_19_33_W_region:CA-NS_scale:100000&title=Chester+Grant%2C+Nova+Scotia","external_links_name":"44°36′40″N 64°19′33″W / 44.61111°N 64.32583°W / 44.61111; -64.32583 (Chester Grant, Nova Scotia)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050825170030/http://destination-ns.com/common/places.asp?PlaceID=1948#general","external_links_name":"Chester Grant on Destination Nova Scotia"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chester_Grant,_Nova_Scotia&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turnagain_Island_(Queensland) | Turnagain Island (Queensland) | ["1 Geography","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"] | Coordinates: 9°34′01″S 142°16′59″E / 9.567°S 142.283°E / -9.567; 142.283Island in Queensland, Australia
TurnagainBuru IslandA Landsat image of Turnagain IslandA map of the Torres Strait Islands showing Turnagain in the northern central waters of Torres StraitGeographyLocationNorthern AustraliaCoordinates9°34′01″S 142°16′59″E / 9.567°S 142.283°E / -9.567; 142.283ArchipelagoTorres Strait IslandsAdjacent toTorres StraitArea11.98 km2 (4.63 sq mi)Length7.5 km (4.66 mi)Width2.2 km (1.37 mi)AdministrationAustraliaStateQueenslandLocal government areaTorres Strait Island Region
Turnagain, also called Buru Island, is an island of the Western Islands region of the Torres Strait Islands archipelago, located in the northern section of Torres Strait, Queensland, Australia. Turnagain is located within the Torres Strait Island Region Local government area.
Geography
The island is located approximately 38 kilometres (24 mi) south of the Western Province of Papua New Guinea. Turnagain is 7.5 kilometres (4.7 mi) in length and up to 2.2 kilometres (1.4 mi) wide. Its area of 11.98 square kilometres (4.63 sq mi) is heavily wooded. It is uninhabited and is the shape of an elongated teardrop.
See also
Queensland portalIslands portal
List of Torres Strait Islands
References
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Turnagain Island" Queensland – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
External links
DFAT website
Australian Treaty Series 1985 No 4
vteList of Torres Strait topicsTorres Strait Islands,islets, and caysBellevue group
Aipus
Cap
Kamutnab
Keatinge
Mabuiag
Pulu
Subur
Warakuikul Talab
Widul
Bourke group
Aukane
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Layoak
Mimi
Roberts
Yam
Duncan group
Kanig
Maitak
Meth
Inner group
Port Lihou
Yeta
Adolphus Channel group
Albany
Bush
Eborac
Ida
Middle Brother
Talbot group
Aubussi
Boigu
Moimi
The Three Sisters group
Bet
Poll
Sue
Yorke group
Keats
Marsden
Rennel
Smith
Ungrouped
Allison
Anchor
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Badu
Barn
Barney
Bond
Booby
Bramble
Browne
Campbell
Canoe
Castle
Coconut
Crab
Dalrymple
Darnley
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Dayman
Deliverance
Dove
Dugong
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East
East Strait
Entrance
Farewell
Flat
Friday
Gabba
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Goods
Great Woody
Green
Halfway
Hammond
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High
Horn
Kaumag
Kerr
Lacey
Little Adolphus
Little Woody
Lowry
Mai
Meddler
Moa
Morilug
Mouinndo
Mount Adolphus
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Murangi
Murray
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Nicklin
North
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Obelisk
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Quoin
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Roko
Saddle
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Salter
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Stephens
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Thursday
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Turnagain
Turtle Head
Turtle
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Underdown
Wednesday
West
Whale
Woody Wallis
York
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People, culture,communities andlanguagesNotable Torres Strait Islanders
Christine Anu
Seaman Dan
Aaron Fa'aoso
Josh Hoffman
Nathan Jawai
Ellen Jose
Robert Lui
Eddie Mabo
Rachael Maza
Patty Mills
Rita Mills
Mills Sisters
Danny Morseu
Tanu Nona
Albert Proud
Wendell Sailor
Sam Thaiday
Brent Webb
Jesse Williams
Culture
Indigenous music of Australia
Mabo (film)
Taba Naba
Communities
Bamaga
Kaurareg
Mabuiag
Meriam (people)
Seisia
Languages
Bine
Eastern Trans-Fly
Gizrra
Kalaw Lagaw Ya
Meriam
Torres Strait Creole
Torres Strait English
Wipi
Governance andlegal mattersGovernance
Shire of Torres
Torres Strait Islander Flag
Torres Strait Island Region
Torres Strait Regional Authority
Legal cases and principles
Akiba v Commonwealth
Mabo v Queensland
No 1
No 2
Terra nullius
Buildings and structures
Boigu Island Airport
Booby Island Light
Coconut Island Airport
Darnley Island Airport
Eborac Island Light
Goods Island Light
Kubin Airport
Murray Island Airport
Saibai Island Airport
Warraber Island Airport
Wyborn Reef Light
Yam Island Airport
Yorke Island Airport
Other
Adolphus Channel
Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
Birds of Boigu, Saibai and Dauan Islands
Endeavour Strait
Alfred Cort Haddon
Margaret Lawrie
Sea Swift
Warul Kawa Indigenous Protected Area
Category Commons See also: List of Torres Strait Islands
This Queensland location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island"},{"link_name":"Torres Strait Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islands"},{"link_name":"archipelago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archipelago"},{"link_name":"Torres Strait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torres_Strait"},{"link_name":"Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Torres Strait Island Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torres_Strait_Island_Region"},{"link_name":"Local government area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_government_in_Queensland"}],"text":"Island in Queensland, AustraliaTurnagain, also called Buru Island, is an island of the Western Islands region of the Torres Strait Islands archipelago, located in the northern section of Torres Strait, Queensland, Australia. Turnagain is located within the Torres Strait Island Region Local government area.","title":"Turnagain Island (Queensland)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Western Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Province_(Papua_New_Guinea)"},{"link_name":"Papua New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea"}],"text":"The island is located approximately 38 kilometres (24 mi) south of the Western Province of Papua New Guinea. Turnagain is 7.5 kilometres (4.7 mi) in length and up to 2.2 kilometres (1.4 mi) wide. Its area of 11.98 square kilometres (4.63 sq mi) is heavily wooded. It is uninhabited and is the shape of an elongated teardrop.","title":"Geography"}] | [] | [{"title":"Queensland portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Queensland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg"},{"title":"Islands portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Islands"},{"title":"List of Torres Strait Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Torres_Strait_Islands"}] | [] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Turnagain_Island_(Queensland)¶ms=9.567_S_142.283_E_type:isle_region:AU-QLD","external_links_name":"9°34′01″S 142°16′59″E / 9.567°S 142.283°E / -9.567; 142.283"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Turnagain_Island_(Queensland)¶ms=9.567_S_142.283_E_type:isle_region:AU-QLD","external_links_name":"9°34′01″S 142°16′59″E / 9.567°S 142.283°E / -9.567; 142.283"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Turnagain+Island%22+Queensland","external_links_name":"\"Turnagain Island\" Queensland"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Turnagain+Island%22+Queensland+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Turnagain+Island%22+Queensland&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Turnagain+Island%22+Queensland+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Turnagain+Island%22+Queensland","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Turnagain+Island%22+Queensland&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/torres_strait/index.html","external_links_name":"DFAT website"},{"Link":"http://beta.austlii.edu.au/au/other/dfat/treaties/1985/4.html","external_links_name":"Australian Treaty Series 1985 No 4"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turnagain_Island_(Queensland)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Ingram | Bill Ingram | ["1 Coaching career","2 Head coaching record","3 References","4 External links"] | American football player and coach (1898–1943)
For the politician, see Bill Ingram (politician).
Bill IngramBiographical detailsBorn(1898-06-14)June 14, 1898Jeffersonville, Indiana, U.S.DiedJune 2, 1943(1943-06-02) (aged 44)Los Gatos, California, U.S.Playing career1916–1918Navy
Coaching career (HC unless noted)1922William & Mary1923–1925Indiana1926–1930Navy1931–1934California
Head coaching recordOverall75–42–9Accomplishments and honorsChampionships1 National (1926)Awards
Second-team All-American (1917)
College Football Hall of FameInducted in 1973 (profile)
William Austin Ingram (June 14, 1898 – June 2, 1943) was an American college football player and coach. He served as the head football coach at The College of William & Mary (1922), Indiana University (1923–1925), the United States Naval Academy (1926–1930), and the University of California, Berkeley (1931–1934), compiling a career record of 75–42–9. Ingram's 1926 Navy team went 9–0–1 and was recognized as a national champion by the Boand System and the Houlgate System. Ingram was also known by the nickname "Navy Bill", due to his background at Annapolis. He was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame as a coach in 1973, and he died in his sleep while serving as a Major in the Marine Corps.
Coaching career
From 1923 to 1925, he guided Indiana to a 10–12–1 record. At Navy he posted a 32–13–4 record. These totals included his 1926 team, which finished with a 9–0–1 record. He coached at California and won 27 games in four years. During the 1934 West Coast waterfront strike, Ingram organized his Cal players to work as strikebreakers.
Head coaching record
Year
Team
Overall
Conference
Standing
Bowl/playoffs
William & Mary Indians (Independent) (1922)
1922
William & Mary
6–3
William & Mary:
6–3
Indiana Hoosiers (Big Ten Conference) (1923–1925)
1923
Indiana
3–4
2–2
T–5th
1924
Indiana
4–4
1–3
7th
1925
Indiana
3–4–1
0–3–1
T–9th
Indiana:
10–12–1
3–8–1
Navy Midshipmen (Independent) (1926–1930)
1926
Navy
9–0–1
1927
Navy
6–3
1928
Navy
5–3–1
1929
Navy
6–2–2
1930
Navy
6–5
Navy:
32–13–4
California Golden Bears (Pacific Coast Conference) (1931–1934)
1931
California
8–2
4–1
2nd
1932
California
7–3–2
2–2–1
T–5th
1933
California
6–3–2
2–2–2
6th
1934
California
6–6
3–2
5th
California:
27–14–4
11–7–3
Total:
75–42–9
National championship Conference title Conference division title or championship game berth
References
^ a b Hochschild, Adam (29 March 2016). Spain in Our Hearts: Americans in the Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 9780547973180. p. 8: At Berkeley, hundreds of professors and students, like Merriman, ferverntly backed the strikers, while the football coach—William Ingram, an Annapolis graduate known as 'Navy Bill'—organized players to work as strikebreakers.
^ "Marine Corps Chevron 5 June 1943 — Historical Periodicals".
External links
Bill Ingram at the College Football Hall of Fame
Bill Ingram at Find a Grave
vteWilliam & Mary Tribe head football coaches
No coach (1893)
John W. Wright (1894)
No team (1895)
Bill Armstrong (1896)
W. J. King (1897–1898)
William H. Burke (1899)
W. J. King (1900)
No coach (1901–1902)
Harold J. Davall (1903)
J. Merrill Blanchard (1904–1905)
H. W. Withers (1906)
James E. Barry (1907)
George E. O'Hearn (1908–1909)
J. Merrill Blanchard (1910)
William J. Young (1911–1912)
Dexter W. Draper (1913–1915)
Samuel H. Hubbard (1916)
Harry Young (1917)
Vernon Geddy (1918)
James G. Driver (1919–1920)
Bill Fincher (1921)
Bill Ingram (1922)
J. Wilder Tasker (1923–1927)
Branch Bocock (1928–1930)
John Kellison (1931–1934)
Thomas Dowler (1935)
Branch Bocock (1936–1938)
Carl M. Voyles (1939–1942)
No team (1943)
Rube McCray (1944–1950)
Marvin Bass (1951)
Jack Freeman (1952–1956)
Milt Drewer (1957–1963)
Marv Levy (1964–1968)
Lou Holtz (1969–1971)
Jim Root (1972–1979)
Jimmye Laycock (1980–2018)
Mike London (2019– )
vteIndiana Hoosiers head football coaches
Arthur B. Woodford (1887–1888)
Evans Woollen (1889)
No team (1890)
Billy Herod (1891)
No coach (1892–1893)
Gustave Ferbert & Joseph R. Hudelson (1894)
Winchester Osgood & Robert Wrenn (1895)
Madison G. Gonterman (1896–1897)
James H. Horne (1898–1904)
James M. Sheldon (1905–1913)
Clarence Childs (1914–1915)
Ewald O. Stiehm (1916–1921)
James P. Herron (1922)
Bill Ingram (1923–1925)
Harlan Page (1926–1930)
Earl C. Hayes (1931–1933)
Bo McMillin (1934–1947)
Clyde B. Smith (1948–1951)
Bernie Crimmins (1952–1956)
Bob Hicks # (1957)
Phil Dickens (1958–1964)
John Pont (1965–1972)
Lee Corso (1973–1982)
Sam Wyche (1983)
Bill Mallory (1984–1996)
Cam Cameron (1997–2001)
Gerry DiNardo (2002–2004)
Terry Hoeppner (2005–2006)
Bill Lynch (2007–2010)
Kevin Wilson (2011–2016)
Tom Allen (2016–2023)
Curt Cignetti (2024– )
# denotes interim head coach
vteNavy Midshipmen head football coaches
No coach (1879)
No team (1880–1881)
Vaulx Carter (1882)
No coach (1883–1891)
Ben Crosby (1892)
John A. Hartwell (1893)
William Wurtenburg (1894)
Matthew McClung (1895)
Johnny Poe (1896)
Bill Armstrong (1897–1899)
Garrett Cochran (1900)
Art Hillebrand (1901–1902)
Burr Chamberlain (1903)
Paul Dashiell (1904–1906)
Joseph M. Reeves (1907)
Frank Berrien (1908–1910)
Douglas Legate Howard (1911–1914)
Jonas H. Ingram (1915–1916)
Gil Dobie (1917–1919)
Bob Folwell (1920–1924)
Jack Owsley (1925)
Bill Ingram (1926–1930)
Edgar Miller (1931–1933)
Tom Hamilton (1934–1936)
Hank Hardwick (1937–1938)
Swede Larson (1939–1941)
John Whelchel (1942–1943)
Oscar Hagberg (1944–1945)
Tom Hamilton (1946–1947)
George Sauer (1948–1949)
Eddie Erdelatz (1950–1958)
Wayne Hardin (1959–1964)
Bill Elias (1965–1968)
Rick Forzano (1969–1972)
George Welsh (1973–1981)
Gary Tranquill (1982–1986)
Elliot Uzelac (1987–1989)
George Chaump (1990–1994)
Charlie Weatherbie (1995–2001)
Rick Lantz # (2001)
Paul Johnson (2002–2007)
Ken Niumatalolo (2007–2022)
Brian Newberry (2023– )
# denotes interim head coach
vteCalifornia Golden Bears head football coaches
No coach (1882–1884)
Oscar S. Howard (1885–1886)
No coach (1887–1888)
All games cancelled (1889)
No coach (1890–1892 spring)
Lee McClung (1892)
Pudge Heffelfinger (1893)
Charles O. Gill (1894)
Frank Butterworth (1895–1896)
Charles P. Nott (1897)
Garrett Cochran (1898–1899)
Addison Kelly (1900)
Frank W. Simpson (1901)
James Whipple (1902–1903)
James Hopper (1904)
J. W. Knibbs (1905)
No team (1906–1914)
Jimmie Schaeffer (1915)
Andy Smith (1916–1925)
Nibs Price (1926–1930)
Bill Ingram (1931–1934)
Stub Allison (1935–1944)
Buck Shaw (1945)
Frank Wickhorst (1946)
Pappy Waldorf (1947–1956)
Pete Elliott (1957–1959)
Marv Levy (1960–1963)
Ray Willsey (1964–1971)
Mike White (1972–1977)
Roger Theder (1978–1981)
Joe Kapp (1982–1986)
Bruce Snyder (1987–1991)
Keith Gilbertson (1992–1995)
Steve Mariucci (1996)
Tom Holmoe (1997–2001)
Jeff Tedford (2002–2012)
Sonny Dykes (2013–2016)
Justin Wilcox (2017– )
vte1926 Navy Midshipmen football—national champions
Edward Burke
Tom Hamilton
Frank Wickhorst
Head coach
Bill Ingram | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bill Ingram (politician)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Ingram_(politician)"},{"link_name":"college football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_football"},{"link_name":"The College of William & Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_College_of_William_%26_Mary"},{"link_name":"Indiana University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_University_(Bloomington)"},{"link_name":"United States Naval Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy"},{"link_name":"University of California, Berkeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley"},{"link_name":"1926 Navy team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1926_Navy_Midshipmen_football_team"},{"link_name":"national champion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_football_national_championships_in_NCAA_Division_I_FBS"},{"link_name":"Boand System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boand_System"},{"link_name":"Annapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hochschild-1"},{"link_name":"College Football Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_Football_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"For the politician, see Bill Ingram (politician).William Austin Ingram (June 14, 1898 – June 2, 1943) was an American college football player and coach. He served as the head football coach at The College of William & Mary (1922), Indiana University (1923–1925), the United States Naval Academy (1926–1930), and the University of California, Berkeley (1931–1934), compiling a career record of 75–42–9. Ingram's 1926 Navy team went 9–0–1 and was recognized as a national champion by the Boand System and the Houlgate System. Ingram was also known by the nickname \"Navy Bill\", due to his background at Annapolis.[1] He was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame as a coach in 1973, and he died in his sleep while serving as a Major in the Marine Corps.[2]","title":"Bill Ingram"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1934 West Coast waterfront strike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1934_West_Coast_waterfront_strike"},{"link_name":"Cal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Golden_Bears_football"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hochschild-1"}],"text":"From 1923 to 1925, he guided Indiana to a 10–12–1 record. At Navy he posted a 32–13–4 record. These totals included his 1926 team, which finished with a 9–0–1 record. He coached at California and won 27 games in four years. During the 1934 West Coast waterfront strike, Ingram organized his Cal players to work as strikebreakers.[1]","title":"Coaching career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Head coaching record"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Hochschild, Adam (29 March 2016). Spain in Our Hearts: Americans in the Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 9780547973180. p. 8: At Berkeley, hundreds of professors and students, like Merriman, ferverntly backed the strikers, while the football coach—William Ingram, an Annapolis graduate known as 'Navy Bill'—organized players to work as strikebreakers.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780547973180","url_text":"9780547973180"}]},{"reference":"\"Marine Corps Chevron 5 June 1943 — Historical Periodicals\".","urls":[{"url":"http://historicperiodicals.princeton.edu/historic/cgi-bin/historic?a=d&d=MarineCorpsChevron19430605-01.2.150&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-------#","url_text":"\"Marine Corps Chevron 5 June 1943 — Historical Periodicals\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://footballfoundation.org/hof_search.aspx?hof=1449","external_links_name":"profile"},{"Link":"http://historicperiodicals.princeton.edu/historic/cgi-bin/historic?a=d&d=MarineCorpsChevron19430605-01.2.150&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-------#","external_links_name":"\"Marine Corps Chevron 5 June 1943 — Historical Periodicals\""},{"Link":"https://footballfoundation.org/hof_search.aspx?hof=1449","external_links_name":"Bill Ingram"},{"Link":"https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/73692493","external_links_name":"Bill Ingram"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanguard_Sailboats | Vanguard Sailboats | ["1 History","2 Sailing Community","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"] | Sailboat builder
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Vanguard Sailboats" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Vanguard SailboatsCompany typePrivateIndustrySailingFoundedWaukesha, Wisconsin, USA (1967)FoundersPeter Harken, Olaf HarkenHeadquartersPortsmouth, Rhode Island, USWebsitewww.laserperformance.com
Vanguard Sailboats was one of the most successful sailboat builders. It was founded in 1967, and is now owned by LaserPerformance.
History
Vanguard Sailboats was founded in 1967 in Waukesha, Wisconsin, USA by Peter and Olaf Harken. The brothers started to gain attention after their sailing hardware was used on boats that won Olympic gold in 1968, and after Vanguard supplied the Finn class for several countries in the 1976 Olympics. The hardware segment was maintained somewhat separately, as it was marketed to competing boat builders. In 1986, the Harkens sold Vanguard to Stephen Clark, who moved the business to Portsmouth, Rhode Island. The brothers focused their efforts on the performance sailing hardware business in Pewaukee, WI under the name Harken, Inc., while Vanguard continued in boat building.
In March 1997, Vanguard Sailboats, Inc., bought Sunfish Laser, Inc., which built the Laser, Sunfish and 49er sailboats.
In 2007 Vanguard Sailboats was acquired by Performance Sailcraft Europe. The combined company is known as LaserPerformance.
Sailing Community
LaserPerformance is very active in the sailing community and was a major sponsor of the Intercollegiate Sailing Association until 2022. The ICSA is the organization that governs college sailing in North America. Most colleges and universities sail fleets of 420s, Flying Juniors or Vanguard 15s. Additionally, LaserPerformance is a sponsor of many adult and junior sailing regattas.
See also
LaserPerformance
List of sailboat designers and manufacturers
References
^ "International Sunfish Class Association".
External links
Company website
vteBoats marketed by LaserPerformanceOne-person dinghies
Laser 4.7
Laser Bug
Laser Funboat
Laser Pico
Laser Radial
Laser Standard
Laser Vago
Sunfish
Vapor Optimist
Two-person dinghies
Club 420
Bahia
Laser Vago
Multihulls
Dart 16
KeelboatsLaser Stratos KeelDiscontinued models
Dart 15
Dart 20 Stampede
Dart 6000
Dart Hawk (F18)
Laser 2
Laser 13
Laser 16
Laser 28
Laser 4000
Laser 5000
Laser EPS
Laser Stratos (Centreboard)
Laser Vortex
No longer associated with Laser
Dart 18
Laser SB3 (SB20)
Laser 2000
Laser 3000 (V3000) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"LaserPerformance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_Performance"}],"text":"Vanguard Sailboats was one of the most successful sailboat builders. It was founded in 1967, and is now owned by LaserPerformance.","title":"Vanguard Sailboats"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Waukesha, Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waukesha,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Peter and Olaf Harken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harken,_Inc."},{"link_name":"Olympic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Games"},{"link_name":"1968","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Finn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finn_(dinghy)"},{"link_name":"1976 Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Portsmouth, Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth,_Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"Pewaukee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pewaukee"},{"link_name":"Harken, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harken,_Inc."},{"link_name":"Laser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_(dinghy)"},{"link_name":"Sunfish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunfish_(sailboat)"},{"link_name":"49er","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/49er_(dinghy)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"LaserPerformance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_Performance"}],"text":"Vanguard Sailboats was founded in 1967 in Waukesha, Wisconsin, USA by Peter and Olaf Harken. The brothers started to gain attention after their sailing hardware was used on boats that won Olympic gold in 1968, and after Vanguard supplied the Finn class for several countries in the 1976 Olympics. The hardware segment was maintained somewhat separately, as it was marketed to competing boat builders. In 1986, the Harkens sold Vanguard to Stephen Clark, who moved the business to Portsmouth, Rhode Island. The brothers focused their efforts on the performance sailing hardware business in Pewaukee, WI under the name Harken, Inc., while Vanguard continued in boat building.In March 1997, Vanguard Sailboats, Inc., bought Sunfish Laser, Inc., which built the Laser, Sunfish and 49er sailboats.[1]In 2007 Vanguard Sailboats was acquired by Performance Sailcraft Europe. The combined company is known as LaserPerformance.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Intercollegiate Sailing Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercollegiate_Sailing_Association"},{"link_name":"North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America"},{"link_name":"420s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/420_(dinghy)"},{"link_name":"Flying Juniors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_Junior"},{"link_name":"Vanguard 15s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanguard_15"},{"link_name":"regattas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regattas"}],"text":"LaserPerformance is very active in the sailing community and was a major sponsor of the Intercollegiate Sailing Association until 2022. The ICSA is the organization that governs college sailing in North America. Most colleges and universities sail fleets of 420s, Flying Juniors or Vanguard 15s. Additionally, LaserPerformance is a sponsor of many adult and junior sailing regattas.","title":"Sailing Community"}] | [] | [{"title":"LaserPerformance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_Performance"},{"title":"List of sailboat designers and manufacturers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sailboat_designers_and_manufacturers"}] | [{"reference":"\"International Sunfish Class Association\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sunfishclass.org/about/the-sunfish-class-history","url_text":"\"International Sunfish Class Association\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Vanguard+Sailboats%22","external_links_name":"\"Vanguard Sailboats\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Vanguard+Sailboats%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Vanguard+Sailboats%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Vanguard+Sailboats%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Vanguard+Sailboats%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Vanguard+Sailboats%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.laserperformance.com/","external_links_name":"www.laserperformance.com"},{"Link":"http://www.sunfishclass.org/about/the-sunfish-class-history","external_links_name":"\"International Sunfish Class Association\""},{"Link":"http://www.laserperformance.com/","external_links_name":"Company website"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_McKenna_(footballer) | Stephen McKenna (footballer) | ["1 Playing career","1.1 Airdrie","1.2 Queen of the South","1.3 Cumnock Juniors","2 Honours","3 References","4 External links"] | Scottish footballer
Stephen McKennaPersonal informationFull name
Stephen McKennaDate of birth
(1985-11-25) 25 November 1985 (age 38)Place of birth
Glasgow, ScotlandPosition(s)
MidfielderTeam informationCurrent team
Cumnock JuniorsSenior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)2002–2003
Rangers
0
(0)2003–2009
Airdrie United
137
(2)2009–2015
Queen of the South
118
(4)2016–
Cumnock Juniors
*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 12:35, 4 December 2017 (UTC)
Stephen McKenna is an ex professional Scottish association football defensive midfielder. He won the Scottish Challenge Cup in 2008 with Airdrie United and in 2013 with Queen of the South also winning a divisional title with the Queen's that season. McKenna retired from senior football aged 29 to focus on a career outside the game.
Playing career
Airdrie
McKenna joined Airdrie United from Rangers in 2003 and made over 150 first team appearances for the Diamonds. A high point was when he scored in the 2008 Scottish Challenge Cup Final. McKenna's team won on penalties against Ross County.
Queen of the South
On 6 August 2009, McKenna was announced as a new signing on the website of Dumfries club Queen of the South. He played 28 first team league games that season scoring on 16 February 2010 in the 3–0 home win against Ayr United at Palmerston Park. He also played in three cup games including the 2–1 defeat at home against Rangers in the Scottish League Cup. The season after McKenna played in the postponed 2010 Scottish Challenge Cup Final defeat to Ross County.
McKenna scored a goal from 30 yards on 26 November 2011 in the 2–2 draw away to Morton. He scored a goal from a similar distance the following week in the 4–1 home win over Ayr United.
McKenna was an integral part of the Queen's side to win a league and cup double in 2012/13. McKenna and his teammates romped away to win the Scottish Second Division title building an unassailable lead before the end of March. Less than two weeks later McKenna and co won the Scottish League Challenge Cup Final beating Partick Thistle on penalties.
McKenna left senior football at the end of season 2014/15 to work on a professional career outside football. He was 29 at the time.
Cumnock Juniors
McKenna come out of retired at join junior club Cumnock Juniors.
Honours
Airdrie United
2008-09 Scottish Challenge Cup Winner
Queen of the South
2012–13 Scottish Division Two Champions
2012-13 Scottish Challenge Cup Winner
References
^ Stephen McKenna signs on
^ "Greenock Morton 2 – 2 Queen Of The South" www.qosfc.com 26/11/2001
^ "Queen Of The South 4 – 1 Ayr Utd" www.qosfc.com 3 Dec 2011
^ "Club History" on www.qosfc.com
^ "Stephen McKenna". cumnockjuniors.com. Archived from the original on 4 December 2017.
^ "Airdrie Utd 2-2 Ross County". BBC. 16 November 2008. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
^ "Queen Of The South vs Partick Thistle. Scottish Challenge Cup Final". Sky Sports. 7 April 2013. Retrieved 1 April 2021.
External links
Stephen McKenna at Soccerbase | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"association football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"midfielder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midfielder"},{"link_name":"Airdrie United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airdrie_United"},{"link_name":"Queen of the South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_of_the_South_F.C."}],"text":"Stephen McKenna is an ex professional Scottish association football defensive midfielder. He won the Scottish Challenge Cup in 2008 with Airdrie United and in 2013 with Queen of the South also winning a divisional title with the Queen's that season. McKenna retired from senior football aged 29 to focus on a career outside the game.","title":"Stephen McKenna (footballer)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Airdrie United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airdrie_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangers_F.C."},{"link_name":"2008 Scottish Challenge Cup Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Scottish_Challenge_Cup_Final"},{"link_name":"Ross County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_County_F.C."}],"sub_title":"Airdrie","text":"McKenna joined Airdrie United from Rangers in 2003 and made over 150 first team appearances for the Diamonds. A high point was when he scored in the 2008 Scottish Challenge Cup Final. McKenna's team won on penalties against Ross County.","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dumfries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumfries"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Ayr United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayr_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Palmerston Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmerston_Park"},{"link_name":"Scottish League Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_League_Cup"},{"link_name":"2010 Scottish Challenge Cup Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Scottish_Challenge_Cup_Final"},{"link_name":"Ross County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_County_F.C."},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Partick Thistle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partick_Thistle"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Queen of the South","text":"On 6 August 2009, McKenna was announced as a new signing on the website of Dumfries club Queen of the South.[1] He played 28 first team league games that season scoring on 16 February 2010 in the 3–0 home win against Ayr United at Palmerston Park. He also played in three cup games including the 2–1 defeat at home against Rangers in the Scottish League Cup. The season after McKenna played in the postponed 2010 Scottish Challenge Cup Final defeat to Ross County.McKenna scored a goal from 30 yards on 26 November 2011 in the 2–2 draw away to Morton.[2] He scored a goal from a similar distance the following week in the 4–1 home win over Ayr United.[3]McKenna was an integral part of the Queen's side to win a league and cup double in 2012/13. McKenna and his teammates romped away to win the Scottish Second Division title building an unassailable lead before the end of March. Less than two weeks later McKenna and co won the Scottish League Challenge Cup Final beating Partick Thistle on penalties.[4]McKenna left senior football at the end of season 2014/15 to work on a professional career outside football. He was 29 at the time.","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cumnock Juniors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumnock_Juniors_F.C."},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Cumnock Juniors","text":"McKenna come out of retired at join junior club Cumnock Juniors.[5]","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2008-09 Scottish Challenge Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008-09_Scottish_Challenge_Cup"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"2012-13 Scottish Challenge Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012-13_Scottish_Challenge_Cup"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Airdrie United2008-09 Scottish Challenge Cup Winner[6]Queen of the South2012–13 Scottish Division Two Champions\n2012-13 Scottish Challenge Cup Winner[7]","title":"Honours"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Stephen McKenna\". cumnockjuniors.com. Archived from the original on 4 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171204222928/http://cumnockjuniors.com/stephen-mckenna","url_text":"\"Stephen McKenna\""},{"url":"http://cumnockjuniors.com/stephen-mckenna","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Airdrie Utd 2-2 Ross County\". BBC. 16 November 2008. Retrieved 30 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/a/airdrie_united/7730751.stm","url_text":"\"Airdrie Utd 2-2 Ross County\""}]},{"reference":"\"Queen Of The South vs Partick Thistle. Scottish Challenge Cup Final\". Sky Sports. 7 April 2013. Retrieved 1 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.skysports.com/football/queen-of-the-south-vs-partick-thistle/teams/281743","url_text":"\"Queen Of The South vs Partick Thistle. Scottish Challenge Cup Final\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://qosfc.com/HeadlineNews/ViewFullStory/tabid/151/selectmoduleid/498/ArticleID/712/reftab/36/Default.aspx","external_links_name":"Stephen McKenna signs on"},{"Link":"http://qosfc.com/new_report.aspx?fixtureid=446","external_links_name":"\"Greenock Morton 2 – 2 Queen Of The South\" www.qosfc.com 26/11/2001"},{"Link":"http://qosfc.com/new_report.aspx?fixtureid=447","external_links_name":"\"Queen Of The South 4 – 1 Ayr Utd\" www.qosfc.com 3 Dec 2011"},{"Link":"http://www.qosfc.com/history","external_links_name":"\"Club History\" on www.qosfc.com"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171204222928/http://cumnockjuniors.com/stephen-mckenna","external_links_name":"\"Stephen McKenna\""},{"Link":"http://cumnockjuniors.com/stephen-mckenna","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/a/airdrie_united/7730751.stm","external_links_name":"\"Airdrie Utd 2-2 Ross County\""},{"Link":"https://www.skysports.com/football/queen-of-the-south-vs-partick-thistle/teams/281743","external_links_name":"\"Queen Of The South vs Partick Thistle. Scottish Challenge Cup Final\""},{"Link":"https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=36287","external_links_name":"Stephen McKenna"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Sogliano | Sean Sogliano | ["1 Playing career","2 Post-playing career","3 References"] | Italian footballer
Sean SoglianoPersonal informationFull name
Sean Luca SoglianoDate of birth
(1971-02-28) 28 February 1971 (age 53)Place of birth
Alessandria, ItalyHeight
1.76 m (5 ft 9+1⁄2 in)Position(s)
DefenderTeam informationCurrent team
Verona (director of football)Senior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)1988–1991
Varese
72
(0)1991–1994
Ancona
73
(2)1994–1996
Torino
27
(0)1996–1997
Lucchese
34
(1)1997–1998
Ravenna
25
(0)1998–2003
Perugia
83
(0)2003–2004
Napoli
6
(0)2004
Ancona
11
(0)
*Club domestic league appearances and goals
Sean Luca Sogliano (born 28 February 1971) is an Italian football director and former player, currently working for Serie A club Hellas Verona as the club's director of football.
He is the son of former footballer Riccardo Sogliano.
Playing career
Born in Alessandria, Sogliano started his career with Serie C2 club Varese at the age of 18. In 1991, he joined Serie B outfit Ancona, with whom he won a historical first promotion to Serie A for the small club from Marche and made his personal top-flight debut in 1992. In 1994, he joined Torino, where he played a single season with little success. After a few minor league experiences with Lucchese and Ravenna, he returned to play at Serie A level with Perugia in 1998. In 2003, aged 32, Sogliano left Perugia to join Napoli, then in Serie B, in what turned to be the club's final season before being declared bankrupt; his experience in Naples proved to be rather unsuccessful, with only six appearances until January 2004, when he was sold to Serie A club Ancona. After playing 11 games with the Dorici, Sogliano retired from active football in June at the age of 33.
Post-playing career
In the summer of 2004 Sogliano accepted to become general manager of Varese after the club was declared bankrupt and then admitted to the Eccellenza league (sixth level of Italian football) under a new ownership that also included his father Riccardo as vice-president and member of the consortium that controlled the club. Under his tenure as general manager, Sogliano was a key factor in acquiring many of the players that led the club back into professionalism through two consecutive promotions.
In 2008 entrepreneur Antonio Rosati took over the club from the previous owners but confirmed Sogliano as general manager: a few weeks after the beginning of the season, after a series of disappointing results, Sogliano agreed to remove Pietro Carmignani as head coach and hire Giuseppe Sannino as replacement. The appointment proved to be a turning point in the season, as well as in Varese's future fortunes, as the club won two successive promotions to Serie B in 2009 and 2010 under the new head coach, also thanks to Sogliano's interventions during the transfer market windows. In 2010–11, Varese gained national news as the team completed the regular season in fourth place and won a place in the promotion playoffs, then lost to fifth-placed Padova in the semi-finals.
Sogliano's impressive work at Varese became popular nationwide and led to a serious interest from Maurizio Zamparini, chairman and owner of ambitious Serie A club Palermo, who offered him the director of football position that was left vacant in November 2010 after the resignation of Walter Sabatini. On 8 June 2011, Palermo officially announced to have hired Sogliano as the club's new director of football. During his stay, Sogliano also appointed then-unknown youth coach Devis Mangia in charge of first team duties. He resigned on 2 November 2011 due to his strained relationship with Zamparini, as confirmed by the latter.
In June 2012 he was appointed as director of football at Serie B club Verona. In his first season in the new role, Verona won promotion to the top flight; in the second season, Sogliano was responsible for signing players such as Juan Iturbe, Rômulo and Luca Toni, who turned out being instrumental in the team's successful first season back in the Serie A.
In July 2015, he signed for newly promoted Serie A club Carpi as their new director of football, replacing the departing Cristiano Giuntoli; he left the club later on November of that same year due to disagreements with the board. He then moved at Genoa just a month later, signing as their new director of football.
In July 2016 he left Genoa for Bari. He left Bari after the 2017–18 Serie B, following the club's exclusion from the Italian football leagues.
On 3 June 2019 he was announced as the new director of football of Padova. On 23 January 2022, he was dismissed by Padova.
On 17 November 2022, Sogliano was hired by Serie A club Hellas Verona as their new director of football with immediate effect.
References
^ a b c d e "ALLA SCOPERTA DI SEAN SOGLIANO" (in Italian). Mediagol.it. 9 June 2011. Archived from the original on 12 June 2011. Retrieved 9 June 2011.
^ "SOGLIANO E' IL NUOVO DIRETTORE SPORTIVO" (in Italian). US Città di Palermo. 8 June 2011. Retrieved 8 June 2011.
^ "SOGLIANO RASSEGNA LE DIMISSIONI" (in Italian). US Città di Palermo. 2 November 2011. Retrieved 5 November 2011.
^ "Il solito Zamparini Sogliano si dimette" (in Italian). la Repubblica. 2 November 2011. Retrieved 5 November 2011.
^ "Calcio, Carpi: Giuntoli saluta, inizia l'era Sogliano" (in Italian). Modena Today. 1 July 2015. Retrieved 23 January 2022.
^ "Carpi, dopo Sannino Bonacini chiude anche con il ds Sogliano" (in Italian). Calcio e Finanza. 3 November 2015. Retrieved 23 January 2022.
^ "Genoa, arriva Sogliano. Iturbe, è fatta con il Bournemouth" (in Italian). SKY Sport Italia. 22 December 2015. Retrieved 23 January 2022.
^ "Bari, Sogliano è il nuovo direttore sportivo: accordo biennale" (in Italian). SKY Sport Italia. 1 July 2016. Retrieved 23 January 2022.
^ "UFFICIALE Sean Sogliano è il nuovo direttore sportivo del Padova!" (in Italian). PadovaSport.TV. 3 June 2019. Retrieved 23 January 2022.
^ "Padova, Mirabelli nuovo ds fino al 2024. Addio con Sogliano" (in Italian). TuttoMercatoWeb. 23 January 2022. Retrieved 23 January 2022.
^ "Francesco Marroccu Responsabile Area Tecnica e Sean Sogliano Direttore Sportivo" (in Italian). Hellas Verona F.C. 17 November 2022. Retrieved 19 November 2022. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Serie A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_A"},{"link_name":"Hellas Verona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellas_Verona_F.C."},{"link_name":"Riccardo Sogliano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riccardo_Sogliano"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mediagol_biography-1"}],"text":"Sean Luca Sogliano (born 28 February 1971) is an Italian football director and former player, currently working for Serie A club Hellas Verona as the club's director of football.He is the son of former footballer Riccardo Sogliano.[1]","title":"Sean Sogliano"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alessandria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandria"},{"link_name":"Serie C2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_C2"},{"link_name":"Varese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.S._Varese_1910"},{"link_name":"Serie B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_B"},{"link_name":"Ancona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.C._Ancona"},{"link_name":"Serie A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_A"},{"link_name":"Marche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marche"},{"link_name":"Torino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torino_F.C."},{"link_name":"Lucchese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.S._Lucchese_Libertas_1905"},{"link_name":"Ravenna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravenna_Calcio"},{"link_name":"Perugia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perugia_Calcio"},{"link_name":"Napoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.S.C._Napoli"},{"link_name":"Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naples"},{"link_name":"Ancona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.C._Ancona"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mediagol_biography-1"}],"text":"Born in Alessandria, Sogliano started his career with Serie C2 club Varese at the age of 18. In 1991, he joined Serie B outfit Ancona, with whom he won a historical first promotion to Serie A for the small club from Marche and made his personal top-flight debut in 1992. In 1994, he joined Torino, where he played a single season with little success. After a few minor league experiences with Lucchese and Ravenna, he returned to play at Serie A level with Perugia in 1998. In 2003, aged 32, Sogliano left Perugia to join Napoli, then in Serie B, in what turned to be the club's final season before being declared bankrupt; his experience in Naples proved to be rather unsuccessful, with only six appearances until January 2004, when he was sold to Serie A club Ancona. After playing 11 games with the Dorici, Sogliano retired from active football in June at the age of 33.[1]","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Varese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.S._Varese_1910"},{"link_name":"Eccellenza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eccellenza"},{"link_name":"Riccardo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riccardo_Sogliano"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mediagol_biography-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mediagol_biography-1"},{"link_name":"Pietro Carmignani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietro_Carmignani"},{"link_name":"Giuseppe Sannino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Sannino"},{"link_name":"Serie B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_B"},{"link_name":"Padova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcio_Padova"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mediagol_biography-1"},{"link_name":"Maurizio Zamparini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurizio_Zamparini"},{"link_name":"Serie A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_A"},{"link_name":"Palermo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Citt%C3%A0_di_Palermo"},{"link_name":"Walter Sabatini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Sabatini"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Devis Mangia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devis_Mangia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Verona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellas_Verona_F.C."},{"link_name":"Juan Iturbe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Iturbe"},{"link_name":"Rômulo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B4mulo_Souza_Orestes_Caldeira"},{"link_name":"Luca Toni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luca_Toni"},{"link_name":"Carpi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpi_F.C._1909"},{"link_name":"Cristiano Giuntoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristiano_Giuntoli"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Genoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genoa_C.F.C."},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"2017–18 Serie B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_Serie_B"},{"link_name":"Padova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcio_Padova"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Serie A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_A"},{"link_name":"Hellas Verona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellas_Verona_F.C."},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"In the summer of 2004 Sogliano accepted to become general manager of Varese after the club was declared bankrupt and then admitted to the Eccellenza league (sixth level of Italian football) under a new ownership that also included his father Riccardo as vice-president and member of the consortium that controlled the club.[1] Under his tenure as general manager, Sogliano was a key factor in acquiring many of the players that led the club back into professionalism through two consecutive promotions.[1]In 2008 entrepreneur Antonio Rosati took over the club from the previous owners but confirmed Sogliano as general manager: a few weeks after the beginning of the season, after a series of disappointing results, Sogliano agreed to remove Pietro Carmignani as head coach and hire Giuseppe Sannino as replacement. The appointment proved to be a turning point in the season, as well as in Varese's future fortunes, as the club won two successive promotions to Serie B in 2009 and 2010 under the new head coach, also thanks to Sogliano's interventions during the transfer market windows. In 2010–11, Varese gained national news as the team completed the regular season in fourth place and won a place in the promotion playoffs, then lost to fifth-placed Padova in the semi-finals.[1]Sogliano's impressive work at Varese became popular nationwide and led to a serious interest from Maurizio Zamparini, chairman and owner of ambitious Serie A club Palermo, who offered him the director of football position that was left vacant in November 2010 after the resignation of Walter Sabatini. On 8 June 2011, Palermo officially announced to have hired Sogliano as the club's new director of football.[2] During his stay, Sogliano also appointed then-unknown youth coach Devis Mangia in charge of first team duties. He resigned on 2 November 2011 due to his strained relationship with Zamparini, as confirmed by the latter.[3][4]In June 2012 he was appointed as director of football at Serie B club Verona. In his first season in the new role, Verona won promotion to the top flight; in the second season, Sogliano was responsible for signing players such as Juan Iturbe, Rômulo and Luca Toni, who turned out being instrumental in the team's successful first season back in the Serie A.In July 2015, he signed for newly promoted Serie A club Carpi as their new director of football, replacing the departing Cristiano Giuntoli;[5] he left the club later on November of that same year due to disagreements with the board.[6] He then moved at Genoa just a month later, signing as their new director of football.[7]In July 2016 he left Genoa for Bari.[8] He left Bari after the 2017–18 Serie B, following the club's exclusion from the Italian football leagues.On 3 June 2019 he was announced as the new director of football of Padova.[9] On 23 January 2022, he was dismissed by Padova.[10]On 17 November 2022, Sogliano was hired by Serie A club Hellas Verona as their new director of football with immediate effect.[11]","title":"Post-playing career"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"ALLA SCOPERTA DI SEAN SOGLIANO\" (in Italian). Mediagol.it. 9 June 2011. Archived from the original on 12 June 2011. Retrieved 9 June 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110612101056/http://www.mediagol.it/articolo.asp?idNotizia=198785","url_text":"\"ALLA SCOPERTA DI SEAN SOGLIANO\""},{"url":"http://www.mediagol.it/articolo.asp?idNotizia=198785","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"SOGLIANO E' IL NUOVO DIRETTORE SPORTIVO\" (in Italian). US Città di Palermo. 8 June 2011. Retrieved 8 June 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ilpalermocalcio.it/it/1011/news_scheda.php?id=24376","url_text":"\"SOGLIANO E' IL NUOVO DIRETTORE SPORTIVO\""}]},{"reference":"\"SOGLIANO RASSEGNA LE DIMISSIONI\" [SOGLIANO TENDS HIS RESIGNATION] (in Italian). US Città di Palermo. 2 November 2011. Retrieved 5 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.palermocalcio.it/it/1112/news/scheda.php?id=25777","url_text":"\"SOGLIANO RASSEGNA LE DIMISSIONI\""}]},{"reference":"\"Il solito Zamparini Sogliano si dimette\" [Zamparini as usual, Sogliano resigns] (in Italian). la Repubblica. 2 November 2011. Retrieved 5 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.repubblica.it/sport/calcio/serie-a/palermo/2011/11/02/news/sogliano_dimissioni-24279571/","url_text":"\"Il solito Zamparini Sogliano si dimette\""}]},{"reference":"\"Calcio, Carpi: Giuntoli saluta, inizia l'era Sogliano\" (in Italian). Modena Today. 1 July 2015. Retrieved 23 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.modenatoday.it/sport/carpi-serie-a-sogliano-direttore-sportivo.html","url_text":"\"Calcio, Carpi: Giuntoli saluta, inizia l'era Sogliano\""}]},{"reference":"\"Carpi, dopo Sannino Bonacini chiude anche con il ds Sogliano\" (in Italian). Calcio e Finanza. 3 November 2015. Retrieved 23 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.calcioefinanza.it/2015/11/03/carpi-dopo-sannino-bonacini-chiude-anche-con-il-ds-sogliano/","url_text":"\"Carpi, dopo Sannino Bonacini chiude anche con il ds Sogliano\""}]},{"reference":"\"Genoa, arriva Sogliano. Iturbe, è fatta con il Bournemouth\" (in Italian). SKY Sport Italia. 22 December 2015. Retrieved 23 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://sport.sky.it/calciomercato/2015/12/22/mercato-movimenti-anticipazioni-sogliano-al-genoa","url_text":"\"Genoa, arriva Sogliano. Iturbe, è fatta con il Bournemouth\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bari, Sogliano è il nuovo direttore sportivo: accordo biennale\" (in Italian). SKY Sport Italia. 1 July 2016. Retrieved 23 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://gianlucadimarzio.com/it/bari-sogliano-e-il-nuovo-direttore-sportivo-accordo-biennale","url_text":"\"Bari, Sogliano è il nuovo direttore sportivo: accordo biennale\""}]},{"reference":"\"UFFICIALE Sean Sogliano è il nuovo direttore sportivo del Padova!\" (in Italian). PadovaSport.TV. 3 June 2019. Retrieved 23 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.padovasport.tv/tutto-padova/news-padova/ufficiale-sean-sogliano-e-il-nuovo-direttore-sportivo-del-padova/","url_text":"\"UFFICIALE Sean Sogliano è il nuovo direttore sportivo del Padova!\""}]},{"reference":"\"Padova, Mirabelli nuovo ds fino al 2024. Addio con Sogliano\" (in Italian). TuttoMercatoWeb. 23 January 2022. Retrieved 23 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tuttomercatoweb.com/serie-c/ufficiale-padova-mirabelli-nuovo-ds-fino-al-2024-addio-con-sogliano-1637243","url_text":"\"Padova, Mirabelli nuovo ds fino al 2024. Addio con Sogliano\""}]},{"reference":"\"Francesco Marroccu Responsabile Area Tecnica e Sean Sogliano Direttore Sportivo\" (in Italian). Hellas Verona F.C. 17 November 2022. Retrieved 19 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hellasverona.it/it/news/francesco-marroccu-responsabile-area-tecnica-e-sean-sogliano-direttore-sportivo","url_text":"\"Francesco Marroccu Responsabile Area Tecnica e Sean Sogliano Direttore Sportivo\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellas_Verona_F.C.","url_text":"Hellas Verona F.C."}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110612101056/http://www.mediagol.it/articolo.asp?idNotizia=198785","external_links_name":"\"ALLA SCOPERTA DI SEAN SOGLIANO\""},{"Link":"http://www.mediagol.it/articolo.asp?idNotizia=198785","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.ilpalermocalcio.it/it/1011/news_scheda.php?id=24376","external_links_name":"\"SOGLIANO E' IL NUOVO DIRETTORE SPORTIVO\""},{"Link":"http://www.palermocalcio.it/it/1112/news/scheda.php?id=25777","external_links_name":"\"SOGLIANO RASSEGNA LE DIMISSIONI\""},{"Link":"http://www.repubblica.it/sport/calcio/serie-a/palermo/2011/11/02/news/sogliano_dimissioni-24279571/","external_links_name":"\"Il solito Zamparini Sogliano si dimette\""},{"Link":"https://www.modenatoday.it/sport/carpi-serie-a-sogliano-direttore-sportivo.html","external_links_name":"\"Calcio, Carpi: Giuntoli saluta, inizia l'era Sogliano\""},{"Link":"https://www.calcioefinanza.it/2015/11/03/carpi-dopo-sannino-bonacini-chiude-anche-con-il-ds-sogliano/","external_links_name":"\"Carpi, dopo Sannino Bonacini chiude anche con il ds Sogliano\""},{"Link":"https://sport.sky.it/calciomercato/2015/12/22/mercato-movimenti-anticipazioni-sogliano-al-genoa","external_links_name":"\"Genoa, arriva Sogliano. Iturbe, è fatta con il Bournemouth\""},{"Link":"https://gianlucadimarzio.com/it/bari-sogliano-e-il-nuovo-direttore-sportivo-accordo-biennale","external_links_name":"\"Bari, Sogliano è il nuovo direttore sportivo: accordo biennale\""},{"Link":"https://www.padovasport.tv/tutto-padova/news-padova/ufficiale-sean-sogliano-e-il-nuovo-direttore-sportivo-del-padova/","external_links_name":"\"UFFICIALE Sean Sogliano è il nuovo direttore sportivo del Padova!\""},{"Link":"https://www.tuttomercatoweb.com/serie-c/ufficiale-padova-mirabelli-nuovo-ds-fino-al-2024-addio-con-sogliano-1637243","external_links_name":"\"Padova, Mirabelli nuovo ds fino al 2024. Addio con Sogliano\""},{"Link":"https://www.hellasverona.it/it/news/francesco-marroccu-responsabile-area-tecnica-e-sean-sogliano-direttore-sportivo","external_links_name":"\"Francesco Marroccu Responsabile Area Tecnica e Sean Sogliano Direttore Sportivo\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolyn_McCormick | Carolyn McCormick | ["1 Life and career","2 Filmography","2.1 Film","2.2 Television","2.3 Video games","2.4 Audiobooks","3 References","4 External links"] | American actress
Carolyn McCormickBornCarolyn Inez McCormick (1959-09-19) September 19, 1959 (age 64)Midland, Texas, United StatesAlma materWilliams College (BFA) American Conservatory Theater (MFA)OccupationActressYears active1985–presentSpouseByron Jennings (m. 1994)Children2Websitewww.carolynmccormick.com
Carolyn Inez McCormick (born September 19, 1959) is an American actress who played Dr. Elizabeth Olivet in the Law & Order franchise.
Life and career
McCormick was born and raised in Midland, Texas, and graduated first in her class from The Kinkaid School in Houston in 1977. She graduated with honors from Williams College in 1981 with a B.F.A. She also holds an M.F.A. from the American Conservatory Theater in San Francisco. She has worked in television, movies, theatre, and voice acting.
Her breakthrough role was in Enemy Mine, directed by Wolfgang Petersen with Dennis Quaid. Her other film credits include Woody Allen's Whatever Works, You Know My Name with Sam Elliott, and A Simple Twist of Fate with Steve Martin. She played Hannah's Mom in Barney's Night Before Christmas.
Her first notable television credit was as district attorney Rita Fiore in Spenser: For Hire, in 1986-1987. She appeared as the holodeck simulation Minuet in "11001001", a first-season episode of Star Trek: The Next Generation, and later as Minuet Riker (William Riker's holodeck wife) in a fantasy-alternate universe during the fourth-season episode "Future Imperfect".
The role for which McCormick would become best known was as Dr. Elizabeth Olivet, a consulting psychologist for the prosecution on Law & Order. She appeared in approximately half of the episodes of the NBC series between 1994 and 2006.
In 1997, she played the unhappy wife of a police psychiatrist, played by Robert Pastorelli, in the short-lived Americanized version of the British series Cracker. She has been a guest star on series including Madam Secretary, Elementary, Blue Bloods, Judging Amy, The Practice, Body of Proof, Cold Case, Homicide: Life on the Street, and LA Law.
McCormick also performs on stage. She appeared at the Off-Broadway Cherry Lane Theatre in Eve-olution with The Cosby Show star Sabrina Le Beauf in 2004. She has also appeared in Dinner with Friends, Oedipus, Ancestral Voices, The Donahue Sisters, Laureen's Whereabouts and In Perpetuity. She worked with Thomas Kail at The Flea Theatre in A. R. Gurney's Family Furniture (2013). In 2015, she appeared in Vanya, Sonya, Masha and Spike at the PaperMill Playhouse and What I Did Last Summer at the Signature 2015. She appeared in the Broadway productions of The Dinner Party in 2001 as Mariette Levieux, Private Lives (standby) in 2002, and in Equus in 2008 as Dora Strang. In 2012, she appeared opposite her husband, Byron Jennings, in the Off-Broadway production of Ten Chimneys. She appeared Off-Broadway in Will Eno's play The Open House in 2014 (Lucille Lortel nomination, Drama Desk Award). She has recorded many audio books, including the Hunger Games series, and has narrated many Ken Burns documentaries.
Filmography
Film
Film
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1985
Enemy Mine
Morse
1993
Rain Without Thunder
Reporter
1994
A Simple Twist of Fate
Elaine McCann
1999
You Know My Name
Zoe
2002
Emmett's Mark
Mrs. Carlin
This Is Not a Chair
Mrs. Morrison
Short film
2005
Loverboy
Ruth the Realtor
2006
Spectropia
Verna
2008
Proud Iza
Alice Monaco
Short film
Nights in Rodanthe
Jenny
2009
Whatever Works
Jessica
2010
True Nature
Becky Pascal
2011
Downtown Express
Marie
The Miraculous Year
The Realtor
2013
That Thing with the Cat
Krystal
2015
The Shells
Maryann Marzena
The Real American
Eleanor
Short film
2016
Equity
Naomi's Doctor
Uncredited
2017
Maggie Black
Elizabeth
The Post
Mrs. McNamara
2018
Mapplethorpe
Joan Mapplethorpe
Huntress
Short film
2020
Killer Daddy Issues
Grace
2021
The Last Thing Mary Saw
Agnes
2023
Candlewood
Maude Sherman
Television
Television
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1986
D.C. Cops
Deborah Matheson
TV movie
1986–1987
Spenser: For Hire
Asst. Dist. Atty. Rita Fiore
22 episodes
1988–1990
Star Trek: The Next Generation
Minuet
2 episodes
1991–2009
Law & Order
Dr. Elizabeth Olivet
87 episodes (1991–1997, 1999, 2002–2010)
1996
Homicide: Life on the Street
Linda Mariner
2 episodes
1997–1999
Cracker
Judith Fitzgerald
16 episodes
1998
The Warlord: Battle for the Galaxy
Rula Kor
TV movie
1999–2001, 2013–2018
Law & Order: Special Victims Unit
Dr. Elizabeth Olivet
6 episodes
2001
Women Docs
Narrator
Unknown episodes
2001–2004
Judging Amy
AAG Ellis Bonham
3 episodes
2005
Law & Order: Trial by Jury
Dr. Elizabeth Olivet
Episode: "Day"
2006
Law & Order: Criminal Intent
Dr. Elizabeth Olivet
2 episodes
Inspector Mom
Becca Lee
TV movie
2007
Cold Case
Elizabeth Stone
Episode: "Torn"
2009
The National Parks: America's Best Idea
Various historical figures
Voice
2010
One Life to Live
Judge Burdett
3 episodes
2011
Body of Proof
Gwen Baldwin
Episode: "Dead Man Walking"
2012
The Dust Bowl
Caroline Henderson
Miniseries Voice 4 episodes
2013
Blue Bloods
Joyce Powers
Episode: "Warriors"
Murder in Manhattan
Laura
2014
Mind Games
Victoria Hood
Episode: "Cauliflower Man"
2015
Elementary
Denise Davis
Episode: "All My Exes Live in Essex"
2016
Madam Secretary
White House Doctor
Episode: "Desperate Remedies"
The Interestings
Betsy Wolf
2017
The Blacklist: Redemption
Meryl Jensen
Episode: "Kevin Jensen"
Billions
Investment banker
Episode: "Currency"
2018–2019
Bull
Judge Marion Stalder
3 episodes
2020
The Good Fight
Ingrid Hill
Episode: "The Gang Deals with Alternate Reality"
Ann Rule's A Murder to Remember
Celeste
TV movie
2022
A Holiday Spectacular
Elisabeth Bingham
TV movie
Video games
Video games
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2000
Deus Ex
Anna Navarre / Janice Reed / Maggie Chow / Agathe / Aimee / Annette / Dr. Brittany Prinzler / Female Clinic Bum /MJ12 Lab Assistant / MJ12 Lab Bio-Weapon Scientist / MJ12 Lab Computer Scientist / MJ12 Lab Genetic Scientist / MJ12 Lab Psionics Scientist / Mole Female
Voice Credited as Carolyn McCormack
Audiobooks
All audiobooks McCormack narrated.
Audiobooks
Year
Title
Notes
1999
Carnal Innocence
Author: Nora Roberts
Long After Midnight
Author: Iris Johansen
2000
Sacred Sins
Author: Nora Roberts
2001
Final Target
Author: Iris Johansen The Wind Dancer Series, book 4
2004
3rd Degree
Authors: James Patterson and Andrew Gross Women's Murder Club, book 3
Trace
Author: Patricia Cornwell Kay Scarpetta Mysteries, book 13
2005
4th of July
Author: James Patterson Women's Murder Club, book 4
2006
The 5th Horseman
Authors: James Patterson and Maxine Paetro Women's Murder Club, book 5
Shadow Man
Author: Cody McFadyen
The Mephisto Club
Author: Tess Gerritsen Rizzoli and Isles Series, book 6
2007
The 6th Target
Authors: James Patterson and Maxine Paetro Women's Murder Club, book 6
Heartsick
Author: Chelsea Cain Gretchen Lowell Series, book 1
The Bone Garden
Author: Tess Gerritsen
2008
7th Heaven
Authors: James Patterson and Maxine Paetro Women's Murder Club, book 7
Sweetheart
Author: Chelsea Cain Gretchen Lowell Series, book 2
2009
The 8th Confession
Author: James Patterson Women's Murder Club, book 8
Evil at Heart
Author: Chelsea Cain Gretchen Lowell Series, book 3
The Hunger Games
Author: Suzanne Collins The Hunger Games, book 1
Catching Fire
Author: Suzanne Collins The Hunger Games, book 2
2010
The 9th Judgment
The Women's Murder Club, book 9
Mockingjay
Author: Suzanne Collins The Hunger Games, book 3
2011
10th Anniversary
The Women's Murder Club, book 10
2014
Annihilation
Southern Reach Trilogy, book 1
Acceptance
Southern Reach Trilogy, book 3
2019
Hot Ice
Author: Nora Roberts
References
^ "Married Couple Byron Jennings and Carolyn McCormick to Star in Lunt and Fontanne Bio-Play Ten Chimneys". Broadway.com. August 22, 2012. Retrieved February 12, 2018.
^ Carolyn Mccormick Biography (1959-) filmreference.com
^ www.carolynmccormick.com Official site
^ "Carolyn McCormick Theatre Credits". Broadway World. Wisdom Digital Media. Retrieved May 29, 2018.
^ Gans, Andrew. "'Eve-Olution'—with 'Cosby' Star Le Beauf—to Close Dec. 12" Archived March 13, 2012, at the Wayback Machine playbill.com, December 8, 2004
^ "Broadway credits" Internet Broadway Database, accessed March 4, 2014
^ Gans, Andrew. "Byron Jennings and Carolyn McCormick Are The Lunts in Off-Broadway's Ten Chimneys, Opening Oct. 3" Archived May 30, 2013, at the Wayback Machine playbill.com, October 3, 2012
^ Murray, Matthew. "Off-Broadway Review. Open House" talkinbroadway.com, March 3, 2014
^ McCormick's hair was bleached blonde for this role. She had been recruited to take over for Barbara Stock's character of Susan Silverman, Spenser's girlfriend in the stories. This proved to be an unpopular decision, and Stock returned the next season.
External links
Carolyn McCormick at IMDb
Carolyn McCormick at the Internet Broadway Database
Carolyn McCormick at the Internet Off-Broadway Database
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
Israel
United States
Netherlands
Poland
Artists
MusicBrainz
People
Deutsche Synchronkartei
Deutsche Biographie | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dr. Elizabeth Olivet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Olivet"},{"link_name":"Law & Order franchise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_%26_Order_franchise"}],"text":"Carolyn Inez McCormick (born September 19, 1959) is an American actress who played Dr. Elizabeth Olivet in the Law & Order franchise.","title":"Carolyn McCormick"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Midland, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midland,_Texas"},{"link_name":"The Kinkaid School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Kinkaid_School"},{"link_name":"Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston"},{"link_name":"Williams College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williams_College"},{"link_name":"B.F.A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Fine_Arts"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"M.F.A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Fine_Arts"},{"link_name":"American Conservatory Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Conservatory_Theater"},{"link_name":"television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television"},{"link_name":"movies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film"},{"link_name":"theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre"},{"link_name":"Enemy Mine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enemy_Mine_(film)"},{"link_name":"Wolfgang Petersen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Petersen"},{"link_name":"Dennis Quaid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Quaid"},{"link_name":"Woody Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woody_Allen"},{"link_name":"Whatever Works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whatever_Works"},{"link_name":"You Know My Name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_Know_My_Name_(film)"},{"link_name":"Sam Elliott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Elliott"},{"link_name":"A Simple Twist of Fate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Simple_Twist_of_Fate"},{"link_name":"Steve Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Martin"},{"link_name":"Spenser: For Hire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spenser:_For_Hire"},{"link_name":"holodeck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holodeck"},{"link_name":"Minuet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minuet_(Star_Trek)"},{"link_name":"11001001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11001001"},{"link_name":"Star Trek: The Next Generation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek:_The_Next_Generation"},{"link_name":"William Riker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Riker"},{"link_name":"Future Imperfect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_Imperfect"},{"link_name":"Dr. Elizabeth Olivet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Olivet"},{"link_name":"Law & Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_%26_Order"},{"link_name":"Robert Pastorelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Pastorelli"},{"link_name":"Americanized version","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cracker_(American_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Cracker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cracker_(British_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Madam Secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madam_Secretary_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Elementary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Blue Bloods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Bloods_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Judging Amy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judging_Amy"},{"link_name":"The Practice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Practice"},{"link_name":"Body of Proof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_of_Proof"},{"link_name":"Cold Case","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_Case"},{"link_name":"Homicide: Life on the Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homicide:_Life_on_the_Street"},{"link_name":"LA Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LA_Law"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Off-Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Off-Broadway"},{"link_name":"Cherry Lane Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherry_Lane_Theatre"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Broadway_World-4"},{"link_name":"The Cosby Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cosby_Show"},{"link_name":"Sabrina Le Beauf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabrina_Le_Beauf"},{"link_name":"Oedipus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oedipus"},{"link_name":"A. R. Gurney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._R._Gurney"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_theatre"},{"link_name":"The Dinner Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dinner_Party"},{"link_name":"Private Lives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_Lives"},{"link_name":"Equus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equus_(play)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Will Eno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Eno"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Hunger Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunger_Games"},{"link_name":"Ken Burns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Burns"}],"text":"McCormick was born and raised in Midland, Texas, and graduated first in her class from The Kinkaid School in Houston in 1977. She graduated with honors from Williams College in 1981 with a B.F.A.[2] She also holds an M.F.A. from the American Conservatory Theater in San Francisco. She has worked in television, movies, theatre, and voice acting.Her breakthrough role was in Enemy Mine, directed by Wolfgang Petersen with Dennis Quaid. Her other film credits include Woody Allen's Whatever Works, You Know My Name with Sam Elliott, and A Simple Twist of Fate with Steve Martin. She played Hannah's Mom in Barney's Night Before Christmas.\nHer first notable television credit was as district attorney Rita Fiore in Spenser: For Hire, in 1986-1987. She appeared as the holodeck simulation Minuet in \"11001001\", a first-season episode of Star Trek: The Next Generation, and later as Minuet Riker (William Riker's holodeck wife) in a fantasy-alternate universe during the fourth-season episode \"Future Imperfect\".The role for which McCormick would become best known was as Dr. Elizabeth Olivet, a consulting psychologist for the prosecution on Law & Order. She appeared in approximately half of the episodes of the NBC series between 1994 and 2006.In 1997, she played the unhappy wife of a police psychiatrist, played by Robert Pastorelli, in the short-lived Americanized version of the British series Cracker. She has been a guest star on series including Madam Secretary, Elementary, Blue Bloods, Judging Amy, The Practice, Body of Proof, Cold Case, Homicide: Life on the Street, and LA Law.[3]McCormick also performs on stage. She appeared at the Off-Broadway Cherry Lane Theatre in Eve-olution[4] with The Cosby Show star Sabrina Le Beauf in 2004. She has also appeared in Dinner with Friends, Oedipus, Ancestral Voices, The Donahue Sisters, Laureen's Whereabouts and In Perpetuity. She worked with Thomas Kail at The Flea Theatre in A. R. Gurney's Family Furniture (2013). In 2015, she appeared in Vanya, Sonya, Masha and Spike at the PaperMill Playhouse and What I Did Last Summer at the Signature 2015.[5] She appeared in the Broadway productions of The Dinner Party in 2001 as Mariette Levieux, Private Lives (standby) in 2002, and in Equus in 2008 as Dora Strang.[6] In 2012, she appeared opposite her husband, Byron Jennings, in the Off-Broadway production of Ten Chimneys.[7] She appeared Off-Broadway in Will Eno's play The Open House in 2014 (Lucille Lortel nomination, Drama Desk Award).[8] She has recorded many audio books, including the Hunger Games series, and has narrated many Ken Burns documentaries.","title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Film","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Video games","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Audiobooks","text":"All audiobooks McCormack narrated.","title":"Filmography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Married Couple Byron Jennings and Carolyn McCormick to Star in Lunt and Fontanne Bio-Play Ten Chimneys\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Indonesia_2018 | Miss Indonesia 2018 | ["1 Judges","2 Result","2.1 Placements","2.1.1 Top 16","2.1.2 Top 5","2.2 Fast Track Event","2.3 Special Awards","3 Contestants","4 Crossovers","5 References","6 External links"] | Beauty pageant
Miss Indonesia 2018Date22 February 2018PresentersRobby Purba, Amanda Zevannya, Daniel ManantaEntertainmentJaz, HIVI!, Virgoun Tambunan, Gloria JessicaVenueMNC Studio, Kebon Jeruk, Jakarta, IndonesiaBroadcasterRCTIEntrants34Placements16WinnerAlya Nurshabrina West JavaCongenialityLudia Amaye Maryen Papua← 20172019 →
Miss Indonesia 2018 is the 14th edition of the Miss Indonesia pageant. It was held on 22 February 2018, at MNC Studio, Kebon Jeruk, Jakarta, Indonesia. Miss World 2017, Manushi Chhillar of India, attended the awarding night.
Achintya Holte Nielsen as Miss Indonesia 2017 from West Nusa Tenggara crowned her successor, Alya Nurshabrina from West Java. She represented Indonesia in Miss World 2018.
Judges
Liliana Tanoesoedibjo, founder and chairwoman of Miss Indonesia Organization.
Peter F. Saerang, professional make-up and hairstylist.
Wulan Tilaar Widarto, vice-chairwoman of Martha Tilaar Group.
Ferry Salim, actor, entrepreneur, and ambassador of UNICEF to Indonesia.
Natasha Mannuela, Miss Indonesia 2016, Runner-up 2 Miss World 2016, Miss World Asia 2016.
Result
Placements
Result
Contestant
Miss Indonesia 2018
West Java - Alya Nurshabrina
1st Runner-up
West Sumatra - Narda Virelia
2nd Runner-up
Central Java - Nadya Astrella Juliana
3rd Runner-up
North Sulawesi - Harini Merly Betrix Sondakh
4th Runner-up
Aceh - Raudha Kasmir
Top 15 semifinalist
Banten - Haifa Nafisa
Central Kalimantan - Mercy Andrea
East Java - Angeline Stephani
Jakarta Special Capital Region - Beatrice Elizabeth Elena
Jambi - Natasya Dey
North Kalimantan - Cloudia Shinta Bestari
North Sumatra - Lydia Cherissa D'Cruz Sitorus
Riau - Mitha Ardianti Safira
South Kalimantan - Fiyona Alidjurnawan
West Nusa Tenggara - Natasha Keniraras
Yogyakarta Special Region - Giovanna Yudi
Top 16
Banten §
Riau §
Jambi §
Aceh §
Central Java §
West Java §
North Sumatra
South Kalimantan
Yogya Special Region
West Sumatra
Central Kalimantan
Jakarta SCR
North Kalimantan
East Java
North Sulawesi
West Nusa Tenggara
§ Placed into the Top 16 by Fast Track
Top 5
North Sulawesi
Aceh
Central Java
West Java
West Sumatra
Fast Track Event
Fast track events held during preliminary round and the winners of Fast Track events are automatically qualified to enter the semifinal round. This year's fast track events include : Talent, Catwalk (Modeling), Sports, Nature and Beauty Fashion, Social Media, And Beauty with a Purpose.
Category
Contestant
Talent
Central Java - Nadya Astrella Juliana
Catwalk (Top Model)
Aceh - Raudha Kasmir
Sports
Riau - Mitha Ardianti Safira
Nature and Beauty Fashion
Banten - Haifa Nafisa
Social Media
Jambi - Natasya Dey
Beauty with a Purpose
West Java - Alya Nurshabrina
Special Awards
Award
Contestant
Miss Congeniality
Papua - Ludia Amaye Maryen
Miss Favorite
South Kalimantan - Fiyona Alidjurnawan
Miss Natural Beauty
West Sumatra - Narda Virelia
Miss Selfie in Detail
Aceh - Raudha Kasmir
Miss Healthy Beauty Skin
Central Java - Nadya Astrella Juliana
Contestants
Contestants of Miss Indonesia 2018 from 34 Provinces in Indonesia.
Province
Delegate
Age
Height
Hometown
Aceh
Raudha Kasmir
20
1.70 m (5 ft 7 in)
Banda Aceh
North Sumatra
Lydia Cherissa D'Cruz Sitorus
22
1.76 m (5 ft 9 in)
Medan
West Sumatra
Narda Virelia
22
1.67 m (5 ft 6 in)
Padang
Riau
Mitha Ardianti Safira
20
1.69 m (5 ft 7 in)
Pekanbaru
Riau Islands
Anastasha Carolyna Lya Handoyo
19
1.68 m (5 ft 6 in)
Batam
Jambi
Natasya Dey
18
1.73 m (5 ft 8 in)
Jambi City
South Sumatra
Claudia Jessica
23
1.73 m (5 ft 8 in)
Palembang
Bangka Belitung
Sabrina Daniel
21
1.70 m (5 ft 7 in)
Tangerang
Bengkulu
Meidinta Rinda Tania
22
1.70 m (5 ft 7 in)
Bengkulu City
Lampung
Jesica Kumala Atmadja
19
1.70 m (5 ft 7 in)
Bandar Lampung
Jakarta Special Capital Region
Beatrice Elizabeth Elena
18
1.70 m (5 ft 7 in)
Jakarta
Banten
Haifa Nafisa
23
1.67 m (5 ft 6 in)
Tangerang
West Java
Alya Nurshabrina
21
1.74 m (5 ft 9 in)
Bandung
Central Java
Nadya Astrella Juliana
21
1.71 m (5 ft 7 in)
Surakarta
Yogyakarta Special Region
Giovanna Yudi
21
1.70 m (5 ft 7 in)
Yogyakarta
East Java
Angeline Stephanie
23
1.70 m (5 ft 7 in)
Surabaya
Bali
Made Indah Swastiandewi
20
1.71 m (5 ft 7 in)
Denpasar
West Nusa Tenggara
Natasha Keniraras
20
1.72 m (5 ft 8 in)
Mataram
East Nusa Tenggara
Mayestika Dhea Dara
21
1.68 m (5 ft 6 in)
West Sumba
West Kalimantan
Lisa Marie Djunggara
22
1.72 m (5 ft 8 in)
Pontianak
South Kalimantan
Fiyona Alidjurnawan
23
1.68 m (5 ft 6 in)
Jakarta
Central Kalimantan
Mercy Andrea
21
1.69 m (5 ft 7 in)
Palangkaraya
East Kalimantan
Monica Jasmine
20
1.70 m (5 ft 7 in)
Balikpapan
North Kalimantan
Cloudia Shinta Bestari
20
1.70 m (5 ft 7 in)
Tarakan
South Sulawesi
Fadilah Septari Zandrah
21
1.70 m (5 ft 7 in)
Palopo
West Sulawesi
Alicia Maria Solangia Djilin
18
1.71 m (5 ft 7 in)
Mamuju
Southeast Sulawesi
Lita Hendratno
22
1.68 m (5 ft 6 in)
Kendari
Central Sulawesi
Aldella Prakawardhani Handoyo
23
1.65 m (5 ft 5 in)
Palu
North Sulawesi
Harini Merly Betrix Sondakh
22
1.70 m (5 ft 7 in)
Manado
Gorontalo
Dinda Husnaa Dhiyaulhaq
18
1.70 m (5 ft 7 in)
Semarang
Maluku
Alexandra Del Viera Leiwakabessy
19
1.76 m (5 ft 9 in)
Ambon
North Maluku
Kathy Monica Kabe
23
1.70 m (5 ft 7 in)
Ternate
West Papua
Ramzaniarta Thriyuliantiarchma
18
1.72 m (5 ft 8 in)
Manokwari
Papua
Ludia Amaye Maryen
21
1.67 m (5 ft 6 in)
Jayapura
Crossovers
Contestants who previously competed in other local beauty pageants or in international beauty pageants and reality modeling competition :
Puteri Indonesia
2022: Bangka Belitung - Sabrina Daniel (TBA)
Miss Earth Indonesia
2017: Central Kalimantan - Mercy Andrea (Top 10 & Miss Animal Welfare)
Miss Global Indonesia
2017: Riau Islands - Anastasha Carolyna Lya Handoyo
2017: Papua - Ludia Amaye Maryen (Miss Congeniality)
Puteri Citra Indonesia
2010: Southeast Sulawesi - Lita Hendratno (Runner-up 2)
Puteri Selam Indonesia
2017: Southeast Sulawesi - Lita Hendratno
Wajah Femina
2014: West Java - Alya Nurshabrina (Winner)
References
^ "Alya Nurshabrina Juara Miss Indonesia 2018". 23 February 2018.
External links
Official site
vteMiss Indonesia titleholdersMiss Indonesia (2005-present)
Imelda Fransisca (2005)
Kristania Virginia Besouw (2006)
Kamidia Radisti (2007)
Sandra Angelia Hadisiswantoro (2008)
Kerenina Sunny Halim (2009)
Asyifa Latief (2010)
Astrid Ellena Yunadi (2011)
Ines Putri Tjiptadi Chandra (2012)
Vania Larissa Tan (2013)
Maria Asteria Sastrayu Rahajeng (2014)
Maria Harfanti (2015)
Natasha Mannuela Halim (2016)
Achintya Holte Nilsen (2017)
Alya Nurshabrina Samadikun (2018)
Princess Mikhaelia Audrey Megonondo (2019)
Pricilia Carla Yules (2020)
Audrey Vanessa Susilo (2022)
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2022
2023
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Feingold | Benjamin Feingold | ["1 Biography","1.1 Education","1.2 Career","1.3 Personal life","1.4 Publications","2 The Feingold diet","3 See also","4 References"] | American pediatric allergist
Benjamin F. Feingold (June 15, 1899 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania – March 23, 1982) was a pediatric allergist from California who proposed in 1973 that salicylates, artificial colors, and artificial flavors cause hyperactivity in children. Hyperactivity is now classified as Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
Biography
Education
Feingold received a BS degree in 1921, and an MD in 1924, from the University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He performed his internship at Passavant Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania from 1924 to 1925. He did a fellowship in Pathology at the University of Göttingen, Germany in 1927. Between 1928 and 1929, he worked under Professor Clemens von Pirquet.
Career
Feingold worked as the house officer at the children's clinic of the University of Vienna, Austria from 1928 to 1929. From 1929 to 1932, he was clinical instructor of Pediatrics at the Northwestern University School of Medicine. From 1932 to 1958, he worked as attending physician in Pediatrics and in Infectious Diseases at Los Angeles County General Hospital, Los Angeles. He also worked as attending physician in Pediatrics at Cedars of Lebanon Hospital, Los Angeles from 1932 to 1941, and at Los Angeles Children's Hospital from 1932 to 1951. He was Chief of Pediatrics at Cedars of Lebanon Hospital, Los Angeles, and an Associate in Allergy at the Los Angeles Children's Hospital from 1945 to 1951. In 1951, he joined the Kaiser Foundation Hospital and Permanente Medical Group, and established all of the Departments of Allergy for Northern California. From 1952 to 1969, he was Kaiser's chief of Allergy, and the chairman of their central research committee. From then until his death in 1982, he was Chief Emeritus, Department of Allergy, Kaiser Permanente Medical Center.
Personal life
He married Lois Maxine Adler November 18, 1930. They had four children, all born in Los Angeles, California. From 1941 to 1945, he was a commander in the US Naval Reserve. He and Lois were divorced in 1950. He married Helene Samuels on June 21, 1951.
Publications
Besides numerous technical publications in the fields of allergy and basic immunology, he published the books Introduction to Clinical Allergy, Why your child is hyperactive, and the Feingold cookbook for hyperactive children.
The Feingold diet
Main article: Feingold diet
To treat or prevent hyperactivity, Feingold suggested a diet that was free of salicylates, artificial colors, artificial flavors, BHA, and BHT. Although the diet was popular, scientific research found no good evidence that it was effective.
See also
Diet and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
References
^ "Dr. Feingold's Bio | the Feingold Diet". Archived from the original on 2016-06-26. Retrieved 2016-07-15.
^ Feingold, B.F. (1973). Introduction to clinical allergy. Charles C. Thomas. ISBN 0-398-02797-8.
^ Feingold, B.F. (1975). Why Your Child is Hyperactive. Random House. ISBN 0-394-73426-2.
^ Feingold, B.F. (1979). The Feingold Cookbook for Hyperactive Children. Random House. ISBN 0-394-73664-8.
^ Kavale KA, Forness SR (1983). "Hyperactivity and Diet Treatment: A Meta-Analysis of the Feingold Hypothesis". Journal of Learning Disabilities. 16 (6): 324–330. doi:10.1177/002221948301600604. ISSN 0022-2194. PMID 6886553. S2CID 41744679.
Authority control databases International
FAST
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VIAF
WorldCat
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United States
Netherlands | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"salicylates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salicylic_acid"},{"link_name":"artificial colors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_coloring"},{"link_name":"artificial flavors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_colors"},{"link_name":"Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder"}],"text":"Benjamin F. Feingold (June 15, 1899 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania – March 23, 1982) was a pediatric allergist from California who proposed in 1973 that salicylates, artificial colors, and artificial flavors cause hyperactivity in children. 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From 1929 to 1932, he was clinical instructor of Pediatrics at the Northwestern University School of Medicine. From 1932 to 1958, he worked as attending physician in Pediatrics and in Infectious Diseases at Los Angeles County General Hospital, Los Angeles. He also worked as attending physician in Pediatrics at Cedars of Lebanon Hospital, Los Angeles from 1932 to 1941, and at Los Angeles Children's Hospital from 1932 to 1951. He was Chief of Pediatrics at Cedars of Lebanon Hospital, Los Angeles, and an Associate in Allergy at the Los Angeles Children's Hospital from 1945 to 1951. In 1951, he joined the Kaiser Foundation Hospital and Permanente Medical Group, and established all of the Departments of Allergy for Northern California. From 1952 to 1969, he was Kaiser's chief of Allergy, and the chairman of their central research committee. From then until his death in 1982, he was Chief Emeritus, Department of Allergy, Kaiser Permanente Medical Center.[1]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Personal life","text":"He married Lois Maxine Adler November 18, 1930. They had four children, all born in Los Angeles, California. From 1941 to 1945, he was a commander in the US Naval Reserve. He and Lois were divorced in 1950. He married Helene Samuels on June 21, 1951.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Publications","text":"Besides numerous technical publications in the fields of allergy and basic immunology, he published the books Introduction to Clinical Allergy,[2] Why your child is hyperactive,[3] and the Feingold cookbook for hyperactive children.[4]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"salicylates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salicylates"},{"link_name":"BHA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butylated_hydroxyanisole"},{"link_name":"BHT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butylated_hydroxytoluene"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KavaleForness1983-5"}],"text":"To treat or prevent hyperactivity, Feingold suggested a diet that was free of salicylates, artificial colors, artificial flavors, BHA, and BHT. Although the diet was popular, scientific research found no good evidence that it was effective.[5]","title":"The Feingold diet"}] | [] | [{"title":"Diet and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diet_and_attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder"}] | [{"reference":"\"Dr. Feingold's Bio | the Feingold Diet\". Archived from the original on 2016-06-26. Retrieved 2016-07-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160626140751/http://feingold.org/about-the-program/dr-feingold/bio/","url_text":"\"Dr. Feingold's Bio | the Feingold Diet\""},{"url":"http://feingold.org/about-the-program/dr-feingold/bio/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Feingold, B.F. (1973). Introduction to clinical allergy. Charles C. Thomas. ISBN 0-398-02797-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-398-02797-8","url_text":"0-398-02797-8"}]},{"reference":"Feingold, B.F. (1975). Why Your Child is Hyperactive. Random House. ISBN 0-394-73426-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/whyyourchildishy00fein","url_text":"Why Your Child is Hyperactive"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-73426-2","url_text":"0-394-73426-2"}]},{"reference":"Feingold, B.F. (1979). The Feingold Cookbook for Hyperactive Children. Random House. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beavis_and_Butt-Head_in_Virtual_Stupidity | Beavis and Butt-Head in Virtual Stupidity | ["1 Plot","2 Music videos","3 Reception","4 References","5 External links"] | 1995 video game
1995 video gameBeavis and Butt-Head in Virtual StupidityNorth American cover artDeveloper(s)ICOM SimulationsPublisher(s)Viacom New MediaJP: B-FactoryProducer(s)Cathi CourtDesigner(s)Brian BabendererdeBrad DelaneyProgrammer(s)Christian GustafssonArtist(s)Brian BabendererdeAlisa E. KoberSeriesBeavis and Butt-HeadPlatform(s)Windows 95, PlayStationReleaseWindows NA: August 31, 1995EU: 1995PlayStationJP: January 29, 1998Genre(s)AdventureMode(s)Single-player
Beavis and Butt-Head in Virtual Stupidity is a point-and-click adventure computer game based on the American animated television series created by Mike Judge, Beavis and Butt-Head, that was developed by ICOM Simulations and published by Viacom New Media. It was released on August 31, 1995.
It featured vocals from the series' cast of voice actors, including Mike Judge. Besides the main game, four mini-games are featured, called Hock-A-Loogie, Court Chaos, Bug Justice, and Air Guitar.
The main game plots the two main characters, Beavis and Butt-Head, trying to get into Todd's gang. Over the course of the game, they have to complete tasks and explore areas in the fictional town of Highland, Texas.
It was originally released on the PC. A CD-i port of Virtual Stupidity was planned but was cancelled due to falling sales of the console. A Sony PlayStation port was released exclusively in Japan in 1998 with dubbed voice acting by Owarai duo London Boots Ichi-gō Ni-gō.
Plot
The game starts with Beavis and Butt-Head working at Burger World. They are met by Todd, who threatens them. Despite this, Beavis and Butt-Head like Todd because of his power and consider him "cool." They decide to try to join Todd's gang.
At Highland High, the duo are forced to stay in Science Class and dissect a frog. Eventually, they manage to skip class after lying to the science teacher that they are going to the bathroom. They manage to slip from school after spitting on Principal McVicker from the school rooftop, causing him to leave the school entrance.
From then on, Beavis and Butt-Head explore various areas from Highland, including their house, BurgerWorld, the park, and Maxi-Mart, completing various tasks, in order to get closer to Todd and his gang.
Music videos
Three full-length music videos (with included commentary by Beavis and Butt-Head) are viewable on various television sets in the game:
GWAR – "Saddam a Go-Go"
Primus – "DMV"
Sausage – "Riddles Are Abound Tonight"
Reception
ReceptionReview scoresPublicationScorePC Gamer (US)90%Next GenerationComputer Games Strategy PlusComputer Game Review85/65/78PC EntertainmentCAwardPublicationAwardPC Gamer USBest Adventure Game 1995
According to senior artist Tom Zehner, Virtual Stupidity achieved sales above 100,000 units. The game was a commercial success.
Virtual Stupidity received mostly positive reviews from video game magazines and websites. It held a 76.86% average at GameRankings based on seven reviews. Reviewing the PC version, a reviewer for Next Generation said it "may be one of the funniest games to ever hit store shelves." He applauded the game for "flawlessly" recreating the look, sound, and humor of the TV show while having enough strong gameplay to make it stand on its own as an outstanding adventure game. He scored it 4 out of 5 stars.
PC Gamer US named Virtual Stupidity the best adventure game of 1995. The editors wrote, "This game is a textbook example of the right way to bring material from another medium to PC gaming." In 1998, the magazine declared it the 24th-best computer game ever released, and the editors called it "a great piece of adventure gaming".
References
^ a b "Beavis and Butt-head in Virtual Stupidity for PC". GameRankings. Archived from the original on July 31, 2016. Retrieved 2009-07-24.
^
Jeffrey Adam Young (May 1, 1996). "B&B-H: Virtual Stupidity Review". GameSpot. Archived from the original on 2009-08-22. Retrieved 2009-07-24.
^ Rob Michaud (October 10, 2003). "Review: Beavis & Butthead in Virtual Stupidity". Adventure Gamers. Retrieved 2009-07-24.
^ Bennett, Dan (February 1996). "Beavis & Butt-Head in Virtual Stupidity". PC Gamer US. Archived from the original on March 11, 2000. Retrieved June 5, 2019.
^ a b "Uh... That's Cool". Next Generation (14). Imagine Media: 174. February 1996.
^ Staff (February 10, 1996). "Beavis and Butthead in Virtual Stupidity". Computer Games Strategy Plus. Archived from the original on October 7, 1997. Retrieved June 5, 2019.
^ Snyder, Frank; Chapman, Ted; Honeywell, Steve (January 1996). "Dillweed's Delight". Computer Game Review. Archived from the original on December 21, 1996. Retrieved June 5, 2019.
^ St. John, Donald (February 1996). "Beavis and Butt-Head in Virtual Stupidity". PC Entertainment. Archived from the original on October 18, 1996. Retrieved June 5, 2019.
^ a b Editors of PC Gamer (March 1996). "The Year's Best Games". PC Gamer US. 3 (3): 64, 65, 67, 68, 71, 73–75.
^ "Tom Zehner | Video Games :: MTV's Beavis and Butthead in Virtual Stupidity". www.tomzehner.com. Archived from the original on 1 July 2017. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
^ Scorpia (May 1996). "You Have No Clue?; Crystal Ball". Computer Gaming World. No. 142. p. 111.
^ The PC Gamer Editors (October 1998). "The 50 Best Games Ever". PC Gamer US. 5 (10): 86, 87, 89, 90, 92, 98, 101, 102, 109, 110, 113, 114, 117, 118, 125, 126, 129, 130. {{cite journal}}: |author= has generic name (help)
External links
Official site
Beavis and Butt-Head in Virtual Stupidity at MobyGames
Beavis and Butt-Head in Virtual Stupidity at GameFAQs
vteBeavis and Butt-HeadCharacters
Beavis
Butt-Head
Daria Morgendorffer
Episodes
"Comedians"
"Werewolves of Highland"
"Crying"
"Daughter's Hand"
"Tech Support"
"Drones"
"Holy Cornholio"
"Supersize Me"
"Bathroom Break"
"The Rat"
"Escape Room"
"The Special One"
"Boxed In"
Films
Beavis and Butt-Head Do America (1996)
Beavis and Butt-Head Do the Universe (2022)
Media
The Beavis and Butt-Head Experience
"I Got You Babe"
Beavis and Butt-Head: The Mike Judge Collection
Video games
Beavis and Butt-Head
Virtual Stupidity
Bunghole in One
Do U.
Other
Liquid Television
Frog Baseball
Daria
Airheads
Jackass 3D
Celebrity Deathmatch
King of the Hill | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"point-and-click adventure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point-and-click_adventure_game"},{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"animated television series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animated_television_series"},{"link_name":"Mike Judge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Judge"},{"link_name":"Beavis and Butt-Head","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beavis_and_Butt-Head"},{"link_name":"ICOM Simulations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICOM_Simulations"},{"link_name":"Viacom New Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viacom_New_Media"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GameRankings-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gamespot-2"},{"link_name":"Beavis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beavis"},{"link_name":"Butt-Head","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butt-Head"},{"link_name":"Todd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_Ianuzzi"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-adventure-3"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"PC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computer"},{"link_name":"CD-i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-i"},{"link_name":"Sony PlayStation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_(console)"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_in_video_gaming"},{"link_name":"London Boots Ichi-gō Ni-gō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Boots_Ichi-g%C5%8D_Ni-g%C5%8D"}],"text":"1995 video gameBeavis and Butt-Head in Virtual Stupidity is a point-and-click adventure computer game based on the American animated television series created by Mike Judge, Beavis and Butt-Head, that was developed by ICOM Simulations and published by Viacom New Media. It was released on August 31, 1995.[1]It featured vocals from the series' cast of voice actors, including Mike Judge.[2] Besides the main game, four mini-games are featured, called Hock-A-Loogie, Court Chaos, Bug Justice, and Air Guitar.The main game plots the two main characters, Beavis and Butt-Head, trying to get into Todd's gang. Over the course of the game, they have to complete tasks[3] and explore areas in the fictional town of Highland, Texas.It was originally released on the PC. A CD-i port of Virtual Stupidity was planned but was cancelled due to falling sales of the console. A Sony PlayStation port was released exclusively in Japan in 1998 with dubbed voice acting by Owarai duo London Boots Ichi-gō Ni-gō.","title":"Beavis and Butt-Head in Virtual Stupidity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Beavis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beavis"},{"link_name":"Butt-Head","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butt-Head"},{"link_name":"Todd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_Ianuzzi"},{"link_name":"Principal McVicker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principal_McVicker"}],"text":"The game starts with Beavis and Butt-Head working at Burger World. They are met by Todd, who threatens them. Despite this, Beavis and Butt-Head like Todd because of his power and consider him \"cool.\" They decide to try to join Todd's gang.At Highland High, the duo are forced to stay in Science Class and dissect a frog. Eventually, they manage to skip class after lying to the science teacher that they are going to the bathroom. 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It held a 76.86% average at GameRankings based on seven reviews.[1] Reviewing the PC version, a reviewer for Next Generation said it \"may be one of the funniest games to ever hit store shelves.\" He applauded the game for \"flawlessly\" recreating the look, sound, and humor of the TV show while having enough strong gameplay to make it stand on its own as an outstanding adventure game. He scored it 4 out of 5 stars.[5]PC Gamer US named Virtual Stupidity the best adventure game of 1995. The editors wrote, \"This game is a textbook example of the right way to bring material from another medium to PC gaming.\"[9] In 1998, the magazine declared it the 24th-best computer game ever released, and the editors called it \"a great piece of adventure gaming\".[12]","title":"Reception"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Beavis and Butt-head in Virtual Stupidity for PC\". GameRankings. Archived from the original on July 31, 2016. 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Retrieved June 5, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/19971007222937/http://www.cdmag.com/adventure_vault/beavis_butthead/page1.html","url_text":"\"Beavis and Butthead in Virtual Stupidity\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Games_Magazine","url_text":"Computer Games Strategy Plus"},{"url":"http://www.cdmag.com/adventure_vault/beavis_butthead/page1.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Snyder, Frank; Chapman, Ted; Honeywell, Steve (January 1996). \"Dillweed's Delight\". Computer Game Review. Archived from the original on December 21, 1996. Retrieved June 5, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/19961221183801/http://www.nuke.com/cgr/reviews/9601/b%26b/b%26b.htm","url_text":"\"Dillweed's Delight\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Game_Review","url_text":"Computer Game Review"},{"url":"http://www.nuke.com/cgr/reviews/9601/b&b/b&b.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"St. John, Donald (February 1996). \"Beavis and Butt-Head in Virtual Stupidity\". PC Entertainment. Archived from the original on October 18, 1996. Retrieved June 5, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/19961018113331/http://www.pcgamesmag.com/games/Feb96/beavis296.html","url_text":"\"Beavis and Butt-Head in Virtual Stupidity\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GamePro#PC_Games","url_text":"PC Entertainment"},{"url":"http://www.pcgamesmag.com/games/Feb96/beavis296.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Editors of PC Gamer (March 1996). \"The Year's Best Games\". PC Gamer US. 3 (3): 64, 65, 67, 68, 71, 73–75.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_Gamer_US","url_text":"PC Gamer US"}]},{"reference":"\"Tom Zehner | Video Games :: MTV's Beavis and Butthead in Virtual Stupidity\". www.tomzehner.com. Archived from the original on 1 July 2017. Retrieved 12 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170701061735/http://www.tomzehner.com/virtualstupidity.html","url_text":"\"Tom Zehner | Video Games :: MTV's Beavis and Butthead in Virtual Stupidity\""},{"url":"http://www.tomzehner.com/virtualstupidity.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Scorpia (May 1996). \"You Have No Clue?; Crystal Ball\". Computer Gaming World. No. 142. p. 111.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scorpia_(journalist)","url_text":"Scorpia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Gaming_World","url_text":"Computer Gaming World"}]},{"reference":"The PC Gamer Editors (October 1998). \"The 50 Best Games Ever\". PC Gamer US. 5 (10): 86, 87, 89, 90, 92, 98, 101, 102, 109, 110, 113, 114, 117, 118, 125, 126, 129, 130.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_Gamer_US","url_text":"PC Gamer US"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160731201700/http://www.gamerankings.com/pc/196748-beavis-and-butt-head-in-virtual-stupidity/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Beavis and Butt-head in Virtual Stupidity for PC\""},{"Link":"https://www.gamerankings.com/htmlpages2/196748.asp","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090822025745/http://www.gamespot.com/pc/adventure/beavisandbuttheadinvs/review.html","external_links_name":"\"B&B-H: Virtual Stupidity Review\""},{"Link":"http://www.gamespot.com/pc/adventure/beavisandbuttheadinvs/review.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.adventuregamers.com/display.php?id=291","external_links_name":"\"Review: Beavis & Butthead in Virtual Stupidity\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20000311162150/http://www.pcgamer.com/reviews/176.html","external_links_name":"\"Beavis & Butt-Head in Virtual Stupidity\""},{"Link":"http://www.pcgamer.com/reviews/176.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/19971007222937/http://www.cdmag.com/adventure_vault/beavis_butthead/page1.html","external_links_name":"\"Beavis and Butthead in Virtual Stupidity\""},{"Link":"http://www.cdmag.com/adventure_vault/beavis_butthead/page1.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/19961221183801/http://www.nuke.com/cgr/reviews/9601/b%26b/b%26b.htm","external_links_name":"\"Dillweed's Delight\""},{"Link":"http://www.nuke.com/cgr/reviews/9601/b&b/b&b.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/19961018113331/http://www.pcgamesmag.com/games/Feb96/beavis296.html","external_links_name":"\"Beavis and Butt-Head in Virtual Stupidity\""},{"Link":"http://www.pcgamesmag.com/games/Feb96/beavis296.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170701061735/http://www.tomzehner.com/virtualstupidity.html","external_links_name":"\"Tom Zehner | Video Games :: MTV's Beavis and Butthead in Virtual Stupidity\""},{"Link":"http://www.tomzehner.com/virtualstupidity.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/19961222055803/http://www.mtv.com/animation/beavbutt/VS/index.html","external_links_name":"Official site"},{"Link":"https://www.mobygames.com/game/mtvs-beavis-and-butt-head-in-virtual-stupidity","external_links_name":"Beavis and Butt-Head in Virtual Stupidity"},{"Link":"https://gamefaqs.gamespot.com/pc/196748-beavis-and-butt-head-in-virtual-stupidity","external_links_name":"Beavis and Butt-Head in Virtual Stupidity"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Park_Toronto | Love Park (Toronto) | ["1 Project site","2 Design","3 Features","4 References","5 External links"] | Coordinates: 43°38′27″N 79°22′47″W / 43.6408°N 79.3798°W / 43.6408; -79.3798Public park in Toronto, Canada
Love ParkLove Park (2023)Location of Love Park in TorontoTypeUrban parkLocation96 Queens Quay West,Toronto, Ontario,CanadaCoordinates43°38′27″N 79°22′47″W / 43.6408°N 79.3798°W / 43.6408; -79.3798Area2 acres (0.81 ha)Created2023 (2023)DesignerCCxAOwned byCity of TorontoOperated byToronto Parks, Forestry & RecreationWebsitewww.toronto.ca/love-park/
Love Park is a public park located in downtown Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Developed by Waterfront Toronto, and designed by CCxA, the park is operated by Toronto Parks, Forestry and Recreation. Construction on Love Park began in July 2021, and the park officially opened on June 23, 2023.
Project site
Love Park's site is the former plot of the York-Bay-Yonge eastbound off-ramp of the Gardiner Expressway. The off-ramp was removed in 2016–2017 to reclaim the space for the community by allowing for the widening of Harbour Street to improve pedestrian and cyclist access to the waterfront. The allotted space is 0.81 hectares (2 acres) in the Financial District of the Toronto harbourfront. The allotted budget for the construction of the park is approximately CA$7 million. The project was planned to break ground in 2019 though due to delays was not started until 2021.
Design
Love Park was designed by CCxA (formerly Claude Cormier + associes) landscape architects based in Montreal. They worked with gh3*, an architecture firm in Toronto. “The park was designed to be an alter ego for its surroundings of large and reflective glass clad structures.” The design of Love Park follows a classic design strategy with a central water installation surrounded by lush green spaces. This strategy is reflected in parks and installations around the world and has been utilized for generations. This design strategy is also seen in Natrel Rink, Nathan Phillips Square, and Paul Quarrington Ice Rink and Splash Pad. These are three public spaces that are in close proximity to Love Park and similarly have central water features. Love Park is a continuation of Toronto's efforts to revitalize its harbourfront community and bring green spaces to areas dominated by skyscrapers.
Features
Love Park has a number of features to augment the space. The largest such feature is the heart shaped reflecting pool in the middle of the park. According to Cormier, the heart design was inspired by an image he saw on social media following the 2018 Toronto van attack, while the red tile surrounding the pool references mosaics in Park Güell. “Within the reflecting pool it will have a small island with red and pink flowers as well as a large, illuminated heart that will be suspended above.” The reflecting pool will be a central water feature. The park also will have a fully mirrored arcade that creates a functional pavilion that's interior houses a universal washroom and a coffee kiosk for park goers to utilize while providing shelter from the elements for a number of seating areas. The pavilion will be a space for residents of the community, people who work in the commercial buildings, and tourists to have a rest, eat lunch, or have a morning coffee while experiencing the park. Love Park also has several clearings and platforms for the display of public art installations and to facilitate small gatherings.
References
^ "Historic photos from around High Park, Toronto". WholeMap.com. Archived from the original on July 19, 2011. Retrieved May 7, 2011.
^ "Love Park | Waterfront Toronto". www.waterfrontoronto.ca. Retrieved October 9, 2023.
^ a b "Love Park". www.waterfronttoronto.ca. Retrieved October 14, 2022.
^ Felix, Ricardo (June 21, 2023). "Love Park Opens In Toronto's Harbourfront". Designlines Magazine. Retrieved October 10, 2023.
^ a b Gordon, David L. A. (1997). "Building Battery Park City". Battery Park City: Politics and Planning on the New York Waterfront. Amsterdam: Gordon and Breach. pp. 93–104. doi:10.4324/9780203059524. ISBN 978-0-203-05952-4. OCLC 823738275.
^ "Eastbound ramp from Gardiner Expressway to York/Bay/Yonge Streets to be demolished, replaced with new ramp". City of Toronto. February 8, 2017. Retrieved April 21, 2022.
^ a b "Winning designs chosen for Toronto's Rees and York Street parks". Canadian Architect. October 9, 2018. Retrieved April 21, 2022.
^ "Love Park". Retrieved April 21, 2022.
^ a b c d e Teo, Mark (July 10, 2018). "10 Proposals, Two Green Spaces: Exploring Toronto's New Waterfront Parks". Azure Magazine. Retrieved October 10, 2023.
^ Senechal-Becker, Elena (December 1, 2021). ""Risk is Where Success Resides": A Conversation with Claude Cormier". Azure.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Love Park, Toronto.
Official website
City of Toronto (June 23, 2023). "City of Toronto and waterfront partners embrace the opening of Love Park today". Retrieved October 10, 2023.
Landau, Jack (January 13, 2022). "Toronto's stunning new heart-shaped park is quickly becoming a reality". blogTO. Retrieved October 10, 2023.
"Love Park". waterfrontoronto.ca. June 18, 2019. Archived from the original on January 16, 2022.
Novakovic, Stefan (October 9, 2018). "Winning designs chosen for Toronto's Rees and York Street parks". Canadian Architect. Retrieved October 10, 2023. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto"},{"link_name":"Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario"},{"link_name":"Waterfront Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterfront_Toronto"},{"link_name":"CCxA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Cormier"},{"link_name":"Toronto Parks, Forestry and Recreation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Parks,_Forestry_and_Recreation"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Felix_2023-4"}],"text":"Public park in Toronto, CanadaLove Park is a public park located in downtown Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Developed by Waterfront Toronto, and designed by CCxA, the park is operated by Toronto Parks, Forestry and Recreation.[2][3] Construction on Love Park began in July 2021, and the park officially opened on June 23, 2023.[4]","title":"Love Park (Toronto)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gardiner Expressway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardiner_Expressway"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gordon_1997_pp._93%E2%80%93104-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Toronto harbourfront","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbourfront,_Toronto"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gordon_1997_pp._93%E2%80%93104-5"},{"link_name":"CA$","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_dollar"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-7"}],"text":"Love Park's site is the former plot of the York-Bay-Yonge eastbound off-ramp of the Gardiner Expressway.[5] The off-ramp was removed in 2016–2017 to reclaim the space for the community by allowing for the widening of Harbour Street to improve pedestrian and cyclist access to the waterfront.[6] The allotted space is 0.81 hectares (2 acres) in the Financial District of the Toronto harbourfront.[5] The allotted budget for the construction of the park is approximately CA$7 million. The project was planned to break ground in 2019 though due to delays was not started until 2021.[7]","title":"Project site"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CCxA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Cormier"},{"link_name":"Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal"},{"link_name":"gh3*","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gh3*"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Teo_2018-9"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-7"},{"link_name":"Nathan Phillips Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Phillips_Square"}],"text":"Love Park was designed by CCxA (formerly Claude Cormier + associes) landscape architects based in Montreal. They worked with gh3*, an architecture firm in Toronto.[8] “The park was designed to be an alter ego for its surroundings of large and reflective glass clad structures.”[9] The design of Love Park follows a classic design strategy with a central water installation surrounded by lush green spaces.[7] This strategy is reflected in parks and installations around the world and has been utilized for generations. This design strategy is also seen in Natrel Rink, Nathan Phillips Square, and Paul Quarrington Ice Rink and Splash Pad. These are three public spaces that are in close proximity to Love Park and similarly have central water features. Love Park is a continuation of Toronto's efforts to revitalize its harbourfront community and bring green spaces to areas dominated by skyscrapers.","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"2018 Toronto van attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Toronto_van_attack"},{"link_name":"Park Güell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_G%C3%BCell"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Senechal-Becker_2021-10"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Teo_2018-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Teo_2018-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Teo_2018-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Teo_2018-9"}],"text":"Love Park has a number of features to augment the space. The largest such feature is the heart shaped reflecting pool in the middle of the park.[3] According to Cormier, the heart design was inspired by an image he saw on social media following the 2018 Toronto van attack, while the red tile surrounding the pool references mosaics in Park Güell.[10] “Within the reflecting pool it will have a small island with red and pink flowers as well as a large, illuminated heart that will be suspended above.”[9] The reflecting pool will be a central water feature. The park also will have a fully mirrored arcade that creates a functional pavilion that's interior houses a universal washroom and a coffee kiosk for park goers to utilize while providing shelter from the elements for a number of seating areas.[9] The pavilion will be a space for residents of the community, people who work in the commercial buildings, and tourists to have a rest, eat lunch, or have a morning coffee while experiencing the park.[9] Love Park also has several clearings and platforms for the display of public art installations and to facilitate small gatherings.[9]","title":"Features"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Historic photos from around High Park, Toronto\". WholeMap.com. Archived from the original on July 19, 2011. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_scraped_surface_heat_exchanger | Dynamic scraped surface heat exchanger | ["1 Introduction","2 Description","3 Types","4 Evaluation","5 Applications","6 See also","7 References"] | This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
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The dynamic scraped surface heat exchanger (DSSHE) is a type of heat exchanger used to remove or add heat to fluids, mainly foodstuffs, but also other industrial products. They have been designed to address specific problems that impede efficient heat transfer. DSSHEs improve efficiency by removing fouling layers, increasing turbulence in the case of high viscosity flow, and avoiding the generation of crystals and other process by-products. DSSHEs incorporate an internal mechanism which periodically removes the product from the heat transfer wall. The sides are scraped by blades made of a rigid plastic material to prevent damage to the scraped surface.
Introduction
An applicable technologies for indirect heat transfer use tubes (shell-and-tube exchangers) or flat surfaces (plate exchangers). Their goal is to exchange the maximum amount of heat per unit area by generating as much turbulence as possible below given pumping power limits. Typical approaches to achieve this consist of corrugating the tubes or plates or extending their surface with fins. However, these geometry conformation technologies, the calculation of optimum mass flows and other turbulence related factors become diminished when fouling appears, obliging designers to fit significantly larger heat transfer areas. There are several types of fouling, including particulate accumulation, precipitation (crystallization), sedimentation, generation of ice layers, etc.
Another factor posing difficulties to heat transfer is viscosity. Highly viscous fluids tend to generate deep laminar flow, a condition with very poor heat transfer rates and high pressure losses involving a considerable pumping power, often exceeding the exchanger design limits. This problem becomes worsened frequently when processing non-newtonian fluids.
The DSSHE has been designed to face the aforementioned problems. They increase heat transfer by: removing the fouling layers, increasing turbulence in case of high viscosity flow, and avoiding the generation of ice and other process by-products.
Description
The dynamic scraped surface heat exchangers incorporate an internal mechanism which periodically removes the product from the heat transfer wall. The product side is scraped by blades attached to a moving shaft or frame. The blades are made of a rigid plastic material to prevent damage to the scraped surface. This material is FDA approved in the case of food applications.
Types
There are basically three types of DSSHEs depending on the arrangement of the blades:
Rotating, tubular DSSHEs. The shaft is placed parallel to the tube axis, not necessarily coincident, and spins at various frequencies, from a few dozen rpm to more than 1000 rpm. The number of blades oscillates between 1 and 4 and may take advantage of centrifugal forces to scrape the inner surface of the tube. Examples are the Waukesha Cherry-Burrell Votator II, Alfa Laval Contherm, Terlet Terlotherm and Kelstream's scraped surface heat exchanger. Another example is the HRS Heat Exchangers R Series or Sakura Seisakusho Ltd. Japan Onlator.
Reciprocating, tubular DSSHEs. The shaft is concentric to the tube and moves longitudinally without rotating. The frequency spans between 10 and 60 strokes per minute. The blades may vary in number and shape, from baffle-like arrangements to perforated disk configurations. An example is the HRS Heat Exchangers Unicus.
Rotating, plate DSSHEs. The blades wipe the external surface of circular plates arranged in series inside a shell. The heating/cooling fluid runs inside the plates. The frequency is about several dozen rpm. An example is the HRS Spiratube T-Sensation.
Evaluation
Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) techniques are the standard tools to analyse and evaluate heat exchangers and similar equipment. However, for quick calculation purposes, the evaluation of DSSHEs are usually carried out with the help of ad hoc (semi)empirical correlations based on the Buckingham π theorem:
Fa = Fa(Re, Re', n, ...)
for pressure loss and
Nu = Nu(Re, Re', Pr, Fa, L/D, N, ...)
for heat transfer, where Nu is the Nusselt number, Re is the standard Reynolds number based on the inner diameter of the tube, Re' is the specific Reynolds number based on the wiping frequency, Pr is the Prandtl number, Fa is the Fanning friction factor, L is the length of the tube, D is the inner diameter of the tube, n is the number of blades and the dots account for any other relevant dimensionless parameters.
Applications
The range of applications covers a number of industries, including food, chemical, petrochemical and pharmaceutical. The DSSHEs are appropriate whenever products are prone to fouling, very viscous, particulate, heat sensitive or crystallizing.
See also
Pumpable ice technology
References
Bott, T. R. (May 1966). Design of Scraped Surface Heat Exchangers. Vol. II, No.5. British Chemical Engineering. pp. 338–339.
Bott, T. R. (November 2001). To Foul or not to Foul. CEP Magazine. pp. 30–37.
Bott, T. R.; Romero, J. J. B. (October 1963). Heat Transfer Across a Scraped Surface. The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering. pp. 213–219.
Chong, A. (2001). A Study of Scraped-Surface Heat Exchanger in Ice-Making Applications, M. Sc. Thesis. University of Toronto.
"Scraped surface heat exchangers project webpage". Smith Institute. Archived from the original on 2009-03-04.
Tähti, T. (2004). Suspension Melt Crystallization in Tubular and Scraped Surface Heat Exchangers, Ph. D. Thesis. Martin-Luther-Universität.
"Scraped-Surface Heat-Exchanger Project page". University of Southampton. Archived from the original on 2009-03-04. Retrieved 2008-09-08. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"heat exchanger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_exchanger"},{"link_name":"fouling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fouling"},{"link_name":"turbulence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbulence"},{"link_name":"viscosity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscosity"}],"text":"The dynamic scraped surface heat exchanger (DSSHE) is a type of heat exchanger used to remove or add heat to fluids, mainly foodstuffs, but also other industrial products. They have been designed to address specific problems that impede efficient heat transfer. DSSHEs improve efficiency by removing fouling layers, increasing turbulence in the case of high viscosity flow, and avoiding the generation of crystals and other process by-products. DSSHEs incorporate an internal mechanism which periodically removes the product from the heat transfer wall. The sides are scraped by blades made of a rigid plastic material to prevent damage to the scraped surface.","title":"Dynamic scraped surface heat exchanger"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"heat transfer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_transfer"},{"link_name":"exchangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_exchanger"},{"link_name":"turbulence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbulence"},{"link_name":"pumping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pump"},{"link_name":"fins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fin_(extended_surface)"},{"link_name":"mass flows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_flow_rate"},{"link_name":"fouling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fouling"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation_(chemistry)"},{"link_name":"crystallization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystallization"},{"link_name":"sedimentation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimentation"},{"link_name":"ice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice"},{"link_name":"viscosity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscosity"},{"link_name":"laminar flow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laminar_flow"},{"link_name":"heat transfer rates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_transfer_coefficient"},{"link_name":"pressure losses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure_drop"},{"link_name":"non-newtonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Newtonian_fluid"}],"text":"An applicable technologies for indirect heat transfer use tubes (shell-and-tube exchangers) or flat surfaces (plate exchangers). Their goal is to exchange the maximum amount of heat per unit area by generating as much turbulence as possible below given pumping power limits. Typical approaches to achieve this consist of corrugating the tubes or plates or extending their surface with fins. However, these geometry conformation technologies, the calculation of optimum mass flows and other turbulence related factors become diminished when fouling appears, obliging designers to fit significantly larger heat transfer areas. There are several types of fouling, including particulate accumulation, precipitation (crystallization), sedimentation, generation of ice layers, etc.Another factor posing difficulties to heat transfer is viscosity. Highly viscous fluids tend to generate deep laminar flow, a condition with very poor heat transfer rates and high pressure losses involving a considerable pumping power, often exceeding the exchanger design limits. This problem becomes worsened frequently when processing non-newtonian fluids.The DSSHE has been designed to face the aforementioned problems. They increase heat transfer by: removing the fouling layers, increasing turbulence in case of high viscosity flow, and avoiding the generation of ice and other process by-products.","title":"Introduction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FDA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration"}],"text":"The dynamic scraped surface heat exchangers incorporate an internal mechanism which periodically removes the product from the heat transfer wall. The product side is scraped by blades attached to a moving shaft or frame. The blades are made of a rigid plastic material to prevent damage to the scraped surface. This material is FDA approved in the case of food applications.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rpm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutions_per_minute"},{"link_name":"centrifugal forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrifugal_force"},{"link_name":"Waukesha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waukesha,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Alfa Laval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfa_Laval"},{"link_name":"HRS Heat Exchangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.hrs-he.com"},{"link_name":"Sakura Seisakusho Ltd. Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.sakuraseisakusho.co.jp/home/"},{"link_name":"HRS Heat Exchangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.hrs-he.com"}],"text":"There are basically three types of DSSHEs depending on the arrangement of the blades:Rotating, tubular DSSHEs. The shaft is placed parallel to the tube axis, not necessarily coincident, and spins at various frequencies, from a few dozen rpm to more than 1000 rpm. The number of blades oscillates between 1 and 4 and may take advantage of centrifugal forces to scrape the inner surface of the tube. Examples are the Waukesha Cherry-Burrell Votator II, Alfa Laval Contherm, Terlet Terlotherm and Kelstream's scraped surface heat exchanger. Another example is the HRS Heat Exchangers R Series or Sakura Seisakusho Ltd. Japan Onlator.\nReciprocating, tubular DSSHEs. The shaft is concentric to the tube and moves longitudinally without rotating. The frequency spans between 10 and 60 strokes per minute. The blades may vary in number and shape, from baffle-like arrangements to perforated disk configurations. An example is the HRS Heat Exchangers Unicus.\nRotating, plate DSSHEs. The blades wipe the external surface of circular plates arranged in series inside a shell. The heating/cooling fluid runs inside the plates. The frequency is about several dozen rpm. An example is the HRS Spiratube T-Sensation.","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Computational fluid dynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_fluid_dynamics"},{"link_name":"ad hoc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_hoc"},{"link_name":"empirical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empirical"},{"link_name":"correlations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Function_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"Buckingham π theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckingham_%CF%80_theorem"},{"link_name":"Nusselt number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nusselt_number"},{"link_name":"Reynolds number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reynolds_number"},{"link_name":"Prandtl number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prandtl_Number"},{"link_name":"Fanning friction factor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanning_friction_factor"},{"link_name":"dimensionless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimensionless"}],"text":"Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) techniques are the standard tools to analyse and evaluate heat exchangers and similar equipment. However, for quick calculation purposes, the evaluation of DSSHEs are usually carried out with the help of ad hoc (semi)empirical correlations based on the Buckingham π theorem:Fa = Fa(Re, Re', n, ...)for pressure loss andNu = Nu(Re, Re', Pr, Fa, L/D, N, ...)for heat transfer, where Nu is the Nusselt number, Re is the standard Reynolds number based on the inner diameter of the tube, Re' is the specific Reynolds number based on the wiping frequency, Pr is the Prandtl number, Fa is the Fanning friction factor, L is the length of the tube, D is the inner diameter of the tube, n is the number of blades and the dots account for any other relevant dimensionless parameters.","title":"Evaluation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"food","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_industry"},{"link_name":"chemical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_industry"},{"link_name":"petrochemical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrochemical_industry"},{"link_name":"pharmaceutical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry"}],"text":"The range of applications covers a number of industries, including food, chemical, petrochemical and pharmaceutical. The DSSHEs are appropriate whenever products are prone to fouling, very viscous, particulate, heat sensitive or crystallizing.","title":"Applications"}] | [] | [{"title":"Pumpable ice technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumpable_ice_technology"}] | [{"reference":"Bott, T. R. (May 1966). Design of Scraped Surface Heat Exchangers. Vol. II, No.5. British Chemical Engineering. pp. 338–339.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Bott, T. R. (November 2001). To Foul or not to Foul. CEP Magazine. pp. 30–37.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Bott, T. R.; Romero, J. J. B. (October 1963). Heat Transfer Across a Scraped Surface. The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering. pp. 213–219.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Chong, A. (2001). A Study of Scraped-Surface Heat Exchanger in Ice-Making Applications, M. Sc. Thesis. University of Toronto.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Scraped surface heat exchangers project webpage\". Smith Institute. 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Retrieved 2008-09-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090304185843/http://www.personal.soton.ac.uk/cpp/sshe_proj/homepage.html","url_text":"\"Scraped-Surface Heat-Exchanger Project page\""},{"url":"http://www.personal.soton.ac.uk/cpp/sshe_proj/homepage.html","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Dynamic+scraped+surface+heat+exchanger%22","external_links_name":"\"Dynamic scraped surface heat exchanger\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Dynamic+scraped+surface+heat+exchanger%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Dynamic+scraped+surface+heat+exchanger%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Dynamic+scraped+surface+heat+exchanger%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Dynamic+scraped+surface+heat+exchanger%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Dynamic+scraped+surface+heat+exchanger%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.hrs-he.com/","external_links_name":"HRS Heat Exchangers"},{"Link":"http://www.sakuraseisakusho.co.jp/home/","external_links_name":"Sakura Seisakusho Ltd. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oxford_Companion_to_Irish_Literature | The Oxford Companion to Irish Literature | ["1 References","2 Sources"] | This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
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The Oxford Companion to Irish Literature Cover of the first editionEditorRobert WelchLanguageEnglishSubjectIrish literaturePublisherOxford University PressPublication date1996Media typePrint (hardcover)Pages648ISBN978-0198661580
The Oxford Companion to Irish Literature is a 1996 book edited by Robert Welch.
The Oxford Companion to Irish Literature surveys the Irish literary landscape across sixteen centuries with over 2,000 entries. Entries range from ogham writing to 1990s fiction, poetry, and drama. There are accounts of authors such as Adomnán, 7th-century Abbot of Iona, Roddy Doyle, Brian Friel, Seamus Heaney, and Edna O'Brien. Individual entries are provided for all major works, like Táin Bó Cúailnge - the Ulster saga reflecting the Celtic Iron Age - to Swift's Gulliver's Travels, Edgeworth's Castle Rackrent, Ó Cadhain's Cré na Cille, and Banville's The Book of Evidence.
The book also presents some of the writers' historical contexts:
The Irish Famine of 1845-8, which provided a theme for novelists, poets, and memoirists from William Carleton to Patrick Kavanagh and Peadar Ó Laoghaire.
The founding of the Abbey Theatre and its impact on playwrights such as J. M. Synge and Padraic Colum; the Easter Rising which inspired Yeats to write 'Easter 1916'.
The Oxford Companion to Irish Literature has information on general topics, ranging from the stage Irishman to Catholicism, Protestantism, the Irish language, and university education in Ireland; and on genres such as annals, bardic poetry, and folksong.
References
^ a b c Welch 2000, p. .
Sources
Welch, Robert (2000). The Concise Oxford Companion to Irish Literature. doi:10.1093/acref/9780192800800.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-280080-0. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert Welch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Anthony_Welch"},{"link_name":"Irish literary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_literature"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelch2000[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2023]]%3Csup_class=%22noprint_Inline-Template_%22_style=%22white-space:nowrap;%22%3E[%3Ci%3E[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|%3Cspan_title=%22This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears. 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(May_2023)%22%3Epage needed%3C/span%3E]]%3C/i%3E]%3C/sup%3E-1"},{"link_name":"Táin Bó Cúailnge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1in_B%C3%B3_C%C3%BAailnge"},{"link_name":"Ulster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster"},{"link_name":"Swift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Swift"},{"link_name":"Gulliver's Travels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulliver%27s_Travels"},{"link_name":"Edgeworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Edgeworth"},{"link_name":"Castle Rackrent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle_Rackrent"},{"link_name":"Ó Cadhain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93_Cadhain"},{"link_name":"Cré na Cille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C3%A9_na_Cille"},{"link_name":"Banville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Banville"},{"link_name":"The Book of Evidence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Book_of_Evidence"},{"link_name":"Irish Famine of 1845-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"William Carleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Carleton"},{"link_name":"Patrick Kavanagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Kavanagh"},{"link_name":"Abbey Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Easter Rising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_Rising"},{"link_name":"Yeats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeats"},{"link_name":"Easter 1916","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_1916"},{"link_name":"Catholicism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholicism"},{"link_name":"Protestantism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantism"},{"link_name":"annals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annals"},{"link_name":"bardic poetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bardic_poetry"},{"link_name":"folksong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folksong"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelch2000[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2023]]%3Csup_class=%22noprint_Inline-Template_%22_style=%22white-space:nowrap;%22%3E[%3Ci%3E[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|%3Cspan_title=%22This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears. (May_2023)%22%3Epage needed%3C/span%3E]]%3C/i%3E]%3C/sup%3E-1"}],"text":"The Oxford Companion to Irish Literature is a 1996 book edited by Robert Welch.The Oxford Companion to Irish Literature surveys the Irish literary landscape across sixteen centuries with over 2,000 entries. [1] Entries range from ogham writing to 1990s fiction, poetry, and drama. There are accounts of authors such as Adomnán, 7th-century Abbot of Iona, Roddy Doyle, Brian Friel, Seamus Heaney, and Edna O'Brien.[1] Individual entries are provided for all major works, like Táin Bó Cúailnge - the Ulster saga reflecting the Celtic Iron Age - to Swift's Gulliver's Travels, Edgeworth's Castle Rackrent, Ó Cadhain's Cré na Cille, and Banville's The Book of Evidence.The book also presents some of the writers' historical contexts:The Irish Famine of 1845-8, which provided a theme for novelists, poets, and memoirists from William Carleton to Patrick Kavanagh and Peadar Ó Laoghaire.\nThe founding of the Abbey Theatre and its impact on playwrights such as J. M. Synge and Padraic Colum; the Easter Rising which inspired Yeats to write 'Easter 1916'.The Oxford Companion to Irish Literature has information on general topics, ranging from the stage Irishman to Catholicism, Protestantism, the Irish language, and university education in Ireland; and on genres such as annals, bardic poetry, and folksong.[1]","title":"The Oxford Companion to Irish Literature"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1093/acref/9780192800800.001.0001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780192800800.001.0001"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-19-280080-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280080-0"}],"text":"Welch, Robert (2000). The Concise Oxford Companion to Irish Literature. doi:10.1093/acref/9780192800800.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-280080-0.","title":"Sources"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Welch, Robert (2000). The Concise Oxford Companion to Irish Literature. doi:10.1093/acref/9780192800800.001.0001. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kremlin_Arsenal | Kremlin Arsenal | ["1 Building","2 History","3 References","4 External links"] | Coordinates: 55°45′13″N 37°36′59″E / 55.75361°N 37.61639°E / 55.75361; 37.61639Kremlin ArsenalАрсенал Московского КремляGeneral informationArchitectural styleNeoclassicalCoordinates55°45′13″N 37°36′59″E / 55.75361°N 37.61639°E / 55.75361; 37.61639Current tenantsKremlin RegimentConstruction started1702Completed1828
The Kremlin Arsenal (Russian: Арсенал Московского Кремля) is a former armory built within the grounds of the Moscow Kremlin in Russia. Initially constructed in 1736, it has been rebuilt several times. It remains in military use to date, unlike the Kremlin Armoury, another arsenal within the walls of the Moscow Kremlin, which is now a museum. The building is off-limits to tourists.
Building
The Kremlin Arsenal is a large elongated trapezoid two-storey building with a large courtyard. It occupies most of the northern corner of the Moscow Kremlin.
History
Cannons and mortars of La Grande Armée are exhibited along the yellow Arsenal building
In the Middle Ages, the spot was occupied by granaries. After they burnt down in the last years of the 17th century, Peter the Great engaged a team of Russian and German architects to construct the Kremlin Arsenal, designed to be one of the largest buildings in Moscow at the time. Construction started in 1702, but was interrupted due to lack of funds during the Great Northern War with Sweden, and was only completed in 1736, under supervision of Field-Marshal Burkhard Christoph von Münnich. The new building was gutted by a fire in 1737, and only restored from 1786-1796.
During Napoleon's invasion of Russia, the retreating French soldiers had the central part of the building blown up. It was restored between 1816 and 1828 to a Neoclassical design in order to house a museum dedicated to the Russian victory over Napoleon.
References
Klein, Mina. The Kremlin: Citadel of History. MacMillan Publishing Company (1973). ISBN 0-02-750830-7
Tropkin, Alexander. The Moscow Kremlin: history of Russia's unique monument. Publishing House "Russkaya Zhizn" (1980). ASIN: B0010XM7BQ
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kremlin Arsenal.
Official webpage
The Armory and other sights of Moscow
vteKremlin and Red SquareKremlin Walland Towers
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Administrativebuildings
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Kremlin Presidium (Building 14) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"armory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armory_(military)"},{"link_name":"Moscow Kremlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_Kremlin"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Kremlin Armoury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kremlin_Armoury"}],"text":"The Kremlin Arsenal (Russian: Арсенал Московского Кремля) is a former armory built within the grounds of the Moscow Kremlin in Russia. Initially constructed in 1736, it has been rebuilt several times. It remains in military use to date, unlike the Kremlin Armoury, another arsenal within the walls of the Moscow Kremlin, which is now a museum. The building is off-limits to tourists.","title":"Kremlin Arsenal"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The Kremlin Arsenal is a large elongated trapezoid two-storey building with a large courtyard. It occupies most of the northern corner of the Moscow Kremlin.","title":"Building"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kremlin_arsenal.jpg"},{"link_name":"La Grande Armée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Grande_Arm%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"Peter the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Great Northern War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Northern_War"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Burkhard Christoph von Münnich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkhard_Christoph_von_M%C3%BCnnich"},{"link_name":"Napoleon's invasion of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon%27s_invasion_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Neoclassical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture"},{"link_name":"Napoleon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon"}],"text":"Cannons and mortars of La Grande Armée are exhibited along the yellow Arsenal buildingIn the Middle Ages, the spot was occupied by granaries. After they burnt down in the last years of the 17th century, Peter the Great engaged a team of Russian and German architects to construct the Kremlin Arsenal, designed to be one of the largest buildings in Moscow at the time. Construction started in 1702, but was interrupted due to lack of funds during the Great Northern War with Sweden, and was only completed in 1736, under supervision of Field-Marshal Burkhard Christoph von Münnich. The new building was gutted by a fire in 1737, and only restored from 1786-1796.During Napoleon's invasion of Russia, the retreating French soldiers had the central part of the building blown up. It was restored between 1816 and 1828 to a Neoclassical design in order to house a museum dedicated to the Russian victory over Napoleon.","title":"History"}] | [{"image_text":"Cannons and mortars of La Grande Armée are exhibited along the yellow Arsenal building","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Kremlin_arsenal.jpg/220px-Kremlin_arsenal.jpg"}] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kremlin_Arsenal¶ms=55_45_13_N_37_36_59_E_region:RU_type:landmark","external_links_name":"55°45′13″N 37°36′59″E / 55.75361°N 37.61639°E / 55.75361; 37.61639"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kremlin_Arsenal¶ms=55_45_13_N_37_36_59_E_region:RU_type:landmark","external_links_name":"55°45′13″N 37°36′59″E / 55.75361°N 37.61639°E / 55.75361; 37.61639"},{"Link":"http://www.kreml.ru/en/main/kremlin/buildings/Arsenal/","external_links_name":"Official webpage"},{"Link":"https://tour-planet.com/articles/52","external_links_name":"The Armory and other sights of Moscow"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Grec_architecture | Neo-Grec | ["1 Architecture","2 Decorative arts","2.1 In the United States","3 Painting","4 Music","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"] | Neoclassical revival style of the mid-to-late 19th century
Neo-Grec architecture in the tomb of actor Bogumil Dawison in Dresden, Germany
Néo-Grec was a Neoclassical Revival style of the mid-to-late 19th century that was popularized in architecture, the decorative arts, and in painting during France's Second Empire, or the reign of Napoleon III (1852–1870). The Néo-Grec vogue took as its starting point the earlier expressions of the Neoclassical style inspired by 18th-century excavations at Pompeii, which resumed in earnest in 1848, and similar excavations at Herculaneum. The style mixed elements of the Graeco-Roman, Pompeian, Adam and Egyptian Revival styles into "a richly eclectic polychrome mélange." "The style enjoyed a vogue in the United States, and had a short-lived impact on interior design in England and elsewhere."
Architecture
Main article: Greek Revival architecture
In architecture, the Néo-Grec is not always clearly distinguishable from the Neoclassical designs of the earlier part of the century, in buildings such as the Church of the Madeleine, Paris. The classic example of Néo-Grec architecture is Henri Labrouste's innovative Bibliothèque Sainte Genevieve in Paris, 1843–50, generally seen as the first major public building in this later mode of classicism.
Not only was the Néo-Grec popular in France, but also in Victorian England and especially in the United States, where its severity accorded with the American Renaissance. The architectural historian Neil Levine has explained the style as a reaction against the rigidity of Classicism. According to Levine, Néo-Grec was a somewhat looser style, which "replaced the rhetorical form of classical architectural discourse by a more literal and descriptive syntax of form." It was meant to be a "readable" architecture.
American architect Richard Morris Hunt introduced Néo-Grec massing into his buildings in the late 1860s and 1870s. Hunt's student, Frank Furness, did the same in his early Philadelphia buildings, and experimented with using massing and visual "weight" for dramatic effect.: 154
Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève (1843–1850), Paris, Henri Labrouste, architect
Lennox Library (1871–77, demolished 1910), Manhattan, New York City, Richard Morris Hunt, architect
Northern Savings Fund Society (1871–72), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Frank Furness, architect
Kensington National Bank (1877), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Frank Furness, architect
Provident Life and Trust Company (1876–79, demolished 1960), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Frank Furness, architect
Decorative arts
In the decorative arts, Neo-Grec was based on the standard repertory of Greco-Roman ornament, combining motifs drawn from Greek vase-painting and repetitive architectural motifs like anthemions, palmettes, Greek key with elements from the Adam and Louis XVI styles of early Neoclassicism (c. 1765–1790), and of Napoleonic-era Egyptian Revival decorative arts; it can be identified by the frequent use of isolated motifs of Classical heads and figures, masks, winged griffins, sea-serpents, urns, medallions, arabesques and lotus buds confined within panels, shaped reserves or multiple borders of anthemion, guilloche, and Greek fret pattern. Neo-Grec was eclectic, abstracted, polychromatic, and sometimes bizarre. Its treatment was intentionally dry and linear. Its vignettes and repeating patterns lent themselves to stencilling. Typical "Neo-Grec" color harmonies were rich and harsh: black motifs and outlines against "Pompeian" red, powder blue and puce, bistre and olive drab might be combined in a single decor. The style maintained its supremacy briefly before other fashions came to the top in France.
Etruscan room (c.1840), watercolor by Friedrich Wilhelm Klose, City Palace, Potsdam, Germany
Cheminée monumentale de style néo-grec (1862), Frédéric-Eugène Piat, Paris, France
In the United States
Frank Furness and furniture maker Daniel Pabst created Neo-Grec furniture for the city house of liquor baron Henry C. Gibson, circa 1870,: 158–59 and for the library of the architect's brother, Horace Howard Furness, circa 1871.: 166–67 They created paneling and furniture for the Manhattan city house of Theodore Roosevelt Sr., circa 1873.: 180–183 Pabst's Modern Gothic exhibition cabinet (circa 1877-80), now at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, mixed Gothic detailing and exaggerated Corinthian capitals.
Drawing room of Henry Gibson (c. 1870), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The Neo-Grec center table is now in the collection of the Detroit Institute of Arts.
Dining room of Theodore Roosevelt Sr. (c. 1873), Manhattan, New York City. The dining table is now in the collection of the High Museum of Art.
Neo-Grec armchair (c.1870–1875), attributed to Daniel Pabst, Philadelphia, private collection
Modern Gothic exhibition cabinet (c.1877–1880), attributed to Daniel Pabst, Philadelphia, Metropolitan Museum of Art
Painting
In painting, the Neoclassical style continued to be taught in the French Academy des Beaux-Arts, inculcating crisp outlines, pellucid atmosphere, and a clear, clean palette. However, a formal Neo-Grec group of artists was created in the mid 19th century after growing interest in Ancient Greece and Rome, and especially the later excavations at Pompeii. The Paris Salon of 1847, an art exhibition, revealed the academic painter Jean-Léon Gérôme, who in The Cock Fight depicted a composition in which, in a scene of antiquity, a young boy and a girl attend the combat of two cocks. Gérôme gained fame from this exhibition, and in the next year formed the Neo-Grec group with Jean-Louis Hamon and Henri-Pierre Picou—all three pupils in the same atelier under Charles Gleyre.
Gleyre himself adopted the tenets of neo-classicism more strictly than others at the time, adopting the classical style and aesthetic, but almost exclusively applying it to myths and motifs from antiquity, recalling both characters from Greek myth, and antique emblems such as bacchantes and putti. The Neo-Grec group took Gleyre's style and interests, but adapted it from use in history painting as in Gleyre's work, into genre painting. Because they were inspired by discoveries at Pompeii, they were also called néo-pompéiens.
Hector Leroux was also identified as a Neo-Grec.
The paintings of the Neo-Grecs sought to capture everyday, anecdotal trivialities of ancient Greek life, in a manner of whimsy, grace, and charm, and were often realistic, sensual, and erotic. For this reason they were also called "anacreontic" after the Greek poet Anacreon, who wrote sprightly verses in praise of love and wine. Alfred de Tanouarn describes one of Hamon's paintings as "clear, simple and natural, the idea, the attitudes and the aspects. It leads the lips a soft smile; it causes us an inexpressible feeling of pleasure in which one is happy to stop and view the painting". It can perhaps be said the motto of this group was "the goal of art is to charm". Most Neo-Grec paintings were also done in a horizontal layout as in a frieze decoration or Greek vases, with the composition simplified.
The Neo-Grec school was criticized in many respects; for its attention to historical detail it was said by Baudelaire "the scholarship is to disguise the absence of imagination", and the subject matter was considered by many as trivial. The painters were also charged with selectively adopting the ancient Greek style, in that they left out noble themes and only focused on trivial daily life—leading to the accusation that they were creating art that supported the ideologies of the bourgeoisie, or comfortable middle class.
The discovery in Pompeii also inspired history paintings based on the event, not necessarily strictly in a Neo-Grec style, such as The Last Day of Pompeii by Karl Briullov.
The Cock Fight by Jean-Léon Gérôme, 1846
The Old China Shop (Pompeii) by Jean-Louis Hamon, 1860. Hamon was one of the original members of the Neo-Grec group and one of the longest running adapters of the style. Here, Hamon specifically references Pompeii.
Maternal Love by Auguste Toulmouche. Toulmouche often associated with the Neo-Grec group and many of his paintings, though not depicting antique subjects, adapted the style to a context that was contemporary, using subjects considered 'bourgeois' in reflecting the daily life of the French middle class.
Music
The Neo-Grec vogue even made its way into French music through the works of the composer Erik Satie in a series of pieces called Gymnopédies – the title is a reference to dances performed by the youths of ancient Sparta in honour of Diana and Apollo at ceremonies commemorating the dead of the Battle of Thyrea. Their archaic melodies float above a modally oriented harmonic basis. The melodies of the Gnossiennes go further in this direction; they use ancient Greek chromatic mode (A–G flat–F–E–D flat–C–B–A) and an arabesque ornamentation.
See also
Architecture portal
List of architectural styles
Goût grec
Empire style
Federal architecture
Neoclassical influenced fashions
References
Notes
^ a b James Stevens Curl & Susan Wilson, eds., "Néo-Grec," The Oxford Dictionary of Architecture (Oxford University Press, 2015).
^ N. Levine, The Romantic Idea of Architectural Legibility Henri Labrouste and the Neo-Grec, in A. Drexler (ed.), The Architecture of the Ecole des Beaux Arts, New York, 1977, pp. 325–416.
^ N. Levine, The Romantic Idea of Architectural Legibility Henri Labrouste and the Néo-Grec, in A. Drexler (ed.), The Architecture of the Ecole des Beaux Arts, New York, 1977, p. 332.
^ Doreen Bolger Burke, ed., In Pursuit of Beauty: Americans and the Aesthetic Movement (New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1981), p. 469.
^ a b c d George E. Thomas, et al., Frank Furness: The Complete Works (Princeton Architectural Press, 1991, revised 1996).
^ "Elizabethan and later English furniture". Harper's New Monthly Magazine. 56 (331): 18–33. December 1877.
^ David A. Hanks, The Quest for Unity: American Art between World's Fairs, 1876–1893. Detroit Institute of Arts. 1983, pp. 263–264.
^ Dining Table, from High Museum of Art.
^ Louis Gallet, Salon de 1865: peinture, sculpture, Paris: Le Bailly, 1863, p. 19.
External links
Greek Revival - Buffalo Architecture and History Neo-Grec features and examples from Buffalo
Antique Room Neo-Grec furniture furniture gallery
Bradbury & Bradbury Wallpapers Neo-grec roomset and links to wallpapers showing typical neo-grec patterns
vteHistoricism and Revivalism in architecture and decorative artsInternational
Art Deco
Art Nouveau
Arts and Crafts
Baroque Revival
Beaux-Arts
Neo-Byzantine
Carpenter Gothic
Egyptian Revival
French Provincial
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Greek Revival / Neo-Grec
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Italy
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Authority control databases: National
France
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The style mixed elements of the Graeco-Roman, Pompeian, Adam and Egyptian Revival styles into \"a richly eclectic polychrome mélange.\"[1] \"The style enjoyed a vogue in the United States, and had a short-lived impact on interior design in England and elsewhere.\"[1]","title":"Neo-Grec"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Church of the Madeleine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Madeleine"},{"link_name":"Henri Labrouste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Labrouste"},{"link_name":"Bibliothèque Sainte Genevieve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_Sainte_Genevieve"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Victorian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_era"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"American Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Renaissance"},{"link_name":"Neil Levine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Levine_(art_historian)"},{"link_name":"Classicism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classicism"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Richard Morris Hunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Morris_Hunt"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Frank Furness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Furness"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Furness-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Biblioth%C3%A8que_St_Genevi%C3%A8ve_Paris.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_Sainte-Genevi%C3%A8ve"},{"link_name":"Henri Labrouste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Labrouste"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lenox_Library_Loeffler.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lennox Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenox_Library_(New_York_City)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Northern_Saving_Fund.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FRONT_ELEVATION,_LOOKING_SOUTHWEST_-_Kensington_National_Bank,_2-8_West_Girard_Avenue,_Philadelphia,_Philadelphia_County,_PA_HABS_PA,51-PHILA,460-1.tif"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ProvidentTrust.jpg"}],"text":"In architecture, the Néo-Grec is not always clearly distinguishable from the Neoclassical designs of the earlier part of the century, in buildings such as the Church of the Madeleine, Paris. The classic example of Néo-Grec architecture is Henri Labrouste's innovative Bibliothèque Sainte Genevieve in Paris, 1843–50, generally seen as the first major public building in this later mode of classicism.Not only was the Néo-Grec popular in France, but also in Victorian England and especially in the United States, where its severity accorded with the American Renaissance. The architectural historian Neil Levine has explained the style as a reaction against the rigidity of Classicism.[2] According to Levine, Néo-Grec was a somewhat looser style, which \"replaced the rhetorical form of classical architectural discourse by a more literal and descriptive syntax of form.\"[3] It was meant to be a \"readable\" architecture.American architect Richard Morris Hunt introduced Néo-Grec massing into his buildings in the late 1860s and 1870s.[4] Hunt's student, Frank Furness, did the same in his early Philadelphia buildings, and experimented with using massing and visual \"weight\" for dramatic effect.[5]: 154Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève (1843–1850), Paris, Henri Labrouste, architect\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLennox Library (1871–77, demolished 1910), Manhattan, New York City, Richard Morris Hunt, architect\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNorthern Savings Fund Society (1871–72), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Frank Furness, architect\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tKensington National Bank (1877), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Frank Furness, architect\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tProvident Life and Trust Company (1876–79, demolished 1960), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Frank Furness, architect","title":"Architecture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greek vase-painting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pottery_of_Ancient_Greece"},{"link_name":"anthemions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthemion"},{"link_name":"palmettes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmette"},{"link_name":"Greek key","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meander_(art)"},{"link_name":"Adam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_style"},{"link_name":"Louis XVI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XVI_style"},{"link_name":"Egyptian Revival decorative arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Revival_decorative_arts"},{"link_name":"arabesques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabesque_(European_art)"},{"link_name":"stencilling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stencil"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harpers1877-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Etrurisches_Zimmer.jpg"},{"link_name":"City Palace, Potsdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Palace,_Potsdam"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric-Eug%C3%A8ne_Piat_-_Chemin%C3%A9e_monumentale_de_style_n%C3%A9o-grec.JPG"}],"text":"In the decorative arts, Neo-Grec was based on the standard repertory of Greco-Roman ornament, combining motifs drawn from Greek vase-painting and repetitive architectural motifs like anthemions, palmettes, Greek key with elements from the Adam and Louis XVI styles of early Neoclassicism (c. 1765–1790), and of Napoleonic-era Egyptian Revival decorative arts; it can be identified by the frequent use of isolated motifs of Classical heads and figures, masks, winged griffins, sea-serpents, urns, medallions, arabesques and lotus buds confined within panels, shaped reserves or multiple borders of anthemion, guilloche, and Greek fret pattern. Neo-Grec was eclectic, abstracted, polychromatic, and sometimes bizarre. Its treatment was intentionally dry and linear. Its vignettes and repeating patterns lent themselves to stencilling. Typical \"Neo-Grec\" color harmonies were rich and harsh: black motifs and outlines against \"Pompeian\" red, powder blue and puce, bistre and olive drab might be combined in a single decor. The style maintained its supremacy briefly before other fashions came to the top in France.[6]Etruscan room (c.1840), watercolor by Friedrich Wilhelm Klose, City Palace, Potsdam, Germany\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCheminée monumentale de style néo-grec (1862), Frédéric-Eugène Piat, Paris, France","title":"Decorative arts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Daniel Pabst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Pabst"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Furness-5"},{"link_name":"Horace Howard Furness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Howard_Furness"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Furness-5"},{"link_name":"Theodore Roosevelt Sr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Sr."},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Furness-5"},{"link_name":"Modern Gothic exhibition cabinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Gothic_cabinet"},{"link_name":"Corinthian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corinthian_column"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Henry_Gibson_Drawing_Room_from_Sheldon_1883-84.jpg"},{"link_name":"Detroit Institute of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Institute_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RooseveltDiningroom.jpg"},{"link_name":"High Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pabst_Neo-Grec_Armchair_profile.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cabinet_MET_DT180_cropped.jpg"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art"}],"sub_title":"In the United States","text":"Frank Furness and furniture maker Daniel Pabst created Neo-Grec furniture for the city house of liquor baron Henry C. Gibson, circa 1870,[5]: 158–59 and for the library of the architect's brother, Horace Howard Furness, circa 1871.[5]: 166–67 They created paneling and furniture for the Manhattan city house of Theodore Roosevelt Sr., circa 1873.[5]: 180–183 Pabst's Modern Gothic exhibition cabinet (circa 1877-80), now at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, mixed Gothic detailing and exaggerated Corinthian capitals.Drawing room of Henry Gibson (c. 1870), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The Neo-Grec center table is now in the collection of the Detroit Institute of Arts.[7]\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDining room of Theodore Roosevelt Sr. (c. 1873), Manhattan, New York City. The dining table is now in the collection of the High Museum of Art.[8]\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNeo-Grec armchair (c.1870–1875), attributed to Daniel Pabst, Philadelphia, private collection\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tModern Gothic exhibition cabinet (c.1877–1880), attributed to Daniel Pabst, Philadelphia, Metropolitan Museum of Art","title":"Decorative arts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"painting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painting"},{"link_name":"Ancient Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greece"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome"},{"link_name":"Pompeii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompeii"},{"link_name":"Paris Salon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Salon"},{"link_name":"academic painter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_art"},{"link_name":"Jean-Léon Gérôme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me"},{"link_name":"The Cock Fight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cock_Fight"},{"link_name":"cocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooster"},{"link_name":"Jean-Louis Hamon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Louis_Hamon"},{"link_name":"Henri-Pierre Picou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri-Pierre_Picou"},{"link_name":"Charles Gleyre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Gleyre"},{"link_name":"history painting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_painting"},{"link_name":"genre painting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genre_painting"},{"link_name":"Hector Leroux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Hector_Leroux"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"ancient Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greece"},{"link_name":"Anacreon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anacreon"},{"link_name":"frieze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frieze"},{"link_name":"Baudelaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baudelaire"},{"link_name":"bourgeoisie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourgeoisie"},{"link_name":"The Last Day of Pompeii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Last_Day_of_Pompeii"},{"link_name":"Karl Briullov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Briullov"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_-_Jeunes_Grecs_faisant_battre_des_coqs,_1846.jpg"},{"link_name":"The Cock Fight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cock_Fight"},{"link_name":"Jean-Léon Gérôme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hamon_Jean-Louis-Old_China_Shop_(Pompeii).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Toulmouche_Auguste-Maternal_Love.jpg"}],"text":"In painting, the Neoclassical style continued to be taught in the French Academy des Beaux-Arts, inculcating crisp outlines, pellucid atmosphere, and a clear, clean palette. However, a formal Neo-Grec group of artists was created in the mid 19th century after growing interest in Ancient Greece and Rome, and especially the later excavations at Pompeii. The Paris Salon of 1847, an art exhibition, revealed the academic painter Jean-Léon Gérôme, who in The Cock Fight depicted a composition in which, in a scene of antiquity, a young boy and a girl attend the combat of two cocks. Gérôme gained fame from this exhibition, and in the next year formed the Neo-Grec group with Jean-Louis Hamon and Henri-Pierre Picou—all three pupils in the same atelier under Charles Gleyre.Gleyre himself adopted the tenets of neo-classicism more strictly than others at the time, adopting the classical style and aesthetic, but almost exclusively applying it to myths and motifs from antiquity, recalling both characters from Greek myth, and antique emblems such as bacchantes and putti. The Neo-Grec group took Gleyre's style and interests, but adapted it from use in history painting as in Gleyre's work, into genre painting. Because they were inspired by discoveries at Pompeii, they were also called néo-pompéiens.Hector Leroux was also identified as a Neo-Grec.[9]The paintings of the Neo-Grecs sought to capture everyday, anecdotal trivialities of ancient Greek life, in a manner of whimsy, grace, and charm, and were often realistic, sensual, and erotic. For this reason they were also called \"anacreontic\" after the Greek poet Anacreon, who wrote sprightly verses in praise of love and wine. Alfred de Tanouarn describes one of Hamon's paintings as \"clear, simple and natural, the idea, the attitudes and the aspects. It leads the lips a soft smile; it causes us an inexpressible feeling of pleasure in which one is happy to stop and view the painting\". It can perhaps be said the motto of this group was \"the goal of art is to charm\". Most Neo-Grec paintings were also done in a horizontal layout as in a frieze decoration or Greek vases, with the composition simplified.The Neo-Grec school was criticized in many respects; for its attention to historical detail it was said by Baudelaire \"the scholarship is to disguise the absence of imagination\", and the subject matter was considered by many as trivial. The painters were also charged with selectively adopting the ancient Greek style, in that they left out noble themes and only focused on trivial daily life—leading to the accusation that they were creating art that supported the ideologies of the bourgeoisie, or comfortable middle class.The discovery in Pompeii also inspired history paintings based on the event, not necessarily strictly in a Neo-Grec style, such as The Last Day of Pompeii by Karl Briullov.The Cock Fight by Jean-Léon Gérôme, 1846\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Old China Shop (Pompeii) by Jean-Louis Hamon, 1860. Hamon was one of the original members of the Neo-Grec group and one of the longest running adapters of the style. Here, Hamon specifically references Pompeii.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMaternal Love by Auguste Toulmouche. Toulmouche often associated with the Neo-Grec group and many of his paintings, though not depicting antique subjects, adapted the style to a context that was contemporary, using subjects considered 'bourgeois' in reflecting the daily life of the French middle class.","title":"Painting"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music"},{"link_name":"Erik Satie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik_Satie"},{"link_name":"Gymnopédies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnop%C3%A9dies"},{"link_name":"Sparta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparta"},{"link_name":"Diana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana_(goddess)"},{"link_name":"Apollo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo"},{"link_name":"Battle of Thyrea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_300_Champions"},{"link_name":"Gnossiennes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnossiennes"},{"link_name":"arabesque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabesque_(European_art)"}],"text":"The Neo-Grec vogue even made its way into French music through the works of the composer Erik Satie in a series of pieces called Gymnopédies – the title is a reference to dances performed by the youths of ancient Sparta in honour of Diana and Apollo at ceremonies commemorating the dead of the Battle of Thyrea. Their archaic melodies float above a modally oriented harmonic basis. The melodies of the Gnossiennes go further in this direction; they use ancient Greek chromatic mode (A–G flat–F–E–D flat–C–B–A) and an arabesque ornamentation.","title":"Music"}] | [{"image_text":"Neo-Grec architecture in the tomb of actor Bogumil Dawison in Dresden, Germany","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Dawison.jpg/250px-Dawison.jpg"}] | [{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P_parthenon.svg"},{"title":"Architecture portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Architecture"},{"title":"List of architectural styles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_architectural_styles"},{"title":"Goût grec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go%C3%BBt_grec"},{"title":"Empire style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_(style)"},{"title":"Federal architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_architecture"},{"title":"Neoclassical influenced fashions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1795%E2%80%931820_in_fashion"}] | [{"reference":"\"Elizabethan and later English furniture\". Harper's New Monthly Magazine. 56 (331): 18–33. December 1877.","urls":[]}] | [{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=e-KrCQAAQBAJ&q=neo-grec+neo-clasical+style+of+the+second+Empire&pg=PT142","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://high.org/collections/dining-table/","external_links_name":"Dining Table"},{"Link":"https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1141631/f22","external_links_name":"p. 19"},{"Link":"http://ah.bfn.org/a/DCTNRY/doric/index.html","external_links_name":"Greek Revival - Buffalo Architecture and History"},{"Link":"http://store.antiqueroom.com/neogreco.html","external_links_name":"Antique Room Neo-Grec furniture"},{"Link":"http://www.bradbury.com/victorian/neogrec.html","external_links_name":"Bradbury & Bradbury Wallpapers"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12140370f","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12140370f","external_links_name":"BnF data"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Th%C3%A9ophile_Hingre | Louis Théophile Hingre | ["1 Life and career","2 Works","3 Gallery","4 References","5 Further reading"] | Louis Théophile Hingre (also known as Théophile Hingre) was a French painter, sculptor, engraver, illustrator and poster artist. He was born in 1832 in Écouen, where he also died, in 1911. His specialty was sculptures of animals.
Life and career
Hingre was born on 19 November 1832, in Écouen.
At the age of 12, he was apprenticed in Paris to the studio of Henri Louis Gervais and Adrien Possot to learn ornamental sculpture and manufacture of bronzes. His apprenticeship continued until he was 25. In 1851, at the age of 19, he married Louise Dailly. They had four children, Maximilien, Clémentine, Marguerite and finally Leon, who also became a painter, forging his career in England.
During Hingre's career, he was a member of the artistic jury of his department (d'État de la Seine) from 1896 till 1906, an officer of the Academy of Arts from 1899 and a public teacher of the arts from 1908.
A republican by political orientation, he was close to Louis Blanc, having met him during the 1848 revolution. He made sculptures for republican banquets, photographs of which remain, although the works themselves are lost. Because of his political activism, Hingre twice had to flee to England, once in 1848, and once in 1858. While in England, he worked in Birmingham as the ornamental sculptor of Elkington & Co. During this employment he first began to sculpt animals; is first works were horse racing trophies. He first exhibited at the Salon in 1860, despite his British exile.
He continued to work for Elkington & Co until he returned to France. In 1869, after his return to France, he lived in Paris. There he regularly took part in the competitions of the 'Union centrale des arts décoratifs' and exhibited almost yearly at the Salon until he was 78. He presented 45 works in the years 1860 to 1910. He was also a member of many goldsmiths organisations. He won a gold medal at the 1878 International Workers Collective Exhibition, and collaborated on works that obtained medals at the 1878 and 1890 Universal Expositions.
His admiration for Mucha, and his reputation as a poster artist, led to him being hired to produce Art Nouveau style posters for the Violet perfume house.
At the age of 79, he died on 12 November 1911 at the house of his daughter Clémentine in Écouen. A street in Écouen is named for him.
Works
An example of Hingre's work can be found at the Victoria and Albert Museum, where a poster he designed for Theophile Roederer champagne can be seen.
Gallery
References
^ a b c d e L'art: revue mensuelle illustrée..., Volume 66. Librairie de l'Art. 1906.
^ a b c d e "Louis Théophile Hingre | EcoleEcouen". www.peintres-ecouen.com (in French). Retrieved 2017-04-28.
^ "vie". www.hingre-lt.fr (in French). Retrieved 2018-01-10.
^ "Champagne Theophile Roederer & Co. | Hingre, Louis Théophile | V&A Search the Collections". collections.vam.ac.uk. Retrieved 2018-01-10.
Further reading
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Louis Théophile Hingre.
"Hingre, Théophile | Benezit Dictionary of Artists". 2011. doi:10.1093/benz/9780199773787.article.b00087832. Retrieved 2018-06-06.
Authority control databases International
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Deutsche Biographie | [{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Louis Théophile Hingre"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_France"},{"link_name":"Academy of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_des_Beaux-Arts"},{"link_name":"Louis Blanc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Blanc"},{"link_name":"1848 revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution_of_1848"},{"link_name":"Elkington & Co","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elkington_%26_Co."},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Salon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salon_(Paris)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Art Nouveau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Nouveau"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Hingre was born on 19 November 1832, in Écouen.[2]At the age of 12, he was apprenticed in Paris to the studio of Henri Louis Gervais and Adrien Possot to learn ornamental sculpture and manufacture of bronzes. His apprenticeship continued until he was 25.[1][2] In 1851, at the age of 19, he married Louise Dailly. They had four children, Maximilien, Clémentine, Marguerite and finally Leon, who also became a painter, forging his career in England.[2]During Hingre's career, he was a member of the artistic jury of his department (d'État de la Seine) from 1896 till 1906, an officer of the Academy of Arts from 1899 and a public teacher of the arts from 1908.A republican by political orientation, he was close to Louis Blanc, having met him during the 1848 revolution. He made sculptures for republican banquets, photographs of which remain, although the works themselves are lost. Because of his political activism, Hingre twice had to flee to England, once in 1848, and once in 1858. While in England, he worked in Birmingham as the ornamental sculptor of Elkington & Co. During this employment he first began to sculpt animals; is first works were horse racing trophies.[1] He first exhibited at the Salon in 1860, despite his British exile.He continued to work for Elkington & Co until he returned to France.[1] In 1869, after his return to France, he lived in Paris.[1] There he regularly took part in the competitions of the 'Union centrale des arts décoratifs' and exhibited almost yearly at the Salon until he was 78. He presented 45 works in the years 1860 to 1910. He was also a member of many goldsmiths organisations. He won a gold medal at the 1878 International Workers Collective Exhibition, and collaborated on works that obtained medals at the 1878 and 1890 Universal Expositions.His admiration for Mucha, and his reputation as a poster artist, led to him being hired to produce Art Nouveau style posters for the Violet perfume house.[2]At the age of 79, he died on 12 November 1911 at the house of his daughter Clémentine in Écouen.[2] A street in Écouen is named for him.[3]","title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Victoria and Albert Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"An example of Hingre's work can be found at the Victoria and Albert Museum, where a poster he designed for Theophile Roederer champagne can be seen.[4]","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Louis_Theophile_Hingre_-_Poster.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Louis_Th%C3%A9ophile_Hingre_-_V%C3%B6gel_und_Blumen.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Louis_Theophile_Hingre_-_Window_card_1895.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Louis-Th%C3%A9ophile_Hingre_-_Chocolat_Carpentier.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Parfums_Violet_affiche_am%C3%A9ricaine.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Louis-Th%C3%A9ophile_Hingre_-_Th%C3%A9ophile_Roederer_%26_Co_1897.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Louis_Th%C3%A9ophile_Hingre_-_Nouvelles_Galeries.jpg"}],"title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Louis Théophile Hingre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Louis_Th%C3%A9ophile_Hingre"},{"link_name":"\"Hingre, Théophile | Benezit Dictionary of Artists\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.oxfordartonline.com/view/10.1093/benz/9780199773787.001.0001/acref-9780199773787-e-00087832"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1093/benz/9780199773787.article.b00087832","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Fbenz%2F9780199773787.article.b00087832"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3263189#identifiers"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/300131991"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/1034150499"},{"link_name":"ULAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500145882"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Biographie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd1034150499.html?language=en"}],"text":"Wikimedia Commons has media related to Louis Théophile Hingre.\"Hingre, Théophile | Benezit Dictionary of Artists\". 2011. doi:10.1093/benz/9780199773787.article.b00087832. Retrieved 2018-06-06.Authority control databases International\nVIAF\nNational\nGermany\nArtists\nULAN\nPeople\nDeutsche Biographie","title":"Further reading"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"L'art: revue mensuelle illustrée..., Volume 66. Librairie de l'Art. 1906.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=foZXAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Th%C3%A9ophile+Hingre%22","url_text":"L'art: revue mensuelle illustrée..., Volume 66"}]},{"reference":"\"Louis Théophile Hingre | EcoleEcouen\". www.peintres-ecouen.com (in French). Retrieved 2017-04-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.peintres-ecouen.com/louis-theophile-hingre/","url_text":"\"Louis Théophile Hingre | EcoleEcouen\""}]},{"reference":"\"vie\". www.hingre-lt.fr (in French). Retrieved 2018-01-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hingre-lt.fr/vie/vie.html","url_text":"\"vie\""}]},{"reference":"\"Champagne Theophile Roederer & Co. | Hingre, Louis Théophile | V&A Search the Collections\". collections.vam.ac.uk. Retrieved 2018-01-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O590846/champagne-theophile-roederer-co-poster-hingre-louis-theophile/","url_text":"\"Champagne Theophile Roederer & Co. | Hingre, Louis Théophile | V&A Search the Collections\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hingre, Théophile | Benezit Dictionary of Artists\". 2011. doi:10.1093/benz/9780199773787.article.b00087832. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9rgio_Henrique_Ferreira | Sérgio Henrique Ferreira | ["1 Biography","2 Awards and accolades","3 Bibliography","4 Sources"] | Brazilian physician and pharmacologist (1934–2016)
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Sérgio Henrique FerreiraBorn(1934-10-04)October 4, 1934 Franca, São Paulo, BrazilDiedJuly 17, 2016(2016-07-17) (aged 81)Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, BrazilEducationFaculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão PretoAlma materUniversity of São PauloKnown forDiscovery of the bradykinin potentiating factorAwardsTWAS Prize (Third World Academy of Sciences); Premio México de Ciencia y Tecnología (1999); foreign member of the U.S. National Academy of SciencesScientific careerFieldsPhysician, pharmacologistInstitutionsFaculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto of the University of São Paulo
Sérgio Henrique Ferreira (October 4, 1934 – July 17, 2016) was a Brazilian physician and pharmacologist noted for the discovery of the bradykinin potentiating factor, which led to new and widely used anti-hypertension drugs — the ACE inhibitors.
Biography
Ferreira received his M.D. from the Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto of the University of São Paulo (USP) and soon became staff member of the same school, where he was a member of the Department of Pharmacology. His research training in pharmacology initiated in this Department with Prof. Maurício Rocha e Silva, the discoverer of bradykinin. While working on this subject, he discovered a family of peptides present in the venom of a Brazilian snake, Bothrops jararaca, which inhibited kininase activity and strongly potentiated the effects of bradykinin in vivo and in vitro. This factor was named bradykinin potentiating factor, BPF. In 1968, with the collaboration of Dr. Lewis Joel Greene, from the Brookhaven National Laboratory, U.S., he isolated several pharmacologically active peptides responsible for the activity of BPF. Using those peptides, was demonstrated a general parallelism between bradykinin potentiation and inhibition of Angiotensin I conversion. Subsequently, his group elucidated the structure of the smallest peptide, and using the synthetic pentapeptide, demonstrated its ability to potentiate bradykinin and to inhibit the conversion of angiotensin I in vivo in experimental models of hypertension. His work in this area paved the way for the development of a new class of antihypertensive drugs, the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors by Squibb scientists. For this work with the Bothrops peptide he received the CIBA Award for Hypertension Research of 1983, together with Drs. E. Ondetti and D. Cushman from Squibb laboratories.
While working in London in the early 1970s with John R. Vane (Nobel prize in Medicine, 1983), he participated in the discovery of the inhibition of the synthesis of prostaglandins by aspirin-like drugs. At that time, he proposed that the mechanism of the analgesic action of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) was due to the prevention of pain receptor sensitization which results from an inhibition of the synthesis of prostaglandins. This hypothesis was supported by further work from his laboratory and from many other investigators. His studies on the basic mechanisms involved in the development of inflammatory hyperalgesia led to the discovery that a select class of analgesics like metamizole, in contrast to the classical NSAIDs, are able to counteract the ongoing sensitization of the primary sensory neuron via the stimulation of the arginine/nitric oxide pathway. He characterized a phenomenon described as retrograde sensitization of the primary sensory neuron, which emphasizes the importance of the peripheral component of the inflammatory pain. His group made a relevant contribution to the role of bradykinin and of cytokines in the development of inflammatory hyperalgesia. He found that among the cytokines, interleukin 1b mediates the endogenous release of prostaglandins and IL-8 is responsible for the development of the sympathetic hyperalgesia. In this area he described an antagonist of IL-1 that is now being developed as a model for a new class of analgesics.
Awards and accolades
Ferreira's contributions to science are extensively recognized. In 1995, he received the National Order of Scientific Merit in the Great Cross level, and received several awards and medals, such as the TWAS Prize from the Third World Academy of Sciences (1990 and 1992), the Mexican Prize of Science and Technology (1999), the Rheimboldt-Hauptmann Prize of the University of São Paulo (2001) and the Péter Murányi Prize (2002). He was in the editorial board of several international journals, was foreign member of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences. Ferreira was also a noted scientific leader in Brazil. He helped to found and is one of the editors-in-chief of the most influential international biomedical scientific journal, Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, was a member of the Brazilian National Academy of Sciences and of the Brazilian Council of Science and Technology. He was founder and past president of the Brazilian Society for Pharmacology and Therapeutics and of the Brazilian Society for the Progress of Science (SBPC).
Bibliography
Ferreira, S. H. 1972. Prostaglandins, aspirin-like drugs and analgesia. Nature New Biology. vol. 240, p. 200-203.
Ferreira, S. H. and Nakamura, M. 1979. II-Prostaglandins hyperalgesia: the peripheral analgesic activity of morphine, enkephalins and opioid antagonists. Prostaglandins. vol. 18, p. 191-200.
Ferreira, S. H., et al. 1988. Interleukin-1b as a potent hyperalgesic agent antagonized by a tripeptide analogue. Nature. vol. 334, p. 698-700.
Ferreira, S. H., et al. 1991. The molecular mechanism of action of peripheral morphine analgesia: stimulation of cGMP system via nitric oxide release. European Journal of Pharmacology. vol. 201, p. 121-122.
Ferreira, S. H., et al. 1993. Bradykinin initiates cytokine mediated inflammatory hyperalgesia. Brazilian Journal of Pharmacological Sciences. vol. 110, p. 1227-1231.
Ferreira, S. H. and Lorenzetti, B. B. 1994. Glutamate spinal retrograde sensitization of primary sensory neurons associated with nociception. Neuropharmacology. vol. 33, no. 11, p. 1479-1485.
Sources
^ "Profile at ABC (Academia Brasileira de Ciências)". ABC (in Portuguese). Retrieved 20 July 2016.
^ "Morre cientista Sergio Henrique Ferreira, aos 81 anos". reporterdiario.com.br. 19 July 2016. Retrieved 20 July 2016.
^ "Prizes and Awards". The World Academy of Sciences. 2016.
Adapted from Sérgio Henrique Ferreira Biography. Brazilian Academy of Sciences.
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
United States
Netherlands
Other
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pharmacologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacologist"},{"link_name":"bradykinin potentiating factor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradykinin_potentiating_factor"},{"link_name":"hypertension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertension"},{"link_name":"ACE inhibitors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACE_inhibitors"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Sérgio Henrique Ferreira (October 4, 1934 – July 17, 2016) was a Brazilian physician and pharmacologist noted for the discovery of the bradykinin potentiating factor, which led to new and widely used anti-hypertension drugs — the ACE inhibitors.[2]","title":"Sérgio Henrique Ferreira"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"M.D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Medicine"},{"link_name":"Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto of the University of São Paulo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faculdade_de_Medicina_de_Ribeir%C3%A3o_Preto"},{"link_name":"Pharmacology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacology"},{"link_name":"Maurício Rocha e Silva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maur%C3%ADcio_Rocha_e_Silva"},{"link_name":"bradykinin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradykinin"},{"link_name":"peptides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptide"},{"link_name":"Bothrops jararaca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bothrops_jararaca"},{"link_name":"kininase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kininase&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lewis Joel Greene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Joel_Greene"},{"link_name":"Brookhaven National Laboratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookhaven_National_Laboratory"},{"link_name":"U.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Angiotensin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiotensin"},{"link_name":"angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACE_inhibitors"},{"link_name":"Squibb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol-Myers_Squibb"},{"link_name":"Bothrops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bothrops"},{"link_name":"CIBA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novartis"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"John R. 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His research training in pharmacology initiated in this Department with Prof. Maurício Rocha e Silva, the discoverer of bradykinin. While working on this subject, he discovered a family of peptides present in the venom of a Brazilian snake, Bothrops jararaca, which inhibited kininase activity and strongly potentiated the effects of bradykinin in vivo and in vitro. This factor was named bradykinin potentiating factor, BPF. In 1968, with the collaboration of Dr. Lewis Joel Greene, from the Brookhaven National Laboratory, U.S., he isolated several pharmacologically active peptides responsible for the activity of BPF. Using those peptides, was demonstrated a general parallelism between bradykinin potentiation and inhibition of Angiotensin I conversion. Subsequently, his group elucidated the structure of the smallest peptide, and using the synthetic pentapeptide, demonstrated its ability to potentiate bradykinin and to inhibit the conversion of angiotensin I in vivo in experimental models of hypertension. His work in this area paved the way for the development of a new class of antihypertensive drugs, the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors by Squibb scientists. For this work with the Bothrops peptide he received the CIBA Award for Hypertension Research of 1983, together with Drs. E. Ondetti and D. Cushman from Squibb laboratories.While working in London in the early 1970s with John R. Vane (Nobel prize in Medicine, 1983), he participated in the discovery of the inhibition of the synthesis of prostaglandins by aspirin-like drugs. At that time, he proposed that the mechanism of the analgesic action of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) was due to the prevention of pain receptor sensitization which results from an inhibition of the synthesis of prostaglandins. This hypothesis was supported by further work from his laboratory and from many other investigators. His studies on the basic mechanisms involved in the development of inflammatory hyperalgesia led to the discovery that a select class of analgesics like metamizole, in contrast to the classical NSAIDs, are able to counteract the ongoing sensitization of the primary sensory neuron via the stimulation of the arginine/nitric oxide pathway. He characterized a phenomenon described as retrograde sensitization of the primary sensory neuron, which emphasizes the importance of the peripheral component of the inflammatory pain. His group made a relevant contribution to the role of bradykinin and of cytokines in the development of inflammatory hyperalgesia. He found that among the cytokines, interleukin 1b mediates the endogenous release of prostaglandins and IL-8 is responsible for the development of the sympathetic hyperalgesia. In this area he described an antagonist of IL-1 that is now being developed as a model for a new class of analgesics.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"TWAS Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TWAS_Prize"},{"link_name":"Third World Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_World_Academy_of_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Prizes_and_Awards-3"},{"link_name":"National Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_National_Academy_of_Sciences"},{"link_name":"Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Journal_of_Medical_and_Biological_Research"},{"link_name":"Brazilian National Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_National_Academy_of_Sciences"},{"link_name":"Brazilian Council of Science and Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Council_of_Science_and_Technology"},{"link_name":"Brazilian Society for Pharmacology and Therapeutics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brazilian_Society_for_Pharmacology_and_Therapeutics&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Brazilian Society for the Progress of Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Society_for_the_Progress_of_Science"}],"text":"Ferreira's contributions to science are extensively recognized. In 1995, he received the National Order of Scientific Merit in the Great Cross level, and received several awards and medals, such as the TWAS Prize from the Third World Academy of Sciences[3] (1990 and 1992), the Mexican Prize of Science and Technology (1999), the Rheimboldt-Hauptmann Prize of the University of São Paulo (2001) and the Péter Murányi Prize (2002). He was in the editorial board of several international journals, was foreign member of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences. Ferreira was also a noted scientific leader in Brazil. He helped to found and is one of the editors-in-chief of the most influential international biomedical scientific journal, Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, was a member of the Brazilian National Academy of Sciences and of the Brazilian Council of Science and Technology. He was founder and past president of the Brazilian Society for Pharmacology and Therapeutics and of the Brazilian Society for the Progress of Science (SBPC).","title":"Awards and accolades"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Ferreira, S. H. 1972. Prostaglandins, aspirin-like drugs and analgesia. Nature New Biology. vol. 240, p. 200-203.\nFerreira, S. H. and Nakamura, M. 1979. II-Prostaglandins hyperalgesia: the peripheral analgesic activity of morphine, enkephalins and opioid antagonists. Prostaglandins. vol. 18, p. 191-200.\nFerreira, S. H., et al. 1988. Interleukin-1b as a potent hyperalgesic agent antagonized by a tripeptide analogue. Nature. vol. 334, p. 698-700.\nFerreira, S. H., et al. 1991. The molecular mechanism of action of peripheral morphine analgesia: stimulation of cGMP system via nitric oxide release. European Journal of Pharmacology. vol. 201, p. 121-122.\nFerreira, S. H., et al. 1993. Bradykinin initiates cytokine mediated inflammatory hyperalgesia. Brazilian Journal of Pharmacological Sciences. vol. 110, p. 1227-1231.\nFerreira, S. H. and Lorenzetti, B. B. 1994. Glutamate spinal retrograde sensitization of primary sensory neurons associated with nociception. 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ABC (in Portuguese). Retrieved 20 July 2016.\n\n^ \"Morre cientista Sergio Henrique Ferreira, aos 81 anos\". reporterdiario.com.br. 19 July 2016. Retrieved 20 July 2016.\n\n^ \"Prizes and Awards\". The World Academy of Sciences. 2016.Adapted from Sérgio Henrique Ferreira Biography. Brazilian Academy of Sciences.Authority control databases International\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nFrance\nBnF data\nUnited States\nNetherlands\nOther\nIdRef","title":"Sources"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Profile at ABC (Academia Brasileira de Ciências)\". ABC (in Portuguese). Retrieved 20 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.abc.org.br/resultadoPT.php3?codigo=sferreira","url_text":"\"Profile at ABC (Academia Brasileira de Ciências)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Morre cientista Sergio Henrique Ferreira, aos 81 anos\". reporterdiario.com.br. 19 July 2016. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_toothbrush | Electric toothbrush | ["1 History","2 Types","2.1 Oscillating rotating","2.2 Sonic","2.3 Ultrasonic","3 Effectiveness","4 Power source and charging","5 Environmental concerns","6 Optional features","6.1 Timer","6.2 Display","6.3 Pressure sensor","6.4 Ultrasound indicator","6.5 Bluetooth","7 Cleaning modes","8 References"] | Oral hygiene instrument
A typical electric toothbrush
An electric toothbrush, motorized toothbrush, or battery-powered toothbrush is a toothbrush that makes rapid automatic bristle motions, either back-and-forth oscillation or rotation-oscillation (where the brush head alternates clockwise and counterclockwise rotation), in order to clean teeth. Motions at sonic speeds or below are made by a motor. In the case of ultrasonic toothbrushes, ultrasonic motions are produced by a piezoelectric crystal. A modern electric toothbrush is usually powered by a rechargeable battery charged through inductive charging when the brush sits in the charging base between uses.
Electric toothbrushes can be classified according to the frequency (speed) of their movements as power, sonic or ultrasonic toothbrushes, depending on whether they make movements that are below, in or above the audible range (20–20,000 Hz or 2400–2,400,000 movements per minute), respectively.
History
A Motodent electric toothbrush. A patent for this toothbrush was filed in 1937.
The earliest example of an electric toothbrush was first produced by Tomlinson Moseley. Sold as the Motodent, a patent was filed by his company, Motodent Inc. on December 13, 1937. In Switzerland in 1954 Dr. Philippe Guy Woog invented the Broxodent. Woog's electric toothbrushes were originally manufactured in Switzerland (later in France) for Broxo S.A. The device plugged into a standard wall outlet and ran on line voltage. Electric toothbrushes were initially created for patients with limited motor skills and for orthodontic patients (such as those with braces).
The Broxo Electric Toothbrush was introduced in the US by E. R. Squibb and Sons Pharmaceuticals in 1960. After introduction, it was marketed in the US by Squibb under the names Broxo-Dent or Broxodent. In the 1980s Squibb transferred distribution of the Broxodent line to the Somerset Labs division of Bristol-Myers Squibb.
The General Electric automatic toothbrush was introduced in the early 1960s; it was cordless, with rechargeable NiCad batteries and although portable, was rather bulky, about the size of a two-D-cell flashlight handle. NiCad batteries of this period suffered from the memory effect. The GE automatic toothbrush came with a charging stand that held the hand piece upright; most units were kept in the charger, which is not the best way to get maximum service life from a NiCad battery. Also, early NiCad batteries tended to have a short lifespan. The batteries were sealed inside the GE device, and the whole unit had to be discarded when the batteries failed.
The use of an AC line voltage appliance in a bathroom environment was problematic. By the early 1990s Underwriter Laboratories (UL) and Canadian Standards Association (CSA) no longer certified line-voltage appliances for bathroom use. Newer appliances had to use a step-down transformer to operate at low voltage (typically 12, 16 or 24 volts). Wiring standards in many countries require that outlets in bath areas must be protected by a RCD/GFCI device (e.g., required in the US since the 1970s on bathroom outlets in new construction).
By the 1990s there were problems with safety certification of Broxo's original design. Further, improved battery-operated toothbrushes were providing formidable competition.
The first ultrasonic toothbrush, first called the Ultima and later the Ultrasonex, was patented in the US in 1992, the same year the FDA gave it approval for daily home use. Initially, the Ultima worked only on ultrasound, but a few years later, a motor was added to give the Ultrasonex brush additional sonic vibration. Today, several ultrasonic toothbrushes simultaneously provide both ultrasound and sonic vibration. In more modern times, electric toothbrushes have been used as a substitute for vibrators for those who wish to avoid embarrassment.
The negative environmental impact of electric toothbrushes when compared with manual toothbrushes has been established.
Types
Electric toothbrush
Electric toothbrushes can be classified according to their type of action:
Side to side vibration, which has a brush head action that moves laterally from side to side.
Counter oscillation, which has a brush action in which adjacent tufts of bristles (usually six to 10 in number) rotate in one direction and then the other, independently, with each tuft rotating in the opposite direction to that adjacent to it.
Rotation oscillation, which has a brush action in which the brush head rotates in one direction and then the other.
Circular, which has a brush action in which the brush head rotates in one direction only.
Ultrasonic, which has a brush action where the bristles vibrate at ultrasonic frequencies (> 20 kHz).
Ionic, which has a brush that aims to impart an electrical charge to the tooth surface with the intent of disrupting the attachment of dental plaque.
For some vibrating toothbrush designs, a brushing technique similar to that used with a manual toothbrush is recommended, whereas with brushes with a spinning head the recommended cleaning technique is to simply move the brush slowly from tooth to tooth.
Electric toothbrushes can also be classified according to the speed of their movements as standard power toothbrushes, sonic toothbrushes or ultrasonic toothbrushes. If the motion of the toothbrush is sufficiently rapid to produce a hum in the audible frequency of human range (20 Hz to 20,000 Hz), it can be classified as a sonic toothbrush. Any electric toothbrush with movement faster than this limit can be classified as an ultrasonic toothbrush. Certain ultrasonic toothbrushes, such as the Megasonex and the Ultreo, have both sonic and ultrasonic movements.
Oscillating rotating
Oral-B iO toothbrush
The oscillating rotating toothbrush is a type of electric toothbrush which was introduced by Oral-B in the 1990s. This type of toothbrush is not shaped like a conventional manual toothbrush. Instead, it is made of a small round brush head that oscillates and rotates to remove plaque. The shape of the brush head is very similar to the prophylaxis hand piece used by dental professionals to remove plaque in the dental office. This design enables the bristles to reach further into the hard-to-reach areas between the teeth to remove plaque. Some versions of the oscillating rotating toothbrush also involve a pulsating motion which enables a more three dimensional clean.
The Oral-B iO toothbrush has a linear magnetic drive system. This system allows the concentration of energy to be at the tip of the brush bristles while using the oscillating rotating motion. The brush also allows for 3D tracking using artificial intelligence that connects the toothbrush with an app. This technology enables to the user to have instant feedback on their brushing efficacy and can track the data if the user wishes to bring the information to their dental professional for more personalized oral health instruction and education. Furthermore, the Oral-B iO toothbrush also has a smart pressure sensor which is electronically calibrated to let the user know if they are brushing with too much pressure, or not enough, and automatically adapts the oscillation speed to protect the teeth and gums when excess pressure is applied.
The safety of oscillating rotating toothbrushes has also been studied. Oscillating rotating toothbrushes are proven to be safe as compared to manual toothbrushes and are safe for both the hard and soft tissues of the oral cavity.
Sonic
Sonic toothbrush (Sonicare)
Sonic toothbrushes are a subset of electric toothbrushes with movement that is fast enough to produce vibration in the audible range. Most modern rechargeable electric toothbrushes from brands such as Sonicare, FOREO, and Oral-B fall into this category and typically have frequencies that range from 200 to 400 Hz, that is 12,000–24,000 oscillations or 24,000–48,000 movements per minute. Because sonic toothbrushes rely on sweeping motion alone to clean the teeth, the movement that they provide is often high in amplitude, meaning that the length of the sweeping movements that they make is large. One study found that using a sonic toothbrush causes less abrasion to the gum when compared to the manual toothbrush.
Ultrasonic
Ultrasonic toothbrush (Megasonex)
Main article: Ultrasonic toothbrush
The newest developments in this field are ultrasonic toothbrushes, which use ultrasonic waves to clean the teeth. In order for a toothbrush to be considered "ultrasonic" it has to emit a wave at a minimum frequency of 20,000 Hz or 2.4 million movements per minute. Typically, ultrasonic toothbrushes approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) operate at a frequency of 1.6 MHz, which translates to 192 million movements per minute.
Ultrasonic toothbrushes emit vibrations that are very high in frequency but low in amplitude. These vibrations break up bacterial chains that make up dental plaque and remove their methods of attachment to the tooth surface up to 5 mm below the gum line.
Some ultrasonic toothbrushes, such as the Emmi-Dent, provide only ultrasonic motion. Other ultrasonic toothbrushes, such as the Ultreo and the Megasonex, provide additional sonic vibration ranging from 9,000 to 40,000 movements per minute, comparable to a sonic toothbrush, in order to provide additional sweeping motion which facilitates removal of food particles and bacterial chain remnants. The sonic vibration in these ultrasonic toothbrushes may be lower in amplitude than that found in a comparable sonic toothbrush because the bacterial chains do not need to be removed through sonic vibration, simply swept away, as they have already been broken up by the ultrasound.
Because of the similarity of the terms "ultrasonic" and "sonic", there is some confusion in the marketplace and sonic toothbrushes are frequently mislabeled as ultrasonic ones. A toothbrush operating at a frequency or vibration of less than 20,000 Hz is a "sonic" toothbrush. It is called "sonic" because its operating frequency, for example 31,000 movements per minute, is within the human hearing range of between roughly 20 Hz to about 20,000 Hz. Only a toothbrush that emits ultrasound, or vibration at a frequency greater than the upper limit of human hearing, can be called an "ultrasonic" toothbrush.
Effectiveness
In 2014, a Cochrane review demonstrated that power toothbrushes remove more plaque and reduce gingival inflammation more than manual toothbrushes. This review showed electric toothbrushes had greater effectiveness over manual ones. For example, plaque build-up and gingival inflammation were reduced by 11% and 6% respectively after one to three months of use. After three months of use, the reduction observed was even greater – 21% reduction in plaque and 11% reduction in gingival inflammation. Although the scale of these differences in a clinical setting remains questionable, other reviews have reached similar conclusions. Another large review of studies also concluded that power toothbrushes were more effective in removing plaque than manual brushes for children. For patients with limited manual dexterity or where difficulty exists in reaching rear teeth, electric toothbrushes may be especially beneficial.
With regards to the effectiveness of different electric toothbrushes, the oscillation rotation models have been found to remove more plaque than manual toothbrushes. More specific studies have also been conducted demonstrating oscillating rotating toothbrush effectiveness to be superior to manual toothbrushes for patients undergoing orthodontic treatment. Notably, only the oscillating rotating power toothbrush was able to consistently provide statistically significant benefit over manual toothbrushes in the 2014 Cochrane Review. This suggests that oscillating rotating power toothbrushes may be more effective than other electric toothbrushes. More recent evidence also supports this as new studies suggest that oscillating rotating toothbrushes are more effective than high frequency sonic power toothbrushes. Overall, oscillating rotating toothbrushes are effective in reducing gingival inflammation and plaque.
Other factors that influence effectiveness amongst electric toothbrushes involve factors such as the amount of time spent brushing and the condition of the brush head. Manufacturers recommend that heads be changed every three months or as soon as the brush head has visibly deteriorated.
Power source and charging
Modern electric toothbrushes run on low voltage, 12 V or less. A few units use a step-down transformer to power the brush, but most use a battery, usually but not always rechargeable and non-replaceable, fitted inside the handle, which is hermetically sealed to prevent water damage. While early NiCd battery toothbrushes used metal tabs to connect with the charging base, some toothbrushes use inductive charging.
Environmental concerns
According to Friends of the Earth, "Disposable electric toothbrushes are one example of a terrible product ... it's virtually impossible to separate out the tech from the batteries and plastic casing which means valuable and often toxic materials are dumped in landfill or burnt in incinerators." A study published in British Dental Journal found climate change potential of the electric toothbrush was 11 times greater than the bamboo toothbrush. The bamboo toothbrush was, however, not the most environmentally sustainable toothbrush, contrary to popular belief because using them just stops land from being put to better use such as helping biodiversity, or in growing forests to offset carbon emissions. A plastic manual replaceable head toothbrush was probably the best, according to the study.
Optional features
Timer
Many modern electric toothbrushes have a timer that buzzes, or briefly interrupts power, typically after two minutes, and sometimes every 30 seconds. This is associated with a customary recommendation to brush for two minutes, 30 seconds for each of the four quadrants of the mouth.
Display
Some electric toothbrushes have LCD screens that show brushing time and sometimes smiley face icons or other images to encourage optimal brushing. These features could encourage people to brush more accurately.
Pressure sensor
Brushing teeth too hard causes enamel and gum damage. Most modern top-end sonic toothbrushes come with a pressure sensor, which prevents users from brushing too aggressively. There are two types of pressure sensors. Some sensors produce a sound warning and some immediately stop movements of the sonic toothbrush when it is used too aggressively. Some electric brushes, such as the Oral-B oscillating rotating brush, simultaneously coach the user to brush with optimal pressure during the brushing experience itself using AI and Bluetooth technology.
Ultrasound indicator
Because ultrasonic frequencies are beyond the audible range and the amplitude of movement emitted by an ultrasonic toothbrush is typically too small to be perceived, the ultrasound is imperceptible to humans and it may not be apparent that a brush running if pure ultrasound is turned on. Ultrasonic toothbrushes may include an indicator to notify the user that ultrasound is being emitted.
Bluetooth
Bluetooth connectivity enables data to be transmitted from an electric toothbrush to another Bluetooth device, such as a smartphone. The brush can send data to a mobile app such as how long it has been brushing for and if too much pressure has been applied when brushing. The app can in turn send data back to the brush such as changing the cleaning modes available, and cleaning time. The sharing of data between toothbrush and smartphone is intended to assist the user in creating better brushing technique and habits. This technology enables coaching for the user as it tracks where the user brushes, how long in each area, and consequently, can identify areas where the user commonly misses.
Electric toothbrush models that currently utilise Bluetooth include the Oral-B Pro 6000, Pro 6500, Pro 7000 and Genius 9000, Oral-B iO as well as Phillips Sonicare Diamond Clean Smart.
Cleaning modes
Most sonic toothbrushes come with different cleaning modes and intensity levels. Cleaning modes are designed for special types of cleaning efficiency. Some of the most well known are Sensitive, Daily care, Whitening and Tongue cleaning.
Certain toothbrushes that offer both ultrasonic and sonic motion allow for the intensity of the sonic motion to be reduced, or even for the sonic motion to be turned off entirely so that only ultrasound is emitted. Since ultrasound movements are very low in amplitude, this setting may be indicated for patients who may not be suitable candidates for typical sonic or power toothbrush vibration but need the additional cleaning power of an ultrasonic toothbrush, such as patients who have recently undergone periodontal surgery.
References
Medicine portal
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Electronic bidet
Washlet | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Electric_toothbrush_on_a_white_background.jpg"},{"link_name":"toothbrush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toothbrush"},{"link_name":"oscillation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscillating"},{"link_name":"rotation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotation"},{"link_name":"clean teeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tooth_brushing"},{"link_name":"motor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motor"},{"link_name":"ultrasonic toothbrushes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrasonic_toothbrush"},{"link_name":"ultrasonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrasound"},{"link_name":"piezoelectric crystal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piezoelectric_crystal"},{"link_name":"rechargeable battery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rechargeable_battery"},{"link_name":"inductive charging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductive_charging"},{"link_name":"frequency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency"},{"link_name":"ultrasonic toothbrushes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrasonic_toothbrush"},{"link_name":"audible range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audible_range"},{"link_name":"Hz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertz"}],"text":"A typical electric toothbrushAn electric toothbrush, motorized toothbrush, or battery-powered toothbrush is a toothbrush that makes rapid automatic bristle motions, either back-and-forth oscillation or rotation-oscillation (where the brush head alternates clockwise and counterclockwise rotation), in order to clean teeth. Motions at sonic speeds or below are made by a motor. In the case of ultrasonic toothbrushes, ultrasonic motions are produced by a piezoelectric crystal. A modern electric toothbrush is usually powered by a rechargeable battery charged through inductive charging when the brush sits in the charging base between uses.Electric toothbrushes can be classified according to the frequency (speed) of their movements as power, sonic or ultrasonic toothbrushes, depending on whether they make movements that are below, in or above the audible range (20–20,000 Hz or 2400–2,400,000 movements per minute), respectively.","title":"Electric toothbrush"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Motodent-electric-toothbrush.jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"E. R. Squibb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._R._Squibb"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"Bristol-Myers Squibb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol-Myers_Squibb"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"General Electric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Electric"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"NiCad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NiCad"},{"link_name":"flashlight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flashlight"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"memory effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_effect"},{"link_name":"Underwriter Laboratories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwriter_Laboratories"},{"link_name":"Canadian Standards Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Standards_Association"},{"link_name":"transformer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformer"},{"link_name":"RCD/GFCI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Residual-current_device"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"ultrasonic toothbrush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrasonic_toothbrush"},{"link_name":"FDA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FDA"},{"link_name":"vibrators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibrator_(sex_toy)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-9"}],"text":"A Motodent electric toothbrush. A patent for this toothbrush was filed in 1937.The earliest example of an electric toothbrush was first produced by Tomlinson Moseley. Sold as the Motodent, a patent was filed by his company, Motodent Inc. on December 13, 1937.[1] In Switzerland in 1954 Dr. Philippe Guy Woog invented the Broxodent.[2] Woog's electric toothbrushes were originally manufactured in Switzerland (later in France) for Broxo S.A. The device plugged into a standard wall outlet and ran on line voltage. Electric toothbrushes were initially created for patients with limited motor skills and for orthodontic patients (such as those with braces).[3]The Broxo Electric Toothbrush was introduced in the US by E. R. Squibb and Sons Pharmaceuticals in 1960.[4] After introduction, it was marketed in the US by Squibb under the names Broxo-Dent or Broxodent.[4] In the 1980s Squibb transferred distribution of the Broxodent line to the Somerset Labs division of Bristol-Myers Squibb.[5]The General Electric automatic toothbrush was introduced in the early 1960s;[6] it was cordless, with rechargeable NiCad batteries and although portable, was rather bulky, about the size of a two-D-cell flashlight handle.[7] NiCad batteries of this period suffered from the memory effect. The GE automatic toothbrush came with a charging stand that held the hand piece upright; most units were kept in the charger, which is not the best way to get maximum service life from a NiCad battery. Also, early NiCad batteries tended to have a short lifespan. The batteries were sealed inside the GE device, and the whole unit had to be discarded when the batteries failed.The use of an AC line voltage appliance in a bathroom environment was problematic. By the early 1990s Underwriter Laboratories (UL) and Canadian Standards Association (CSA) no longer certified line-voltage appliances for bathroom use. Newer appliances had to use a step-down transformer to operate at low voltage (typically 12, 16 or 24 volts). Wiring standards in many countries require that outlets in bath areas must be protected by a RCD/GFCI device (e.g., required in the US since the 1970s on bathroom outlets in new construction).By the 1990s there were problems with safety certification of Broxo's original design. Further, improved battery-operated toothbrushes were providing formidable competition.[citation needed]The first ultrasonic toothbrush, first called the Ultima and later the Ultrasonex, was patented in the US in 1992, the same year the FDA gave it approval for daily home use. Initially, the Ultima worked only on ultrasound, but a few years later, a motor was added to give the Ultrasonex brush additional sonic vibration. Today, several ultrasonic toothbrushes simultaneously provide both ultrasound and sonic vibration. In more modern times, electric toothbrushes have been used as a substitute for vibrators for those who wish to avoid embarrassment.[8]The negative environmental impact of electric toothbrushes when compared with manual toothbrushes has been established.[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Electrical_toothbrush_20050717_001.jpg"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"ultrasonic toothbrushes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrasonic_toothbrush"},{"link_name":"audible frequency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audible_frequency"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Electric toothbrushElectric toothbrushes can be classified according to their type of action:Side to side vibration, which has a brush head action that moves laterally from side to side.\nCounter oscillation, which has a brush action in which adjacent tufts of bristles (usually six to 10 in number) rotate in one direction and then the other, independently, with each tuft rotating in the opposite direction to that adjacent to it.\nRotation oscillation, which has a brush action in which the brush head rotates in one direction and then the other.\nCircular, which has a brush action in which the brush head rotates in one direction only.\nUltrasonic, which has a brush action where the bristles vibrate at ultrasonic frequencies (> 20 kHz).\nIonic, which has a brush that aims to impart an electrical charge to the tooth surface with the intent of disrupting the attachment of dental plaque.[10]For some vibrating toothbrush designs, a brushing technique similar to that used with a manual toothbrush is recommended, whereas with brushes with a spinning head the recommended cleaning technique is to simply move the brush slowly from tooth to tooth.[11]Electric toothbrushes can also be classified according to the speed of their movements as standard power toothbrushes, sonic toothbrushes or ultrasonic toothbrushes. If the motion of the toothbrush is sufficiently rapid to produce a hum in the audible frequency of human range (20 Hz to 20,000 Hz), it can be classified as a sonic toothbrush. Any electric toothbrush with movement faster than this limit can be classified as an ultrasonic toothbrush. Certain ultrasonic toothbrushes, such as the Megasonex and the Ultreo, have both sonic and ultrasonic movements.[12]","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oral_B_iO_toothbrush.jpg"},{"link_name":"Oral-B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral-B"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-18"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"Oscillating rotating","text":"Oral-B iO toothbrushThe oscillating rotating toothbrush is a type of electric toothbrush which was introduced by Oral-B in the 1990s.[13][14][15][16][17] This type of toothbrush is not shaped like a conventional manual toothbrush. Instead, it is made of a small round brush head that oscillates and rotates to remove plaque. The shape of the brush head is very similar to the prophylaxis hand piece used by dental professionals to remove plaque in the dental office.[18] This design enables the bristles to reach further into the hard-to-reach areas between the teeth to remove plaque. Some versions of the oscillating rotating toothbrush also involve a pulsating motion which enables a more three dimensional clean.[citation needed]The Oral-B iO toothbrush has a linear magnetic drive system.[19] This system allows the concentration of energy to be at the tip of the brush bristles while using the oscillating rotating motion.[19] The brush also allows for 3D tracking using artificial intelligence that connects the toothbrush with an app.[19] This technology enables to the user to have instant feedback on their brushing efficacy and can track the data if the user wishes to bring the information to their dental professional for more personalized oral health instruction and education. Furthermore, the Oral-B iO toothbrush also has a smart pressure sensor which is electronically calibrated to let the user know if they are brushing with too much pressure, or not enough, and automatically adapts the oscillation speed to protect the teeth and gums when excess pressure is applied.[19]The safety of oscillating rotating toothbrushes has also been studied. Oscillating rotating toothbrushes are proven to be safe as compared to manual toothbrushes and are safe for both the hard and soft tissues of the oral cavity.[20]","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sonicare.jpg"},{"link_name":"vibration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibration"},{"link_name":"audible range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audible_range"},{"link_name":"Sonicare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonicare"},{"link_name":"amplitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amplitude"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Sonic","text":"Sonic toothbrush (Sonicare)Sonic toothbrushes are a subset of electric toothbrushes with movement that is fast enough to produce vibration in the audible range. Most modern rechargeable electric toothbrushes from brands such as Sonicare, FOREO, and Oral-B fall into this category and typically have frequencies that range from 200 to 400 Hz, that is 12,000–24,000 oscillations or 24,000–48,000 movements per minute. Because sonic toothbrushes rely on sweeping motion alone to clean the teeth, the movement that they provide is often high in amplitude, meaning that the length of the sweeping movements that they make is large. One study found that using a sonic toothbrush causes less abrasion to the gum when compared to the manual toothbrush.[21]","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Megasonex.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ultrasonic toothbrush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrasonic_toothbrush"},{"link_name":"ultrasonic toothbrushes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrasonic_toothbrush"},{"link_name":"ultrasonic waves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrasonic_wave"},{"link_name":"Food and Drug Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration"},{"link_name":"frequency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency"},{"link_name":"amplitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amplitude"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-22"},{"link_name":"ultrasound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrasound"}],"sub_title":"Ultrasonic","text":"Ultrasonic toothbrush (Megasonex)The newest developments in this field are ultrasonic toothbrushes, which use ultrasonic waves to clean the teeth. In order for a toothbrush to be considered \"ultrasonic\" it has to emit a wave at a minimum frequency of 20,000 Hz or 2.4 million movements per minute. Typically, ultrasonic toothbrushes approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) operate at a frequency of 1.6 MHz, which translates to 192 million movements per minute.Ultrasonic toothbrushes emit vibrations that are very high in frequency but low in amplitude. These vibrations break up bacterial chains that make up dental plaque and remove their methods of attachment to the tooth surface up to 5 mm below the gum line.[22]Some ultrasonic toothbrushes, such as the Emmi-Dent, provide only ultrasonic motion. Other ultrasonic toothbrushes, such as the Ultreo and the Megasonex, provide additional sonic vibration ranging from 9,000 to 40,000 movements per minute, comparable to a sonic toothbrush, in order to provide additional sweeping motion which facilitates removal of food particles and bacterial chain remnants. The sonic vibration in these ultrasonic toothbrushes may be lower in amplitude than that found in a comparable sonic toothbrush because the bacterial chains do not need to be removed through sonic vibration, simply swept away, as they have already been broken up by the ultrasound.Because of the similarity of the terms \"ultrasonic\" and \"sonic\", there is some confusion in the marketplace and sonic toothbrushes are frequently mislabeled as ultrasonic ones. A toothbrush operating at a frequency or vibration of less than 20,000 Hz is a \"sonic\" toothbrush. It is called \"sonic\" because its operating frequency, for example 31,000 movements per minute, is within the human hearing range of between roughly 20 Hz to about 20,000 Hz. Only a toothbrush that emits ultrasound, or vibration at a frequency greater than the upper limit of human hearing, can be called an \"ultrasonic\" toothbrush.","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cochrane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochrane_(organisation)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-10"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-18"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-17"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-10"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-13"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"text":"In 2014, a Cochrane review demonstrated that power toothbrushes remove more plaque and reduce gingival inflammation more than manual toothbrushes.[10] This review showed electric toothbrushes had greater effectiveness over manual ones. For example, plaque build-up and gingival inflammation were reduced by 11% and 6% respectively after one to three months of use.[10] After three months of use, the reduction observed was even greater – 21% reduction in plaque and 11% reduction in gingival inflammation.[10] Although the scale of these differences in a clinical setting remains questionable,[10] other reviews have reached similar conclusions.[23][24] Another large review of studies also concluded that power toothbrushes were more effective in removing plaque than manual brushes for children.[25] For patients with limited manual dexterity or where difficulty exists in reaching rear teeth, electric toothbrushes may be especially beneficial.[26][27]With regards to the effectiveness of different electric toothbrushes, the oscillation rotation models have been found to remove more plaque than manual toothbrushes.[28][18][17] More specific studies have also been conducted demonstrating oscillating rotating toothbrush effectiveness to be superior to manual toothbrushes for patients undergoing orthodontic treatment.[29][30] Notably, only the oscillating rotating power toothbrush was able to consistently provide statistically significant benefit over manual toothbrushes in the 2014 Cochrane Review.[10] This suggests that oscillating rotating power toothbrushes may be more effective than other electric toothbrushes. More recent evidence also supports this as new studies suggest that oscillating rotating toothbrushes are more effective than high frequency sonic power toothbrushes.[31][13][32] Overall, oscillating rotating toothbrushes are effective in reducing gingival inflammation and plaque.[33]Other factors that influence effectiveness amongst electric toothbrushes involve factors such as the amount of time spent brushing and the condition of the brush head. Manufacturers recommend that heads be changed every three months or as soon as the brush head has visibly deteriorated.[34][35]","title":"Effectiveness"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"transformer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformer"},{"link_name":"inductive charging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductive_charging"}],"text":"Modern electric toothbrushes run on low voltage, 12 V or less. A few units use a step-down transformer to power the brush, but most use a battery, usually but not always rechargeable and non-replaceable, fitted inside the handle, which is hermetically sealed to prevent water damage. While early NiCd battery toothbrushes used metal tabs to connect with the charging base, some toothbrushes use inductive charging.","title":"Power source and charging"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Friends of the Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friends_of_the_Earth"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC-36"},{"link_name":"offset carbon emissions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_offset"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-9"}],"text":"According to Friends of the Earth, \"Disposable electric toothbrushes are one example of a terrible product ... it's virtually impossible to separate out the tech from the batteries and plastic casing which means valuable and often toxic materials are dumped in landfill or burnt in incinerators.\"[36] A study published in British Dental Journal found climate change potential of the electric toothbrush was 11 times greater than the bamboo toothbrush. The bamboo toothbrush was, however, not the most environmentally sustainable toothbrush, contrary to popular belief because using them just stops land from being put to better use such as helping biodiversity, or in growing forests to offset carbon emissions. A plastic manual replaceable head toothbrush was probably the best, according to the study.[9]","title":"Environmental concerns"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Optional features"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Timer","text":"Many modern electric toothbrushes have a timer that buzzes, or briefly interrupts power, typically after two minutes, and sometimes every 30 seconds. This is associated with a customary recommendation to brush for two minutes, 30 seconds for each of the four quadrants of the mouth.","title":"Optional features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"LCD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_crystal_display"},{"link_name":"icons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icon_(computing)"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Daniel_E._Jolly,_Professor_of_Clinical_Dentistry_College_of_Dentistry_The_Ohio_State_University.-37"}],"sub_title":"Display","text":"Some electric toothbrushes have LCD screens that show brushing time and sometimes smiley face icons or other images to encourage optimal brushing. These features could encourage people to brush more accurately.[37]","title":"Optional features"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Pressure sensor","text":"Brushing teeth too hard causes enamel and gum damage. Most modern top-end sonic toothbrushes come with a pressure sensor, which prevents users from brushing too aggressively. There are two types of pressure sensors. Some sensors produce a sound warning and some immediately stop movements of the sonic toothbrush when it is used too aggressively. Some electric brushes, such as the Oral-B oscillating rotating brush, simultaneously coach the user to brush with optimal pressure during the brushing experience itself using AI and Bluetooth technology.","title":"Optional features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"audible range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audible_range"}],"sub_title":"Ultrasound indicator","text":"Because ultrasonic frequencies are beyond the audible range and the amplitude of movement emitted by an ultrasonic toothbrush is typically too small to be perceived, the ultrasound is imperceptible to humans and it may not be apparent that a brush running if pure ultrasound is turned on. Ultrasonic toothbrushes may include an indicator to notify the user that ultrasound is being emitted.","title":"Optional features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bluetooth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth"},{"link_name":"mobile app","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_app"}],"sub_title":"Bluetooth","text":"Bluetooth connectivity enables data to be transmitted from an electric toothbrush to another Bluetooth device, such as a smartphone. The brush can send data to a mobile app such as how long it has been brushing for and if too much pressure has been applied when brushing. The app can in turn send data back to the brush such as changing the cleaning modes available, and cleaning time. The sharing of data between toothbrush and smartphone is intended to assist the user in creating better brushing technique and habits. This technology enables coaching for the user as it tracks where the user brushes, how long in each area, and consequently, can identify areas where the user commonly misses. \nElectric toothbrush models that currently utilise Bluetooth include the Oral-B Pro 6000, Pro 6500, Pro 7000 and Genius 9000, Oral-B iO as well as Phillips Sonicare Diamond Clean Smart.","title":"Optional features"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Most sonic toothbrushes come with different cleaning modes and intensity levels. Cleaning modes are designed for special types of cleaning efficiency. Some of the most well known are Sensitive, Daily care, Whitening and Tongue cleaning.Certain toothbrushes that offer both ultrasonic and sonic motion allow for the intensity of the sonic motion to be reduced, or even for the sonic motion to be turned off entirely so that only ultrasound is emitted. Since ultrasound movements are very low in amplitude, this setting may be indicated for patients who may not be suitable candidates for typical sonic or power toothbrush vibration but need the additional cleaning power of an ultrasonic toothbrush, such as patients who have recently undergone periodontal surgery.","title":"Cleaning modes"}] | [{"image_text":"A typical electric toothbrush","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Electric_toothbrush_on_a_white_background.jpg/230px-Electric_toothbrush_on_a_white_background.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Motodent electric toothbrush. A patent for this toothbrush was filed in 1937.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Motodent-electric-toothbrush.jpg/270px-Motodent-electric-toothbrush.jpg"},{"image_text":"Electric toothbrush","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Electrical_toothbrush_20050717_001.jpg/200px-Electrical_toothbrush_20050717_001.jpg"},{"image_text":"Oral-B iO toothbrush","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Oral_B_iO_toothbrush.jpg/220px-Oral_B_iO_toothbrush.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sonic toothbrush (Sonicare)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Sonicare.jpg/150px-Sonicare.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ultrasonic toothbrush (Megasonex)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Megasonex.jpg/150px-Megasonex.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Electric toothbrush\". Google Patents. 13 December 1937. Retrieved 25 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://patents.google.com/patent/US2196667A/en","url_text":"\"Electric toothbrush\""}]},{"reference":"Fridus van der Weijden; Dagmar Else Slot. \"The effectiveness of toothbrushing\". Dental Tribune. Archived from the original on 15 July 2017. Retrieved 4 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170715113825/http://www.dental-tribune.com/articles/specialities/dental_hygiene/10403_the_effectiveness_of_toothbrushing.html","url_text":"\"The effectiveness of toothbrushing\""},{"url":"http://www.dental-tribune.com/articles/specialities/dental_hygiene/10403_the_effectiveness_of_toothbrushing.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Lee, Sean S. (2009). Breath : causes, diagnosis and treatment of oral malodor (2nd ed.). San Bernardino, CA: Culminare, Inc. p. 103. ISBN 978-1607259732. Retrieved 6 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=cKWEGOzGz7MC","url_text":"Breath : causes, diagnosis and treatment of oral malodor"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1607259732","url_text":"978-1607259732"}]},{"reference":"\"Who invented the toothbrush and when was it? (Everyday Mysteries: Fun Science Facts from the Library of Congress)\". www.loc.gov. Retrieved 2017-11-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.loc.gov/rr/scitech/mysteries/tooth.html","url_text":"\"Who invented the toothbrush and when was it? (Everyday Mysteries: Fun Science Facts from the Library of Congress)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The leaders in Oral Health since 1956\". BROXO. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 4 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150402094157/http://www.broxo.com/about-us","url_text":"\"The leaders in Oral Health since 1956\""},{"url":"http://www.broxo.com/about-us","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Donald Webb (2006). Medical Meanderings. Lulu.com. p. 122. ISBN 978-1430301745. Retrieved 6 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=GEUcqh0j8H8C","url_text":"Medical Meanderings"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1430301745","url_text":"978-1430301745"}]},{"reference":"\"History of General Electric\". General Electric. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. 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PMID 32940391.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7839525","url_text":"\"Dental plaque score reduction with an oscillating-rotating power toothbrush and a high-frequency sonic power toothbrush: a systematic review and meta-analysis of single-brushing exercises\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fidh.12463","url_text":"10.1111/idh.12463"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1601-5029","url_text":"1601-5029"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7839525","url_text":"7839525"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32940391","url_text":"32940391"}]},{"reference":"Adam, Ralf; Ram Goyal, C.; Qaqish, Jimmy; Grender, Julie (April 2020). \"Evaluation of an oscillating-rotating toothbrush with micro-vibrations versus a sonic toothbrush for the reduction of plaque and gingivitis: results from a randomized controlled trial\". 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PMID 32243576.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9379213","url_text":"\"Evaluation of an oscillating-rotating toothbrush with micro-vibrations versus a sonic toothbrush for the reduction of plaque and gingivitis: results from a randomized controlled trial\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fidj.12569","url_text":"10.1111/idj.12569"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0020-6539","url_text":"0020-6539"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9379213","url_text":"9379213"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32243576","url_text":"32243576"}]},{"reference":"Sicilia, A.; Arregui, I.; Gallego, M.; Cabezas, B.; Cuesta, S. (2002). \"A systematic review of powered vs manual toothbrushes in periodontal cause-related therapy\". Journal of Clinical Periodontology. 29 (Suppl 3): 39–54, discussion 90–91. doi:10.1034/j.1600-051x.29.s-3.1.x. ISSN 0303-6979. PMID 12787206.","urls":[{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12787206/","url_text":"\"A systematic review of powered vs manual toothbrushes in periodontal cause-related therapy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1034%2Fj.1600-051x.29.s-3.1.x","url_text":"10.1034/j.1600-051x.29.s-3.1.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0303-6979","url_text":"0303-6979"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12787206","url_text":"12787206"}]},{"reference":"\"b2c.article.details.page.social.title\". Philips. Retrieved 2021-02-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usa.philips.com/c-f/XC000006600/how-often-should-i-replace-my-philips-sonicare-brush-head","url_text":"\"b2c.article.details.page.social.title\""}]},{"reference":"\"When to Change Your Toothbrush or Brush Head | Oral-B\". www.oralb.ca. Retrieved 2021-02-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oralb.ca/en-ca/oral-health/why-oral-b/electric-toothbrushes/when-to-change-toothbrush-or-head","url_text":"\"When to Change Your Toothbrush or Brush Head | Oral-B\""}]},{"reference":"Kleinman, Zoe (2 March 2015). \"Ikea unveils phone-charging furniture at MWC\". BBC. Retrieved 2 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-31693088","url_text":"\"Ikea unveils phone-charging furniture at MWC\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC","url_text":"BBC"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://patents.google.com/patent/US2196667A/en","external_links_name":"\"Electric toothbrush\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170715113825/http://www.dental-tribune.com/articles/specialities/dental_hygiene/10403_the_effectiveness_of_toothbrushing.html","external_links_name":"\"The effectiveness of toothbrushing\""},{"Link":"http://www.dental-tribune.com/articles/specialities/dental_hygiene/10403_the_effectiveness_of_toothbrushing.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=cKWEGOzGz7MC","external_links_name":"Breath : causes, diagnosis and treatment of oral malodor"},{"Link":"https://www.loc.gov/rr/scitech/mysteries/tooth.html","external_links_name":"\"Who invented the toothbrush and when was it? 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Solar_Energy | National Institute of Solar Energy | ["1 History","2 Works","3 See also","4 References"] | Government organization in Gurgaon, India
National Institute of Solar EnergyCompany typeGovernment of India's AgenciesIndustryNew and Renewable EnergyFounded24 October 2013; 10 years ago (2013-10-24)HeadquartersGurgaon, IndiaParentMinistry of New and Renewable Energy Websitenise.res.in
The National Institute of Solar Energy (NISE) is a research and development organization in India, focused on the field of solar energy. Established in 2013, NISE is an autonomous organization under the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE). The organization's main goal is to conduct and promote research and development in the field of solar power in India, as well as act as a national resource center for solar energy. It is headquartered in Gurgaon, Haryana.
History
In September 2013, the Union Cabinet approved the establishment of NISE in 2013 as a national institute for solar energy R&D and related activities under MNRE. The National Institute of Solar Energy (NISE) was established in August 2013 by the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) of the Government of India as an autonomous organization. NISE was officially registered under the Haryana Societies Registration Act on October 24, 2013.
The operations of NISE are overseen by a Governing Council, which is led by the Secretary of Ministry of New and Renewable Energy and an Executive Committee headed by the Director-General.
In 2019, NISE and United Nations Industrial Development Organization signed an agreement to launch a skill development program for solar thermal energy sector as part of an MNRE-GEF-UNIDO project.
Works
NISE conducts research on various topics related to solar energy such as photovoltaics, solar thermal system and solar Resource assessment. The organization also provides technical assistance to government agencies and private organizations, and plays a key role in the implementation of national solar energy programs in India. NISE also offers training and education on solar energy technologies to professionals and students and collaborates with other research organizations, both within and outside of India, to advance solar energy research and development.
NISE is also responsible for the development of standards, testing and quality control of solar equipment and devices in India. NISE conducts R&D, testing, certification, standardization, skill development, resource assessment, and awareness in the field of solar energy under MNRE.
See also
Solar power in India
References
^ a b "National Institute of Solar Energy". Press Information Bureau. 9 December 2013.
^ "Union Cabinet approves setting up of 'National Institute of Solar Energy'". Business Standard. 3 September 2013.
^ UN, Sushma (9 November 2013). "Centre sets up National Institute of Solar Energy". The Times of India.
^ "UNIDO and National Institute of Solar Energy to partner for skill development program". Press Information Bureau. 7 August 2019.
^ "AMU signs MoU with National Institute of Solar Energy". The Economic Times of India. 28 September 2018.
^ "Solar training centre comes up in Bengal". The Economic Times of India. 10 August 2016.
^ "National Institute of Solar Energy (NISE), Gurugram". Department Of Science & Technology, Govt. of India.
Authority control databases
ISNI
vteSolar power in India
Solar power
Renewable energy in India
Power plantsUltra Mega (>500 MW)
Bhadla
Dholera (planned)
Gujarat Kutch (under construction)
Kadapa
Kamuthi
Kurnool
NP Kunta
Pavagada
Sambhar (proposed)
Rewa
Above 100 MW
Gujarat 1
Sakri
Welspun
Below 100 MW
CIAL
Canal
Dhirubhai Ambani
Jalaun
Mansa
Mithapur
Phalodi
Prayagraj
Policies/programmes
National Solar Mission
International Solar Alliance
Agencies
Ministry of New and Renewable Energy
Agency for Non-conventional Energy and Rural Technology
Tamil Nadu Energy Development Agency
Appellate Tribunal for Electricity
Power stations
Companies
Adani Green Energy
Astonfield
Azure Power
Hindustan Power
Indosolar
Mahindra Susten
ReNew Power
SELCO India
Solairedirect
Solar Energy Corporation of India
Su-Kam Power Systems
Tata Power Solar
Vikram Solar
Category
Commons | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"research and development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_and_development"},{"link_name":"solar energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy"},{"link_name":"Ministry of New and Renewable Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_New_and_Renewable_Energy"},{"link_name":"solar power in India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_in_India"},{"link_name":"Gurgaon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurgaon"},{"link_name":"Haryana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haryana"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-launch-1"}],"text":"The National Institute of Solar Energy (NISE) is a research and development organization in India, focused on the field of solar energy. Established in 2013, NISE is an autonomous organization under the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE). 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It is headquartered in Gurgaon, Haryana.[1]","title":"National Institute of Solar Energy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Ministry of New and Renewable Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_New_and_Renewable_Energy"},{"link_name":"Government of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_India"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-launch-1"},{"link_name":"United Nations Industrial Development Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Industrial_Development_Organization"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"In September 2013, the Union Cabinet approved the establishment of NISE in 2013 as a national institute for solar energy R&D and related activities under MNRE.[2] The National Institute of Solar Energy (NISE) was established in August 2013 by the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) of the Government of India as an autonomous organization. NISE was officially registered under the Haryana Societies Registration Act on October 24, 2013.[3]The operations of NISE are overseen by a Governing Council, which is led by the Secretary of Ministry of New and Renewable Energy and an Executive Committee headed by the Director-General.[1]In 2019, NISE and United Nations Industrial Development Organization signed an agreement to launch a skill development program for solar thermal energy sector as part of an MNRE-GEF-UNIDO project.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"photovoltaics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaics"},{"link_name":"solar thermal system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_system"},{"link_name":"solar Resource","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_Resource"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"NISE conducts research on various topics related to solar energy such as photovoltaics, solar thermal system and solar Resource assessment. The organization also provides technical assistance to government agencies and private organizations, and plays a key role in the implementation of national solar energy programs in India. NISE also offers training and education on solar energy technologies to professionals and students and collaborates with other research organizations, both within and outside of India, to advance solar energy research and development.[5][6]NISE is also responsible for the development of standards, testing and quality control of solar equipment and devices in India. NISE conducts R&D, testing, certification, standardization, skill development, resource assessment, and awareness in the field of solar energy under MNRE.[7]","title":"Works"}] | [] | [{"title":"Solar power in India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_in_India"}] | [{"reference":"\"National Institute of Solar Energy\". Press Information Bureau. 9 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=101202","url_text":"\"National Institute of Solar Energy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Press_Information_Bureau","url_text":"Press Information Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Union Cabinet approves setting up of 'National Institute of Solar Energy'\". Business Standard. 3 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/union-cabinet-approves-setting-up-of-national-institute-of-solar-energy-113090301055_1.html","url_text":"\"Union Cabinet approves setting up of 'National Institute of Solar Energy'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Standard","url_text":"Business Standard"}]},{"reference":"UN, Sushma (9 November 2013). \"Centre sets up National Institute of Solar Energy\". The Times of India.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/centre-sets-up-national-institute-of-solar-energy/articleshow/27139927.cms","url_text":"\"Centre sets up National Institute of Solar Energy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_India","url_text":"The Times of India"}]},{"reference":"\"UNIDO and National Institute of Solar Energy to partner for skill development program\". Press Information Bureau. 7 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1581495","url_text":"\"UNIDO and National Institute of Solar Energy to partner for skill development program\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Press_Information_Bureau","url_text":"Press Information Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"AMU signs MoU with National Institute of Solar Energy\". The Economic Times of India. 28 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/amu-signs-mou-with-national-institute-of-solar-energy/65991293","url_text":"\"AMU signs MoU with National Institute of Solar Energy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economic_Times_of_India","url_text":"The Economic Times of India"}]},{"reference":"\"Solar training centre comes up in Bengal\". The Economic Times of India. 10 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/solar-training-centre-comes-up-in-bengal/53627351","url_text":"\"Solar training centre comes up in Bengal\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economic_Times_of_India","url_text":"The Economic Times of India"}]},{"reference":"\"National Institute of Solar Energy (NISE), Gurugram\". Department Of Science & Technology, Govt. of India.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.indiascienceandtechnology.gov.in/organisations/ministry-and-departments/ministry-new-and-renewable-energy-mnre-govt-india/national-institute-solar-energy-nise-gurugram","url_text":"\"National Institute of Solar Energy (NISE), Gurugram\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://nise.res.in/","external_links_name":"nise.res.in"},{"Link":"https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=101202","external_links_name":"\"National Institute of Solar Energy\""},{"Link":"https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/union-cabinet-approves-setting-up-of-national-institute-of-solar-energy-113090301055_1.html","external_links_name":"\"Union Cabinet approves setting up of 'National Institute of Solar Energy'\""},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/centre-sets-up-national-institute-of-solar-energy/articleshow/27139927.cms","external_links_name":"\"Centre sets up National Institute of Solar Energy\""},{"Link":"https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1581495","external_links_name":"\"UNIDO and National Institute of Solar Energy to partner for skill development program\""},{"Link":"https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/amu-signs-mou-with-national-institute-of-solar-energy/65991293","external_links_name":"\"AMU signs MoU with National Institute of Solar Energy\""},{"Link":"https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/solar-training-centre-comes-up-in-bengal/53627351","external_links_name":"\"Solar training centre comes up in Bengal\""},{"Link":"https://www.indiascienceandtechnology.gov.in/organisations/ministry-and-departments/ministry-new-and-renewable-energy-mnre-govt-india/national-institute-solar-energy-nise-gurugram","external_links_name":"\"National Institute of Solar Energy (NISE), Gurugram\""},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000417781130","external_links_name":"ISNI"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Donnini | Dennis Donnini | ["1 Early life","2 Details","3 See also","4 References","5 Further reading","6 External links"] | British soldier & VC recipient (1925-1945)
Dennis DonniniBorn17 November 1925Easington Colliery, County Durham, EnglandDied18 January 1945(1945-01-18) (aged 19)Selfkant, Nazi GermanyBuriedSittard War Cemetery, NetherlandsAllegiance United KingdomService/branch British ArmyYears of service1944–1945RankFusilierService number14768011UnitRoyal Scots FusiliersBattles/warsWorld War II
Western Front
Western Allied invasion of Germany
Operation Blackcock †
AwardsVictoria Cross
Fusilier Dennis Donnini VC (17 November 1925 – 18 January 1945) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.
Early life
Dennis Donnini was born to Italian-born Alfred Donnini and his English wife Catherine (née Brown), on 17 November 1925 in Easington Colliery. His father owned an ice cream parlour in Easington and attended Corby Grammar School in Sunderland, now known as St. Aidans School. Before he enlisted, Donnini had two brothers enter the military. Alfred Donnini was captured at Dunkirk and spent the rest of the war in a POW camp, while Lewis Donnini died of wounds on 1 May 1944.
Details
Donnini was 19 years old, and a fusilier in the 4th/5th Battalion, Royal Scots Fusiliers, British Army during the Second World War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC.
On 18 January 1945 during Operation Blackcock, Fusilier Donnini's platoon was ordered to attack the small village of Stein in Selfkant Germany, close to the Dutch border. On leaving their trench they immediately came under heavy fire from a house and Fusilier Donnini was hit in the head. After recovering consciousness he charged 30 yards down the open road and hurled a grenade through the nearest window, whereupon the enemy fled pursued by Fusilier Donnini and the survivors of his platoon. He was wounded a second time, but continued firing his Bren gun until he was killed after the grenade he was carrying was hit by a bullet and exploded. His gallantry had enabled his comrades to overcome twice their own number of the enemy.
Donnini at 19 was the youngest soldier in the Second World War to be awarded the VC.
He is buried at the Commonwealth Cemetery in Sittard, The Netherlands.
Donnini is commemorated in the song "Donnini Doolally" by Easington singer Jez Lowe on his album Doolally.
See also
British VCs of World War 2 (John Laffin, 1997)
Monuments to Courage (David Harvey, 1999)
The Register of the Victoria Cross (This England, 1997)
References
^ "No. 36988". The London Gazette (Supplement). 16 March 1945. p. 1485.
^ MOD website Archived 1 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine
^ CWGC entry
Further reading
Ugolini, Wendy (2012). "The embodiment of British Italian war memory? The curious marginalization of Dennis Donnini, VC". Patterns of Prejudice. 46 (3–4): 397–415. doi:10.1080/0031322x.2012.701814. S2CID 143083602.
Whitworth, Alan (2015). VCs of the North: Cumbria, Durham & Northumberland. Pen and Sword Books. ISBN 978-1473848221.
External links
Battle for the Roermond Triangle – revised version 2004 at www.operation-blackcock.com
at www.reaseuro.nl
Authority control databases: People
Commonwealth War Graves Commission | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"VC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Cross"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Victoria Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Cross"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations"}],"text":"Fusilier Dennis Donnini VC (17 November 1925 – 18 January 1945) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.","title":"Dennis Donnini"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Easington Colliery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easington_Colliery"},{"link_name":"ice cream parlour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_cream_parlour"},{"link_name":"Grammar School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammar_School"},{"link_name":"Sunderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunderland"},{"link_name":"Dunkirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Dunkirk"},{"link_name":"died of wounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Died_of_wounds"}],"text":"Dennis Donnini was born to Italian-born Alfred Donnini and his English wife Catherine (née Brown), on 17 November 1925 in Easington Colliery. His father owned an ice cream parlour in Easington and attended Corby Grammar School in Sunderland, now known as St. Aidans School. Before he enlisted, Donnini had two brothers enter the military. Alfred Donnini was captured at Dunkirk and spent the rest of the war in a POW camp, while Lewis Donnini died of wounds on 1 May 1944.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fusilier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusilier"},{"link_name":"Royal Scots Fusiliers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Scots_Fusiliers"},{"link_name":"British Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"Operation Blackcock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Blackcock"},{"link_name":"Selfkant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selfkant"},{"link_name":"grenade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mills_bomb"},{"link_name":"Bren gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bren_gun"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Sittard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sittard"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Jez Lowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jez_Lowe"}],"text":"Donnini was 19 years old, and a fusilier in the 4th/5th Battalion, Royal Scots Fusiliers, British Army during the Second World War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC.On 18 January 1945 during Operation Blackcock, Fusilier Donnini's platoon was ordered to attack the small village of Stein in Selfkant Germany, close to the Dutch border. On leaving their trench they immediately came under heavy fire from a house and Fusilier Donnini was hit in the head. After recovering consciousness he charged 30 yards down the open road and hurled a grenade through the nearest window, whereupon the enemy fled pursued by Fusilier Donnini and the survivors of his platoon. He was wounded a second time, but continued firing his Bren gun until he was killed after the grenade he was carrying was hit by a bullet and exploded. His gallantry had enabled his comrades to overcome twice their own number of the enemy.[1]Donnini at 19 was the youngest soldier in the Second World War to be awarded the VC.[2]He is buried at the Commonwealth Cemetery in Sittard, The Netherlands.[3]Donnini is commemorated in the song \"Donnini Doolally\" by Easington singer Jez Lowe on his album Doolally.","title":"Details"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1080/0031322x.2012.701814","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1080%2F0031322x.2012.701814"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"143083602","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143083602"},{"link_name":"Pen and Sword Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pen_and_Sword_Books"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1473848221","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1473848221"}],"text":"Ugolini, Wendy (2012). \"The embodiment of British Italian war memory? The curious marginalization of Dennis Donnini, VC\". Patterns of Prejudice. 46 (3–4): 397–415. doi:10.1080/0031322x.2012.701814. S2CID 143083602.\nWhitworth, Alan (2015). VCs of the North: Cumbria, Durham & Northumberland. Pen and Sword Books. ISBN 978-1473848221.","title":"Further reading"}] | [] | [{"title":"British VCs of World War 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_VCs_of_World_War_2"},{"title":"Monuments to Courage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monuments_to_Courage"},{"title":"The Register of the Victoria Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Register_of_the_Victoria_Cross"}] | [{"reference":"\"No. 36988\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 16 March 1945. p. 1485.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/36988/supplement/1485","url_text":"\"No. 36988\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"Ugolini, Wendy (2012). \"The embodiment of British Italian war memory? 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ISBN 978-1473848221.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pen_and_Sword_Books","url_text":"Pen and Sword Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1473848221","url_text":"978-1473848221"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/36988/supplement/1485","external_links_name":"\"No. 36988\""},{"Link":"http://www.army.mod.uk/infantry/regiments/4598.aspx","external_links_name":"MOD website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110401025251/http://www.army.mod.uk/infantry/regiments/4598.aspx","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/2055259/donnini,-dennis/","external_links_name":"CWGC entry"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0031322x.2012.701814","external_links_name":"10.1080/0031322x.2012.701814"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143083602","external_links_name":"143083602"},{"Link":"http://www.operation-blackcock.com/","external_links_name":"Battle for the Roermond Triangle – revised version 2004"},{"Link":"https://reaseuro.nl/nieuws/publicaties/longread-de-slag-om-de-roerdriehoek-operation-blackcock-15-januari-27-januari-1945-en-surrogate-item-trials/","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/2055259/","external_links_name":"Commonwealth War Graves Commission"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Jay_Homestead_State_Historic_Site | John Jay Homestead State Historic Site | ["1 Description and history","2 Legacy","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"] | Coordinates: 41°15′1″N 73°39′31″W / 41.25028°N 73.65861°W / 41.25028; -73.65861
United States historic placeJohn Jay HomesteadU.S. National Register of Historic PlacesU.S. National Historic LandmarkNew York State Register of Historic Places
In 2007Show map of New YorkShow map of the United StatesLocation400 Jay St., Katonah, NYCoordinates41°15′1″N 73°39′31″W / 41.25028°N 73.65861°W / 41.25028; -73.65861Area58.9 acres (23.8 ha)Built1787–1790ArchitectJohn Cooley and Moses WinianArchitectural styleGeorgianWebsitewww.JohnJayHomestead.orgNRHP reference No.72000918NYSRHP No.11901.000020Significant datesAdded to NRHPJuly 24, 1972Designated NHLMay 29, 1981Designated NYSRHPJune 23, 1980
The John Jay Homestead State Historic Site is located at 400 Jay Street in Katonah, New York. The site preserves the 1787 home of Founding Father and statesman John Jay (1745–1829), one of the three authors of The Federalist Papers and the first Chief Justice of the United States. The property was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1981 for its association with Jay. The house is open year-round for tours.
Description and history
The John Jay Homestead is located in a rural setting east of the village of Katonah, on the north side of Jay Street (New York State Route 22). It is a 2+1⁄2-story gambrel-roofed brick building, with single-story gable-roofed wings to either side. The main facade is five bays wide, with sash windows arranged symmetrically around the centered entrance. The center bay is slightly wider than the others, and the entrance is topped by a four-light transom window. A shed-roof porch shelters the entire span of the first floor, wrapping around in open sections to secondary entrances in the side wings.
The home was constructed in two major phases, on 600 acres (240 ha) of land that was part of a larger 5,200-acre (2,100 ha) parcel that his maternal grandfather Jacobus Van Cortlandt purchased from Chief Katonah around 1700. John Jay made arrangements in February 1787 with brickmakers and carpenters for the first phase of construction, which was completed in 1790. The second phase, executed in 1800–01, included the extension of the main block to five bays and the addition of the wings (one replacing the first kitchen wing). Jay, whose long and illustrious career included the Continental Congress, drafting of New York's first state constitution, Governor of New York, and Chief Justice of both New York's Supreme Court and the United States Supreme Court, spent his retirement years on this property.
The house remained in the Jay family until 1959, when it was given to Westchester County, which turned it over to the state. The state undertook the reversal of some alterations made after Jay's ownership, and opened it as a historic site. In 1977, the non-profit Friends of John Jay Homestead was founded to increase public awareness of the site. It raises funds and provides volunteer assistance for the Homestead's preservation, restoration and interpretation.
The house was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1981.
John Jay (Gilbert Stuart portrait, 1794)
South perspective view in 1961 (HABS)
Legacy
In 2004, the landmark, known as Bedford House, was added to the African American Heritage Trail of Westchester County, a group of 16 sites which include the Rye African-American Cemetery, Saint Paul's Church National Historic Site and the Jay Estate in Rye.
See also
List of National Historic Landmarks in New York
List of New York State Historic Sites
National Register of Historic Places listings in northern Westchester County, New York
References
^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. January 23, 2007.
^ a b "John Jay Homestead". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. September 15, 2007. Archived from the original on October 10, 2012.
^ a b c d Lynn A. Beebe (April 4, 1979). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: John Jay Homestead" (pdf). National Park Service. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) and Accompanying 30 photos, exterior, from 1979 and undated (6.22 MB)
^ Magnet, Myron. The Founders at Home: The Building of America, 1735–1817. W. W. Norton, 2013, page 261.
^ "African American Heritage Trail brochure". Westchester County, New York. Retrieved December 17, 2021.
External links
Media related to John Jay Homestead State Historic Site at Wikimedia Commons
Official website
Historic American Buildings Survey (HABS) No. NY-4393, "John Jay House, State Route 22, Katonah, Westchester County, NY", 16 photos, 2 color transparencies, 2 data pages
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United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Katonah, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katonah,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Founding Father","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"John Jay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Jay"},{"link_name":"The Federalist Papers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers"},{"link_name":"Chief Justice of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"National Historic Landmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark"}],"text":"United States historic placeThe John Jay Homestead State Historic Site is located at 400 Jay Street in Katonah, New York. The site preserves the 1787 home of Founding Father and statesman John Jay (1745–1829), one of the three authors of The Federalist Papers and the first Chief Justice of the United States. The property was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1981 for its association with Jay. The house is open year-round for tours.","title":"John Jay Homestead State Historic Site"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York State Route 22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_22"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nrhpinv-3"},{"link_name":"Jacobus Van Cortlandt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobus_Van_Cortlandt"},{"link_name":"Chief Katonah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katonah_(Native_American_leader)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Continental Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Congress"},{"link_name":"Governor of New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"United States Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nrhpinv-3"},{"link_name":"Westchester County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westchester_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nrhpinv-3"},{"link_name":"National Historic Landmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nhlsum-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nrhpinv-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_Jay_(Gilbert_Stuart_portrait).jpg"},{"link_name":"Gilbert Stuart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Stuart"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JohnJayHomestead_HABS_cropped.jpg"},{"link_name":"HABS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_American_Buildings_Survey"}],"text":"The John Jay Homestead is located in a rural setting east of the village of Katonah, on the north side of Jay Street (New York State Route 22). It is a 2+1⁄2-story gambrel-roofed brick building, with single-story gable-roofed wings to either side. The main facade is five bays wide, with sash windows arranged symmetrically around the centered entrance. The center bay is slightly wider than the others, and the entrance is topped by a four-light transom window. A shed-roof porch shelters the entire span of the first floor, wrapping around in open sections to secondary entrances in the side wings.[3]The home was constructed in two major phases, on 600 acres (240 ha) of land that was part of a larger 5,200-acre (2,100 ha) parcel that his maternal grandfather Jacobus Van Cortlandt purchased from Chief Katonah around 1700.[4] John Jay made arrangements in February 1787 with brickmakers and carpenters for the first phase of construction, which was completed in 1790. The second phase, executed in 1800–01, included the extension of the main block to five bays and the addition of the wings (one replacing the first kitchen wing). Jay, whose long and illustrious career included the Continental Congress, drafting of New York's first state constitution, Governor of New York, and Chief Justice of both New York's Supreme Court and the United States Supreme Court, spent his retirement years on this property.[3]The house remained in the Jay family until 1959, when it was given to Westchester County, which turned it over to the state. The state undertook the reversal of some alterations made after Jay's ownership, and opened it as a historic site.[3] In 1977, the non-profit Friends of John Jay Homestead was founded to increase public awareness of the site. It raises funds and provides volunteer assistance for the Homestead's preservation, restoration and interpretation.The house was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1981.[2][3]John Jay (Gilbert Stuart portrait, 1794)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSouth perspective view in 1961 (HABS)","title":"Description and history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"African American Heritage Trail of Westchester County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Heritage_Trail_of_Westchester_County"},{"link_name":"Rye African-American Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rye_African-American_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"Saint Paul's Church National Historic Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Paul%27s_Church_National_Historic_Site"},{"link_name":"Jay Estate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Estate"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"In 2004, the landmark, known as Bedford House, was added to the African American Heritage Trail of Westchester County, a group of 16 sites which include the Rye African-American Cemetery, Saint Paul's Church National Historic Site and the Jay Estate in Rye.[5]","title":"Legacy"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of National Historic Landmarks in New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Landmarks_in_New_York"},{"title":"List of New York State Historic Sites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_New_York_State_Historic_Sites"},{"title":"National Register of Historic Places listings in northern Westchester County, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_northern_Westchester_County,_New_York"}] | [{"reference":"\"National Register Information System\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. January 23, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","url_text":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"\"John Jay Homestead\". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. September 15, 2007. Archived from the original on October 10, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121010085953/http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=1254&ResourceType=Building","url_text":"\"John Jay Homestead\""},{"url":"http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=1254&ResourceType=Building","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Lynn A. Beebe (April 4, 1979). \"National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: John Jay Homestead\" (pdf). National Park Service.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NHLS/72000918_text","url_text":"\"National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: John Jay Homestead\""}]},{"reference":"\"African American Heritage Trail brochure\". Westchester County, New York. Retrieved December 17, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.visitwestchesterny.com/things-to-do/history/african-american-history","url_text":"\"African American Heritage Trail brochure\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westchester_County,_New_York","url_text":"Westchester County, New York"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=John_Jay_Homestead_State_Historic_Site¶ms=41_15_1_N_73_39_31_W_type:landmark_region:US-NY","external_links_name":"41°15′1″N 73°39′31″W / 41.25028°N 73.65861°W / 41.25028; -73.65861"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=John_Jay_Homestead_State_Historic_Site¶ms=41_15_1_N_73_39_31_W_type:landmark_region:US-NY","external_links_name":"41°15′1″N 73°39′31″W / 41.25028°N 73.65861°W / 41.25028; -73.65861"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/72000918","external_links_name":"72000918"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","external_links_name":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121010085953/http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=1254&ResourceType=Building","external_links_name":"\"John Jay Homestead\""},{"Link":"http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=1254&ResourceType=Building","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NHLS/72000918_text","external_links_name":"\"National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: John Jay Homestead\""},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NHLS/72000918_photos","external_links_name":"Accompanying 30 photos, exterior, from 1979 and undated"},{"Link":"https://www.visitwestchesterny.com/things-to-do/history/african-american-history","external_links_name":"\"African American Heritage Trail brochure\""},{"Link":"http://parks.ny.gov/historic-sites/4/details.aspx","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://loc.gov/pictures/item/ny0859/","external_links_name":"John Jay House, State Route 22, Katonah, Westchester County, NY"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/315530040","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJrmd9cWCTcPHr9JtJkdQq","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007565899605171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh95009402","external_links_name":"United States"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loris_Fortuna | Loris Fortuna | ["1 Biography","2 References"] | Italian left-wing politician (1924–1985)
Loris FortunaMinister for the Coordination of Community PoliciesIn office31 July 1985 – 5 December 1985Prime MinisterBettino CraxiPreceded byFrancesco ForteSucceeded byFabio FabbriMinister for the Coordination of Civil ProtectionIn office1 December 1982 – 4 August 1983Prime MinisterAmintore FanfaniPreceded byGiuseppe ZamberlettiSucceeded byVincenzo ScottiMember of the Chamber of DeputiesIn office16 May 1963 – 5 December 1985ConstituencyUdine
Personal detailsBorn(1924-01-22)22 January 1924Breno, Lombardy, ItalyDied5 December 1985(1985-12-05) (aged 61)Rome, Lazio, ItalyPolitical partyPCI (1946–1956) PSI (1957–1985)Alma materUniversity of BolognaProfessionPolitician, lawyer
Loris Fortuna (22 January 1924 – 5 December 1985) was an Italian left-wing politician.
Biography
Born in Breno, province of Brescia, he was a partisan during World War II, and initially joined the Italian Communist Party (PCI), leaving it in 1956, and crossing the floor to the Italian Socialist Party (PSI), after the anti-Soviet revolts in Hungary were suppressed by the Soviet Red Army. His first ran in elections in 1963; two years later, he promoted, as first signer, the law on divorce, but he then decided not to submit it to the examination on Parliament.
In 1970, however, Fortuna decided to finally present his proposal of law, together with liberal colleague Antonio Baslini, gaining support from the PCI, the PSI, the PSDI, the PSIUP, the PRI and the PLI, but opposed by the Christian Democratic Party. The Radical Party and the left-leaning Lega Italiana per il Divorzio (LID) supported the law outside Parliament. The law, which legalized and regulated divorce in Italy, was then approved on December 1, 1970. This law is known as "Fortuna–Baslini law".
In 1974, The Christian Democrats tried to repeal it via a national referendum, but failed, with 59.3% of Italians favourable to maintain the law on divorce. During the referendum campaign, Fortuna bound up with Radical leader Marco Pannella, and then joined his party, but continuing to be member of the Socialist Party. The support by the leftist parties, most notably the PCI, was instrumental in preserving the Divorce Law.
Subsequently, Fortuna was a strong supporter and promoter also for the law on abortion, which was depenalized in 1978 and survived to another referendum in 1981. He died in Rome, soon after having asked Bettino Craxi for an electoral alliance between the PSI and the Radicals.
In 2005, the name of Loris Fortuna came back to national political scene, following the formation of the Rose in the Fist, an electoral alliance including Radicals and Socialists, and openly based on the principles of José Luis Zapatero, Tony Blair and Fortuna himself.
References
^ FORTUNA, Loris di Giuseppe Sircana - Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani - Volume 49 (1997)
^ REFERENDUM SUL DIVORZIO - SPECIALE 1974 - 2014
vteFanfani V Cabinet (1982–83)
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This article about an Italian Communist Party politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"left-wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left-wing"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Loris Fortuna (22 January 1924 – 5 December 1985) was an Italian left-wing politician.[1]","title":"Loris Fortuna"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Breno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breno,_Lombardy"},{"link_name":"province of Brescia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Brescia"},{"link_name":"partisan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Italian Communist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Communist_Party"},{"link_name":"crossing the floor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossing_the_floor"},{"link_name":"Italian Socialist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Socialist_Party"},{"link_name":"anti-Soviet revolts in Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956_Hungarian_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Soviet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Red Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Army"},{"link_name":"divorce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce"},{"link_name":"liberal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism"},{"link_name":"Antonio Baslini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Baslini&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Christian Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Democracy_(Italy)"},{"link_name":"Radical Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_Party_(Italy)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"national referendum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974_Italian_divorce_referendum"},{"link_name":"Marco Pannella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Pannella"},{"link_name":"abortion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion"},{"link_name":"referendum in 1981","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981_Italian_referendums"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"Bettino Craxi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bettino_Craxi"},{"link_name":"Rose in the Fist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_in_the_Fist"},{"link_name":"José Luis Zapatero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Luis_Zapatero"},{"link_name":"Tony Blair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Blair"}],"text":"Born in Breno, province of Brescia, he was a partisan during World War II, and initially joined the Italian Communist Party (PCI), leaving it in 1956, and crossing the floor to the Italian Socialist Party (PSI), after the anti-Soviet revolts in Hungary were suppressed by the Soviet Red Army. His first ran in elections in 1963; two years later, he promoted, as first signer, the law on divorce, but he then decided not to submit it to the examination on Parliament.In 1970, however, Fortuna decided to finally present his proposal of law, together with liberal colleague Antonio Baslini, gaining support from the PCI, the PSI, the PSDI, the PSIUP, the PRI and the PLI, but opposed by the Christian Democratic Party. The Radical Party and the left-leaning Lega Italiana per il Divorzio (LID) supported the law outside Parliament. The law, which legalized and regulated divorce in Italy, was then approved on December 1, 1970. This law is known as \"Fortuna–Baslini law\".[2]In 1974, The Christian Democrats tried to repeal it via a national referendum, but failed, with 59.3% of Italians favourable to maintain the law on divorce. During the referendum campaign, Fortuna bound up with Radical leader Marco Pannella, and then joined his party, but continuing to be member of the Socialist Party. The support by the leftist parties, most notably the PCI, was instrumental in preserving the Divorce Law.Subsequently, Fortuna was a strong supporter and promoter also for the law on abortion, which was depenalized in 1978 and survived to another referendum in 1981. He died in Rome, soon after having asked Bettino Craxi for an electoral alliance between the PSI and the Radicals.In 2005, the name of Loris Fortuna came back to national political scene, following the formation of the Rose in the Fist, an electoral alliance including Radicals and Socialists, and openly based on the principles of José Luis Zapatero, Tony Blair and Fortuna himself.","title":"Biography"}] | [{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Emblem_of_Italy.svg/55px-Emblem_of_Italy.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Emblem_of_Italy.svg/55px-Emblem_of_Italy.svg.png"}] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/loris-fortuna_(Dizionario-Biografico)/","external_links_name":"FORTUNA, Loris di Giuseppe Sircana - Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani - Volume 49 (1997)"},{"Link":"https://www.camera.it/leg17/537?shadow_mostra=23937","external_links_name":"REFERENDUM SUL DIVORZIO - SPECIALE 1974 - 2014"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000359324934","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/215184471","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJvxv3D93Rpy67YmF7jQv3","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/116271543X","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://opac.sbn.it/nome/LO1V037904","external_links_name":"Italy"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2018074765","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/loris-fortuna_(Dizionario-Biografico)","external_links_name":"Italian People"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/143092804","external_links_name":"IdRef"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Loris_Fortuna&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Martha_(Martyr) | Marius, Martha, Audifax, and Abachum | ["1 Veneration","2 References","3 External links"] | Group of Persian martyrs
Marius, Martha, Audifax, and AbachumMartyrsBorn3rd centuryPersiaDied270Nymphae Catabassi, near RomeVenerated inOrthodox Church, Roman Catholic ChurchMajor shrineRome, Prüm AbbeyFeast19 January
Saints Marius, Martha, Audifax, and Abachum (died 270) were, according to their largely legendary passio of the 6th century, four saints of the same family (a married couple and their two sons). They came from Persia to Rome, and were martyred in 270 for sympathizing with Christian martyrs and burying their bodies. Some ancient martyrologies place the date of their death between 268 and 270, during the reign of Claudius II, although there was no persecution of Christians during this time.
Their story relates how the family's assistance to Christians exposed them to persecution. They were seized and delivered to the judge Muscianus or Marcianus, who, unable to persuade them to abjure their faith, condemned them to various tortures. Despite the torture, the saints refused to abjure. Marius and his two sons were thus beheaded on the Via Cornelia, and their bodies were burnt. Martha meanwhile was killed at a place called in Nimpha or Nymphae Catabassi (later called Santa Ninfa), thirteen miles from Rome. Tradition states that Martha was cast into a well.
Veneration
According to tradition, a Roman lady named Felicitas secured the half-consumed remains of the father and sons and also the mother's body from the well, and had the sacred relics secretly interred on her estate at Buxus, today Boccea. This is said to have occurred on January 20. A church arose at Boccea, and during the Middle Ages, it became a place of pilgrimage.
The relics of the martyrs later suffered various vicissitudes: some were transferred to the churches of Sant'Adriano al Foro and Santa Prassede, in Rome, and part of these relics were sent to Eginhard, biographer of Charlemagne, who lodged them in the monastery of Seligenstadt. Some relics went to Prüm Abbey where their presence was recorded in the early 11th century. The original reliquary chest was destroyed during the French occupation at the end of the 18th century. The current chest dates from the 19th century.
The martyrs are inscribed in the current Roman Martyrology on 19 January. Their feast or commemoration was included on that date in the General Roman Calendar from the 9th century to 1969, when they were excluded because nothing is known with certainty about them except their names, their place of burial (the cemetery Ad Nymphas on the Via Cornelia), and the day of their burial (19 or 20 January).
References
^ Form of the names in the Roman Martyrology. In some sources, Marius is called "Maris" and Audifax is placed last.
^ a b c d Santi Mario, Marta, Abaco e Audiface
^ Clugnet, Léon. "Sts. Maris, Martha, Audifax, and Abachum." The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 9. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. 16 January 2023 This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
^ Father Alban Butler: Saints Marius, Martha, Audifax, and Abachum Archived 2006-05-13 at the Wayback Machine
^ Martyrologium Romanum, Typis Vaticanis, 2004, p. 106
^ Calendarium Romanum, Typis Polyglottis Vaticanis, 1969, p. 113
Sources
Holweck, F. G., A Biographical Dictionary of the Saints. St. Louis, MO: B. Herder, 1924.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Sts. Maris, Martha, Audifax, and Abachum". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
External links
Entry in "Lives of the Saints" by Father Alben Butler
(in Italian) Santi Mario, Marta, Abaco e Audiface | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Persia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persia"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"martyred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martyr"},{"link_name":"martyrologies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martyrology"},{"link_name":"Claudius II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudius_II"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-santiebeati.it-2"},{"link_name":"abjure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/abjure"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"beheaded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decapitation"},{"link_name":"Via Cornelia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Via_Cornelia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"}],"text":"Saints Marius, Martha, Audifax, and Abachum[1] (died 270) were, according to their largely legendary passio of the 6th century, four saints of the same family (a married couple and their two sons). They came from Persia to Rome, and were martyred in 270 for sympathizing with Christian martyrs and burying their bodies. Some ancient martyrologies place the date of their death between 268 and 270, during the reign of Claudius II, although there was no persecution of Christians during this time.[2]Their story relates how the family's assistance to Christians exposed them to persecution. They were seized and delivered to the judge Muscianus or Marcianus, who, unable to persuade them to abjure their faith, condemned them to various tortures. Despite the torture, the saints refused to abjure.[3] Marius and his two sons were thus beheaded on the Via Cornelia, and their bodies were burnt. Martha meanwhile was killed at a place called in Nimpha or Nymphae Catabassi (later called Santa Ninfa),[4] thirteen miles from Rome. Tradition states that Martha was cast into a well.","title":"Marius, Martha, Audifax, and Abachum"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"relics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relics"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-santiebeati.it-2"},{"link_name":"pilgrimage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilgrimage"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-santiebeati.it-2"},{"link_name":"relics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relics"},{"link_name":"Sant'Adriano al Foro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant%27Adriano_al_Foro"},{"link_name":"Santa Prassede","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Prassede"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"Eginhard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eginhard"},{"link_name":"Charlemagne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlemagne"},{"link_name":"Seligenstadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seligenstadt"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-santiebeati.it-2"},{"link_name":"Prüm Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%BCm_Abbey"},{"link_name":"reliquary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliquary"},{"link_name":"Roman Martyrology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Martyrology"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"General Roman Calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Roman_Calendar"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"According to tradition, a Roman lady named Felicitas secured the half-consumed remains of the father and sons and also the mother's body from the well, and had the sacred relics secretly interred on her estate at Buxus, today Boccea. This is said to have occurred on January 20.[2] A church arose at Boccea, and during the Middle Ages, it became a place of pilgrimage.[2]The relics of the martyrs later suffered various vicissitudes: some were transferred to the churches of Sant'Adriano al Foro and Santa Prassede, in Rome, and part of these relics were sent to Eginhard, biographer of Charlemagne, who lodged them in the monastery of Seligenstadt.[2] Some relics went to Prüm Abbey where their presence was recorded in the early 11th century. The original reliquary chest was destroyed during the French occupation at the end of the 18th century. The current chest dates from the 19th century.The martyrs are inscribed in the current Roman Martyrology on 19 January.[5] Their feast or commemoration was included on that date in the General Roman Calendar from the 9th century to 1969, when they were excluded because nothing is known with certainty about them except their names, their place of burial (the cemetery Ad Nymphas on the Via Cornelia), and the day of their burial (19 or 20 January).[6]","title":"Veneration"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/38300","external_links_name":"Santi Mario, Marta, Abaco e Audiface"},{"Link":"http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09671b.htm","external_links_name":"Clugnet, Léon. \"Sts. Maris, Martha, Audifax, and Abachum.\" The Catholic Encyclopedia"},{"Link":"http://www.catholic-forum.com/saints/stm2i001.htm","external_links_name":"Father Alban Butler: Saints Marius, Martha, Audifax, and Abachum"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060513232415/http://catholic-forum.com/saints/stm2i001.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060513232415/http://catholic-forum.com/saints/stm2i001.htm","external_links_name":"Entry in \"Lives of the Saints\" by Father Alben Butler"},{"Link":"http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/38300","external_links_name":"Santi Mario, Marta, Abaco e Audiface"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/72nd_meridian_west | 72nd meridian west | ["1 From Pole to Pole","2 See also"] | Line of longitude
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72°class=notpageimage| 72nd meridian west
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Download coordinates as:
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The meridian 72° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Atlantic Ocean, the Caribbean Sea, South America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.
The 72nd meridian west forms a great circle with the 108th meridian east.
From Pole to Pole
Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 72nd meridian west passes through:
Co-ordinates
Country, territory or sea
Notes
90°0′N 72°0′W / 90.000°N 72.000°W / 90.000; -72.000 (Arctic Ocean)
Arctic Ocean
83°6′N 72°0′W / 83.100°N 72.000°W / 83.100; -72.000 (Canada)
Canada
Nunavut – Ellesmere Island
79°41′N 72°0′W / 79.683°N 72.000°W / 79.683; -72.000 (Nares Strait)
Nares Strait
78°33′N 72°0′W / 78.550°N 72.000°W / 78.550; -72.000 (Greenland)
Greenland
Inglefield Land
77°54′N 72°0′W / 77.900°N 72.000°W / 77.900; -72.000 (Baffin Bay)
Baffin Bay
77°26′N 72°0′W / 77.433°N 72.000°W / 77.433; -72.000 (Greenland)
Greenland
Kiatak (Northumberland Island)
77°18′N 72°0′W / 77.300°N 72.000°W / 77.300; -72.000 (Baffin Bay)
Baffin Bay
71°34′N 72°0′W / 71.567°N 72.000°W / 71.567; -72.000 (Canada)
Canada
Nunavut – Baffin Island, Sillem Island and Baffin Island again
63°23′N 72°0′W / 63.383°N 72.000°W / 63.383; -72.000 (Hudson Strait)
Hudson Strait
61°52′N 72°0′W / 61.867°N 72.000°W / 61.867; -72.000 (Canada)
Canada
Nunavut – Wales Island
61°51′N 72°0′W / 61.850°N 72.000°W / 61.850; -72.000 (Hudson Strait)
Hudson Strait
61°41′N 72°0′W / 61.683°N 72.000°W / 61.683; -72.000 (Canada)
Canada
Quebec – passing just west of Sherbrooke
45°0′N 72°0′W / 45.000°N 72.000°W / 45.000; -72.000 (United States)
United States
Vermont New Hampshire – from 44°19′N 72°0′W / 44.317°N 72.000°W / 44.317; -72.000 (New Hampshire) Massachusetts – from 42°43′N 72°0′W / 42.717°N 72.000°W / 42.717; -72.000 (Massachusetts) Connecticut – from 42°1′N 72°0′W / 42.017°N 72.000°W / 42.017; -72.000 (Connecticut)
41°19′N 72°00′W / 41.31°N 72.0°W / 41.31; -72.0
Atlantic Ocean
Fishers Island Sound
41°17′N 72°0′W / 41.283°N 72.000°W / 41.283; -72.000 (New York)
United States
New York – Fishers Island
41°15′N 72°0′W / 41.250°N 72.000°W / 41.250; -72.000 (Atlantic Ocean)
Atlantic Ocean
Block Island Sound
41°3′N 72°0′W / 41.050°N 72.000°W / 41.050; -72.000 (United States)
United States
New York – Long Island
41°1′N 72°0′W / 41.017°N 72.000°W / 41.017; -72.000 (Atlantic Ocean)
Atlantic Ocean
21°58′N 72°0′W / 21.967°N 72.000°W / 21.967; -72.000 (Turks & Caicos Islands)
Turks and Caicos Islands
Island of North Caicos
21°54′N 72°0′W / 21.900°N 72.000°W / 21.900; -72.000 (Atlantic Ocean)
Atlantic Ocean
19°42′N 72°0′W / 19.700°N 72.000°W / 19.700; -72.000 (Haiti)
Haiti
18°38′N 72°0′W / 18.633°N 72.000°W / 18.633; -72.000 (Dominican Republic)
Dominican Republic
For about 1 km
18°37′N 72°0′W / 18.617°N 72.000°W / 18.617; -72.000 (Haiti)
Haiti
18°12′N 72°0′W / 18.200°N 72.000°W / 18.200; -72.000 (Caribbean Sea)
Caribbean Sea
12°15′N 72°0′W / 12.250°N 72.000°W / 12.250; -72.000 (Colombia)
Colombia
11°35′N 72°0′W / 11.583°N 72.000°W / 11.583; -72.000 (Venezuela)
Venezuela
Passing through Lake Maracaibo
7°1′N 72°0′W / 7.017°N 72.000°W / 7.017; -72.000 (Colombia)
Colombia
2°21′S 72°0′W / 2.350°S 72.000°W / -2.350; -72.000 (Peru)
Peru
4°38′S 72°0′W / 4.633°S 72.000°W / -4.633; -72.000 (Brazil)
Brazil
Amazonas Acre – from 7°46′S 72°0′W / 7.767°S 72.000°W / -7.767; -72.000 (Acre)
10°0′S 72°0′W / 10.000°S 72.000°W / -10.000; -72.000 (Peru)
Peru
Passing just west of Cusco at 13°31′S 71°58′W / 13.517°S 71.967°W / -13.517; -71.967 (Cusco)
17°2′S 72°0′W / 17.033°S 72.000°W / -17.033; -72.000 (Pacific Ocean)
Pacific Ocean
34°7′S 72°0′W / 34.117°S 72.000°W / -34.117; -72.000 (Chile)
Chile
For about 6 km
34°11′S 72°0′W / 34.183°S 72.000°W / -34.183; -72.000 (Pacific Ocean)
Pacific Ocean
34°22′S 72°0′W / 34.367°S 72.000°W / -34.367; -72.000 (Chile)
Chile
42°9′S 72°0′W / 42.150°S 72.000°W / -42.150; -72.000 (Argentina)
Argentina
43°2′S 72°0′W / 43.033°S 72.000°W / -43.033; -72.000 (Chile)
Chile
44°46′S 72°0′W / 44.767°S 72.000°W / -44.767; -72.000 (Argentina)
Argentina
For about 14 km
44°54′S 72°0′W / 44.900°S 72.000°W / -44.900; -72.000 (Chile)
Chile
47°19′S 72°0′W / 47.317°S 72.000°W / -47.317; -72.000 (Argentina)
Argentina
51°49′S 72°0′W / 51.817°S 72.000°W / -51.817; -72.000 (Chile)
Chile
For about 12 km
51°56′S 72°0′W / 51.933°S 72.000°W / -51.933; -72.000 (Argentina)
Argentina
For about 3 km
51°58′S 72°0′W / 51.967°S 72.000°W / -51.967; -72.000 (Chile)
Chile
Mainland, Riesco Island and Brunswick Peninsula (mainland)
53°42′S 72°0′W / 53.700°S 72.000°W / -53.700; -72.000 (Straits of Magellan)
Straits of Magellan
53°54′S 72°0′W / 53.900°S 72.000°W / -53.900; -72.000 (Chile)
Chile
Clarence Island, Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego and London Island
54°43′S 72°0′W / 54.717°S 72.000°W / -54.717; -72.000 (Pacific Ocean)
Pacific Ocean
60°0′S 72°0′W / 60.000°S 72.000°W / -60.000; -72.000 (Southern Ocean)
Southern Ocean
69°2′S 72°0′W / 69.033°S 72.000°W / -69.033; -72.000 (Antarctica)
Antarctica
Alexander Island and mainland – claimed by Argentina (Argentine Antarctica), Chile (Antártica Chilena Province) and United Kingdom (British Antarctic Territory)
See also
71st meridian west
73rd meridian west
vteCircles of latitude / meridians
Equator
Tropic of Cancer
Tropic of Capricorn
Arctic Circle
Antarctic Circle
Equator
Tropic of Cancer
Tropic of Capricorn
Arctic Circle
Antarctic Circle
Equator
Tropic of Cancer
Tropic of Capricorn
Arctic Circle
Antarctic Circle
W0°E
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60°
90°
120°
150°
180°
30°
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90°
120°
150°
180°
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25°
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85°
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95°
105°
115°
125°
135°
145°
155°
165°
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170°
0°
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5° N
15°
25°
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5° S
15°
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45x90
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45x90 | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:World_location_map_(equirectangular_180).svg"},{"link_name":"class=notpageimage|","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:World_location_map_(equirectangular_180).svg"},{"link_name":"OpenStreetMap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//tools.wmflabs.org/osm4wiki/cgi-bin/wiki/wiki-osm.pl?project=en&article=72nd_meridian_west"},{"link_name":"KML","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//tools.wmflabs.org/kmlexport?article=72nd_meridian_west"},{"link_name":"GPX (all coordinates)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=all&titles=72nd_meridian_west"},{"link_name":"GPX (primary coordinates)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=primary&titles=72nd_meridian_west"},{"link_name":"GPX (secondary 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Strait)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=72nd_meridian_west¶ms=79_41_N_72_0_W_type:waterbody&title=Nares+Strait"},{"link_name":"Nares Strait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nares_Strait"},{"link_name":"78°33′N 72°0′W / 78.550°N 72.000°W / 78.550; -72.000 (Greenland)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=72nd_meridian_west¶ms=78_33_N_72_0_W_type:country&title=Greenland"},{"link_name":"Greenland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenland"},{"link_name":"Inglefield Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inglefield_Land"},{"link_name":"77°54′N 72°0′W / 77.900°N 72.000°W / 77.900; -72.000 (Baffin Bay)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=72nd_meridian_west¶ms=77_54_N_72_0_W_type:waterbody&title=Baffin+Bay"},{"link_name":"Baffin Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baffin_Bay"},{"link_name":"77°26′N 72°0′W / 77.433°N 72.000°W / 77.433; -72.000 (Greenland)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=72nd_meridian_west¶ms=77_26_N_72_0_W_type:country&title=Greenland"},{"link_name":"Greenland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenland"},{"link_name":"Kiatak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiatak"},{"link_name":"77°18′N 72°0′W / 77.300°N 72.000°W / 77.300; -72.000 (Baffin Bay)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=72nd_meridian_west¶ms=77_18_N_72_0_W_type:waterbody&title=Baffin+Bay"},{"link_name":"Baffin Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baffin_Bay"},{"link_name":"71°34′N 72°0′W / 71.567°N 72.000°W / 71.567; -72.000 (Canada)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=72nd_meridian_west¶ms=71_34_N_72_0_W_type:country&title=Canada"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Nunavut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nunavut"},{"link_name":"Baffin Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baffin_Island"},{"link_name":"Sillem Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sillem_Island"},{"link_name":"Baffin Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baffin_Island"},{"link_name":"63°23′N 72°0′W / 63.383°N 72.000°W / 63.383; -72.000 (Hudson Strait)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=72nd_meridian_west¶ms=63_23_N_72_0_W_type:waterbody&title=Hudson+Strait"},{"link_name":"Hudson Strait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_Strait"},{"link_name":"61°52′N 72°0′W / 61.867°N 72.000°W / 61.867; -72.000 (Canada)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=72nd_meridian_west¶ms=61_52_N_72_0_W_type:country&title=Canada"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Nunavut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nunavut"},{"link_name":"Wales Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales_Island_(Ungava)"},{"link_name":"61°51′N 72°0′W / 61.850°N 72.000°W / 61.850; -72.000 (Hudson Strait)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=72nd_meridian_west¶ms=61_51_N_72_0_W_type:waterbody&title=Hudson+Strait"},{"link_name":"Hudson Strait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_Strait"},{"link_name":"61°41′N 72°0′W / 61.683°N 72.000°W / 61.683; -72.000 (Canada)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=72nd_meridian_west¶ms=61_41_N_72_0_W_type:country&title=Canada"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec"},{"link_name":"Sherbrooke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherbrooke"},{"link_name":"45°0′N 72°0′W / 45.000°N 72.000°W / 45.000; -72.000 (United States)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=72nd_meridian_west¶ms=45_0_N_72_0_W_type:country&title=United+States"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Vermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermont"},{"link_name":"New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"44°19′N 72°0′W / 44.317°N 72.000°W / 44.317; -72.000 (New Hampshire)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=72nd_meridian_west¶ms=44_19_N_72_0_W_type:adm1st&title=New+Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"42°43′N 72°0′W / 42.717°N 72.000°W / 42.717; -72.000 (Massachusetts)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=72nd_meridian_west¶ms=42_43_N_72_0_W_type:adm1st&title=Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut"},{"link_name":"42°1′N 72°0′W / 42.017°N 72.000°W / 42.017; -72.000 (Connecticut)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=72nd_meridian_west¶ms=42_1_N_72_0_W_type:adm1st&title=Connecticut"},{"link_name":"41°19′N 72°00′W / 41.31°N 72.0°W / 41.31; -72.0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=72nd_meridian_west¶ms=41.31_N_72_W_"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Fishers Island Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fishers_Island_Sound&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"41°17′N 72°0′W / 41.283°N 72.000°W / 41.283; -72.000 (New York)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=72nd_meridian_west¶ms=41_17_N_72_0_W_type:adm1st&title=New+York"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"Fishers Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishers_Island"},{"link_name":"41°15′N 72°0′W / 41.250°N 72.000°W / 41.250; -72.000 (Atlantic Ocean)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=72nd_meridian_west¶ms=41_15_N_72_0_W_type:waterbody&title=Atlantic+Ocean"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Block Island Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_Island_Sound"},{"link_name":"41°3′N 72°0′W / 41.050°N 72.000°W / 41.050; -72.000 (United States)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=72nd_meridian_west¶ms=41_3_N_72_0_W_type:country&title=United+States"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"Long Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island"},{"link_name":"41°1′N 72°0′W / 41.017°N 72.000°W / 41.017; -72.000 (Atlantic Ocean)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=72nd_meridian_west¶ms=41_1_N_72_0_W_type:waterbody&title=Atlantic+Ocean"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean"},{"link_name":"21°58′N 72°0′W / 21.967°N 72.000°W / 21.967; -72.000 (Turks & Caicos Islands)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=72nd_meridian_west¶ms=21_58_N_72_0_W_type:country&title=Turks+%26+Caicos+Islands"},{"link_name":"Turks and Caicos Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands"},{"link_name":"North Caicos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Caicos"},{"link_name":"21°54′N 72°0′W / 21.900°N 72.000°W / 21.900; -72.000 (Atlantic Ocean)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=72nd_meridian_west¶ms=21_54_N_72_0_W_type:waterbody&title=Atlantic+Ocean"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean"},{"link_name":"19°42′N 72°0′W / 19.700°N 72.000°W / 19.700; -72.000 (Haiti)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=72nd_meridian_west¶ms=19_42_N_72_0_W_type:country&title=Haiti"},{"link_name":"Haiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti"},{"link_name":"18°38′N 72°0′W / 18.633°N 72.000°W / 18.633; -72.000 (Dominican Republic)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=72nd_meridian_west¶ms=18_38_N_72_0_W_type:country&title=Dominican+Republic"},{"link_name":"Dominican Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Republic"},{"link_name":"18°37′N 72°0′W / 18.617°N 72.000°W / 18.617; -72.000 (Haiti)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=72nd_meridian_west¶ms=18_37_N_72_0_W_type:country&title=Haiti"},{"link_name":"Haiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti"},{"link_name":"18°12′N 72°0′W / 18.200°N 72.000°W / 18.200; -72.000 (Caribbean Sea)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=72nd_meridian_west¶ms=18_12_N_72_0_W_type:waterbody&title=Caribbean+Sea"},{"link_name":"Caribbean Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean_Sea"},{"link_name":"12°15′N 72°0′W / 12.250°N 72.000°W / 12.250; -72.000 (Colombia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=72nd_meridian_west¶ms=12_15_N_72_0_W_type:country&title=Colombia"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"link_name":"11°35′N 72°0′W / 11.583°N 72.000°W / 11.583; -72.000 (Venezuela)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=72nd_meridian_west¶ms=11_35_N_72_0_W_type:country&title=Venezuela"},{"link_name":"Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela"},{"link_name":"Lake Maracaibo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Maracaibo"},{"link_name":"7°1′N 72°0′W / 7.017°N 72.000°W / 7.017; -72.000 (Colombia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=72nd_meridian_west¶ms=7_1_N_72_0_W_type:country&title=Colombia"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"link_name":"2°21′S 72°0′W / 2.350°S 72.000°W / -2.350; -72.000 (Peru)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=72nd_meridian_west¶ms=2_21_S_72_0_W_type:country&title=Peru"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru"},{"link_name":"4°38′S 72°0′W / 4.633°S 72.000°W / -4.633; -72.000 (Brazil)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=72nd_meridian_west¶ms=4_38_S_72_0_W_type:country&title=Brazil"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Amazonas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazonas_(Brazilian_state)"},{"link_name":"Acre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acre_(state)"},{"link_name":"7°46′S 72°0′W / 7.767°S 72.000°W / -7.767; -72.000 (Acre)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=72nd_meridian_west¶ms=7_46_S_72_0_W_type:adm1st&title=Acre"},{"link_name":"10°0′S 72°0′W / 10.000°S 72.000°W / -10.000; -72.000 (Peru)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=72nd_meridian_west¶ms=10_0_S_72_0_W_type:country&title=Peru"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru"},{"link_name":"Cusco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cusco"},{"link_name":"13°31′S 71°58′W / 13.517°S 71.967°W / -13.517; -71.967 (Cusco)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=72nd_meridian_west¶ms=13_31_S_71_58_W_type:adm1st&title=Cusco"},{"link_name":"17°2′S 72°0′W / 17.033°S 72.000°W / -17.033; -72.000 (Pacific Ocean)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=72nd_meridian_west¶ms=17_2_S_72_0_W_type:waterbody&title=Pacific+Ocean"},{"link_name":"Pacific Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean"},{"link_name":"34°7′S 72°0′W / 34.117°S 72.000°W / -34.117; -72.000 (Chile)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=72nd_meridian_west¶ms=34_7_S_72_0_W_type:country&title=Chile"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"},{"link_name":"34°11′S 72°0′W / 34.183°S 72.000°W / -34.183; -72.000 (Pacific Ocean)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=72nd_meridian_west¶ms=34_11_S_72_0_W_type:waterbody&title=Pacific+Ocean"},{"link_name":"Pacific Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean"},{"link_name":"34°22′S 72°0′W / 34.367°S 72.000°W / -34.367; -72.000 (Chile)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=72nd_meridian_west¶ms=34_22_S_72_0_W_type:country&title=Chile"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"},{"link_name":"42°9′S 72°0′W / 42.150°S 72.000°W / -42.150; -72.000 (Argentina)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=72nd_meridian_west¶ms=42_9_S_72_0_W_type:country&title=Argentina"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"43°2′S 72°0′W / 43.033°S 72.000°W / -43.033; -72.000 (Chile)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=72nd_meridian_west¶ms=43_2_S_72_0_W_type:country&title=Chile"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"},{"link_name":"44°46′S 72°0′W / 44.767°S 72.000°W / -44.767; -72.000 (Argentina)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=72nd_meridian_west¶ms=44_46_S_72_0_W_type:country&title=Argentina"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"44°54′S 72°0′W / 44.900°S 72.000°W / -44.900; -72.000 (Chile)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=72nd_meridian_west¶ms=44_54_S_72_0_W_type:country&title=Chile"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"},{"link_name":"47°19′S 72°0′W / 47.317°S 72.000°W / -47.317; -72.000 (Argentina)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=72nd_meridian_west¶ms=47_19_S_72_0_W_type:country&title=Argentina"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"51°49′S 72°0′W / 51.817°S 72.000°W / -51.817; -72.000 (Chile)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=72nd_meridian_west¶ms=51_49_S_72_0_W_type:country&title=Chile"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"},{"link_name":"51°56′S 72°0′W / 51.933°S 72.000°W / -51.933; -72.000 (Argentina)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=72nd_meridian_west¶ms=51_56_S_72_0_W_type:country&title=Argentina"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"51°58′S 72°0′W / 51.967°S 72.000°W / -51.967; -72.000 (Chile)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=72nd_meridian_west¶ms=51_58_S_72_0_W_type:country&title=Chile"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"},{"link_name":"Riesco Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riesco_Island"},{"link_name":"Brunswick Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunswick_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"53°42′S 72°0′W / 53.700°S 72.000°W / -53.700; -72.000 (Straits of Magellan)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=72nd_meridian_west¶ms=53_42_S_72_0_W_type:waterbody&title=Straits+of+Magellan"},{"link_name":"Straits of Magellan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straits_of_Magellan"},{"link_name":"53°54′S 72°0′W / 53.900°S 72.000°W / -53.900; -72.000 (Chile)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=72nd_meridian_west¶ms=53_54_S_72_0_W_type:country&title=Chile"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"},{"link_name":"Clarence Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_Island,_Chile"},{"link_name":"Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isla_Grande_de_Tierra_del_Fuego"},{"link_name":"London Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Island"},{"link_name":"54°43′S 72°0′W / 54.717°S 72.000°W / -54.717; -72.000 (Pacific Ocean)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=72nd_meridian_west¶ms=54_43_S_72_0_W_type:waterbody&title=Pacific+Ocean"},{"link_name":"Pacific Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean"},{"link_name":"60°0′S 72°0′W / 60.000°S 72.000°W / -60.000; -72.000 (Southern Ocean)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=72nd_meridian_west¶ms=60_0_S_72_0_W_type:waterbody&title=Southern+Ocean"},{"link_name":"Southern Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Ocean"},{"link_name":"69°2′S 72°0′W / 69.033°S 72.000°W / -69.033; -72.000 (Antarctica)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=72nd_meridian_west¶ms=69_2_S_72_0_W_type:country&title=Antarctica"},{"link_name":"Antarctica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctica"},{"link_name":"Alexander Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Island"},{"link_name":"claimed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_territorial_claims"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"Argentine Antarctica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_Antarctica"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"},{"link_name":"Antártica Chilena Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%A1rtica_Chilena_Province"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"British Antarctic Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Antarctic_Territory"}],"text":"Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 72nd meridian west passes through:Co-ordinates\n\nCountry, territory or sea\n\nNotes\n\n\n90°0′N 72°0′W / 90.000°N 72.000°W / 90.000; -72.000 (Arctic Ocean)\n\nArctic Ocean\n\n\n\n\n83°6′N 72°0′W / 83.100°N 72.000°W / 83.100; -72.000 (Canada)\n\n Canada\n\nNunavut – Ellesmere Island\n\n\n79°41′N 72°0′W / 79.683°N 72.000°W / 79.683; -72.000 (Nares Strait)\n\nNares Strait\n\n\n\n\n78°33′N 72°0′W / 78.550°N 72.000°W / 78.550; -72.000 (Greenland)\n\n Greenland\n\nInglefield Land\n\n\n77°54′N 72°0′W / 77.900°N 72.000°W / 77.900; -72.000 (Baffin Bay)\n\nBaffin Bay\n\n\n\n\n77°26′N 72°0′W / 77.433°N 72.000°W / 77.433; -72.000 (Greenland)\n\n Greenland\n\nKiatak (Northumberland Island)\n\n\n77°18′N 72°0′W / 77.300°N 72.000°W / 77.300; -72.000 (Baffin Bay)\n\nBaffin Bay\n\n\n\n\n71°34′N 72°0′W / 71.567°N 72.000°W / 71.567; -72.000 (Canada)\n\n Canada\n\nNunavut – Baffin Island, Sillem Island and Baffin Island again\n\n\n63°23′N 72°0′W / 63.383°N 72.000°W / 63.383; -72.000 (Hudson Strait)\n\nHudson Strait\n\n\n\n\n61°52′N 72°0′W / 61.867°N 72.000°W / 61.867; -72.000 (Canada)\n\n Canada\n\nNunavut – Wales Island\n\n\n61°51′N 72°0′W / 61.850°N 72.000°W / 61.850; -72.000 (Hudson Strait)\n\nHudson Strait\n\n\n\n\n61°41′N 72°0′W / 61.683°N 72.000°W / 61.683; -72.000 (Canada)\n\n Canada\n\nQuebec – passing just west of Sherbrooke\n\n\n45°0′N 72°0′W / 45.000°N 72.000°W / 45.000; -72.000 (United States)\n\n United States\n\nVermont New Hampshire – from 44°19′N 72°0′W / 44.317°N 72.000°W / 44.317; -72.000 (New Hampshire) Massachusetts – from 42°43′N 72°0′W / 42.717°N 72.000°W / 42.717; -72.000 (Massachusetts) Connecticut – from 42°1′N 72°0′W / 42.017°N 72.000°W / 42.017; -72.000 (Connecticut)\n\n\n41°19′N 72°00′W / 41.31°N 72.0°W / 41.31; -72.0\n\nAtlantic Ocean\n\nFishers Island Sound\n\n\n41°17′N 72°0′W / 41.283°N 72.000°W / 41.283; -72.000 (New York)\n\n United States\n\nNew York – Fishers Island\n\n\n41°15′N 72°0′W / 41.250°N 72.000°W / 41.250; -72.000 (Atlantic Ocean)\n\nAtlantic Ocean\n\nBlock Island Sound\n\n\n41°3′N 72°0′W / 41.050°N 72.000°W / 41.050; -72.000 (United States)\n\n United States\n\nNew York – Long Island\n\n\n41°1′N 72°0′W / 41.017°N 72.000°W / 41.017; -72.000 (Atlantic Ocean)\n\nAtlantic Ocean\n\n\n\n\n21°58′N 72°0′W / 21.967°N 72.000°W / 21.967; -72.000 (Turks & Caicos Islands)\n\n Turks and Caicos Islands\n\nIsland of North Caicos\n\n\n21°54′N 72°0′W / 21.900°N 72.000°W / 21.900; -72.000 (Atlantic Ocean)\n\nAtlantic Ocean\n\n\n\n\n19°42′N 72°0′W / 19.700°N 72.000°W / 19.700; -72.000 (Haiti)\n\n Haiti\n\n\n\n\n18°38′N 72°0′W / 18.633°N 72.000°W / 18.633; -72.000 (Dominican Republic)\n\n Dominican Republic\n\nFor about 1 km\n\n\n18°37′N 72°0′W / 18.617°N 72.000°W / 18.617; -72.000 (Haiti)\n\n Haiti\n\n\n\n\n18°12′N 72°0′W / 18.200°N 72.000°W / 18.200; -72.000 (Caribbean Sea)\n\nCaribbean Sea\n\n\n\n\n12°15′N 72°0′W / 12.250°N 72.000°W / 12.250; -72.000 (Colombia)\n\n Colombia\n\n\n\n\n11°35′N 72°0′W / 11.583°N 72.000°W / 11.583; -72.000 (Venezuela)\n\n Venezuela\n\nPassing through Lake Maracaibo\n\n\n7°1′N 72°0′W / 7.017°N 72.000°W / 7.017; -72.000 (Colombia)\n\n Colombia\n\n\n\n\n2°21′S 72°0′W / 2.350°S 72.000°W / -2.350; -72.000 (Peru)\n\n Peru\n\n\n\n\n4°38′S 72°0′W / 4.633°S 72.000°W / -4.633; -72.000 (Brazil)\n\n Brazil\n\nAmazonas Acre – from 7°46′S 72°0′W / 7.767°S 72.000°W / -7.767; -72.000 (Acre)\n\n\n10°0′S 72°0′W / 10.000°S 72.000°W / -10.000; -72.000 (Peru)\n\n Peru\n\nPassing just west of Cusco at 13°31′S 71°58′W / 13.517°S 71.967°W / -13.517; -71.967 (Cusco)\n\n\n17°2′S 72°0′W / 17.033°S 72.000°W / -17.033; -72.000 (Pacific Ocean)\n\nPacific Ocean\n\n\n\n\n34°7′S 72°0′W / 34.117°S 72.000°W / -34.117; -72.000 (Chile)\n\n Chile\n\nFor about 6 km\n\n\n34°11′S 72°0′W / 34.183°S 72.000°W / -34.183; -72.000 (Pacific Ocean)\n\nPacific Ocean\n\n\n\n\n34°22′S 72°0′W / 34.367°S 72.000°W / -34.367; -72.000 (Chile)\n\n Chile\n\n\n\n\n42°9′S 72°0′W / 42.150°S 72.000°W / -42.150; -72.000 (Argentina)\n\n Argentina\n\n\n\n\n43°2′S 72°0′W / 43.033°S 72.000°W / -43.033; -72.000 (Chile)\n\n Chile\n\n\n\n\n44°46′S 72°0′W / 44.767°S 72.000°W / -44.767; -72.000 (Argentina)\n\n Argentina\n\nFor about 14 km\n\n\n44°54′S 72°0′W / 44.900°S 72.000°W / -44.900; -72.000 (Chile)\n\n Chile\n\n\n\n\n47°19′S 72°0′W / 47.317°S 72.000°W / -47.317; -72.000 (Argentina)\n\n Argentina\n\n\n\n\n51°49′S 72°0′W / 51.817°S 72.000°W / -51.817; -72.000 (Chile)\n\n Chile\n\nFor about 12 km\n\n\n51°56′S 72°0′W / 51.933°S 72.000°W / -51.933; -72.000 (Argentina)\n\n Argentina\n\nFor about 3 km\n\n\n51°58′S 72°0′W / 51.967°S 72.000°W / -51.967; -72.000 (Chile)\n\n Chile\n\nMainland, Riesco Island and Brunswick Peninsula (mainland)\n\n\n53°42′S 72°0′W / 53.700°S 72.000°W / -53.700; -72.000 (Straits of Magellan)\n\nStraits of Magellan\n\n\n\n\n53°54′S 72°0′W / 53.900°S 72.000°W / -53.900; -72.000 (Chile)\n\n Chile\n\nClarence Island, Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego and London Island\n\n\n54°43′S 72°0′W / 54.717°S 72.000°W / -54.717; -72.000 (Pacific Ocean)\n\nPacific Ocean\n\n\n\n\n60°0′S 72°0′W / 60.000°S 72.000°W / -60.000; -72.000 (Southern Ocean)\n\nSouthern Ocean\n\n\n\n\n69°2′S 72°0′W / 69.033°S 72.000°W / -69.033; -72.000 (Antarctica)\n\nAntarctica\n\nAlexander Island and mainland – claimed by Argentina (Argentine Antarctica), Chile (Antártica Chilena Province) and United Kingdom (British Antarctic Territory)","title":"From Pole to Pole"}] | [] | [{"title":"71st meridian west","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/71st_meridian_west"},{"title":"73rd meridian west","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/73rd_meridian_west"},{"title":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Geographical_coordinates"},{"title":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Geographical_coordinates"},{"title":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Geographical_coordinates"},{"title":"Circles of 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Circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctic_Circle"},{"title":"W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Hemisphere"},{"title":"0°","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IERS_Reference_Meridian"},{"title":"E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Hemisphere"},{"title":"30°","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/30th_meridian_east"},{"title":"60°","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60th_meridian_east"},{"title":"90°","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/90th_meridian_east"},{"title":"120°","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/120th_meridian_east"},{"title":"150°","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/150th_meridian_east"},{"title":"180°","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/180th_meridian"},{"title":"30°","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/30th_meridian_west"},{"title":"60°","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60th_meridian_west"},{"title":"90°","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/90th_meridian_west"},{"title":"120°","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/120th_meridian_west"},{"title":"150°","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/150th_meridian_west"},{"title":"180°","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/180th_meridian"},{"title":"5°","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_meridian_east"},{"title":"15°","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15th_meridian_east"},{"title":"25°","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/25th_meridian_east"},{"title":"35°","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/35th_meridian_east"},{"title":"45°","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/45th_meridian_east"},{"title":"55°","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/55th_meridian_east"},{"title":"65°","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/65th_meridian_east"},{"title":"75°","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/75th_meridian_east"},{"title":"85°","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/85th_meridian_east"},{"title":"95°","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/95th_meridian_east"},{"title":"105°","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/105th_meridian_east"},{"title":"115°","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/115th_meridian_east"},{"title":"125°","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/125th_meridian_east"},{"title":"135°","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/135th_meridian_east"},{"title":"145°","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/145th_meridian_east"},{"title":"155°","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/155th_meridian_east"},{"title":"165°","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/165th_meridian_east"},{"title":"175°","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/175th_meridian_east"},{"title":"5°","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_meridian_west"},{"title":"15°","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15th_meridian_west"},{"title":"25°","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/25th_meridian_west"},{"title":"35°","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/35th_meridian_west"},{"title":"45°","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/45th_meridian_west"},{"title":"55°","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/55th_meridian_west"},{"title":"65°","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/65th_meridian_west"},{"title":"75°","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/75th_meridian_west"},{"title":"85°","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/85th_meridian_west"},{"title":"95°","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/95th_meridian_west"},{"title":"105°","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/105th_meridian_west"},{"title":"115°","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/115th_meridian_west"},{"title":"125°","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/125th_meridian_west"},{"title":"135°","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/135th_meridian_west"},{"title":"145°","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/145th_meridian_west"},{"title":"155°","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/155th_meridian_west"},{"title":"165°","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/165th_meridian_west"},{"title":"175°","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/175th_meridian_west"},{"title":"10°","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_meridian_east"},{"title":"20°","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_meridian_east"},{"title":"40°","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/40th_meridian_east"},{"title":"50°","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/50th_meridian_east"},{"title":"70°","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/70th_meridian_east"},{"title":"80°","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/80th_meridian_east"},{"title":"100°","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/100th_meridian_east"},{"title":"110°","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/110th_meridian_east"},{"title":"130°","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/130th_meridian_east"},{"title":"140°","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/140th_meridian_east"},{"title":"160°","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/160th_meridian_east"},{"title":"170°","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/170th_meridian_east"},{"title":"10°","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_meridian_west"},{"title":"20°","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_meridian_west"},{"title":"40°","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/40th_meridian_west"},{"title":"50°","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/50th_meridian_west"},{"t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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu_national_rugby_union_team | Vanuatu national rugby union team | ["1 History","2 Record","2.1 World Cup","2.2 Overall","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"] | VanuatuNickname(s)TuskersUnionVanuatu Rugby Football UnionHead coachIshmael KalsakauWorld Rugby rankingCurrent111 (as of 4 December 2023)Highest108 (2022)First internationalNew Hebrides 18–18 Wallis and Futuna(1966-12-01)Biggest winVanuatu 6–0 Wallis and Futuna(1966-12-01)Biggest defeatPapua New Guinea 97–3 Vanuatu(2005-08-20)
Medal record
Pacific Games
1966 Noumea
The Vanuatu national rugby union team represents Vanuatu in the sport of rugby union. The team is classified as a tier three nation by the International Rugby Board (IRB), and has yet to qualify for a Rugby World Cup. Its international debut was in 1966. It became affiliated with World Rugby in 1999. The team is nicknamed the Tuskers, after the pig tusks prized as currency in some parts of the country. The tusks also appear on the country's flag.
History
Vanuatu was involved in the Oceania qualifying tournaments for the 2007 Rugby World Cup in France. It was a part of the Round 1a group, with the Solomon Islands and Papua New Guinea. It won its first match at home against the Solomon Islands, lost the second match away to Papua New Guinea 97 to 3, and did not proceed to the next round.
Record
World Cup
World Cup record
Year
Qualification status
1987
Not invited
1991
did not enter
1995
did not enter
1999
did not enter
2003
did not qualify
2007
did not qualify
2011
did not qualify
2015
did not enter
2019
did not enter
2023
did not enter
Overall
Against
Played
Won
Lost
Drawn
% Won
New Caledonia
3
0
3
0
0%
Niue
2
0
2
0
0%
Papua New Guinea
5
0
5
0
0%
Solomon Islands
4
1
3
0
25%
Total
14
1
13
0
7.14%
In late 2012, due to management issues, the Vanuatu rugby team was suspended by the IRB for failure to report about the country's use of money and development of the sport within the country.
See also
Sports portal
FORU Oceania Cup
2007 Rugby World Cup – Oceania qualification
Vanuatu Rugby Football Union
Rugby union in Vanuatu
Vanuatu national under-20 rugby union team
References
^ "Vanuatu Rugby Union | Oceania Rugby". oceania.rugby. Retrieved 2023-11-17.
External links
Vanuatu on rugbydata.com
vte National sports teams of Vanuatu
Basketball
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West Germany
Yugoslavia | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vanuatu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu"},{"link_name":"rugby union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union"},{"link_name":"International Rugby Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Rugby_Board"},{"link_name":"Rugby World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The Vanuatu national rugby union team represents Vanuatu in the sport of rugby union. The team is classified as a tier three nation by the International Rugby Board (IRB), and has yet to qualify for a Rugby World Cup. Its international debut was in 1966. It became affiliated with World Rugby in 1999. The team is nicknamed the Tuskers, after the pig tusks prized as currency in some parts of the country. The tusks also appear on the country's flag. [1]","title":"Vanuatu national rugby union team"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2007 Rugby World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Rugby_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Solomon Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_Islands_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"Papua New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea_national_rugby_union_team"}],"text":"Vanuatu was involved in the Oceania qualifying tournaments for the 2007 Rugby World Cup in France. It was a part of the Round 1a group, with the Solomon Islands and Papua New Guinea. It won its first match at home against the Solomon Islands, lost the second match away to Papua New Guinea 97 to 3, and did not proceed to the next round.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Record"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"World Cup","title":"Record"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Overall","text":"In late 2012, due to management issues, the Vanuatu rugby team was suspended by the IRB for failure to report about the country's use of money and development of the sport within the country.","title":"Record"}] | [] | [{"title":"Sports portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Sports"},{"title":"FORU Oceania Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FORU_Oceania_Cup"},{"title":"2007 Rugby World Cup – Oceania qualification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Rugby_World_Cup_%E2%80%93_Oceania_qualification"},{"title":"Vanuatu Rugby Football Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu_Rugby_Football_Union"},{"title":"Rugby union in Vanuatu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Vanuatu"},{"title":"Vanuatu national under-20 rugby union team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu_national_under-20_rugby_union_team"}] | [{"reference":"\"Vanuatu Rugby Union | Oceania Rugby\". oceania.rugby. Retrieved 2023-11-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://oceania.rugby/inside-oceania-rugby/member-unions/vanuatu-rugby-union","url_text":"\"Vanuatu Rugby Union | Oceania Rugby\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://oceania.rugby/inside-oceania-rugby/member-unions/vanuatu-rugby-union","external_links_name":"\"Vanuatu Rugby Union | Oceania Rugby\""},{"Link":"http://rugbydata.com/vanuatu","external_links_name":"Vanuatu"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembroke_Boroughs_(UK_Parliament_constituency) | Pembroke (UK Parliament constituency) | ["1 History","2 Boundaries","2.1 Pembroke 1535–1832","2.2 Pembroke Boroughs 1832–1885","3 Members of Parliament","3.1 MPs in the Parliament of England 1542–1707","3.2 MPs 1707–1885","4 Elections","4.1 Elections in the 1830s","4.2 Elections in the 1840s","4.3 Elections in the 1850s","4.4 Elections in the 1860s","4.5 Elections in the 1870s","4.6 Elections in the 1880s","5 References","6 Sources"] | Not to be confused with Pembrokeshire (UK Parliament constituency) or Dublin Pembroke (UK Parliament constituency).
PembrokeFormer Borough constituencyfor the House of Commons1542–1885SeatsoneReplaced byPembroke and Haverfordwest
Pembroke (or Pembroke Boroughs) was a parliamentary constituency centred on the town of Pembroke in West Wales. It returned one Member of Parliament (MP) to the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, elected by the first past the post system.
History
For the creation and early history of the seat, see the Boundaries section below.
The constituency was abolished by the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885 for the 1885 general election, when it was replaced by the new Pembroke and Haverfordwest constituency.
For much of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries the constituency was dominated by the Owen family of Orielton, the last of whom, Sir Hugh Owen, was defeated at the 1868 general election.
Boundaries
From its first known general election in 1542 until 1885, the constituency consisted of a number of boroughs within the historic county of Pembrokeshire in Wales.
Pembroke 1535–1832
On the basis of information from several volumes of the History of Parliament, it is apparent that the history of the borough representation from Wales and Monmouthshire is more complicated than that of the English boroughs.
The Laws in Wales Act 1535 (26 Hen. 8. c. 26) provided for a single borough seat for each of 11 of the 12 Welsh counties and Monmouthshire. The legislation was ambiguous as to which communities were enfranchised. The county towns were awarded a seat, but this in some fashion represented all the ancient boroughs of the county, as the other boroughs were required to contribute to the member's wages. It was not clear if the burgesses of the contributing boroughs could take part in the election. The only election under the original scheme was for the 1542 parliament. It seems that only burgesses from the county towns actually took part. The Parliament Act 1543 (35 Hen. 8. c. 11) confirmed that the contributing boroughs could send representatives to take part in the election at the county town. As far as can be told from surviving indentures of returns, the degree to which the "out boroughs" participated varied, but by the end of the sixteenth century all the seats had some participation from them, at some elections at least.
The original scheme was modified by later legislation and decisions of the House of Commons (which were sometimes made with no regard to precedent or evidence: for example in 1728 it was decided that only the freemen of the borough of Montgomery could participate in the election for that seat, thus disenfranchising the freemen of Llanidloes, Welshpool and Llanfyllin).
In the case of Pembrokeshire, the number of boroughs involved gradually decreased. The county town was Pembroke. The out boroughs which continued to participate were Tenby and Wiston. Haverfordwest was involved in 1542 only, as it became a separate constituency in 1545. Narberth, New Moat, and Templeton had dropped out by 1558. Newport, Cilgerran, and Llawhaden ceased to participate between 1603 and 1690.
In 1690–1832 the freemen of the three remaining boroughs of Pembroke, Tenby, and Wiston were entitled to vote. There was a dispute in 1702–1712 about the right of the Wiston freemen to vote. The Whig family of Owen of Orielton, which had the dominant influence in Pembroke, had the Pembroke Corporation bar the participation of the Wiston men (who were influenced by the Tory Wogan family). In 1712 Parliament upheld the rights of the freemen of Wiston.
There were 331 electors in 1710 (including non-resident freemen). The electorate increased to about 500 in the 1754–1790 period.
Pembroke Boroughs 1832–1885
This was a district of boroughs constituency, which grouped a number of parliamentary boroughs in Pembrokeshire into one single member constituency. The voters from each participating borough cast ballots, which were added together over the whole district to decide the result of the poll. In addition to the ancient right freemen voters, who retained the franchise after 1832, there was a new householder franchise applicable to all boroughs. The enfranchised communities in this district, from 1832, were the four boroughs of Pembroke, Milford, Tenby, and Wiston.
Members of Parliament
The Roman numerals after some names are to distinguish different members for this constituency, with the same name. It is not suggested this use of Roman numerals was applied at the time.
MPs in the Parliament of England 1542–1707
As there were sometimes significant gaps between Parliaments held in this period, the dates of first assembly and dissolution are given. Where the name of the member has not yet been ascertained or (before 1558) is not recorded in a surviving document, unknown is entered in the table.
Elected
Assembled
Dissolved
Member
Note
1542
16 January 1542
28 March 1544
John Adams
1545
23 November 1545
31 January 1547
Lewis Watkins
1547
4 November 1547
15 April 1552
John Harington II
1553
1 March 1553
31 March 1553
Henry Adams
1553
5 October 1553
5 December 1553
Henry Adams
1554
2 April 1554
3 May 1554
John Herle
1554
12 November 1554
16 January 1555
John Garnons
1555
21 October 1555
9 December 1555
Richard Philipps
1558
20 January 1558
17 November 1558
William Watkin
1559
23 January 1559
8 May 1559
Henry Dodds
1562 or 1563
11 January 1563
2 January 1567
William Revell
1571
2 April 1571
29 May 1571
Robert Davy
1572
8 May 1572
19 April 1583
Robert Lougher
1584
23 November 1584
14 September 1585
John Vaughan III
1586
13 October 1586
23 March 1587
John Vaughan III
1588
4 February 1589
29 March 1589
Nicholas Adams
1593
18 February 1593
10 April 1593
Sir Conyers Clifford
1597
24 October 1597
9 February 1598
Edward Burton
1601
27 October 1601
19 December 1601
John Lougher
1604
19 March 1604
9 February 1611
Richard Cuney
1614
5 April 1614
7 June 1614
Sir Walter Devereux
1620 or 1621
16 January 1621
8 February 1622
Lewis Powell
1623 or 1624
12 February 1624
27 March 1625
Sir Walter Devereux
1625
17 May 1625
12 August 1625
Lewis Powell
1626
6 February 1626
15 June 1626
Hugh Owen
1628
17 March 1628
10 March 1629
Hugh Owen
1640
13 April 1640
5 May 1640
Sir John Stepney, 3rd Baronet
3 November 1640
5 December 1648
Sir Hugh Owen, 1st Baronet
Parliamentarian
—
6 December 1648
20 April 1653
vacant
1653
4 July 1653
12 December 1653
unrepresented
1654
3 September 1654
22 January 1655
unrepresented
1656
17 September 1656
4 February 1658
unrepresented
1658 or 1659
27 January 1659
22 April 1659
Sampson LortArthur Owen
N/A
7 May 1659
20 February 1660
vacant
21 February 1660
16 March 1660
c. April 1660
25 April 1660
29 December 1660
Sir Hugh Owen, 1st Baronet
22 April 1661
8 May 1661
24 January 1679
Rowland Laugharne
Died 16 November 1675
2 October 1676
Sir Hugh Owen, 2nd Baronet
By-election
3 March 1679
6 March 1679
12 July 1679
Arthur Owen
1679
21 October 1680
18 January 1681
Arthur Owen
1681
21 March 1681
28 March 1681
Arthur Owen
1685
19 May 1685
2 June 1687
Arthur Owen
1689
22 January 1689
6 February 1690
Arthur Owen
1690
20 March 1690
11 October 1695
Arthur Owen
1695
22 November 1695
6 July 1698
Arthur Owen
Ceased to be MP
30 December 1695
Sir John Philipps, 4th Baronet
By-election
1698
24 August 1698
19 December 1700
Sir John Philipps, 4th Baronet
16 January 1701
6 February 1701
11 November 1701
Sir John Philipps, 4th Baronet
1 December 1701
30 December 1701
2 July 1702
Sir John Philipps, 4th Baronet
24 July 1702
20 August 1702
5 April 1705
John Meyrick
Tory
21 May 1705
14 June 1705
1707
John Meyrick
Tory
MPs 1707–1885
Election
Member
Party
Note
1707, 23 October
John Meyrick
Tory
Co-opted, not elected, to the Parliament of Great Britain
1708, 17 May
Sir Arthur Owen, Bt
Whig
Unseated, on petition, 23 February 1712
1712, 23 February
Lewis Wogan
Tory
Declared duly elected on petition; died 28 November 1714
1715, 14 February
Thomas Ferrers
Whig
1722, 27 November
William Owen
By-election; 1747: Chose to sit for Pembrokeshire
1747, 21 December
Hugh Barlow
By-election
1761, 2 April
Sir William Owen, Bt
1774, 14 October
Hugh Owen (later Hugh Barlow )
Whig
Changed name 1789; died 23 January 1809
1809, 9 February
Sir Hugh Owen, 6th Bt
Tory
By-election; died 8 August 1809
1809, 13 September
John Owen
Tory
By-election; 1812: Chose to sit for Pembrokeshire
1813, 19 March
Sir Thomas Picton
Whig
By-election; died in action, at the Battle of Waterloo
1815, 3 July
John Jones
Tory
By-election
1818, 19 June
John Hensleigh Allen
Whig
1826, 13 June
Hugh Owen Owen
Tory
Re-elected as a Conservative candidate
1834
Conservative
1838, 20 February
Sir James Graham, Bt
Conservative
By-election
1841, 3 July
Sir John Owen, Bt
Conservative
1846
Peelite
1859
Liberal
1861, 22 February
Sir Hugh Owen, Bt
Liberal
By-election
1868, 18 November
Thomas Meyrick
Conservative
1874, 12 February
Edward Reed
Liberal
1880, 7 April
Henry George Allen
Liberal
1885
constituency abolished: see Pembroke & Haverfordwest
Elections
Elections in the 1830s
General election 1830: Pembroke
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Tory
Hugh Owen Owen
Unopposed
Tory hold
General election 1831: Pembroke
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Tory
Hugh Owen Owen
Unopposed
Registered electors
c. 1,400
Tory hold
General election 1832: Pembroke
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Tory
Hugh Owen Owen
Unopposed
Registered electors
1,208
Tory hold
General election 1835: Pembroke
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Conservative
Hugh Owen Owen
Unopposed
Registered electors
1,168
Conservative hold
General election 1837: Pembroke
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Conservative
Hugh Owen Owen
Unopposed
Registered electors
1,152
Conservative hold
Owen resigned, causing a by-election.
By-election, 20 February 1838: Pembroke
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Conservative
James Graham
Unopposed
Conservative hold
Elections in the 1840s
General election 1841: Pembroke
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
John Owen
282
50.3
N/A
Conservative
Hugh Owen Owen
184
32.8
N/A
Radical
James Mark Child
95
16.9
New
Majority
98
17.5
N/A
Turnout
561
49.5
N/A
Registered electors
1,134
Conservative hold
Swing
N/A
General election 1847: Pembroke
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Peelite
John Owen
Unopposed
Registered electors
952
Peelite gain from Conservative
Elections in the 1850s
General election 1852: Pembroke
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Peelite
John Owen
Unopposed
Registered electors
951
Peelite hold
General election 1857: Pembroke
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Peelite
John Owen
Unopposed
Registered electors
810
Peelite hold
General election 1859: Pembroke
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Liberal
John Owen
Unopposed
Registered electors
914
Liberal hold
Elections in the 1860s
Owen's death caused a by-election.
By-election, 22 February 1861: Pembroke
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Liberal
Hugh Owen Owen
342
57.1
N/A
Conservative
Thomas Meyrick
257
42.9
New
Majority
85
14.2
N/A
Turnout
599
66.9
N/A
Registered electors
896
Liberal hold
Swing
N/A
General election 1865: Pembroke
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Liberal
Hugh Owen Owen
668
68.7
N/A
Conservative
Benjamin Hardwicke
304
31.3
N/A
Majority
364
37.4
N/A
Turnout
972
67.8
N/A
Registered electors
1,433
Liberal hold
Swing
N/A
General election 1868: Pembroke
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
Thomas Meyrick
1,419
57.5
+26.2
Liberal
Hugh Owen Owen
1,049
42.5
−26.2
Majority
370
15.0
N/A
Turnout
2,468
81.5
+13.7
Registered electors
3,028
Conservative gain from Liberal
Swing
+26.2
Elections in the 1870s
General election 1874: Pembroke
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Liberal
Edward Reed
1,339
50.5
+8.0
Conservative
Thomas Meyrick
1,310
49.5
−8.0
Majority
29
1.0
N/A
Turnout
2,649
84.2
+2.7
Registered electors
3,146
Liberal gain from Conservative
Swing
+8.0
Elections in the 1880s
General election 1880: Pembroke
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Liberal
Henry George Allen
1,462
50.6
+0.1
Conservative
Thomas Meyrick
1,429
49.4
−0.1
Majority
33
1.2
+0.2
Turnout
2,891
86.6
+2.4
Registered electors
3,338
Liberal hold
Swing
+0.1
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2018)
References
^ s:Clifford, Sir Conyers (DNB00)
^ Excluded in Pride's Purge
^ Date of Pride's Purge, which converted the Long Parliament into the Rump Parliament.
^ Date when Oliver Cromwell dissolved the Rump Parliament by force.
^ Date when the members of the nominated or Barebones Parliament were selected. Pembroke was not represented in this body.
^ Date when the members of the First Protectorate Parliament were elected. Pembroke was not represented in this body. Pembroke formed part of the county constituency of Pembrokeshire for this Parliament.
^ Date when the members of the Second Protectorate Parliament were elected. Pembroke was not represented in this body. Pembroke formed part of the county constituency of Pembrokeshire for this Parliament.
^ The Rump Parliament was recalled and subsequently Pride's Purge was reversed, allowing the full Long Parliament to meet until it agreed to dissolve itself.
^ The MPs of the last Parliament of England and 45 members co-opted from the former Parliament of Scotland, became the House of Commons of the 1st Parliament of Great Britain which assembled on 23 October 1707 (see below for the members in that Parliament).
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Stooks Smith, Henry (1845). The Parliaments of England, from 1st George I., to the Present Time. Vol II: Oxfordshire to Wales Inclusive. London: Simpkin, Marshall, & Co. pp. 199–200. Retrieved 5 May 2020 – via Internet Archive.
^ "Election Talk". The Spectator. 6 March 1852. p. 6. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
^ "Pembrokeshire (Boroughs)". Evening Mail. 9 July 1852. pp. 6–7. Retrieved 22 August 2018 – via British Newspaper Archive.
^ a b Escott, Margaret. "Pembroke Boroughs". The History of Parliament. Retrieved 5 May 2020.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Craig, F. W. S., ed. (1977). British Parliamentary Election Results 1832-1885 (e-book) (1st ed.). London: Macmillan Press. p. 511. ISBN 978-1-349-02349-3.
^ "Pembroke, July 2". Evening Mail. 5 July 1841. p. 6. Retrieved 13 August 2019 – via British Newspaper Archive.
^ "The General Election". The Examiner. 15 July 1865. pp. 7–11. Retrieved 14 March 2018 – via British Newspaper Archive.
Sources
British Parliamentary Election Results 1832–1885, compiled and edited by F.W.S. Craig (The Macmillan Press 1977)
The House of Commons 1690–1715, by Eveline Cruickshanks, Stuart Handley and D.W. Hayton (Cambridge University Press 2002)
The Parliaments of England by Henry Stooks Smith (1st edition published in three volumes 1844–50), second edition edited (in one volume) by F.W.S. Craig (Political Reference Publications 1973)
Leigh Rayment's Historical List of MPs – Constituencies beginning with "P" (part 1)
vteHistoric UK Parliament constituencies in WalesLast contested in 1979
Aberdare
Abertillery
Bedwellty
Cardiff South East
Denbigh
Ebbw Vale
East Flintshire
West Flintshire
Merioneth
Merthyr Tydfil
Newport (Monmouthshire)
Pontypool
Rhondda East
Rhondda West
1983 (review)
Aberavon
Alyn and Deeside
Blaenau Gwent
Brecon and Radnor
Bridgend
Caernarfon
Caerphilly
Cardiff Central
Cardiff North
Cardiff South and Penarth
Cardiff West
Carmarthen
Ceredigion and Pembroke North
Clwyd North West
Clwyd South West
Conwy
Cynon Valley
Delyn
Gower
Islwyn
Llanelli
Meirionnydd Nant Conwy
Merthyr Tydfil and Rhymney
Monmouth
Montgomery
Neath
Newport East
Newport West
Ogmore
Pembroke
Pontypridd
Rhondda
Swansea East
Swansea West
Torfaen
Vale of Glamorgan
Wrexham
Ynys Môn
1997 (review)
Aberavon
Alyn and Deeside
Blaenau Gwent
Brecon and Radnorshire
Bridgend
Caernarfon
Caerphilly
Cardiff Central
Cardiff North
Cardiff South and Penarth
Cardiff West
Carmarthen East and Dinefwr
Carmarthen West and South Pembrokeshire
Ceredigion
Clwyd South
Clwyd West
Conwy
Cynon Valley
Delyn
Gower
Islwyn
Llanelli
Meirionnydd Nant Conwy
Merthyr Tydfil and Rhymney
Monmouth
Montgomeryshire
Neath
Newport East
Newport West
Ogmore
Pontypridd
Preseli Pembrokeshire
Rhondda
Swansea East
Swansea West
Torfaen
Vale of Clwyd
Vale of Glamorgan
Wrexham
Ynys Môn
2010 (outgoing)
Aberavon
Aberconwy
Alyn and Deeside
Arfon
Blaenau Gwent
Brecon and Radnorshire
Bridgend
Caerphilly
Cardiff Central
Cardiff North
Cardiff South and Penarth
Cardiff West
Carmarthen East and Dinefwr
Carmarthen West and South Pembrokeshire
Ceredigion
Clwyd South
Clwyd West
Cynon Valley
Delyn
Dwyfor Meirionnydd
Gower
Islwyn
Llanelli
Merthyr Tydfil and Rhymney
Monmouth
Montgomeryshire
Neath
Newport East
Newport West
Ogmore
Pontypridd
Preseli Pembrokeshire
Rhondda
Swansea East
Swansea West
Torfaen
Vale of Clwyd
Vale of Glamorgan
Wrexham
Ynys Môn
2024 (upcoming)
Aberafan Maesteg
Alyn and Deeside
Bangor Aberconwy
Blaenau Gwent and Rhymney
Brecon, Radnor and Cwm Tawe
Bridgend
Caerfyrddin
Caerphilly
Cardiff East
Cardiff North
Cardiff South and Penarth
Cardiff West
Ceredigion Preseli
Clwyd East
Clwyd North
Dwyfor Meirionnydd
Gower
Llanelli
Merthyr Tydfil and Aberdare
Mid and South Pembrokeshire
Monmouthshire
Montgomeryshire and Glyndŵr
Neath and Swansea East
Newport East
Newport West and Islwyn
Pontypridd
Rhondda and Ogmore
Swansea West
Torfaen
Vale of Glamorgan
Wrexham
Ynys Môn
Politics
United Kingdom
Wales | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pembrokeshire (UK Parliament constituency)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembrokeshire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Dublin Pembroke (UK Parliament constituency)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin_Pembroke_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"parliamentary constituency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_constituencies"},{"link_name":"Pembroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembroke,_Pembrokeshire"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"House of Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_House_of_Commons"},{"link_name":"Parliament of the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"first past the post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_past_the_post"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Pembrokeshire (UK Parliament constituency) or Dublin Pembroke (UK Parliament constituency).Pembroke (or Pembroke Boroughs) was a parliamentary constituency centred on the town of Pembroke in West Wales. It returned one Member of Parliament (MP) to the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, elected by the first past the post system.","title":"Pembroke (UK Parliament constituency)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Redistribution of Seats Act 1885","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redistribution_of_Seats_Act_1885"},{"link_name":"1885 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1885_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"Pembroke and Haverfordwest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembroke_and_Haverfordwest_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Orielton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orielton,_Pembrokeshire"},{"link_name":"Sir Hugh Owen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Hugh_Owen_Owen,_2nd_Baronet"}],"text":"For the creation and early history of the seat, see the Boundaries section below.The constituency was abolished by the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885 for the 1885 general election, when it was replaced by the new Pembroke and Haverfordwest constituency.For much of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries the constituency was dominated by the Owen family of Orielton, the last of whom, Sir Hugh Owen, was defeated at the 1868 general election.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pembrokeshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembrokeshire"}],"text":"From its first known general election in 1542 until 1885, the constituency consisted of a number of boroughs within the historic county of Pembrokeshire in Wales.","title":"Boundaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"History of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Laws in Wales Act 1535","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laws_in_Wales_Act_1535"},{"link_name":"26 Hen. 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/26_Hen._8"},{"link_name":"Parliament Act 1543","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parliament_Act_1543&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"35 Hen. 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/35_Hen._8"},{"link_name":"Montgomery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montgomery,_Powys"},{"link_name":"Llanidloes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llanidloes"},{"link_name":"Welshpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welshpool"},{"link_name":"Llanfyllin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llanfyllin"},{"link_name":"Pembroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembroke,_Pembrokeshire"},{"link_name":"Tenby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenby"},{"link_name":"Wiston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiston,_Pembrokeshire"},{"link_name":"Haverfordwest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haverfordwest"},{"link_name":"a separate constituency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haverfordwest_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Narberth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narberth,_Pembrokeshire"},{"link_name":"New Moat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Moat"},{"link_name":"Templeton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Templeton,_Pembrokeshire"},{"link_name":"Newport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport,_Pembrokeshire"},{"link_name":"Cilgerran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilgerran"},{"link_name":"Llawhaden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llawhaden"},{"link_name":"Owen of Orielton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owen_baronets"}],"sub_title":"Pembroke 1535–1832","text":"On the basis of information from several volumes of the History of Parliament, it is apparent that the history of the borough representation from Wales and Monmouthshire is more complicated than that of the English boroughs.The Laws in Wales Act 1535 (26 Hen. 8. c. 26) provided for a single borough seat for each of 11 of the 12 Welsh counties and Monmouthshire. The legislation was ambiguous as to which communities were enfranchised. The county towns were awarded a seat, but this in some fashion represented all the ancient boroughs of the county, as the other boroughs were required to contribute to the member's wages. It was not clear if the burgesses of the contributing boroughs could take part in the election. The only election under the original scheme was for the 1542 parliament. It seems that only burgesses from the county towns actually took part. The Parliament Act 1543 (35 Hen. 8. c. 11) confirmed that the contributing boroughs could send representatives to take part in the election at the county town. As far as can be told from surviving indentures of returns, the degree to which the \"out boroughs\" participated varied, but by the end of the sixteenth century all the seats had some participation from them, at some elections at least.The original scheme was modified by later legislation and decisions of the House of Commons (which were sometimes made with no regard to precedent or evidence: for example in 1728 it was decided that only the freemen of the borough of Montgomery could participate in the election for that seat, thus disenfranchising the freemen of Llanidloes, Welshpool and Llanfyllin).In the case of Pembrokeshire, the number of boroughs involved gradually decreased. The county town was Pembroke. The out boroughs which continued to participate were Tenby and Wiston. Haverfordwest was involved in 1542 only, as it became a separate constituency in 1545. Narberth, New Moat, and Templeton had dropped out by 1558. Newport, Cilgerran, and Llawhaden ceased to participate between 1603 and 1690.In 1690–1832 the freemen of the three remaining boroughs of Pembroke, Tenby, and Wiston were entitled to vote. There was a dispute in 1702–1712 about the right of the Wiston freemen to vote. The Whig family of Owen of Orielton, which had the dominant influence in Pembroke, had the Pembroke Corporation bar the participation of the Wiston men (who were influenced by the Tory Wogan family). In 1712 Parliament upheld the rights of the freemen of Wiston.There were 331 electors in 1710 (including non-resident freemen). The electorate increased to about 500 in the 1754–1790 period.","title":"Boundaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"parliamentary boroughs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_borough"},{"link_name":"Milford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milford_Haven"},{"link_name":"Tenby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenby"},{"link_name":"Wiston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiston,_Pembrokeshire"}],"sub_title":"Pembroke Boroughs 1832–1885","text":"This was a district of boroughs constituency, which grouped a number of parliamentary boroughs in Pembrokeshire into one single member constituency. The voters from each participating borough cast ballots, which were added together over the whole district to decide the result of the poll. In addition to the ancient right freemen voters, who retained the franchise after 1832, there was a new householder franchise applicable to all boroughs. The enfranchised communities in this district, from 1832, were the four boroughs of Pembroke, Milford, Tenby, and Wiston.","title":"Boundaries"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The Roman numerals after some names are to distinguish different members for this constituency, with the same name. It is not suggested this use of Roman numerals was applied at the time.","title":"Members of Parliament"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"MPs in the Parliament of England 1542–1707","text":"As there were sometimes significant gaps between Parliaments held in this period, the dates of first assembly and dissolution are given. Where the name of the member has not yet been ascertained or (before 1558) is not recorded in a surviving document, unknown is entered in the table.","title":"Members of Parliament"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"MPs 1707–1885","title":"Members of Parliament"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Elections in the 1830s","text":"Owen resigned, causing a by-election.","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Elections in the 1840s","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Elections in the 1850s","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Elections in the 1860s","text":"Owen's death caused a by-election.","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Elections in the 1870s","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Elections in the 1880s","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leigh Rayment's Historical List of MPs – Constituencies beginning with \"P\" (part 1)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20150215181722/http://www.leighrayment.com/commons/Pcommons1.htm"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Historic_constituencies_in_Wales"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Historic_constituencies_in_Wales"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Historic_constituencies_in_Wales"},{"link_name":"Historic UK Parliament constituencies in Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UK_Parliament_constituencies_in_Wales"},{"link_name":"1979","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_Wales"},{"link_name":"Aberdare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdare_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Abertillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abertillery_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Bedwellty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedwellty_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Cardiff South East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_South_East_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Denbigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denbigh_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Ebbw Vale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebbw_Vale_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"East Flintshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Flintshire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"West Flintshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Flintshire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Merioneth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merioneth_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Merthyr Tydfil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merthyr_Tydfil_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Newport (Monmouthshire)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport_(Monmouthshire)_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Pontypool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontypool_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Rhondda East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhondda_East_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Rhondda West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhondda_West_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"1983","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_Wales"},{"link_name":"review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Periodic_Review_of_Westminster_constituencies"},{"link_name":"Aberavon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberavon_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Alyn and Deeside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alyn_and_Deeside_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Blaenau Gwent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaenau_Gwent_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Brecon and Radnor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brecon_and_Radnor_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Bridgend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgend_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Caernarfon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caernarfon_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Caerphilly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caerphilly_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Cardiff Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_Central_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Cardiff North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_North_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Cardiff South and Penarth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_South_and_Penarth_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Cardiff West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_West_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Carmarthen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmarthen_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Ceredigion and Pembroke North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceredigion_and_Pembroke_North_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Clwyd North West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clwyd_North_West_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Clwyd South West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clwyd_South_West_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Conwy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conwy_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Cynon Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cynon_Valley_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Delyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delyn_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Gower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gower_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Islwyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islwyn_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Llanelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llanelli_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Meirionnydd Nant Conwy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meirionnydd_Nant_Conwy_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Merthyr Tydfil and Rhymney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merthyr_Tydfil_and_Rhymney_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Monmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monmouth_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Montgomery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montgomery_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Neath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neath_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Newport East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport_East_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Newport West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport_West_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Ogmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogmore_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Pembroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Pontypridd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontypridd_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Rhondda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhondda_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Swansea East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swansea_East_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Swansea West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swansea_West_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Torfaen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torfaen_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Vale of Glamorgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vale_of_Glamorgan_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Wrexham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrexham_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Ynys Môn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ynys_M%C3%B4n_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_Wales"},{"link_name":"review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Periodic_Review_of_Westminster_constituencies"},{"link_name":"Aberavon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberavon_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Alyn and Deeside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alyn_and_Deeside_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Blaenau Gwent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaenau_Gwent_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Brecon and Radnorshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brecon_and_Radnorshire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Bridgend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgend_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Caernarfon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caernarfon_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Caerphilly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caerphilly_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Cardiff Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_Central_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Cardiff North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_North_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Cardiff South and Penarth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_South_and_Penarth_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Cardiff West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_West_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Carmarthen East and Dinefwr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmarthen_East_and_Dinefwr_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Carmarthen West and South Pembrokeshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmarthen_West_and_South_Pembrokeshire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Ceredigion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceredigion_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Clwyd South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clwyd_South_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Clwyd West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clwyd_West_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Conwy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conwy_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Cynon Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cynon_Valley_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Delyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delyn_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Gower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gower_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Islwyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islwyn_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Llanelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llanelli_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Meirionnydd Nant Conwy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meirionnydd_Nant_Conwy_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Merthyr Tydfil and Rhymney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merthyr_Tydfil_and_Rhymney_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Monmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monmouth_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Montgomeryshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montgomeryshire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Neath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neath_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Newport East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport_East_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Newport West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport_West_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Ogmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogmore_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Pontypridd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontypridd_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Preseli Pembrokeshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preseli_Pembrokeshire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Rhondda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhondda_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Swansea East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swansea_East_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Swansea West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swansea_West_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Torfaen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torfaen_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Vale of Clwyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vale_of_Clwyd_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Vale of Glamorgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vale_of_Glamorgan_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Wrexham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrexham_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Ynys Môn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ynys_M%C3%B4n_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_Wales"},{"link_name":"outgoing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_Periodic_Review_of_Westminster_constituencies"},{"link_name":"Aberavon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberavon_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Aberconwy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberconwy_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Alyn and Deeside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alyn_and_Deeside_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Arfon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arfon_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Blaenau Gwent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaenau_Gwent_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Brecon and Radnorshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brecon_and_Radnorshire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Bridgend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgend_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Caerphilly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caerphilly_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Cardiff Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_Central_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Cardiff North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_North_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Cardiff South and Penarth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_South_and_Penarth_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Cardiff West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_West_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Carmarthen East and Dinefwr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmarthen_East_and_Dinefwr_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Carmarthen West and South Pembrokeshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmarthen_West_and_South_Pembrokeshire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Ceredigion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceredigion_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Clwyd South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clwyd_South_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Clwyd West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clwyd_West_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Cynon Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cynon_Valley_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Delyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delyn_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Dwyfor Meirionnydd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwyfor_Meirionnydd_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Gower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gower_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Islwyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islwyn_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Llanelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llanelli_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Merthyr Tydfil and Rhymney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merthyr_Tydfil_and_Rhymney_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Monmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monmouth_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Montgomeryshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montgomeryshire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Neath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neath_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Newport East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport_East_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Newport West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport_West_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Ogmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogmore_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Pontypridd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontypridd_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Preseli Pembrokeshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preseli_Pembrokeshire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Rhondda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhondda_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Swansea East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swansea_East_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Swansea West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swansea_West_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Torfaen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torfaen_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Vale of Clwyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vale_of_Clwyd_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Vale of Glamorgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vale_of_Glamorgan_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Wrexham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrexham_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Ynys Môn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ynys_M%C3%B4n_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"2024","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_Wales"},{"link_name":"upcoming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Periodic_Review_of_Westminster_constituencies"},{"link_name":"Aberafan Maesteg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberafan_Maesteg_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Alyn and Deeside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alyn_and_Deeside_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Bangor Aberconwy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangor_Aberconwy_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Blaenau Gwent and Rhymney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaenau_Gwent_and_Rhymney_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Brecon, Radnor and Cwm Tawe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brecon,_Radnor_and_Cwm_Tawe_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Bridgend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgend_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Caerfyrddin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caerfyrddin_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Caerphilly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caerphilly_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Cardiff East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_East_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Cardiff North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_North_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Cardiff South and Penarth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_South_and_Penarth_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Cardiff West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_West_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Ceredigion Preseli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceredigion_Preseli_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Clwyd East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clwyd_East_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Clwyd North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clwyd_North_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Dwyfor Meirionnydd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwyfor_Meirionnydd_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Gower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gower_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Llanelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llanelli_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Merthyr Tydfil and Aberdare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merthyr_Tydfil_and_Aberdare_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Mid and South Pembrokeshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid_and_South_Pembrokeshire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Monmouthshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monmouthshire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Montgomeryshire and Glyndŵr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montgomeryshire_and_Glynd%C5%B5r_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Neath and Swansea East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neath_and_Swansea_East_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Newport East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport_East_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Newport West and Islwyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport_West_and_Islwyn_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Pontypridd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontypridd_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Rhondda and Ogmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhondda_and_Ogmore_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Swansea West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swansea_West_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Torfaen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torfaen_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Vale of Glamorgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vale_of_Glamorgan_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Wrexham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrexham_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Ynys Môn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ynys_M%C3%B4n_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg"},{"link_name":"Politics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Politics"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Wales"}],"text":"British Parliamentary Election Results 1832–1885, compiled and edited by F.W.S. Craig (The Macmillan Press 1977)\nThe House of Commons 1690–1715, by Eveline Cruickshanks, Stuart Handley and D.W. Hayton (Cambridge University Press 2002)\nThe Parliaments of England by Henry Stooks Smith (1st edition published in three volumes 1844–50), second edition edited (in one volume) by F.W.S. Craig (Political Reference Publications 1973)\nLeigh Rayment's Historical List of MPs – Constituencies beginning with \"P\" (part 1)vteHistoric UK Parliament constituencies in WalesLast contested in 1979\nAberdare\nAbertillery\nBedwellty\nCardiff South East\nDenbigh\nEbbw Vale\nEast Flintshire\nWest Flintshire\nMerioneth\nMerthyr Tydfil\nNewport (Monmouthshire)\nPontypool\nRhondda East\nRhondda West\n1983 (review)\nAberavon\nAlyn and Deeside\nBlaenau Gwent\nBrecon and Radnor\nBridgend\nCaernarfon\nCaerphilly\nCardiff Central\nCardiff North\nCardiff South and Penarth\nCardiff West\nCarmarthen\nCeredigion and Pembroke North\nClwyd North West\nClwyd South West\nConwy\nCynon Valley\nDelyn\nGower\nIslwyn\nLlanelli\nMeirionnydd Nant Conwy\nMerthyr Tydfil and Rhymney\nMonmouth\nMontgomery\nNeath\nNewport East\nNewport West\nOgmore\nPembroke\nPontypridd\nRhondda\nSwansea East\nSwansea West\nTorfaen\nVale of Glamorgan\nWrexham\nYnys Môn\n1997 (review)\nAberavon\nAlyn and Deeside\nBlaenau Gwent\nBrecon and Radnorshire\nBridgend\nCaernarfon\nCaerphilly\nCardiff Central\nCardiff North\nCardiff South and Penarth\nCardiff West\nCarmarthen East and Dinefwr\nCarmarthen West and South Pembrokeshire\nCeredigion\nClwyd South\nClwyd West\nConwy\nCynon Valley\nDelyn\nGower\nIslwyn\nLlanelli\nMeirionnydd Nant Conwy\nMerthyr Tydfil and Rhymney\nMonmouth\nMontgomeryshire\nNeath\nNewport East\nNewport West\nOgmore\nPontypridd\nPreseli Pembrokeshire\nRhondda\nSwansea East\nSwansea West\nTorfaen\nVale of Clwyd\nVale of Glamorgan\nWrexham\nYnys Môn\n2010 (outgoing)\nAberavon\nAberconwy\nAlyn and Deeside\nArfon\nBlaenau Gwent\nBrecon and Radnorshire\nBridgend\nCaerphilly\nCardiff Central\nCardiff North\nCardiff South and Penarth\nCardiff West\nCarmarthen East and Dinefwr\nCarmarthen West and South Pembrokeshire\nCeredigion\nClwyd South\nClwyd West\nCynon Valley\nDelyn\nDwyfor Meirionnydd\nGower\nIslwyn\nLlanelli\nMerthyr Tydfil and Rhymney\nMonmouth\nMontgomeryshire\nNeath\nNewport East\nNewport West\nOgmore\nPontypridd\nPreseli Pembrokeshire\nRhondda\nSwansea East\nSwansea West\nTorfaen\nVale of Clwyd\nVale of Glamorgan\nWrexham\nYnys Môn\n2024 (upcoming)\nAberafan Maesteg\nAlyn and Deeside\nBangor Aberconwy\nBlaenau Gwent and Rhymney\nBrecon, Radnor and Cwm Tawe\nBridgend\nCaerfyrddin\nCaerphilly\nCardiff East\nCardiff North\nCardiff South and Penarth\nCardiff West\nCeredigion Preseli\nClwyd East\nClwyd North\nDwyfor Meirionnydd\nGower\nLlanelli\nMerthyr Tydfil and Aberdare\nMid and South Pembrokeshire\nMonmouthshire\nMontgomeryshire and Glyndŵr\nNeath and Swansea East\nNewport East\nNewport West and Islwyn\nPontypridd\nRhondda and Ogmore\nSwansea West\nTorfaen\nVale of Glamorgan\nWrexham\nYnys Môn\n\n Politics\n United Kingdom\n Wales","title":"Sources"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Stooks Smith, Henry (1845). The Parliaments of England, from 1st George I., to the Present Time. Vol II: Oxfordshire to Wales Inclusive. London: Simpkin, Marshall, & Co. pp. 199–200. Retrieved 5 May 2020 – via Internet Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/parliamentsengl00smitgoog","url_text":"The Parliaments of England, from 1st George I., to the Present Time. Vol II: Oxfordshire to Wales Inclusive"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/parliamentsengl00smitgoog/page/n220","url_text":"199"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Archive","url_text":"Internet Archive"}]},{"reference":"\"Election Talk\". The Spectator. 6 March 1852. p. 6. Retrieved 22 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/6th-march-1852/6/election-talk","url_text":"\"Election Talk\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pembrokeshire (Boroughs)\". Evening Mail. 9 July 1852. pp. 6–7. Retrieved 22 August 2018 – via British Newspaper Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001316/18520709/036/0006","url_text":"\"Pembrokeshire (Boroughs)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Newspaper_Archive","url_text":"British Newspaper Archive"}]},{"reference":"Escott, Margaret. \"Pembroke Boroughs\". The History of Parliament. Retrieved 5 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.histparl.ac.uk/volume/1820-1832/constituencies/pembroke-boroughs","url_text":"\"Pembroke Boroughs\""}]},{"reference":"Craig, F. W. S., ed. (1977). British Parliamentary Election Results 1832-1885 (e-book) (1st ed.). London: Macmillan Press. p. 511. ISBN 978-1-349-02349-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._W._S._Craig","url_text":"Craig, F. W. S."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-02349-3","url_text":"978-1-349-02349-3"}]},{"reference":"\"Pembroke, July 2\". Evening Mail. 5 July 1841. p. 6. Retrieved 13 August 2019 – via British Newspaper Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001316/18410705/063/0006","url_text":"\"Pembroke, July 2\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Newspaper_Archive","url_text":"British Newspaper Archive"}]},{"reference":"\"The General Election\". The Examiner. 15 July 1865. pp. 7–11. Retrieved 14 March 2018 – via British Newspaper Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000054/18650715/004/0011","url_text":"\"The General Election\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Examiner_(1808%E2%80%9386)","url_text":"The Examiner"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Newspaper_Archive","url_text":"British Newspaper Archive"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pembroke_(UK_Parliament_constituency)&action=edit§ion=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/parliamentsengl00smitgoog","external_links_name":"The Parliaments of England, from 1st George I., to the Present Time. Vol II: Oxfordshire to Wales Inclusive"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/parliamentsengl00smitgoog/page/n220","external_links_name":"199"},{"Link":"http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/6th-march-1852/6/election-talk","external_links_name":"\"Election Talk\""},{"Link":"https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001316/18520709/036/0006","external_links_name":"\"Pembrokeshire (Boroughs)\""},{"Link":"http://www.histparl.ac.uk/volume/1820-1832/constituencies/pembroke-boroughs","external_links_name":"\"Pembroke Boroughs\""},{"Link":"https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001316/18410705/063/0006","external_links_name":"\"Pembroke, July 2\""},{"Link":"https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000054/18650715/004/0011","external_links_name":"\"The General Election\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150215181722/http://www.leighrayment.com/commons/Pcommons1.htm","external_links_name":"Leigh Rayment's Historical List of MPs – Constituencies beginning with \"P\" (part 1)"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marianne_Bruns | Marianne Bruns | ["1 Biography","2 Works","2.1 Fiction","2.2 Children's books","2.3 Non-Fiction","3 References"] | German novelist and poet
Marianne Bruns (31 August 1897 – 1 January 1994) was a twentieth-century German novelist and poet.
Biography
Bruns was born in Leipzig. After studying music, she began writing stories for magazines, and then novels.
Starting in 1929, she also became a broadcaster on the German radio, often reading from her poetry on programs designed for women and children. She died in Dresden.
Works
Fiction
Telemachos, Novelle, 1927
Das rechtschaffene Herz, Roman, 1939
Über meinen grünen Garten fliegen die Schwalben, Roman, 1940
Die Tochter der Parze, Roman, 1943
Flugsamen, Roman, 1948
Wiegand der Feuerträger, 1949
Die Spur des namenlosen Malers, 1975 (historical novel about Jerg Ratgeb)
Children's books
Jau und Trine laden ein, 1933
Die Schwedin und die drei Indianer, 1934
Willi und Kamilla. Zwei Kinder wachsen heran, 1935
Das verschwundene Messer, Laienspiel für Kinder, 1949
Non-Fiction
Seliger Kreislauf. Gedichte, 1925
ed.: Jean Paul, Ausgewählte Werke, 1925
Reise durch Schweden, 1926
Die Dioskuren in Olympia. Roman, 1936 (rep in 1937 as: Die Auserwählten. Roman aus Alt-Griechenland)
Tobbys Buch. Eine Theatergeschichte, 1949
Geht Christel Peters zur Bühne? 1951
Uns hebt die Flut, 1952 (about the beginnings of the women's movement)
Glück fällt nicht vom Himmel, 1954
Darüber wächst kein Gras, 1956
Bauer und Richter, 1956
Deutsche Stimmen 1956. Neue Prosa und Lyrik aus Ost und West, 1956
Frau Doktor privat, 1957
Der Junge mit den beiden Namen, 1958
Die Silbergrube, 1959
Das ist Diebstahl, 1960
ed.: Briefe aus Zittau, 1960
Schuldig befunden, 1961
Zwischen Pflicht und Kür, 1962
Hausfrauenbrigade. Eine Szene, 1962
Verständnis für die Neunte, 1962
Die Lichtung, 1965
Der neunte Sohn des Veit Stoß, 1967
Großaufnahme leicht retuschiert, 1972
Zeichen ohne Wunder, 1977
Der grüne Zweig, 1979
Szenenwechsel, 1982
Luftschaukel, 1985
Wiedersehen, 1987
Nahe Ferne, 1989
References
^ Detlev Roth, "Marianne Bruns – Schreiben ist Leben. Pottsdamer BurgerZeitung, 30. June 2008 "Marianne Bruns – Schreiben ist Leben". Archived from the original on 2010-07-08. Retrieved 2013-02-06.
Schriftsteller im Rundfunk - Autorenauftritte im Rundfunk der Weimarer Republik 1924–1932 at the website of the Deutsches Rundfunkarchiv
Freital hat nun auch offiziell eine Marianne-Bruns-Straße, sz-online.de
Marianne Bruns at the website of the city Freital
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
Italy
United States
Czech Republic
Netherlands
Poland
People
Deutsche Biographie
Other
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Marianne Bruns (31 August 1897 – 1 January 1994) was a twentieth-century German novelist and poet.[1]","title":"Marianne Bruns"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leipzig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig"},{"link_name":"Dresden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden"}],"text":"Bruns was born in Leipzig. After studying music, she began writing stories for magazines, and then novels. \nStarting in 1929, she also became a broadcaster on the German radio, often reading from her poetry on programs designed for women and children. She died in Dresden.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jerg Ratgeb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerg_Ratgeb"}],"sub_title":"Fiction","text":"Telemachos, Novelle, 1927\nDas rechtschaffene Herz, Roman, 1939\nÜber meinen grünen Garten fliegen die Schwalben, Roman, 1940\nDie Tochter der Parze, Roman, 1943\nFlugsamen, Roman, 1948\nWiegand der Feuerträger, 1949\nDie Spur des namenlosen Malers, 1975 (historical novel about Jerg Ratgeb)","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Children's books","text":"Jau und Trine laden ein, 1933\nDie Schwedin und die drei Indianer, 1934\nWilli und Kamilla. Zwei Kinder wachsen heran, 1935\nDas verschwundene Messer, Laienspiel für Kinder, 1949","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jean Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Paul"},{"link_name":"Veit Stoß","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veit_Stoss"}],"sub_title":"Non-Fiction","text":"Seliger Kreislauf. Gedichte, 1925\ned.: Jean Paul, Ausgewählte Werke, 1925\nReise durch Schweden, 1926\nDie Dioskuren in Olympia. Roman, 1936 (rep in 1937 as: Die Auserwählten. Roman aus Alt-Griechenland)\nTobbys Buch. Eine Theatergeschichte, 1949\nGeht Christel Peters zur Bühne? 1951\nUns hebt die Flut, 1952 (about the beginnings of the women's movement)\nGlück fällt nicht vom Himmel, 1954\nDarüber wächst kein Gras, 1956\nBauer und Richter, 1956\nDeutsche Stimmen 1956. Neue Prosa und Lyrik aus Ost und West, 1956\nFrau Doktor privat, 1957\nDer Junge mit den beiden Namen, 1958\nDie Silbergrube, 1959\nDas ist Diebstahl, 1960\ned.: Briefe aus Zittau, 1960\nSchuldig befunden, 1961\nZwischen Pflicht und Kür, 1962\nHausfrauenbrigade. Eine Szene, 1962\nVerständnis für die Neunte, 1962\nDie Lichtung, 1965\nDer neunte Sohn des Veit Stoß, 1967\nGroßaufnahme leicht retuschiert, 1972\nZeichen ohne Wunder, 1977\nDer grüne Zweig, 1979\nSzenenwechsel, 1982\nLuftschaukel, 1985\nWiedersehen, 1987\nNahe Ferne, 1989","title":"Works"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Marianne Bruns – Schreiben ist Leben\". Archived from the original on 2010-07-08. Retrieved 2013-02-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100708020851/http://www.potsdamer-buergerzeitung.de/literarisches/marianne_bruns.html","url_text":"\"Marianne Bruns – Schreiben ist Leben\""},{"url":"http://www.potsdamer-buergerzeitung.de/literarisches/marianne_bruns.html","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100708020851/http://www.potsdamer-buergerzeitung.de/literarisches/marianne_bruns.html","external_links_name":"\"Marianne Bruns – Schreiben ist Leben\""},{"Link":"http://www.potsdamer-buergerzeitung.de/literarisches/marianne_bruns.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000108639827","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/3264578","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJf4bH4P3HjqFcFMBgbKh3","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/118674897","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CUBV027016","external_links_name":"Italy"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n86854751","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0019559&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068232861","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810596749505606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118674897.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/128151250","external_links_name":"IdRef"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CcTLDs | Country code top-level domain | ["1 Delegation and management","2 History","3 Lists","3.1 Latin Character ccTLDs","3.2 Internationalized ccTLDs","3.3 Proposed internationalized ccTLDs","4 Relation to ISO 3166-1","4.1 Unused ISO 3166-1 codes","4.2 ASCII ccTLDs not in ISO 3166-1","4.3 Historical ccTLDs","5 Internationalized ccTLDs","6 Generic ccTLDs","7 Unconventional usage","7.1 Commercial use","8 See also","9 References","10 External links"] | Internet top-level domain used by or reserved for a country
"ccTLD" and "cc TLD" redirect here. For the TLD for the Cocos (Keeling) Islands, see .cc.
For a list of TLDs, see List of Internet top-level domains.
A country code top-level domain (ccTLD) is an Internet top-level domain generally used or reserved for a country, sovereign state, or dependent territory identified with a country code. All ASCII ccTLD identifiers are two letters long, and all two-letter top-level domains are ccTLDs.
In 2018, the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) began implementing internationalized country code top-level domains, consisting of language-native characters when displayed in an end-user application. Creation and delegation of ccTLDs is described in RFC 1591, corresponding to ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country codes. While gTLDs have to obey international regulations, ccTLDs are subjected to requirements that are determined by each country's domain name regulation corporation. With over 150 million domain name registrations as of 2022, ccTLDs make up about 40% of the total domain name industry.
Country code extension applications began in 1985. The registered country code extensions in that year included .us (United States), .uk (United Kingdom) and .il (Israel). The registered country code extensions in 1986 included .au (Australia), .de (Germany), .fi (Finland), .fr (France), .is (Iceland), .jp (Japan), .kr (South Korea), .nl (Netherlands) and .se (Sweden). The registered country code extensions in 1987 included .nz (New Zealand), .ch (Switzerland) and .ca (Canada). The registered country code extensions in 1988 included .ie (Ireland) .it (Italy), .es (Spain) and .pt (Portugal). The registered country code extensions in 1989 included .in (India) and .yu (Yugoslavia). In the 1990s, .cn (People's Republic of China) and .ru (Russian Federation) were first registered.
There are 308 delegated ccTLDs. The .cn, .tk, .de, .uk, .nl and .ru ccTLDs contain the highest number of domains. The top ten ccTLDs account for more than five-eighths of registered ccTLD domains. There were about 153 million ccTLD domains registered at the end of March 2022.
Delegation and management
IANA is responsible for determining an appropriate trustee for each ccTLD. Administration and control are then delegated to that trustee, which is responsible for the policies and operation of the domain. The current delegation can be determined from IANA's list of ccTLDs. Individual ccTLDs may have varying requirements and fees for registering subdomains. There may be a local-presence requirement (for instance, citizenship or other connection to the ccTLD), as, for example, the American (us), Japanese (jp), Canadian (ca), French (fr) and German (de) domains, or registration may be open.
History
The first registered ccTLD was .us, which was registered in 1985. Later ccTLDs registered in that year included .uk and .il. Then, .au, .de, .fi, .fr, .is, .jp, .kr, .nl and .se were also registered in 1986. In 1987, .nz, .ch, .my and .ca were registered. Later on, in 1988, .ie, .it, .es and .pt were also registered.
Lists
As of 20 May 2017, there were 255 country-code top-level domains, purely in the Latin alphabet, using two-character codes. The number was 316 as of June 2020, with the addition of internationalized domains.
Latin Character ccTLDs
Table columns – legend
Name
DNS name of the two-letter country-code top-level domain. They follow ISO 3166-1 alpha-2, with some exceptions such as ".ac" for Ascension Island, ".eu" for the European Union, or ".uk" for United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland instead of ".gb". ISO codes bv, bl, mf, sj, gb, and um are not used for country code top-level domains.
Entity
Country, dependency, or region
Explanation
Explanation of the code when it is not self-evident from the English name of the country. These are usually domains that arise from native name of the country (e.g. .de for Deutschland, German language name for Germany).
Notes
General remarks
Registry
Domain name registry operator, sometimes called a network information center (NIC)
IDN
Support for internationalized domain names (IDN)
DNSSEC
Presence of DS records for Domain Name System Security Extensions
SLD
Second level domain; that is, whether names may be registered directly under the TLD
IPv6
Registry fully supports IPv6 access
Overview of Latin-character country-code TLDs
Name
Entity
Explanation (language of origin, if different from English)
Notes
Registry
IDN
DNSSEC
SLD
IPv6
Introduction Date
.ac
Ascension Island (United Kingdom)
Ascension Island
Commonly used for academic websites, such as universities. However, .ac is not to be confused with the official academic domains used by several countries such as the United Kingdom (.ac.uk), India (.ac.in) or Indonesia (.ac.id). Also used in the accounting, consulting, and air-conditioning industries.
Ascension Island Network Information Centre (run by Internet Computer Bureau)
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
19 December 1997
.ad
Andorra
Andorra
Local trademark, trade name or citizenship required.
Nic.ad
No
Yes
Yes
9 January 1996
.ae
United Arab Emirates
United Arab Emirates
.aeDA
No
No
Yes
1 December 1992
.af
Afghanistan
Afghanistan
No
Yes
Yes
16 October 1997
.ag
Antigua and Barbuda
Antigua and Barbuda
Also unofficially used by German businesses (where AG is an abbreviation of Aktiengesellschaft).
No
Yes
Yes
3 September 1991
.ai
Anguilla (United Kingdom)
Anguilla
Also unofficially used by tech companies specializing in AI (Artificial Intelligence).
No
No
Yes
16 February 1995
.al
Albania
Albania
Citizenship no longer required.
No
No
Yes
21 April 1992
.am
Armenia
Armenia
Also unofficially used by AM radio stations, podcasts or related business.
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
26 August 1994
.ao
Angola
Angola
No
No
?
15 November 1995
.aq
Antarctica
Antarctique (French)
Defined by the Antarctic Treaty as everything south of latitude 60°S. AQ domain names are available to government organizations who are signatories to the Antarctic Treaty and to other registrants who have a physical presence in Antarctica. Domain names can be registered and renewed free of charge.
?
No
Yes
?
26 February 1992
.ar
Argentina
Argentina
nic.ar
Spanish
Yes
Yes
Yes
23 September 1987
.as
American Samoa (United States)
American Samoa
In some countries, like Norway and Denmark, "AS" or "A/S" is used as an abbreviation for stock-based or limited companies. Such companies will often make use of the domain. Also unofficially used by the Principality of Asturias, Spain.
Yes
No
Yes
12 June 1997
.at
Austria
Austria
Nic.at
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
20 January 1988
.au
Australia
Australia
Restrictions apply. In general, registrants must have an "Australian presence", and can be registered anywhere between 1 and 5 years. Includes Ashmore and Cartier Islands and Coral Sea Islands. Direct second-level domain registration (marketed as ".au Direct") has been made available commencing 24 March 2022.
auDA
No
Yes
Yes (*From 24 Mar 2022)
Yes
5 March 1986
.aw
Aruba (Kingdom of the Netherlands)
Aruba, West Indies
Restricted to registered Aruban companies, organisations and citizens.
No
Yes
Yes
20 February 1996
.ax
Åland (Finland)
.al and .ad already allocated
No
Yes
Yes
21 June 2006
.az
Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan
Only for Residents. Has no WHOIS-Server.
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
25 August 1993
.ba
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnia and Herzegovina
University of Sarajevo - University tele-informatic Centre https://www.utic.unsa.ba https://www.nic.ba
No
No
Yes
14 August 1996
.bb
Barbados
Barbados
No
No
Yes
3 September 1991
.bd
Bangladesh
Bangladesh
For individuals, registrant must have a valid NID. For companies, registrant must have company or trademark registered in Bangladesh.
Yes
No
Yes
20 May 1999
.be
Belgium
Belgium
Used for YouTube-related domains. Also unofficially used in the Canton of Bern, Switzerland.
DNS Belgium
Latin
Yes
Yes
Yes
5 August 1988 (added to root zone)
.bf
Burkina Faso
Burkina Faso
No
No
Yes
29 March 1993
.bg
Bulgaria
Bulgaria
See also .бг (.bg in Cyrillic) for IDN ccTLD.
Yes
Yes
Yes
3 January 1995
.bh
Bahrain
Bahrain
No
Yes
Yes
1 February 1994
.bi
Burundi
Burundi
No
No
Yes
21 October 1996
.bj
Benin
.be, .bn, and .bi already allocated
No
No
Yes
18 January 1996
.bm
Bermuda (United Kingdom)
Bermuda
Local corporate registration required.
No
Yes
Yes
March 1993
.bn
Brunei
Brunei
No
No
No
3 June 1994
.bo
Bolivia
Bolivia
No
No
Yes
26 February 1991
.bq
Caribbean Netherlands ( Bonaire, Saba, and Sint Eustatius)
.be and .bs already allocated
20 February 2010
.br
Brazil
Brasil (Portuguese)
Restricted. Registration is done under several categories (i.e.: .edu.br for higher education institutions, .gov.br for government agencies, etc.).
Portuguese
Yes
No
18 April 1989
.bs
Bahamas
Bahamas
No
No
Yes
3 September 1991
.bt
Bhutan
Bhutan
Must have local presence in Bhutan, and valid trade license.
No
Yes
No
16 July 1997
.bw
Botswana
Botswana
May also be used for the Province of Walloon Brabant, Wallonia, Belgium.
No
No
Yes
19 March 1993
.by
Belarus
Byelorussia (Russian)
Also unofficially used to denote Bayern (Bavaria), Germany.
No
Yes
Yes
10 May 1994
.bz
Belize
Belize
Also unofficially used in the province of Bozen (or South Tyrol, see .st).
No
Yes
Yes
3 September 1991
.ca
Canada
Canada
Subject to Canadian Presence Requirements. Also unofficially used by some websites in the U.S. state of California.
CIRA
French
Yes
Yes
Yes
14 May 1987
.cc
Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Cocos Islands
Australian territory: not to be confused with Cocos Island in Guam. Currently marketed as global domain, registration allowed worldwide, local presence not required; the domain is currently operated by eNIC, a VeriSign company.
Yes
Yes
Yes
13 October 1997
.cd
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Congo, Democratic Republic
Also unofficially used for Compact disc-related domains.
No
No
Yes
20 August 1997
.cf
Central African Republic
Central African Republic
Was previously used as a free domain service to the public
SOCATEL
Yes
No
Yes
24 April 1996
.cg
Republic of the Congo
Congo
No
No
Yes
14 January 1997
.ch
Switzerland
Confoederatio Helvetica (Latin)
SWITCH
Yes
Yes
Yes
20 May 1987
.ci
Ivory Coast
Côte d'Ivoire (French)
No
No
Yes
14 February 1995
.ck
Cook Islands
Cook Islands
No
No
Yes
8 August 1995
.cl
Chile
Chile
NIC Chile
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
15 December 1987
.cm
Cameroon
Cameroon
A local entity or company in Cameroon is required to register a domain name.
No
No
Yes
29 April 1995
.cn
People's Republic of China
China
A local company in China is required to register a domain name, or for personal registrations a valid Resident Identity Card. See ICP license for more information regarding registrations. Hong Kong and Macau also maintain TLDs.
Also unofficially used for Cartoon Network-related domains.
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
28 November 1990
.co
Colombia
Colombia
Marketed as a global domain. Anyone can register.
No
Yes
Yes
24 December 1991
.cr
Costa Rica
Costa Rica
No
Yes
Yes
10 September 1990
.cu
Cuba
Cuba
No
No
Yes
3 June 1992
.cv
Cape Verde
Cape Verde
Also unofficially used for curriculum vitae-related domains.
No
No
Yes
21 October 1996
.cw
Curaçao (Kingdom of the Netherlands)
Curaçao, West Indies
No
?
20 December 2010
.cx
Christmas Island
Christmas, Xmas
Made infamous from Goatse.cx.
No
Yes
Yes
24 April 1997
.cy
Cyprus
Cyprus
No
Yes
Yes
26 July 1994
.cz
Czech Republic
Czechia
No
Yes
Yes
13 January 1993
.de
Germany
Deutschland (German)
German postal address for administrative contact (admin-c) required. Proxy registrations are allowed.
DENIC
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
5 November 1986
.dj
Djibouti
Djibouti
Also unofficially used by disc jockeys.
No
No
Yes
22 May 1996
.dk
Denmark
Danmark (Danish)
Punktum dk
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
14 July 1987
.dm
Dominica
Dominica
No
No
Yes
3 September 1991
.do
Dominican Republic
Dominican
No
No
Yes
25 August 1991
.dz
Algeria
El Djazair / Dzayer (Arabic)
No
Yes
Yes
3 January 1994
.ec
Ecuador
Ecuador
In Japan, "EC" is used as an acronym for "electronic commerce". Because of that, it's used unofficially by companies dedicated to provide online stores like BASE, a company that has two domains related to e-commerce: "base.in" and "official.ec".
Nic.ec
No
No
Yes
1 February 1991
.ee
Estonia
Eesti (Estonian)
Yes
Yes
Yes
3 June 1992
.eg
Egypt
Egypt
No
No
Yes
30 November 1990
.eh
Western Sahara
Español Sahara (Spanish)
Unassigned.
No
No
No
.er
Eritrea
Eritrea
No
Yes
24 September 1996
.es
Spain
España (Spanish)
Red.es
Yes
Yes
Yes
14 April 1988
.et
Ethiopia
Ethiopia
No
No
No
15 October 1995
.eu
European Union
European Union
Restricted to legal and natural persons in European Union member states. Previously unofficially used for sites in the Basque language, but now .eus is in official use.
EURid
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
28 April 2005
.fi
Finland
Finland
Registration allowed worldwide, local presence not required.
FICORA
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
17 December 1986
.fj
Fiji
Fiji
No
No
Yes
3 June 1992
.fk
Falkland Islands (United Kingdom)
Falkland
No
No
No
26 March 1997
.fm
Federated States of Micronesia
Federated States of Micronesia
Also unofficially used by FM radio stations, podcasts or related business.
Yes
Yes
Yes
19 April 1995
.fo
Faroe Islands (Kingdom of Denmark)
Føroyar (Faroese)
FO Council
No
Yes
Yes
14 May 1993
.fr
France
France
Restricted to individuals and companies in European Union, Switzerland, Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein.
AFNIC
Yes
Yes
Yes
2 September 1986
.ga
Gabon
Gabon
Must have presence in Gabon or justify any other direct or indirect link with Gabon. Geographical names and names associated with public/government entities prohibited.
Was previously used as a free domain service to the public
ANINF
Yes
No
Yes
12 December 1994
.gd
Grenada
Grenada
No
Yes
Yes
3 June 1992
.ge
Georgia
Georgia
Available for registration for residents of Georgia (unlimited) or for foreign companies via representation of any local legal person (one domain name per registrant).
No
No
Yes
2 December 1992
.gf
French Guiana (France)
Guyane Française (French)
No
No
25 July 1996
.gg
Guernsey
.gu, .gs, and .gy already allocated
Also unofficially used by video game-related websites (see GG (gaming)).
Island Networks Ltd.
Yes
Yes
Yes
7 August 1996
.gh
Ghana
Ghana
No
No
No
19 January 1995
.gi
Gibraltar (United Kingdom)
Gibraltar
No
Yes
Yes
5 December 1995
.gl
Greenland (Kingdom of Denmark)
Greenland
Previously also unofficially used in Galicia, Spain, but .gal has now been approved for such use and was implemented in mid-2014.
No
Yes
Yes
8 April 1994
.gm
The Gambia
Gambia
Domain name should match the domain owner's name or trademarks. Common nouns are blocked.
No
No
Yes
28 March 1997
.gn
Guinea
Guinea
A local contact is required.
No
Yes
No
9 August 1994
.gp
Guadeloupe (France)
Guadeloupe
Still used for Saint-Barthélemy and Saint-Martin.
No
No
Yes
21 October 1996
.gq
Equatorial Guinea
Guinée équatoriale (French)
Was previously used as a free domain service to the public
GETESA
Yes
No
10 July 1997
.gr
Greece
Greece
Yes
Yes
Yes
19 February 1989
.gs
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (United Kingdom)
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
No
Yes
Yes
31 July 1997
.gt
Guatemala
Guatemala
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
14 August 1992
.gu
Guam (United States)
Guam
No
No
No
15 April 1994
.gw
Guinea-Bissau
Gine-Bisaawo (Fula)
No
Yes
Yes
4 February 1997
.gy
Guyana
Guyana
No
Yes
Yes
13 September 1994
.hk
Hong Kong
Hong Kong
Yes
Yes
Yes
3 January 1990
.hm
Heard Island and McDonald Islands
Heard Island and McDonald Islands
Unused for its intended purposes (islands are uninhabited and government sites instead use .aq); registry open to the public.
No
No
Yes
24 July 1997
.hn
Honduras
Honduras
No
Yes
Yes
16 April 1993
.hr
Croatia
Hrvatska (Serbo-Croatian)
No
Yes
Yes
27 February 1993 (in root zone)March 1993
.ht
Haiti
Haiti
Yes
No
Yes
6 March 1997
.hu
Hungary
Hungary
Limited to citizens of the European Union or entities established by law within the territory of the EU.
Yes
Yes
Yes
7 November 1990
.id
Indonesia
Indonesia
Restricted to Indonesian companies (co.id), organisations (or.id), academic (ac.id & sch.id) and citizens (biz.id, my.id & web.id). Second-level domains are becoming available now and opened to general registration on 17 August 2014.
PANDI
Yes
Yes
Yes
27 February 1993
.ie
Ireland
Ireland
In 2002, registration was expanded to include persons or businesses with a "real and substantive" connection with the island of Ireland (including Northern Ireland).
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
27 January 1988
.il
Israel
Israel
Yes
Yes
Yes
24 October 1985
.im
Isle of Man
Isle of Man
No
No
Yes
11 September 1996
.in
India
India
Under INRegistry since April 2005 (except for gov.in, nic.in, mil.in, ac.in, edu.in, and res.in).
NIXI
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
8 May 1989
.io
British Indian Ocean Territory (United Kingdom)
Indian Ocean
Used unofficially by technology companies, startups, and web applications as IO can be an acronym for "input/output" that is useful for domain hacks.
NIC.IO (run by Internet Computer Bureau)
Yes
Yes
Yes
16 September 1997
.iq
Iraq
Iraq
No
Partial
Yes
9 May 1997 (in root zone)
.ir
Iran
Iran
IRNIC
Yes
No
Yes
6 April 1994
.is
Iceland
Ísland (Icelandic)
Also unofficially used and marketed as a domain hack (for example it.is, that.is, etc.).
ISNIC
Yes
Yes
Yes
18 November 1987
.it
Italy
Italy
Restricted to companies and individuals in the European Union.
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
23 December 1987 (in root zone)1 January 1988 (fully active)
.je
Jersey
Jersey
Island Networks Ltd.
Yes
No
Yes
8 August 1996
.jm
Jamaica
Jamaica
No
No
No
24 September 1991
.jo
Jordan
Jordan
No
Yes
23 November 1994 (in root zone)
.jp
Japan
Japan
Restricted to individuals or companies with a physical address in Japan.
Japan Registry Services
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
5 August 1986
.ke
Kenya
Kenya
No
No
No
29 April 1993
.kg
Kyrgyzstan
Kyrgyzstan
No
Yes
Yes
12 July 1995
.kh
Cambodia
Khmer
No
No
No
20 February 1996
.ki
Kiribati
Kiribati
No
Yes
Yes
19 April 1995
.km
Comoros
Komori (Comorian)
No
No
Yes
8 June 1998
.kn
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Kitts and Nevis
No
No
Yes
3 September 1991
.kp
North Korea
Korea, Democratic People's Republic
Restricted to companies, organizations, or government entities based in North Korea. Despite this, few domains are actually registered because of internet censorship in North Korea.
No
No
No
No
24 September 2007
.kr
South Korea
Korea, Republic
Yes
Yes
Yes
29 September 1986
.kw
Kuwait
Kuwait
Yes
No
26 October 1992
.ky
Cayman Islands (United Kingdom)
.ci and .cy already allocated
No
Yes
Yes
3 May 1995
.kz
Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan
"A prerequisite for server hardware is its physical location on the territory of the Republic of
Kazakhstan."
KAZNIC
Yes
No
Yes
19 September 1994
.la
Laos
Laos
Currently being marketed as the unofficial domain for Los Angeles.
Yes
Yes
14 May 1996
.lb
Lebanon
Lebanon
Restricted to registration with companies in Lebanon.
Yes
No
25 August 1993
.lc
Saint Lucia
Saint Lucia
Yes
Yes
3 September 1991
.li
Liechtenstein
Liechtenstein
Also unofficially used by entities on Long Island, New York or people with the last name Li. In Russian, li can be used to create domain names that mean a verb with a past tense plural ending li .
SWITCH
Yes
Yes
Yes
26 February 1993
.lk
Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka
Yes
Yes
Yes
15 June 1990
.lr
Liberia
Liberia
Partial
No
9 April 1997
.ls
Lesotho
Lesotho
No
No
13 January 1993
.lt
Lithuania
Lithuania
Yes
Yes
Yes
3 June 1992
.lu
Luxembourg
Luxembourg
Also unofficially used in Lucerne, Switzerland.
Yes
Yes
Yes
27 January 1995
.lv
Latvia
Latvia
IMCS UL
Yes
Yes
Yes
29 April 1993
.ly
Libya
Libya
Used unofficially as a domain hack for words ending in -ly.
Yes
Yes
23 April 1997
.ma
Morocco
Maroc (French)
Partial
Yes
26 November 1993
.mc
Monaco
Monaco
Only for companies with a trademark registered in Monaco.
Yes
Yes
20 January 1995
.md
Moldova
Moldova
Restricted to individuals or companies with a physical address in Moldova.
Yes
Yes
24 March 1994
.me
Montenegro
Montenegro
Also unofficially used and marketed as a domain hack (for example love.me, meet.me, etc.).
Yes
Yes
24 September 2007
.mg
Madagascar
Madagascar
Restricted to registration with companies in Madagascar.
NIC-MG
No
Yes
25 July 1995
.mh
Marshall Islands
Marshall
Inactive.
No
16 August 1996
.mk
North Macedonia
Makedonija (Serbo-Croatian)
Restricted to individuals and companies in European Union.
No
Yes
23 September 1993
.ml
Mali
Mali
Was previously used as a free domain service to the public
AGETIC
Yes
No
Yes
29 September 1993
.mm
Myanmar
Myanmar
No
No
4 February 1997
.mn
Mongolia
Mongolia
The second-level domains .gov.mn, .org.mn, and .edu.mn are reserved for special use. See .mn for more information.
Yes
Yes
2 March 1995
.mo
Macau
Macao
Registrants must have a registered business in Macau, with the same name as the domain they wish to register.
No
Yes
17 September 1992
.mp
Northern Mariana Islands (United States)
Marianas Pacific
No
Yes
22 October 1996
.mq
Martinique (France)
Martinique (French)
No
No
28 March 1997
.mr
Mauritania
Mauritania
Yes
Yes
24 April 1996
.ms
Montserrat (United Kingdom)
Montserrat
Also unofficially used for Microsoft-related domains.
No
Yes
6 March 1997
.mt
Malta
Malta
No
No
2 December 1992
.mu
Mauritius
Mauritius
No
Yes
6 October 1995
.mv
Maldives
Maldives
No
Yes
25 September 1996
.mw
Malawi
Malawi
No
Yes
3 January 1997
.mx
Mexico
Mexico
Yes
Yes
1 February 1989
.my
Malaysia
Malaysia
Restricted to registration by individuals or companies in Malaysia.
MYNIC
Yes
Yes
Yes
8 June 1987
.mz
Mozambique
Mozambique
No
No
4 September 1992
.na
Namibia
Namibia
Yes
Yes
8 May 1991
.nc
New Caledonia (France)
New Caledonia
Restricted to companies that have a New Caledonian Business Registration Certificate or individuals living in New Caledonia for at least 6 months.
Yes
Yes
13 October 1993
.ne
Niger
Niger
No
Yes
24 April 1996
.nf
Norfolk Island
Norfolk
Yes
Yes
18 March 1996
.ng
Nigeria
Nigeria
No
Yes
15 March 1995
.ni
Nicaragua
Nicaragua
No
No
13 October 1989
.nl
Netherlands
Netherlands
First active country-code domain outside the US.
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
25 April 1986
.no
Norway
Norway
Businesses and professionals must be registered as an approved type of organization in the Brønnøysund Register Centre. Individual applicants must be of age (18 years) and be registered in Folkeregisteret. All applicants must have a Norwegian postal address.
Norid
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
17 March 1987
.np
Nepal
Nepal
All .np domains are free to register for individuals and registered businesses. Foreign businesses must provide proof of local presence in Nepal.
No
No
25 January 1995
.nr
Nauru
Nauru
Was previously used as a free domain service to the public as co.nr.
No
Yes
30 March 1998
.nu
Niue
Niue
Commonly used by Danish, Dutch, and Swedish websites, as in their respective languages "nu" means "now".
The Swedish Internet Foundation
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
20 June 1997
.nz
New Zealand
New Zealand
Māori
Yes
Yes
Yes
19 January 1987
.om
Oman
Oman
Registrant must have company or trademark registered in Oman as well as a local administrative contact.
No
No
11 April 1996
.pa
Panama
Panama
Some use in Pennsylvania.
No
No
25 May 1994
.pe
Peru
Peru
Also unofficially used for Private Equity-related businesses.
Yes
Yes
Yes
25 November 1991
.pf
French Polynesia (France)
Polynésie française (French)
With Clipperton Island.
No
Yes
19 March 1996
.pg
Papua New Guinea
Papua New Guinea
No
No
26 September 1991
.ph
Philippines
Philippines
Yes
Yes
14 September 1990
.pk
Pakistan
Pakistan
Operated by PKNIC since 1992.
No
Yes
3 June 1992
.pl
Poland
Poland
Yes
Yes
Yes
30 July 1990
.pm
Saint-Pierre and Miquelon (France)
Saint Pierre and Miquelon
Restricted to individuals and companies in European Union, Switzerland, Norway, Iceland, and Liechtenstein.
AFNIC
Yes
Yes
20 August 1997
.pn
Pitcairn Islands (United Kingdom)
Pitcairn
As a part of a marketing campaign, Lionsgate used the TLD for some (now defunct) sites related to The Hunger Games franchise, presenting it as the "official" country code of the fictional nation of Panem; notable sites included thecapitol.pn and revolution.pn.
No
Yes
10 July 1997
.pr
Puerto Rico (United States)
Puerto Rico
Yes
Yes
27 August 1989
.ps
Palestine
Palestine
Jerusalem, West Bank and Gaza Strip.
No
Yes
22 March 2000
.pt
Portugal
Portugal
Portuguese
Yes
Yes
Yes
30 June 1988
.pw
Palau
Pelew (archaic English spelling)
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
12 June 1997
.py
Paraguay
Paraguay
No
No
9 September 1991
.qa
Qatar
Qatar
No
No
12 June 1996
.re
Réunion (France)
Réunion
Restricted to individuals and companies in European Union, Switzerland, Norway, Iceland, and Liechtenstein.
AFNIC
Yes
Yes
Yes
7 April 1997
.ro
Romania
Romania
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
26 February 1993
.rs
Serbia
Republika Srbija (Serbo-Croatian)
See also .срб (.srb in Cyrillic). Also unofficially used for Rust (programming language)-related domains.
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
24 September 2007 (in root zone)10 March 2008 (registrations)
.ru
Russia
Russia
See also .su, still in use, and .рф, for IDN.
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
7 April 1994
.rw
Rwanda
Rwanda
RICTA
No
Yes
21 October 1996
.sa
Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia
Registrant must have a registered trademark in Saudi Arabia matching the domain name to register or provide company incorporation documents of a company in Saudi Arabia or for personal registrations a copy of valid ID. A letter on the official letterhead of your organization addressed to SaudiNIC requesting the domain name registration is also required. Local administrative contact required. 2LD registrations rolled out in 2011.
Arabic
Yes
Yes
Yes
17 May 1994
.sb
Solomon Islands
Solomon Islands, British
Yes
No
19 April 1994
.sc
Seychelles
Seychelles
Also unofficially used for Snapchat-related domains.
Yes
Yes
9 May 1997
.sd
Sudan
Sudan
No
Yes
6 March 1997
.se
Sweden
Sverige (Swedish)
The Swedish Internet Foundation
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
4 September 1986
.sg
Singapore
Singapore
Also unofficially used in the Canton of St. Gallen, Switzerland.
Yes
Yes
19 October 1988
.sh
Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha (United Kingdom)
Saint Helena
Also unofficially used by Canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland
NIC.SH (run by Internet Computer Bureau)
Yes
Yes
Yes
23 September 1997
.si
Slovenia
Slovenia
Yes
Yes
Yes
1 April 1992
.sk
Slovakia
Slovensko (Slovak)
Restricted to individuals and companies in European Union, Switzerland, Norway, Iceland, and Liechtenstein.
Yes
Yes
Yes
29 March 1993
.sl
Sierra Leone
Sierra Leone
No
Yes
9 May 1997
.sm
San Marino
San Marino
Domain name must be same as company name or trademark.
No
Yes
16 August 1995
.sn
Senegal
Senegal
Registration allowed for companies only. Individuals are not allowed to register.
Yes
Yes
19 March 1993
.so
Somalia
Somalia
Relaunched on 1 November 2010.
SONIC
No
No
Yes
28 August 1997
.sr
Suriname
Suriname
No
Yes
3 September 1991
.ss
South Sudan
South Sudan
Yes
10 August 2011 (allocated)2 February 2019 (root zone)
.st
São Tomé and Príncipe
São Tomé
Also unofficially used in South Tyrol (or province of Bozen, see .bz) and Styria.
Yes
No
Yes
7 November 1997
.su
Soviet Union
Soviet Union
Still in use. Also unofficially used by Student Unions.
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
19 September 1990
.sv
El Salvador
Salvador
No
No
4 November 1994
.sx
Sint Maarten (Kingdom of the Netherlands)
.sm, .ma, and .mt already allocated; airport code is SXM.
CIRA
Yes
No
20 December 2010
.sy
Syria
Syria
No
Yes
20 February 1996
.sz
Eswatini
Swaziland
Registration is restricted to Eswatini organizations with Eswatini Trading Licenses.
No
No
19 July 1993
.tc
Turks and Caicos Islands (United Kingdom)
Turks and Caicos
Also marketed in Turkey. The official abbreviation of 'Türkiye Cumhuriyeti' (Republic of Turkey) is TC.
No
Yes
27 January 1997
.td
Chad
Tchad (French)
Available for registration to entities connected with Chad only.
No
Yes
3 November 1997
.tf
French Southern and Antarctic Lands
Terres australes et antarctiques françaises (French)
Seldom used. Restricted to individuals and companies in European Union, Switzerland, Norway, Iceland, and Liechtenstein. The domain also sees frequent use for community-run sites related to the video game Team Fortress 2.
AFNIC
Yes
Yes
Yes
26 August 1997
.tg
Togo
Togo
No
Yes
5 September 1996
.th
Thailand
Thai
Yes
Yes
No
7 September 1988
.tj
Tajikistan
Tajik
No
Yes
11 December 1997
.tk
Tokelau
Tokelau
Was previously used as a free domain service to the public
Dot TK
Yes
No
Yes
7 November 1997
.tl
East Timor
Timor-Leste
Previous code .tp has been deactivated since 2015.
Yes
Yes
23 March 2005
.tm
Turkmenistan
Turkmen
Yes
Yes
Yes
30 May 1997
.tn
Tunisia
Tunisia
Official ccTLDs (country code top-level domains) of Tunisia.
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
17 May 1991
.to
Tonga
Tonga
Often used unofficially for Torrent, Turin (Torino in Italian), Toronto, Tokyo, or Tocantins, and also as a domain hack in Slavic languages (to meaning it).
Yes
No
Yes
18 December 1995
.tr
Turkey
Turkey
.ct.tr and .nc.tr used by Northern Cyprus.
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
17 September 1990
.tt
Trinidad and Tobago
Trinidad and Tobago
Yes
Yes
3 September 1991
.tv
Tuvalu
Tuvalu
Used as an abbreviation of television, the domain is currently operated by dotTV, a VeriSign company; the Tuvalu government owns twenty percent of the company.
Yes
Yes
18 March 1996
.tw
Taiwan
Taiwan
Registration allowed worldwide, local presence not required. In line with ISO 3166-1, IANA's official position is that "TW" is "designated for use to represent Taiwan, Province of China".
Yes
Yes
Yes
31 July 1989
.tz
Tanzania
Tanzania
TLD registrations allowed as of July 2022, no local presence in Tanzania required.
TCRA
Yes
No
14 July 1995
.ua
Ukraine
Ukraina
Registrations in TLD are restricted to trademark holders only; SLD registrations are open
Hostmaster Ltd.
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
1 December 1992
.ug
Uganda
Uganda
Uganda Online Ltd.
Yes
Yes
8 March 1995
.uk
United Kingdom
United Kingdom
The ISO 3166-1 code for the United Kingdom is GB (for Great Britain). UK is a specially reserved ISO 3166-1 code. However, the creation of the .uk TLD predates the ISO 3166-1 list of ccTLD and is the primary TLD for the United Kingdom.
Nominet UK
Yes
Yes
Yes
24 July 1985
.us
United States of America
United States
Registrants must be United States citizens, residents, or organizations, or a foreign entity with a presence in the United States. Formerly commonly used by U.S. State and local governments; see also .gov TLD.
Go Daddy
Yes
Yes
15 February 1985
.uy
Uruguay
Uruguay
2LD rollout began on 10 July 2012.
Yes
Yes
10 September 1990
.uz
Uzbekistan
Uzbekistan
Uzinfocom
Yes
Yes
29 April 1995
.va
Vatican City
Vatican
Limited to the official sites of the Holy See (including those of the Vatican City State).
No
No
11 September 1995 (root zone)
.vc
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Vincent
Partial
Yes
3 September 1991
.ve
Venezuela
Venezuela
Registration is at the third level.
Yes
No
7 March 1991
.vg
British Virgin Islands (United Kingdom)
Virgin Islands
No
Yes
20 February 1997
.vi
United States Virgin Islands (United States)
Virgin Islands
No
Yes
31 August 1995
.vn
Vietnam
Viet Nam (Vietnamese)
Yes
Yes
Yes
14 April 1994
.vu
Vanuatu
Vanuatu
Yes
Yes
10 April 1995
.wf
Wallis and Futuna
Wallis and Futuna
Restricted to individuals and companies in European Union, Switzerland, Norway, Iceland, and Liechtenstein.
AFNIC
Yes
Yes
Yes
14 November 1997
.ws
Samoa
Western Samoa
Marketed for use in general websites.
Yes
Yes
Yes
14 July 1995
.ye
Yemen
Yemen
No
No
19 August 1996
.yt
Mayotte
Mayotte
Restricted to individuals and companies in European Union, Switzerland, Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein. Also unofficially used for YouTube-related domains.
AFNIC
Yes
Yes
Yes
17 November 1997
.za
South Africa
Zuid-Afrika (Dutch)
.za derives from the Dutch name of the country, even though Dutch is no longer an official language of South Africa.
ZA Domain Name Authority
Yes
Yes
7 November 1990
.zm
Zambia
Zambia
No
Yes
25 March 1994
.zw
Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe
No
No
6 November 1991
Table Notes
^ 17 November 2009, Spanish-Portuguese specific characters (á, â, ã, à, é, ê, í, ó, ô, õ, ú, ü, ñ, ç) allowed, as approved by law.
^ Mostly latin characters (à á â ã ä å æ ç è é ê ë ì í î ï ð ñ ò ó ô õ ö ø ù ú û ü ý þ ÿ œ š ž), see
^ Currently not allowed, but some higher-learning institutions were grandfathered-in.
^ Since March 2004, see
^ Since July 1st, 2020
^ IDN not adopted due to lack of public and corporate interest
^ 93 non-ASCII characters, see
^ 1 January 2004, support æ, ø, å, ö, ä, ü, & é: see
^ Estonian domain names to incorporate diacritics (IDN) starting from 13 June 2011
^ Supported characters: Latin, Greek, & Cyrillic; see
^ September 2005, supported characters: š, ž, å, ä, ö and Sami language; see
^ a b c d e f g (6 December 2011)
^ Support for Greek characters since July 2005; see
^ a b c d Delegation Signer (DS) record in a root zone has not yet been published.
^ October 2003, for Swedish characters, summer 2007 also for Finnish, Meänkieli, Romani, Sami, and Yiddish; see
^ Since October 2010, see
^ (28 April 2008) see
^ 14 November 2006; see
^ 21 July 2015; see
^ Traditional Chinese characters: see
^ IDN domain names available in some .UA subdomains since June 2012
^ .UA secure delegations available since October 2019
^ Restricted to ISPs and other undefined entities. See .zm .
Internationalized ccTLDs
Internationalized country code top-level domains
DNS name
IDN ccTLD
Country/Region
Language
Script
Transliteration
Comments
Other ccTLD
DNSSEC
xn--lgbbat1ad8j
.الجزائر
Algeria
Arabic
Arabic (Arabic)
al-Jazā'ir
.dz
No
xn--y9a3aq
.հայ
Armenia
Armenian
Armenian
hay
.am
Yes
xn--mgbcpq6gpa1a
.البحرين
Bahrain
Arabic
Arabic
al-Baḥrain
Not in use
.bh
Yes
xn--54b7fta0cc
.বাংলা
Bangladesh
Bengali
Bengali
Bangla
.bd
No
xn--90ais
.бел
Belarus
Belarusian
Cyrillic
bel
.by
Yes
xn--90ae
.бг
Bulgaria
Bulgarian
Cyrillic
bg
.bg
Yes
xn--fiqs8s
.中国
China
Chinese
Chinese (Simplified)
Zhōngguó
.cn
Yes
xn--fiqz9s
.中國
China
Chinese
Chinese (Traditional)
Zhōngguó
.cn
Yes
xn--wgbh1c
.مصر
Egypt
Arabic
Arabic (Arabic)
Miṣr / Maṣr
.eg
Yes
xn--e1a4c
.ею
European Union
Bulgarian
Cyrillic
eyu
.eu
Yes
xn--qxa6a
.ευ
European Union
Greek
Greek
ey
In use since 2022
.eu
Yes
xn--node
.გე
Georgia
Georgian
Georgian (Mkhedruli)
GE
.ge
No
xn--qxam
.ελ
Greece
Greek
Greek
el
In use since July 2018
.gr
Yes
xn--j6w193g
.香港
Hong Kong
Chinese
Chinese (Simplified and Traditional)
Hoeng1 gong2 / Xiānggǎng
.hk
Yes
xn--h2brj9c
.भारत
India
Hindi
Devanagari
Bhārat
Became available 27 August 2014
.in
Yes
xn--mgbbh1a71e
.بھارت
India
Urdu
Arabic (Urdu)
Bhārat
Became available 2017
.in
Yes
xn--fpcrj9c3d
.భారత్
India
Telugu
Telugu
Bhārat
Became available 2017
.in
Yes
xn--gecrj9c
.ભારત
India
Gujarati
Gujarati
Bhārat
Became available 2017
.in
Yes
xn--s9brj9c
.ਭਾਰਤ
India
Punjabi
Gurmukhī
Bhārat
Became available 2017
.in
Yes
xn--xkc2dl3a5ee0h
.இந்தியா
India
Tamil
Tamil
Intiyā
Became available 2015
.in
Yes
xn--45brj9c
.ভারত
India
Bengali
Bengali
Bharôt
Became available 2017
.in
Yes
xn--2scrj9c
.ಭಾರತ
India
Kannada
Kannada
Bhārata
Became available 2020
.in
Yes
xn--rvc1e0am3e
.ഭാരതം
India
Malayalam
Malayalam
Bhāratam
Became available 2020
.in
Yes
xn--45br5cyl
.ভাৰত
India
Assamese
Bengali
Bharatam
Became available 2022
.in
Yes
xn--3hcrj9c
.ଭାରତ
India
Oriya
Oriya
Bhārat
Became available 2021
.in
Yes
xn--mgbbh1a
.بارت
India
Kashmiri
Arabic (Kashmiri)
Bārat
Became available 2022
.in
Yes
xn--h2breg3eve
.भारतम्
India
Sanskrit
Devanagari
Bhāratam
Became available 2022
.in
Yes
xn--h2brj9c8c
.भारोत
India
Santali
Devanagari
Bharot
Became available 2022
.in
Yes
xn--mgbgu82a
.ڀارت
India
Sindhi
Arabic (Sindhi)
Bhārat
Became available 2022
.in
Yes
xn--mgba3a4f16a
.ایران
Iran
Persian
Arabic (Persian)
Īrān
.ir
No
xn--mgbtx2b
.عراق
Iraq
Arabic
Arabic (Arabic)
ʿIrāq
Not in use
.iq
No
xn--4dbrk0ce
.ישראל
Israel
Hebrew
Hebrew
Israel
Became available 2022
.il
Yes
xn--mgbayh7gpa
.الاردن
Jordan
Arabic
Arabic (Arabic)
al-Urdun
.jo
No
xn--80ao21a
.қаз
Kazakhstan
Kazakh
Cyrillic (Kazakh)
qaz
.kz
No
xn--q7ce6a
.ລາວ
Laos
Lao
Lao
Lao
Became available 2020
.la
Yes
xn--mix082f
.澳门
Macao
Chinese
Chinese (Simplified)
Ou3 mun4 / Àomén
Not in use
.mo
No
xn--mix891f
.澳門
Macao
Chinese
Chinese (Traditional)
Ou3 mun4 / Àomén
Became available 2020
.mo
No
xn--mgbx4cd0ab
.مليسيا
Malaysia
Malay
Arabic (Jawi)
Malaysīyā
.my
Yes
xn--mgbah1a3hjkrd
.موريتانيا
Mauritania
Arabic
Arabic (Arabic)
Mūrītāniyā
.mr
Yes
xn--l1acc
.мон
Mongolia
Mongolian
Cyrillic (Mongolian)
mon
.mn
Yes
xn--mgbc0a9azcg
.المغرب
Morocco
Arabic
Arabic (Arabic)
al-Maġrib
.ma
No
xn--d1alf
.мкд
North Macedonia
Macedonian
Cyrillic (Macedonian)
mkd
.mk
No
xn--mgb9awbf
.عمان
Oman
Arabic
Arabic (Arabic)
ʿUmān
.om
No
xn--mgbai9azgqp6j
.پاکستان
Pakistan
Urdu
Arabic (Urdu)
Pākistān
.pk
Yes
xn--ygbi2ammx
.فلسطين
Palestinian Authority
Arabic
Arabic (Arabic)
Filasṭīn
.ps
No
xn--wgbl6a
.قطر
Qatar
Arabic
Arabic (Arabic)
Qaṭar
.qa
No
xn--p1ai
.рф
Russia
Russian
Cyrillic (Russian)
rf
.ru
Yes
xn--mgberp4a5d4ar
.السعودية
Saudi Arabia
Arabic
Arabic (Arabic)
as-Suʿūdīya
.sa
Yes
xn--90a3ac
.срб
Serbia
Serbian
Cyrillic (Serbian)
srb
.rs
Yes
xn--yfro4i67o
.新加坡
Singapore
Chinese
Chinese (Simplified and Traditional)
Xīnjiāpō
.sg
Yes
xn--clchc0ea0b2g2a9gcd
.சிங்கப்பூர்
Singapore
Tamil
Tamil
Cinkappūr
.sg
Yes
xn--3e0b707e
.한국
South Korea
Korean
Hangul
Han-guk
.kr
Yes
xn--fzc2c9e2c
.ලංකා
Sri Lanka
Sinhala
Sinhala
Lanka
.lk
No
xn--xkc2al3hye2a
.இலங்கை
Sri Lanka
Tamil
Tamil
Ilaṅkai
.lk
No
xn--mgbpl2fh
.سودان
Sudan
Arabic
Arabic (Arabic)
Sūdān
.sd
No
xn--ogbpf8fl
.سورية
Syria
Arabic
Arabic (Arabic)
Sūriyya
.sy
No
xn--kprw13d
.台湾
Taiwan
Chinese
Chinese (Simplified)
Táiwān
.tw
Yes
xn--kpry57d
.台灣
Taiwan
Chinese
Chinese (Traditional)
Táiwān
.tw
Yes
xn--o3cw4h
.ไทย
Thailand
Thai
Thai
Thai
.th
Yes
xn--pgbs0dh
.تونس
Tunisia
Arabic
Arabic (Arabic)
Tūnis
.tn
Yes
xn--j1amh
.укр
Ukraine
Ukrainian
Cyrillic (Ukrainian)
ukr
.ua
No
xn--mgbaam7a8h
.امارات
United Arab Emirates
Arabic
Arabic (Arabic)
Imārāt
.ae
No
xn--mgb2ddes
.اليمن
Yemen
Arabic
Arabic (Arabic)
al-Yaman
Not delegated
.ye
No
Table notes
Proposed internationalized ccTLDs
Main article: Proposed top-level domain § Internationalized country code top-level domains
Internationalised domain names have been proposed for Japan and Libya.
Relation to ISO 3166-1
The IANA is not in the business of deciding what is and what is not a country. The selection of the ISO 3166 list as a basis for country code top-level domain names was made with the knowledge that ISO has a procedure for determining which entities should be and should not be on that list.— Jon Postel, RFC 1591
Unused ISO 3166-1 codes
Almost all current ISO 3166-1 codes have been assigned and do exist in DNS.
However, some of these are effectively unused. In particular, the ccTLDs for the Norwegian dependency Bouvet Island (bv) and the designation Svalbard and Jan Mayen (sj) do exist in DNS, but no subdomains have been assigned, and it is Norid policy to not assign any at present. Two French territories—bl (Saint Barthélemy) and mf (Saint Martin)—still await local assignment by France's government.
The code eh, although eligible as ccTLD for Western Sahara, has never been assigned and does not exist in DNS. Only one subdomain is still registered in gb (ISO 3166-1 for the United Kingdom), and no new registrations are being accepted for it. Sites in the United Kingdom generally useuk (see below).
The former .um ccTLD for the U.S. Minor Outlying Islands was removed in April 2008. Under RFC 1591 rules, .um is eligible as a ccTLD on request by the relevant governmental agency and local Internet user community.
ASCII ccTLDs not in ISO 3166-1
Several ASCII ccTLDs are in use that are not ISO 3166-1 two-letter codes. Some of these codes were specified in older versions of the ISO list.
uk (United Kingdom): The ISO 3166-1 code for the United Kingdom is GB. However, the JANET network had already selected uk as a top-level identifier for its pre-existing Name Registration Scheme, and this was incorporated into the DNS root. gb was assigned with the intention of a transition, but this never occurred and the use of uk is now entrenched.
su This obsolete ISO 3166 code for the Soviet Union was assigned when the Soviet Union still existed; moreover, new su registrations are accepted.
ac (Ascension Island): This code is a vestige of IANA's decision in 1996 to allow the use of codes reserved in the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 reserve list for use by the Universal Postal Union. The decision was later reversed, with Ascension Island now the sole outlier. (Three other ccTLDs, gg (Guernsey), im (Isle of Man) and je (Jersey) also fell under this category from 1996 until they received corresponding ISO 3166 codes in March 2006.)
eu (European Union): On September 25, 2000, ICANN decided to allow the use of any two-letter code in the ISO 3166-1 reserve list that is reserved for all purposes. Only EU currently meets this criterion. Following a decision by the EU's Council of Telecommunications Ministers in March 2002, progress was slow, but a registry (named EURid) was chosen by the European Commission, and criteria for allocation set: ICANN approved eu as a ccTLD, and it opened for registration on 7 December 2005 for the holders of prior rights. Since 7 April 2006, registration is open to all in the European Economic Area.
Historical ccTLDs
ccTLDs may be removed if that country ceases to exist. There are three ccTLDs that have been deleted after the corresponding 2-letter code was withdrawn from ISO 3166-1: cs (for Czechoslovakia), zr (for Zaire) and tp (for East Timor). There may be a significant delay between withdrawal from ISO 3166-1 and deletion from the DNS; for example, ZR ceased to be an ISO 3166-1 code in 1997, but the zr ccTLD was not deleted until 2001. Other ccTLDs corresponding to obsolete ISO 3166-1 codes have not yet been deleted. In some cases they may never be deleted due to the amount of disruption this would cause for a heavily used ccTLD. In particular, the Soviet Union's ccTLD su remains in use more than twenty years after SU was removed from ISO 3166-1.
The historical country codes dd for the German Democratic Republic and yd for South Yemen were eligible for a ccTLD, but not allocated; see also de and ye.
The temporary reassignment of country code cs (Serbia and Montenegro) until its split into rs and me (Serbia and Montenegro, respectively) led to some controversies about the stability of ISO 3166-1 country codes, resulting in a second edition of ISO 3166-1 in 2007 with a guarantee that retired codes will not be reassigned for at least 50 years, and the replacement of RFC 3066 by RFC 4646 for country codes used in language tags in 2006.
The previous ISO 3166-1 code for Yugoslavia, YU, was removed by ISO on 23 July 2003, but the yu ccTLD remained in operation. Finally, after a two-year transition to Serbian rs and Montenegrin me, the .yu domain was phased out in March 2010.
Australia was originally assigned the oz country code, which was later changed to au with the .oz domains moved to .oz.au.
Internationalized ccTLDs
An internationalized country code top-level domain (IDN ccTLD) is a top-level domain with a specially encoded domain name that is displayed in an end user application, such as a web browser, in its native language script or a non-alphabetic writing system, such as Latin script (.us, .uk and .br), Indic script (.भारत) and Korean script (.한국), etc. IDN ccTLDs are an application of the internationalized domain name (IDN) system to top-level Internet domains assigned to countries, including the United Kingdom, or independent geographic regions.
ICANN started to accept applications for IDN ccTLDs in November 2009, and installed the first set into the Domain Names System in May 2010. The first set was a group of Arabic names for the countries of Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates. By May 2010, 21 countries had submitted applications to ICANN, representing 11 languages.
ICANN requires all potential international TLDs to use at least one letter that does not resemble a Latin letter, or have at least three letters, in an effort to avoid IDN homograph attacks. Nor shall the international domain name look like another domain name, even if they have different alphabets. Between Cyrillic and Greek alphabets, for example, this could happen.
Generic ccTLDs
Generic Country Code Top-Level Domain or gccTLD refers to those TLDs which are technically "non-restricted ccTLDs" but used like traditional generic TLDs (gTLDs) rather than "country"-targeted ones. Most of the gccTLDs are primarily used as domain hacks:
gccTLD
Country/Region
Domain hacks
.ac
Ascension Island
academicaccountingacknowledgeAir conditioningalternating-current
.ad
Andorra
advertising
.ag
Antigua and Barbuda
Aktiengesellschaft (German for corporation)
.ai
Anguilla
Artificial intelligence
.am
Armenia
AmericanAM broadcastingradio and podcasts
.as
American Samoa
Asturiasautonomous systemaktieselskab/aksjeselskap
.az
Azerbaijan
ArizonaAzores
.bz
Belize
Bolzanobusinessbiz alike
.cc
Cocos (Keeling) Islands
cricket clubCredit CardCycling clubChristian ChurchCatholic ChurchCreative CommonsCape Codcompanycom alike
.cd
Congo
Compact disc
.co
Colombia
companycom alikeColorado
.cu
Cuba
"see you"
.cv
Cape Verde
curriculum vitae
.dj
Djibouti
Disc jockey
.fm
Federated States of Micronesia
FM broadcastingradio and podcasts
.ga
Gabon
Georgia
.gg
Bailiwick of Guernsey
Good GameGoogle
.io
British Indian Ocean Territory
Input/Outputinfo alike
.is
Iceland
it.is, that.is, etc.
.it
Italy
Information technology
.kg
Kyrgyzstan
Keygen
.la
Laos
Los AngelesLouisianaMozillaTeslaDigikalaLatin America
.ly
Libya
words ending in -ly
.md
Moldova
MedicineMarkdown
.me
Montenegro
me (personal homepage)MaineMiddle East
.ms
Montserrat
MicrosoftMississippiMato Grosso do SulMünstermaster
.nu
Niue
newnownude
.pe
Peru
Private equity
.pn
Pitcairn
Phone number
.pw
Palau
Professional web
.re
Réunion
Reverse engineering
.rs
Serbia
Rust
.sc
Seychelles
Santa CatarinaSouth CarolinaSoundCloudSnapchatSecurity
.sh
Saint Helena
ShellSchleswig-Holstein
.sx
Sint Maarten
"sex"
.tf
French Southern and Antarctic Lands
Team FortressTerraform
.tk
Tokelau
techHi-techtracker
.tm
Turkmenistan
Trademark
.to
Tonga
link-to
.tv
Tuvalu
television and broadcasts
.ws
Western Samoa
websitewebsocketworld sitewest
.yt
Mayotte
YouTube
Unconventional usage
Main article: Vanity URL
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Lenient registration restrictions on certain ccTLDs have resulted in various domain hacks. Domain names such as I.am, tip.it, start.at and go.to form well-known English phrases, whereas others combine the second-level domain and ccTLD to form one word or one title, creating domains such as blo.gs of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (gs), youtu.be of Belgium (be), del.icio.us of the United States (us), and cr.yp.to of Tonga (to). The .co domain of Colombia has been cited since 2010 as a potential competitor to generic TLDs for commercial use, because it may be an abbreviation for company.
Several ccTLDs allow the creation of emoji domains.
Some ccTLDs may also be used for typosquatting. The domain cm of Cameroon has generated interest due to the possibility that people might miss typing the letter o for sites in the com.
Commercial use
Some of the world's smallest countries and non-sovereign or colonial entities with their own country codes have opened their TLDs for worldwide commercial use, some of them free like .tk.
See also
List of ccTLDs
Country code top-level domains with commercial licenses
Country code second-level domain
ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 assigned codes
Geographic top-level domain, a type of generic top-level domain
List of NATO country codes
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External links
Official website
"World Intellectual Property Organization". Domain name dispute resolution. WIPO.
"World-Wide Alliance of Top Level Domain-names".
"Country Code Names Supporting Organisation (ccNSO)". ICANN.
Baskerville, Robert (Jan 16, 2008). "ccTLD and TLD analysis (of several Zone files)". Archived from the original on 2015-11-03. Retrieved 2008-01-13.
vteCountry code top-level domainsISO 3166-1
A .ac .ad .ae .af .ag .ai .al .am .ao .aq .ar .as .at .au .aw .ax .az
B .ba .bb .bd .be .bf .bg .bh .bi .bj .bm .bn .bo .br .bs .bt .bw .by .bz
C .ca .cc .cd .cf .cg .ch .ci .ck .cl .cm .cn .co .cr .cu .cv .cw .cx .cy .cz
D .de .dj .dk .dm .do .dz
E .ec .ee .eg .er .es .et .eu
F .fi .fj .fk .fm .fo .fr
G .ga .gd .ge .gf .gg .gh .gi .gl .gm .gn .gp .gq .gr .gs .gt .gu .gw .gy
H .hk .hm .hn .hr .ht .hu
I .id .ie .il .im .in .io .iq .ir .is .it
J .je .jm .jo .jp
K .ke .kg .kh .ki .km .kn .kp .kr .kw .ky .kz
L .la .lb .lc .li .lk .lr .ls .lt .lu .lv .ly
M .ma .mc .md .me .mg .mh .mk .ml .mm .mn .mo .mp .mq .mr .ms .mt .mu .mv .mw .mx .my .mz
N .na .nc .ne .nf .ng .ni .nl .no .np .nr .nu .nz
O .om
P .pa .pe .pf .pg .ph .pk .pl .pm .pn .pr .ps .pt .pw .py
Q .qa
R .re .ro .rs .ru .rw
S .sa .sb .sc .sd .se .sg .sh .si .sk .sl .sm .sn .so .sr .ss .st .su .sv .sx .sy .sz
T .tc .td .tf .tg .th .tj .tk .tl .tm .tn .to .tr .tt .tv .tw .tz
U .ua .ug .uk .us .uy .uz
V .va .vc .ve .vg .vi .vn .vu
W .wf .ws
Y .ye .yt
Z .za .zm .zw
Internationalized (IDN) ccTLDCyrillic scriptArabic scriptBrahmic scriptsChinese charactersOther scripts
.бг (bg, Bulgaria)
.бел (bieł, Belarus)
.ею (eyu, European Union)
.қаз (qaz, Kazakhstan)
.мон (mon, Mongolia)
.мкд (mkd, North Macedonia)
.рф (rf, Russia)
.срб (srb, Serbia)
.укр (ukr, Ukraine)
الجزائر. (al-Jazā’ir, Algeria)
مصر. (Miṣr, Egypt)
بھارت. (Bhārat, India)
ایران. (Irân, Iran)
الاردن. (al-Urdun, Jordan)
فلسطين. (Filasṭin, Palestine)
پاکستان. (Pākistān, Pakistan)
قطر. (Qaṭar)
السعودية. (al-Saudiah, Saudi Arabia)
سوريا. (Sūryā, Syria)
تونس. (Tunis, Tunisia)
امارات. (Emarat, UAE)
عمان. (ʻUmān, Oman)
مليسيا. (Maleesya, Malaysia)
المغرب. (al-Maġrib, Morocco)
سودان. (Sūdān, Sudan)
اليمن. (al-Yaman, Yemen)
.বাংলা (Bāṅla, Bangladesh)
.ভাৰত (Bhārat, India)
.ভারত (Bhārat, India)
.भारत (Bhārat, India)
.భారత్ (Bhārat, India)
.ભારત (Bhārat, India)
.ਭਾਰਤ (Bhārat, India)
.ଭାରତ (Bhārata, India)
.இந்தியா (Indiyā, India)
.ລາວ (Lao, Laos)
.சிங்கப்பூர் (Cinkappūr, Singapore)
.ලංකා (Laṅkā, Sri Lanka)
.இலங்கை (Ilaṅkai, Sri Lanka)
.ไทย (Thai, Thailand)
.中国 (Zhōngguó/Zung1gwok3/Tiong-kok/Chûng-koet, China)
.中國 (Zhōngguó/Zung1gwok3/Tiong-kok/Chûng-koet, China)
.香港 (Xiānggǎng/Hoeng1gong2, Hong Kong)
.澳門 (Àomén/Ou3mun4, Macau)
.澳门 (Àomén/Ou3mun4, Macau)
.新加坡 (Xīnjiāpō/Sin-ka-pho, Singapore)
.台灣 (Táiwān/Tâi-uân/Thòi-vàn, Taiwan)
.台湾 (Táiwān/Tâi-uân/Thòi-vàn, Taiwan)
.հայ (hay, Armenia)
.ευ (ey, European Union)
.გე (ge, Georgia)
.ελ (el, Greece)
.한국 (Han-guk, South Korea)
ישראל. (Yisrael, Israel)
Proposed ccTLDs
.κπ (kp, Cyprus) - .日本 (Nippon, Japan)
OthersReserved / unassignedAllocated / unusedPhased out / deleted
.bl .bq .eh .mf .su .xk
.bv .gb .sj
.an .bu .cs .dd .tp .um .yu .zr
See also: Generic top-level domains
vteGeocode systemsAdministrative codes
FIPS country code (FIPS 10-4)
FIPS place code (FIPS 55)
FIPS county code (FIPS 6-4)
FIPS state code (FIPS 5-2)
NUTS (EU)
GSS codes (United Kingdom)
MARC country codes
SGC codes (Canada)
UN M.49 (UN)
Airport codes
IATA airport code
ICAO airport code
Country codes
IANA country code
ISO 3166-1
alpha-2
alpha-3
numeric
Aircraft prefixes
IOC country code
FIFA country code
Geodesicplace codesGlobal
C-squares
Geohash
Geohash-36
GEOREF
International Map of the World indexing system
Mapcode
Marsden square
Military Grid Reference System
Natural Area Code
Open Location Code
QDGC
UN/LOCODE
UTM
what3words
WMO squares
Regional
ICES Statistical Rectangles (north-east Atlantic region)
Irish grid reference system
National Topographic System (Canada)
Ordnance Survey National Grid (UK)
Postal codes
Australian post codes
CEP (Brazil)
Eircodes (Republic of Ireland)
New Zealand post codes
Postal Index Number (India)
United Kingdom post codes
ZIP Code (United States)
Telephony
ITU-R country codes
ITU-T country calling codes
ITU-T mobile calling codes
Amateur radio
Maidenhead Locator System
Historical : QRA locator | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":".cc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.cc"},{"link_name":"List of Internet top-level domains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Internet_top-level_domains"},{"link_name":"Internet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet"},{"link_name":"top-level domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top-level_domain"},{"link_name":"country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country"},{"link_name":"dependent territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_territory"},{"link_name":"country code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_code"},{"link_name":"ASCII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII"},{"link_name":"Internet Assigned Numbers Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority"},{"link_name":"internationalized country code top-level domains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationalized_country_code_top-level_domain"},{"link_name":"ISO 3166-1 alpha-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166-1_alpha-2"},{"link_name":"gTLDs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GTLD"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-verisign-1"},{"link_name":".us","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.us"},{"link_name":".uk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.uk"},{"link_name":".il","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.il"},{"link_name":".au","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.au"},{"link_name":".de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.de"},{"link_name":".fi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.fi"},{"link_name":".fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.fr"},{"link_name":".is","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.is"},{"link_name":".jp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.jp"},{"link_name":".kr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.kr"},{"link_name":".nl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.nl"},{"link_name":".se","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.se"},{"link_name":".nz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.nz"},{"link_name":".ch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ch"},{"link_name":".ca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ca"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":".ie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ie"},{"link_name":".it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.it"},{"link_name":".es","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.es"},{"link_name":".pt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.pt"},{"link_name":".in","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.in"},{"link_name":".yu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.yu"},{"link_name":".cn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.cn"},{"link_name":".ru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ru"},{"link_name":".cn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.cn"},{"link_name":".tk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.tk"},{"link_name":".de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.de"},{"link_name":".uk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.uk"},{"link_name":".nl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.nl"},{"link_name":".ru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ru"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-verisign-1"}],"text":"\"ccTLD\" and \"cc TLD\" redirect here. For the TLD for the Cocos (Keeling) Islands, see .cc.For a list of TLDs, see List of Internet top-level domains.A country code top-level domain (ccTLD) is an Internet top-level domain generally used or reserved for a country, sovereign state, or dependent territory identified with a country code. All ASCII ccTLD identifiers are two letters long, and all two-letter top-level domains are ccTLDs.In 2018, the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) began implementing internationalized country code top-level domains, consisting of language-native characters when displayed in an end-user application. Creation and delegation of ccTLDs is described in RFC 1591, corresponding to ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country codes. While gTLDs have to obey international regulations, ccTLDs are subjected to requirements that are determined by each country's domain name regulation corporation. With over 150 million domain name registrations as of 2022, ccTLDs make up about 40% of the total domain name industry.[1]Country code extension applications began in 1985. The registered country code extensions in that year included .us (United States), .uk (United Kingdom) and .il (Israel). The registered country code extensions in 1986 included .au (Australia), .de (Germany), .fi (Finland), .fr (France), .is (Iceland), .jp (Japan), .kr (South Korea), .nl (Netherlands) and .se (Sweden). The registered country code extensions in 1987 included .nz (New Zealand), .ch (Switzerland) and .ca (Canada).[2] The registered country code extensions in 1988 included .ie (Ireland) .it (Italy), .es (Spain) and .pt (Portugal). The registered country code extensions in 1989 included .in (India) and .yu (Yugoslavia). In the 1990s, .cn (People's Republic of China) and .ru (Russian Federation) were first registered.There are 308 delegated ccTLDs. The .cn, .tk, .de, .uk, .nl and .ru ccTLDs contain the highest number of domains. The top ten ccTLDs account for more than five-eighths of registered ccTLD domains. There were about 153 million ccTLD domains registered at the end of March 2022.[1]","title":"Country code top-level domain"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iana-3"},{"link_name":"subdomains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subdomains"},{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"us","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.us"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"jp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.jp"},{"link_name":"Canadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"ca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ca"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.fr"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.de"}],"text":"IANA is responsible for determining an appropriate trustee for each ccTLD. Administration and control are then delegated to that trustee, which is responsible for the policies and operation of the domain. The current delegation can be determined from IANA's list of ccTLDs.[3] Individual ccTLDs may have varying requirements and fees for registering subdomains. There may be a local-presence requirement (for instance, citizenship or other connection to the ccTLD), as, for example, the American (us), Japanese (jp), Canadian (ca), French (fr) and German (de) domains, or registration may be open.","title":"Delegation and management"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":".us","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.us"},{"link_name":".uk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.uk"},{"link_name":".il","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.il"},{"link_name":".au","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.au"},{"link_name":".de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.de"},{"link_name":".fi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.fi"},{"link_name":".fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.fr"},{"link_name":".is","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.is"},{"link_name":".jp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.jp"},{"link_name":".kr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.kr"},{"link_name":".nl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.nl"},{"link_name":".se","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.se"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iana-3"},{"link_name":".nz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.nz"},{"link_name":".ch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ch"},{"link_name":".my","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.my"},{"link_name":".ca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ca"},{"link_name":".ie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ie"},{"link_name":".it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.it"},{"link_name":".es","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.es"},{"link_name":".pt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.pt"}],"text":"The first registered ccTLD was .us, which was registered in 1985. Later ccTLDs registered in that year included .uk and .il. Then, .au, .de, .fi, .fr, .is, .jp, .kr, .nl and .se were also registered in 1986.[3] In 1987, .nz, .ch, .my and .ca were registered. Later on, in 1988, .ie, .it, .es and .pt were also registered.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Country_code_top-level_domain&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iana-3"}],"text":"As of 20 May 2017, there were 255 country-code top-level domains, purely in the Latin alphabet, using two-character codes. The number was 316 as of June 2020[update], with the addition of internationalized domains.[3]","title":"Lists"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISO 3166-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166-1"},{"link_name":".de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.de"},{"link_name":"Deutschland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutschland"},{"link_name":"German language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"Domain name registry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_name_registry"},{"link_name":"internationalized domain names","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationalized_domain_names"},{"link_name":"Domain Name System Security Extensions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_System_Security_Extensions"},{"link_name":"IPv6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-30"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-33"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-36"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-afnic_38-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-afnic_38-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-afnic_38-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-afnic_38-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-afnic_38-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-afnic_38-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-afnic_38-6"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-42"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-dnssec_51-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-dnssec_51-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-dnssec_51-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-dnssec_51-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-73"},{"link_name":"Swedish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_language"},{"link_name":"Finnish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_language"},{"link_name":"Meänkieli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me%C3%A4nkieli"},{"link_name":"Romani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_language"},{"link_name":"Sami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sami_languages"},{"link_name":"Yiddish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yiddish_language"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-76"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-78"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Country_code_top-level_domain&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-82"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-84"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-87"},{"link_name":"Chinese characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-idn-ua_88-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-dnssec-ua_89-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-97"},{"link_name":"ISPs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_service_provider"},{"link_name":".zm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.zm"}],"sub_title":"Latin Character ccTLDs","text":"Table columns – legend\n\n\nName \n\nDNS name of the two-letter country-code top-level domain. They follow ISO 3166-1 alpha-2, with some exceptions such as \".ac\" for Ascension Island, \".eu\" for the European Union, or \".uk\" for United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland instead of \".gb\". ISO codes bv, bl, mf, sj, gb, and um are not used for country code top-level domains.\n\n\nEntity \n\nCountry, dependency, or region\n\n\nExplanation \n\nExplanation of the code when it is not self-evident from the English name of the country. These are usually domains that arise from native name of the country (e.g. .de for Deutschland, German language name for Germany).\n\n\nNotes \n\nGeneral remarks\n\n\nRegistry \n\nDomain name registry operator, sometimes called a network information center (NIC)\n\n\nIDN \n\nSupport for internationalized domain names (IDN)\n\n\nDNSSEC \n\nPresence of DS records for Domain Name System Security Extensions\n\n\nSLD \n\nSecond level domain; that is, whether names may be registered directly under the TLD\n\n\nIPv6 \n\nRegistry fully supports IPv6 accessTable Notes^ 17 November 2009, Spanish-Portuguese specific characters (á, â, ã, à, é, ê, í, ó, ô, õ, ú, ü, ñ, ç) allowed, as approved by law.[5]\n\n^ Mostly latin characters (à á â ã ä å æ ç è é ê ë ì í î ï ð ñ ò ó ô õ ö ø ù ú û ü ý þ ÿ œ š ž), see[6]\n\n^ Currently not allowed, but some higher-learning institutions were grandfathered-in.\n\n^ Since March 2004, see[16]\n\n^ Since July 1st, 2020[17]\n\n^ IDN not adopted due to lack of public and corporate interest[18]\n\n^ 93 non-ASCII characters, see[19]\n\n^ 1 January 2004, support æ, ø, å, ö, ä, ü, & é: see[20]\n\n^ Estonian domain names to incorporate diacritics (IDN) starting from 13 June 2011[21]\n\n^ Supported characters: Latin, Greek, & Cyrillic; see[23]\n\n^ September 2005, supported characters: š, ž, å, ä, ö and Sami language; see[25]\n\n^ a b c d e f g (6 December 2011)[26]\n\n^ Support for Greek characters since July 2005; see[29]\n\n^ a b c d Delegation Signer (DS) record in a root zone has not yet been published.\n\n^ October 2003, for Swedish characters, summer 2007 also for Finnish, Meänkieli, Romani, Sami, and Yiddish; see[58]\n\n^ Since October 2010, see[60]\n\n^ (28 April 2008[update]) see[61]\n\n^ 14 November 2006; see[64]\n\n^ 21 July 2015; see[65]\n\n^ Traditional Chinese characters: see[67]\n\n^ IDN domain names available in some .UA subdomains since June 2012\n\n^ .UA secure delegations available since October 2019\n\n^ Restricted to ISPs and other undefined entities. See .zm .","title":"Lists"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Internationalized ccTLDs","text":"Table notes","title":"Lists"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Libya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya"}],"sub_title":"Proposed internationalized ccTLDs","text":"Internationalised domain names have been proposed for Japan and Libya.","title":"Lists"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jon Postel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Postel"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"}],"text":"The IANA is not in the business of deciding what is and what is not a country. The selection of the ISO 3166 list as a basis for country code top-level domain names was made with the knowledge that ISO has a procedure for determining which entities should be and should not be on that list.— Jon Postel, RFC 1591[79]","title":"Relation to ISO 3166-1"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bouvet Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouvet_Island"},{"link_name":"bv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.bv"},{"link_name":"Svalbard and Jan Mayen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svalbard_and_Jan_Mayen"},{"link_name":"sj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.sj"},{"link_name":"Norid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norid"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"bl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.bl"},{"link_name":"Saint Barthélemy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy"},{"link_name":"mf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.mf"},{"link_name":"Saint Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Martin_(France)"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Country_code_top-level_domain&action=edit"},{"link_name":"eh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.eh"},{"link_name":"Western Sahara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Sahara"},{"link_name":"DNS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_System"},{"link_name":"gb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.gb"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"uk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.uk"},{"link_name":".um","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.um"},{"link_name":"U.S. Minor Outlying Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands"},{"link_name":".um","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.um"}],"sub_title":"Unused ISO 3166-1 codes","text":"Almost all current ISO 3166-1 codes have been assigned and do exist in DNS.\nHowever, some of these are effectively unused. In particular, the ccTLDs for the Norwegian dependency Bouvet Island (bv) and the designation Svalbard and Jan Mayen (sj) do exist in DNS, but no subdomains have been assigned, and it is Norid policy to not assign any at present. Two French territories—bl (Saint Barthélemy) and mf (Saint Martin)—still[update] await local assignment by France's government.The code eh, although eligible as ccTLD for Western Sahara, has never been assigned and does not exist in DNS. Only one subdomain is still registered in gb[80] (ISO 3166-1 for the United Kingdom), and no new registrations are being accepted for it. Sites in the United Kingdom generally useuk (see below).The former .um ccTLD for the U.S. Minor Outlying Islands was removed in April 2008. Under RFC 1591 rules, .um is eligible as a ccTLD on request by the relevant governmental agency and local Internet user community.","title":"Relation to ISO 3166-1"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"uk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.uk"},{"link_name":"JANET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JANET"},{"link_name":"Name Registration Scheme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JANET_NRS"},{"link_name":"gb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.gb"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mueller2002-104"},{"link_name":"su","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.su"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"ac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ac"},{"link_name":"Ascension Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascension_Island"},{"link_name":"IANA's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority"},{"link_name":"ISO 3166-1 alpha-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166-1_alpha-2"},{"link_name":"Universal Postal Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Postal_Union"},{"link_name":"gg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.gg"},{"link_name":"Guernsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey"},{"link_name":"im","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.im"},{"link_name":"Isle of Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Man"},{"link_name":"je","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.je"},{"link_name":"Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey"},{"link_name":"eu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.eu"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"ICANN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICANN"},{"link_name":"ISO 3166-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166-1"},{"link_name":"registry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_name_registry"},{"link_name":"EURid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EURid"},{"link_name":"European Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Commission"},{"link_name":"eu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.eu"}],"sub_title":"ASCII ccTLDs not in ISO 3166-1","text":"Several ASCII ccTLDs are in use that are not ISO 3166-1 two-letter codes. Some of these codes were specified in older versions of the ISO list.uk (United Kingdom): The ISO 3166-1 code for the United Kingdom is GB. However, the JANET network had already selected uk as a top-level identifier for its pre-existing Name Registration Scheme, and this was incorporated into the DNS root. gb was assigned with the intention of a transition, but this never occurred and the use of uk is now entrenched.[81]\nsu This obsolete ISO 3166 code for the Soviet Union was assigned when the Soviet Union still existed; moreover, new su registrations are accepted.\nac (Ascension Island): This code is a vestige of IANA's decision in 1996 to allow the use of codes reserved in the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 reserve list for use by the Universal Postal Union. The decision was later reversed, with Ascension Island now the sole outlier. (Three other ccTLDs, gg (Guernsey), im (Isle of Man) and je (Jersey) also fell under this category from 1996 until they received corresponding ISO 3166 codes in March 2006.)\neu (European Union): On September 25, 2000, ICANN decided to allow the use of any two-letter code in the ISO 3166-1 reserve list that is reserved for all purposes. Only EU currently meets this criterion. Following a decision by the EU's Council of Telecommunications Ministers in March 2002, progress was slow, but a registry (named EURid) was chosen by the European Commission, and criteria for allocation set: ICANN approved eu as a ccTLD, and it opened for registration on 7 December 2005 for the holders of prior rights. Since 7 April 2006, registration is open to all in the European Economic Area.","title":"Relation to ISO 3166-1"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.cs"},{"link_name":"Czechoslovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakia"},{"link_name":"zr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.zr"},{"link_name":"Zaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaire"},{"link_name":"tp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.tp"},{"link_name":"East Timor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Timor"},{"link_name":"su","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.su"},{"link_name":"dd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.dd"},{"link_name":"German Democratic Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Democratic_Republic"},{"link_name":"South Yemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Yemen"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.de"},{"link_name":"ye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ye"},{"link_name":"Serbia and Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro"},{"link_name":"rs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.rs"},{"link_name":"me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.me"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"language tags","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_tag"},{"link_name":"Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"yu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.yu"},{"link_name":"rs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.rs"},{"link_name":"me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.me"},{"link_name":"oz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.au#Historic_second-level_domains"},{"link_name":"au","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.au"}],"sub_title":"Historical ccTLDs","text":"ccTLDs may be removed if that country ceases to exist. There are three ccTLDs that have been deleted after the corresponding 2-letter code was withdrawn from ISO 3166-1: cs (for Czechoslovakia), zr (for Zaire) and tp (for East Timor). There may be a significant delay between withdrawal from ISO 3166-1 and deletion from the DNS; for example, ZR ceased to be an ISO 3166-1 code in 1997, but the zr ccTLD was not deleted until 2001. Other ccTLDs corresponding to obsolete ISO 3166-1 codes have not yet been deleted. In some cases they may never be deleted due to the amount of disruption this would cause for a heavily used ccTLD. In particular, the Soviet Union's ccTLD su remains in use more than twenty years after SU was removed from ISO 3166-1.The historical country codes dd for the German Democratic Republic and yd for South Yemen were eligible for a ccTLD, but not allocated; see also de and ye.The temporary reassignment of country code cs (Serbia and Montenegro) until its split into rs and me (Serbia and Montenegro, respectively) led to some controversies[82][83] about the stability of ISO 3166-1 country codes, resulting in a second edition of ISO 3166-1 in 2007 with a guarantee that retired codes will not be reassigned for at least 50 years, and the replacement of RFC 3066 by RFC 4646 for country codes used in language tags in 2006.The previous ISO 3166-1 code for Yugoslavia, YU, was removed by ISO on 23 July 2003, but the yu ccTLD remained in operation. Finally, after a two-year transition to Serbian rs and Montenegrin me, the .yu domain was phased out in March 2010.Australia was originally assigned the oz country code, which was later changed to au with the .oz domains moved to .oz.au.","title":"Relation to ISO 3166-1"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"internationalized country code top-level domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationalized_country_code_top-level_domain"},{"link_name":"web browser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_browser"},{"link_name":"writing system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writing_system"},{"link_name":"Latin script","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_script"},{"link_name":"Indic script","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indic_script"},{"link_name":"Korean script","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_script"},{"link_name":"internationalized domain name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationalized_domain_name"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"IDN homograph attacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IDN_homograph_attack"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"An internationalized country code top-level domain (IDN ccTLD) is a top-level domain with a specially encoded domain name that is displayed in an end user application, such as a web browser, in its native language script or a non-alphabetic writing system, such as Latin script (.us, .uk and .br), Indic script (.भारत) and Korean script (.한국), etc. IDN ccTLDs are an application of the internationalized domain name (IDN) system to top-level Internet domains assigned to countries, including the United Kingdom, or independent geographic regions.ICANN started to accept applications for IDN ccTLDs in November 2009,[84] and installed the first set into the Domain Names System in May 2010. The first set was a group of Arabic names for the countries of Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates. By May 2010, 21 countries had submitted applications to ICANN, representing 11 languages.[85]ICANN requires all potential international TLDs to use at least one letter that does not resemble a Latin letter, or have at least three letters, in an effort to avoid IDN homograph attacks. Nor shall the international domain name look like another domain name, even if they have different alphabets. Between Cyrillic and Greek alphabets, for example, this could happen.[citation needed]","title":"Internationalized ccTLDs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"gTLDs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GTLDs"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"domain hacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_hack"}],"text":"Generic Country Code Top-Level Domain or gccTLD refers to those TLDs which are technically \"non-restricted ccTLDs\" but used like traditional generic TLDs (gTLDs) rather than \"country\"-targeted ones.[86][87][88] Most of the gccTLDs are primarily used as domain hacks:","title":"Generic ccTLDs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"domain hacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_hack"},{"link_name":"second-level domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second-level_domain"},{"link_name":"blo.gs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blo.gs"},{"link_name":"South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands"},{"link_name":"gs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.gs"},{"link_name":"youtu.be","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"be","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.be"},{"link_name":"del.icio.us","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delicious_(website)"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"us","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.us"},{"link_name":"cr.yp.to","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr.yp.to"},{"link_name":"Tonga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga"},{"link_name":"to","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.to"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unique-112"},{"link_name":"emoji domains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emoji_domain"},{"link_name":"typosquatting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typosquatting"},{"link_name":"Cameroon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"}],"text":"Lenient registration restrictions on certain ccTLDs have resulted in various domain hacks. Domain names such as I.am, tip.it, start.at and go.to form well-known English phrases, whereas others combine the second-level domain and ccTLD to form one word or one title, creating domains such as blo.gs of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (gs), youtu.be of Belgium (be), del.icio.us of the United States (us), and cr.yp.to of Tonga (to). The .co domain of Colombia has been cited since 2010 as a potential competitor to generic TLDs for commercial use, because it may be an abbreviation for company.[89]Several ccTLDs allow the creation of emoji domains.Some ccTLDs may also be used for typosquatting. The domain cm of Cameroon has generated interest due to the possibility that people might miss typing the letter o for sites in the com.[90]","title":"Unconventional usage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":".tk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.tk"}],"sub_title":"Commercial use","text":"Some of the world's smallest countries and non-sovereign or colonial entities with their own country codes have opened their TLDs for worldwide commercial use, some of them free like .tk.","title":"Unconventional usage"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of ccTLDs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Internet_top-level_domains#Country_code_top-level_domains"},{"title":"Country code top-level domains with commercial licenses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domains_with_commercial_licenses"},{"title":"Country code second-level domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_code_second-level_domain"},{"title":"ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 assigned codes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166-1_alpha-2#Current_codes"},{"title":"Geographic top-level domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_top-level_domain"},{"title":"List of NATO country codes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_NATO_country_codes"}] | [{"reference":"\"Verisign Domain Name Industry Brief Q1 2021\" (PDF). verisign.com. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlecamp_Hills_Conservation_Park | Middlecamp Hills Conservation Park | [] | Coordinates: 33°38′43″S 136°45′42″E / 33.6453°S 136.7616°E / -33.6453; 136.7616
Protected area in South AustraliaMiddlecamp Hills Conservation ParkSouth AustraliaIUCN category Ia (strict nature reserve) Middlecamp Hills Conservation ParkNearest town or cityCowellCoordinates33°38′43″S 136°45′42″E / 33.6453°S 136.7616°E / -33.6453; 136.7616Established24 November 1977 (1977-11-24)Area8.35 km2 (3.2 sq mi)Managing authoritiesDepartment of Environment, Water and Natural ResourcesSee alsoProtected areas of South Australia
Middlecamp Hills Conservation Park is a protected area in the Australian state of South Australia located on the Eyre Peninsula in the gazetted locality of Cowell about 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) west of the town centre in Cowell.
The conservation park was proclaimed on 24 September 1977 under the state's National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972 in respect to land in section 342 in the cadastral unit of the Hundred of Hawker. As of July 2016, the conservation park covered an area of 8.35 square kilometres (3.22 sq mi).
The conservation park is classified as an IUCN Category IA protected area.
See also
Protected areas of South Australia
References
^ a b c "Terrestrial Protected Areas of South Australia (refer 'DETAIL' tab )". CAPAD 2016. Australian Government, Department of the Environment (DoE). 2016. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
^ a b "Search result(s) for Middlecamp Hills Conservation Park (Record No. SA0044649) with the following layers being selected - "Parcel labels", "Suburbs and Localities", "Hundreds", "Place names (gazetteer)" and "Road labels"". Property Location Browser. Government of South Australia. Archived from the original on 12 October 2016. Retrieved 4 January 2017.
^ a b "NATIONAL PARKS AND WILDLIFE ACT, 1972-1974 MIDDLECAMP HILLS CONSERVATION PARK CONSTITUTED" (PDF). The South Australian Government Gazette. Government of South Australia: 1564. 24 November 1977. Retrieved 4 January 2017.
^ a b "Protected Areas Information System - reserve list (as of 11 July 2016)" (PDF). Department of Environment Water and Natural Resources. 11 July 2016. Retrieved 14 July 2016.
External links
Entry for Middlecamp Hills Conservation Park on the Protected Planet website
vteProtected areas of South AustraliaNational parks
Adelaide International Bird Sanctuary–Winaityinaityi Pangkara
Belair
Canunda
Cleland
Coffin Bay
Coorong
Dhilba Guuranda-Innes
Flinders Chase
Deep Creek
Glenthorne National Park–Ityamaiitpinna Yarta
Gawler Ranges
Great Australian Bight Marine
Ikara-Flinders Ranges
Kati Thanda-Lake Eyre
Lake Frome
Lake Gairdner
Lake Torrens
Lincoln
Malkumba-Coongie
Mount Remarkable
Munga-Thirri–Simpson Desert
Murray River
Naracoorte Caves
Nullarbor
Nilpena Ediacara
Onkaparinga River
Vulkathunha-Gammon Ranges
Wapma Thura–Southern Flinders Ranges
Witjira
Conservation parks
Aberdour
Acraman Creek
Aldinga Scrub
Althorpe Islands
Angove
Avoid Bay Islands
Baird Bay Islands
Bakara
Bandon
Bangham
Barwell
Bascombe Well
Baudin
Baudin Rocks
Beachport
Beatrice Islet
Belt Hill
Beyeria
Big Heath
Billiatt
Bimbowrie
Bird Islands
Black Hill
Black Rock
Boondina
Breakaways
Brookfield
Bullock Hill
Busby Islet
Butchers Gap
Calectasia
Calpatanna Waterhole
Cap Island
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Caralue Bluff
Carappee Hill
Carcuma
Caroona Creek
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Carribie
Chadinga
Charleston
Christmas Rocks
Clements Gap
Clinton
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Cooltong
Corrobinnie Hill
Cox Scrub
Cromer
Cudlee Creek
Custon
Cygnet Estuary
Danggali
Darke Range
Desert Camp
Dingley Dell
Douglas Point
Dudley
Eba Island
Elliot Price
Eric Bonython
Ettrick
Ewens Ponds
Fairview
Ferguson
Ferries-McDonald
Finniss
Fort Glanville
Fowlers Bay
Franklin Harbor
Furner
Gambier Islands
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Geegeela
Giles
Glen Roy
Goose Island
Gower
Grass Tree
Greenly Island
Guichen Bay
Gum Lagoon
Gum Tree Gully
Hacks Lagoon
Hale
Hallett Cove
Hanson Scrub
Heggaton
Hesperilla
Hincks
Hogwash Bend
Hopkins Creek
Horsnell Gully
Ironstone Hill
Jip Jip
Kaiserstuhl
Kapunda Island
Karte
Kathai
Kellidie Bay
Kelly Hill
Kelvin Powrie
Kenneth Stirling
Kinchina
Kulliparu
Kungari
Kyeema
Lake Frome
Lake Gilles
Lake Hawdon South
Lake Newland
Lake St Clair
Lashmar
Lathami
Laura Bay
Lawari
Lesuer
Leven Beach
Lincoln
Lipson Island
Little Dip
Lowan
Lower Glenelg River
Maize Island Lagoon
Malgra
Mamungari
Mantung
Marino
Mark Oliphant
Marne Valley
Martin Washpool
Martindale Hall
Mary Seymour
Media Island
Messent
Middlecamp Hills
Mimbara
Minlacowie
Moana Sands
Mokota
Monarto
Monarto Woodlands
Montacute
Moody Tank
Morgan
Morialta
Mount Billy
Mount Boothby
Mount Brown
Mount Dutton Bay
Mount George
Mount Magnificent
Mount Monster
Mount Scott
Mount Taylor
Mowantjie Willauwar
Mullinger Swamp
Munyaroo
Murrunatta
Mylor
Myponga
Nene Valley
Nepean Bay
Neptune Islands
Newland Head
Ngarkat
Ngaut Ngaut
Nicolas Baudin Island
Nixon-Skinner
Nuyts Archipelago
Nuyts Reef
Olive Island
Padthaway
Pandappa
Para Wirra
Paranki Lagoon
Parndana
Peachna
Peebinga
Pelican Lagoon
Penambol
Penguin Island
Penola
Piccaninnie Ponds
Pigface Island
Pike River
Pine Hill Soak
Pinkawillinie
Point Bell
Point Davenport
Point Labatt
Pooginook
Poonthie Ruwe
Porter Scrub
Pualco Range
Pullen Island
Pureba
Ramco Point
Ramsay
Red Banks
Reedy Creek
Ridley
Rilli Island
Rocky Island (North)
Rocky Island (South)
Roonka
Rudall
Salt Lagoon Islands
Sandy Creek
Sceale Bay
Scott
Scott Creek
Seal Bay
Searcy Bay
Seddon
Shannon
Sheoak Hill
Simpson
Sinclair Island
Sir Joseph Banks Group
Sleaford Mere
Spring Gully
Spring Mount
Stipiturus
Swan Reach
Talapar
Talisker
Tallaringa
Tantanoola Caves
Telford Scrub
The Dutchmans Stern
The Knoll
The Pages
The Plug Range
Thidna
Tilley Swamp
Torrens Island
Troubridge Island
Tucknott Scrub
Tumby Island
Venus Bay
Verran Tanks
Vivigani Ardune
Vivonne Bay
Wabma Kadarbu Mound Springs
Wahgunyah
Waitpinga
Waldegrave Islands
Wanilla
Wanilla Land Settlement
Warren
Warrenben
West Island
Wharminda
Whidbey Isles
White Dam
Whyalla
Wiljani
Wills Creek
Winninowie
Wittelbee
Woakwine
Wolseley Common
Yalpara
Yeldulknie
Yulte
Yumbarra
Game reserves
Bool Lagoon
Bucks Lake
Chowilla
Currency Creek
Lake Robe
Loch Luna
Moorook
Mud Islands
Poocher Swamp
Tolderol
Recreation parks
Anstey Hill
Blackwood Forest
Brownhill Creek
Caratoola
Cobbler Creek
Granite Island
Greenhill
Long Island
O'Halloran Hill
Onkaparinga River
Shepherds Hill
Sturt Gorge
Totness
Regional Reserves
Chowilla
Innamincka
Nullarbor
Strzelecki
Yellabinna
Conservation reserves
Bernouilli
Buckleboo
Bunbury
Bunkers
Cortlinye
Cox Scrub
Cunyarie
Desert Camp
Hardings Springs
Lacroma
Moongi
Mootra
Pinkawillinie Reservoir
Poolgarra
Tola
Former conservation reserves
Wilderness Protection Areas
Billiatt
Cape Bouguer
Cape Gantheaume
Cape Torrens
Danggali
Hambridge
Hincks
Investigator Group
Memory Cove
Nullarbor
Nuyts Archipelago
Ravine des Casoars
Western River
Yellabinna
Other protected areas
Arkaroola Protection Area
Former protected areas
Investigator Group
Isles of St Francis
Katarapko
Mount Rescue
Mount Shaugh
Port Gawler
Scorpion Springs
Telowie Gorge
Related topics
Marine protected areas of South Australia
List of protected areas in Adelaide | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"protected area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protected_area"},{"link_name":"South Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Eyre Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyre_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Cowell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowell,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-plb-2"},{"link_name":"National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Parks_and_Wildlife_Act_1972"},{"link_name":"the cadastral unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lands_administrative_divisions_of_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Hundred of Hawker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_of_Hawker"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SAGG-1977-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReserveList-4"},{"link_name":"IUCN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature"},{"link_name":"Category IA protected area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_protected_area_categories#Category_Ia_%E2%80%94_Strict_Nature_Reserve"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CAPAD2016SASum-1"}],"text":"Protected area in South AustraliaMiddlecamp Hills Conservation Park is a protected area in the Australian state of South Australia located on the Eyre Peninsula in the gazetted locality of Cowell about 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) west of the town centre in Cowell.[2]The conservation park was proclaimed on 24 September 1977 under the state's National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972 in respect to land in section 342 in the cadastral unit of the Hundred of Hawker.[3] As of July 2016, the conservation park covered an area of 8.35 square kilometres (3.22 sq mi).[4]The conservation park is classified as an IUCN Category IA protected area.[1]","title":"Middlecamp Hills Conservation Park"}] | [] | [{"title":"Protected areas of South Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protected_areas_of_South_Australia"}] | [{"reference":"\"Terrestrial Protected Areas of South Australia (refer 'DETAIL' tab )\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratanpur | Ratanpur, Chhattisgarh | ["1 History","2 Demographics","3 Culture and religion","4 Transport","4.1 Air","5 References"] | Coordinates: 22°17′17″N 82°09′58″E / 22.288°N 82.166°E / 22.288; 82.166"Ratanpur" redirects here. For other uses, see Ratanpur (disambiguation).
Historical town in Chhattisgarh, IndiaRatanpurHistorical town
From top to bottom: Ratanpur fort ( image 1 to 4) ; Mahamaya Temple RatanpurNickname: Ancient Capital of ChhattisgarhRatanpurLocation in Chhattisgarh, IndiaShow map of ChhattisgarhRatanpurRatanpur (India)Show map of IndiaCoordinates: 22°17′17″N 82°09′58″E / 22.288°N 82.166°E / 22.288; 82.166Country IndiaStateChhattisgarhDistrictBilaspurElevation306 m (1,004 ft)Population (2001) • Total19,838Languages • OfficialChhattisgarhi, ChhattisgarhiTime zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)Vehicle registrationCG
Ratanpur is a town and a nagar palika in Bilaspur district in the Indian state of Chhattisgarh. It is located about 25 kilometres (16 mi) from Bilaspur on National Highway 130 towards Ambikapur.
History
Ratanpura, originally known as Ratnapura, was the capital of Kalachuris of Ratnapura, who were a branch of the Kalachuris of Tripuri. According to the 1114 CE Ratanpur inscription of the local king Jajjaladeva I, his ancestor Kalingaraja conquered Dakshina Kosala region, and made Tummana (modern Tuman) his capital. Kalingaraja's grandson Ratnaraja established Ratnapura (modern Ratanpur).
In 1407, the Kingdom of Ratanpur was divided into two parts, with its junior branch ruling from Raipur. It continued as the capital of Haihaiyavansi Kingdom until the 18th century, when it ruled large areas of Chhattisgarh, until the area was brought under the rule of the Marathas led by Bhonsle Maharaja of Nagpur. Senasahibsubha Raghuji Bhonsle's son Bimbaji ruled over Chhatisgarh from his capital in Ratanpur. Later the area came under the rule of British.
British India controlled Ratanpur from Bilaspur which was part of The Central Provinces. The Central Provinces covered part of Chhattisgarh and Maharashtra states and its capital was Nagpur. It became the Central Provinces and Berar in 1903.
After independence of India, Ratanpur became part of Madhya Pradesh with Bhopal as its capital. On formation of Chhattisgarh state the capital city of Chhattisgarh shifted to Raipur.
Demographics
As of the 2001 India census, Ratanpur had a population of 19,838. Males constituted 51% of the population and females 49%. Ratanpur has an average literacy rate of 59%, lower than the national average of 59.5% while male literacy is 70% and female literacy is 47%. In Ratanpur, 17% of the population is under 6 years of age.
Culture and religion
The town is popular as a religious center and many Hindu devotees come here to offer their prayers and seek the blessings at the Mahamaya Temple, goddess Mahamaya also known as Kosaleswari, as she was presiding deity of Dakshin Kosal (modern Chhattisgarh).
Many other temples such as Bhudha Mahadev and Ramtekri are also situated there.
Transport
At around 25 kilometres (16 mi) from Bilaspur, the second largest city in Chhattisgarh state after Raipur, the journey to Bilaspur from the town can be made by plane, train or bus.
Air
Air travel is also accessible from Bilaspur. The Bilaspur Airport was inaugurated in March 2021 . There are direct flights from Bilaspur to Jabalpur, Delhi and Prayagraj.
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ratanpur.
^ F. Kielhorn (1888). "Rajim stone inscription of Jagapala of the Kulachuri year 896". The Indian Antiquary: 138.
^ a b Jha, Makhan (1997). Anthropology of ancient Hindu kingdoms: a study in civilizational perspective By Makhan Jha. p. 65. ISBN 9788175330344.
^ Jha, Makhan (1998). India and Nepal: sacred centres and anthropological researches By Makhan Jha. p. 96. ISBN 9788175330818.
^ "Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)". Census Commission of India. Archived from the original on 16 June 2004. Retrieved 1 November 2008.
^ "Alliance Air launches flights from Bilaspur under UDAN scheme". www.livemint.com. Retrieved 1 March 2021.
vteCities and towns in Bilaspur districtBilaspur
Bilaspur
Bilha
Bodri
Deori
Pendra Road
Kota, Bilaspur
Lingiyadih
Lormi
Malhar
Mehmand
Mungeli
Pendra
Ratanpur
Sirgiti
Takhatpur
Cities and towns in other districts
Bastar
Dantewada
Dhamtari
Durg
Jangir-Champa
Jashpur
Kabirdham
Kanker
Korba
Koriya
Mahasamund
Raigarh
Raipur
Rajnandgaon
Surguja
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Germany
This article related to a location in the Indian state of Chhattisgarh is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ratanpur (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratanpur_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"nagar palika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagar_palika"},{"link_name":"Bilaspur district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilaspur_District,_Chhattisgarh"},{"link_name":"Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_and_territories_of_India"},{"link_name":"Chhattisgarh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhattisgarh"},{"link_name":"Bilaspur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilaspur,_Chhattisgarh"},{"link_name":"National Highway 130","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Highway_130_(India)"},{"link_name":"Ambikapur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambikapur,_India"}],"text":"\"Ratanpur\" redirects here. For other uses, see Ratanpur (disambiguation).Historical town in Chhattisgarh, IndiaRatanpur is a town and a nagar palika in Bilaspur district in the Indian state of Chhattisgarh. It is located about 25 kilometres (16 mi) from Bilaspur on National Highway 130 towards Ambikapur.","title":"Ratanpur, Chhattisgarh"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kalachuris of Ratnapura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalachuris_of_Ratnapura"},{"link_name":"Kalachuris of Tripuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalachuris_of_Tripuri"},{"link_name":"Dakshina Kosala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakshina_Kosala"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Raipur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raipur"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-z-2"},{"link_name":"Haihaiyavansi Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haihaiyavansi_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Chhattisgarh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhattisgarh"},{"link_name":"Marathas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathas"},{"link_name":"Bhonsle Maharaja of Nagpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nagpur"},{"link_name":"Raghuji Bhonsle's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raghoji_I_of_Nagpur"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Raj"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-z-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Nagpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagpur"},{"link_name":"Madhya Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"Bhopal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhopal"},{"link_name":"Chhattisgarh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhattisgarh"},{"link_name":"Raipur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raipur"}],"text":"Ratanpura, originally known as Ratnapura, was the capital of Kalachuris of Ratnapura, who were a branch of the Kalachuris of Tripuri. According to the 1114 CE Ratanpur inscription of the local king Jajjaladeva I, his ancestor Kalingaraja conquered Dakshina Kosala region, and made Tummana (modern Tuman) his capital. Kalingaraja's grandson Ratnaraja established Ratnapura (modern Ratanpur).[1]In 1407, the Kingdom of Ratanpur was divided into two parts, with its junior branch ruling from Raipur.[2] It continued as the capital of Haihaiyavansi Kingdom until the 18th century, when it ruled large areas of Chhattisgarh, until the area was brought under the rule of the Marathas led by Bhonsle Maharaja of Nagpur. Senasahibsubha Raghuji Bhonsle's son Bimbaji ruled over Chhatisgarh from his capital in Ratanpur. Later the area came under the rule of British.[2][3]British India controlled Ratanpur from Bilaspur which was part of The Central Provinces. The Central Provinces covered part of Chhattisgarh and Maharashtra states and its capital was Nagpur. It became the Central Provinces and Berar in 1903.After independence of India, Ratanpur became part of Madhya Pradesh with Bhopal as its capital. On formation of Chhattisgarh state the capital city of Chhattisgarh shifted to Raipur.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ratanpur,_Chhattisgarh&action=edit"},{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"As of the 2001[update] India census,[4] Ratanpur had a population of 19,838. Males constituted 51% of the population and females 49%. Ratanpur has an average literacy rate of 59%, lower than the national average of 59.5% while male literacy is 70% and female literacy is 47%. In Ratanpur, 17% of the population is under 6 years of age.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mahamaya Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahamaya_Temple"},{"link_name":"Dakshin Kosal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakshin_Kosal"}],"text":"The town is popular as a religious center and many Hindu devotees come here to offer their prayers and seek the blessings at the Mahamaya Temple, goddess Mahamaya also known as Kosaleswari, as she was presiding deity of Dakshin Kosal (modern Chhattisgarh).Many other temples such as Bhudha Mahadev and Ramtekri are also situated there.","title":"Culture and religion"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"At around 25 kilometres (16 mi) from Bilaspur, the second largest city in Chhattisgarh state after Raipur, the journey to Bilaspur from the town can be made by plane, train or bus.","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bilaspur Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilaspur_Airport"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Jabalpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabalpur"},{"link_name":"Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi"},{"link_name":"Prayagraj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prayagraj"}],"sub_title":"Air","text":"Air travel is also accessible from Bilaspur. The Bilaspur Airport was inaugurated in March 2021 .[5] There are direct flights from Bilaspur to Jabalpur, Delhi and Prayagraj.","title":"Transport"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"F. Kielhorn (1888). \"Rajim stone inscription of Jagapala of the Kulachuri year 896\". The Indian Antiquary: 138.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenz_Franz_Kielhorn","url_text":"F. Kielhorn"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KhdCAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA138","url_text":"\"Rajim stone inscription of Jagapala of the Kulachuri year 896\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Indian_Antiquary","url_text":"The Indian Antiquary"}]},{"reference":"Jha, Makhan (1997). Anthropology of ancient Hindu kingdoms: a study in civilizational perspective By Makhan Jha. p. 65. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartered_Banker_Institute | Chartered Banker Institute | ["1 History","2 Qualifications","2.1 Chartered Banker","2.2 Chartered Banker MBA","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"] | Chartered Banker InstituteFounded1875HeadquartersDrumsheugh House, Edinburgh, United KingdomWebsitecharteredbanker.com
The Chartered Banker Institute was established in 1875 and is the oldest professional banking institute in the world and the only remaining banking institute in the UK. It aims to help rebuild public confidence in banks and bankers by developing and embedding high ethical, professional and technical standards. The institute offers a range of qualifications for banking and financial services.
History
The organisation was formed in 1875 as the Institute of Bankers in Scotland. In 1976, a first royal charter was awarded and it became the Chartered Institute of Bankers in Scotland.
In 2011, the Institute led the establishment of the Chartered Banker Professional Standards Board (CB:PSB) an initiative supported by eight UK banks and covering 350,000 individuals working in the banking sector. The CB:PSB develops and supports the implementation of industry-wide professional standards which set out the knowledge, skills, attitudes and behaviours expected of all UK bankers.
Based at Drumsheugh House in Edinburgh, the institute has more than 30,000 members in 59 countries. As of 2020 there were around one thousand fellows, who may use the post-nominals FCBI.
Qualifications
The Chartered Banker Institute provides a wide range of qualifications for banking and financial services. It is responsible for awarding Chartered Banker designation to qualified bankers, a protected title. As a professional body it is authorised by the UK Privy Council to award this designation.
Chartered Banker
Chartered Banker is the professional qualification awarded to qualified members of the Chartered Banker Institute. To become a Chartered Banker, individuals must pass a series of rigorous examinations on subjects including ethics, credit and lending, risk management and management and leadership. Chartered Bankers are required to complete a minimum of 35 hours of continuing professional development (CPD) per year, including 5 hours of ethics training, and subscribe to the Chartered Banker Code of Professional Conduct.
Chartered Banker MBA
The Chartered Banker MBA, with Bangor University, is the only qualification in the world combining an MBA and Chartered Banker status. When undertaking the Chartered Banker MBA, students study eight Compulsory Modules and four Electives to gain the 180 credits needed for the full degree and dual award of ‘Chartered Banker MBA’.
See also
The London Institute of Banking & Finance
Chartered Institute for Securities & Investment
Worshipful Company of International Bankers
List of banks in the United Kingdom
FINSIA
References
^ Munn, Charles W. "Banking History". www.scotbanks.org.uk. The Committee of Scottish Bankers. Retrieved 12 August 2020.
^ "Chartered Institute of Bankers". Charteredbanker.com. 14 February 2011. Retrieved 15 March 2011.
^ "list of Charters Granted" (PDF). privycouncil.independent.gov.uk. Privy Council. p. 52. Retrieved 12 August 2020.
^ "Chartered Bank about us". Charteredbanker.com. 14 February 2011. Retrieved 14 January 2015.
^ "Routes to Chartered Banker > Mambership > Become a Fellow". www.charteredbanker.com. Chartered Banker Institute. Retrieved 12 August 2020.
^ "Regulated Professions database: Chartered Banker (United Kingdom)". European Commission. Retrieved 12 August 2020.
^ "Chartered Institute of Bankers". Charteredbanker.com. Archived from the original on 19 January 2013. Retrieved 15 March 2011.
^ "What is a CB". Charteredbanker.com. Archived from the original on 29 July 2012. Retrieved 15 March 2011.
^ "Code of Conduct". Charteredbanker.com. Archived from the original on 29 July 2012. Retrieved 15 March 2011.
^ "Chartered Banker MBA". Bangor.ac.uk. Bangor University. Retrieved 12 August 2020.
External links
Official website
This article about an organisation in Scotland is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This European bank or insurance-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"professional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_body"},{"link_name":"banking institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The Chartered Banker Institute was established in 1875 and is the oldest professional banking institute in the world[1] and the only remaining banking institute in the UK. It aims to help rebuild public confidence in banks and bankers by developing and embedding high ethical, professional and technical standards.[2] The institute offers a range of qualifications for banking and financial services.","title":"Chartered Banker Institute"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chartered_Banker_Institute&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The organisation was formed in 1875 as the Institute of Bankers in Scotland. In 1976, a first royal charter was awarded and it became the Chartered Institute of Bankers in Scotland.[3]In 2011, the Institute led the establishment of the Chartered Banker Professional Standards Board (CB:PSB) an initiative supported by eight UK banks and covering 350,000 individuals working in the banking sector.[4] The CB:PSB develops and supports the implementation of industry-wide professional standards which set out the knowledge, skills, attitudes and behaviours expected of all UK bankers.Based at Drumsheugh House in Edinburgh, the institute has more than 30,000 members in 59 countries. As of 2020[update] there were around one thousand fellows, who may use the post-nominals FCBI.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The Chartered Banker Institute provides a wide range of qualifications for banking and financial services. It is responsible for awarding Chartered Banker designation to qualified bankers, a protected title.[6] As a professional body it is authorised by the UK Privy Council to award this designation.[7]","title":"Qualifications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"professional qualification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_qualification"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"ethics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethics"},{"link_name":"continuing professional development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuing_professional_development"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Chartered Banker","text":"Chartered Banker is the professional qualification awarded to qualified members of the Chartered Banker Institute.[8] To become a Chartered Banker, individuals must pass a series of rigorous examinations on subjects including ethics, credit and lending, risk management and management and leadership. Chartered Bankers are required to complete a minimum of 35 hours of continuing professional development (CPD) per year, including 5 hours of ethics training, and subscribe to the Chartered Banker Code of Professional Conduct.[9]","title":"Qualifications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bangor University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangor_University"},{"link_name":"MBA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MBA"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Chartered Banker MBA","text":"The Chartered Banker MBA, with Bangor University, is the only qualification in the world combining an MBA and Chartered Banker status.[10] When undertaking the Chartered Banker MBA, students study eight Compulsory Modules and four Electives to gain the 180 credits needed for the full degree and dual award of ‘Chartered Banker MBA’.","title":"Qualifications"}] | [] | [{"title":"The London Institute of Banking & Finance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Institute_of_Banking_%26_Finance"},{"title":"Chartered Institute for Securities & Investment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartered_Institute_for_Securities_%26_Investment"},{"title":"Worshipful Company of International Bankers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worshipful_Company_of_International_Bankers"},{"title":"List of banks in the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_banks_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"title":"FINSIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FINSIA"}] | [{"reference":"Munn, Charles W. \"Banking History\". www.scotbanks.org.uk. 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Archived from the original on 19 January 2013. Retrieved 15 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130119001301/http://www.charteredbanker.com/MainWebSite/CIOBe567bb5f.aspx?Map=C2E55497592202F488F03ADD9CFFB04B","url_text":"\"Chartered Institute of Bankers\""},{"url":"http://www.charteredbanker.com/MainWebSite/CIOBe567bb5f.aspx?Map=C2E55497592202F488F03ADD9CFFB04B","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"What is a CB\". Charteredbanker.com. Archived from the original on 29 July 2012. Retrieved 15 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120729215913/http://www.charteredbanker.com/MainWebSite/CIOB2d55575b.aspx?Map=DAEB20E4BF8BC59897396248899F8F96","url_text":"\"What is a CB\""},{"url":"http://www.charteredbanker.com/MainWebSite/CIOB2d55575b.aspx?Map=DAEB20E4BF8BC59897396248899F8F96","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Code of Conduct\". Charteredbanker.com. Archived from the original on 29 July 2012. 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Retrieved 12 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://charteredbankermba.bangor.ac.uk/","url_text":"\"Chartered Banker MBA\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangor_University","url_text":"Bangor University"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://charteredbanker.com/","external_links_name":"charteredbanker.com"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chartered_Banker_Institute&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://www.scotbanks.org.uk/history/banking-history.html","external_links_name":"\"Banking History\""},{"Link":"http://www.charteredbanker.com/","external_links_name":"\"Chartered Institute of Bankers\""},{"Link":"https://mk0privycouncilpmjhh.kinstacdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/List-of-Charters-Granted.pdf","external_links_name":"\"list of Charters Granted\""},{"Link":"https://www.charteredbanker.com/the-institute.html","external_links_name":"\"Chartered Bank about us\""},{"Link":"https://www.charteredbanker.com/routes-to-chartered-banker/membership/become-a-fellow.html","external_links_name":"\"Routes to Chartered Banker > Mambership > Become a Fellow\""},{"Link":"https://ec.europa.eu/growth/tools-databases/regprof/index.cfm?action=regprof&id_regprof=3621","external_links_name":"\"Regulated Professions database: Chartered Banker (United Kingdom)\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130119001301/http://www.charteredbanker.com/MainWebSite/CIOBe567bb5f.aspx?Map=C2E55497592202F488F03ADD9CFFB04B","external_links_name":"\"Chartered Institute of Bankers\""},{"Link":"http://www.charteredbanker.com/MainWebSite/CIOBe567bb5f.aspx?Map=C2E55497592202F488F03ADD9CFFB04B","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120729215913/http://www.charteredbanker.com/MainWebSite/CIOB2d55575b.aspx?Map=DAEB20E4BF8BC59897396248899F8F96","external_links_name":"\"What is a CB\""},{"Link":"http://www.charteredbanker.com/MainWebSite/CIOB2d55575b.aspx?Map=DAEB20E4BF8BC59897396248899F8F96","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120729013806/http://www.charteredbanker.com/MainWebSite/CIOB2d55575b.aspx?Map=8604B573BFA5D10216214804A96C6CCA","external_links_name":"\"Code of Conduct\""},{"Link":"http://www.charteredbanker.com/MainWebSite/CIOB2d55575b.aspx?Map=8604B573BFA5D10216214804A96C6CCA","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://charteredbankermba.bangor.ac.uk/","external_links_name":"\"Chartered Banker MBA\""},{"Link":"https://www.charteredbanker.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chartered_Banker_Institute&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chartered_Banker_Institute&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
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