Datasets:

BrightData
/

Wikipedia-Articles

Dataset card Data Studio Files Files and versions Community

Split (1)

train · 140k rows

url stringlengths 31 184	title stringlengths 1 146 ⌀	table_of_contents stringlengths 2 24.4k	raw_text stringlengths 16 424k ⌀	cataloged_text stringlengths 2 1.2M	images stringlengths 2 86.9k	see_also stringlengths 2 149k ⌀	references stringlengths 2 542k	external_links stringlengths 2 292k
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fush%C3%AB-Bardh%C3%AB	Fushëbardhë	["1 Notable people","2 References"]	Coordinates: 40°6′N 20°0′E / 40.100°N 20.000°E / 40.100; 20.000Village in Gjirokastër, AlbaniaFushëbardhëVillageFushëbardhëCoordinates: 40°6′N 20°0′E / 40.100°N 20.000°E / 40.100; 20.000Country AlbaniaCountyGjirokastërMunicipalityGjirokastërMunicipal unitCepoTime zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST) Fushëbardhë (also Fushë-Bardhë) is a small village in the south of Albania near Gjirokastër. It is part of the former municipality Cepo. At the 2015 local government reform it became part of the municipality Gjirokastër. Papa Zhuli a Catholic priest who is credited for the Kanun of Labëria, is from the neighbouring village of Zhulat and also Fushëbardhë. He moved from this region of now Cepo to Labëria, where he founded his Kanun. The etymology of Fushëbardhë from the Albanian language translates to in English as “White field”. Notable people Adil Çarçani (1922–1997) (former Prime Minister of Albania) References ^ "Law nr. 115/2014" (PDF) (in Albanian). p. 6371. Retrieved 25 February 2022. vteSubdivisions of Gjirokastër MunicipalityMunicipal Seat: GjirokastërAdministrative Unit of Antigonë Arshi Lengo Asim Zeneli Krinë Saraqinisht Tranoshisht Administrative Unit of Cepo Çepun Fushëbardhë Humelicë Kardhiq Kodër Mashkullorë Palokastër Plesat Prongji Taroninë Zhulat Administrative Unit of Gjirokastër Gjirokastër Administrative Unit of Lazarat Kordhocë Lazarat Administrative Unit of Lunxhëri Dhoksat Erind Gjat Kakoz Karjan Këllëz Mingul Nokovë Qestorat Valare Administrative Unit of Odrie Andon Poçi Hundëkuq Labovë e Madhe Labovë e Vogël Tërbuq Administrative Unit of Picar Golem Kaparjel Kolonjë Picar Shtëpëz Authority control databases VIAF This article about a specific location in Gjirokastër County, Albania, is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania"},{"link_name":"Gjirokastër","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjirokast%C3%ABr"},{"link_name":"Cepo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cepo"},{"link_name":"Gjirokastër","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjirokast%C3%ABr"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Kanun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanun_(Albania)"},{"link_name":"Labëria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laberia"},{"link_name":"Zhulat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhulat"},{"link_name":"Cepo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cepo"},{"link_name":"Albanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_language"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"}],"text":"Village in Gjirokastër, AlbaniaFushëbardhë (also Fushë-Bardhë) is a small village in the south of Albania near Gjirokastër. It is part of the former municipality Cepo. At the 2015 local government reform it became part of the municipality Gjirokastër.[1] Papa Zhuli a Catholic priest who is credited for the Kanun of Labëria, is from the neighbouring village of Zhulat and also Fushëbardhë. He moved from this region of now Cepo to Labëria, where he founded his Kanun. The etymology of Fushëbardhë from the Albanian language translates to in English as “White field”.","title":"Fushëbardhë"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Adil Çarçani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adil_%C3%87ar%C3%A7ani"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister of Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Albania"}],"text":"Adil Çarçani (1922–1997) (former Prime Minister of Albania)","title":"Notable people"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Law nr. 115/2014\" (PDF) (in Albanian). p. 6371. Retrieved 25 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vendime.al/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/137-2014.pdf","url_text":"\"Law nr. 115/2014\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Fush%C3%ABbardh%C3%AB&params=40_6_N_20_0_E_type:adm1st_region:AL_dim:100000","external_links_name":"40°6′N 20°0′E / 40.100°N 20.000°E / 40.100; 20.000"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Fush%C3%ABbardh%C3%AB&params=40_6_N_20_0_E_type:adm1st_region:AL_dim:100000","external_links_name":"40°6′N 20°0′E / 40.100°N 20.000°E / 40.100; 20.000"},{"Link":"https://www.vendime.al/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/137-2014.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Law nr. 115/2014\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/5301150325538410090000","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fush%C3%ABbardh%C3%AB&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_Iranian_Volleyball_Super_League	Iranian Volleyball Super League	["1 History","2 Current teams","3 League champions","3.1 Pasargad Cup","3.2 First Division","3.3 Super League","4 Titles by club","5 Titles by city","6 Notable foreign players","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]	Professional volleyball league in Iran This article is about the Iranian Super League for Volleyball. For other uses, see Iranian Super League. Iranian Super LeagueCurrent season, competition or edition: 2022–23 Iranian Volleyball Super LeagueSportVolleyballFounded1975 officially1997 with current formatNo. of teams14CountryIranMost recentchampion(s)Shahdab Yazd (2nd title)Most titlesPaykan Tehran (12 titles)TV partner(s)IRIB 3IRIB VarzeshOfficial websiteVolleyball.irThe Iranian Volleyball Super League (IVSL) is a professional volleyball league in Iran at the top of the Iranian volleyball league system. It was founded in 1975 as the Pasargad Cup, but after the Iranian Revolution it was renamed to the first Division. In 1997 the league system was revamped, and the Iranian Super League was established. History The first season of a national Iranian volleyball league was held in 1975 with 12 teams competing. In 1979 due to the Iranian Revolution the league was canceled. In 1989, the first Hazfi Cup for Iranian volleyball teams was held. During this period there was no national league and teams competed in the provincial and local leagues instead. Shortly after the Hazfi Cup, in 1990 the national volleyball league of Iran was restarted by the Iranian Volleyball Federation with 10 teams competing and was called the Fajr Cup. In 2010 the format of the league was changed and 12 teams competed in the league, which was later increased to 14 shortly after and the name was also changed to the Iranian Volleyball Super League or the Iranian Volleyball Premier League. Current teams Azar Battery Urmia Foolad Sirjan Hoorsun Ramsar Khatam Ardakan Labanyat Haraz Amol Paykan Tehran Rahyab Melal Marivan Saipa Tehran Sepahan Isfahan Shahdab Yazd Shahrdari Gonbad Shahrdari Qazvin Shahrdari Urmia Shahrdari Varamin League champions Pasargad Cup Season Champion Runner-up Third place 1975–1976 Dokhaniat Tehran Persepolis Tehran Taj Tehran 1976–1977 Taj Tehran Persepolis Tehran Zob Ahan Isfahan 1977–1978 Taj Tehran Irana Tehran Liftraksazi Tabriz 1978–1990 No national league competition only provincial leagues. (because of revolution and war) First Division Season Champion Runner-up Third place 1990–1991 Bonyad Shahid Tehran Bank Melli Tehran Bank Mazandaran Sari 1991–1992 Bonyad Shahid Tehran Bank Melli Tehran Bank Tejarat Tehran 1992–1993 Bank Melli Tehran Bank Tejarat Tehran Zob Ahan Isfahan 1993–1994 Abgineh Qazvin Bank Melli Tehran Bank Tejarat Tehran 1994–1995 Fajr Sepah Tehran Foolad Khuzestan Rikhtehgari Tabriz 1995–1996 Fajr Sepah Tehran Persepolis Tehran Zob Ahan Isfahan 1996–1997 Paykan Tehran Zob Ahan Isfahan Fajr Sepah Tehran Super League Season Champion Runner-up Third place 1997–1998 Paykan Tehran Zob Ahan Isfahan Abgineh Qazvin 1998–1999 Paykan Tehran Sanam Tehran Zob Ahan Isfahan 1999–2000 Paykan Tehran Motojen Tabriz Sanam Tehran 2000–2001 Sanam Tehran Paykan Tehran Aboumoslem Khorasan 2001–2002 Sanam Tehran Paykan Tehran PAS Tehran 2002–2003 Paykan Tehran Sanam Tehran PAS Tehran 2003–2004 Sanam Tehran Paykan Tehran Pegah Urmia 2004–2005 Sanam Tehran Pegah Urmia Paykan Tehran 2005–2006 Paykan Tehran Saipa Tehran Azarpayam Ertebatat Urmia 2006–2007 Paykan Tehran Gol Gohar Sirjan Saipa Tehran 2007–2008 Paykan Tehran Saipa Tehran Pegah Urmia 2008–2009 Paykan Tehran Saipa Tehran Foolad UrmiaBEEM Mazandaran 2009–2010 Paykan Tehran Saipa Karaj Kalleh Mazandaran 2010–2011 Paykan Tehran Saipa Alborz Kalleh Mazandaran 2011–2012 Kalleh Mazandaran Saipa Alborz Paykan TehranShahrdari Urmia 2012–2013 Kalleh Mazandaran Matin Varamin Paykan Tehran 2013–2014 Matin Varamin Kalleh Mazandaran Shahrdari Urmia 2014–2015 Paykan Tehran Shahrdari Urmia Shahrdari Tabriz 2015–2016 Sarmayeh Bank Tehran Paykan Tehran Samen Al-Hojaj KhorasanShahrdari Urmia 2016–2017 Sarmayeh Bank Tehran Paykan Tehran Shahrdari Urmia 2017–2018 Sarmayeh Bank Tehran Khatam Ardakan Paykan TehranShahrdari Tabriz 2018–2019 Shahrdari Varamin Saipa Tehran Kalleh MazandaranPayam Khorasan 2019–2020 The season was canceled due to COVID-19 pandemic. 2020–2021 Foolad Sirjan Shahrdari Urmia Sepahan IsfahanLabanyat Haraz Amol 2021–2022 Shahdab Yazd Paykan Tehran Sepahan IsfahanFoolad Sirjan 2022–2023 Shahdab Yazd Labanyat Haraz Amol PAS GorganPaykan Tehran 2023–2024 Foolad Sirjan Shahdab Yazd Paykan TehranShahrdari Urmia Titles by club Team Winners Runners-up Years Won Years Runner-up Paykan Tehran 12 6 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2003, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2015 2001, 2002, 2004, 2016, 2017, 2022 Sanam Tehran 4 2 2001, 2002, 2004, 2005 1999, 2003 Sarmayeh Bank Tehran 3 0 2016, 2017, 2018 – Kalleh Mazandaran 2 1 2012, 2013 2014 Shahrdari Varamin 2 1 2014, 2019 2013 Shahdab Yazd 2 1 2022, 2023 2024 Esteghlal Tehran 2 0 1977, 1978 – Bonyad Shahid Tehran 2 0 1991, 1992 – Fajr Sepah Tehran 2 0 1995, 1996 – Foolad Sirjan 2 0 2021, 2024 – Bank Melli Tehran 1 3 1993 1991, 1992, 1994 Dokhaniat Tehran 1 0 1976 – Abgineh Qazvin 1 0 1994 – Saipa Tehran 0 7 – 2006, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2019 Persepolis Tehran 0 3 – 1976, 1977, 1996 Shahrdari Urmia 0 3 – 2005, 2015, 2021 Zob Ahan Isfahan 0 2 – 1997, 1998 Irana Tehran 0 1 – 1978 Bank Tejarat Tehran 0 1 – 1993 Foolad Khuzestan 0 1 – 1995 Motojen Tabriz 0 1 – 2000 Gol Gohar Sirjan 0 1 – 2007 Khatam Ardakan 0 1 – 2018 Labanyat Haraz Amol 0 1 – 2023 Titles by city City (Province) Winners Runners-up Tehran (Tehran) 27 20 Amol (Mazandaran) 2 2 Varamin (Tehran) 2 1 Yazd (Yazd) 2 0 Sirjan (Kerman) 2 1 Qazvin (Qazvin) 1 0 Karaj (Alborz) 0 3 Urmia (West Azerbaijan) 0 3 Isfahan (Isfahan) 0 2 Ahvaz (Khuzestan) 0 1 Tabriz (East Azerbaijan) 0 1 Ardakan (Yazd) 0 1 Notable foreign players Rodrigo Quiroga Rodrigão Metodi Ananiev Evgeni Ivanov Danail Milushev Smilen Mlyakov Nikolay Nikolov Ángel Dennis Yasser Portuondo Philippe Barca-Cysique Valerio Vermiglio Nico Freriks Slobodan Kovač Vlado Petković Juan Carlos Blanco Łukasz Żygadło See also AVC Club Championships Iranian Women's Volleyball Premier League References External links I.R. Iran Volleyball Federation (in Persian) League champions vteIranian Volleyball Super League – 2020–21 Azar Battery Urmia Foolad Sepahan Foolad Sirjan Hoorsun Ramsar Khatam Ardakan Labanyat Haraz Amol Paykan Tehran Rahyab Melal Marivan Saipa Tehran Shahdab Yazd Shahrdari Gonbad Shahrdari Qazvin Shahrdari Urmia Shahrdari Varamin vteIranian Volleyball Super League seasonsPasargad Cup 1975–76 1976–77 1977–78 First Division 1990–91 1991–92 1992–93 1993–94 1994–95 1995–96 1996–97 Super League 1997–98 1998–99 1999–00 2000–01 2001–02 2002–03 2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 vteMen's volleyball leagues FIVB National leagues Club World Championship Records and statistics AfricaContinental African Clubs Championship Domestic Algeria Tunisia Asia and OceaniaContinental AVC Club Championship Domestic Australia China India Indonesia Iran Japan New Zealand Philippines Qatar South Korea Taiwan Thailand Vietnam EuropeContinental CEV Champions League Regional Baltic League MEVZA League NEVZA Clubs Championship Domestic Albania Austria Azerbaijan Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Czech Republic Czechoslovakia (defunct) Croatia Cyprus Denmark East Germany (defunct) England Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Israel Italy Lithuania Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Soviet Union (defunct) Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Yugoslavia (defunct) North AmericaDomestic Dominican Republic Puerto Rico United States Universities NAIA NJCAA South AmericaContinental South American Club Championship Domestic Argentina Brazil Chile Paraguay Peru Uruguay Venezuela vte Iranian Sport leaguesBasketball Men Super League 1st Division Women Super League 1st Division Football Men Pro League Azadegan League 2nd Division 3rd Division Provincial Leagues Women Pro League 1st Division Futsal Men Super League 1st Division 2nd Division Women Premier League Handball Men Super League 1st Division Women Premier League Volleyball Men Super League 1st Division Women Super League Water polo Super League Wrestling Premier League	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Iranian Super League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Super_League_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"professional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional"},{"link_name":"volleyball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"Iranian Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Revolution"}],"text":"This article is about the Iranian Super League for Volleyball. For other uses, see Iranian Super League.The Iranian Volleyball Super League (IVSL) is a professional volleyball league in Iran at the top of the Iranian volleyball league system. It was founded in 1975 as the Pasargad Cup, but after the Iranian Revolution it was renamed to the first Division. In 1997 the league system was revamped, and the Iranian Super League was established.","title":"Iranian Volleyball Super League"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Iranian Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Revolution"}],"text":"The first season of a national Iranian volleyball league was held in 1975 with 12 teams competing. In 1979 due to the Iranian Revolution the league was canceled.In 1989, the first Hazfi Cup for Iranian volleyball teams was held. During this period there was no national league and teams competed in the provincial and local leagues instead.Shortly after the Hazfi Cup, in 1990 the national volleyball league of Iran was restarted by the Iranian Volleyball Federation with 10 teams competing and was called the Fajr Cup. In 2010 the format of the league was changed and 12 teams competed in the league, which was later increased to 14 shortly after and the name was also changed to the Iranian Volleyball Super League or the Iranian Volleyball Premier League.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Azar Battery Urmia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Azar_Battery_Urmia_VC&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Foolad Sirjan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Foolad_Sirjan_VC&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hoorsun Ramsar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hoorsun_Ramsar_VC&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Khatam Ardakan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khatam_Ardakan_VC&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Labanyat Haraz Amol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Labanyat_Haraz_Amol_VC&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Paykan Tehran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paykan_Tehran_VC"},{"link_name":"Rahyab Melal Marivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rahyab_Melal_Marivan_VC&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Saipa Tehran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saipa_Tehran_VC"},{"link_name":"Sepahan Isfahan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepahan_Isfahan_VC"},{"link_name":"Shahdab Yazd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shahdab_Yazd_VC&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Shahrdari Gonbad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahrdari_Gonbad_VC"},{"link_name":"Shahrdari Qazvin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shahrdari_Qazvin_VC&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Shahrdari Urmia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahrdari_Urmia_VC"},{"link_name":"Shahrdari Varamin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahrdari_Varamin_VC"}],"text":"Azar Battery Urmia\nFoolad Sirjan\nHoorsun Ramsar\nKhatam Ardakan\nLabanyat Haraz Amol\nPaykan Tehran\nRahyab Melal Marivan\nSaipa Tehran\nSepahan Isfahan\nShahdab Yazd\nShahrdari Gonbad\nShahrdari Qazvin\nShahrdari Urmia\nShahrdari Varamin","title":"Current teams"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"League champions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Pasargad Cup","title":"League champions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"First Division","title":"League champions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Super League","title":"League champions"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Titles by club"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Titles by city"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notable foreign players"}]	[]	[{"title":"AVC Club Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Men%27s_Club_Volleyball_Championship"},{"title":"Iranian Women's Volleyball Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Women%27s_Volleyball_Premier_League"}]	[]	[{"Link":"http://www.volleyball.ir/","external_links_name":"Volleyball.ir"},{"Link":"http://www.volleyball.ir/","external_links_name":"I.R. Iran Volleyball Federation"},{"Link":"http://www.hamshahrionline.ir/hamnews/1384/841007/world/sporw.htm","external_links_name":"League champions"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maarten_Heijmans	Maarten Heijmans	["1 Career","2 Filmography","2.1 Theatre","2.2 Television","2.3 Film","3 References","4 External links"]	Dutch actor (born 1983) Maarten HeijmansBornMaarten Henri Lajos Heijmans (1983-12-24) 24 December 1983 (age 40)Amsterdam, NetherlandsOccupationActor Maarten Henri Lajos Heijmans (born 24 December 1983 in Amsterdam) is a Dutch Emmy-winning actor. Career In 2007 he graduated from the Amsterdamse Toneelschool & Kleinkunstacademie (Amsterdam Theatre School & Kleinkunst Academy) where he studied Drama for four years. Since his graduation, Maarten has performed in several theatre plays and television shows. In 2007 he and his former classmate Ian Bok made their own theatre-piece called De Huilende Kers (The Crying Cherry). That year they won the audience award at the Its Festival (International Theatreschool Festival). In 2008 they won the Dioraphte Fringe Award at the Amsterdam Fringe Festival. In summer 2009, De Huilende Kers performed at the Prague Fringe Festival as well as the Dublin Fringe Festival. Maarten is also a member of Dutch theatre-group, Circus Treurdier (which would translate roughly as "Circus of the sad animals"), a group of young performers who create and perform their own theatre shows. Filmography Theatre Brundibar - Hans Krasa (1995) Oliver! - Lionel Bart (1998) The Good Person of Szechwan - Bertolt Brecht (2006) De Kleine Kapitein - Tom Sijtsma (2007) Arabische Nacht - Roland Schimmelpfennig (2007) Verplichte Figuren - Niek Barendsen (2008) Batte - Ad De Bont (2008) De Huilende Kers (2008) Op Hoop van Zegen (Herman Heijermans) (2009) Thaibox Verdriet - Ad De Bont (2010) De Wijze Kater - Herman Heijermans (2010) Expats - Peter Van De Witte (2011) Les Enfants du Paradis (2011) Heldenbrigade - Roel Adam (2011) Wienerwald - Ödön von Horváth (2012) Antigone - Jean Anouilh (2012) Soldier of Orange - Anton (2013) Vaslav - Arthur Japin (2014) Mary Stuart - Friedrich Schiller (2014) De Gelaarsde Poes - Don Duyns (2015) Een Klein Leven (2019) De Wetten - de Astroloog (2024) Television Ramses Het Klokhuis S1NGLE Spangas Koppels Tita Tovenaar Van der Valk (2020, S1:E3) Modern Love Amsterdam Film Het woeden der gehele wereld (2006) Weg van jou (2017) Wat is dan liefde (2019) References ^ Emmy voor Ramses-acteur Maarten Heijmans External links Maarten Heijmans at IMDb vteInternational Emmy Award for Best Performance by an Actor2000s Thierry Frémont (2005) Ray Winstone (2006) Pierre Bokma / Jim Broadbent (2007) David Suchet (2008) Ben Whishaw (2009) 2010s Bob Hoskins (2010) Christopher Eccleston (2011) Darío Grandinetti (2012) Sean Bean (2013) Stephen Dillane (2014) Maarten Heijmans (2015) Dustin Hoffman (2016) Kenneth Branagh (2017) Lars Mikkelsen (2018) Haluk Bilginer (2019) 2020s Billy Barratt (2020) David Tennant (2021) Dougray Scott (2022) Martin Freeman (2023) Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Germany Netherlands This article about a Dutch actor is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Amsterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam"},{"link_name":"Emmy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Emmy_Awards"},{"link_name":"actor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actor"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Maarten Henri Lajos Heijmans (born 24 December 1983 in Amsterdam) is a Dutch Emmy-winning actor.[1]","title":"Maarten Heijmans"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Amsterdamse Toneelschool & Kleinkunstacademie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdamse_Toneelschool_%26_Kleinkunstacademie"},{"link_name":"Kleinkunst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleinkunst"},{"link_name":"Drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama"},{"link_name":"Amsterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam"},{"link_name":"Fringe Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fringe_Festival"},{"link_name":"Prague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prague"},{"link_name":"Fringe Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fringe_Festival"},{"link_name":"Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin"},{"link_name":"Fringe Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fringe_Festival"}],"text":"In 2007 he graduated from the Amsterdamse Toneelschool & Kleinkunstacademie (Amsterdam Theatre School & Kleinkunst Academy) where he studied Drama for four years. \nSince his graduation, Maarten has performed in several theatre plays and television shows.In 2007 he and his former classmate Ian Bok made their own theatre-piece called De Huilende Kers (The Crying Cherry). That year they won the audience award at the Its Festival (International Theatreschool Festival). In 2008 they won the Dioraphte Fringe Award at the Amsterdam Fringe Festival. In summer 2009, De Huilende Kers performed at the Prague Fringe Festival as well as the Dublin Fringe Festival.Maarten is also a member of Dutch theatre-group, Circus Treurdier (which would translate roughly as \"Circus of the sad animals\"), a group of young performers who create and perform their own theatre shows.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brundibar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brundibar"},{"link_name":"Hans Krasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Krasa"},{"link_name":"Oliver!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver!"},{"link_name":"Lionel Bart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Bart"},{"link_name":"The Good Person of Szechwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Good_Person_of_Szechwan"},{"link_name":"Bertolt Brecht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht"},{"link_name":"Roland Schimmelpfennig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_Schimmelpfennig"},{"link_name":"Op Hoop van Zegen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Op_Hoop_van_Zegen"},{"link_name":"Herman Heijermans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_Heijermans"},{"link_name":"Herman Heijermans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_Heijermans"},{"link_name":"Les Enfants du Paradis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Enfants_du_Paradis"},{"link_name":"Ödön von Horváth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96d%C3%B6n_von_Horv%C3%A1th"},{"link_name":"Antigone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigone_(Anouilh_play)"},{"link_name":"Jean Anouilh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Anouilh"},{"link_name":"Soldier of Orange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soldier_of_Orange"},{"link_name":"Arthur Japin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Japin"},{"link_name":"Mary Stuart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Stuart_(Schiller_play)"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Schiller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller"}],"sub_title":"Theatre","text":"Brundibar - Hans Krasa (1995)\nOliver! - Lionel Bart (1998)\nThe Good Person of Szechwan - Bertolt Brecht (2006)\nDe Kleine Kapitein - Tom Sijtsma (2007)\nArabische Nacht - Roland Schimmelpfennig (2007)\nVerplichte Figuren - Niek Barendsen (2008)\nBatte - Ad De Bont (2008)\nDe Huilende Kers (2008)\nOp Hoop van Zegen (Herman Heijermans) (2009)\nThaibox Verdriet - Ad De Bont (2010)\nDe Wijze Kater - Herman Heijermans (2010)\nExpats - Peter Van De Witte (2011)\nLes Enfants du Paradis (2011)\nHeldenbrigade - Roel Adam (2011)\nWienerwald - Ödön von Horváth (2012)\nAntigone - Jean Anouilh (2012)\nSoldier of Orange - Anton (2013)\nVaslav - Arthur Japin (2014)\nMary Stuart - Friedrich Schiller (2014)\nDe Gelaarsde Poes - Don Duyns (2015)\nEen Klein Leven (2019)\nDe Wetten - de Astroloog (2024)","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ramses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramses_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Het Klokhuis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Het_Klokhuis"},{"link_name":"S1NGLE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S1NGLE"},{"link_name":"Tita Tovenaar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tita_Tovenaar"},{"link_name":"Van der Valk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_der_Valk_(2020_TV_series)#Episodes"},{"link_name":"Modern Love Amsterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Love_Amsterdam"}],"sub_title":"Television","text":"Ramses\nHet Klokhuis\nS1NGLE\nSpangas\nKoppels\nTita Tovenaar\nVan der Valk (2020, S1:E3)\nModern Love Amsterdam","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Het woeden der gehele wereld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Het_woeden_der_gehele_wereld"}],"sub_title":"Film","text":"Het woeden der gehele wereld (2006)\nWeg van jou (2017)\nWat is dan liefde (2019)","title":"Filmography"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://nos.nl/artikel/2071022-emmy-voor-ramses-acteur-maarten-heijmans.html","external_links_name":"Emmy voor Ramses-acteur Maarten Heijmans"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1913420/","external_links_name":"Maarten Heijmans"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/310526150","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJdwYCqv3WY6ByGhhbrg8C","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1180657756","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p37080287X","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maarten_Heijmans&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giveon	Giveon	["1 Early life","2 Career","2.1 2018–2019: Career beginnings","2.2 2019–present: \"Chicago Freestyle\" and extended play releases","3 Artistry","4 Discography","5 Tours","6 Awards and nominations","7 References","8 External links"]	American R&B singer (born 1995) GiveonGiveon in 2020Background informationBirth nameGiveon Dezmann EvansBornLong Beach, CaliforniaGenresNeo soulR&BOccupation(s)SingersongwriterYears active2018–presentLabelsNot So FastEpicWebsitegiveonofficial.comMusical artist Giveon Dezmann Evans (/ˈɡɪviən/), known mononymously as Giveon (stylized as GIVĒON), is an American R&B singer. He rose to prominence with his collaboration with Drake on their 2020 single, "Chicago Freestyle". In the same year, Giveon released the EPs, Take Time and When It's All Said and Done, the former was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best R&B Album, and the latter reaching the Top 10 on the US Top R&B Albums chart. He released "Heartbreak Anniversary", as the second single from Take Time, which reached the Top 40 in the US and was certified Platinum by RIAA. In 2021, Giveon was featured alongside Daniel Caesar on the Justin Bieber single "Peaches", which debuted at number one on the Billboard Global 200 and US Billboard Hot 100 charts. In 2022, he released his debut studio album Give or Take. Early life Giveon Dezmann Evans was born in Long Beach, California. He and his two brothers grew up in a home with a single mother; he realized his passion for music at a young age, often singing at birthday parties. He credits his mother with pushing him to explore this early love for music and protecting him and his brothers from the pressures of gang culture and poverty. He attended Long Beach Polytechnic High School, and took a music education program at the Grammy Museum at age 18, where he fell in love with Frank Sinatra, whose bellowing voice was inspiring to the teenager. Giveon listened to R&B and soul and was also greatly inspired by Drake. Giveon fell in love with Barry White and Frank Sinatra music through a Recording Academy program where kids got to learn about music history. Giveon was inspired by 1960s jazz and wanted to modernize what he heard. Career 2018–2019: Career beginnings Giveon self-released his debut single "Garden Kisses" in August 2018. Shortly after that he was discovered by Canadian record producer Sevn Thomas, who found him on a random playlist on SoundCloud, and later signed him to his record label Not So Fast and Epic Records. After signing, he started to perform his original songs at different live venues, including "Like I Want You", before recording them professionally. In November 2019, he released the single "Like I Want You" shortly before serving as an opening act for Snoh Aalegra on her Ugh, A Mini Tour Again of Europe and North America. 2019–present: "Chicago Freestyle" and extended play releases In 2019, Giveon toured with Snoh Aalegra, where Giveon would often freestyle as he only had two songs out at the time. Giveon's manager sent his freestyle performance from Chicago to Drake. It led to their collaboration in "Chicago Freestyle", which is how the single got its name. In February 2020, Evans was featured on Drake's single "Chicago Freestyle", which was only uploaded to SoundCloud and YouTube at the time. In March 2020, Evans released his debut EP, Take Time, which was executive produced by Thomas. The EP topped Billboard's Heatseekers Albums chart, earning Giveon his first charting project. Take Time also received acclaim from contemporary music critics who called it "breathtaking" and "polished". In May 2020, "Chicago Freestyle" was released for streaming, along with Drake's mixtape, Dark Lane Demo Tapes. The song peaked at number 14 on the Billboard Hot 100, earning Giveon his first Billboard-charting single. It also became a top 40 single in the United Kingdom, Canada, New Zealand and Switzerland. In September 2020, Giveon announced the release of his four-track second extended play (EP), When It's All Said and Done, and shortly released its lead single, "Stuck on You". After being released on October 2, 2020, the EP debuted at number 93 on the Billboard 200. With a rapid increase of mainstream attention, Giveon's singles "Stuck on You" and "Like I Want You" began entering a number of Billboard R&B charts in late 2020, with the latter later being certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America in December 2020. During that time, Giveon earned his first-ever Grammy Award nomination when Take Time was nominated for Best R&B Album at the 2021 Grammy Awards. He also made his debut television performance on Jimmy Kimmel Live!, performing "Stuck on You". During the week of February 27, 2021, Giveon earned his second and third Billboard Hot 100 entries with "Heartbreak Anniversary" and "Like I Want You", entering the chart at numbers 74 and 95, respectively. On March 12, he released the compilation album, When It's All Said and Done... Take Time, a combination of his first two EPs, which included a new song titled "All to Me". Just a week later, he was featured on Justin Bieber's single "Peaches" from his album Justice. On September 16, 2022, Epic Records revealed that Giveon recorded a track for the film Amsterdam called “Time,” co-written by Drake. Artistry Giveon is known for his baritone vocals. He is inspired by jazz music from the 1960s and 1970s. He cites Frank Sinatra, Frank Ocean, Drake, Adele, and Sampha as some of his biggest influences. Discography Main article: Giveon discographyStudio albums and EPs When It's All Said and Done...Take Time (2021) which combines the two EPs 'When It's All Said and Done' and 'Take Time' into one effort titled, 'When It's All Said And Done…Take Time Give or Take (2022) Tours Timeless Tour (2021) – Giveon's first tour, consisting of fourteen different shows spread throughout North America. One show was outside of the United States, in Toronto, Canada where Drake made an appearance. Give or Take Tour (2022) – Began on August 22, 2022, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and ended on October 21, 2022, in Toronto, Canada. The tour included North-American locations and Canadian locations in Montreal and Toronto. After the presale, Giveon added more tour dates, extending the tour by six shows. Awards and nominations Organization Year Category Nominated work Result Ref. Academy Awards 2023 Best Original Song "Time" Shortlisted American Music Awards 2022 Favorite Male R&B Artist Giveon Nominated BET Awards 2021 Best Male R&B/Pop Artist Nominated Best New Artist Won Grammy Awards 2021 Best R&B Album Take Time Nominated 2022 Album of the Year Justice (as featured artist and songwriter) Nominated Record of the Year "Peaches" (with Justin Bieber & Daniel Caesar) Nominated Song of the Year Nominated Best R&B Performance Nominated Best Music Video Nominated Best R&B Song "Heartbreak Anniversary" Nominated MTV Video Music Awards 2021 Best New Artist Giveon Nominated Best Collaboration "Peaches" (with Justin Bieber & Daniel Caesar) Nominated Best Pop Won Best Editing Nominated Song of Summer Nominated "Heartbreak Anniversary" Nominated Best R&B Nominated NAACP Image Awards 2021 Outstanding New Artist Giveon Nominated 2022 Outstanding Male Artist Giveon Nominated Outstanding Album When It's All Said and Done... Take Time Nominated iHeartRadio Music Awards 2022 Best New R&B Artist Giveon Won R&B Artist of the Year Nominated Best New Pop Artist Nominated Song of the Year "Peaches" (feat. Daniel Caesar and Giveon) Nominated Best Music Video Nominated Best Collaboration Nominated R&B Song of the Year "Heartbreak Anniversary" Nominated References ^ Penrose, Nerisha (October 2, 2020). "Giveon Will Always Be Real With You". Elle. ISSN 0888-0808. Retrieved December 16, 2020. ^ "Neo-Soul 2020: 23 Contemporary Artists Pushing the Sound Forward - Okayplayer". ^ a b "Rising R&B Singer Giveon Makes Pain Sound Beautiful". BET. May 20, 2020. Retrieved May 25, 2020. ^ "Giveon Explains The Meaning Behind His Name, The Inspiration Of His Unique Sound & More, Mic Check" (video). youtube.com. BET Her. May 22, 2020. ^ Polo, Maxamillion (March 3, 2020). "Get to Know Giveon, a Haunting and Angelic Voice in R&B". Ones to Watch. Retrieved January 2, 2021. ^ Pastore, Alexandra (September 18, 2019). "Just Being Giveon". Women's Wear Daily. Retrieved January 2, 2021. ^ "R&B Singer Giveon Details His California Upbringing & Breaks Down His Latest Single "Like I Want You" ". Okayplayer. 2020-02-07. Retrieved 2021-02-17. ^ Brown, August (December 7, 2021). "With Drake and Justin Bieber co-signs, Long Beach's Giveon looks to spin his R&B into Grammy gold". Los Angeles Times. ^ "R&B Singer Giveon Details His California Upbringing & Breaks Down His Latest Single "Like I Want You" ". OkayPlayer. 7 February 2020. Retrieved May 25, 2020. ^ a b Gage, Dewayne (2021-03-31). "How Giveon Patiently Worked His Way to R&B Stardom". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 2022-11-28. ^ a b Rashed, Ayesha (March 27, 2020). "GIVEON Drops Debut EP "Take Time"". Respect. ISSN 2150-8674. Archived from the original on February 19, 2023. Retrieved May 25, 2020. ^ "EXCLUSIVE: Scarborough's Sevn Thomas Chats Working with Drake, Rihanna, Travis Scott and Discovering Giveon". 27 July 2021. Archived from the original on December 1, 2021. ^ Giveon (November 21, 2019). "LIKE I WANT YOU is finally out now on all platforms! i appreciate you all for waiting ever so patiently. thanks to everyone involved in helping me put this song together. i hope you all fall in love with it! more music coming your way very soon" (Tweet) – via Twitter. ^ Inman, DeMicia (September 24, 2019). "Snoh Aalegra Announces North American Tour With Baby Rose". Def Pen. Retrieved May 25, 2020. ^ Okon, Wongo (December 29, 2020). "Giveon's Heart Opened And Closed With The World In 2020". Uproxx. Retrieved January 2, 2021. Giveon introduced himself to a small part of the world as the opening act on Snoh Aalegra's 2019 tour, 'Ugh, A Mini Tour Again.' Here he graced fans with eyebrow-raising performances of songs like "Garden Kisses" and "Like I Want You" and left his newfound supporters to declare him as their "crush" and request he sing at their wedding reception. ^ Peters, Mitchell (March 1, 2020). "Drake's New Songs 'When to Say When' & 'Chicago Freestyle': See the Best Fan Reactions". Billboard. Retrieved May 25, 2020. ^ "Heatseekers Albums Chart – October 17, 2020". Billboard. 2 January 2013. Retrieved October 13, 2020. ^ Polo, Maxamillion (March 27, 2020). "Giveon Delivers a Breathtaking Moment of Reflection in 'TAKE TIME'". Ones to Watch. Retrieved May 25, 2020. ^ Smith, Madison (May 1, 2020). "ALBUM REVIEW: 'Take Time'". Niner Times. Retrieved May 25, 2020. ^ Zellner, Xander (May 12, 2020). "Drake Charts All 14 Songs From 'Dark Lane Demo Tapes' on Hot 100". Billboard. Retrieved May 25, 2020. ^ Rashed, Ayesha (October 1, 2020). "Giveon Announces New EP 'When It's All Said And Done' Available 10/2". Respect. Archived from the original on August 7, 2023. Retrieved January 2, 2021. ^ Okon, Wongo (September 30, 2020). "Giveon's 'Stuck On You' Fronts His 'When It's All Said And Done' EP". Uproxx. Retrieved January 2, 2021. ^ DJ First Class (October 2, 2020). "Giveon drops off new EP 'When It's All Said And Done'". Revolt. Archived from the original on October 7, 2020. Retrieved October 2, 2020. ^ Folk, Antwane (December 22, 2020). "Giveon's Single 'Like I Want You' Reaches Gold Status". Rated R&B. Retrieved January 2, 2021. ^ a b "Giveon". Grammy.com. Retrieved December 16, 2020. ^ King, Akili (December 10, 2020). "Singer-Songwriter Giveon On His Grammy Nomination and Taking Time for Self-Care". Vogue. Retrieved January 2, 2021. ^ Folk, Antwane (November 6, 2020). "Giveon Performs 'Stuck on You' on Jimmy Kimmel Live!". Rated R&B. Retrieved January 2, 2021. ^ Rossignol, Derrick (November 4, 2020). "Giveon Performs 'Stuck On You' On 'Jimmy Kimmel Live!'". Uproxx. Retrieved January 2, 2021. ^ @Giveon (March 5, 2021). "The anniversary for the release of Take Time is creeping up on us all.. I decided to combine both of my first two eps into one project: When It's All Said and Done... Take Time. I also added a new song to the project. 3/12.. pre-save at midnight ✨ ..." (Tweet). Retrieved March 11, 2021 – via Twitter. ^ @Giveon (March 10, 2021). "tomorrow night ✨ ..." (Tweet). Retrieved March 11, 2021 – via Twitter. ^ "7 Things We Learned While Justin Bieber Played His 16-Track New Album Over Zoom". British Vogue. Retrieved 19 March 2021. ^ Bowenbank, Starr (September 16, 2022). "Giveon to Release New Single 'Time' Co-Written by Drake for 'Amsterdam' Movie Soundtrack". Billboard. Retrieved September 19, 2022. ^ a b Ju, Shirley (April 9, 2020). "Giveon: Get To Know Baritone Singer-Songwriter". Flaunt. ISSN 1523-5726. Archived from the original on November 6, 2021. Retrieved December 18, 2020. ^ "Giveon Explains His Quick Rise, Songwriting Approach and The Impact of a Drake Collaboration". Billboard. Retrieved 2021-02-17. ^ Santiago, Elliot (September 14, 2021). "GIVĒON Announces Dates for His 2021 "Timeless Tour"". Hypebeast. ^ Samuels, Keithan (2022-06-14). "Giveon Announces 'Give or Take Tour' Dates". Rated R&B. Retrieved 2022-11-16. ^ Davis, Clayton (2022-12-21). "Oscar Shortlists: Rihanna and Lady Gaga Advance, 'RRR' Snubbed for VFX and Sound, 'Good Night Oppy' Shut Out of Doc Race". Variety. Retrieved 2023-01-25. ^ Brathwaite, Lester; Lamphier, Jason (November 20, 2022). "American Music Awards 2022: See the complete list of winners". Entertainment Weekly. ^ "BET Awards 2021: Full List Of Winners, Nominees And Honorees". BET. June 28, 2021. ^ "2022 GRAMMYs Awards Show: Complete Nominations List". Grammy.com. The Recording Academy. November 23, 2021. Retrieved November 24, 2021. ^ Atkinson, Katie (September 12, 2021). "2021 MTV VMAs Winners: Complete List". Billboard. ^ "Vote for the MTV VMA Group of the Year and Song of the Summer starting tomorrow". Lakes Media Network. 2021-09-03. Retrieved 2021-09-12. ^ Martoccio, Angie (2021-08-11). "2021 MTV VMAs: Justin Bieber, Megan Thee Stallion, Olivia Rodrigo Lead Nominations". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 2021-09-12. ^ Davis, Clayton (February 2, 2021). "Viola Davis, Tyler Perry and Regina King Up for Entertainer of the Year at 2021 NAACP Image Awards". Variety. Retrieved March 1, 2021. ^ Mekishana, Pierre (February 17, 2022). "NAACP Image Awards 2022: Nominees, Presenters and Performers \| Entertainment Tonight". www.etonline.com. Retrieved 6 March 2022. ^ "2022 iHeartRadio Music Awards: See The Full List Of Winners". iHeartRadio. Archived from the original on April 8, 2022. Retrieved April 10, 2022. External links Official website vteGiveonDiscographyStudio albums Give or Take (2022) EPs Take Time (2020) When It's All Said and Done (2020) Singles "Heartbreak Anniversary" "For Tonight" "Lie Again" Featured singles "Peaches" Other songs "Chicago Freestyle" "In the Bible" vteBET Award for Best New Artist Nelly (2001) Alicia Keys (2002) 50 Cent (2003) Kanye West (2004) John Legend (2005) Chris Brown (2006) Jennifer Hudson (2007) The-Dream (2008) Keri Hilson (2009) Nicki Minaj (2010) Wiz Khalifa (2011) Big Sean (2012) Kendrick Lamar (2013) August Alsina (2014) Sam Smith (2015) Bryson Tiller (2016) Chance the Rapper (2017) SZA (2018) Lil Baby (2019) Roddy Ricch (2020) Giveon (2021) Latto (2022) Coco Jones (2023) Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States Artists Grammy Awards MusicBrainz	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"/ˈɡɪviən/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"mononymously","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mononym"},{"link_name":"R&B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_R%26B"},{"link_name":"Drake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drake_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Chicago Freestyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Freestyle"},{"link_name":"Take Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Take_Time_(Giveon_EP)"},{"link_name":"When It's All Said and Done","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/When_It%27s_All_Said_and_Done"},{"link_name":"Grammy Award for Best R&B Album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_R%26B_Album"},{"link_name":"Top R&B Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_R%26B_Albums"},{"link_name":"Heartbreak Anniversary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heartbreak_Anniversary"},{"link_name":"Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_40"},{"link_name":"certified Platinum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_recording_certification"},{"link_name":"RIAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America"},{"link_name":"Daniel Caesar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Caesar"},{"link_name":"Justin Bieber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Bieber"},{"link_name":"Peaches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peaches_(Justin_Bieber_song)"},{"link_name":"Billboard Global 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Global_200"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"Give or Take","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Give_or_Take"}],"text":"Musical artistGiveon Dezmann Evans (/ˈɡɪviən/[4]), known mononymously as Giveon (stylized as GIVĒON), is an American R&B singer. \nHe rose to prominence with his collaboration with Drake on their 2020 single, \"Chicago Freestyle\". In the same year, Giveon released the EPs, Take Time and When It's All Said and Done, the former was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best R&B Album, and the latter reaching the Top 10 on the US Top R&B Albums chart. He released \"Heartbreak Anniversary\", as the second single from Take Time, which reached the Top 40 in the US and was certified Platinum by RIAA. In 2021, Giveon was featured alongside Daniel Caesar on the Justin Bieber single \"Peaches\", which debuted at number one on the Billboard Global 200 and US Billboard Hot 100 charts. In 2022, he released his debut studio album Give or Take.","title":"Giveon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Long Beach, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Beach,_California"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Long Beach Polytechnic High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Beach_Polytechnic_High_School"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Grammy Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Museum_at_L.A._Live"},{"link_name":"Frank Sinatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Sinatra"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-9"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BET-3"},{"link_name":"Barry White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_White"},{"link_name":"Frank Sinatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Sinatra"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gage-10"}],"text":"Giveon Dezmann Evans was born in Long Beach, California.[5][6] He and his two brothers grew up in a home with a single mother; he realized his passion for music at a young age, often singing at birthday parties. He credits his mother with pushing him to explore this early love for music and protecting him and his brothers from the pressures of gang culture and poverty.[7] He attended Long Beach Polytechnic High School,[8] and took a music education program at the Grammy Museum at age 18, where he fell in love with Frank Sinatra, whose bellowing voice was inspiring to the teenager.[9][3] Giveon listened to R&B and soul and was also greatly inspired by Drake. Giveon fell in love with Barry White and Frank Sinatra music through a Recording Academy program where kids got to learn about music history. Giveon was inspired by 1960s jazz and wanted to modernize what he heard.[10]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-11"},{"link_name":"Canadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadians"},{"link_name":"Sevn Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sevn_Thomas"},{"link_name":"SoundCloud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SoundCloud"},{"link_name":"Epic Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_Records"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Snoh Aalegra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snoh_Aalegra"},{"link_name":"Ugh, A Mini Tour Again","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugh,_Those_Feels_Again"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"2018–2019: Career beginnings","text":"Giveon self-released his debut single \"Garden Kisses\" in August 2018.[11] Shortly after that he was discovered by Canadian record producer Sevn Thomas, who found him on a random playlist on SoundCloud, and later signed him to his record label Not So Fast and Epic Records.[12] After signing, he started to perform his original songs at different live venues, including \"Like I Want You\", before recording them professionally. In November 2019, he released the single \"Like I Want You\" shortly before serving as an opening act for Snoh Aalegra on her Ugh, A Mini Tour Again of Europe and North America.[13][14][15]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"Drake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drake_(musician)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gage-10"},{"link_name":"Drake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drake_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Chicago Freestyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Freestyle"},{"link_name":"SoundCloud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SoundCloud"},{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Take Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Take_Time_(Giveon_EP)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-11"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_charts"},{"link_name":"Heatseekers Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heatseekers_Albums"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TTHeat-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Chicago Freestyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Freestyle"},{"link_name":"Dark Lane Demo Tapes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_Lane_Demo_Tapes"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"extended play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_play"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"certified gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIAA_certification"},{"link_name":"Recording Industry Association of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Grammy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award"},{"link_name":"Best R&B Album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_R%26B_Album"},{"link_name":"2021 Grammy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/63rd_Annual_Grammy_Awards"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Kimmel Live!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Kimmel_Live!"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"Heartbreak Anniversary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heartbreak_Anniversary"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Comp-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Justin Bieber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Bieber"},{"link_name":"Peaches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peaches_(Justin_Bieber_song)"},{"link_name":"Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_(Justin_Bieber_album)"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Amsterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam_(2022_film)"},{"link_name":"Drake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drake_(musician)"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"2019–present: \"Chicago Freestyle\" and extended play releases","text":"In 2019, Giveon toured with Snoh Aalegra, where Giveon would often freestyle as he only had two songs out at the time. Giveon's manager sent his freestyle performance from Chicago to Drake. It led to their collaboration in \"Chicago Freestyle\", which is how the single got its name.[10] In February 2020, Evans was featured on Drake's single \"Chicago Freestyle\", which was only uploaded to SoundCloud and YouTube at the time.[16] In March 2020, Evans released his debut EP, Take Time, which was executive produced by Thomas.[11] The EP topped Billboard's Heatseekers Albums chart, earning Giveon his first charting project.[17] Take Time also received acclaim from contemporary music critics who called it \"breathtaking\" and \"polished\".[18][19] In May 2020, \"Chicago Freestyle\" was released for streaming, along with Drake's mixtape, Dark Lane Demo Tapes. The song peaked at number 14 on the Billboard Hot 100, earning Giveon his first Billboard-charting single.[20] It also became a top 40 single in the United Kingdom, Canada, New Zealand and Switzerland. In September 2020, Giveon announced the release of his four-track second extended play (EP), When It's All Said and Done,[21] and shortly released its lead single, \"Stuck on You\".[22] After being released on October 2, 2020, the EP debuted at number 93 on the Billboard 200.[23] With a rapid increase of mainstream attention, Giveon's singles \"Stuck on You\" and \"Like I Want You\" began entering a number of Billboard R&B charts in late 2020, with the latter later being certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America in December 2020.[24] During that time, Giveon earned his first-ever Grammy Award nomination when Take Time was nominated for Best R&B Album at the 2021 Grammy Awards.[25][26] He also made his debut television performance on Jimmy Kimmel Live!, performing \"Stuck on You\".[27][28]During the week of February 27, 2021, Giveon earned his second and third Billboard Hot 100 entries with \"Heartbreak Anniversary\" and \"Like I Want You\", entering the chart at numbers 74 and 95, respectively. On March 12, he released the compilation album, When It's All Said and Done... Take Time, a combination of his first two EPs, which included a new song titled \"All to Me\".[29][30] Just a week later, he was featured on Justin Bieber's single \"Peaches\" from his album Justice.[31]On September 16, 2022, Epic Records revealed that Giveon recorded a track for the film Amsterdam called “Time,” co-written by Drake.[32]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"baritone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baritone"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-33"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-33"},{"link_name":"Frank Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Drake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drake_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Adele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adele"},{"link_name":"Sampha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampha"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"text":"Giveon is known for his baritone vocals.[33] He is inspired by jazz music from the 1960s and 1970s.[33] He cites Frank Sinatra, Frank Ocean, Drake, Adele, and Sampha as some of his biggest influences.[34]","title":"Artistry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"'When It's All Said and Done","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/When_It%27s_All_Said_and_Done"},{"link_name":"Take Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Take_Time_(Giveon_EP)"},{"link_name":"Give or Take","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Give_or_Take"}],"text":"Studio albums and EPsWhen It's All Said and Done...Take Time (2021) which combines the two EPs 'When It's All Said and Done' and 'Take Time' into one effort titled, 'When It's All Said And Done…Take Time\nGive or Take (2022)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"text":"Timeless Tour (2021) – Giveon's first tour, consisting of fourteen different shows spread throughout North America. One show was outside of the United States, in Toronto, Canada where Drake made an appearance.[35]\nGive or Take Tour (2022) – Began on August 22, 2022, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and ended on October 21, 2022, in Toronto, Canada. The tour included North-American locations and Canadian locations in Montreal and Toronto. After the presale, Giveon added more tour dates, extending the tour by six shows.[36]","title":"Tours"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and nominations"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Penrose, Nerisha (October 2, 2020). \"Giveon Will Always Be Real With You\". Elle. ISSN 0888-0808. Retrieved December 16, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.elle.com/culture/music/a34247561/giveon-when-its-all-said-and-done-ep-interview/","url_text":"\"Giveon Will Always Be Real With You\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elle_(magazine)","url_text":"Elle"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0888-0808","url_text":"0888-0808"}]},{"reference":"\"Neo-Soul 2020: 23 Contemporary Artists Pushing the Sound Forward - Okayplayer\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.okayplayer.com/originals/top-new-neo-soul-r-and-b-singers.html","url_text":"\"Neo-Soul 2020: 23 Contemporary Artists Pushing the Sound Forward - Okayplayer\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rising R&B Singer Giveon Makes Pain Sound Beautiful\". BET. May 20, 2020. Retrieved May 25, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bet.com/music/2020/05/20/giveon-106-and-park-mic-check.html","url_text":"\"Rising R&B Singer Giveon Makes Pain Sound Beautiful\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BET","url_text":"BET"}]},{"reference":"\"Giveon Explains The Meaning Behind His Name, The Inspiration Of His Unique Sound & More, Mic Check\" (video). youtube.com. BET Her. May 22, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=de4DgptEk_8","url_text":"\"Giveon Explains The Meaning Behind His Name, The Inspiration Of His Unique Sound & More, Mic Check\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BET_Her","url_text":"BET Her"}]},{"reference":"Polo, Maxamillion (March 3, 2020). \"Get to Know Giveon, a Haunting and Angelic Voice in R&B\". Ones to Watch. Retrieved January 2, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.onestowatch.com/blog/get-to-know-giveon-a-haunting-and-angelic-voice","url_text":"\"Get to Know Giveon, a Haunting and Angelic Voice in R&B\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ones_to_Watch","url_text":"Ones to Watch"}]},{"reference":"Pastore, Alexandra (September 18, 2019). \"Just Being Giveon\". Women's Wear Daily. Retrieved January 2, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://wwd.com/business-news/business-features/sony-just-being-giveon-1234592274/","url_text":"\"Just Being Giveon\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily","url_text":"Women's Wear Daily"}]},{"reference":"\"R&B Singer Giveon Details His California Upbringing & Breaks Down His Latest Single \"Like I Want You\" [Interview + Premiere]\". Okayplayer. 2020-02-07. Retrieved 2021-02-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.okayplayer.com/music/giveon-like-i-want-you-video-interview.html","url_text":"\"R&B Singer Giveon Details His California Upbringing & Breaks Down His Latest Single \"Like I Want You\" [Interview + Premiere]\""}]},{"reference":"Brown, August (December 7, 2021). \"With Drake and Justin Bieber co-signs, Long Beach's Giveon looks to spin his R&B into Grammy gold\". Los Angeles Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/awards/story/2021-12-07/giveon-justin-bieber-peaches","url_text":"\"With Drake and Justin Bieber co-signs, Long Beach's Giveon looks to spin his R&B into Grammy gold\""}]},{"reference":"\"R&B Singer Giveon Details His California Upbringing & Breaks Down His Latest Single \"Like I Want You\" [Interview + Premiere]\". OkayPlayer. 7 February 2020. Retrieved May 25, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.okayplayer.com/music/giveon-like-i-want-you-video-interview.html","url_text":"\"R&B Singer Giveon Details His California Upbringing & Breaks Down His Latest Single \"Like I Want You\" [Interview + Premiere]\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=OkayPlayer&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"OkayPlayer"}]},{"reference":"Gage, Dewayne (2021-03-31). \"How Giveon Patiently Worked His Way to R&B Stardom\". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 2022-11-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-features/how-giveon-patiently-worked-his-way-to-rb-stardom-1149439/","url_text":"\"How Giveon Patiently Worked His Way to R&B Stardom\""}]},{"reference":"Rashed, Ayesha (March 27, 2020). \"GIVEON Drops Debut EP \"Take Time\"\". Respect. ISSN 2150-8674. Archived from the original on February 19, 2023. Retrieved May 25, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230219042949/https://respect-mag.com/2020/03/giveon-drops-debut-ep-take-time/","url_text":"\"GIVEON Drops Debut EP \"Take Time\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respect_(magazine)","url_text":"Respect"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2150-8674","url_text":"2150-8674"},{"url":"https://respect-mag.com/2020/03/giveon-drops-debut-ep-take-time/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"EXCLUSIVE: Scarborough's Sevn Thomas Chats Working with Drake, Rihanna, Travis Scott and Discovering Giveon\". 27 July 2021. Archived from the original on December 1, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211201135241/https://6ix.buzz/exclusive-scarboroughs-sevn-thomas-chats-working-with-drake-rihanna-travis-scott-and-discovering-giveon/","url_text":"\"EXCLUSIVE: Scarborough's Sevn Thomas Chats Working with Drake, Rihanna, Travis Scott and Discovering Giveon\""},{"url":"https://6ix.buzz/exclusive-scarboroughs-sevn-thomas-chats-working-with-drake-rihanna-travis-scott-and-discovering-giveon/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Giveon [@giveon] (November 21, 2019). \"LIKE I WANT YOU is finally out now on all platforms! i appreciate you all for waiting ever so patiently. thanks to everyone involved in helping me put this song together. i hope you all fall in love with it! more music coming your way very soon\" (Tweet) – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/giveon/status/1197380089270407170","url_text":"\"LIKE I WANT YOU is finally out now on all platforms! i appreciate you all for waiting ever so patiently. thanks to everyone involved in helping me put this song together. i hope you all fall in love with it! more music coming your way very soon\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"Inman, DeMicia (September 24, 2019). \"Snoh Aalegra Announces North American Tour With Baby Rose\". Def Pen. Retrieved May 25, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://defpen.com/snoh-aalegra-north-american-tour/","url_text":"\"Snoh Aalegra Announces North American Tour With Baby Rose\""}]},{"reference":"Okon, Wongo (December 29, 2020). \"Giveon's Heart Opened And Closed With The World In 2020\". Uproxx. Retrieved January 2, 2021. Giveon introduced himself to a small part of the world as the opening act on Snoh Aalegra's 2019 tour, 'Ugh, A Mini Tour Again.' Here he graced fans with eyebrow-raising performances of songs like \"Garden Kisses\" and \"Like I Want You\" and left his newfound supporters to declare him as their \"crush\" and request he sing at their wedding reception.","urls":[{"url":"https://uproxx.com/music/giveon-2020-review-heart-opened-closed/","url_text":"\"Giveon's Heart Opened And Closed With The World In 2020\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uproxx","url_text":"Uproxx"}]},{"reference":"Peters, Mitchell (March 1, 2020). \"Drake's New Songs 'When to Say When' & 'Chicago Freestyle': See the Best Fan Reactions\". Billboard. Retrieved May 25, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/hip-hop/9326065/fan-reactions-drake-when-to-say-when-chicago-freestyle-new-songs","url_text":"\"Drake's New Songs 'When to Say When' & 'Chicago Freestyle': See the Best Fan Reactions\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"Heatseekers Albums Chart – October 17, 2020\". Billboard. 2 January 2013. Retrieved October 13, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/heatseekers-albums/2020-10-17","url_text":"\"Heatseekers Albums Chart – October 17, 2020\""}]},{"reference":"Polo, Maxamillion (March 27, 2020). \"Giveon Delivers a Breathtaking Moment of Reflection in 'TAKE TIME'\". Ones to Watch. Retrieved May 25, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.onestowatch.com/blog/giveon-take-time","url_text":"\"Giveon Delivers a Breathtaking Moment of Reflection in 'TAKE TIME'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ones_to_Watch","url_text":"Ones to Watch"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Madison (May 1, 2020). \"ALBUM REVIEW: 'Take Time'\". Niner Times. Retrieved May 25, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ninertimes.com/arts_and_entertainment/album-review-take-time/article_08a28a72-88ca-11ea-bdf0-179c7f6f808a.html","url_text":"\"ALBUM REVIEW: 'Take Time'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Charlotte","url_text":"Niner Times"}]},{"reference":"Zellner, Xander (May 12, 2020). \"Drake Charts All 14 Songs From 'Dark Lane Demo Tapes' on Hot 100\". Billboard. Retrieved May 25, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/chart-beat/9376307/all-drake-dark-lane-demo-tapes-songs-chart-hot-100","url_text":"\"Drake Charts All 14 Songs From 'Dark Lane Demo Tapes' on Hot 100\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"Rashed, Ayesha (October 1, 2020). \"Giveon Announces New EP 'When It's All Said And Done' Available 10/2\". Respect. Archived from the original on August 7, 2023. Retrieved January 2, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230807180243/https://respect-mag.com/2020/10/giveon-announces-new-ep-when-its-all-said-and-done-available-10-2/","url_text":"\"Giveon Announces New EP 'When It's All Said And Done' Available 10/2\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respect_(magazine)","url_text":"Respect."},{"url":"https://respect-mag.com/2020/10/giveon-announces-new-ep-when-its-all-said-and-done-available-10-2/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Okon, Wongo (September 30, 2020). \"Giveon's 'Stuck On You' Fronts His 'When It's All Said And Done' EP\". Uproxx. Retrieved January 2, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://uproxx.com/music/giveon-stuck-on-you-when-its-all-said-and-done-ep/","url_text":"\"Giveon's 'Stuck On You' Fronts His 'When It's All Said And Done' EP\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uproxx","url_text":"Uproxx"}]},{"reference":"DJ First Class (October 2, 2020). \"Giveon drops off new EP 'When It's All Said And Done'\". Revolt. Archived from the original on October 7, 2020. Retrieved October 2, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201007163249/https://www.revolt.tv/platform/amp/new-music/2020/10/2/21496478/giveon-when-its-all-said-and-done-ep","url_text":"\"Giveon drops off new EP 'When It's All Said And Done'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolt_(TV_network)","url_text":"Revolt"},{"url":"https://www.revolt.tv/platform/amp/new-music/2020/10/2/21496478/giveon-when-its-all-said-and-done-ep","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Folk, Antwane (December 22, 2020). \"Giveon's Single 'Like I Want You' Reaches Gold Status\". Rated R&B. Retrieved January 2, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://ratedrnb.com/2020/12/giveon-like-i-want-you-goes-gold/","url_text":"\"Giveon's Single 'Like I Want You' Reaches Gold Status\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rated_R%26B","url_text":"Rated R&B"}]},{"reference":"\"Giveon\". Grammy.com. Retrieved December 16, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.grammy.com/grammys/artists/giveon/287256","url_text":"\"Giveon\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy.com","url_text":"Grammy.com"}]},{"reference":"King, Akili (December 10, 2020). \"Singer-Songwriter Giveon On His Grammy Nomination and Taking Time for Self-Care\". Vogue. Retrieved January 2, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vogue.com/article/singer-songwriter-giveon-on-his-grammy-nomination-and-taking-time-for-self-care","url_text":"\"Singer-Songwriter Giveon On His Grammy Nomination and Taking Time for Self-Care\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)","url_text":"Vogue"}]},{"reference":"Folk, Antwane (November 6, 2020). \"Giveon Performs 'Stuck on You' on Jimmy Kimmel Live!\". Rated R&B. Retrieved January 2, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://ratedrnb.com/2020/11/giveon-performs-stuck-on-you-on-jimmy-kimmel-live/","url_text":"\"Giveon Performs 'Stuck on You' on Jimmy Kimmel Live!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rated_R%26B","url_text":"Rated R&B"}]},{"reference":"Rossignol, Derrick (November 4, 2020). \"Giveon Performs 'Stuck On You' On 'Jimmy Kimmel Live!'\". Uproxx. Retrieved January 2, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://uproxx.com/music/giveon-stuck-on-you-kimmel/","url_text":"\"Giveon Performs 'Stuck On You' On 'Jimmy Kimmel Live!'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uproxx","url_text":"Uproxx"}]},{"reference":"@Giveon (March 5, 2021). \"The anniversary for the release of Take Time is creeping up on us all.. I decided to combine both of my first two eps into one project: When It's All Said and Done... Take Time. I also added a new song to the project. 3/12.. pre-save at midnight ✨ ...\" (Tweet). Retrieved March 11, 2021 – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/Giveon/status/1367673907021447173","url_text":"\"The anniversary for the release of Take Time is creeping up on us all.. I decided to combine both of my first two eps into one project: When It's All Said and Done... Take Time. I also added a new song to the project. 3/12.. pre-save at midnight ✨ ...\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"@Giveon (March 10, 2021). \"tomorrow night ✨ ...\" (Tweet). Retrieved March 11, 2021 – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/Giveon/status/1369777280617046017","url_text":"\"tomorrow night ✨ ...\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"\"7 Things We Learned While Justin Bieber Played His 16-Track New Album Over Zoom\". British Vogue. Retrieved 19 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vogue.co.uk/arts-and-lifestyle/article/justin-bieber-new-album-justice","url_text":"\"7 Things We Learned While Justin Bieber Played His 16-Track New Album Over Zoom\""}]},{"reference":"Bowenbank, Starr (September 16, 2022). \"Giveon to Release New Single 'Time' Co-Written by Drake for 'Amsterdam' Movie Soundtrack\". Billboard. Retrieved September 19, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/culture/tv-film/giveon-time-amsterdam-movie-soundtrack-drake-1235140537/","url_text":"\"Giveon to Release New Single 'Time' Co-Written by Drake for 'Amsterdam' Movie Soundtrack\""}]},{"reference":"Ju, Shirley (April 9, 2020). \"Giveon: Get To Know Baritone Singer-Songwriter\". Flaunt. ISSN 1523-5726. Archived from the original on November 6, 2021. Retrieved December 18, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211106011512/https://flaunt.com/content/giveon","url_text":"\"Giveon: Get To Know Baritone Singer-Songwriter\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1523-5726","url_text":"1523-5726"},{"url":"https://flaunt.com/content/giveon","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Giveon Explains His Quick Rise, Songwriting Approach and The Impact of a Drake Collaboration\". Billboard. Retrieved 2021-02-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/hip-hop/9391774/giveon-take-time-interview","url_text":"\"Giveon Explains His Quick Rise, Songwriting Approach and The Impact of a Drake Collaboration\""}]},{"reference":"Santiago, Elliot (September 14, 2021). \"GIVĒON Announces Dates for His 2021 \"Timeless Tour\"\". Hypebeast.","urls":[{"url":"https://hypebeast.com/2021/9/giveon-timeless-tour-dates-2021","url_text":"\"GIVĒON Announces Dates for His 2021 \"Timeless Tour\"\""}]},{"reference":"Samuels, Keithan (2022-06-14). \"Giveon Announces 'Give or Take Tour' Dates\". Rated R&B. Retrieved 2022-11-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://ratedrnb.com/2022/06/giveon-announces-give-or-take-tour-dates/","url_text":"\"Giveon Announces 'Give or Take Tour' Dates\""}]},{"reference":"Davis, Clayton (2022-12-21). \"Oscar Shortlists: Rihanna and Lady Gaga Advance, 'RRR' Snubbed for VFX and Sound, 'Good Night Oppy' Shut Out of Doc Race\". Variety. Retrieved 2023-01-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2022/awards/awards/oscars-shortlists-2022-1235466775/","url_text":"\"Oscar Shortlists: Rihanna and Lady Gaga Advance, 'RRR' Snubbed for VFX and Sound, 'Good Night Oppy' Shut Out of Doc Race\""}]},{"reference":"Brathwaite, Lester; Lamphier, Jason (November 20, 2022). \"American Music Awards 2022: See the complete list of winners\". Entertainment Weekly.","urls":[{"url":"https://ew.com/awards/american-music-awards-2022-winners-list/","url_text":"\"American Music Awards 2022: See the complete list of winners\""}]},{"reference":"\"BET Awards 2021: Full List Of Winners, Nominees And Honorees\". BET. June 28, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bet.com/article/w05hrj/bet-awards-2021-full-list-of-winners-nominees-and-honorees","url_text":"\"BET Awards 2021: Full List Of Winners, Nominees And Honorees\""}]},{"reference":"\"2022 GRAMMYs Awards Show: Complete Nominations List\". Grammy.com. The Recording Academy. November 23, 2021. Retrieved November 24, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.grammy.com/grammys/news/2022-grammys-complete-winners-nominees-nominations-list","url_text":"\"2022 GRAMMYs Awards Show: Complete Nominations List\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Recording_Academy","url_text":"The Recording Academy"}]},{"reference":"Atkinson, Katie (September 12, 2021). \"2021 MTV VMAs Winners: Complete List\". Billboard.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/music/awards/2021-mtv-vmas-winners-list-9628303/","url_text":"\"2021 MTV VMAs Winners: Complete List\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vote for the MTV VMA Group of the Year and Song of the Summer starting tomorrow\". Lakes Media Network. 2021-09-03. Retrieved 2021-09-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://lakesmedianetwork.com/ac/vote-for-the-mtv-vma-group-of-the-year-and-song-of-the-summer-starting-tomorrow/","url_text":"\"Vote for the MTV VMA Group of the Year and Song of the Summer starting tomorrow\""}]},{"reference":"Martoccio, Angie (2021-08-11). \"2021 MTV VMAs: Justin Bieber, Megan Thee Stallion, Olivia Rodrigo Lead Nominations\". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 2021-09-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/2021-mtv-vmas-nominees-justin-bieber-megan-thee-stallion-1210729/","url_text":"\"2021 MTV VMAs: Justin Bieber, Megan Thee Stallion, Olivia Rodrigo Lead Nominations\""}]},{"reference":"Davis, Clayton (February 2, 2021). \"Viola Davis, Tyler Perry and Regina King Up for Entertainer of the Year at 2021 NAACP Image Awards\". Variety. Retrieved March 1, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2021/awards/awards/2021-naacp-image-awards-nominations-1234898205/","url_text":"\"Viola Davis, Tyler Perry and Regina King Up for Entertainer of the Year at 2021 NAACP Image Awards\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"}]},{"reference":"Mekishana, Pierre (February 17, 2022). \"NAACP Image Awards 2022: Nominees, Presenters and Performers \| Entertainment Tonight\". www.etonline.com. Retrieved 6 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.etonline.com/2022-naacp-image-awards-full-list-of-nominees-presenters-and-performers-177914","url_text":"\"NAACP Image Awards 2022: Nominees, Presenters and Performers \| Entertainment Tonight\""}]},{"reference":"\"2022 iHeartRadio Music Awards: See The Full List Of Winners\". iHeartRadio. Archived from the original on April 8, 2022. Retrieved April 10, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iheart.com/content/2022-03-22-2022-iheartradio-music-awards-see-the-full-list-of-winners/","url_text":"\"2022 iHeartRadio Music Awards: See The Full List Of Winners\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220408164326/https://www.iheart.com/content/2022-03-22-2022-iheartradio-music-awards-see-the-full-list-of-winners/","url_text":"Archived"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://giveonofficial.com/","external_links_name":"giveonofficial.com"},{"Link":"https://www.elle.com/culture/music/a34247561/giveon-when-its-all-said-and-done-ep-interview/","external_links_name":"\"Giveon Will Always Be Real With You\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0888-0808","external_links_name":"0888-0808"},{"Link":"https://www.okayplayer.com/originals/top-new-neo-soul-r-and-b-singers.html","external_links_name":"\"Neo-Soul 2020: 23 Contemporary Artists Pushing the Sound Forward - Okayplayer\""},{"Link":"https://www.bet.com/music/2020/05/20/giveon-106-and-park-mic-check.html","external_links_name":"\"Rising R&B Singer Giveon Makes Pain Sound Beautiful\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=de4DgptEk_8","external_links_name":"\"Giveon Explains The Meaning Behind His Name, The Inspiration Of His Unique Sound & More, Mic Check\""},{"Link":"http://www.onestowatch.com/blog/get-to-know-giveon-a-haunting-and-angelic-voice","external_links_name":"\"Get to Know Giveon, a Haunting and Angelic Voice in R&B\""},{"Link":"https://wwd.com/business-news/business-features/sony-just-being-giveon-1234592274/","external_links_name":"\"Just Being Giveon\""},{"Link":"https://www.okayplayer.com/music/giveon-like-i-want-you-video-interview.html","external_links_name":"\"R&B Singer Giveon Details His California Upbringing & Breaks Down His Latest Single \"Like I Want You\" [Interview + Premiere]\""},{"Link":"https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/awards/story/2021-12-07/giveon-justin-bieber-peaches","external_links_name":"\"With Drake and Justin Bieber co-signs, Long Beach's Giveon looks to spin his R&B into Grammy gold\""},{"Link":"https://www.okayplayer.com/music/giveon-like-i-want-you-video-interview.html","external_links_name":"\"R&B Singer Giveon Details His California Upbringing & Breaks Down His Latest Single \"Like I Want You\" [Interview + Premiere]\""},{"Link":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-features/how-giveon-patiently-worked-his-way-to-rb-stardom-1149439/","external_links_name":"\"How Giveon Patiently Worked His Way to R&B Stardom\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230219042949/https://respect-mag.com/2020/03/giveon-drops-debut-ep-take-time/","external_links_name":"\"GIVEON Drops Debut EP \"Take Time\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2150-8674","external_links_name":"2150-8674"},{"Link":"https://respect-mag.com/2020/03/giveon-drops-debut-ep-take-time/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211201135241/https://6ix.buzz/exclusive-scarboroughs-sevn-thomas-chats-working-with-drake-rihanna-travis-scott-and-discovering-giveon/","external_links_name":"\"EXCLUSIVE: Scarborough's Sevn Thomas Chats Working with Drake, Rihanna, Travis Scott and Discovering Giveon\""},{"Link":"https://6ix.buzz/exclusive-scarboroughs-sevn-thomas-chats-working-with-drake-rihanna-travis-scott-and-discovering-giveon/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://x.com/giveon/status/1197380089270407170","external_links_name":"\"LIKE I WANT YOU is finally out now on all platforms! i appreciate you all for waiting ever so patiently. thanks to everyone involved in helping me put this song together. i hope you all fall in love with it! more music coming your way very soon\""},{"Link":"https://defpen.com/snoh-aalegra-north-american-tour/","external_links_name":"\"Snoh Aalegra Announces North American Tour With Baby Rose\""},{"Link":"https://uproxx.com/music/giveon-2020-review-heart-opened-closed/","external_links_name":"\"Giveon's Heart Opened And Closed With The World In 2020\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/hip-hop/9326065/fan-reactions-drake-when-to-say-when-chicago-freestyle-new-songs","external_links_name":"\"Drake's New Songs 'When to Say When' & 'Chicago Freestyle': See the Best Fan Reactions\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/heatseekers-albums/2020-10-17","external_links_name":"\"Heatseekers Albums Chart – October 17, 2020\""},{"Link":"https://www.onestowatch.com/blog/giveon-take-time","external_links_name":"\"Giveon Delivers a Breathtaking Moment of Reflection in 'TAKE TIME'\""},{"Link":"https://www.ninertimes.com/arts_and_entertainment/album-review-take-time/article_08a28a72-88ca-11ea-bdf0-179c7f6f808a.html","external_links_name":"\"ALBUM REVIEW: 'Take Time'\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/chart-beat/9376307/all-drake-dark-lane-demo-tapes-songs-chart-hot-100","external_links_name":"\"Drake Charts All 14 Songs From 'Dark Lane Demo Tapes' on Hot 100\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230807180243/https://respect-mag.com/2020/10/giveon-announces-new-ep-when-its-all-said-and-done-available-10-2/","external_links_name":"\"Giveon Announces New EP 'When It's All Said And Done' Available 10/2\""},{"Link":"https://respect-mag.com/2020/10/giveon-announces-new-ep-when-its-all-said-and-done-available-10-2/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://uproxx.com/music/giveon-stuck-on-you-when-its-all-said-and-done-ep/","external_links_name":"\"Giveon's 'Stuck On You' Fronts His 'When It's All Said And Done' EP\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201007163249/https://www.revolt.tv/platform/amp/new-music/2020/10/2/21496478/giveon-when-its-all-said-and-done-ep","external_links_name":"\"Giveon drops off new EP 'When It's All Said And Done'\""},{"Link":"https://www.revolt.tv/platform/amp/new-music/2020/10/2/21496478/giveon-when-its-all-said-and-done-ep","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://ratedrnb.com/2020/12/giveon-like-i-want-you-goes-gold/","external_links_name":"\"Giveon's Single 'Like I Want You' Reaches Gold Status\""},{"Link":"https://www.grammy.com/grammys/artists/giveon/287256","external_links_name":"\"Giveon\""},{"Link":"https://www.vogue.com/article/singer-songwriter-giveon-on-his-grammy-nomination-and-taking-time-for-self-care","external_links_name":"\"Singer-Songwriter Giveon On His Grammy Nomination and Taking Time for Self-Care\""},{"Link":"https://ratedrnb.com/2020/11/giveon-performs-stuck-on-you-on-jimmy-kimmel-live/","external_links_name":"\"Giveon Performs 'Stuck on You' on Jimmy Kimmel Live!\""},{"Link":"https://uproxx.com/music/giveon-stuck-on-you-kimmel/","external_links_name":"\"Giveon Performs 'Stuck On You' On 'Jimmy Kimmel Live!'\""},{"Link":"https://x.com/Giveon/status/1367673907021447173","external_links_name":"\"The anniversary for the release of Take Time is creeping up on us all.. I decided to combine both of my first two eps into one project: When It's All Said and Done... Take Time. I also added a new song to the project. 3/12.. pre-save at midnight ✨ ...\""},{"Link":"https://x.com/Giveon/status/1369777280617046017","external_links_name":"\"tomorrow night ✨ ...\""},{"Link":"https://www.vogue.co.uk/arts-and-lifestyle/article/justin-bieber-new-album-justice","external_links_name":"\"7 Things We Learned While Justin Bieber Played His 16-Track New Album Over Zoom\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/culture/tv-film/giveon-time-amsterdam-movie-soundtrack-drake-1235140537/","external_links_name":"\"Giveon to Release New Single 'Time' Co-Written by Drake for 'Amsterdam' Movie Soundtrack\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211106011512/https://flaunt.com/content/giveon","external_links_name":"\"Giveon: Get To Know Baritone Singer-Songwriter\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1523-5726","external_links_name":"1523-5726"},{"Link":"https://flaunt.com/content/giveon","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/hip-hop/9391774/giveon-take-time-interview","external_links_name":"\"Giveon Explains His Quick Rise, Songwriting Approach and The Impact of a Drake Collaboration\""},{"Link":"https://hypebeast.com/2021/9/giveon-timeless-tour-dates-2021","external_links_name":"\"GIVĒON Announces Dates for His 2021 \"Timeless Tour\"\""},{"Link":"https://ratedrnb.com/2022/06/giveon-announces-give-or-take-tour-dates/","external_links_name":"\"Giveon Announces 'Give or Take Tour' Dates\""},{"Link":"https://variety.com/2022/awards/awards/oscars-shortlists-2022-1235466775/","external_links_name":"\"Oscar Shortlists: Rihanna and Lady Gaga Advance, 'RRR' Snubbed for VFX and Sound, 'Good Night Oppy' Shut Out of Doc Race\""},{"Link":"https://ew.com/awards/american-music-awards-2022-winners-list/","external_links_name":"\"American Music Awards 2022: See the complete list of winners\""},{"Link":"https://www.bet.com/article/w05hrj/bet-awards-2021-full-list-of-winners-nominees-and-honorees","external_links_name":"\"BET Awards 2021: Full List Of Winners, Nominees And Honorees\""},{"Link":"https://www.grammy.com/grammys/news/2022-grammys-complete-winners-nominees-nominations-list","external_links_name":"\"2022 GRAMMYs Awards Show: Complete Nominations List\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/music/awards/2021-mtv-vmas-winners-list-9628303/","external_links_name":"\"2021 MTV VMAs Winners: Complete List\""},{"Link":"https://lakesmedianetwork.com/ac/vote-for-the-mtv-vma-group-of-the-year-and-song-of-the-summer-starting-tomorrow/","external_links_name":"\"Vote for the MTV VMA Group of the Year and Song of the Summer starting tomorrow\""},{"Link":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/2021-mtv-vmas-nominees-justin-bieber-megan-thee-stallion-1210729/","external_links_name":"\"2021 MTV VMAs: Justin Bieber, Megan Thee Stallion, Olivia Rodrigo Lead Nominations\""},{"Link":"https://variety.com/2021/awards/awards/2021-naacp-image-awards-nominations-1234898205/","external_links_name":"\"Viola Davis, Tyler Perry and Regina King Up for Entertainer of the Year at 2021 NAACP Image Awards\""},{"Link":"https://www.etonline.com/2022-naacp-image-awards-full-list-of-nominees-presenters-and-performers-177914","external_links_name":"\"NAACP Image Awards 2022: Nominees, Presenters and Performers \| Entertainment Tonight\""},{"Link":"https://www.iheart.com/content/2022-03-22-2022-iheartradio-music-awards-see-the-full-list-of-winners/","external_links_name":"\"2022 iHeartRadio Music Awards: See The Full List Of Winners\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220408164326/https://www.iheart.com/content/2022-03-22-2022-iheartradio-music-awards-see-the-full-list-of-winners/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.giveonofficial.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000508174520","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/5128162238574813810007","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJwMFhwfgpgPYDgYrQ7fv3","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1269236571","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2021062230","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://www.grammy.com/artists/giveon/287256","external_links_name":"Grammy Awards"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/ad322b8b-31b2-437d-8fd8-1af13c1d7b91","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socket_2	Socket 2	["1 See also","2 References"]	This article is about a CPU socket. For the variant of an expansion card socket, see M.2 § Form factors and keying. Socket 2TypeZIFChip form factorsPPGAContacts238FSB protocol?FSB frequency25–50 MT/sVoltage range5 VProcessorsIntel 486 SX, 486 DX, 486 DX2, 486 OverDrive, Pentium OverDrivePredecessorSocket 1SuccessorSocket 3This article is part of the CPU socket series Socket 2 was one of the series of CPU sockets into which various x86 microprocessors were inserted. It was an updated Socket 1 with added support for Pentium OverDrive processors. Socket 2 was a 238-pin low insertion force (LIF) or zero insertion force (ZIF) 19×19 pin grid array (PGA) socket suitable for the 5-volt, 25 to 66 MHz 486 SX, 486 DX, 486 DX2, 486 OverDrive and 63 or 83 MHz Pentium OverDrive processors. See also List of Intel microprocessors References ^ Intel Socket 2 Specification, pcguide.com, retrieved 2009-03-30 vteEarly CPU socketsOther packages DIP PLCC PGAs 486 Socket Socket 1 Socket 2 Socket 3 Socket 4 Socket 5 Socket 6 Socket 7 Socket 8	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"M.2 § Form factors and keying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M.2#KEYING"},{"link_name":"CPU sockets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPU_socket"},{"link_name":"x86","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86"},{"link_name":"microprocessors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microprocessor"},{"link_name":"Socket 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socket_1"},{"link_name":"Pentium OverDrive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentium_OverDrive"},{"link_name":"low insertion force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_insertion_force"},{"link_name":"zero insertion force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero_insertion_force"},{"link_name":"pin grid array","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pin_grid_array"},{"link_name":"volt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt"},{"link_name":"MHz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MHz"},{"link_name":"486 SX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/486_SX"},{"link_name":"486 DX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/486_DX"},{"link_name":"486 DX2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/486_DX2"},{"link_name":"486 OverDrive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/486_OverDrive"},{"link_name":"MHz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MHz"},{"link_name":"Pentium OverDrive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentium_OverDrive"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"This article is about a CPU socket. For the variant of an expansion card socket, see M.2 § Form factors and keying.Socket 2 was one of the series of CPU sockets into which various x86 microprocessors were inserted. It was an updated Socket 1 with added support for Pentium OverDrive processors.Socket 2 was a 238-pin low insertion force (LIF) or zero insertion force (ZIF) 19×19 pin grid array (PGA) socket suitable for the 5-volt, 25 to 66 MHz 486 SX, 486 DX, 486 DX2, 486 OverDrive and 63 or 83 MHz Pentium OverDrive processors.[1]","title":"Socket 2"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of Intel microprocessors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_microprocessors"}]	[{"reference":"Intel Socket 2 Specification, pcguide.com, retrieved 2009-03-30","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pcguide.com/ref/cpu/char/socketSocket2-c.html","url_text":"Intel Socket 2 Specification"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.pcguide.com/ref/cpu/char/socketSocket2-c.html","external_links_name":"Intel Socket 2 Specification"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusta_Jawara	Augusta Jawara	["1 Life","2 Death","3 Works","3.1 Plays","3.2 Other","4 References"]	Hannah Augusta Darling Jawara (née Mahoney; May 1924 – 21 January 1981), was a Gambian nurse, playwright and activist for women's rights. She was the first wife (from 1955 to 1967) of Sir Dawda Jawara, Prime Minister of the Gambia. Life Hannah Augusta Darling Mahoney was born to a prominent Christian Aku Creole family. She was the daughter of Sir John Mahoney, the first Speaker of the Legislative Council of the Gambia, and his wife, Hannah. Augusta's sister was Louise N'Jie. She studied at Mohammedan High School, where she first met her future husband, (future president) Dawda Jawara, before training in nursing in Edinburgh, Scotland. In February 1955, she married Dawda Jawara. Their first child was born in Edinburgh, where her husband had returned to study. In 1960, she stood for election to the House of Representatives in the 1960 elections, contesting Soldier Town in Bathurst unsuccessfully for her husband's party, the PPP. She thereby became the first woman candidate to stand in a Gambian national election. In 1962, she established the Women's Contemporary Society. Her play, The African King, was produced at the Negro Arts Festival in Dakar in 1966. In 1967, she and Dawda Jawara divorced, and he reconverted to Islam. In 1968, she published Rebellion - "perhaps the first avowedly feminist, pro-girl child book in The Gambia's literary history and tradition". Published under a pseudonym, Rebellion was a play about Nyasta, a teenage girl in a rural village who struggles to continue her education rather than suffer an arranged marriage. At the time it was published, she was President of the Gambia Women's Federation, which she helped to establish from women's associations in the Greater Banjul Area. Death Augusta Jawara died in London on 21 January 1981, aged 56. Works Plays The African King, produced 1966. Rebellion, 1968 Other "The Gambia Women's Federation", Women Today, Vol. 6, No. 4 (1965), pp. 79–81. References ^ Saikou Jammeh, "A Hand of Destiny" Archived 2012-04-19 at the Wayback Machine, The Daily News, 21 January 2011. Accessed 21 November 2012. ^ a b "Scots in Gambia", The Glasgow Herald, 11 February 1965, p. 8. Accessed 21 November 2012. ^ Arnold Hughes; David Perfect (2008). Historical Dictionary of The Gambia. Scarecrow Press. p. 113. ISBN 978-0-8108-5825-1. Retrieved 21 November 2012. ^ Hughes; Perfect (2008). Historical Dictionary of The Gambia. p. 244. ISBN 9780810862609. Retrieved 20 November 2012. ^ "Jawara, Augusta D. (1924 - 1981)". Archived from the original on 16 March 2012. Retrieved 21 November 2012. ^ a b c Abdoulaye Saine (2012). Culture and Customs of Gambia. ABC-CLIO. p. 75. ISBN 978-0-313-35910-1. Retrieved 20 November 2012. ^ Rosamond S. King, "Gambian Women's Voices", SABLE Litmag of New Writing, Autumn/Fall 2007. Excerpted online. Accessed 21 November 2012. ^ Isatou Njie-Saidy, Keynote Address Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine, 8 March 2001.	[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Augusta Jawara"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aku Creole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambian_Creole_people"},{"link_name":"Speaker of the Legislative Council of the Gambia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Legislative_Council_of_the_Gambia"},{"link_name":"Louise N'Jie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_N%27Jie"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Dawda Jawara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawda_Jawara"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GlasgowHerald-2"},{"link_name":"Dawda Jawara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawda_Jawara"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HughesPerfect2008-113-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GlasgowHerald-2"},{"link_name":"House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(The_Gambia)"},{"link_name":"1960 elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambian_legislative_election,_1960"},{"link_name":"Soldier Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soldier_Town&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bathurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banjul"},{"link_name":"PPP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PPP_(The_Gambia)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HughesPerfect2008-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Negro Arts Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negro_Arts_Festival"},{"link_name":"Dakar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakar"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Saine2012-6"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Saine2012-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Gambia Women's Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gambia_Women%27s_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Saine2012-6"},{"link_name":"Greater Banjul Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Banjul_Area"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Hannah Augusta Darling Mahoney was born to a prominent Christian Aku Creole family. She was the daughter of Sir John Mahoney, the first Speaker of the Legislative Council of the Gambia, and his wife, Hannah. Augusta's sister was Louise N'Jie.[citation needed]She studied at Mohammedan High School, where she first met her future husband, (future president) Dawda Jawara,[1] before training in nursing in Edinburgh, Scotland.[2]In February 1955, she married Dawda Jawara.[3] Their first child was born in Edinburgh, where her husband had returned to study.[2] In 1960, she stood for election to the House of Representatives in the 1960 elections, contesting Soldier Town in Bathurst unsuccessfully for her husband's party, the PPP. She thereby became the first woman candidate to stand in a Gambian national election.[4]In 1962, she established the Women's Contemporary Society.[5] Her play, The African King, was produced at the Negro Arts Festival in Dakar in 1966.[6]In 1967, she and Dawda Jawara divorced, and he reconverted to Islam.[citation needed] In 1968, she published Rebellion - \"perhaps the first avowedly feminist, pro-girl child book in The Gambia's literary history and tradition\".[6] Published under a pseudonym, Rebellion was a play about Nyasta, a teenage girl in a rural village who struggles to continue her education rather than suffer an arranged marriage.[7] At the time it was published, she was President of the Gambia Women's Federation,[6] which she helped to establish from women's associations in the Greater Banjul Area.[8]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Augusta Jawara died in London on 21 January 1981, aged 56.[citation needed]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Plays","text":"The African King, produced 1966.\nRebellion, 1968","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Other","text":"\"The Gambia Women's Federation\", Women Today, Vol. 6, No. 4 (1965), pp. 79–81.","title":"Works"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Arnold Hughes; David Perfect (2008). Historical Dictionary of The Gambia. Scarecrow Press. p. 113. ISBN 978-0-8108-5825-1. Retrieved 21 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0C1eWHq8LZ4C&pg=PA113","url_text":"Historical Dictionary of The Gambia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-5825-1","url_text":"978-0-8108-5825-1"}]},{"reference":"Hughes; Perfect (2008). Historical Dictionary of The Gambia. p. 244. ISBN 9780810862609. Retrieved 20 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0C1eWHq8LZ4C&pg=PA245","url_text":"Historical Dictionary of The Gambia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810862609","url_text":"9780810862609"}]},{"reference":"\"Jawara, Augusta D. (1924 - 1981)\". Archived from the original on 16 March 2012. Retrieved 21 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120316005944/http://gamwriters.com/africa/gambia/post/2008/8/16/lady-augusta-d-mahoney-1924-1981","url_text":"\"Jawara, Augusta D. (1924 - 1981)\""},{"url":"http://gamwriters.com/africa/gambia/post/2008/8/16/lady-augusta-d-mahoney-1924-1981","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Abdoulaye Saine (2012). Culture and Customs of Gambia. ABC-CLIO. p. 75. ISBN 978-0-313-35910-1. Retrieved 20 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ikWccsfwZJAC&pg=PA75","url_text":"Culture and Customs of Gambia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-35910-1","url_text":"978-0-313-35910-1"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://dailynews.gm/africa/gambia/article/a-hand-of-destiny","external_links_name":"\"A Hand of Destiny\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120419124016/http://dailynews.gm/africa/gambia/article/a-hand-of-destiny","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2507&dat=19650211&id=6WJAAAAAIBAJ&sjid=mqMMAAAAIBAJ&pg=2994,1852824","external_links_name":"\"Scots in Gambia\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0C1eWHq8LZ4C&pg=PA113","external_links_name":"Historical Dictionary of The Gambia"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0C1eWHq8LZ4C&pg=PA245","external_links_name":"Historical Dictionary of The Gambia"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120316005944/http://gamwriters.com/africa/gambia/post/2008/8/16/lady-augusta-d-mahoney-1924-1981","external_links_name":"\"Jawara, Augusta D. (1924 - 1981)\""},{"Link":"http://gamwriters.com/africa/gambia/post/2008/8/16/lady-augusta-d-mahoney-1924-1981","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ikWccsfwZJAC&pg=PA75","external_links_name":"Culture and Customs of Gambia"},{"Link":"http://wordsbody.blogspot.co.uk/2007/10/gambian-womens-voices.html","external_links_name":"Excerpted"},{"Link":"http://www.statehouse.gm/Speeches/vp-Women's-Day%20_08032011.htm","external_links_name":"Keynote Address"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221959/http://www.statehouse.gm/Speeches/vp-Women's-Day%20_08032011.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Santos	Álvaro Santos	["1 Career","1.1 Helsingborgs IF","1.2 Copenhagen","1.3 Sochaux","1.4 Örgryte","2 Coaching career","3 Honours","4 References"]	Brazilian footballer This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Álvaro Santos" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Álvaro Santos Santos playing for Helsingborgs IF in 2013Personal informationFull name Álvaro Márcio SantosDate of birth (1980-01-30) 30 January 1980 (age 44)Place of birth São Paulo, BrazilHeight 1.81 m (5 ft 11 in)Position(s) ForwardYouth career América-MGSenior careerYears Team Apps (Gls)1999–2000 América-MG 0 (0)2000–2003 Helsingborgs IF 64 (35)2003–2006 Copenhagen 120 (50)2006–2009 Sochaux 35 (8)2007–2008 → Strasbourg (loan) 28 (5)2009–2011 Örgryte IS 41 (17)2011 → GAIS (loan) 16 (6)2011–2014 Helsingborgs IF 67 (10)2018 Höganäs BK 11 (2)Managerial career2017 Helsingborgs IF (U17 assistant)2018 Helsingborgs IF (U17 manager)2019–2022 Helsingborgs IF (U19 manager)2022 Helsingborgs IF (assistant)2022–2023 Helsingborgs IF2023 Helsingør (assistant)2023–2024 Helsingør Club domestic league appearances and goals Álvaro Márcio Santos (Brazilian Portuguese: ; born 30 January 1980) is a Brazilian former professional footballer who played as a forward. Career Santos was born in São Paulo and began his career at Brazilian side América Mineiro from Belo Horizonte in 2000. Helsingborgs IF He moved to Swedish club Helsingborgs IF for a three years stint. He made an impact immediately upon his arrival – during his first month in Europe he was instrumental in Helsingborg's elimination of Inter Milan in the 2000–01 UEFA Champions League's third qualification round. Helsingborg qualified for the Champions League group stage, where Alvaro Santos was a key player. Three years later, his goal record in Sweden's top flight Allsvenskan drew the attention of regular Danish champions FC København. During his years with Helsingborg, he became a huge favourite among supporters of the club, and his impact at the club is, regarding the years since the club's top flight comeback in 1993, only rivaled by those of Henrik Larsson's and Roland Nilsson's. Many fans actually rank him higher than Henrik Larsson, and in Helsingborg, Santos is nicknamed "God". Copenhagen His three years in Copenhagen were a success, scoring a total of 50 goals in 120 games for the club. At the end of the 2005–06 season, his last with the Danish champions, he finished second on the top goalscorer list with 15 goals for 33 games. Additionally, his friendly reputation earned him the nickname Verdens Flinkeste Mand (lit. "The World's Nicest Man") by the club's fans. Sochaux Santos during his time at FC Sochaux in 2007 On 24 July 2006, Santos signed a four-year contract with FC Sochaux to take effect on 1 August. Before his contract officially began, Santos displayed his impact by scoring in a friendly match against Greek side PAOK FC on 30 July. On 2 February 2009, Santos terminated his contract with Sochaux in agreement with the French team. Örgryte On 9 February 2009, it was announced that Santos had signed a three-year contract with the Swedish club Örgryte IS. He played with his former teammate Marcus Allbäck. After the end of the 2010 Allsvenskan season he stated that he did not want to continue with Örgryte I in Superettan. He stated that despite the relegation he felt like he was in good shape and that he wanted to return to playing in Denmark. However, he was instead loaned out to GAIS, another Gothenburg club, and later in 2011 sold to Helsingborgs IF, completing the circle, as he returned to the club where he started his European career. In 2014, he retired from football and moved back to his native Brazil. As of 2020, Santos manages Helsingborgs IF's U19 team. Coaching career In the summer 2017, Santos was hired as assistant coach of Helsingborgs IF's U17 squad. Ahead of the 2018 season, he was named head coach of the team. In 2019, he took charge of Helsinborg's U19 squad. He left the role on 16 May 2022, as he had been promoted to Helsingborg's first team staff, serving as assistant coach under manager Jörgen Lennartsson. He managed to stay there for just 5 days before Lennartsson was fired. Helsingborg then confirmed that Santos, along with Mattias Lindström, would lead the team temporarily. A few days later, Santos and Lindström were confirmed as the new manager-duo for the club. At the end of 2022, Helsingborg were relegated from the Allsvenskan and the new 2023 season started with three consecutive defeats, so the club decided to let Santos and the rest of the staff go on May 17, 2023. On 30 June 2023, Santos returned to Denmark, as he was hired assistant coach of FC Helsingør, under manager Daniel Pedersen. On 23 October 2023, Santos was named new manager of FC Helsingør. Two wins in 32 games. These were the sad statistics for FC Helsingør, who finished in last place in the Danish 1st Division, which is why the club confirmed on June 1, 2024 that they had fired Santos as head coach. Honours Helsingborgs IF Allsvenskan: 2011 Svenska Cupen: 2011 Svenska Supercupen: 2011 FC Copenhagen Royal League: 2004–05, 2005–06 Danish Superliga: 2003–04, 2005–06 Danish Cup: 2003–04 Danish Super Cup: 2004 Sochaux Coupe de France: 2006–07 References ^ "FC Sochaux-Montbéliard \| Site officiel". ^ "Alvaro Santos: Gerne superliga igen". 11 November 2009. ^ Alvaro Santos återvänder som ungdomsledare i HIF, svt.se, 1 June 2017 ^ Alvaro Santos tar över HIF:s U17-lag: "Stor glädje", fotbollskanalen.se, 22 November 2017 ^ Álvaro Santos flyttas upp till herrtränarstaben, hif.se, 16 May 2022 ^ HIF och Jörgen Lennartsson går skilda vägar, hif.se, 22 May 2022 ^ Álvaro Santos & Mattias Lindström permanenta huvudtränare, hif.se, 31 May 2022 ^ Herr: Förändringar i sportslig ledning och tränarstab, hif.se, 17 May 2023 ^ Àlvaro Santos kommer til Helsingør, fchelsingor.dk, 30 June 2023 ^ "Alvaro Santos er ny FC Helsingør-cheftræner". bold.dk (in Danish). 23 October 2023. Retrieved 23 October 2023. ^ Alvaro Santos er færdig i Helsingør, bold.dk, 1 June 2024 ^ "Thursday 20/05 2004 at 15:00". fck.dk. Retrieved 5 January 2024. ^ "Tirsdag 20/07 2004 kl. 18:30". fck.dk. Retrieved 4 January 2024. vteF.C. Copenhagen Player of the Year 1993: Petersen 1994: Højer 1995: Johansen 1996: Lønstrup 1997: Niemi 1998: Goldbæk 1999: D. Nielsen 2000: Mio Nielsen 2001: Zuma 2002: Poulsen 2003: P. Nielsen 2004: Santos 2005: Nørregaard 2006: Linderoth 2007: Allbäck 2008: Sionko 2009: Nørregaard 2010: Hutchinson 2011: N'Doye 2012: Wiland 2013: Cornelius 2014: Bengtsson 2015: Delaney 2016: Delaney 2017: Zanka 2018: Fischer 2019: Skov 2020: Zeca 2021: Zeca 2022: Biel vteHelsingborgs IF – managers Lundahl (1935–37) Dahl (1938–44) Lundahl (1944) Nielsen (1945–47) Hansen (1946) Burnikell (1947–49) Holländer (1949–50) Dahl (1950–54) Persson (1955–58) Vogel (1958–60) Wikdahl (1961–64) Szentpetery (1965) Weimann (1965) Jönsson (1965–68) Sørensen (1969–70) G. Andersson (1971) Weiman (1971) Hagberg (1972–73) Schnorrerberger (1974) Persson (1975) Birch (1976–77) Olsson (1977) B. Andersson (1978–80) Hansson (1980–81) Borg (1982–83) Svensson (1984–86) Nilsson (1987–94) Almqvist (1994–97) Hareide (1998–99) Bergstrand (2000–01) Cratz (2002) Swärdh (2002–06) Eklund (2006) Baxter (2006–07) Nilsson (2007–09) Karlsson (2010–12) Hareide (2012) Hansen (2013–14) Larsson (2015–16) Ljung (2017–19) Larsson (2019) Tengryd (2019) Mellberg (2019–20) Lennartsson (2021–22) Lindström & Santos (2022–23) Baxter (2023) Saarenpää (2024–) Portals: Biography Brazil Association football	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[ˈawvaɾu ˈsɐ̃tuʃ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Portuguese"},{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"forward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_(association_football)"}],"text":"Álvaro Márcio Santos (Brazilian Portuguese: [ˈawvaɾu ˈsɐ̃tuʃ]; born 30 January 1980) is a Brazilian former professional footballer who played as a forward.","title":"Álvaro Santos"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"São Paulo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo"},{"link_name":"América Mineiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%C3%A9rica_Futebol_Clube_(MG)"},{"link_name":"Belo Horizonte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belo_Horizonte"}],"text":"Santos was born in São Paulo and began his career at Brazilian side América Mineiro from Belo Horizonte in 2000.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Helsingborgs IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsingborgs_IF"},{"link_name":"Inter Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter_Milan"},{"link_name":"2000–01 UEFA Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000%E2%80%9301_UEFA_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"Allsvenskan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allsvenskan"},{"link_name":"FC København","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_K%C3%B8benhavn"},{"link_name":"Henrik Larsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_Larsson"},{"link_name":"Roland Nilsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_Nilsson"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Helsingborgs IF","text":"He moved to Swedish club Helsingborgs IF for a three years stint. He made an impact immediately upon his arrival – during his first month in Europe he was instrumental in Helsingborg's elimination of Inter Milan in the 2000–01 UEFA Champions League's third qualification round. Helsingborg qualified for the Champions League group stage, where Alvaro Santos was a key player. Three years later, his goal record in Sweden's top flight Allsvenskan drew the attention of regular Danish champions FC København. During his years with Helsingborg, he became a huge favourite among supporters of the club, and his impact at the club is, regarding the years since the club's top flight comeback in 1993, only rivaled by those of Henrik Larsson's and Roland Nilsson's. Many fans actually rank him higher than Henrik Larsson, and in Helsingborg, Santos is nicknamed \"God\".[citation needed]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Copenhagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen"},{"link_name":"top goalscorer list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005%E2%80%9306_Danish_Superliga#Top_goalscorers"}],"sub_title":"Copenhagen","text":"His three years in Copenhagen were a success, scoring a total of 50 goals in 120 games for the club. At the end of the 2005–06 season, his last with the Danish champions, he finished second on the top goalscorer list with 15 goals for 33 games. Additionally, his friendly reputation earned him the nickname Verdens Flinkeste Mand (lit. \"The World's Nicest Man\") by the club's fans.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%C3%81lvaro_Santos_02.jpg"},{"link_name":"FC Sochaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Sochaux-Montb%C3%A9liard"},{"link_name":"FC Sochaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Sochaux-Montb%C3%A9liard"},{"link_name":"PAOK FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAOK_FC"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"sub_title":"Sochaux","text":"Santos during his time at FC Sochaux in 2007On 24 July 2006, Santos signed a four-year contract with FC Sochaux to take effect on 1 August. Before his contract officially began, Santos displayed his impact by scoring in a friendly match against Greek side PAOK FC on 30 July. On 2 February 2009, Santos terminated his contract with Sochaux in agreement with the French team.[1]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Örgryte IS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96rgryte_IS"},{"link_name":"Marcus Allbäck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Allb%C3%A4ck"},{"link_name":"Allsvenskan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allsvenskan"},{"link_name":"Superettan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superettan"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Helsingborgs IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsingborgs_IF"}],"sub_title":"Örgryte","text":"On 9 February 2009, it was announced that Santos had signed a three-year contract with the Swedish club Örgryte IS. He played with his former teammate Marcus Allbäck. After the end of the 2010 Allsvenskan season he stated that he did not want to continue with Örgryte I in Superettan. He stated that despite the relegation he felt like he was in good shape and that he wanted to return to playing in Denmark.[2] However, he was instead loaned out to GAIS, another Gothenburg club, and later in 2011 sold to Helsingborgs IF, completing the circle, as he returned to the club where he started his European career.In 2014, he retired from football and moved back to his native Brazil. As of 2020, Santos manages Helsingborgs IF's U19 team.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Helsingborgs IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsingborgs_IF"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Jörgen Lennartsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B6rgen_Lennartsson"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Mattias Lindström","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mattias_Lindstr%C3%B6m_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Allsvenskan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allsvenskan"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"FC Helsingør","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Helsing%C3%B8r"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"FC Helsingør","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Helsing%C3%B8r"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Danish 1st Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_1st_Division"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"In the summer 2017, Santos was hired as assistant coach of Helsingborgs IF's U17 squad.[3] Ahead of the 2018 season, he was named head coach of the team.[4]In 2019, he took charge of Helsinborg's U19 squad. He left the role on 16 May 2022, as he had been promoted to Helsingborg's first team staff, serving as assistant coach under manager Jörgen Lennartsson.[5] He managed to stay there for just 5 days before Lennartsson was fired. Helsingborg then confirmed that Santos, along with Mattias Lindström, would lead the team temporarily.[6] A few days later, Santos and Lindström were confirmed as the new manager-duo for the club.[7] At the end of 2022, Helsingborg were relegated from the Allsvenskan and the new 2023 season started with three consecutive defeats, so the club decided to let Santos and the rest of the staff go on May 17, 2023.[8]On 30 June 2023, Santos returned to Denmark, as he was hired assistant coach of FC Helsingør, under manager Daniel Pedersen.[9] On 23 October 2023, Santos was named new manager of FC Helsingør.[10] Two wins in 32 games. These were the sad statistics for FC Helsingør, who finished in last place in the Danish 1st Division, which is why the club confirmed on June 1, 2024 that they had fired Santos as head coach.[11]","title":"Coaching career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Allsvenskan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allsvenskan"},{"link_name":"2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Allsvenskan"},{"link_name":"Svenska Cupen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svenska_Cupen"},{"link_name":"2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Svenska_Cupen"},{"link_name":"Svenska Supercupen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svenska_Supercupen"},{"link_name":"2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Svenska_Supercupen"},{"link_name":"Royal League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_League"},{"link_name":"2004–05","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004%E2%80%9305_Royal_League"},{"link_name":"2005–06","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005%E2%80%9306_Royal_League"},{"link_name":"Danish Superliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_Superliga"},{"link_name":"2003–04","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003%E2%80%9304_Danish_Superliga"},{"link_name":"2005–06","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005%E2%80%9306_Danish_Superliga"},{"link_name":"Danish Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_Cup"},{"link_name":"2003–04","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003%E2%80%9304_Danish_Cup"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Danish Super Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_Super_Cup"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Coupe de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coupe_de_France"},{"link_name":"2006–07","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_Coupe_de_France"}],"text":"Helsingborgs IFAllsvenskan: 2011\nSvenska Cupen: 2011\nSvenska Supercupen: 2011FC CopenhagenRoyal League: 2004–05, 2005–06\nDanish Superliga: 2003–04, 2005–06\nDanish Cup: 2003–04[12]\nDanish Super Cup: 2004[13]SochauxCoupe de France: 2006–07","title":"Honours"}]	[{"image_text":"Santos during his time at FC Sochaux in 2007","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/%C3%81lvaro_Santos_02.jpg/170px-%C3%81lvaro_Santos_02.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"FC Sochaux-Montbéliard \| Site officiel\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fcsochaux.fr/fr/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=885&Itemid=106","url_text":"\"FC Sochaux-Montbéliard \| Site officiel\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alvaro Santos: Gerne superliga igen\". 11 November 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://ekstrabladet.dk/sport/fodbold/dansk_fodbold/superligaen/article1253237.ece","url_text":"\"Alvaro Santos: Gerne superliga igen\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alvaro Santos er ny FC Helsingør-cheftræner\". bold.dk (in Danish). 23 October 2023. Retrieved 23 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://bold.dk/fodbold/klubber/fc-helsingoer/nyheder/alvaro-santos-er-ny-fc-helsingor-cheftraener","url_text":"\"Alvaro Santos er ny FC Helsingør-cheftræner\""}]},{"reference":"\"Thursday 20/05 2004 at 15:00\". fck.dk. Retrieved 5 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fck.dk/en/kamp/20-05-04/aab-fc-kobenhavn","url_text":"\"Thursday 20/05 2004 at 15:00\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tirsdag 20/07 2004 kl. 18:30\". fck.dk. Retrieved 4 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fck.dk/kamp/20-07-04/fc-kobenhavn-aab","url_text":"\"Tirsdag 20/07 2004 kl. 18:30\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22%C3%81lvaro+Santos%22","external_links_name":"\"Álvaro Santos\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22%C3%81lvaro+Santos%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22%C3%81lvaro+Santos%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22%C3%81lvaro+Santos%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22%C3%81lvaro+Santos%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22%C3%81lvaro+Santos%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.fcsochaux.fr/fr/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=885&Itemid=106","external_links_name":"\"FC Sochaux-Montbéliard \| Site officiel\""},{"Link":"http://ekstrabladet.dk/sport/fodbold/dansk_fodbold/superligaen/article1253237.ece","external_links_name":"\"Alvaro Santos: Gerne superliga igen\""},{"Link":"https://www.svt.se/nyheter/lokalt/helsingborg/alvaro-santos-atervander-for-att-jobba-i-hif","external_links_name":"Alvaro Santos återvänder som ungdomsledare i HIF"},{"Link":"https://www.fotbollskanalen.se/superettan/alvaro-santos-tar-over-hifs-u17-lag-stor-gladje/","external_links_name":"Alvaro Santos tar över HIF:s U17-lag: \"Stor glädje\""},{"Link":"https://www.hif.se/alvaro-santos-flyttas-upp-till-herrtranarstaben/","external_links_name":"Álvaro Santos flyttas upp till herrtränarstaben"},{"Link":"https://www.hif.se/hif-och-jorgen-lennartsson-gar-skilda-vagar/","external_links_name":"HIF och Jörgen Lennartsson går skilda vägar"},{"Link":"https://www.hif.se/alvaro-santos-mattias-lindstrom-permanenta-huvudtranare/","external_links_name":"Álvaro Santos & Mattias Lindström permanenta huvudtränare"},{"Link":"https://www.hif.se/herr-forandringar-sportslig-ledning-och-tranarstab/","external_links_name":"Herr: Förändringar i sportslig ledning och tränarstab"},{"Link":"https://www.fchelsingor.dk/2023/06/30/alvaro-santos-kommer-til-helsingoer/","external_links_name":"Àlvaro Santos kommer til Helsingør"},{"Link":"https://bold.dk/fodbold/klubber/fc-helsingoer/nyheder/alvaro-santos-er-ny-fc-helsingor-cheftraener","external_links_name":"\"Alvaro Santos er ny FC Helsingør-cheftræner\""},{"Link":"https://bold.dk/fodbold/klubber/fc-helsingoer/nyheder/alvaro-santos-er-faerdig-i-helsingor","external_links_name":"Alvaro Santos er færdig i Helsingør"},{"Link":"https://www.fck.dk/en/kamp/20-05-04/aab-fc-kobenhavn","external_links_name":"\"Thursday 20/05 2004 at 15:00\""},{"Link":"https://www.fck.dk/kamp/20-07-04/fc-kobenhavn-aab","external_links_name":"\"Tirsdag 20/07 2004 kl. 18:30\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusadir	Rusadir	["1 Name","2 Geography","3 History","3.1 Punic town","3.2 Mauretanian town","3.3 Roman town","3.4 Later history","4 Religion","5 See also","6 References","6.1 Citations","6.2 Bibliography"]	Coordinates: 35°17′38″N 2°55′59″W / 35.294°N 2.933°W / 35.294; -2.933Ancient Punic and Roman town RusadirMelilla la Vieja is built over Roman RusadirShown within SpainLocationSpainRegionMelillaCoordinates35°17′38″N 2°55′59″W / 35.294°N 2.933°W / 35.294; -2.933 Rusadir was an ancient Punic and Roman town at what is now Melilla, Spain, in northwest Africa. Under the Roman Empire, it was a colony in the province of Mauretania Tingitana. Name ršʾdr (Punic: 𐤓‬𐤔𐤀𐤃𐤓‬) was a Punic name meaning "Powerful" or "High Cape", after its nearby headland. It can also be understood as "Cape of the Powerful One", in reference to Baal, Tanit, or some other important Punic god. The format is similar to other Punic names along the North African coast, including Rusguniae, Rusubbicari, Rusuccuru, Rusippisir, Rusigan (Rachgoun), Rusicade, Ruspina, Ruspe, and Rsmlqr. The settlement's name was hellenized as Rhyssádeiron (Greek: Ῥυσσάδειρον). It appears in Latin as Rusadir, Rusicada, and Rusadder. As a Roman colony, it was also known as Flavia. Geography Like Abyla (present-day Ceuta), Rusadir was located on a small, easily defended peninsula connected to mainland Africa by a narrow isthmus. Its namesake cape is small but includes a large rocky hill, which was fortified. It lies at the northern end of a small bight which formed its harbor, itself part of the eastern shore of a much larger bight that stretches across the southern Mediterranean coast from Cape Three Forks (the classical Metagonites Promontorium) to Cape Figalo west of Oran. Rusadir's own small bight lies beside a kind of natural amphitheater on the eastern slope of a steep rock 500 meters (1,640 ft) high, where modern Melilla has grown up. History Punic town Rusadir was established as a Phoenician colony along the trading route between Phoenicia and the Strait of Gibraltar, itself guarded by the colonies of Tinga (Tangier), Abyla (Ceuta), Kart (San Roque), and Gadir (Cadiz). Like other outposts in the West, Rusadir eventually fell under Carthaginian dominion. Mauretanian town After Carthage's defeat in the Punic Wars, Rusadir passed into the control of the Roman client state Mauretania. It minted its own bronze coins, with Punic text and a bearded head (possibly Baal Hammon) obverse and a bee between ears of wheat reverse. Roman town Ptolemy's 1st African map, showing Roman Mauretania Tingitana Caligula assassinated the Mauretanian king in AD 40 and proclaimed the annexation of his kingdom. His successor Claudius organized the new territories, placing Rusadir within the province of Mauretania Tingitana. Pliny describes 1st-century Rusadir as a native hillfort (oppidum) and port (portus). It was made a colony in AD 46. By the 3rd century, Rusadir was fully Christianized and quite prosperous. In the 4th century, Rusadir was the principal port for the Mauro-Roman kingdom. Later history Main article: Melilla The Vandal king Gaiseric, probably invited by Count Boniface, crossed from Spain to Tingis (Tangier) in 429. Some of his tens of thousands of followers besieged and conquered Rusadir around 430, while others overran the rest of northwest Africa. Focusing his attention on the Roman province of Africa, Gaiseric allowed Berber rebellions to remove most of his western territories from his control. Rusadir became part of the Berber kingdom of Altava. The Byzantine general Belisarius restored Roman control over Northern Africa (including Rusadir) around the year 533, as part of Justinian's Vandalic War. The Exarchate of Africa established by the Byzantines also focused most of its attention on the area of present-day Tunisia and did not expand into the Mauretanian hinterland. Instead, it oversaw its fortified ports from the easily protected stronghold of Septem (Ceuta). Rusadir was conquered by the Visigoth general Suintila (probably on behalf of king Sisebuto) in 614. By the early 7th century a Christian bishop with seat in the city was mentioned in the Thronus Alexandrinus. By 700, Rusadir was conquered by Musa ibn Nusayr on behalf of the Umayyad Caliphate. With an uncertain existence as populated settlement by the mid 9th century, the city was repopulated by Berbers by the late 9th century (c. 890), when it was already known by its new name, Malila/Melilla/Amlil. It was seized by an Andalusian army on behalf of Abd al-Rahman III, emir (soon-to-be Caliph) of Córdoba in 926–927. It was conquered by the Castilian nobleman Juan Alfonso Pérez de Guzmán in 1497 and—under the name Melilla (q.v.)—was formally annexed by Castile in 1506. Religion Rusadir remains a titular see of the Roman Catholic Church. See also Ancient Rome portal Melilla, for the town's subsequent history Tingis, Abyla, Lixus, & Tamuda Roman 'Coloniae' in Berber Africa References Citations ^ a b Head & al. (1911), p. 889. ^ Mora Serrano (2011), p. 25. ^ a b c d e Cath. Enc. (1913), s.v. "Rusaddir". ^ a b c d Dict. Gr. & Rom. Bio. & Myth. (1870), s.v. "Rusadir". ^ Juárez, Roberto (3 September 2016), "Significado de Rusaddir", Melilla: Ciudad Desconocida. (in Spanish) ^ López Pardo (2005), pp. 137–138. ^ Ptol., Geogr., Bk. IV, Ch. i, §7. ^ Pliny, Nat. Hist., Bk. I. ^ Mela, Geogr., Bk. I, §33. ^ Ant. Itin. ^ a b Enc. Brit. (1911). ^ "Melilla", North Africa, P502, NI 30-3, Washington: U.S. Army Map Service, 1953. ^ "Oran", North Africa, P502, NI 30-4, Washington: U.S. Army Map Service, 1953. ^ Pliny, Nat. Hist., Bk. V, Ch. 18. ^ a b Lara Peinado 1998, p. 24. ^ Lara Peinado, Fernando (1998). "Melilla: entre Oriente y Occidente" (PDF). Aldaba (30). Melilla: UNED: 24. ISSN 0213-7925. ^ a b Lara Peinado 1998, p. 25. ^ Gurriarán Daza, Pedro (2018). "La fortificación de la frontera sur de al-andalus en tiempos del califato de Córdoba" (PDF). Almoraima. Revista de Estudios Campogibraltareños (48). Algeciras: Instituto de Estudios Campogibraltareños: 62. Bibliography Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Melilla" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 94. Conant, Jonathan (2012), Staying Roman: Conquest and Identity in Africa and the Mediterranean, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0521196970. Davies, Ethel (2009), North Africa: The Roman Coast, Chalfont St Peter: Bradt Travel Guides, ISBN 978-1-84162-287-3. Head, Barclay; et al. (1911), "Mauretania", Historia Numorum (2nd ed.), Oxford: Clarendon Press, pp. 887–890. James, Edward Boucher (1870), "Rusadir", Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. III, Boston: Little, Brown, & Co. López Pardo, Fernando (April 2005), "La Fundación de Rusaddir y la Época Púnica" , Gerión (in Spanish), 33 (Special): 135–156, doi:10.5209/rev_GERI.2015.49055, ISSN 0213-0181. Mora Serrano, Bartolomé (2011), "Coins, Cities, and Territories: The Imaginary Far West and South Iberian and North African Punic Coins", Money, Trade, and Trade Routes in Pre-Islamic North Africa, London: British Museum, pp. 21–32. Petrides, Sophron (1913), "Rusaddir", Catholic Encyclopedia, vol. Vol. XIII, New York: Encyclopedia Press. Zurlo, Yves (2005), "Ceuta et Melilla: Histoire, Représentations, et Devenir de Deux Enclaves Espagnoles", Recherches et Documents: Espagne, Paris, ISBN 2-7475-7656-6{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link). (in French) vte Phoenician cities and coloniesAlgeria Camarata Cartennae (Tenes) Hippo Regius Icosium (Algiers) Igilgili (Jijel) Iol (Cherchell) Iomnium (Tigzirt) Cirta (Constantine) Kissi (Djinet) Macomades Malaca Rachgoun Rusazus (Azeffoun) Rusguniae (Tamentfoust) Rusicade (Skikda) Rusippisir (Taksebt) Rusubbicari (Zemmouri El Bahri) Rusuccuru (Dellys) Sarai (Aïn Oulmene) Thagora (Taoura) Tipasa in Mauretania Tipasa in Numidia Timici Cyprus Dhali Kition (Larnaca) Lapathus Marion Greece Callista (Santorini) Paxi Rhodes Delos Israel Achzib Akka (Acre) Dora Michal Jaffa Reshef Shikmona (Haifa) Strato's Tower (Caesarea) Italy Bitan (Chia) Cape Melqart (Cefalù) Drepanum (Trapani) Eryx (Erice) Heraclea Minoa Kapara (Soluntum) Karaly (Cagliari) Lilybaeum Motya Neapolis Nora Olbia Pantelleria Selinunte Sulci (Sant'Antioco) Tharros Ṣiṣ (Palermo) Lebanon Amia Ampi Arqa Athar (Tripoli) Baalbek Birut (Beirut) Botrys (Teros) Gebal (Byblos) Ornithon (Tell el-Burak) Porphyreon (Jieh) Sarepta Sidon Sur (Tyre), Ushu (Palaetyrus) Umm al-Amad Libya Lepcis (Khoms) Oyat (Tripoli) Tsabratan Malta Maleth (Cospicua) Ann (Mdina) Gaulos (Gozo) Għajn Qajjet Mtarfa Ras il-Wardija Tas-Silġ Morocco Azama (Azemmour) Arambys (Mogador) Caricus Murus Heq she Elisha (Ksar es-Seghir) Likush (Larache) Shalat (Chellah) Tamusida Tinga (Tangier) Anfa (Casablanca) Volubilis 1 Mogador Rusadir Oualidia Zilil Gadir Sala Thymiaterium Rusibis Portugal Portus Hannibalis Portus Magonis (Portimão) Olissipona (Lisbon) Ossonoba (Faro) Balsa (Tavira) Spain Abdera (Adra) Abyla (Ceuta) Akra Leuka (Alicante) Gadir (Cadiz) Herna Iboshim (Ibiza) Mahón Malake (Málaga) Onoba Carthage (Cartagena) Rushadir (Melilla) Saguntum Sexi (Almunecar) Tagilit (Tíjola) Toscanos (Velez) Tyreche Syria Arwad Marat (Amrit) Balanaea (Baniyas) Carne Paltus Safita Shuksi Sumur Ugarit Tunisia Aspis (Kelibia) Bulla Regia Carthage Hadrumetum (Sousse) Hippo Diarrhytus (Bizerte) Kerkouane Lepcis (Monastir) Maqom Hadesh (Ounga) Meninx (Djerba) Ruspe Ruspina Sicca (El Kef) Tabarka Tayinat (Thyna) Thapsus Thysdrus (El Djem) Utica Other Myriandus Phoenicus Gibraltar Tahpanhes vteRomano-Berber cities in Roman North AfricaSorted by contemporary national bordersMorocco Anfa Cotta Exilissa Iulia Constantia Zilil Iulia Valentia Banasa Iulia Campestris Babba Lixus 2 Mogador Oppidum Novum (Tingitana) Sala 1 Tamuda 1 Thamusida Tingis Volubilis 1 Algeria Aquae Calidae Albulae Altava Auzia Calama Caesarea Cartennas Castellum Dimmidi Castellum Tingitanum Castra Nova Cirta Civitas Popthensis Collo Cohors Breucorum Cuicul 1 Diana Veteranorum Gemellae Gunugus Hippo Regius Icosium 1 Igilgili Iomnium Lamasba Lambaesis Madauros Mascula Mesarfelta Milevum Oppidum Novum (Caesariensis) Parthenia Pomaria Portus Divinus Portus Magnus Quiza Xenitana Rapidum Rusguniae Rusucurru Saldae Setifis Siga Thagaste Thamugadi 1 Theveste Thibilis Thubursicum Tiddis Tingartia Tipasa 1 Tubusuctu Tubunae Unica Colonia Uzinaza Vescera Zaraï Zuccabar Tunisia Althiburos Bulla Regia Capsa Carthago 1 Cillium Dougga 1 Gightis Hadrumetum 1 Hippo Diarrhytus Kelibia Leptis Parva Mactaris Pheradi Majus Pupput Rucuma Ruspae Scillium Sicca Simitthus Sufetula Tacapae Taparura Sufes Thabraca Thanae Thapsus Thuburbo Majus Thuburnica Thysdrus Turris Tamalleni Utica Uthina Vaga Zama Regia Egypt Siwa Qara Farafra Spain Septem Rusadir Kingdomsand provinces Mauretania Mauretania Tingitana Mauretania Caesariensis Numidia Roman Africa Creta et Cyrenaica Roman Egypt Diocese of Africa Zeugitana Byzacena Vandal Kingdom Praetorian prefecture of Africa Exarchate of Africa Related articles North Africa during classical antiquity African Romance Limes Tripolitanus Christianity in the Roman Africa province Early African Church Church of Carthage Roman colonies in Berber Africa 1 UNESCO World Heritage Sites 2 Proposed Authority control databases: Geographic Pleiades	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ancient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_antiquity"},{"link_name":"Punic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punics"},{"link_name":"Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Romans"},{"link_name":"Melilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melilla"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"northwest Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Africa"},{"link_name":"Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"colony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_colonia"},{"link_name":"province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_province"},{"link_name":"Mauretania Tingitana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauretania_Tingitana"}],"text":"Ancient Punic and Roman townRusadir was an ancient Punic and Roman town at what is now Melilla, Spain, in northwest Africa. Under the Roman Empire, it was a colony in the province of Mauretania Tingitana.","title":"Rusadir"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Punic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punic_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHead_&_al.1911889-1"},{"link_name":"Punic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punic_language"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMora_Serrano201125-2"},{"link_name":"Cape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headland"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CE-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DGRBM-4"},{"link_name":"Baal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baal_Hammon"},{"link_name":"Tanit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanit"},{"link_name":"Punic god","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaanite_religion"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Rusguniae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamentfoust#History"},{"link_name":"Rusubbicari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusubbicari"},{"link_name":"Rusuccuru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dellys"},{"link_name":"Rusippisir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusippisir"},{"link_name":"Rusigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachgoun"},{"link_name":"Rusicade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skikda"},{"link_name":"Ruspina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruspina"},{"link_name":"Ruspe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruspe"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEL%C3%B3pez_Pardo2005137%E2%80%93138-6"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DGRBM-4"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DGRBM-4"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"ršʾdr (Punic: 𐤓‬𐤔𐤀𐤃𐤓‬)[1] was a Punic name meaning \"Powerful\"[2] or \"High Cape\",[3] after its nearby headland.[4] It can also be understood as \"Cape of the Powerful One\", in reference to Baal, Tanit, or some other important Punic god.[5] The format is similar to other Punic names along the North African coast, including Rusguniae, Rusubbicari, Rusuccuru, Rusippisir, Rusigan (Rachgoun), Rusicade, Ruspina, Ruspe, and Rsmlqr.[6] The settlement's name was hellenized as Rhyssádeiron (Greek: Ῥυσσάδειρον).[7][4] It appears in Latin as Rusadir,[8] Rusicada,[9] and Rusadder.[10][4] As a Roman colony, it was also known as Flavia.[citation needed]","title":"Name"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Abyla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abyla"},{"link_name":"Ceuta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceuta"},{"link_name":"peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa"},{"link_name":"isthmus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isthmus"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Enc._Brit.''1911-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Enc._Brit.''1911-11"},{"link_name":"bight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bight_(geography)"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean"},{"link_name":"Cape Three Forks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Three_Forks"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DGRBM-4"},{"link_name":"Cape Figalo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cape_Figalo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Oran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oran"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"amphitheater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphitheater"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CE-3"}],"text":"Like Abyla (present-day Ceuta), Rusadir was located on a small, easily defended peninsula connected to mainland Africa by a narrow isthmus.[11] Its namesake cape is small but includes a large rocky hill, which was fortified.[11] It lies at the northern end of a small bight which formed its harbor, itself part of the eastern shore of a much larger bight that stretches across the southern Mediterranean coast from Cape Three Forks[12] (the classical Metagonites Promontorium)[4] to Cape Figalo west of Oran.[13] Rusadir's own small bight lies beside a kind of natural amphitheater on the eastern slope of a steep rock 500 meters (1,640 ft) high, where modern Melilla has grown up.[3]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Phoenician colony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenician_colony"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CE-3"},{"link_name":"Phoenicia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenicia"},{"link_name":"Strait of Gibraltar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strait_of_Gibraltar"},{"link_name":"Tinga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tingis"},{"link_name":"Tangier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangier"},{"link_name":"Abyla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septem_(Ceuta)"},{"link_name":"Ceuta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceuta"},{"link_name":"Kart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carteia"},{"link_name":"San Roque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Roque,_C%C3%A1diz"},{"link_name":"Cadiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadiz"},{"link_name":"Carthaginian dominion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carthaginian_Empire"}],"sub_title":"Punic town","text":"Rusadir was established as a Phoenician colony[3] along the trading route between Phoenicia and the Strait of Gibraltar, itself guarded by the colonies of Tinga (Tangier), Abyla (Ceuta), Kart (San Roque), and Gadir (Cadiz). Like other outposts in the West, Rusadir eventually fell under Carthaginian dominion.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carthage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Carthage"},{"link_name":"Punic Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punic_Wars"},{"link_name":"Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Republic"},{"link_name":"client state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Client_state"},{"link_name":"Mauretania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauretania"},{"link_name":"bronze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze"},{"link_name":"Punic text","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punic_language"},{"link_name":"Baal Hammon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baal_Hammon"},{"link_name":"obverse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obverse"},{"link_name":"bee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bee"},{"link_name":"wheat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheat"},{"link_name":"reverse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obverse"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHead_&_al.1911889-1"}],"sub_title":"Mauretanian town","text":"After Carthage's defeat in the Punic Wars, Rusadir passed into the control of the Roman client state Mauretania. It minted its own bronze coins, with Punic text and a bearded head (possibly Baal Hammon) obverse and a bee between ears of wheat reverse.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Prima_Affrice_Tabula.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ptolemy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudius_Ptolemy"},{"link_name":"Mauretania Tingitana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauretania_Tingitana"},{"link_name":"Caligula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caligula"},{"link_name":"Mauretanian king","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemy_of_Mauretania"},{"link_name":"Claudius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudius"},{"link_name":"province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_province"},{"link_name":"Mauretania Tingitana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauretania_Tingitana"},{"link_name":"Pliny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder"},{"link_name":"native hillfort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oppidum"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CE-3"},{"link_name":"colony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_colonia"},{"link_name":"Christianized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Christianity"},{"link_name":"Mauro-Roman kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauro-Roman_kingdom"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Roman town","text":"Ptolemy's 1st African map, showing Roman Mauretania TingitanaCaligula assassinated the Mauretanian king in AD 40 and proclaimed the annexation of his kingdom. His successor Claudius organized the new territories, placing Rusadir within the province of Mauretania Tingitana. Pliny describes 1st-century Rusadir as a native hillfort (oppidum) and port (portus).[14][3] It was made a colony in AD 46.By the 3rd century, Rusadir was fully Christianized and quite prosperous. In the 4th century, Rusadir was the principal port for the Mauro-Roman kingdom.[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vandal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandals"},{"link_name":"Gaiseric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaiseric"},{"link_name":"Count Boniface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonifacius"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Spain"},{"link_name":"Tingis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tingis"},{"link_name":"Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_(Roman_province)"},{"link_name":"Berber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berbers"},{"link_name":"Altava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altava"},{"link_name":"Byzantine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire"},{"link_name":"Belisarius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belisarius"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELara_Peinado199824-15"},{"link_name":"Justinian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justinian_I"},{"link_name":"Vandalic War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandalic_War"},{"link_name":"Exarchate of Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exarchate_of_Africa"},{"link_name":"Tunisia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia"},{"link_name":"Septem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septem_(Ceuta)"},{"link_name":"Visigoth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visigothic_Spain"},{"link_name":"Suintila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suintila"},{"link_name":"Sisebuto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisebuto"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELara_Peinado199824-15"},{"link_name":"Musa ibn Nusayr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musa_ibn_Nusayr"},{"link_name":"Umayyad Caliphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELara_Peinado199825-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELara_Peinado199825-17"},{"link_name":"Abd al-Rahman III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_III"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Juan Alfonso Pérez de Guzmán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Alfonso_P%C3%A9rez_de_Guzm%C3%A1n,_3rd_Duke_of_Medina_Sidonia"},{"link_name":"Melilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melilla"},{"link_name":"Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CE-3"}],"sub_title":"Later history","text":"The Vandal king Gaiseric, probably invited by Count Boniface, crossed from Spain to Tingis (Tangier) in 429. Some of his tens of thousands of followers besieged and conquered Rusadir around 430, while others overran the rest of northwest Africa. Focusing his attention on the Roman province of Africa, Gaiseric allowed Berber rebellions to remove most of his western territories from his control. Rusadir became part of the Berber kingdom of Altava.The Byzantine general Belisarius restored Roman control over Northern Africa (including Rusadir) around the year 533,[15] as part of Justinian's Vandalic War. The Exarchate of Africa established by the Byzantines also focused most of its attention on the area of present-day Tunisia and did not expand into the Mauretanian hinterland. Instead, it oversaw its fortified ports from the easily protected stronghold of Septem (Ceuta). Rusadir was conquered by the Visigoth general Suintila (probably on behalf of king Sisebuto) in 614.[16] By the early 7th century a Christian bishop with seat in the city was mentioned in the Thronus Alexandrinus.[15] By 700, Rusadir was conquered by Musa ibn Nusayr on behalf of the Umayyad Caliphate.[17] With an uncertain existence as populated settlement by the mid 9th century, the city was repopulated by Berbers by the late 9th century (c. 890), when it was already known by its new name,[17] Malila/Melilla/Amlil. It was seized by an Andalusian army on behalf of Abd al-Rahman III, emir (soon-to-be Caliph) of Córdoba in 926–927.[18]It was conquered by the Castilian nobleman Juan Alfonso Pérez de Guzmán in 1497 and—under the name Melilla (q.v.)—was formally annexed by Castile in 1506.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"titular see","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titular_see"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Rusadir remains a titular see of the Roman Catholic Church.[citation needed]","title":"Religion"}]	[{"image_text":"Ptolemy's 1st African map, showing Roman Mauretania Tingitana","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Prima_Affrice_Tabula.jpg/250px-Prima_Affrice_Tabula.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Ancient Rome portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Ancient_Rome"},{"title":"Melilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melilla"},{"title":"Tingis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tingis"},{"title":"Abyla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abyla"},{"title":"Lixus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lixus_(ancient_city)"},{"title":"Tamuda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamuda"},{"title":"Roman 'Coloniae' in Berber Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_%27Coloniae%27_in_Berber_Africa"}]	[{"reference":"Juárez, Roberto (3 September 2016), \"Significado de Rusaddir\", Melilla: Ciudad Desconocida","urls":[{"url":"https://melilladesconocida.blogspot.com/2016/09/significado-de-rusaddir.html","url_text":"\"Significado de Rusaddir\""}]},{"reference":"\"Melilla\", North Africa, P502, NI 30-3, Washington: U.S. Army Map Service, 1953","urls":[{"url":"http://legacy.lib.utexas.edu/maps/ams/north_africa/txu-oclc-6949452-ni30-3.jpg","url_text":"\"Melilla\""},{"url":"http://legacy.lib.utexas.edu/maps/ams/north_africa/","url_text":"North Africa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_DC","url_text":"Washington"}]},{"reference":"\"Oran\", North Africa, P502, NI 30-4, Washington: U.S. Army Map Service, 1953","urls":[{"url":"http://legacy.lib.utexas.edu/maps/ams/north_africa/txu-oclc-6949452-ni30-4.jpg","url_text":"\"Oran\""},{"url":"http://legacy.lib.utexas.edu/maps/ams/north_africa/","url_text":"North Africa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_DC","url_text":"Washington"}]},{"reference":"Lara Peinado, Fernando (1998). \"Melilla: entre Oriente y Occidente\" (PDF). Aldaba (30). Melilla: UNED: 24. ISSN 0213-7925.","urls":[{"url":"https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/1973932.pdf","url_text":"\"Melilla: entre Oriente y Occidente\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNED","url_text":"UNED"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0213-7925","url_text":"0213-7925"}]},{"reference":"Gurriarán Daza, Pedro (2018). \"La fortificación de la frontera sur de al-andalus en tiempos del califato de Córdoba\" (PDF). Almoraima. Revista de Estudios Campogibraltareños (48). Algeciras: Instituto de Estudios Campogibraltareños: 62.","urls":[{"url":"http://institutoecg.es/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/04-PEDRO-GURRIAR%C3%81N-AS.pdf","url_text":"\"La fortificación de la frontera sur de al-andalus en tiempos del califato de Córdoba\""}]},{"reference":"Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Melilla\" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 94.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Melilla","url_text":"\"Melilla\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"Conant, Jonathan (2012), Staying Roman: Conquest and Identity in Africa and the Mediterranean, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0521196970","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge,_England","url_text":"Cambridge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521196970","url_text":"978-0521196970"}]},{"reference":"Davies, Ethel (2009), North Africa: The Roman Coast, Chalfont St Peter: Bradt Travel Guides, ISBN 978-1-84162-287-3","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalfont_St_Peter","url_text":"Chalfont St Peter"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84162-287-3","url_text":"978-1-84162-287-3"}]},{"reference":"Head, Barclay; et al. (1911), \"Mauretania\", Historia Numorum (2nd ed.), Oxford: Clarendon Press, pp. 887–890","urls":[{"url":"http://snible.org/coins/hn/numidia.html","url_text":"\"Mauretania\""},{"url":"http://snible.org/coins/hn/index.html","url_text":"Historia Numorum"}]},{"reference":"James, Edward Boucher (1870), \"Rusadir\", Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. III, Boston: Little, Brown, & Co","urls":[{"url":"https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0064:entry=rusadir-geo&highlight=russader","url_text":"\"Rusadir\""}]},{"reference":"López Pardo, Fernando (April 2005), \"La Fundación de Rusaddir y la Época Púnica\" [The Foundation of Rusaddir and the Punic Age], Gerión (in Spanish), 33 (Special): 135–156, doi:10.5209/rev_GERI.2015.49055, ISSN 0213-0181","urls":[{"url":"https://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/GERI/article/viewFile/49055/45753","url_text":"\"La Fundación de Rusaddir y la Época Púnica\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5209%2Frev_GERI.2015.49055","url_text":"10.5209/rev_GERI.2015.49055"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0213-0181","url_text":"0213-0181"}]},{"reference":"Mora Serrano, Bartolomé (2011), \"Coins, Cities, and Territories: The Imaginary Far West and South Iberian and North African Punic Coins\", Money, Trade, and Trade Routes in Pre-Islamic North Africa, London: British Museum, pp. 21–32","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236027112_The_Imaginary_Far_West_and_South_Iberian_and_North_African_Punic_Coins","url_text":"\"Coins, Cities, and Territories: The Imaginary Far West and South Iberian and North African Punic Coins\""}]},{"reference":"Petrides, Sophron (1913), \"Rusaddir\", Catholic Encyclopedia, vol. Vol. XIII, New York: Encyclopedia Press","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Rusaddir","url_text":"Rusaddir"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)","url_text":"Catholic Encyclopedia"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia/Volume_13","url_text":"Vol. XIII"}]},{"reference":"Zurlo, Yves (2005), \"Ceuta et Melilla: Histoire, Représentations, et Devenir de Deux Enclaves Espagnoles\", Recherches et Documents: Espagne, Paris, ISBN 2-7475-7656-6","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7475-7656-6","url_text":"2-7475-7656-6"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Rusadir&params=35.294_N_2.933_W_type:city_region:ES","external_links_name":"35°17′38″N 2°55′59″W / 35.294°N 2.933°W / 35.294; -2.933"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Rusadir&params=35.294_N_2.933_W_type:city_region:ES","external_links_name":"35°17′38″N 2°55′59″W / 35.294°N 2.933°W / 35.294; -2.933"},{"Link":"https://melilladesconocida.blogspot.com/2016/09/significado-de-rusaddir.html","external_links_name":"\"Significado de Rusaddir\""},{"Link":"http://legacy.lib.utexas.edu/maps/ams/north_africa/txu-oclc-6949452-ni30-3.jpg","external_links_name":"\"Melilla\""},{"Link":"http://legacy.lib.utexas.edu/maps/ams/north_africa/","external_links_name":"North Africa"},{"Link":"http://legacy.lib.utexas.edu/maps/ams/north_africa/txu-oclc-6949452-ni30-4.jpg","external_links_name":"\"Oran\""},{"Link":"http://legacy.lib.utexas.edu/maps/ams/north_africa/","external_links_name":"North Africa"},{"Link":"https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/1973932.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Melilla: entre Oriente y Occidente\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0213-7925","external_links_name":"0213-7925"},{"Link":"http://institutoecg.es/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/04-PEDRO-GURRIAR%C3%81N-AS.pdf","external_links_name":"\"La fortificación de la frontera sur de al-andalus en tiempos del califato de Córdoba\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Melilla","external_links_name":"\"Melilla\""},{"Link":"http://snible.org/coins/hn/numidia.html","external_links_name":"\"Mauretania\""},{"Link":"http://snible.org/coins/hn/index.html","external_links_name":"Historia Numorum"},{"Link":"https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0064:entry=rusadir-geo&highlight=russader","external_links_name":"\"Rusadir\""},{"Link":"https://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/GERI/article/viewFile/49055/45753","external_links_name":"\"La Fundación de Rusaddir y la Época Púnica\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.5209%2Frev_GERI.2015.49055","external_links_name":"10.5209/rev_GERI.2015.49055"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0213-0181","external_links_name":"0213-0181"},{"Link":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236027112_The_Imaginary_Far_West_and_South_Iberian_and_North_African_Punic_Coins","external_links_name":"\"Coins, Cities, and Territories: The Imaginary Far West and South Iberian and North African Punic Coins\""},{"Link":"https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/285511","external_links_name":"Pleiades"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juventia_gens	Juventia gens	["1 Origin","2 Praenomina","3 Branches and cognomina","4 Members","4.1 Juventii Thalnae","4.2 Juventii Celsi","4.3 Juventii Laterenses","4.4 Others","5 Footnotes","6 See also","7 References","8 Bibliography"]	Ancient Roman family A denarius of Gaius Juventius Thalna, triumvir monetalis in 154 BC. The denomination is indicated by the 'X'. The gens Juventia, occasionally written Jubentia, was an ancient plebeian family at Rome. After centuries of obscurity, the gens emerges into history with the appearance of Titus Juventius, a military tribune, in the beginning of the second century BC. The first of the Juventii to obtain the consulship was Marcus Juventius Thalna in 163 BC. But the family is renowned less for its statesmen than for its jurists, who flourished during the second century AD. Origin The Juventii were said to have come to Rome from Tusculum, probably during the fourth century BC. Cicero reports a claim, which he regards as incorrect, that the first of the plebeian aediles was a Juventius, and in fact the Juventii are not mentioned until BC 197, although there is no reason to doubt that the family had already been at Rome for some generations. The nomen Juventius is certainly derived from the Latin juventas, "youth", personified by the goddess Juventas, but the family is probably of Etruscan origin, as the surname Thalna, borne by a number of the earliest Juventii, has the same meaning; Juventius is simply the Latin version of their original name. Praenomina The earlier Juventii used the praenomina Titus, Lucius, Manius, Publius, and Gaius. From the first century BC we also find Marcus. All were very common names, except for Manius, which was used by many fewer families. Branches and cognomina There were several families of the Juventii in the time of the Republic, with the surnames Celsus, Laterensis, Pedo, and Thalna. However, several Juventii are mentioned without any surname. Thalna, occasionally found as Talna, is an Etruscan name, and was probably the original nomen of the gens, before it came to be known as Juventia. Members This list includes abbreviated praenomina. For an explanation of this practice, see filiation. Juventii Thalnae Titus Juventius (Thalna?), a military tribune serving under the consul Quintus Minucius Rufus in BC 197. He was slain in battle against the Cisalpine Gauls. Titus Juventius Thalna, praetor peregrinus in 194 BC, was probably the same Titus Juventius who was sent to purchase corn from Apulia and Calabria in 172, for the war against Perseus. Lucius Juventius T. f. Thalna, legate of the praetor Gaius Calpurnius Piso in Spain, BC 185. Manius Juventius L. f. T. n. Thalna, tribune of the plebs in 170 BC, praetor in 167, and consul in 163. During his consulship, Thalna defeated and conquered the Corsicans, and was granted a supplicatio by the Senate, but he died shortly thereafter. Publius Juventius Thalna, triumvir monetalis in 170 BC, and praetor in 149, he was defeated and slain by Andriscus in Macedon. Gaius Juventius P. f. Thalna, triumvir monetalis in 154 BC. Juventius Thalna, one of the judices assigned to try Publius Clodius Pulcher, was bribed by the defendant. Juventius Thalna, apparently a different man from the judex, is mentioned twice in Cicero's letters, first in 45 BC, and again the following year. Juventii Celsi Juventius Celsus, a celebrated jurist during the latter part of the first century AD, and the father of the even more influential jurist Publius Juventius Celsus. Publius Juventius Celsus, one of the most influential of all the Roman jurists, flourished during the reigns of Nerva, Trajan, and Hadrian. He was twice consul, although the years are stated differently. Publius Juventius Celsus, consul in AD 164. Juventii Laterenses Manius Juventius L. f. Laterensis, triumvir monetalis in 83 BC, and probably governor of Asia, circa 77. Marcus Juventius M'. f. L. n. Laterensis, a friend of Cicero and political opponent of Caesar, was quaestor in an uncertain year, and after several setbacks, obtained the praetorship in BC 51. After Caesar's murder, he was a legate of Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, and took his own life when Marcus Antonius entered Lepidus' camp. Lucius Juventius Laterensis, a legate under Quintus Cassius Longinus in Hispania Ulterior during the Civil War, was proclaimed praetor by the soldiers when they believed that Cassius had been put to death. But as Cassius escaped the assassins, he immediately ordered the execution of Laterensis, along with the conspirators. Others Juventius, a comic poet mentioned by Varro and Aulus Gellius, probably lived about the middle of the second century BC. Gaius Juventius, a jurist who had been among the leading students of Quintus Mucius Scaevola. His opinions were highly respected, and were incorporated into the writings of Servius Sulpicius Rufus. Titus Juventius, a knowledgeable and clever advocate in the Roman courts. His disciple, Quintus Orbius, was a contemporary of Cicero, who describes Juventius' style as slow and rather cold, but wily. Marcus Juventius Pedo, a judex praised by Cicero. Juventius, a youth described as beautiful by Catullus, who addressed several poems to him. Juventius, first century bishop of Ticinum. Footnotes ^ One of the scholiasts on Cicero has misinterpreted his description of the Juventii as "noble" to mean that they were originally patrician. ^ The Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology expressly identifies Manius as the son of Lucius Juventius Thalna, the legate of Piso, and assigns him the filiation "L. f. T. n.", but Broughton gives "T. f. T. n." under 163 (without discussing his father). If correct, this would probably make Manius the son of either Titus, the praetor in 194, or Titus, the military tribune killed in 197. It is unlikely that the military tribune was the father of the praetor, as this tribuneship was usually filled by younger men, while a praetor was likely to be nearing forty. ^ "The senate in consequence voted him the honour of a thanksgiving; and he was so overcome with joy at the intelligence, which he received as he was offering a sacrifice, that he dropt down dead on the spot." See also List of Roman gentes References ^ a b c Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. II, p. 691 ("Juventia Gens"). ^ Scholia Bobiensa, Pro Plancio, p. 253 (ed. Orelli). ^ Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. II, p. 724 ("Laterensis"). ^ Cicero, Pro Plancio, 8, 24. ^ Chase, p. 130. ^ Chase, p. 114. ^ Livy, xxxiii. 22. ^ Broughton, vol. I, p. 334. ^ Livy, xxxiv. 42, 43, xlii. 27. ^ Broughton, vol. I, p. 343. ^ Livy, xxxix. 31, 38. ^ Broughton, vol. I, p. 373. ^ Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. III, p. 1020 ("Juventius Thalna" no. 3). ^ Livy, xliii. 8, xlv. 16, 21. ^ Fasti Capitolini ^ Obsequens, 73. ^ Valerius Maximus, ix. 12. § 3. ^ Pliny the Elder, Naturalis Historia, vii. 53. ^ Broughton, vol. I, pp. 420, 433, 438. ^ Livy, Epitome, 50. ^ Florus, ii. 14. ^ Eutropius, iv. 13. ^ Orosius, iv. 22. ^ Broughton, vol. I, pp. 458, 460. ^ Cicero, Epistulae ad Atticum, i. 16. § 6. ^ Cicero, Epistulae ad Atticum, xiii. 29, xvi. 6. ^ Syme, "Missing Senators", pp. 63, 64. ^ a b Crawford, Roman Republican Coinage, p. 372. ^ Cicero, Pro Plancio, passim; Epistulae ad Atticum, ii. 18, 24, xii. 17; Epistulae ad Familiares, x. 11, 15, 18, 21, 23; In Vatinium Testem, 11. ^ Cassius Dio, xlvi. 51. ^ Velleius Paterculus, ii. 63. ^ Appian, Bellum Civile, iii. 84. ^ Hirtius, De Bello Alexandrino, 53–55. ^ Varro, Lingua Latina, vi. 50, vii. 65 (ed. Müller) ^ Gellius, xviii. 12. ^ Digest, i. tit. 2. s. 2. § 42. ^ Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. II, p. 691 ("C. Juventius"). ^ Cicero, Brutus, 48. ^ Cicero, Pro Cluentio, 38. ^ Catullus, Carmina, 24 48, 99. ^ Watkins, Basil (2015-11-19). "Juventius of Pavia". The Book of Saints: A Comprehensive Biographical Dictionary (8th ed.). Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 411. ISBN 978-0-567-66415-0. Bibliography Gaius Valerius Catullus Carmina. Marcus Tullius Cicero, Pro Plancio, Brutus, Epistulae ad Atticum, Epistulae ad Familiares, In Vatinium Testem, Pro Cluentio. Aulus Hirtius (attributed), De Bello Alexandrino. Marcus Terentius Varro, De Lingua Latina (On the Latin Language). Titus Livius (Livy), History of Rome. Valerius Maximus, Factorum ac Dictorum Memorabilium (Memorable Facts and Sayings). Gaius Plinius Secundus (Pliny the Elder), Historia Naturalis (Natural History). Florus, Epitome de T. Livio Bellorum Omnium Annorum DCC (Epitome of Livy: All the Wars of Seven Hundred Years). Appianus Alexandrinus (Appian), Bellum Civile (The Civil War). Eutropius, Breviarium Historiae Romanae (Abridgement of the History of Rome). Aulus Gellius, Noctes Atticae (Attic Nights). Lucius Cassius Dio, Roman History. Marcus Velleius Paterculus, Compendium of Roman History. Julius Obsequens, Liber de Prodigiis (The Book of Prodigies). Paulus Orosius, Historiarum Adversum Paganos (History Against the Pagans). Digesta seu Pandectae (The Digest). Scholia Bobiensa (Bobbio Scholiast), Pro Plancio. Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, William Smith, ed., Little, Brown and Company, Boston (1849). George Davis Chase, "The Origin of Roman Praenomina", in Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, vol. VIII (1897). T. Robert S. Broughton, The Magistrates of the Roman Republic, American Philological Association (1952). Ronald Syme, "Missing Senators", Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte, Bd. 4, H. 1, pp. 52–71 (1955). Michael Crawford, Roman Republican Coinage, Cambridge University Press (1974, 2001).	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roma,_denario_di_caio_iuventius_thalna,_154_ac.JPG"},{"link_name":"denarius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denarius"},{"link_name":"triumvir monetalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triumvir_monetalis"},{"link_name":"plebeian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plebeian"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome"},{"link_name":"gens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gens"},{"link_name":"military tribune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_tribune"},{"link_name":"consulship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_consul"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DGRBM_Juventia_Gens-1"}],"text":"A denarius of Gaius Juventius Thalna, triumvir monetalis in 154 BC. The denomination is indicated by the 'X'.The gens Juventia, occasionally written Jubentia, was an ancient plebeian family at Rome. After centuries of obscurity, the gens emerges into history with the appearance of Titus Juventius, a military tribune, in the beginning of the second century BC. The first of the Juventii to obtain the consulship was Marcus Juventius Thalna in 163 BC. But the family is renowned less for its statesmen than for its jurists, who flourished during the second century AD.[1]","title":"Juventia gens"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tusculum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tusculum"},{"link_name":"Cicero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicero"},{"link_name":"plebeian aediles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aedile"},{"link_name":"[i]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DGRBM_Juventia_Gens-1"},{"link_name":"nomen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomen_gentilicium"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"Juventas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juventas"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Etruscan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etruscan_civilization"}],"text":"The Juventii were said to have come to Rome from Tusculum, probably during the fourth century BC. Cicero reports a claim, which he regards as incorrect, that the first of the plebeian aediles was a Juventius, and in fact the Juventii are not mentioned until BC 197, although there is no reason to doubt that the family had already been at Rome for some generations.[i][4][1] The nomen Juventius is certainly derived from the Latin juventas, \"youth\", personified by the goddess Juventas,[5] but the family is probably of Etruscan origin, as the surname Thalna, borne by a number of the earliest Juventii, has the same meaning; Juventius is simply the Latin version of their original name.","title":"Origin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"praenomina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praenomen"},{"link_name":"Titus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titus_(praenomen)"},{"link_name":"Lucius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_(praenomen)"},{"link_name":"Manius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manius_(praenomen)"},{"link_name":"Publius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publius_(praenomen)"},{"link_name":"Gaius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_(praenomen)"},{"link_name":"Marcus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_(praenomen)"}],"text":"The earlier Juventii used the praenomina Titus, Lucius, Manius, Publius, and Gaius. From the first century BC we also find Marcus. All were very common names, except for Manius, which was used by many fewer families.","title":"Praenomina"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Republic"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DGRBM_Juventia_Gens-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"There were several families of the Juventii in the time of the Republic, with the surnames Celsus, Laterensis, Pedo, and Thalna. However, several Juventii are mentioned without any surname.[1] Thalna, occasionally found as Talna, is an Etruscan name,[6] and was probably the original nomen of the gens, before it came to be known as Juventia.","title":"Branches and cognomina"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"praenomina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praenomen"},{"link_name":"filiation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_naming_conventions#Filiation"}],"text":"This list includes abbreviated praenomina. For an explanation of this practice, see filiation.","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"military tribune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_tribune"},{"link_name":"Quintus Minucius Rufus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintus_Minucius_Rufus"},{"link_name":"Cisalpine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul"},{"link_name":"Gauls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauls"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"praetor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praetor"},{"link_name":"Apulia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apulia"},{"link_name":"Calabria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calabria"},{"link_name":"Perseus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perseus_of_Macedon"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"legate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legatus"},{"link_name":"Gaius Calpurnius Piso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gaius_Calpurnius_Piso_(consul_180_BC)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispania"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[ii]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"tribune of the plebs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribune_of_the_plebs"},{"link_name":"consul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_consul"},{"link_name":"Corsicans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corsica"},{"link_name":"supplicatio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supplicatio"},{"link_name":"Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Senate"},{"link_name":"[iii]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"triumvir monetalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triumvir_monetalis"},{"link_name":"Andriscus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andriscus"},{"link_name":"Macedon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Publius Clodius Pulcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publius_Clodius_Pulcher"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"Juventii Thalnae","text":"Titus Juventius (Thalna?), a military tribune serving under the consul Quintus Minucius Rufus in BC 197. He was slain in battle against the Cisalpine Gauls.[7][8]\nTitus Juventius Thalna, praetor peregrinus in 194 BC, was probably the same Titus Juventius who was sent to purchase corn from Apulia and Calabria in 172, for the war against Perseus.[9][10]\nLucius Juventius T. f. Thalna, legate of the praetor Gaius Calpurnius Piso in Spain, BC 185.[11][12]\nManius Juventius L. f. T. n. Thalna,[ii] tribune of the plebs in 170 BC, praetor in 167, and consul in 163. During his consulship, Thalna defeated and conquered the Corsicans, and was granted a supplicatio by the Senate, but he died shortly thereafter.[iii][14][15][16][17][18][19]\nPublius Juventius Thalna, triumvir monetalis in 170 BC, and praetor in 149, he was defeated and slain by Andriscus in Macedon.[20][21][22][23][24]\nGaius Juventius P. f. Thalna, triumvir monetalis in 154 BC.\nJuventius Thalna, one of the judices assigned to try Publius Clodius Pulcher, was bribed by the defendant.[25]\nJuventius Thalna, apparently a different man from the judex, is mentioned twice in Cicero's letters, first in 45 BC, and again the following year.[26]","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Publius Juventius Celsus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publius_Juventius_Celsus"},{"link_name":"Nerva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerva"},{"link_name":"Trajan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajan"},{"link_name":"Hadrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrian"}],"sub_title":"Juventii Celsi","text":"Juventius Celsus, a celebrated jurist during the latter part of the first century AD, and the father of the even more influential jurist Publius Juventius Celsus.\nPublius Juventius Celsus, one of the most influential of all the Roman jurists, flourished during the reigns of Nerva, Trajan, and Hadrian. He was twice consul, although the years are stated differently.\nPublius Juventius Celsus, consul in AD 164.","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_(Roman_province)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Crawford_372-31"},{"link_name":"Caesar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesar"},{"link_name":"quaestor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaestor"},{"link_name":"legate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legatus"},{"link_name":"Marcus Aemilius Lepidus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Aemilius_Lepidus_(triumvir)"},{"link_name":"Marcus Antonius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Antony"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Crawford_372-31"},{"link_name":"Quintus Cassius Longinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintus_Cassius_Longinus"},{"link_name":"Hispania Ulterior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispania_Ulterior"},{"link_name":"Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesar%27s_civil_war"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"sub_title":"Juventii Laterenses","text":"Manius Juventius L. f. Laterensis, triumvir monetalis in 83 BC, and probably governor of Asia, circa 77.[27][28]\nMarcus Juventius M'. f. L. n. Laterensis, a friend of Cicero and political opponent of Caesar, was quaestor in an uncertain year, and after several setbacks, obtained the praetorship in BC 51. After Caesar's murder, he was a legate of Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, and took his own life when Marcus Antonius entered Lepidus' camp.[29][30][31][32][28]\nLucius Juventius Laterensis, a legate under Quintus Cassius Longinus in Hispania Ulterior during the Civil War, was proclaimed praetor by the soldiers when they believed that Cassius had been put to death. But as Cassius escaped the assassins, he immediately ordered the execution of Laterensis, along with the conspirators.[33]","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Varro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Terentius_Varro"},{"link_name":"Aulus Gellius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aulus_Gellius"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Quintus Mucius Scaevola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintus_Mucius_Scaevola_Pontifex"},{"link_name":"Servius Sulpicius Rufus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servius_Sulpicius_Rufus"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Catullus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catullus"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Juventius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juventius_of_Pavia"},{"link_name":"bishop of Ticinum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Pavia"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"sub_title":"Others","text":"Juventius, a comic poet mentioned by Varro and Aulus Gellius, probably lived about the middle of the second century BC.[34][35]\nGaius Juventius, a jurist who had been among the leading students of Quintus Mucius Scaevola. His opinions were highly respected, and were incorporated into the writings of Servius Sulpicius Rufus.[36][37]\nTitus Juventius, a knowledgeable and clever advocate in the Roman courts. His disciple, Quintus Orbius, was a contemporary of Cicero, who describes Juventius' style as slow and rather cold, but wily.[38]\nMarcus Juventius Pedo, a judex praised by Cicero.[39]\nJuventius, a youth described as beautiful by Catullus, who addressed several poems to him.[40]\nJuventius, first century bishop of Ticinum.[41]","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"patrician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"^ One of the scholiasts on Cicero has misinterpreted his description of the Juventii as \"noble\" to mean that they were originally patrician.[2][3]\n\n^ The Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology expressly identifies Manius as the son of Lucius Juventius Thalna, the legate of Piso, and assigns him the filiation \"L. f. T. n.\", but Broughton gives \"T. f. T. n.\" under 163 (without discussing his father). If correct, this would probably make Manius the son of either Titus, the praetor in 194, or Titus, the military tribune killed in 197. It is unlikely that the military tribune was the father of the praetor, as this tribuneship was usually filled by younger men, while a praetor was likely to be nearing forty.\n\n^ \"The senate in consequence voted him the honour of a thanksgiving; and he was so overcome with joy at the intelligence, which he received as he was offering a sacrifice, that he dropt down dead on the spot.\"[13]","title":"Footnotes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gaius Valerius Catullus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catullus"},{"link_name":"Marcus Tullius Cicero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicero"},{"link_name":"Aulus Hirtius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aulus_Hirtius"},{"link_name":"De Bello Alexandrino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Bello_Alexandrino"},{"link_name":"Marcus Terentius Varro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Terentius_Varro"},{"link_name":"Livy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livy"},{"link_name":"History of Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ab_Urbe_Condita_Libri"},{"link_name":"Valerius Maximus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valerius_Maximus"},{"link_name":"Pliny the Elder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder"},{"link_name":"Historia Naturalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)"},{"link_name":"Florus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florus"},{"link_name":"Appian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appian"},{"link_name":"Eutropius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutropius_(historian)"},{"link_name":"Aulus Gellius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aulus_Gellius"},{"link_name":"Lucius Cassius Dio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_Cassius_Dio"},{"link_name":"Marcus Velleius Paterculus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Velleius_Paterculus"},{"link_name":"Julius Obsequens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Obsequens"},{"link_name":"Paulus Orosius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orosius"},{"link_name":"The Digest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digest_(Roman_law)"},{"link_name":"Bobbio Scholiast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobbio_Scholiast"},{"link_name":"Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_Greek_and_Roman_Biography_and_Mythology"},{"link_name":"William Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Smith_(lexicographer)"},{"link_name":"T. Robert S. Broughton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Robert_Shannon_Broughton"},{"link_name":"Ronald Syme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Syme"},{"link_name":"Missing Senators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/4434435"},{"link_name":"Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_(classical_antiquity_history_journal)"},{"link_name":"Michael Crawford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Crawford_(historian)"}],"text":"Gaius Valerius Catullus Carmina.\nMarcus Tullius Cicero, Pro Plancio, Brutus, Epistulae ad Atticum, Epistulae ad Familiares, In Vatinium Testem, Pro Cluentio.\nAulus Hirtius (attributed), De Bello Alexandrino.\nMarcus Terentius Varro, De Lingua Latina (On the Latin Language).\nTitus Livius (Livy), History of Rome.\nValerius Maximus, Factorum ac Dictorum Memorabilium (Memorable Facts and Sayings).\nGaius Plinius Secundus (Pliny the Elder), Historia Naturalis (Natural History).\nFlorus, Epitome de T. Livio Bellorum Omnium Annorum DCC (Epitome of Livy: All the Wars of Seven Hundred Years).\nAppianus Alexandrinus (Appian), Bellum Civile (The Civil War).\nEutropius, Breviarium Historiae Romanae (Abridgement of the History of Rome).\nAulus Gellius, Noctes Atticae (Attic Nights).\nLucius Cassius Dio, Roman History.\nMarcus Velleius Paterculus, Compendium of Roman History.\nJulius Obsequens, Liber de Prodigiis (The Book of Prodigies).\nPaulus Orosius, Historiarum Adversum Paganos (History Against the Pagans).\nDigesta seu Pandectae (The Digest).\nScholia Bobiensa (Bobbio Scholiast), Pro Plancio.\nDictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, William Smith, ed., Little, Brown and Company, Boston (1849).\nGeorge Davis Chase, \"The Origin of Roman Praenomina\", in Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, vol. VIII (1897).\nT. Robert S. Broughton, The Magistrates of the Roman Republic, American Philological Association (1952).\nRonald Syme, \"Missing Senators\", Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte, Bd. 4, H. 1, pp. 52–71 (1955).\nMichael Crawford, Roman Republican Coinage, Cambridge University Press (1974, 2001).","title":"Bibliography"}]	[{"image_text":"A denarius of Gaius Juventius Thalna, triumvir monetalis in 154 BC. The denomination is indicated by the 'X'.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Roma%2C_denario_di_caio_iuventius_thalna%2C_154_ac.JPG/220px-Roma%2C_denario_di_caio_iuventius_thalna%2C_154_ac.JPG"}]	[{"title":"List of Roman gentes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Roman_gentes"}]	[{"reference":"Watkins, Basil (2015-11-19). \"Juventius of Pavia\". The Book of Saints: A Comprehensive Biographical Dictionary (8th ed.). Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 411. ISBN 978-0-567-66415-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-66415-0","url_text":"978-0-567-66415-0"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4434435","external_links_name":"Missing Senators"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernani_Pereira	Ernani Pereira	["1 International","2 Career statistics","3 References","4 External links"]	Brazilian-born Azerbaijani footballer (born 1978) Ernani Pereira Personal informationFull name Ernani PereiraDate of birth (1978-01-22) 22 January 1978 (age 46)Place of birth Belo Horizonte (MG), BrazilHeight 1.87 m (6 ft 1+1⁄2 in)Position(s) DefenderSenior careerYears Team Apps (Gls)1998–1999 Vila Nova 2000 Cruzeiro 2001–2003 Guarani 2003–2005 Konyaspor 21 (1)2005–2010 FK Karvan 101 (2)2007 → Orduspor (loan) 16 (0)2010–2011 Mersin İdmanyurdu 17 (0)International career‡2006–2011 Azerbaijan 12 (0) Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 23 June 2014‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 1 December 2009 Ernani Pereira (born 22 January 1978 in Belo Horizonte, Brazil) is a retired footballer who played as a defender. Born in Brazil, Pereira represented the Azerbaijan national football team. International He made his national team debut against Portugal on 7 October 2006 where Azerbaijan lost 3–0. Career statistics Club performance League Cup Continental Total Season Club League Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals 2003–04 Konyaspor Süper Lig 9 0 2 0 — 11 0 2004–05 12 1 1 0 — 13 1 2005–06 FK Karvan Azerbaijan Premier League 26 1 26 1 2006–07 16 0 4 0 20 0 2006–07 Orduspor (loan) TFF First League 16 0 — 16 0 2007–08 FK Karvan Azerbaijan Premier League 13 0 — 13 0 2008–09 24 0 — 24 0 2009–10 22 1 — 22 1 2010–11 Mersin İdmanyurdu TFF First League 17 0 1 0 — 18 0 Total Turkey 54 1 4 0 0 0 58 1 Azerbaijan 101 2 4 0 105 2 Career total 155 3 4 0 4 0 163 3 References ^ "Portugal vs Azerbaijan (3-0) Oct 7, 2006 Match Preview and Stats". ^ a b c "ERNANI PEREIRA". tff.org. Turkish Football Federation. Retrieved 23 June 2014. ^ "05/06 Season" (PDF). pfl.az. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 October 2013. Retrieved 22 June 2014. ^ "06/07 Season" (PDF). pfl.az. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 March 2014. Retrieved 22 June 2014. ^ "07/08 Season" (PDF). pfl.az. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 November 2013. Retrieved 22 June 2014. ^ "08/09 Season" (PDF). pfl.az. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 February 2014. Retrieved 22 June 2014. ^ "09/10 Season" (PDF). pfl.az. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 August 2012. Retrieved 27 May 2014. External links Ernani Pereira – FIFA competition record (archived) Ernani Pereira at National-Football-Teams.com Brazilian FA database (in Portuguese) Profile at TFF This biographical article relating to Azerbaijani association football is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Belo Horizonte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belo_Horizonte"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"defender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defender_(football)"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijan national football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan_national_football_team"}],"text":"Ernani Pereira (born 22 January 1978 in Belo Horizonte, Brazil) is a retired footballer who played as a defender. Born in Brazil, Pereira represented the Azerbaijan national football team.","title":"Ernani Pereira"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"He made his national team debut against Portugal on 7 October 2006 where Azerbaijan lost 3–0.[1]","title":"International"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career statistics"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Portugal vs Azerbaijan (3-0) Oct 7, 2006 Match Preview and Stats\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.footballcritic.com/uefa-euro-qualification-portugal-azerbaijan/preview/1204501","url_text":"\"Portugal vs Azerbaijan (3-0) Oct 7, 2006 Match Preview and Stats\""}]},{"reference":"\"ERNANI PEREIRA\". tff.org. Turkish Football Federation. Retrieved 23 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tff.org/Default.aspx?pageId=526&kisiId=30020","url_text":"\"ERNANI PEREIRA\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Football_Federation","url_text":"Turkish Football Federation"}]},{"reference":"\"05/06 Season\" (PDF). pfl.az. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 October 2013. Retrieved 22 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131016145729/http://www.pfl.az/upload/arxiv/200506/oyuncustats200506.pdf","url_text":"\"05/06 Season\""},{"url":"http://www.pfl.az/upload/arxiv/200506/oyuncustats200506.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"06/07 Season\" (PDF). pfl.az. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 March 2014. Retrieved 22 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140327112808/http://www.pfl.az/upload/arxiv/200607/oyuncustats200607.pdf","url_text":"\"06/07 Season\""},{"url":"http://www.pfl.az/upload/arxiv/200607/oyuncustats200607.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"07/08 Season\" (PDF). pfl.az. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 November 2013. Retrieved 22 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131104083627/http://www.pfl.az/upload/arxiv/200708/oyuncustats200708.pdf","url_text":"\"07/08 Season\""},{"url":"http://www.pfl.az/upload/arxiv/200708/oyuncustats200708.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"08/09 Season\" (PDF). pfl.az. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 February 2014. Retrieved 22 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140211091820/http://www.pfl.az/upload/arxiv/200809/oyuncustats200809.pdf","url_text":"\"08/09 Season\""},{"url":"http://www.pfl.az/upload/arxiv/200809/oyuncustats200809.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"09/10 Season\" (PDF). pfl.az. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 August 2012. Retrieved 27 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120809180019/http://www.pfl.az/upload/arxiv/200910/oyuncustats200910.pdf","url_text":"\"09/10 Season\""},{"url":"http://www.pfl.az/upload/arxiv/200910/oyuncustats200910.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.footballcritic.com/uefa-euro-qualification-portugal-azerbaijan/preview/1204501","external_links_name":"\"Portugal vs Azerbaijan (3-0) Oct 7, 2006 Match Preview and Stats\""},{"Link":"http://www.tff.org/Default.aspx?pageId=526&kisiId=30020","external_links_name":"\"ERNANI PEREIRA\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131016145729/http://www.pfl.az/upload/arxiv/200506/oyuncustats200506.pdf","external_links_name":"\"05/06 Season\""},{"Link":"http://www.pfl.az/upload/arxiv/200506/oyuncustats200506.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140327112808/http://www.pfl.az/upload/arxiv/200607/oyuncustats200607.pdf","external_links_name":"\"06/07 Season\""},{"Link":"http://www.pfl.az/upload/arxiv/200607/oyuncustats200607.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131104083627/http://www.pfl.az/upload/arxiv/200708/oyuncustats200708.pdf","external_links_name":"\"07/08 Season\""},{"Link":"http://www.pfl.az/upload/arxiv/200708/oyuncustats200708.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140211091820/http://www.pfl.az/upload/arxiv/200809/oyuncustats200809.pdf","external_links_name":"\"08/09 Season\""},{"Link":"http://www.pfl.az/upload/arxiv/200809/oyuncustats200809.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120809180019/http://www.pfl.az/upload/arxiv/200910/oyuncustats200910.pdf","external_links_name":"\"09/10 Season\""},{"Link":"http://www.pfl.az/upload/arxiv/200910/oyuncustats200910.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150905/http://www.fifa.com/fifa-tournaments/players-coaches/people=305710/index.html","external_links_name":"Ernani Pereira"},{"Link":"https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/16420.html","external_links_name":"Ernani Pereira"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20121231110838/http://www.cbf.com.br/php/registro.php?i=135940","external_links_name":"Brazilian FA database"},{"Link":"http://www.tff.org/Default.aspx?pageId=526&kisiId=30020","external_links_name":"Profile at TFF"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernani_Pereira&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine_Days_Queen	Lady Jane Grey	["1 Early life and education","2 Contracts for marriage","3 Claim to the throne and accession","4 Trial and execution","5 Legacy","6 Family tree","7 References","8 Bibliography","9 External links"]	Claimant to the English throne in 1553 "Jane Grey" redirects here. For other uses, see Jane Grey (disambiguation). Lady Jane GreyThe Streatham portrait, discovered at the beginning of the 21st century, is believed to be based on a contemporary woodcut.Queen of England and Ireland (more...)(disputed) Reign10 July 1553 – 19 July 1553PredecessorEdward VISuccessorMary IBorn1536 or 1537Possibly London or Bradgate Park, Leicestershire, EnglandDied12 February 1554 (aged 16 or 17)Tower of London, London, EnglandBurialChurch of St Peter ad Vincula, Tower of LondonSpouse Lord Guildford Dudley (m. 1553; died 1554)HouseGreyFatherHenry Grey, 1st Duke of SuffolkMotherLady Frances BrandonReligionProtestantismSignature Lady Jane Grey (c. 1537 – 12 February 1554), also known as Lady Jane Dudley after her marriage and as the "Nine Days' Queen", was an English noblewoman who claimed the throne of England and Ireland from 10 to 19 July 1553. Jane was the great-granddaughter of King Henry VII through his daughter, Mary Tudor, and was therefore a great-niece of King Henry VIII, and a cousin to Edward VI, Mary I and Elizabeth I. Under the will of Henry VIII, Jane was in line to the throne after her cousins. She had a humanist education; and a reputation as one of the most learned young women of her day. In May 1553, she was married to Lord Guildford Dudley, a younger son of Edward VI's chief minister John Dudley, Duke of Northumberland. In June 1553, the dying Edward VI wrote his will, nominating Jane and her male heirs as successors to the Crown, in part because his half-sister Mary was Catholic, while Jane was a committed Protestant and would support the reformed Church of England, whose foundation Edward laid. The will removed his half-sisters, Mary and Elizabeth, from the line of succession on account of their illegitimacy, subverting their lawful claims under the Third Succession Act. Through Northumberland, Edward's letters patent in favour of Jane was signed by the entire privy council, bishops, and other notables. After Edward's death, Jane was proclaimed queen on 10 July 1553, and awaited coronation in the Tower of London. Support for Mary grew rapidly and most of Jane's supporters abandoned her. The Privy Council of England suddenly changed sides, and proclaimed Mary as queen on 19 July 1553, deposing Jane. Her primary supporter, her father-in-law, the Duke of Northumberland, was accused of treason, and executed less than a month later. Jane was held prisoner in the Tower, and in November 1553 was also convicted of treason, which carried a sentence of death. Mary initially spared her life, but Jane soon became viewed as a threat to the Crown when her father, Henry Grey, 1st Duke of Suffolk, became involved with Wyatt's rebellion against Queen Mary's intention to marry Philip of Spain. Jane and her husband were executed on 12 February 1554. At the time of her execution, Jane was either 16 or 17 years old. Early life and education Lady Frances Brandon and Henry Grey, Duke of Suffolk, Jane's parents Lady Margaret Wotton, Lady Mary Tudor and Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk, Jane's paternal and maternal grandparents Lady Jane Grey was the eldest daughter of Henry Grey, 1st Duke of Suffolk, and his wife, Frances Brandon. The traditional view is that she was born at Bradgate Park in Leicestershire in October 1537, while more recent research indicates that she was born somewhat earlier, possibly in London, sometime before May 1537 or between May 1536 and February 1537. This would coincide with the fact that she was noted as being in her seventeenth year at the time of her execution. Frances was the eldest daughter of Henry VIII's younger sister, Mary. Jane had two younger sisters: Lady Katherine and Lady Mary. Through their mother, the three sisters were great-granddaughters of Henry VII; great-nieces of Henry VIII; and first cousins once removed of the future Edward VI, Mary I and Elizabeth I. Jane received a humanist education from John Aylmer, speaking Latin and Greek from an early age, also studying Hebrew with Aylmer, and Italian with Michelangelo Florio. She was particularly fond, throughout her life, of writing letters in Latin and Greek. Through the influence of her father and her tutors, she became a committed Protestant and also corresponded with the Zürich reformer Heinrich Bullinger. She preferred academic studies rather than activities such as hunting parties and allegedly regarded her strict upbringing, which was typical of the time, as harsh. To the visiting scholar Roger Ascham, who found her reading Plato, she is said to have complained: For when I am in the presence either of father or mother, whether I speak, keep silence, sit, stand or go, eat, drink, be merry or sad, be sewing, playing, dancing, or doing anything else, I must do it as it were in such weight, measure and number, even so perfectly as God made the world; or else I am so sharply taunted, so cruelly threatened, yea presently sometimes with pinches, nips and bobs and other ways (which I will not name for the honour I bear them) ... that I think myself in hell. Around February 1547, Jane was sent to live in the household of Edward VI's uncle, Thomas Seymour, 1st Baron Seymour of Sudeley, who soon married Henry VIII's widow, Katherine Parr. After moving there, Jane was able to receive educational opportunities available in court circles. Jane lived with the couple at Sudeley Castle in Gloucestershire as an attendant to Katherine, until Katherine died in childbirth in September 1548. About eleven years old at the time, Jane was chief mourner at Katherine's funeral. After Thomas Seymour's arrest for treason, Jane returned to Bradgate and continued her studies. Contracts for marriage 16th century portrait of a lady in the collection of Audley End House, labelled as Jane Grey, copy of the original at Syon House. Based on a portrait type identified as Lady Katherine Grey or Elizabeth I, it is believed that the Syon Portrait was created by William Seymour, 2nd Duke of Somerset, with the help of his grandfather, Lady Katherine Grey's widower, who had also known Lady Jane Grey, tweaking the portrait type into a genuine resemblance of her. Lady Jane acted as chief mourner at Katherine Parr's funeral; Thomas Seymour showed continued interest to keep her in his household, and she returned there for about two months before he was arrested at the end of 1548. Seymour's brother, the Lord Protector, Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset, felt threatened by Thomas' popularity with the young King Edward. Among other things, Thomas Seymour was charged with proposing Jane as a bride for the king. In the course of Thomas Seymour's following attainder and execution, Jane's father was lucky to stay largely out of trouble. After his fourth interrogation by the King's Council, he proposed his daughter Jane as a bride for the Protector's eldest son, Lord Hertford. Nothing came of this, however, and Jane was not engaged until 25 May 1553, her bridegroom being Lord Guildford Dudley, a younger son of John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland. The Duke, Lord President of the King's Council from late 1549, was then the most powerful man in the country. On 25 May 1553, the couple were married at Durham House in a triple wedding, in which Jane's sister Katherine was matched with the heir of the Earl of Pembroke, Lord Herbert, and another Katherine, Lord Guildford's sister, with Henry Hastings, the Earl of Huntingdon's heir. Claim to the throne and accession See also: Third Succession Act "My devise for the Succession" by Edward VI. The draft will was the basis for the letters patent, which declared Lady Jane Grey successor to the Crown. Edward's autograph shows his alteration of his text, from "L Janes heires masles" to "L Jane and her heires masles". Inner Temple Library, London. The Third Succession Act of 1544 restored Henry VIII's daughters, Mary and Elizabeth, to the line of succession, although they were still regarded as illegitimate. Furthermore, this Act authorised Henry VIII to alter the succession by his will. Henry's will reinforced the succession of his three children, and then declared that, should none of them leave descendants, the throne would pass to heirs of his younger sister, Mary, which included Jane. For reasons unknown, Henry excluded Jane's mother, Frances Brandon, from the succession, and also bypassed the claims of the descendants of his elder sister, Margaret, who had married into the Scottish royal house and nobility. Both Mary and Elizabeth had been named illegitimate by statute during the reign of Henry VIII after his marriages to Katherine of Aragon and Anne Boleyn had been declared void. When the 15-year-old Edward VI lay dying in early summer 1553, his Catholic half-sister Mary was still his heir presumptive. Edward, in a draft will ("My devise for the Succession") composed earlier in 1553, had first restricted the succession to (non-existent) male descendants of Jane's mother and her daughters, before he named his Protestant cousin "Lady Jane and her heirs male" as his successors, probably in June 1553; the intent was to ensure his Protestant legacy, thereby bypassing Mary, a Roman Catholic. However, his advisors told him that he could not disinherit just one of his half-sisters: he would have to disinherit Elizabeth as well, although she was also a Protestant like her half-brother. Possibly instigated by Northumberland, Edward decided to disinherit both Mary and Elizabeth, thus contravening the Succession Act of 1544, and choose Jane Gray as his heir. Edward VI personally supervised the copying of his will which was finally issued as letters patent on 21 June and signed by 102 notables, among them the whole Privy Council, peers, bishops, judges, and London aldermen. Edward also announced to have his "declaration" passed in parliament in September, and the necessary writs were prepared. The King died on 6 July 1553, but his death was not announced until four days later. On 9 July, Jane was informed that she was now queen, and according to her own later claims, accepted the crown only with reluctance. On 10 July, she was officially proclaimed Queen of England, France and Ireland after she had taken up secure residence in the Tower of London, where English monarchs customarily resided from the time of accession until coronation. Jane refused to name her husband Dudley as king, because that would require an Act of Parliament. Aware of her half-brother's dying condition, Mary Tudor had a few days before Edward's death, moved to East Anglia, where she was one of the largest landowners. To claim her right to the throne, Mary began assembling her supporters in East Anglia. On 9 July, from Kenninghall, Norfolk, sent a letter saying that she was now Queen and demanding the obedience of the Council. The letter arrived on 10 July, the same day as Jane's proclamation in London. That same night, during dinner, the Duchess of Suffolk, Jane's mother, and the Duchess of Northumberland broke into tears, due to the arrival of Mary's letter, as the duchesses knew that they could be left in a vulnerable position if Mary triumphed and acceded to the throne. Dudley interpreted the letter as a threat, although at that time he had not yet decided to take concrete action against Mary, since he needed at least a week to try to build up a larger force. He was in a dilemma over who should lead the troops. He was the most experienced general in the Kingdom, but he did not want to leave the government in the hands of his colleagues, in some of whom he had little confidence. Jane decided the issue by demanding that her father should remain with her and the Council. On 12 July, Mary and her supporters had assembled a large military force at Framlingham Castle, Suffolk, to eventually confront the forces led by Dudley. On 14 July Northumberland headed for Cambridge with 1,500 troops and some artillery, having reminded his colleagues of the gravity of the cause, "what chance of variance soever might grow amongst you in my absence". After marching to Cambridge, the Northumberland army spent a week practically without action, until on 20 July, the Duke learned that the previous day the Council in London had declared for Mary. Supported by the gentry and nobility of East Anglia and the Thames Valley, Mary's support grew daily and, through luck, came into possession of powerful artillery from the Royal navy. Given the circumstances and the fact that the Council had switched allegiance, the Duke considered launching a final campaign against Mary to be a counterproductive and desperate measure. Northumberland proclaimed Mary Tudor himself at the marketplace and was arrested the next morning. The Council switched their allegiance and proclaimed Mary queen in London, on 19 July. A majority of the councilors moved out of the Tower before switching their allegiance. Becoming aware of his colleagues' change of mind, Jane's father abandoned his command of the fortress and proclaimed Mary I on nearby Tower Hill. The historical consensus assumes that this was in recognition of overwhelming support of the population for Mary. However, there is no clear evidence for that outside Norfolk and Suffolk, where Northumberland had put down Kett's Rebellion, hence where princess Mary sought refuge. Rather, it seems that Catholic Henry FitzAlan, 12th Earl of Arundel, together with William Herbert, 1st Earl of Pembroke orchestrated a coup d'état in the Privy Council in Northumberland's absence. Arundel, one of the leaders of the Conservative faction within the Council and a staunch opponent of the reformist religious policies of both the King and Northumberland, had been imprisoned twice by Dudley for having sided with the previous Protector, Somerset; but it is not clear why Pembroke participated in the coup, especially since his son and heir Henry had married Jane's sister, Katherine, the same day as Jane and Guildford Dudley's wedding. On 19 July, the Council met at Baynard's Castle, Pembroke's property, to end the claim of Lady Jane Grey to the throne and proclaim Mary as Queen of England. That same day, a few hours before Queen Mary's proclamation in London, the baptism of one of the Gentlemen Pensioners' children took place. Jane had agreed to be the godmother and wished the child's name to be Guildford. The Bishop of Winchester, Stephen Gardiner, who had been imprisoned in the Tower for five years, took great offence at this fact as he heard of it. Mary rode triumphantly into London on 3 August, on a wave of popular support. She was accompanied by her half-sister Elizabeth and a procession of over 800 nobles and gentlemen. The Execution of Lady Jane Grey, by the French painter Paul Delaroche, 1833. National Gallery Jane is often called the Nine-Day Queen, although if her reign is dated from the moment of Edward's death on 6 July 1553, her reign could have been a few days longer. On 19 July 1553, Jane was imprisoned in the Tower's Gentleman Gaoler's apartments, and Guildford was imprisoned in the Bell Tower. There he was soon joined by his brother, Robert. His remaining brothers were imprisoned in other towers, as was Northumberland, who was for the moment the only prominent person to go to the scaffold. The Duke was executed on 22 August 1553. The day before his execution, Dudley renounced Protestantism and returned to the Catholic faith, much to the indignation of Jane, who was a fervent Protestant. In September, Parliament declared Mary the rightful successor and denounced and revoked Jane's proclamation as that of a usurper. Trial and execution Referred to by the court as Jane Dudley, wife of Guildford, Jane was charged with high treason, as were her husband, two of his brothers, and the former archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Cranmer. Their trial, by a special commission, took place on 13 November 1553, at Guildhall in the City of London. The commission was chaired by Sir Thomas White, Lord Mayor of London, and Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk. Other members included Edward Stanley, 3rd Earl of Derby, and John Bourchier, 2nd Earl of Bath. As was to be expected, all defendants were found guilty and sentenced to death. Jane's guilt, of having treacherously assumed the title and the power of the monarch, was evidenced by a number of documents she had signed as "Jane the Quene". Her sentence was to "be burned alive on Tower Hill or beheaded as the Queen pleases" (burning was the traditional English punishment for treason committed by women). The imperial ambassador reported to Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, that her life was to be spared. Jane submitted a letter of explanation to the Queen, "asking forgiveness ... for the sin she was accused of, informing her majesty about the truth of events." In this account, she spoke of herself as "a wife who loves her husband". In December, Jane was allowed to walk freely in the Queen's Garden. Lord Robert and Lord Guildford had to be content with taking the air on the leads of the Bell Tower. Jane and Guildford may have had some contact with each other, and at some point Guildford wrote a message to his father-in-law in Jane's prayer book: Your loving and obedient son wishes unto your grace long life in this world with as much joy and comfort as ever I wish to myself, and in the world to come joy everlasting. Your humble son to his death, G. Dudley Official letter of Lady Jane Grey signing herself as "Jane the Quene". Inner Temple Library, London Mary initially spared the lives of Jane and Guildford, believing that they had been mere pawns in a much larger political game designed and orchestrated by Northumberland, and the Duke he was executed on 22 August 1553, a month after Mary's accession. However, the Wyatt's Rebellion in January 1554 against Queen Mary's marriage plans with Philip of Spain sealed Jane's fate. Jane's father along with Robert and Henry Dudley, Guildford's brothers, joined the rebellion, so the Government decided to go ahead with the verdict against Jane and her husband. It troubled Mary to let her cousin die, but she accepted the Privy Council's advice. Bishop and Lord Chancellor Gardiner pressed for the young couple's execution in a court sermon, and the Imperial ambassador Simon Renard was happy to report that "Jane of Suffolk and her husband are to lose their heads." Their execution was first scheduled for 9 February 1554, but was then postponed for three days to give Jane a chance to convert to the Catholic faith. Mary sent her chaplain John Feckenham to Jane, who was initially not pleased about this. Though she would not give in to his efforts "to save her soul", she became friends with him and allowed him to accompany her to the scaffold. The day before their executions, Lord Guildford asked Jane to have one last meeting, which she refused, explaining it "would only ... increase their misery and pain, it was better to put it off ... as they would meet shortly elsewhere, and live bound by indissoluble ties." On the morning of 12 February 1554, the authorities took Guildford from his rooms at the Tower of London to the public execution place at Tower Hill, where he was beheaded. A horse and cart brought his remains back to the Tower, past the rooms where Jane was staying. Seeing her husband's corpse return, Jane is reported to have exclaimed: "Oh, Guildford, Guildford." She was then taken out to Tower Green, inside the Tower, to be beheaded. According to the account of her execution given in the anonymous Chronicle of Queen Jane and of Two Years of Queen Mary, which formed the basis for Raphael Holinshed's depiction, Jane gave a speech upon ascending the scaffold: Good people, I am come hither to die, and by a law I am condemned to the same. The fact, indeed, against the Queen's highness was unlawful, and the consenting thereunto by me: but touching the procurement and desire thereof by me or on my behalf, I do wash my hands thereof in innocency, before God, and the face of you, good Christian people, this day. While admitting to action considered unlawful, she declared that "I do wash my hands thereof in innocence". Jane then recited Psalm 51 (Have mercy upon me, O God) in English, and handed her gloves and handkerchief to her maid. The executioner asked her for forgiveness, which she granted him, pleading: "I pray you dispatch me quickly." Referring to her head, she asked, "Will you take it off before I lay me down?", and the axeman answered, "No, madam." She then blindfolded herself. Jane then failed to find the block with her hands, and cried, "What shall I do? Where is it?" Probably Sir Thomas Brydges, the Deputy Lieutenant of the Tower, helped her find her way. With her head on the block, Jane spoke the last words of Jesus as recounted in the Gospel of Luke: "Lord, into thy hands I commend my spirit!" Grave of Lady Jane Grey, St Peter ad Vincula Jane and Guildford are buried in the Chapel of St Peter ad Vincula on the north side of Tower Green. No memorial stone was erected at their grave. Jane's father, the Duke of Suffolk, was executed 11 days after Jane, on 23 February 1554. Her mother, the Duchess of Suffolk, married her Master of the Horse and chamberlain, Adrian Stokes, in March 1555. She maintained good relations with Mary who allowed her to live at Richmond and employed the Duchess's surviving daughters as maids of honour. She died in 1559. Legacy Main article: Cultural depictions of Lady Jane Grey In 1911, the British historian Albert Pollard called Jane "the traitor-heroine of the Reformation". During the Marian persecutions and its aftermath, Jane became viewed as a Protestant martyr, featuring prominently in the several editions of Foxe's Book of Martyrs (Actes and Monuments of these Latter and Perillous Dayes) by John Foxe. The story of Jane's life grew to legendary proportions in popular culture, producing romantic biographies, novels, plays, operas, paintings, and films, such as Lady Jane in 1986. Family tree Jane's relationship to the House of Tudor and other claimants to the English throne Italics indicate people who predeceased Edward VI;Arabic numerals (1–5) indicate Edward VI's line of succession at his death according to Henry VIII's will; andRoman numerals (I–III) indicate Edward VI's line of succession at his death according to Edward's will. Henry VIIElizabeth of York Henry VIIIMargaret TudorMary TudorCharles Brandon Edward VIMary I(1)Elizabeth I(2)James V of ScotlandFrances BrandonHenry Grey Mary, Queen of ScotsJane Grey(3, I)Katherine Grey(4, II)Mary Grey(5, III) References ^ Williamson, David (2010). Kings & Queens. National Portrait Gallery Publications. p. 95. ISBN 978-1-85514-432-3 ^ Ives 2009, p. 36; Florio 1607, p. 68 ^ a b c d e f Plowden, Alison (2004). "Grey, Lady Jane (1537–1554), noblewoman and claimant to the English throne". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/8154. ISBN 0-19-861362-8. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) ^ "Lady Jane Grey \| Biography, Facts, & Execution". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 10 July 2021. ^ a b Potter, Philip J. (2014). Monarchs of the Renaissance: The Lives and Reigns of 42 European Kings and Queens. McFarland. pp. 83–84. ISBN 9780786491032. ^ Ives 2009, p. 2 ^ Ascham 1863, p. 213 ^ de Lisle 2008, pp. 5–8 ^ a b Ives 2009, pp. 36, 299 ^ Edwards, J. Stephan. "On the Date of Birth of Lady Jane Grey Dudley". Some Grey Matter. Retrieved 15 June 2021. ^ Florio 1607, p. 68 ^ Ives 2009, pp. 51, 65, Morrill 2021 ^ "Page: A cyclopaedia of female biography.djvu/369" – via Wikisource, the free online library. ^ Ives 2009, pp. 63–67 ^ Ives 2009, p. 51 ^ Ives 2009, p. 53 ^ Ives 2009, p. 52 ^ Ives 2009, pp. 42–45 ^ Dent, Emma (1877). Annals of Winchcombe and Sudeley. Sudeley Castle: J Murray. p. 186. ^ "Early Portrait Of Elizabeth I Sells For $158,661 At Butterscotch". Antiques and the Arts Weekly. November 2021. ^ "Children of England: The Heirs of King Henry VIII/The Children of Henry VIII (1996)". Alison Weir. Retrieved 8 October 2023. ^ "Lady Jane Grey Revealed - The Syon Portrait". J. Stephan Edwards. 30 September 2010. Archived from the original on 13 February 2012. Retrieved 8 October 2023. ^ Edwards, J. Stephan (2015). A Queen of a New Invention – Portraits of Lady Jane Grey, England's 'Nine Days Queen'. Palm Springs, California: Old John Publishing. pp. 168–176. ISBN 978-0-9863873-0-2. ^ Ives 2009, pp. 45–47 ^ Ives 2009, pp. 47–49 ^ Ives 2009, p. 47 ^ Loades 1996, pp. 238–239 ^ Loades 1996, p. 179 ^ de Lisle 2008, pp. 93, 304; Ives 2009, p. 321. ^ Ives 2009, p. 137 ^ a b Alford 2002, pp. 171–172 ^ Ives 2009, p. 35 ^ A Constitutional History of Secession. Pelican. p. 38. ISBN 9781455602889. ^ Lindsay, Thomas Martin (1882). The Reformation. T. & T. Clark. p. 149. ^ Tallis, Nicola (2016). Crown of Blood: The Deadly Inheritance of Lady Jane Grey. Pegasus Books. ISBN 9781681772875 – via Google Books. ^ Loades 1996, p. 240; Alford 2014, pp. 75–56; Loach 2002, pp. 163–164 ^ a b Dale Hoak: "Edward VI (1537–1553)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004, online edn. January 2008, Retrieved 4 April 2010 (subscription required) ^ Ives 2009, pp. 145, 165–166 ^ Ives 2009, p. 189 ^ Loades 1996 pp. 257–258; Loach 2002 p. 170 ^ Chapman 1962 p. 122 ^ Loades 1996 pp. 259–261 ^ Chapman 1962 p. 122 ^ Chapman 1962 p. 122 ^ Loades 1996 pp. 258–261 ^ a b Loades 1996 p. 261 ^ Ives 2009 p. 198 ^ Porter p. 203; Waller 2006 p. 52 ^ Ives 2009 pp. 209–212; Loach 2002 p. 172 ^ Ives 2009 pp. 246, 241–242, 243–244 ^ Ives 2009 p. 214 ^ Chisholm 1911, p. 707. ^ Ives 2009, pp. 222–223, 225–227, 233–236 ^ Stow, John. "Of Towers and Castels." A Survey of London. Reprinted From the Text of 1603. Ed. C L Kingsford. Oxford: Clarendon, 1908. 44-71. British History Online. Web. 17 March 2023. http://www.british-history.ac.uk/no-series/survey-of-london-stow/1603/pp44-71. ^ Ives 2009 p. 215 ^ Ives 2009 pp. 184, 241 ^ Waller 2006, pp. 57–59 ^ Ives 2009, p. 1 ^ Ives 2009 p. 249; Wilson 1981 p. 59 ^ Ives 2009 p. 249 ^ Potter, Philip J. (2014). Monarchs of the Renaissance: The Lives and Reigns of 42 European Kings and Queens. McFarland. pp. 88–89. ISBN 9780786491032. ^ a b Tallis, Nicola (2016). Crown of Blood: The Deadly Inheritance of Lady Jane Grey. Pegasus Books. ISBN 9781681772875 – via Google Books. ^ Ives 2009, pp. 251–252, 334; Bellamy 1979, p. 54 ^ Ives 2009 p. 18 ^ Ives 2009 p. 186 ^ Ives 2009 pp. 252, 355 ^ Nichols 1850 p. 33 ^ Ives 2009 p. 252; Wilson 1981 p. 59 ^ Ives p. 185 ^ Porter 2007 p. 302 ^ Ives 2009 p. 268 ^ Chapman 1962 p. 190 ^ Ives 2009, pp. 267, 268 ^ Ives 2009, pp. 268–270 ^ Ives 2009 p. 274 ^ Ives 2009, pp. 274–275 ^ Ives, Eric (2011). Lady Jane Grey: A Tudor Mystery. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781444354263 – via Google Books. ^ a b Anonymous (1997) . "1554, The Execution of Lady Jane Grey and Lord Guildford Dudley". In Nichols, John Gough (ed.). Chronicle of Queen Jane and of Two Years of Queen Mary. The Camden Society; Marilee Hanson. ^ de Lisle 2008, p. 138 ^ Ives, Eric (2011). Lady Jane Grey: A Tudor Mystery. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781444354263 – via Google Books. ^ Tallis, Nicola (2016). Crown of Blood: The Deadly Inheritance of Lady Jane Grey. Pegasus Books. ISBN 9781681772875 – via Google Books. ^ Cokayne, George (1982). The complete peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain, and the United Kingdom, extant, extinct, or dormant. Vol. 2. Gloucester: A. Sutton. p. 421. ISBN 0904387828. ^ Ives 2009, p. 38 ^ Warnicke, Retha M. (2008). "Grey , Frances , duchess of Suffolk". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/65987. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) ^ Pollard, Albert J. (1911). The History of England. London: Longmans, Green. p. 111. Archived from the original on 30 April 2009. Retrieved 2 September 2017. ^ Marsden, Jean I. (2002). "Sex, Politics, and She-Tragedy: Reconfiguring Lady Jane Grey". Studies in English Literature, 1500–1900. 42 (3): 501–522. ISSN 0039-3657. JSTOR 1556177. ^ "Lady Jane". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 30 August 2021. ^ Ives 2009, Figures 1–5 Bibliography Alford, Stephen (2002). Kingship and Politics in the Reign of Edward VI. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-03971-0. Alford, Stephen (2014). Edward VI: The Last Boy King. London: Penguin. ISBN 978-0141-97691-4. Ascham, Roger (1863). Mayor, John E. B. (ed.). The Scholemaster (1863 ed.). London: Bell and Daldy. OCLC 251212421. Bellamy, John (1979). The Tudor Law of Treason. Toronto: Routlegde, Kegan & Paul. ISBN 0-7100-8729-2. Bindoff, Stanley T. (1953) "A Kingdom at Stake, 1553." History Today 3.9 (1953): 642–28. de Lisle, Leanda (2008). The Sisters Who Would Be Queen: Mary, Katherine and Lady Jane Grey. A Tudor Tragedy. New York: Ballantine Books. ISBN 978-0-345-49135-0. Florio, Michelangelo (1607). Historia de la vita e dela morte de l'Illustriss. Signora Giovanna Graia. Riccardo Pittore di Venezia. Harris, Nicolas (1825). The Literary Remains of Lady Jane Grey with a Memoir of Her Life. London: Harding, Triphook, and Lepard. Hoak, Dale. (2015) "The Succession Crisis of 1553 and Mary’s Rise to Power", in Catholic Renewal and Protestant Resistance in Marian England ed. by E. Evenden and V. Westbrook (Aldershot, 2015), pp. 17–42. Ives, Eric (2009). Lady Jane Grey: A Tudor Mystery. Malden MA; Oxford UK: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4051-9413-6. Kewes, Paulina. (2017) "The 1553 Succession Crisis Reconsidered." Historical Research (2017). doi:10.1111/1468-2281.12178 Loach, Jennifer (2002). Edward VI. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-30009409-4. Loades, David (1996). John Dudley Duke of Northumberland 1504–1553. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-820193-1. Morrill, John S (2021). "Lady Jane Grey". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 10 July 2021. Waller, Maureen (2006). Sovereign Ladies: The Six Reigning Queens of England. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-33801-5. OL 9516816M. Weir, Alison (2007). Innocent Traitor. Ballantine Books. ISBN 978-0345495341. External links Wikisource has original works on the topic: House of Tudor Media related to Lady Jane Grey at Wikimedia Commons Lee, Sidney (1888). "Dudley, Jane" . Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 16. pp. 105–107. "Grey, Lady Jane" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 590–591. Lady Jane Grey at the official website of the British monarchy Edwards, J. Stephan. "Somegreymatter.com". Works by Lady Jane Grey at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) Portraits of Lady Jane Grey at the National Portrait Gallery, London Lady Jane Grey House of GreyBorn: 1537 Died: 12 February 1554 Regnal titles Preceded byEdward VIas undisputed king — DISPUTED —Queen of England and Ireland10–19 July 1553Disputed by Mary I Succeeded byMary Ias undisputed queen vteEnglish, Scottish and British monarchsMonarchs of England until 1603Monarchs of Scotland until 1603 Alfred the Great Edward the Elder Ælfweard Æthelstan Edmund I Eadred Eadwig Edgar the Peaceful Edward the Martyr Æthelred the Unready Sweyn Edmund Ironside Cnut Harold Harefoot Harthacnut Edward the Confessor Harold Godwinson Edgar Ætheling William I William II Henry I Stephen Matilda Henry II Henry the Young King Richard I John Louis Henry III Edward I Edward II Edward III Richard II Henry IV Henry V Henry VI Edward IV Edward V Richard III Henry VII Henry VIII Edward VI Jane Mary I and Philip Elizabeth I Kenneth I MacAlpin Donald I Constantine I Áed Giric Eochaid Donald II Constantine II Malcolm I Indulf Dub Cuilén Amlaíb Kenneth II Constantine III Kenneth III Malcolm II Duncan I Macbeth Lulach Malcolm III Donald III Duncan II Edgar Alexander I David I Malcolm IV William I Alexander II Alexander III Margaret John Robert I David II Edward Balliol Robert II Robert III James I James II James III James IV James V Mary I James VI Monarchs of England and Scotland after the Union of the Crowns from 1603 James I & VI Charles I The Protectorate Oliver Cromwell Richard Cromwell Charles II James II & VII William III & II and Mary II Anne British monarchs after the Acts of Union 1707 Anne George I George II George III George IV William IV Victoria Edward VII George V Edward VIII George VI Elizabeth II Charles III Debated or disputed rulers are in italics. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Spain France BnF data Catalonia Germany Israel United States Sweden Latvia Czech Republic Australia Netherlands Poland Artists ULAN People Deutsche Biographie Trove Other SNAC IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jane Grey (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Grey_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Henry VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England"},{"link_name":"Mary Tudor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Tudor,_Queen_of_France"},{"link_name":"Henry VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VIII"},{"link_name":"Edward VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_VI"},{"link_name":"Mary I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_I"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_I"},{"link_name":"will of Henry VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_of_Henry_VIII"},{"link_name":"humanist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_humanism"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ascham213-7"},{"link_name":"Lord Guildford Dudley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Guildford_Dudley"},{"link_name":"John Dudley, Duke of Northumberland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dudley,_Duke_of_Northumberland"},{"link_name":"Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"Church of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_England"},{"link_name":"Third Succession Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Succession_Act"},{"link_name":"letters patent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letters_patent"},{"link_name":"Tower of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_of_London"},{"link_name":"Privy Council of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privy_Council_of_England"},{"link_name":"Henry Grey, 1st Duke of Suffolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Grey,_1st_Duke_of_Suffolk"},{"link_name":"Wyatt's rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyatt%27s_rebellion"},{"link_name":"Philip of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain"}],"text":"\"Jane Grey\" redirects here. For other uses, see Jane Grey (disambiguation).Lady Jane Grey (c. 1537 – 12 February 1554), also known as Lady Jane Dudley after her marriage[3] and as the \"Nine Days' Queen\",[6] was an English noblewoman who claimed the throne of England and Ireland from 10 to 19 July 1553.Jane was the great-granddaughter of King Henry VII through his daughter, Mary Tudor, and was therefore a great-niece of King Henry VIII, and a cousin to Edward VI, Mary I and Elizabeth I. Under the will of Henry VIII, Jane was in line to the throne after her cousins. She had a humanist education; and a reputation as one of the most learned young women of her day.[7] In May 1553, she was married to Lord Guildford Dudley, a younger son of Edward VI's chief minister John Dudley, Duke of Northumberland. In June 1553, the dying Edward VI wrote his will, nominating Jane and her male heirs as successors to the Crown, in part because his half-sister Mary was Catholic, while Jane was a committed Protestant and would support the reformed Church of England, whose foundation Edward laid. The will removed his half-sisters, Mary and Elizabeth, from the line of succession on account of their illegitimacy, subverting their lawful claims under the Third Succession Act. Through Northumberland, Edward's letters patent in favour of Jane was signed by the entire privy council, bishops, and other notables.After Edward's death, Jane was proclaimed queen on 10 July 1553, and awaited coronation in the Tower of London. Support for Mary grew rapidly and most of Jane's supporters abandoned her. The Privy Council of England suddenly changed sides, and proclaimed Mary as queen on 19 July 1553, deposing Jane. Her primary supporter, her father-in-law, the Duke of Northumberland, was accused of treason, and executed less than a month later. Jane was held prisoner in the Tower, and in November 1553 was also convicted of treason, which carried a sentence of death.Mary initially spared her life, but Jane soon became viewed as a threat to the Crown when her father, Henry Grey, 1st Duke of Suffolk, became involved with Wyatt's rebellion against Queen Mary's intention to marry Philip of Spain. Jane and her husband were executed on 12 February 1554. At the time of her execution, Jane was either 16 or 17 years old.","title":"Lady Jane Grey"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:British_School,_16th_century_-_Portrait_of_a_Woman_-_RCIN_402655_-_Royal_Collection.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Henry_Grey,_Duke_of_Suffolk,_by_Johannes_Corvus.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lady Frances Brandon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Grey,_Duchess_of_Suffolk"},{"link_name":"Henry Grey, Duke of Suffolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Grey,_1st_Duke_of_Suffolk"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hans_Holbein_the_Younger_-_Margaret,_Marchioness_of_Dorset_RL_12209.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mary_Tudor_and_Charles_Brandon2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lady Margaret Wotton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Wotton,_Marchioness_of_Dorset"},{"link_name":"Lady Mary Tudor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Tudor,_Queen_of_France"},{"link_name":"Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Brandon,_1st_Duke_of_Suffolk"},{"link_name":"Henry Grey, 1st Duke of Suffolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Grey,_1st_Duke_of_Suffolk"},{"link_name":"Frances Brandon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Grey,_Duchess_of_Suffolk"},{"link_name":"Bradgate Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradgate_Park"},{"link_name":"Leicestershire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicestershire"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ives_2009_36,_299-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ives_2009_36,_299-9"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Henry VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VIII"},{"link_name":"Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Tudor,_Queen_of_France"},{"link_name":"Lady Katherine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Katherine_Grey"},{"link_name":"Lady Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Mary_Grey"},{"link_name":"Henry VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England"},{"link_name":"Edward VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_VI"},{"link_name":"Mary I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_I"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_I"},{"link_name":"John Aylmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Aylmer_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek"},{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"Michelangelo Florio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelangelo_Florio"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Zürich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich"},{"link_name":"Heinrich Bullinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Bullinger"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Roger Ascham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Ascham"},{"link_name":"Plato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Thomas Seymour, 1st Baron Seymour of Sudeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Seymour,_1st_Baron_Seymour_of_Sudeley"},{"link_name":"Katherine Parr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Parr"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-3"},{"link_name":"Sudeley Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudeley_Castle"},{"link_name":"Gloucestershire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucestershire"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-3"}],"text":"Lady Frances Brandon and Henry Grey, Duke of Suffolk, Jane's parentsLady Margaret Wotton, Lady Mary Tudor and Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk, Jane's paternal and maternal grandparentsLady Jane Grey was the eldest daughter of Henry Grey, 1st Duke of Suffolk, and his wife, Frances Brandon. The traditional view is that she was born at Bradgate Park in Leicestershire in October 1537, while more recent research indicates that she was born somewhat earlier, possibly in London, sometime before May 1537[8][9] or between May 1536 and February 1537.[10] This would coincide with the fact that she was noted as being in her seventeenth year at the time of her execution.[9][11] Frances was the eldest daughter of Henry VIII's younger sister, Mary. Jane had two younger sisters: Lady Katherine and Lady Mary. Through their mother, the three sisters were great-granddaughters of Henry VII; great-nieces of Henry VIII; and first cousins once removed of the future Edward VI, Mary I and Elizabeth I.Jane received a humanist education from John Aylmer, speaking Latin and Greek from an early age, also studying Hebrew with Aylmer, and Italian with Michelangelo Florio.[12] She was particularly fond, throughout her life, of writing letters in Latin and Greek.[13] Through the influence of her father and her tutors, she became a committed Protestant and also corresponded with the Zürich reformer Heinrich Bullinger.[14]She preferred academic studies rather than activities such as hunting parties[15] and allegedly regarded her strict upbringing, which was typical of the time,[16] as harsh. To the visiting scholar Roger Ascham, who found her reading Plato, she is said to have complained:For when I am in the presence either of father or mother, whether I speak, keep silence, sit, stand or go, eat, drink, be merry or sad, be sewing, playing, dancing, or doing anything else, I must do it as it were in such weight, measure and number, even so perfectly as God made the world; or else I am so sharply taunted, so cruelly threatened, yea presently sometimes with pinches, nips and bobs and other ways (which I will not name for the honour I bear them) ... that I think myself in hell.[17]Around February 1547, Jane was sent to live in the household of Edward VI's uncle, Thomas Seymour, 1st Baron Seymour of Sudeley, who soon married Henry VIII's widow, Katherine Parr. After moving there, Jane was able to receive educational opportunities available in court circles.[3] Jane lived with the couple at Sudeley Castle in Gloucestershire as an attendant to Katherine, until Katherine died in childbirth in September 1548.[18][19] About eleven years old at the time, Jane was chief mourner at Katherine's funeral.[3] After Thomas Seymour's arrest for treason, Jane returned to Bradgate and continued her studies.[3]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lady_Jane_Grey_Painting.jpg"},{"link_name":"Audley End House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audley_End_House"},{"link_name":"Syon House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syon_House"},{"link_name":"William Seymour, 2nd Duke of Somerset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Seymour,_2nd_Duke_of_Somerset"},{"link_name":"his grandfather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Seymour,_1st_Earl_of_Hertford"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:42-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Lord Protector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Protector"},{"link_name":"Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Seymour,_1st_Duke_of_Somerset"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"attainder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attainder"},{"link_name":"King's Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privy_Council_of_England"},{"link_name":"Lord Hertford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Seymour,_1st_Earl_of_Hertford"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Lord Guildford Dudley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Guildford_Dudley"},{"link_name":"John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dudley,_1st_Duke_of_Northumberland"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Lord President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_President_of_the_Council"},{"link_name":"King's Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privy_council"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Durham House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durham_House_(London)"},{"link_name":"Katherine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Katherine_Grey"},{"link_name":"Earl of Pembroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Herbert,_1st_Earl_of_Pembroke_(1551_creation)"},{"link_name":"Lord Herbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Herbert,_2nd_Earl_of_Pembroke"},{"link_name":"Katherine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katherine_Hastings,_Countess_of_Huntingdon"},{"link_name":"Henry Hastings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Hastings,_3rd_Earl_of_Huntingdon"},{"link_name":"Earl of Huntingdon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Hastings,_2nd_Earl_of_Huntingdon"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"text":"16th century portrait of a lady in the collection of Audley End House, labelled as Jane Grey, copy of the original at Syon House. Based on a portrait type identified as Lady Katherine Grey or Elizabeth I, it is believed that the Syon Portrait was created by William Seymour, 2nd Duke of Somerset, with the help of his grandfather, Lady Katherine Grey's widower, who had also known Lady Jane Grey, tweaking the portrait type into a genuine resemblance of her.[20][21][22][23]Lady Jane acted as chief mourner at Katherine Parr's funeral; Thomas Seymour showed continued interest to keep her in his household, and she returned there for about two months before he was arrested at the end of 1548.[24] Seymour's brother, the Lord Protector, Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset, felt threatened by Thomas' popularity with the young King Edward. Among other things, Thomas Seymour was charged with proposing Jane as a bride for the king.[25]In the course of Thomas Seymour's following attainder and execution, Jane's father was lucky to stay largely out of trouble. After his fourth interrogation by the King's Council, he proposed his daughter Jane as a bride for the Protector's eldest son, Lord Hertford.[26] Nothing came of this, however, and Jane was not engaged until 25 May 1553, her bridegroom being Lord Guildford Dudley, a younger son of John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland.[27] The Duke, Lord President of the King's Council from late 1549, was then the most powerful man in the country.[28] On 25 May 1553, the couple were married at Durham House in a triple wedding, in which Jane's sister Katherine was matched with the heir of the Earl of Pembroke, Lord Herbert, and another Katherine, Lord Guildford's sister, with Henry Hastings, the Earl of Huntingdon's heir.[29]","title":"Contracts for marriage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Third Succession Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Succession_Act"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Edward_VI%27s_%27devise_for_the_succession%27.png"},{"link_name":"Edward VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_VI"},{"link_name":"letters patent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letters_patent"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"autograph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autograph"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alford_2002_171%E2%80%93172-31"},{"link_name":"Inner Temple Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_Temple_Library"},{"link_name":"Third Succession Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Succession_Act"},{"link_name":"Frances Brandon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Brandon"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Margaret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Tudor"},{"link_name":"Katherine of Aragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"Anne Boleyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Boleyn"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alford_2002_171%E2%80%93172-31"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-37"},{"link_name":"Privy Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privy_Council"},{"link_name":"London aldermen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_Aldermen"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_England"},{"link_name":"writs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writs"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-37"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-potter-5"},{"link_name":"Tower of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_of_London"},{"link_name":"Act of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_Parliament"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"East Anglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Anglia"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Kenninghall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenninghall"},{"link_name":"Norfolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Loades_1996_p._261-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Framlingham Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Framlingham_Castle"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge"},{"link_name":"artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Loades_1996_p._261-46"},{"link_name":"Thames Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thames_Valley"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Tower Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_Hill"},{"link_name":"Kett's Rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kett%27s_Rebellion"},{"link_name":"Henry FitzAlan, 12th Earl of Arundel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_FitzAlan,_12th_Earl_of_Arundel"},{"link_name":"William Herbert, 1st Earl of Pembroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Herbert,_1st_Earl_of_Pembroke_(died_1570)"},{"link_name":"coup d'état","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911707-52"},{"link_name":"Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Herbert,_2nd_Earl_of_Pembroke"},{"link_name":"Katherine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Katherine_Grey"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Baynard's Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baynard%27s_Castle"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Gentlemen Pensioners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentlemen_Pensioners"},{"link_name":"godmother","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godparent"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ives_p._215-55"},{"link_name":"Stephen Gardiner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Gardiner"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PAUL_DELAROCHE_-_Ejecuci%C3%B3n_de_Lady_Jane_Grey_(National_Gallery_de_Londres,_1834).jpg"},{"link_name":"The Execution of Lady Jane Grey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Execution_of_Lady_Jane_Grey"},{"link_name":"Paul Delaroche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Delaroche"},{"link_name":"National Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Gallery"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Robert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Dudley,_1st_Earl_of_Leicester"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"scaffold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decapitation"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ives_p._249-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"}],"text":"See also: Third Succession Act\"My devise for the Succession\" by Edward VI. The draft will was the basis for the letters patent, which declared Lady Jane Grey successor to the Crown.[30] Edward's autograph shows his alteration of his text, from \"L Janes heires masles\" to \"L Jane and her heires masles\".[31] Inner Temple Library, London.The Third Succession Act of 1544 restored Henry VIII's daughters, Mary and Elizabeth, to the line of succession, although they were still regarded as illegitimate. Furthermore, this Act authorised Henry VIII to alter the succession by his will. Henry's will reinforced the succession of his three children, and then declared that, should none of them leave descendants, the throne would pass to heirs of his younger sister, Mary, which included Jane. For reasons unknown, Henry excluded Jane's mother, Frances Brandon, from the succession,[32] and also bypassed the claims of the descendants of his elder sister, Margaret, who had married into the Scottish royal house and nobility.Both Mary and Elizabeth had been named illegitimate by statute during the reign of Henry VIII after his marriages to Katherine of Aragon and Anne Boleyn had been declared void.[33] When the 15-year-old Edward VI lay dying in early summer 1553, his Catholic half-sister Mary was still his heir presumptive. Edward, in a draft will (\"My devise for the Succession\") composed earlier in 1553, had first restricted the succession to (non-existent) male descendants of Jane's mother and her daughters, before he named his Protestant cousin \"Lady Jane and her heirs male\" as his successors, probably in June 1553; the intent was to ensure his Protestant legacy, thereby bypassing Mary, a Roman Catholic.[31][34][35] However, his advisors told him that he could not disinherit just one of his half-sisters: he would have to disinherit Elizabeth as well, although she was also a Protestant like her half-brother. Possibly instigated by Northumberland, Edward decided to disinherit both Mary and Elizabeth, thus contravening the Succession Act of 1544, and choose Jane Gray as his heir.[36][37]Edward VI personally supervised the copying of his will which was finally issued as letters patent on 21 June and signed by 102 notables, among them the whole Privy Council, peers, bishops, judges, and London aldermen.[38] Edward also announced to have his \"declaration\" passed in parliament in September, and the necessary writs were prepared.[37]\nThe King died on 6 July 1553, but his death was not announced until four days later.[5] On 9 July, Jane was informed that she was now queen, and according to her own later claims, accepted the crown only with reluctance. On 10 July, she was officially proclaimed Queen of England, France and Ireland after she had taken up secure residence in the Tower of London, where English monarchs customarily resided from the time of accession until coronation. Jane refused to name her husband Dudley as king, because that would require an Act of Parliament.[39]Aware of her half-brother's dying condition, Mary Tudor had a few days before Edward's death, moved to East Anglia, where she was one of the largest landowners.[40]To claim her right to the throne, Mary began assembling her supporters in East Anglia. On 9 July, from Kenninghall, Norfolk, sent a letter saying that she was now Queen and demanding the obedience of the Council.[41][42] The letter arrived on 10 July, the same day as Jane's proclamation in London.[43] That same night, during dinner, the Duchess of Suffolk, Jane's mother, and the Duchess of Northumberland broke into tears, due to the arrival of Mary's letter, as the duchesses knew that they could be left in a vulnerable position if Mary triumphed and acceded to the throne.[44] Dudley interpreted the letter as a threat, although at that time he had not yet decided to take concrete action against Mary, since he needed at least a week to try to build up a larger force.[45] He was in a dilemma over who should lead the troops. He was the most experienced general in the Kingdom, but he did not want to leave the government in the hands of his colleagues, in some of whom he had little confidence.[46] Jane decided the issue by demanding that her father should remain with her and the Council.[47]On 12 July, Mary and her supporters had assembled a large military force at Framlingham Castle, Suffolk, to eventually confront the forces led by Dudley.[48]On 14 July Northumberland headed for Cambridge with 1,500 troops and some artillery, having reminded his colleagues of the gravity of the cause, \"what chance of variance soever might grow amongst you in my absence\".[46]After marching to Cambridge, the Northumberland army spent a week practically without action, until on 20 July, the Duke learned that the previous day the Council in London had declared for Mary. Supported by the gentry and nobility of East Anglia and the Thames Valley, Mary's support grew daily and, through luck, came into possession of powerful artillery from the Royal navy. Given the circumstances and the fact that the Council had switched allegiance, the Duke considered launching a final campaign against Mary to be a counterproductive and desperate measure.[49] Northumberland proclaimed Mary Tudor himself at the marketplace and was arrested the next morning.[50] The Council switched their allegiance and proclaimed Mary queen in London, on 19 July. A majority of the councilors moved out of the Tower before switching their allegiance.[51] Becoming aware of his colleagues' change of mind, Jane's father abandoned his command of the fortress and proclaimed Mary I on nearby Tower Hill. The historical consensus assumes that this was in recognition of overwhelming support of the population for Mary. However, there is no clear evidence for that outside Norfolk and Suffolk, where Northumberland had put down Kett's Rebellion, hence where princess Mary sought refuge. Rather, it seems that Catholic Henry FitzAlan, 12th Earl of Arundel, together with William Herbert, 1st Earl of Pembroke orchestrated a coup d'état in the Privy Council in Northumberland's absence. Arundel, one of the leaders of the Conservative faction within the Council and a staunch opponent of the reformist religious policies of both the King and Northumberland,[52] had been imprisoned twice by Dudley for having sided with the previous Protector, Somerset; but it is not clear why Pembroke participated in the coup, especially since his son and heir Henry had married Jane's sister, Katherine, the same day as Jane and Guildford Dudley's wedding.[53] On 19 July, the Council met at Baynard's Castle, Pembroke's property, to end the claim of Lady Jane Grey to the throne and proclaim Mary as Queen of England.[54] That same day, a few hours before Queen Mary's proclamation in London, the baptism of one of the Gentlemen Pensioners' children took place. Jane had agreed to be the godmother and wished the child's name to be Guildford.[55] The Bishop of Winchester, Stephen Gardiner, who had been imprisoned in the Tower for five years, took great offence at this fact as he heard of it.[56]Mary rode triumphantly into London on 3 August, on a wave of popular support. She was accompanied by her half-sister Elizabeth and a procession of over 800 nobles and gentlemen.[57]The Execution of Lady Jane Grey, by the French painter Paul Delaroche, 1833. National GalleryJane is often called the Nine-Day Queen, although if her reign is dated from the moment of Edward's death on 6 July 1553, her reign could have been a few days longer.[58] On 19 July 1553, Jane was imprisoned in the Tower's Gentleman Gaoler's apartments, and Guildford was imprisoned in the Bell Tower. There he was soon joined by his brother, Robert.[59] His remaining brothers were imprisoned in other towers, as was Northumberland, who was for the moment the only prominent person to go to the scaffold. The Duke was executed on 22 August 1553. The day before his execution, Dudley renounced Protestantism and returned to the Catholic faith, much to the indignation of Jane, who was a fervent Protestant.[60] In September, Parliament declared Mary the rightful successor and denounced and revoked Jane's proclamation as that of a usurper.[61]","title":"Claim to the throne and accession"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"high treason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_treason"},{"link_name":"archbishop of Canterbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury"},{"link_name":"Thomas Cranmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-62"},{"link_name":"Guildhall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guildhall,_London"},{"link_name":"City of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_London"},{"link_name":"Sir Thomas White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_White_(merchant)"},{"link_name":"Lord Mayor of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Mayor_of_London"},{"link_name":"Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Howard,_3rd_Duke_of_Norfolk"},{"link_name":"Edward Stanley, 3rd Earl of Derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Stanley,_3rd_Earl_of_Derby"},{"link_name":"John Bourchier, 2nd Earl of Bath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bourchier,_2nd_Earl_of_Bath"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-62"},{"link_name":"Tower Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_Hill"},{"link_name":"burning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Execution_by_burning#Historical_usage"},{"link_name":"traditional English punishment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burning_of_women_in_England"},{"link_name":"treason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treason"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"imperial ambassador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire_to_England"},{"link_name":"Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-3"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lady_Jane_Grey_letter_as_Queen.JPG"},{"link_name":"Inner Temple Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_Temple_Library"},{"link_name":"Wyatt's Rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyatt%27s_Rebellion"},{"link_name":"Queen Mary's marriage plans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wedding_of_Mary_I_of_England_and_Philip_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Philip of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"Lord Chancellor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Chancellor"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ives_p._268-71"},{"link_name":"Simon Renard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Renard"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"John Feckenham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Feckenham"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"execution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Execution"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"Tower Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_Green"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"Raphael Holinshed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael_Holinshed"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ladyjane-78"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"Psalm 51","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psalm_51"},{"link_name":"Sir Thomas Brydges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Brydges"},{"link_name":"Gospel of Luke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ladyjane-78"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tomb_of_Lady_Jane_Gray.jpg"},{"link_name":"St Peter ad Vincula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_St_Peter_ad_Vincula"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CP-82"},{"link_name":"chamberlain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamberlain_(office)"},{"link_name":"Adrian Stokes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian_Stokes_(Master_of_Horse)"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"}],"text":"Referred to by the court as Jane Dudley, wife of Guildford, Jane was charged with high treason, as were her husband, two of his brothers, and the former archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Cranmer.[62] Their trial, by a special commission, took place on 13 November 1553, at Guildhall in the City of London. The commission was chaired by Sir Thomas White, Lord Mayor of London, and Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk. Other members included Edward Stanley, 3rd Earl of Derby, and John Bourchier, 2nd Earl of Bath. As was to be expected, all defendants were found guilty and sentenced to death. Jane's guilt, of having treacherously assumed the title and the power of the monarch, was evidenced by a number of documents she had signed as \"Jane the Quene\".[62] Her sentence was to \"be burned alive on Tower Hill or beheaded as the Queen pleases\" (burning was the traditional English punishment for treason committed by women).[63] The imperial ambassador reported to Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, that her life was to be spared.[3]Jane submitted a letter of explanation to the Queen, \"asking forgiveness ... for the sin she was accused of, informing her majesty about the truth of events.\"[64] In this account, she spoke of herself as \"a wife who loves her husband\".[65]In December, Jane was allowed to walk freely in the Queen's Garden.[66] Lord Robert and Lord Guildford had to be content with taking the air on the leads of the Bell Tower.[67] Jane and Guildford may have had some contact with each other,[68] and at some point Guildford wrote a message to his father-in-law in Jane's prayer book:Your loving and obedient son wishes unto your grace long life in this world with as much joy and comfort as ever I wish to myself, and in the world to come joy everlasting. Your humble son to his death, G. Dudley[69]Official letter of Lady Jane Grey signing herself as \"Jane the Quene\". Inner Temple Library, LondonMary initially spared the lives of Jane and Guildford, believing that they had been mere pawns in a much larger political game designed and orchestrated by Northumberland, and the Duke he was executed on 22 August 1553, a month after Mary's accession. However, the Wyatt's Rebellion in January 1554 against Queen Mary's marriage plans with Philip of Spain sealed Jane's fate. Jane's father along with Robert and Henry Dudley, Guildford's brothers, joined the rebellion, so the Government decided to go ahead with the verdict against Jane and her husband. It troubled Mary to let her cousin die, but she accepted the Privy Council's advice.[70] Bishop and Lord Chancellor Gardiner pressed for the young couple's execution in a court sermon,[71] and the Imperial ambassador Simon Renard was happy to report that \"Jane of Suffolk and her husband are to lose their heads.\"[72] Their execution was first scheduled for 9 February 1554, but was then postponed for three days to give Jane a chance to convert to the Catholic faith. Mary sent her chaplain John Feckenham to Jane, who was initially not pleased about this.[73] Though she would not give in to his efforts \"to save her soul\", she became friends with him and allowed him to accompany her to the scaffold.[74]The day before their executions, Lord Guildford asked Jane to have one last meeting, which she refused, explaining it \"would only ... increase their misery and pain, it was better to put it off ... as they would meet shortly elsewhere, and live bound by indissoluble ties.\"[75]On the morning of 12 February 1554, the authorities took Guildford from his rooms at the Tower of London to the public execution place at Tower Hill, where he was beheaded. A horse and cart brought his remains back to the Tower, past the rooms where Jane was staying. Seeing her husband's corpse return, Jane is reported to have exclaimed: \"Oh, Guildford, Guildford.\"[76] She was then taken out to Tower Green, inside the Tower, to be beheaded.[77] According to the account of her execution given in the anonymous Chronicle of Queen Jane and of Two Years of Queen Mary, which formed the basis for Raphael Holinshed's depiction, Jane gave a speech upon ascending the scaffold:Good people, I am come hither to die, and by a law I am condemned to the same. The fact, indeed, against the Queen's highness was unlawful, and the consenting thereunto by me: but touching the procurement and desire thereof by me or on my behalf, I do wash my hands thereof in innocency, before God, and the face of you, good Christian people, this day.[78]While admitting to action considered unlawful, she declared that \"I do wash my hands thereof in innocence\".[79][80] Jane then recited Psalm 51 (Have mercy upon me, O God) in English, and handed her gloves and handkerchief to her maid. The executioner asked her for forgiveness, which she granted him, pleading: \"I pray you dispatch me quickly.\" Referring to her head, she asked, \"Will you take it off before I lay me down?\", and the axeman answered, \"No, madam.\" She then blindfolded herself. Jane then failed to find the block with her hands, and cried, \"What shall I do? Where is it?\" Probably Sir Thomas Brydges, the Deputy Lieutenant of the Tower, helped her find her way. With her head on the block, Jane spoke the last words of Jesus as recounted in the Gospel of Luke: \"Lord, into thy hands I commend my spirit!\"[78]Grave of Lady Jane Grey, St Peter ad VinculaJane and Guildford are buried in the Chapel of St Peter ad Vincula on the north side of Tower Green. No memorial stone was erected at their grave.[81] Jane's father, the Duke of Suffolk, was executed 11 days after Jane, on 23 February 1554.[82] Her mother, the Duchess of Suffolk, married her Master of the Horse and chamberlain, Adrian Stokes, in March 1555.[83] She maintained good relations with Mary who allowed her to live at Richmond and employed the Duchess's surviving daughters as maids of honour. She died in 1559.[84]","title":"Trial and execution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Albert Pollard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Pollard"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"Marian persecutions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Protestant_martyrs_of_the_English_Reformation"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"Foxe's Book of Martyrs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foxe%27s_Book_of_Martyrs"},{"link_name":"John Foxe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Foxe"},{"link_name":"Lady Jane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Jane_(1986_film)"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"}],"text":"In 1911, the British historian Albert Pollard called Jane \"the traitor-heroine of the Reformation\".[85] During the Marian persecutions and its aftermath, Jane became viewed as a Protestant martyr,[86] featuring prominently in the several editions of Foxe's Book of Martyrs (Actes and Monuments of these Latter and Perillous Dayes) by John Foxe. The story of Jane's life grew to legendary proportions in popular culture, producing romantic biographies, novels, plays, operas, paintings, and films, such as Lady Jane in 1986.[87]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Family tree"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-521-03971-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-03971-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0141-97691-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0141-97691-4"},{"link_name":"Mayor, John E. B.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Eyton_Bickersteth_Mayor"},{"link_name":"The Scholemaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/scholemasterorp00aschgoog"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"251212421","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/251212421"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7100-8729-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7100-8729-2"},{"link_name":"The Sisters Who Would Be Queen: Mary, Katherine and Lady Jane Grey. A Tudor Tragedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/sisterswhowouldb00deli_0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-345-49135-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-345-49135-0"},{"link_name":"The Literary Remains of Lady Jane Grey with a Memoir of Her Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=KE4uAAAAYAAJ"},{"link_name":"Ives, Eric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Ives"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4051-9413-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-9413-6"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1111/1468-2281.12178","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1111%2F1468-2281.12178"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-30009409-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-30009409-4"},{"link_name":"Loades, David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Loades"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-19-820193-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-820193-1"},{"link_name":"\"Lady Jane Grey\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.britannica.com/biography/Lady-Jane-Grey"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-312-33801-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-33801-5"},{"link_name":"OL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OL_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9516816M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//openlibrary.org/books/OL9516816M"},{"link_name":"Weir, Alison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alison_Weir"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0345495341","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0345495341"}],"text":"Alford, Stephen (2002). Kingship and Politics in the Reign of Edward VI. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-03971-0.\nAlford, Stephen (2014). Edward VI: The Last Boy King. London: Penguin. ISBN 978-0141-97691-4.\nAscham, Roger (1863). Mayor, John E. B. (ed.). The Scholemaster (1863 ed.). London: Bell and Daldy. OCLC 251212421.\nBellamy, John (1979). The Tudor Law of Treason. Toronto: Routlegde, Kegan & Paul. ISBN 0-7100-8729-2.\nBindoff, Stanley T. (1953) \"A Kingdom at Stake, 1553.\" History Today 3.9 (1953): 642–28.\nde Lisle, Leanda (2008). The Sisters Who Would Be Queen: Mary, Katherine and Lady Jane Grey. A Tudor Tragedy. New York: Ballantine Books. ISBN 978-0-345-49135-0.\nFlorio, Michelangelo (1607). Historia de la vita e dela morte de l'Illustriss. Signora Giovanna Graia. Riccardo Pittore di Venezia.\nHarris, Nicolas (1825). The Literary Remains of Lady Jane Grey with a Memoir of Her Life. London: Harding, Triphook, and Lepard.\nHoak, Dale. (2015) \"The Succession Crisis of 1553 and Mary’s Rise to Power\", in Catholic Renewal and Protestant Resistance in Marian England ed. by E. Evenden and V. Westbrook (Aldershot, 2015), pp. 17–42.\nIves, Eric (2009). Lady Jane Grey: A Tudor Mystery. Malden MA; Oxford UK: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4051-9413-6.\nKewes, Paulina. (2017) \"The 1553 Succession Crisis Reconsidered.\" Historical Research (2017). doi:10.1111/1468-2281.12178\nLoach, Jennifer (2002). Edward VI. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-30009409-4.\nLoades, David (1996). John Dudley Duke of Northumberland 1504–1553. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-820193-1.\nMorrill, John S (2021). \"Lady Jane Grey\". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 10 July 2021.\nWaller, Maureen (2006). Sovereign Ladies: The Six Reigning Queens of England. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-33801-5. OL 9516816M.\nWeir, Alison (2007). Innocent Traitor. Ballantine Books. ISBN 978-0345495341.","title":"Bibliography"}]	[{"image_text":"16th century portrait of a lady in the collection of Audley End House, labelled as Jane Grey, copy of the original at Syon House. Based on a portrait type identified as Lady Katherine Grey or Elizabeth I, it is believed that the Syon Portrait was created by William Seymour, 2nd Duke of Somerset, with the help of his grandfather, Lady Katherine Grey's widower, who had also known Lady Jane Grey, tweaking the portrait type into a genuine resemblance of her.[20][21][22][23]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Lady_Jane_Grey_Painting.jpg/220px-Lady_Jane_Grey_Painting.jpg"},{"image_text":"\"My devise for the Succession\" by Edward VI. The draft will was the basis for the letters patent, which declared Lady Jane Grey successor to the Crown.[30] Edward's autograph shows his alteration of his text, from \"L Janes heires masles\" to \"L Jane and her heires masles\".[31] Inner Temple Library, London.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Edward_VI%27s_%27devise_for_the_succession%27.png/300px-Edward_VI%27s_%27devise_for_the_succession%27.png"},{"image_text":"The Execution of Lady Jane Grey, by the French painter Paul Delaroche, 1833. National Gallery","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/PAUL_DELAROCHE_-_Ejecuci%C3%B3n_de_Lady_Jane_Grey_%28National_Gallery_de_Londres%2C_1834%29.jpg/220px-PAUL_DELAROCHE_-_Ejecuci%C3%B3n_de_Lady_Jane_Grey_%28National_Gallery_de_Londres%2C_1834%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Official letter of Lady Jane Grey signing herself as \"Jane the Quene\". Inner Temple Library, London","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Lady_Jane_Grey_letter_as_Queen.JPG/170px-Lady_Jane_Grey_letter_as_Queen.JPG"},{"image_text":"Grave of Lady Jane Grey, St Peter ad Vincula","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Tomb_of_Lady_Jane_Gray.jpg/220px-Tomb_of_Lady_Jane_Gray.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Plowden, Alison (2004). \"Grey, Lady Jane (1537–1554), noblewoman and claimant to the English throne\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/8154. ISBN 0-19-861362-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alison_Plowden","url_text":"Plowden, Alison"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford","url_text":"Oxford"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F8154","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/8154"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-861362-8","url_text":"0-19-861362-8"}]},{"reference":"\"Lady Jane Grey \| Biography, Facts, & Execution\". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 10 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/biography/Lady-Jane-Grey","url_text":"\"Lady Jane Grey \| Biography, Facts, & Execution\""}]},{"reference":"Potter, Philip J. (2014). Monarchs of the Renaissance: The Lives and Reigns of 42 European Kings and Queens. McFarland. pp. 83–84. ISBN 9780786491032.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=39hKrtqiDcIC&pg=PA84","url_text":"Monarchs of the Renaissance: The Lives and Reigns of 42 European Kings and Queens"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786491032","url_text":"9780786491032"}]},{"reference":"Edwards, J. Stephan. \"On the Date of Birth of Lady Jane Grey Dudley\". Some Grey Matter. Retrieved 15 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://somegreymatter.com/date.htm","url_text":"\"On the Date of Birth of Lady Jane Grey Dudley\""}]},{"reference":"\"Page: A cyclopaedia of female biography.djvu/369\" – via Wikisource, the free online library.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:A_cyclopaedia_of_female_biography.djvu/369","url_text":"\"Page: A cyclopaedia of female biography.djvu/369\""}]},{"reference":"Dent, Emma (1877). Annals of Winchcombe and Sudeley. Sudeley Castle: J Murray. p. 186.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rLYLAAAAYAAJ&q=Lady+Jane+grey+Sudeley+castle&pg=PA186","url_text":"Annals of Winchcombe and Sudeley"}]},{"reference":"\"Early Portrait Of Elizabeth I Sells For $158,661 At Butterscotch\". Antiques and the Arts Weekly. November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.antiquesandthearts.com/early-portrait-of-elizabeth-i-sells-for-158661-at-butterscotch/","url_text":"\"Early Portrait Of Elizabeth I Sells For $158,661 At Butterscotch\""}]},{"reference":"\"Children of England: The Heirs of King Henry VIII/The Children of Henry VIII (1996)\". Alison Weir. Retrieved 8 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://alisonweir.org.uk/books/bookpages/more-children-of-england.php","url_text":"\"Children of England: The Heirs of King Henry VIII/The Children of Henry VIII (1996)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lady Jane Grey Revealed - The Syon Portrait\". J. Stephan Edwards. 30 September 2010. Archived from the original on 13 February 2012. Retrieved 8 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120213031113/http://www.somegreymatter.com/syonportrait.htm","url_text":"\"Lady Jane Grey Revealed - The Syon Portrait\""},{"url":"http://www.somegreymatter.com/syonportrait.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Edwards, J. Stephan (2015). A Queen of a New Invention – Portraits of Lady Jane Grey, England's 'Nine Days Queen'. Palm Springs, California: Old John Publishing. pp. 168–176. ISBN 978-0-9863873-0-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9863873-0-2","url_text":"978-0-9863873-0-2"}]},{"reference":"A Constitutional History of Secession. Pelican. p. 38. ISBN 9781455602889.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Gah0RdbHKmYC&pg=PA38","url_text":"A Constitutional History of Secession"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781455602889","url_text":"9781455602889"}]},{"reference":"Lindsay, Thomas Martin (1882). The Reformation. T. & T. Clark. p. 149.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/reformation22lind","url_text":"The Reformation"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/reformation22lind/page/149","url_text":"149"}]},{"reference":"Tallis, Nicola (2016). Crown of Blood: The Deadly Inheritance of Lady Jane Grey. Pegasus Books. ISBN 9781681772875 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=B5P-CwAAQBAJ&pg=PT121","url_text":"Crown of Blood: The Deadly Inheritance of Lady Jane Grey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781681772875","url_text":"9781681772875"}]},{"reference":"Potter, Philip J. (2014). Monarchs of the Renaissance: The Lives and Reigns of 42 European Kings and Queens. McFarland. pp. 88–89. ISBN 9780786491032.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=39hKrtqiDcIC&pg=PA84","url_text":"Monarchs of the Renaissance: The Lives and Reigns of 42 European Kings and Queens"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786491032","url_text":"9780786491032"}]},{"reference":"Tallis, Nicola (2016). Crown of Blood: The Deadly Inheritance of Lady Jane Grey. Pegasus Books. ISBN 9781681772875 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=B5P-CwAAQBAJ&pg=PT172","url_text":"Crown of Blood: The Deadly Inheritance of Lady Jane Grey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781681772875","url_text":"9781681772875"}]},{"reference":"Ives, Eric (2011). Lady Jane Grey: A Tudor Mystery. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781444354263 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KZCMGgJzO2IC&pg=PA233","url_text":"Lady Jane Grey: A Tudor Mystery"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781444354263","url_text":"9781444354263"}]},{"reference":"Anonymous (1997) [1850]. \"1554, The Execution of Lady Jane Grey and Lord Guildford Dudley\". In Nichols, John Gough (ed.). Chronicle of Queen Jane and of Two Years of Queen Mary. The Camden Society; Marilee Hanson.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gough_Nichols","url_text":"Nichols, John Gough"},{"url":"http://englishhistory.net/tudor/executions-of-lady-jane-grey-lord-guildford-dudley/","url_text":"Chronicle of Queen Jane and of Two Years of Queen Mary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Camden_Society","url_text":"The Camden Society"}]},{"reference":"Ives, Eric (2011). Lady Jane Grey: A Tudor Mystery. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781444354263 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KZCMGgJzO2IC&pg=PA22","url_text":"Lady Jane Grey: A Tudor Mystery"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781444354263","url_text":"9781444354263"}]},{"reference":"Tallis, Nicola (2016). Crown of Blood: The Deadly Inheritance of Lady Jane Grey. Pegasus Books. ISBN 9781681772875 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=B5P-CwAAQBAJ&pg=PT214","url_text":"Crown of Blood: The Deadly Inheritance of Lady Jane Grey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781681772875","url_text":"9781681772875"}]},{"reference":"Cokayne, George (1982). The complete peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain, and the United Kingdom, extant, extinct, or dormant. Vol. 2. Gloucester: A. Sutton. p. 421. ISBN 0904387828.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0904387828","url_text":"0904387828"}]},{"reference":"Warnicke, Retha M. (2008). \"Grey [other married name Stokes], Frances [née Lady Frances Brandon], duchess of Suffolk\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/65987.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F65987","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/65987"}]},{"reference":"Pollard, Albert J. (1911). The History of England. London: Longmans, Green. p. 111. Archived from the original on 30 April 2009. Retrieved 2 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Pollard","url_text":"Pollard, Albert J."},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090430113831/http://www.questia.com/read/58544100","url_text":"The History of England"},{"url":"https://www.questia.com/read/58544100","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Marsden, Jean I. (2002). \"Sex, Politics, and She-Tragedy: Reconfiguring Lady Jane Grey\". Studies in English Literature, 1500–1900. 42 (3): 501–522. ISSN 0039-3657. JSTOR 1556177.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1556177","url_text":"\"Sex, Politics, and She-Tragedy: Reconfiguring Lady Jane Grey\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0039-3657","url_text":"0039-3657"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1556177","url_text":"1556177"}]},{"reference":"\"Lady Jane\". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 30 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/lady_jane","url_text":"\"Lady Jane\""}]},{"reference":"Alford, Stephen (2002). Kingship and Politics in the Reign of Edward VI. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-03971-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-03971-0","url_text":"978-0-521-03971-0"}]},{"reference":"Alford, Stephen (2014). Edward VI: The Last Boy King. London: Penguin. ISBN 978-0141-97691-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0141-97691-4","url_text":"978-0141-97691-4"}]},{"reference":"Ascham, Roger (1863). Mayor, John E. B. (ed.). The Scholemaster (1863 ed.). London: Bell and Daldy. OCLC 251212421.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Eyton_Bickersteth_Mayor","url_text":"Mayor, John E. B."},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/scholemasterorp00aschgoog","url_text":"The Scholemaster"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/251212421","url_text":"251212421"}]},{"reference":"Bellamy, John (1979). The Tudor Law of Treason. Toronto: Routlegde, Kegan & Paul. ISBN 0-7100-8729-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7100-8729-2","url_text":"0-7100-8729-2"}]},{"reference":"de Lisle, Leanda (2008). The Sisters Who Would Be Queen: Mary, Katherine and Lady Jane Grey. A Tudor Tragedy. New York: Ballantine Books. ISBN 978-0-345-49135-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sisterswhowouldb00deli_0","url_text":"The Sisters Who Would Be Queen: Mary, Katherine and Lady Jane Grey. A Tudor Tragedy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-345-49135-0","url_text":"978-0-345-49135-0"}]},{"reference":"Florio, Michelangelo (1607). Historia de la vita e dela morte de l'Illustriss. Signora Giovanna Graia. Riccardo Pittore di Venezia.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Harris, Nicolas (1825). The Literary Remains of Lady Jane Grey with a Memoir of Her Life. London: Harding, Triphook, and Lepard.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KE4uAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"The Literary Remains of Lady Jane Grey with a Memoir of Her Life"}]},{"reference":"Ives, Eric (2009). Lady Jane Grey: A Tudor Mystery. Malden MA; Oxford UK: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4051-9413-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Ives","url_text":"Ives, Eric"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-9413-6","url_text":"978-1-4051-9413-6"}]},{"reference":"Loach, Jennifer (2002). Edward VI. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-30009409-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-30009409-4","url_text":"0-30009409-4"}]},{"reference":"Loades, David (1996). John Dudley Duke of Northumberland 1504–1553. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-820193-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Loades","url_text":"Loades, David"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-820193-1","url_text":"0-19-820193-1"}]},{"reference":"Morrill, John S (2021). \"Lady Jane Grey\". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 10 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/biography/Lady-Jane-Grey","url_text":"\"Lady Jane Grey\""}]},{"reference":"Waller, Maureen (2006). Sovereign Ladies: The Six Reigning Queens of England. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-33801-5. OL 9516816M.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-33801-5","url_text":"0-312-33801-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OL_(identifier)","url_text":"OL"},{"url":"https://openlibrary.org/books/OL9516816M","url_text":"9516816M"}]},{"reference":"Weir, Alison (2007). Innocent Traitor. Ballantine Books. ISBN 978-0345495341.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alison_Weir","url_text":"Weir, Alison"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0345495341","url_text":"978-0345495341"}]},{"reference":"Lee, Sidney (1888). \"Dudley, Jane\" . Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 16. pp. 105–107.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Lee","url_text":"Lee, Sidney"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Dudley,_Jane","url_text":"\"Dudley, Jane\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Dictionary of National Biography"}]},{"reference":"\"Grey, Lady Jane\" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 590–591.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Grey,_Lady_Jane","url_text":"\"Grey, Lady Jane\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"Edwards, J. Stephan. \"Somegreymatter.com\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.somegreymatter.com/index.html","url_text":"\"Somegreymatter.com\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F8154","external_links_name":"10.1093/ref:odnb/8154"},{"Link":"https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public","external_links_name":"UK public library membership"},{"Link":"https://www.britannica.com/biography/Lady-Jane-Grey","external_links_name":"\"Lady Jane Grey \| Biography, Facts, & Execution\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=39hKrtqiDcIC&pg=PA84","external_links_name":"Monarchs of the Renaissance: The Lives and Reigns of 42 European Kings and Queens"},{"Link":"http://somegreymatter.com/date.htm","external_links_name":"\"On the Date of Birth of Lady Jane Grey Dudley\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:A_cyclopaedia_of_female_biography.djvu/369","external_links_name":"\"Page: A cyclopaedia of female biography.djvu/369\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rLYLAAAAYAAJ&q=Lady+Jane+grey+Sudeley+castle&pg=PA186","external_links_name":"Annals of Winchcombe and Sudeley"},{"Link":"https://www.antiquesandthearts.com/early-portrait-of-elizabeth-i-sells-for-158661-at-butterscotch/","external_links_name":"\"Early Portrait Of Elizabeth I Sells For $158,661 At Butterscotch\""},{"Link":"http://alisonweir.org.uk/books/bookpages/more-children-of-england.php","external_links_name":"\"Children of England: The Heirs of King Henry VIII/The Children of Henry VIII (1996)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120213031113/http://www.somegreymatter.com/syonportrait.htm","external_links_name":"\"Lady Jane Grey Revealed - The Syon Portrait\""},{"Link":"http://www.somegreymatter.com/syonportrait.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Gah0RdbHKmYC&pg=PA38","external_links_name":"A Constitutional History of Secession"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/reformation22lind","external_links_name":"The Reformation"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/reformation22lind/page/149","external_links_name":"149"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=B5P-CwAAQBAJ&pg=PT121","external_links_name":"Crown of Blood: The Deadly Inheritance of Lady Jane Grey"},{"Link":"http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/8522","external_links_name":"\"Edward VI (1537–1553)\""},{"Link":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/no-series/survey-of-london-stow/1603/pp44-71","external_links_name":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/no-series/survey-of-london-stow/1603/pp44-71"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=39hKrtqiDcIC&pg=PA84","external_links_name":"Monarchs of the Renaissance: The Lives and Reigns of 42 European Kings and Queens"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=B5P-CwAAQBAJ&pg=PT172","external_links_name":"Crown of Blood: The Deadly Inheritance of Lady Jane Grey"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KZCMGgJzO2IC&pg=PA233","external_links_name":"Lady Jane Grey: A Tudor Mystery"},{"Link":"http://englishhistory.net/tudor/executions-of-lady-jane-grey-lord-guildford-dudley/","external_links_name":"Chronicle of Queen Jane and of Two Years of Queen Mary"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KZCMGgJzO2IC&pg=PA22","external_links_name":"Lady Jane Grey: A Tudor Mystery"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=B5P-CwAAQBAJ&pg=PT214","external_links_name":"Crown of Blood: The Deadly Inheritance of Lady Jane Grey"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F65987","external_links_name":"10.1093/ref:odnb/65987"},{"Link":"https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public","external_links_name":"UK public library membership"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090430113831/http://www.questia.com/read/58544100","external_links_name":"The History of England"},{"Link":"https://www.questia.com/read/58544100","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1556177","external_links_name":"\"Sex, Politics, and She-Tragedy: Reconfiguring Lady Jane Grey\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0039-3657","external_links_name":"0039-3657"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1556177","external_links_name":"1556177"},{"Link":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/lady_jane","external_links_name":"\"Lady Jane\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/scholemasterorp00aschgoog","external_links_name":"The Scholemaster"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/251212421","external_links_name":"251212421"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/sisterswhowouldb00deli_0","external_links_name":"The Sisters Who Would Be Queen: Mary, Katherine and Lady Jane Grey. A Tudor Tragedy"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KE4uAAAAYAAJ","external_links_name":"The Literary Remains of Lady Jane Grey with a Memoir of Her Life"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1468-2281.12178","external_links_name":"10.1111/1468-2281.12178"},{"Link":"https://www.britannica.com/biography/Lady-Jane-Grey","external_links_name":"\"Lady Jane Grey\""},{"Link":"https://openlibrary.org/books/OL9516816M","external_links_name":"9516816M"},{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Dudley,_Jane","external_links_name":"\"Dudley, Jane\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Grey,_Lady_Jane","external_links_name":"\"Grey, Lady Jane\""},{"Link":"https://www.royal.uk/lady-jane-grey","external_links_name":"Lady Jane Grey"},{"Link":"http://www.somegreymatter.com/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Somegreymatter.com\""},{"Link":"https://librivox.org/author/16308","external_links_name":"Works by Lady Jane Grey"},{"Link":"https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=mp01373","external_links_name":"Portraits of Lady Jane Grey"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/34484/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000080837230","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/4919568","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJxmGqmcmRBbPQWpX6t3Qq","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/10025602","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX5437491","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb10397097f","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb10397097f","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058509778906706","external_links_name":"Catalonia"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/118718800","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007262173305171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79045478","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://libris.kb.se/b8nrwpbv4ncrj75","external_links_name":"Sweden"},{"Link":"https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000216347&P_CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Latvia"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0025871&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35150567","external_links_name":"Australia"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069442991","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810648619105606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500064485","external_links_name":"ULAN"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118718800.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/843048","external_links_name":"Trove"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6v98h1c","external_links_name":"SNAC"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/139192964","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siamon_Gordon	Siamon Gordon	["1 Education","2 Career and research","2.1 Publications","3 References"]	Siamon GordonFRS FMedSciBorn (1938-04-29) 29 April 1938 (age 86)Alma materUniversity of Cape TownRockefeller UniversityScientific careerFieldsPathologyInstitutionsUniversity of OxfordThesisNuclear and plasma membrane properties of macrophage heterokaryons and hybrids (1971)Doctoral studentsJonathan Austyn Siamon Gordon FRS FMedSci (born 29 April 1938) is a British pathologist. He is Glaxo Wellcome Professor Emeritus of Cellular Pathology at the University of Oxford. Education He gained his medical degrees (M.B. and Ch.B.) from the University of Cape Town, South Africa. He earned his PhD from Rockefeller University, where he taught from 1971 to 1976. The rest of his career, from 1976 to 2008, was at the University of Oxford. Career and research He was on the Faculty of 1000. He was a visiting scientist at the NIH. He is on the Scientific Advisory Board of the American Asthma Foundation. Gordon is noted for his work on the phenotypic and functional diversity of macrophages. He began his studies on macrophages while in the laboratory of Zanvil Cohn at Rockefeller University in 1966. Upon his move to the Sir William Dunn School of Pathology at University of Oxford in 1976 he continued this work and identified the pan-macrophage marker F4/80. Subsequent studies led to the identification of various scavenger receptors and the cloning of the pattern recognition receptor, Dectin-1. Publications Macrophage Biology and Activation, Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology (ed, 1992) Siamon Gordon (ed) The Legacy of cell fusion Oxford University Press, 1994, ISBN 978-0-19-854772-3 Advances in Cell and Molecular Biology of Membranes and Organelles (ed, 1999) Siamon Gordon, ed (1999). Phagocytosis: the host 5. JAI Press, ISBN 978-1-55938-999-0 Siamon Gordon, ed. (2000). Phagocytosis: microbial invasion. Vol. 6. Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-7623-0610-7. Siamon Gordon, ed. (2003). The Macrophage as Therapeutic Target. Springer. ISBN 978-3-540-44250-9. Stefan H. E. Kaufmann; Ruslan Medzhitov; Siamon Gordon, eds. (2004). The innate immune response to infection. ASM Press. ISBN 978-1-55581-291-1. References ^ Austyn, Jonathan M. (1980). Monoclonal antibodies against the murine macrophage. ox.ac.uk (DPhil thesis). University of Oxford. OCLC 556713598. EThOS uk.bl.ethos.237663. ^ http://www.debretts.com/people/biographies/browse/g/3215/Siamon+GORDON.aspx ^ "Siamon Gordon - title page". Archived from the original on 23 April 2012. Retrieved 21 December 2011. ^ "CIDRI". Archived from the original on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 21 December 2011. ^ "Siamon Gordon \| Faculty Member \| Faculty Opinions". ^ Honey, Karen (1 February 2010). "Siamon Gordon on the challenges of retirement". The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 120 (2): 398–399. doi:10.1172/JCI42070. ISSN 0021-9738. PMC 2810092. ^ "Scientific Advisory Board « American Asthma Foundation". www.americanasthmafoundation.org. Archived from the original on 13 May 2009. vteFellows of the Royal Society elected in 2007Fellows Brad Amos Peter Barnes Gillian Bates Samuel Berkovic Michael Bickle Jeremy Bloxham David Boger Peter Bruce Michael Cates Geoffrey Cloke Richard Cogdell Stewart Cole George Coupland George F. R. Ellis Barry Everitt Andre Geim Siamon Gordon Rosemary Grant Grahame Hardie Bill Harris Nicholas Higham Anthony A. Hyman Anthony Kinloch Richard Leakey Malcolm Levitt Ottoline Leyser Paul Linden Peter Littlewood Ravinder N. Maini Robert Mair, Baron Mair Michael Malim Andrew McMahon Richard Moxon John A. Peacock Edward Arend Perkins Stephen Pope Daniela Rhodes Morgan Sheng David C. Sherrington Terence Tao Veronica van Heyningen David Lee Wark Trevor Wooley Andrew Zisserman Foreign Wallace Broecker James Cronin Stanley Falkow Tom Fenchel Jeremiah P. Ostriker Michael O. Rabin Gerald M. Rubin Peter Wolynes Honorary Onora O'Neill Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Israel Belgium United States Netherlands Academics ORCID Scopus Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FRS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society"},{"link_name":"FMedSci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Academy_of_Medical_Sciences"},{"link_name":"pathologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathologist"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Glaxo Wellcome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaxo_Wellcome"},{"link_name":"Professor Emeritus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professor_Emeritus"},{"link_name":"Cellular Pathology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathology"},{"link_name":"University of Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Siamon Gordon FRS FMedSci (born 29 April 1938) is a British pathologist.[2] He is Glaxo Wellcome Professor Emeritus of Cellular Pathology at the University of Oxford.[3]","title":"Siamon Gordon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"M.B.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery"},{"link_name":"Ch.B.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch.B."},{"link_name":"University of Cape Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cape_Town"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"PhD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PhD"},{"link_name":"Rockefeller University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockefeller_University"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"He gained his medical degrees (M.B. and Ch.B.) from the University of Cape Town, South Africa. He earned his PhD from Rockefeller University, where he taught from 1971 to 1976. The rest of his career, from 1976 to 2008, was at the University of Oxford.[4]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Faculty of 1000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faculty_of_1000"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"NIH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NIH"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"American Asthma Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Asthma_Foundation"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"macrophages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrophages"},{"link_name":"Zanvil Cohn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanvil_A._Cohn"},{"link_name":"Rockefeller University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockefeller_University"},{"link_name":"Sir William Dunn School of Pathology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_William_Dunn_School_of_Pathology"},{"link_name":"University of Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford"},{"link_name":"macrophage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrophage"},{"link_name":"F4/80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F4/80"},{"link_name":"cloning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloning"},{"link_name":"pattern recognition receptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattern_recognition_receptor"}],"text":"He was on the Faculty of 1000.[5] He was a visiting scientist at the NIH.[6] He is on the Scientific Advisory Board of the American Asthma Foundation.[7]Gordon is noted for his work on the phenotypic and functional diversity of macrophages. He began his studies on macrophages while in the laboratory of Zanvil Cohn at Rockefeller University in 1966. Upon his move to the Sir William Dunn School of Pathology at University of Oxford in 1976 he continued this work and identified the pan-macrophage marker F4/80. Subsequent studies led to the identification of various scavenger receptors and the cloning of the pattern recognition receptor, Dectin-1.","title":"Career and research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-19-854772-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-854772-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-55938-999-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55938-999-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7623-0610-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7623-0610-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-540-44250-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-44250-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-55581-291-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55581-291-1"}],"sub_title":"Publications","text":"Macrophage Biology and Activation, Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology (ed, 1992)\nSiamon Gordon (ed) The Legacy of cell fusion Oxford University Press, 1994, ISBN 978-0-19-854772-3\nAdvances in Cell and Molecular Biology of Membranes and Organelles (ed, 1999)\nSiamon Gordon, ed (1999). Phagocytosis: the host 5. JAI Press, ISBN 978-1-55938-999-0\nSiamon Gordon, ed. (2000). Phagocytosis: microbial invasion. Vol. 6. Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-7623-0610-7.\nSiamon Gordon, ed. (2003). The Macrophage as Therapeutic Target. Springer. ISBN 978-3-540-44250-9.\nStefan H. E. Kaufmann; Ruslan Medzhitov; Siamon Gordon, eds. (2004). The innate immune response to infection. ASM Press. ISBN 978-1-55581-291-1.","title":"Career and research"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Siamon Gordon, ed. (2000). Phagocytosis: microbial invasion. Vol. 6. Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-7623-0610-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7623-0610-7","url_text":"978-0-7623-0610-7"}]},{"reference":"Siamon Gordon, ed. (2003). The Macrophage as Therapeutic Target. Springer. ISBN 978-3-540-44250-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-44250-9","url_text":"978-3-540-44250-9"}]},{"reference":"Stefan H. E. Kaufmann; Ruslan Medzhitov; Siamon Gordon, eds. (2004). The innate immune response to infection. ASM Press. ISBN 978-1-55581-291-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55581-291-1","url_text":"978-1-55581-291-1"}]},{"reference":"Austyn, Jonathan M. (1980). Monoclonal antibodies against the murine macrophage. ox.ac.uk (DPhil thesis). University of Oxford. OCLC 556713598. EThOS uk.bl.ethos.237663.","urls":[{"url":"http://solo.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/permalink/f/89vilt/oxfaleph020627743","url_text":"Monoclonal antibodies against the murine macrophage"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/556713598","url_text":"556713598"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EThOS","url_text":"EThOS"},{"url":"http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.237663","url_text":"uk.bl.ethos.237663"}]},{"reference":"\"Siamon Gordon - title page\". Archived from the original on 23 April 2012. Retrieved 21 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120423172817/http://users.path.ox.ac.uk/~cholt/","url_text":"\"Siamon Gordon - title page\""},{"url":"http://users.path.ox.ac.uk/~cholt/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"CIDRI\". Archived from the original on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 21 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120426065246/http://www.cidri.uct.ac.za/isab/isab1.html","url_text":"\"CIDRI\""},{"url":"http://www.cidri.uct.ac.za/isab/isab1.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Siamon Gordon \| Faculty Member \| Faculty Opinions\".","urls":[{"url":"http://f1000.com/thefaculty/member/970440217307475","url_text":"\"Siamon Gordon \| Faculty Member \| Faculty Opinions\""}]},{"reference":"Honey, Karen (1 February 2010). \"Siamon Gordon on the challenges of retirement\". The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 120 (2): 398–399. doi:10.1172/JCI42070. ISSN 0021-9738. PMC 2810092.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2810092","url_text":"\"Siamon Gordon on the challenges of retirement\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1172%2FJCI42070","url_text":"10.1172/JCI42070"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0021-9738","url_text":"0021-9738"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2810092","url_text":"2810092"}]},{"reference":"\"Scientific Advisory Board « American Asthma Foundation\". www.americanasthmafoundation.org. Archived from the original on 13 May 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090513132006/http://americanasthmafoundation.org/about-us/scientific-advisory-board","url_text":"\"Scientific Advisory Board « American Asthma Foundation\""},{"url":"http://www.americanasthmafoundation.org/about-us/scientific-advisory-board","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/38053757","external_links_name":"Nuclear and plasma membrane properties of macrophage heterokaryons and hybrids"},{"Link":"http://solo.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/permalink/f/89vilt/oxfaleph020627743","external_links_name":"Monoclonal antibodies against the murine macrophage"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/556713598","external_links_name":"556713598"},{"Link":"http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.237663","external_links_name":"uk.bl.ethos.237663"},{"Link":"http://www.debretts.com/people/biographies/browse/g/3215/Siamon+GORDON.aspx","external_links_name":"http://www.debretts.com/people/biographies/browse/g/3215/Siamon+GORDON.aspx"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120423172817/http://users.path.ox.ac.uk/~cholt/","external_links_name":"\"Siamon Gordon - title page\""},{"Link":"http://users.path.ox.ac.uk/~cholt/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120426065246/http://www.cidri.uct.ac.za/isab/isab1.html","external_links_name":"\"CIDRI\""},{"Link":"http://www.cidri.uct.ac.za/isab/isab1.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://f1000.com/thefaculty/member/970440217307475","external_links_name":"\"Siamon Gordon \| Faculty Member \| Faculty Opinions\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2810092","external_links_name":"\"Siamon Gordon on the challenges of retirement\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1172%2FJCI42070","external_links_name":"10.1172/JCI42070"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0021-9738","external_links_name":"0021-9738"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2810092","external_links_name":"2810092"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090513132006/http://americanasthmafoundation.org/about-us/scientific-advisory-board","external_links_name":"\"Scientific Advisory Board « American Asthma Foundation\""},{"Link":"http://www.americanasthmafoundation.org/about-us/scientific-advisory-board","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000120287879","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/76411280","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJq6Vjbt9xwxqK7kdkc773","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb124468567","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb124468567","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1133290450","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007453711205171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/13927401","external_links_name":"Belgium"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr88012721","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p073893323","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9967-3624","external_links_name":"ORCID"},{"Link":"https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=35391350600","external_links_name":"Scopus"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/033619050","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggie_(film)	Aggie (film)	["1 Synopsis","2 Release","3 Critical reception","4 References","5 External links"]	2020 American filmAggieOfficial posterDirected byCatherine GundProduced by Catherine Gund Tanya Selvaratnam Cinematography Catherine Gund Rachel Lears Karen Song Edited byGil SeltzerMusic byJason MoranProductioncompanies Aubin Pictures Just Films Ford Foundation Artemis Rising Foundation Bloomberg Philanthropies Sim Robert Rauschenberg Foundation Distributed byStrand ReleasingRelease dates January 24, 2020 (2020-01-24) (Sundance) October 7, 2020 (2020-10-07) (United States) Running time92 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglish Aggie is an 2020 American documentary film, directed and produced by Catherine Gund. The film follows the story of art collector Agnes Gund, exploring the nexus of art, race, and justice. The film had its world premiere at the Sundance Film Festival on January 24, 2020. It was released on October 7, 2020, by Strand Releasing. Synopsis Aggie looks at the upbringing and career of collector and philanthropist Agnes "Aggie" Gund, focusing on when she sold a painting from her collection to fund criminal-justice reform. Roy Lichtenstein's Masterpiece sold for $165 million and Aggie's nonprofit initiative—the Art for Justice Fund—was born, bridging “blue chip” art and serving the common good. Ava DuVernay, Bryan Stevenson, Thelma Golden, John Waters, Glenn Ligon, Jamie Bennett, Abigail Disney, Teresita Fernández and Marina Abramović appear in the film. Release The film had its world premiere at the Sundance Film Festival on January 24, 2020. In May 2020, Strand Releasing acquired U.S. distribution rights to the film. It was released on October 7, 2020. Critical reception Aggie holds a 75% approval rating on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, based on eight reviews, with an average of 6.8/10. On Metacritic, the film holds a rating of 57 out of 4 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Ordoga of the Los Angeles Times writes that "Aggie is a well-made portrait of an admirable woman." References ^ "Aggie Press Kit" (PDF). Strand Releasing. Retrieved February 18, 2021. ^ "aggie". www.sundance.org. Retrieved 2021-01-03. ^ Siegel, Tatiana (December 4, 2019). "Sundance Unveils Female-Powered Lineup Featuring Taylor Swift, Gloria Steinem, Abortion Road Trip Drama". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved February 18, 2021. ^ McNary, Dave (May 14, 2020). "Agnes Gund Documentary 'Aggie' Bought by Strand Releasing (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety. Retrieved February 18, 2021. ^ Billington, Alex (August 16, 2020). "Official Trailer for 'Aggie' Doc Film About Art Collector Agnes Gund". First Showing. Retrieved February 18, 2021. ^ "Aggie (2020)". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango. Retrieved October 30, 2021. ^ "Aggie". Metacritic. Retrieved February 18, 2021. ^ Ordoña, Michael (2020-10-09). "'Aggie,' art and social justice". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2021-01-03. ^ "'Aggie': Film Review \| Sundance 2020 \| Hollywood Reporter". www.hollywoodreporter.com. 27 January 2020. Retrieved 2021-01-03. ^ Kenigsberg, Ben (2020-10-07). "'Aggie' Review: Portrait of an Art Collector by Her Daughter". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2021-01-03. External links Official website Aggie at IMDb Aggie at Rotten Tomatoes This article about a documentary film about the arts is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"documentary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documentary_film"},{"link_name":"Catherine Gund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Gund"},{"link_name":"Agnes Gund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnes_Gund"},{"link_name":"Sundance Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundance_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"Strand Releasing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strand_Releasing"}],"text":"Aggie is an 2020 American documentary film, directed and produced by Catherine Gund. The film follows the story of art collector Agnes Gund, exploring the nexus of art, race, and justice.The film had its world premiere at the Sundance Film Festival on January 24, 2020. It was released on October 7, 2020, by Strand Releasing.","title":"Aggie (film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roy Lichtenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Lichtenstein"},{"link_name":"Ava DuVernay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ava_DuVernay"},{"link_name":"Bryan Stevenson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan_Stevenson"},{"link_name":"Thelma Golden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thelma_Golden"},{"link_name":"John Waters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Waters"},{"link_name":"Glenn Ligon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Ligon"},{"link_name":"Jamie Bennett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_Bennett_(artist)"},{"link_name":"Abigail Disney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abigail_Disney"},{"link_name":"Teresita Fernández","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teresita_Fern%C3%A1ndez"},{"link_name":"Marina Abramović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marina_Abramovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Aggie looks at the upbringing and career of collector and philanthropist Agnes \"Aggie\" Gund, focusing on when she sold a painting from her collection to fund criminal-justice reform. Roy Lichtenstein's Masterpiece sold for $165 million and Aggie's nonprofit initiative—the Art for Justice Fund—was born, bridging “blue chip” art and serving the common good. Ava DuVernay, Bryan Stevenson, Thelma Golden, John Waters, Glenn Ligon, Jamie Bennett, Abigail Disney, Teresita Fernández and Marina Abramović appear in the film.[1]","title":"Synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sundance Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Sundance_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Strand Releasing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strand_Releasing"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The film had its world premiere at the Sundance Film Festival on January 24, 2020.[2][3] In May 2020, Strand Releasing acquired U.S. distribution rights to the film.[4] It was released on October 7, 2020.[5]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"review aggregator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Review_aggregator"},{"link_name":"Rotten Tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Aggie holds a 75% approval rating on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, based on eight reviews, with an average of 6.8/10.[6] On Metacritic, the film holds a rating of 57 out of 4 reviews, indicating \"mixed or average reviews\".[7]Ordoga of the Los Angeles Times writes that \"Aggie is a well-made portrait of an admirable woman.\"[8][9][10]","title":"Critical reception"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Aggie Press Kit\" (PDF). Strand Releasing. Retrieved February 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://strandreleasing.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/aggie-press-kit.pdf","url_text":"\"Aggie Press Kit\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strand_Releasing","url_text":"Strand Releasing"}]},{"reference":"\"aggie\". www.sundance.org. Retrieved 2021-01-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sundance.org/projects/aggie","url_text":"\"aggie\""}]},{"reference":"Siegel, Tatiana (December 4, 2019). \"Sundance Unveils Female-Powered Lineup Featuring Taylor Swift, Gloria Steinem, Abortion Road Trip Drama\". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved February 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/sundance-2020-unveils-female-powered-lineup-taylor-swift-gloria-steinem-films-1259538?","url_text":"\"Sundance Unveils Female-Powered Lineup Featuring Taylor Swift, Gloria Steinem, Abortion Road Trip Drama\""}]},{"reference":"McNary, Dave (May 14, 2020). \"Agnes Gund Documentary 'Aggie' Bought by Strand Releasing (EXCLUSIVE)\". Variety. Retrieved February 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2020/film/festivals/agnes-gund-documentary-aggie-strand-releasing-1234606707/","url_text":"\"Agnes Gund Documentary 'Aggie' Bought by Strand Releasing (EXCLUSIVE)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"}]},{"reference":"Billington, Alex (August 16, 2020). \"Official Trailer for 'Aggie' Doc Film About Art Collector Agnes Gund\". First Showing. Retrieved February 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.firstshowing.net/2020/official-trailer-for-aggie-doc-film-about-art-collector-agnes-gund/","url_text":"\"Official Trailer for 'Aggie' Doc Film About Art Collector Agnes Gund\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aggie (2020)\". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango. Retrieved October 30, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/aggie","url_text":"\"Aggie (2020)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes","url_text":"Rotten Tomatoes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fandango_Media","url_text":"Fandango"}]},{"reference":"\"Aggie\". Metacritic. Retrieved February 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/movie/aggie","url_text":"\"Aggie\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic","url_text":"Metacritic"}]},{"reference":"Ordoña, Michael (2020-10-09). \"'Aggie,' art and social justice\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2021-01-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/tv/story/2020-10-08/aggie-art-and-social-justice-agnes-gund","url_text":"\"'Aggie,' art and social justice\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Aggie': Film Review \| Sundance 2020 \| Hollywood Reporter\". www.hollywoodreporter.com. 27 January 2020. Retrieved 2021-01-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/aggie-review-1273554","url_text":"\"'Aggie': Film Review \| Sundance 2020 \| Hollywood Reporter\""}]},{"reference":"Kenigsberg, Ben (2020-10-07). \"'Aggie' Review: Portrait of an Art Collector by Her Daughter\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2021-01-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/07/movies/aggie-review-portrait-of-an-art-collector-by-her-daughter.html","url_text":"\"'Aggie' Review: Portrait of an Art Collector by Her Daughter\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://strandreleasing.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/aggie-press-kit.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Aggie Press Kit\""},{"Link":"https://www.sundance.org/projects/aggie","external_links_name":"\"aggie\""},{"Link":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/sundance-2020-unveils-female-powered-lineup-taylor-swift-gloria-steinem-films-1259538?","external_links_name":"\"Sundance Unveils Female-Powered Lineup Featuring Taylor Swift, Gloria Steinem, Abortion Road Trip Drama\""},{"Link":"https://variety.com/2020/film/festivals/agnes-gund-documentary-aggie-strand-releasing-1234606707/","external_links_name":"\"Agnes Gund Documentary 'Aggie' Bought by Strand Releasing (EXCLUSIVE)\""},{"Link":"https://www.firstshowing.net/2020/official-trailer-for-aggie-doc-film-about-art-collector-agnes-gund/","external_links_name":"\"Official Trailer for 'Aggie' Doc Film About Art Collector Agnes Gund\""},{"Link":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/aggie","external_links_name":"\"Aggie (2020)\""},{"Link":"https://www.metacritic.com/movie/aggie","external_links_name":"\"Aggie\""},{"Link":"https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/tv/story/2020-10-08/aggie-art-and-social-justice-agnes-gund","external_links_name":"\"'Aggie,' art and social justice\""},{"Link":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/aggie-review-1273554","external_links_name":"\"'Aggie': Film Review \| Sundance 2020 \| Hollywood Reporter\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/07/movies/aggie-review-portrait-of-an-art-collector-by-her-daughter.html","external_links_name":"\"'Aggie' Review: Portrait of an Art Collector by Her Daughter\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://aggiefilm.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt10171904/","external_links_name":"Aggie"},{"Link":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/aggie","external_links_name":"Aggie"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aggie_(film)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijayendra_Varma	Vijayendra Varma	["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Soundtrack","4 References","5 External links"]	2004 Indian filmVijayendra VarmaTheatrical release posterDirected bySwarna Subba RaoScreenplay byV. Vijayendra PrasadM. RathnamSai Vidyardhi Dialogues byM. Rathnam Story byV. Vijayendra PrasadProduced byKonda Krishnam RajuStarringNandamuri BalakrishnaLaya SangeethaAnkithaCinematographyV. S. R. Swamy P. V. V. Jagan Mohana RaoEdited byKotagiri Venkateswara RaoMusic byKotiProductioncompanyAditya ProductionsRelease date 15 December 2004 (2004-12-15) Running time168 minutesCountryIndiaLanguageTelugu Vijayendra Varma is a 2004 Indian Telugu-language action film produced by Konda Krishnam Raju under Aditya Productions banner and directed by Swarna Subba Rao. It features Nandamuri Balakrishna, Laya, Sangeeta, Ankita , with the music composed by Koti. The film was panned both by critics and audience. The core plot of the movie was reported to be inspired by the 2002 movie The Bourne Identity. Plot An unnamed man (Balakrishna) lives with his wife (Laya), daughter, and in-laws. He does not have a name nor does he know who he is. He cannot remember anything that has happened 7 years before. However, he realizes that he possesses special combat skills whenever he comes across evil elements. When he forces his wife, to tell the truth, she reveals that he was found in the river in a mutilated state and he was taken care of by her. As the man goes to Hyderabad searching for his identity, a few incidents lead to the answer. He discovers that he is none other than the most respected and committed Indian Army Officer, Vijayendra Varma. The rest of the story is about how he retraces his past and saves the nation from Pakistani Jihadis. Cast Nandamuri Balakrishna as Colonel Vijayendra Varma Laya as Indira Ankitha as Venkata Lakshmi Sangeetha as Journalist Mukesh Rishi as Aslam Khan (Pakistan Terrorists leader) Ashish Vidyarthi as Naanaji Brahmanandam Ahuti Prasad Chalapathi Rao as Yadav M. Balayya as Dr.Narayana Rao Bhupendra Singh as Rahul M. S. Narayana Manorama as Fathima Ralyalakshmi as Raziya Venu Madhav Giri Babu as Satyam Raghu Babu as Bademieya Sudhakar Narra Venkateswara Rao as Narayana Lakshmipathi Satya Prakash as Army Officer Surya as Nazir Mohan Raj as Minister Shob Raj Delhi Rajeswari Karate Kalyani as Juice Maker Banda Jyothy as Colony Member Shoba Rani Ooma Chowdary as Indira's mother Master Tanush as Nazir's son Baby Kavya Kalyanram as Ammulu, Vijayendra Varma's daughter Soundtrack Vijayendra VarmaFilm score by KotiReleased2004GenreSoundtrackLength28:12LabelSupreme MusicProducerKotiKoti chronology Naalo Unna Prema(2004) Vijayendra Varma(2004) Gowri(2004) Music composed by Koti. No.TitleLyricsSinger(s)Length1."Siggu Paparo"Suddala Ashok TejaTippu, K. S. Chithra4:432."Oh Manmadha"Sirivennela Sitarama SastryUdit Narayan, Shreya Ghoshal5:063."Maisamma Maisamma"VeturiK. S. Chithra, Udit Narayan4:464."Guntadu Guntadu"Suddala Ashok TejaTippu, Kousalya4:205."Mandapetalo"ChandraboseShankar Mahadevan, K. S. Chithra4:386."Ningi Kadupunu"Suddala Ashok TejaS. P. Balasubrahmanyam4:23Total length:28:12 References ^ "Telugu Cinema Etc - Idlebrain.com". www.idlebrain.com. Archived from the original on 6 May 2023. Retrieved 6 May 2023. ^ "Telugu Cinema Press meet - Vijayendra Varma". Archived from the original on 22 December 2021. Retrieved 22 December 2021. ^ "Vijayendra Varma - Telugu cinema Review - Bala Krishna, Ankita, Laya, Sangeeta". Archived from the original on 22 December 2021. Retrieved 22 December 2021. ^ "Vijayendra Varma". Sify. Archived from the original on 11 May 2017. ^ "Vijayendra Varma Review". Archived from the original on 22 December 2021. ^ "An year of inspirations - Telugu cinema in 2004". Archived from the original on 2 February 2022. Retrieved 2 February 2022. ^ "Telugu Cinema - Audio release - Vijayendra Varma - Bala Krishna, Ankita - Koti". Archived from the original on 22 December 2021. Retrieved 22 December 2021. External links Vijayendra Varma at IMDb	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Telugu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_language"},{"link_name":"action film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_film"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Nandamuri Balakrishna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nandamuri_Balakrishna"},{"link_name":"Laya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laya_(actress)"},{"link_name":"Sangeeta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangeeta_(Telugu_actress)"},{"link_name":"Ankita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankita"},{"link_name":"Koti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koti_(composer)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"The Bourne Identity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bourne_Identity_(2002_film)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Vijayendra Varma is a 2004 Indian Telugu-language action film produced by Konda Krishnam Raju under Aditya Productions banner and directed by Swarna Subba Rao.[1][2] It features Nandamuri Balakrishna, Laya, Sangeeta, Ankita , with the music composed by Koti. The film was panned both by critics and audience.[3][4][5] The core plot of the movie was reported to be inspired by the 2002 movie The Bourne Identity.[6]","title":"Vijayendra Varma"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"An unnamed man (Balakrishna) lives with his wife (Laya), daughter, and in-laws. He does not have a name nor does he know who he is. He cannot remember anything that has happened 7 years before. However, he realizes that he possesses special combat skills whenever he comes across evil elements. When he forces his wife, to tell the truth, she reveals that he was found in the river in a mutilated state and he was taken care of by her. As the man goes to Hyderabad searching for his identity, a few incidents lead to the answer. He discovers that he is none other than the most respected and committed Indian Army Officer, Vijayendra Varma. The rest of the story is about how he retraces his past and saves the nation from Pakistani Jihadis.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nandamuri Balakrishna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nandamuri_Balakrishna"},{"link_name":"Colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel#India"},{"link_name":"Laya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laya_(actress)"},{"link_name":"Ankitha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankitha"},{"link_name":"Sangeetha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangeetha_Krish"},{"link_name":"Mukesh Rishi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukesh_Rishi"},{"link_name":"Ashish Vidyarthi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashish_Vidyarthi"},{"link_name":"Brahmanandam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmanandam"},{"link_name":"Ahuti Prasad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahuti_Prasad"},{"link_name":"Chalapathi Rao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalapathi_Rao"},{"link_name":"M. Balayya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannava_Balayya"},{"link_name":"Bhupendra Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhupinder_Singh_(actor)"},{"link_name":"M. S. Narayana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._S._Narayana"},{"link_name":"Manorama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manorama_(Tamil_actress)"},{"link_name":"Ralyalakshmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajya_Lakshmi_(actress)"},{"link_name":"Venu Madhav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venu_Madhav_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Giri Babu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giri_Babu"},{"link_name":"Raghu Babu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raghu_Babu"},{"link_name":"Sudhakar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudhakar_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Narra Venkateswara Rao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narra_Venkateswara_Rao"},{"link_name":"Satya Prakash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satya_Prakash_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Kavya Kalyanram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavya_Kalyanram"}],"text":"Nandamuri Balakrishna as Colonel Vijayendra Varma\nLaya as Indira\nAnkitha as Venkata Lakshmi\nSangeetha as Journalist\nMukesh Rishi as Aslam Khan (Pakistan Terrorists leader)\nAshish Vidyarthi as Naanaji\nBrahmanandam\nAhuti Prasad\nChalapathi Rao as Yadav\nM. Balayya as Dr.Narayana Rao\nBhupendra Singh as Rahul\nM. S. Narayana\nManorama as Fathima\nRalyalakshmi as Raziya\nVenu Madhav\nGiri Babu as Satyam\nRaghu Babu as Bademieya\nSudhakar\nNarra Venkateswara Rao as Narayana\nLakshmipathi\nSatya Prakash as Army Officer\nSurya as Nazir\nMohan Raj as Minister\nShob Raj\nDelhi Rajeswari\nKarate Kalyani as Juice Maker\nBanda Jyothy as Colony Member\nShoba Rani\nOoma Chowdary as Indira's mother\nMaster Tanush as Nazir's son\nBaby Kavya Kalyanram as Ammulu, Vijayendra Varma's daughter","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Koti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koti_(composer)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Suddala Ashok Teja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suddala_Ashok_Teja"},{"link_name":"Tippu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tippu_(singer)"},{"link_name":"K. S. Chithra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._S._Chithra"},{"link_name":"Sirivennela Sitarama Sastry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirivennela_Sitaramasastri"},{"link_name":"Udit Narayan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udit_Narayan"},{"link_name":"Shreya Ghoshal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shreya_Ghoshal"},{"link_name":"Veturi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veturi"},{"link_name":"Kousalya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kousalya_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Chandrabose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrabose_(lyricist)"},{"link_name":"Shankar Mahadevan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shankar_Mahadevan"},{"link_name":"S. P. Balasubrahmanyam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._P._Balasubrahmanyam"}],"text":"Music composed by Koti.[7]No.TitleLyricsSinger(s)Length1.\"Siggu Paparo\"Suddala Ashok TejaTippu, K. S. Chithra4:432.\"Oh Manmadha\"Sirivennela Sitarama SastryUdit Narayan, Shreya Ghoshal5:063.\"Maisamma Maisamma\"VeturiK. S. Chithra, Udit Narayan4:464.\"Guntadu Guntadu\"Suddala Ashok TejaTippu, Kousalya4:205.\"Mandapetalo\"ChandraboseShankar Mahadevan, K. S. Chithra4:386.\"Ningi Kadupunu\"Suddala Ashok TejaS. P. Balasubrahmanyam4:23Total length:28:12","title":"Soundtrack"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Telugu Cinema Etc - Idlebrain.com\". www.idlebrain.com. Archived from the original on 6 May 2023. Retrieved 6 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/muhurat-adityaprod.html","url_text":"\"Telugu Cinema Etc - Idlebrain.com\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230506042546/https://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/muhurat-adityaprod.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Telugu Cinema Press meet - Vijayendra Varma\". Archived from the original on 22 December 2021. Retrieved 22 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/pressmeet-vijayendravarma.html","url_text":"\"Telugu Cinema Press meet - Vijayendra Varma\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211222165926/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/pressmeet-vijayendravarma.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Vijayendra Varma - Telugu cinema Review - Bala Krishna, Ankita, Laya, Sangeeta\". Archived from the original on 22 December 2021. Retrieved 22 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-vijayendravarma.html","url_text":"\"Vijayendra Varma - Telugu cinema Review - Bala Krishna, Ankita, Laya, Sangeeta\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211222165926/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-vijayendravarma.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Vijayendra Varma\". Sify. Archived from the original on 11 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170511210954/http://www.sify.com/movies/vijayendra-varma-review-telugu-pclv4Xbeiicha.html","url_text":"\"Vijayendra Varma\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sify","url_text":"Sify"},{"url":"https://www.sify.com/movies/vijayendra-varma-review-telugu-pclv4Xbeiicha.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Vijayendra Varma Review\". Archived from the original on 22 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/vijayendra-varma/telugu/vijayendra-varma-movie-reviews-2080-2.html","url_text":"\"Vijayendra Varma Review\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211222165927/https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/vijayendra-varma/telugu/vijayendra-varma-movie-reviews-2080-2.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"An year of inspirations - Telugu cinema in 2004\". Archived from the original on 2 February 2022. Retrieved 2 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/2004retrospect-inspirations.html","url_text":"\"An year of inspirations - Telugu cinema in 2004\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220202143404/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/2004retrospect-inspirations.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Telugu Cinema - Audio release - Vijayendra Varma - Bala Krishna, Ankita - Koti\". Archived from the original on 22 December 2021. Retrieved 22 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/audio-vijayendravarma.html","url_text":"\"Telugu Cinema - Audio release - Vijayendra Varma - Bala Krishna, Ankita - Koti\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211222165928/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/audio-vijayendravarma.html","url_text":"Archived"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/muhurat-adityaprod.html","external_links_name":"\"Telugu Cinema Etc - Idlebrain.com\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230506042546/https://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/muhurat-adityaprod.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/pressmeet-vijayendravarma.html","external_links_name":"\"Telugu Cinema Press meet - Vijayendra Varma\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211222165926/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/pressmeet-vijayendravarma.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-vijayendravarma.html","external_links_name":"\"Vijayendra Varma - Telugu cinema Review - Bala Krishna, Ankita, Laya, Sangeeta\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211222165926/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-vijayendravarma.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170511210954/http://www.sify.com/movies/vijayendra-varma-review-telugu-pclv4Xbeiicha.html","external_links_name":"\"Vijayendra Varma\""},{"Link":"https://www.sify.com/movies/vijayendra-varma-review-telugu-pclv4Xbeiicha.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/vijayendra-varma/telugu/vijayendra-varma-movie-reviews-2080-2.html","external_links_name":"\"Vijayendra Varma Review\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211222165927/https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/vijayendra-varma/telugu/vijayendra-varma-movie-reviews-2080-2.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/2004retrospect-inspirations.html","external_links_name":"\"An year of inspirations - Telugu cinema in 2004\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220202143404/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/2004retrospect-inspirations.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/audio-vijayendravarma.html","external_links_name":"\"Telugu Cinema - Audio release - Vijayendra Varma - Bala Krishna, Ankita - Koti\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211222165928/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/audio-vijayendravarma.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1579903/","external_links_name":"Vijayendra Varma"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regina_Dal_Cin	Regina Dal Cin	["1 Biography","2 References"]	Italian osteopath (1819–1897) Regina Dal Cin Regina Dal Cin (4 April 1819 – 15 August 1897) was an Italian osteopath, who practiced the recomposition of femoral dislocations. She is considered to be an expert in the reconstruction of the congenital and antiquated dislocations of the femur. Biography Born as Regina Marchesini on 4 April 1819 in San Vendemiano, in the province of Treviso, northern Italy, Regina Dal Cin was the daughter of Lorenzo Marchesini and his wife Adriana Zandonella, a skilled "bone-dresser". Regina never went to school and devoted much of her time to improving her bone-setting techniques, learned from her mother. At the age of 9, she started her career as a bone-setter by replacing her mother, who had broken her leg in a buggy accident. At the invitation, she visited Venice, Vienna and Turin where she reconstructed the dislocated femurs, and treated even more serious cases at the local civic hospitals. Some of her bone-setting practices were witnessed by the illustrious surgeons at the time. She faced four trials on the ground of not having the legal authorization to practice bone-setting, but she emerged victorious. At the age of 18, she married Lorenzo Dal Cin. She was widowed early with a daughter. A Street in front of Palazzo Regina Dal Cin and a primary school were named after her by the municipality of Cappella Maggiore. She died on 15 August 1897 in Cappella Maggiore. References ^ Graham, Douglas (1902). Manual therapeutics. J.B. Lippincott: J.B. Lippincott. p. 378. Retrieved 21 February 2023. ^ Wilson, Francis J. H. (2007). Chiropractic in Europe: An Illustrated History. Leicester, England: Matador. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-905-88686-9. Retrieved 21 February 2023. ^ a b c d e "REGINA DAL CIN". prolococappellamaggiore.it. pro loco cappella maggiore. Retrieved 21 February 2023. ^ Peltier, Leonard F. (1990). Fractures: A History and Iconography of Their Treatment. Novato: Norman Publishing. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-930-40516-8. Retrieved 21 February 2023. ^ Bennett, George Matthews (2022). The Art of the Bone-Setter: A Testimony and a Vindication. London: DigiCat. p. N.A. Retrieved 21 February 2023.	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Regina_Del_Cin.jpg"},{"link_name":"osteopath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteopathy"},{"link_name":"femoral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femur"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"congenital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congenital"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-3"}],"text":"Regina Dal CinRegina Dal Cin (4 April 1819 – 15 August 1897) was an Italian osteopath, who practiced the recomposition of femoral dislocations.[1][2] She is considered to be an expert in the reconstruction of the congenital and antiquated dislocations of the femur.[3]","title":"Regina Dal Cin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"San Vendemiano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Vendemiano"},{"link_name":"province of Treviso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Treviso"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-3"},{"link_name":"bone-setter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_bone-setting"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"Turin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turin"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-3"},{"link_name":"Cappella Maggiore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cappella_Maggiore"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-3"}],"text":"Born as Regina Marchesini on 4 April 1819 in San Vendemiano, in the province of Treviso, northern Italy, Regina Dal Cin was the daughter of Lorenzo Marchesini and his wife Adriana Zandonella, a skilled \"bone-dresser\". Regina never went to school and devoted much of her time to improving her bone-setting techniques, learned from her mother.[3]At the age of 9, she started her career as a bone-setter by replacing her mother, who had broken her leg in a buggy accident.[4]At the invitation, she visited Venice, Vienna and Turin where she reconstructed the dislocated femurs, and treated even more serious cases at the local civic hospitals. Some of her bone-setting practices were witnessed by the illustrious surgeons at the time.[5]She faced four trials on the ground of not having the legal authorization to practice bone-setting, but she emerged victorious.[3]At the age of 18, she married Lorenzo Dal Cin. She was widowed early with a daughter.[3]A Street in front of Palazzo Regina Dal Cin and a primary school were named after her by the municipality of Cappella Maggiore.[3]She died on 15 August 1897 in Cappella Maggiore.","title":"Biography"}]	[{"image_text":"Regina Dal Cin","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Regina_Del_Cin.jpg/220px-Regina_Del_Cin.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Graham, Douglas (1902). Manual therapeutics. J.B. Lippincott: J.B. Lippincott. p. 378. Retrieved 21 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=J80hy6mjgIYC","url_text":"Manual therapeutics"}]},{"reference":"Wilson, Francis J. H. (2007). Chiropractic in Europe: An Illustrated History. Leicester, England: Matador. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-905-88686-9. Retrieved 21 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mikfAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"Chiropractic in Europe: An Illustrated History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-905-88686-9","url_text":"978-1-905-88686-9"}]},{"reference":"\"REGINA DAL CIN\". prolococappellamaggiore.it. pro loco cappella maggiore. Retrieved 21 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.prolococappellamaggiore.it/storia/regina-dal-cin/","url_text":"\"REGINA DAL CIN\""}]},{"reference":"Peltier, Leonard F. (1990). Fractures: A History and Iconography of Their Treatment. Novato: Norman Publishing. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-930-40516-8. Retrieved 21 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kdBfBd5BdEwC","url_text":"Fractures: A History and Iconography of Their Treatment"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-930-40516-8","url_text":"978-0-930-40516-8"}]},{"reference":"Bennett, George Matthews (2022). The Art of the Bone-Setter: A Testimony and a Vindication. London: DigiCat. p. N.A. Retrieved 21 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=znR9EAAAQBAJ","url_text":"The Art of the Bone-Setter: A Testimony and a Vindication"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=J80hy6mjgIYC","external_links_name":"Manual therapeutics"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mikfAQAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"Chiropractic in Europe: An Illustrated History"},{"Link":"https://www.prolococappellamaggiore.it/storia/regina-dal-cin/","external_links_name":"\"REGINA DAL CIN\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kdBfBd5BdEwC","external_links_name":"Fractures: A History and Iconography of Their Treatment"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=znR9EAAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"The Art of the Bone-Setter: A Testimony and a Vindication"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maecilia_gens	Maecilia gens	["1 Members","2 See also","3 References","4 Bibliography"]	Ancient Roman family Solidus of Marcus Maecilius Avitus, emperor from AD 455 to 456. The gens Maecilia or Mecilia was a minor plebeian family at ancient Rome. Although of great antiquity, few members of this gens are mentioned in republican times, including two tribunes of the plebs in the first century of the Republic. The Maecilii appear again, somewhat sporadically, in imperial times, even obtaining the consulship during the early fourth century. One of the last emperors of the Western Empire was Marcus Maecilius Avitus. Members Lucius Maecilius, tribune of the plebs in 470 BC. Spurius Maecilius, tribune of the plebs at least four times, the fourth occasion in 416 BC. Titus Maecilius Croto, legate in 215 BC, he brought the survivors of the battle of Cannae to Sicily. Marcus Maecillius Tullus, triumvir monetalis in 7 BC. Lucius Maecilius Scrupus, among the Veientes present at the appointment of a magistrate named Gaius Julius Gelos in AD 26, recorded on an inscription at Veii. Marcus Maecilius Rufus, governor of Achaea some time before AD 67. Maecilius Fuscus, governor of Britannia Inferior around AD 240. He helped rebuild and expand a fort at what is now Durham. Mecilius Hilarianus, consul in AD 332, and praefectus urbi from AD 338 to 339. Marcus Maecilius Eparchius Avitus, emperor from AD 455 to 456. Maecilius Hi(larianus?), a senator named on a seat in the Colosseum around the time of Odoacer, possibly descended from the consul Hilarianus. See also List of Roman gentes References ^ Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. II, p. 895 ("Maecilia Gens"). ^ Livy, ii. 58. ^ Broughton, vol. I, p. 31, who spells him Mecilius. ^ Livy, iv. 48. ^ Broughton, vol. I, p. 74. ^ Broughton, vol. I, p. 256. ^ Eckhel, vol. v, p. 240. ^ Roman Imperial Coinage, vol. 1, p. 75. ^ CIL XI, 3805 ^ Braund, p. 239. ^ PIR2 M 44. ^ Birley, p. 358. ^ CIL VI, 37116, CIL VIII, 1179, CIL VIII, 12524 ^ Sidonius Apollinaris, "Panegyric on Avitus". ^ Gregory of Tours, ii. 11. ^ Hydatius, Chronicon. ^ Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. I, p. 435 ("Marcus Maecilius Avitus"). ^ CIL VI, 32110 Bibliography Titus Livius (Livy), Ab Urbe Condita (History of Rome). Gaius Sollius Apollinaris Sidonius, Panegyrici. Hydatius, Chronicon (The Chronicle). Georgius Florentius Gregorius (Gregory of Tours), Historiarum (Histories). Joseph Hilarius Eckhel, Doctrina Numorum Veterum (The Study of Ancient Coins, 1792–1798). Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, William Smith, ed., Little, Brown and Company, Boston (1849). Theodor Mommsen et alii, Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum (The Body of Latin Inscriptions, abbreviated CIL), Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften (1853–present). Edmund Groag, Arthur Stein, Leiva Petersen, and Klaus Wachtel, Prosopographia Imperii Romani (The Prosopography of the Roman Empire, Second Edition, abbreviated PIR2), Berlin (1933–2015). T. Robert S. Broughton, The Magistrates of the Roman Republic, American Philological Association (1952). David Braund, Augustus to Nero: a Sourcebook on Roman history, 31 BC–AD 68, Routledge, Oxford (1985). Anthony R. Birley, The Roman Government of Britain, Oxford University Press (2005).	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Solidus_Avitus_Arles.jpg"},{"link_name":"Solidus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidus_(coin)"},{"link_name":"Marcus Maecilius Avitus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avitus"},{"link_name":"plebeian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plebeian"},{"link_name":"ancient Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome"},{"link_name":"gens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gens"},{"link_name":"republican times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Republic"},{"link_name":"tribunes of the plebs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribune_of_the_plebs"},{"link_name":"imperial times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"consulship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_consul"},{"link_name":"Western Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Marcus Maecilius Avitus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avitus"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Solidus of Marcus Maecilius Avitus, emperor from AD 455 to 456.The gens Maecilia or Mecilia was a minor plebeian family at ancient Rome. Although of great antiquity, few members of this gens are mentioned in republican times, including two tribunes of the plebs in the first century of the Republic. The Maecilii appear again, somewhat sporadically, in imperial times, even obtaining the consulship during the early fourth century. One of the last emperors of the Western Empire was Marcus Maecilius Avitus.[1]","title":"Maecilia gens"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"legate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legatus"},{"link_name":"battle of Cannae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cannae"},{"link_name":"Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilia_(Roman_province)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"triumvir monetalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triumvir_monetalis"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Veientes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veii"},{"link_name":"Veii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veii"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Achaea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaea_(Roman_province)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Maecilius Fuscus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maecilius_Fuscus"},{"link_name":"Britannia Inferior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britannia_Inferior"},{"link_name":"Durham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durham,_England"},{"link_name":"Mecilius Hilarianus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecilius_Hilarianus"},{"link_name":"consul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_consul"},{"link_name":"praefectus urbi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praefectus_urbi"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Marcus Maecilius Eparchius Avitus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avitus"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Colosseum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colosseum"},{"link_name":"Odoacer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odoacer"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Lucius Maecilius, tribune of the plebs in 470 BC.[2][3]\nSpurius Maecilius, tribune of the plebs at least four times, the fourth occasion in 416 BC.[4][5]\nTitus Maecilius Croto, legate in 215 BC, he brought the survivors of the battle of Cannae to Sicily.[6]\nMarcus Maecillius Tullus, triumvir monetalis in 7 BC.[7][8]\nLucius Maecilius Scrupus, among the Veientes present at the appointment of a magistrate named Gaius Julius Gelos in AD 26, recorded on an inscription at Veii.[9][10]\nMarcus Maecilius Rufus, governor of Achaea some time before AD 67.[11][12]\nMaecilius Fuscus, governor of Britannia Inferior around AD 240. He helped rebuild and expand a fort at what is now Durham.\nMecilius Hilarianus, consul in AD 332, and praefectus urbi from AD 338 to 339.[13]\nMarcus Maecilius Eparchius Avitus, emperor from AD 455 to 456.[14][15][16][17]\nMaecilius Hi(larianus?), a senator named on a seat in the Colosseum around the time of Odoacer, possibly descended from the consul Hilarianus.[18]","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Livy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livy"},{"link_name":"Ab Urbe Condita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ab_Urbe_Condita_Libri"},{"link_name":"Gaius Sollius Apollinaris Sidonius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidonius_Apollinaris"},{"link_name":"Hydatius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydatius"},{"link_name":"Gregory of Tours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_of_Tours"},{"link_name":"Joseph Hilarius Eckhel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Hilarius_Eckhel"},{"link_name":"Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_Greek_and_Roman_Biography_and_Mythology"},{"link_name":"William Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Smith_(lexicographer)"},{"link_name":"Theodor Mommsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Mommsen"},{"link_name":"Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_Inscriptionum_Latinarum"},{"link_name":"Edmund Groag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Groag"},{"link_name":"Arthur Stein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Stein_(historian)"},{"link_name":"Leiva Petersen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiva_Petersen"},{"link_name":"T. Robert S. Broughton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Robert_Shannon_Broughton"}],"text":"Titus Livius (Livy), Ab Urbe Condita (History of Rome).\nGaius Sollius Apollinaris Sidonius, Panegyrici.\nHydatius, Chronicon (The Chronicle).\nGeorgius Florentius Gregorius (Gregory of Tours), Historiarum (Histories).\nJoseph Hilarius Eckhel, Doctrina Numorum Veterum (The Study of Ancient Coins, 1792–1798).\nDictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, William Smith, ed., Little, Brown and Company, Boston (1849).\nTheodor Mommsen et alii, Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum (The Body of Latin Inscriptions, abbreviated CIL), Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften (1853–present).\nEdmund Groag, Arthur Stein, Leiva Petersen, and Klaus Wachtel, Prosopographia Imperii Romani (The Prosopography of the Roman Empire, Second Edition, abbreviated PIR2), Berlin (1933–2015).\nT. Robert S. Broughton, The Magistrates of the Roman Republic, American Philological Association (1952).\nDavid Braund, Augustus to Nero: a Sourcebook on Roman history, 31 BC–AD 68, Routledge, Oxford (1985).\nAnthony R. Birley, The Roman Government of Britain, Oxford University Press (2005).","title":"Bibliography"}]	[{"image_text":"Solidus of Marcus Maecilius Avitus, emperor from AD 455 to 456.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Solidus_Avitus_Arles.jpg/220px-Solidus_Avitus_Arles.jpg"}]	[{"title":"List of Roman gentes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Roman_gentes"}]	[]	[{"Link":"http://db.edcs.eu/epigr/epi_einzel_en.php?p_belegstelle=CIL+11%2C+03805&r_sortierung=Belegstelle","external_links_name":"XI, 3805"},{"Link":"http://db.edcs.eu/epigr/epi_einzel_en.php?p_belegstelle=CIL+06%2C+37116&r_sortierung=Belegstelle","external_links_name":"VI, 37116"},{"Link":"http://db.edcs.eu/epigr/epi_einzel_en.php?p_belegstelle=CIL+08%2C+01179&r_sortierung=Belegstelle","external_links_name":"VIII, 1179"},{"Link":"http://db.edcs.eu/epigr/epi_einzel_en.php?p_belegstelle=CIL+08%2C+12524&r_sortierung=Belegstelle","external_links_name":"VIII, 12524"},{"Link":"http://db.edcs.eu/epigr/epi_einzel_en.php?p_belegstelle=CIL+06%2C+32110&r_sortierung=Belegstelle","external_links_name":"VI, 32110"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._J._Symons	B. J. Symons	["1 Early life","2 College career","2.1 2003 season","2.1.1 2003 Houston Bowl","2.2 Accolades","2.3 NCAA records","3 Professional career","4 Personal life","5 See also","6 Footnotes","7 References","8 External links"]	American football player (born 1980) American football player B.J. SymonsSymons throws at the 2003 Houston BowlNo. 2Position:QuarterbackPersonal informationBorn: (1980-11-19) November 19, 1980 (age 43)Houston, Texas, U.S.Height:6 ft 1 in (1.85 m)Weight:211 lb (96 kg)Career informationHigh school:Cypress Creek(Houston, Texas)College:Texas TechNFL draft:2004 / Round: 7 / Pick: 248Career history Houston Texans (2004) Frankfurt Galaxy (2005) Chicago Bears (2006) Berlin Thunder (2006) Tampa Bay Storm (2007–2008) Career highlights and awards Sammy Baugh Trophy (2003) Second-team All-Big 12 (2003) Brian Jeffrey Symons (born November 19, 1980) is a former American football quarterback. Symons played professionally for the Houston Texans and the Chicago Bears of the National Football League (NFL), the Frankfurt Galaxy and Berlin Thunder in NFL Europe, and the Tampa Bay Storm of the Arena Football League (AFL). He was originally selected by the Texans in the seventh round of the 2004 NFL Draft (248th overall). He played college football for Texas Tech where he was a record setting passer. Symons never played in a regular season NFL game. Early life Born and raised in Houston, Texas, Symons was a standout quarterback at Cypress Creek High School. Symons completed 126 passes in 228 attempts for 1,597 and 11 touchdowns during senior season and rushed for 411 yards and seven touchdowns and was named first-team all-District 16-5A as a junior and senior. Symons completed 259 passes in 478 attempts for 3,704 yards and 27 touchdowns in two years as a starter during high school career. He was a member of SuperPrep Magazine's southwest top 100 and was listed as one of the top 100 players in the state by the Lubbock Avalanche-Journal, The Dallas Morning News, Fort Worth Star-Telegram, and Houston Chronicle. He was also a three-year starting pitcher in baseball for CCHS. Symons was offered scholarships by the Texas Tech Red Raiders and Oklahoma Sooners. Symons chose Texas Tech over Oklahoma, then coached by Spike Dykes. Symons was recruited by Mike Leach while he was the Sooners' offensive coordinator. Leach would later become his head coach in 2000 when he was hired as the head coach of the Red Raiders. College career Symons played for the Red Raiders from 1999 to 2003. Symons was the second-string quarterback for part of his redshirt freshman season in 1999, and backed up Kliff Kingsbury from 2000 to 2002. From 2000 to 2002 Symons saw action in 17 games completing 56 passes out of 80 attempts for a 70% completion rate and 7 touchdown passes in back-up duty. 2003 season Symons started for one season as quarterback for the Texas Tech Red Raiders. During his only season as a starter (his senior year), Texas Tech finished the season 8–5, and Symons broke the FBS record for single-season passing yards at 5,833 yards (since surpassed by Bailey Zappe of Western Kentucky in 2021). Symons set the NCAA 12-Game Passing Record with 5,336 yards in 2003. He broke Ty Detmer’s record of 5,188, set in 1990 at BYU. Symons also established a new NCAA 12-Game Total Offense Record with 5,476 yards this season. At the time of his graduation Symons held the Big 12 and Tech record with 48 touchdown passes in one season. Symons broke Kliff Kingsbury’s school and Big 12 single-season record of 45 touchdown passes. During the season, B. J. Symons tore his ACL while celebrating a touchdown pass against Iowa State. Although his statistics suffered slightly, he was still able to complete the most prolific season of passing in NCAA history. After finishing his career by extending his single-season passing record to 5,833 yards, he told reporters he will undergo reconstructive surgery on his anterior cruciate ligament. Symons ended his senior year with 52 TD passes, second only to the 54 thrown by Houston's David Klingler in 1990. His favorite target, Wes Welker, tied an NCAA record by catching a pass in his 47th consecutive game. During the season, he had a stretch where he threw for 4,036 yards in just 9 games including 586 yards against North Carolina State University, 661 yards against the University of Mississippi, and 505 yards against Texas A&M University. Symons passes at the 2003 Houston Bowl 2003 Houston Bowl Tech was selected to play in the EV1.net Houston Bowl against the Navy Midshipmen at Reliant Stadium in Houston, Texas, giving Symons the opportunity to play his final collegiate game in his hometown. Symons threw touchdown passes to Nehimiah Glover, Jarrett Hicks, and 2 touchdown passes to Mickey Peters en route to a 38–14 win over Navy. Symons was selected as offensive MVP for the game, capping off his season with 5,833 passing yards and 52 touchdown passes. Accolades 2003 Houston Bowl Most Valuable Player Big 12 Conference Coaches' Second-team The Dallas Morning News All-Big 12 Second-team Sammy Baugh Trophy recipient (nation's top collegiate quarterback) Associated Press All-Big 12 Second-team Chevrolet National Offensive Player of the Year Fort Worth Star-Telegram All-Big 12 Second-team Big 12 Conference Academic Second-team San Antonio Express-News All-Big 12 Second-team CollegeFootballNews.com All-America Honorable Mention NCAA record for single-season passing yards (5,833 yards) 10th in 2003 Heisman Trophy voting NCAA records When his college career ended, Symons was the holder of 11 individual NCAA FBS records. NCAA Record Statistic Season Passing Yards (Total) / Season Passing Yards (13 Games) 5,976 – 5,833 passing, 143 rushing (2003) Season Passing Yards (12 Games) 5,336 (2003) Most yards gained passing, season 5,833 (2003) Most passes attempted, season 719 (2003) Most yards gained passing in 4 consecutive games 2,239 (Sep 20 – Oct 11, 2003) Most yards gained, Total Offense, season 5,976 (2003) Most yards gained, Total Offense, 3 games 1,799 (2003) Most yards gained, Total Offense, 4 games 2,328 (2003) Most games gaining 400 yards or more, Total Offense, season 11 (2003) Most consecutive games gaining 400 yards or more, Total Offense, season 9 (2003) Most consecutive games gaining 400 yards or more, Total Offense, career 9 (2003) Most consecutive games gaining 400 yards or more, Total Offense, season Need More Space Here Now More More The NCAA record book also mentions Symons for the following items: Single-Game Yards Passing: 661 (Rank-4th) (vs Ole Miss) September 27, 2003 Single-Game Yards Passing: 586 (Rank-23rd) (vs North Carolina St.) September 20, 2003 Season Yards Per Game Passing: 448.7 (Rank-2nd) 2003 Season Touchdown Passes: 52 (Rank-3rd) 2003 Single-Game Yards Total Offense: 681 (Rank 5th) (vs Ole Miss) September 27, 2003 Single-Game Yards Total Offense: 618 (Rank 14th) (vs North Carolina St.) September 20, 2003 Season Yards Per Game Total Offense: 459.7 (Rank 2nd) 2003 Annual Total Offense Champion (2003) Professional career In the NFL Combine, Symons weighed 211 pounds, was 6 feet 3 inches, and ran a 5.20-second 40-yard dash. He was selected in the seventh round of the 2004 NFL Draft by the Houston Texans. After spending a season with the Texans, he signed with the Frankfurt Galaxy and was the backup to Akili Smith. He was then signed and later cut by the Chicago Bears in 2006. Symons then played with the Berlin Thunder for the rest of the season, until the NFL Europe folded. In 2007, he signed with the Tampa Bay Storm of the Arena Football League. He was released from his contract when the team went bankrupt in 2009. Personal life Symons graduated from Texas Tech University with a Bachelor of Business Administration degree in management from the Rawls College of Business. He retired from Football at the end of 2009. He currently resides in the Houston, TX area where he works in Investment banking, is married and has three children. See also List of NCAA major college football yearly total offense leaders Footnotes ^ Then known as Division I-A. References ^ "Zappe gets records, WKU rolls past App St 59-38 in Boca Bowl". ESPN.com. Associated Press. December 18, 2021. Retrieved December 18, 2021. ^ a b Babineck, Mark (December 30, 2003). "USA Today.com - Texas Tech soars past Navy in Houston Bowl". Retrieved November 26, 2007. ^ Texas Tech Red Raiders Official Athletic Site - Football ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "2015 Football Records Book - FBS" (PDF). Retrieved September 10, 2015. ^ "2004 NFL Draft Listing". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved May 6, 2023. ^ Brown, Tommy (February 25, 2005). "B.J. Symons to play in NFL Europe". oursportscentral.com. Retrieved August 23, 2016. ^ "B.J. Symons Profile - Texas Tech Red Raiders Official Athletic Site". Archived from the original on August 6, 2012. Retrieved September 3, 2013. External links Texas Tech profile Media related to B. J. Symons at Wikimedia Commons vteTexas Tech Red Raiders starting quarterbacks Dempsey Cannon (1936) Jack Kirkpatrick (1953–1954) Tom Wilson (1965) Joe Matulich (1967–1968) Charles Napper (1970) Joe Barnes (1971–1973) Tommy Duniven (1974–1976) Rodney Allison (1975–1977) Ron Reeves (1978–1981) Jim Hart (1982) Billy Joe Tolliver (1985–1988) Jamie Gill (1989) Robert Hall (1990–1993) Tony Darden (1994) Zebbie Lethridge (1994–1997) Rob Peters (1998–1999) Kliff Kingsbury (1999–2002) B. J. Symons (2003) Sonny Cumbie (2004) Cody Hodges (2005) Graham Harrell (2006–2008) Taylor Potts (2009–2010) Steven Sheffield (2009–2010) Seth Doege (2009–2012) Baker Mayfield (2013) Davis Webb (2013–2014) Patrick Mahomes (2014–2016) Nic Shimonek (2017) McLane Carter (2017–2018) Alan Bowman (2018–2020) Jett Duffey (2018–2019) Jackson Tyner (2019) Henry Colombi (2020–2021) Tyler Shough (2021–2023) Donovan Smith (2021–2022) Behren Morton (2022–present) Jake Strong (2023) vteNCAA major college football annual passing yards leaders 1937: Patterson 1938: O'Brien 1939: Eakin 1940: Supulski 1941: Schwenk 1942: Governali 1943: Hoernschemeyer 1944: Rickards 1945: Dekdebrun 1946: Layne 1947: Enke 1948: Heath 1949: O'Malley 1950: Heinrich 1951: Klosterman 1952: Bratkowski 1953: Garrett 1954: Larson 1955: Welsh 1956: Brodie 1957: Grosscup 1958: Duncan 1959: Norman 1960: Snead 1961: Miller 1962: Mira 1963: Trull 1964: Rhome 1965: Anderson 1966: M. Reed 1967: Olivas 1968: Cook 1969: Shaw 1970: Plunkett 1971: Huff 1972: Strock 1973: Freitas 1974: Bartkowski 1975: Penrose 1976: Nielsen 1977: Williams 1978: Ford 1979: Wilson 1980: McMahon 1981: King 1982: Dillon 1983: Young 1984: Bosco 1985: Bosco 1986: Perez 1987: Santos 1988: Mitchell 1989: Ware 1990: Detmer 1991: Detmer 1992: Klingler 1993: Vargas 1994: Walsh 1995: Maxwell 1996: Wallwork 1997: Leaf 1998: Rattay 1999: Rattay 2000: Weinke 2001: Da. Carr 2002: Kingsbury 2003: Symons 2004: Cumbie 2005: Brennan 2006: Brennan 2007: Harrell 2008: Harrell 2009: Keenum 2010: Moniz 2011: Keenum 2012: Florence 2013: De. Carr 2014: Doughty 2015: Doughty 2016: Mahomes 2017: Rudolph 2018: Haskins 2019: Burrow 2020: Jones 2021: Zappe 2022: A. Reed 2023: Penix Jr. vteHouston Texans 2004 NFL draft selections Dunta Robinson Jason Babin Glenn Earl Vontez Duff Jammal Lord Raheem Orr Sloan Thomas B. J. Symons	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football"},{"link_name":"quarterback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarterback"},{"link_name":"Houston Texans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Texans"},{"link_name":"Chicago Bears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Bears"},{"link_name":"National Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Frankfurt Galaxy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_Galaxy_(NFL_Europe)"},{"link_name":"Berlin Thunder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Thunder"},{"link_name":"NFL Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFL_Europe"},{"link_name":"Tampa Bay Storm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Storm"},{"link_name":"Arena Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arena_Football_League_(1987%E2%80%932008)"},{"link_name":"2004 NFL Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_NFL_Draft"},{"link_name":"college football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_football"},{"link_name":"Texas Tech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Tech_Red_Raiders_football"},{"link_name":"record setting passer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Tech_Red_Raiders_football_statistical_leaders"}],"text":"American football playerBrian Jeffrey Symons (born November 19, 1980) is a former American football quarterback. Symons played professionally for the Houston Texans and the Chicago Bears of the National Football League (NFL), the Frankfurt Galaxy and Berlin Thunder in NFL Europe, and the Tampa Bay Storm of the Arena Football League (AFL). He was originally selected by the Texans in the seventh round of the 2004 NFL Draft (248th overall). He played college football for Texas Tech where he was a record setting passer. Symons never played in a regular season NFL game.","title":"B. J. Symons"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Houston, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston"},{"link_name":"Cypress Creek High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypress_Creek_High_School_(Harris_County,_Texas)"},{"link_name":"Lubbock Avalanche-Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubbock_Avalanche-Journal"},{"link_name":"The Dallas Morning News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dallas_Morning_News"},{"link_name":"Fort Worth Star-Telegram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Worth_Star-Telegram"},{"link_name":"Houston Chronicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Chronicle"},{"link_name":"scholarships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletic_scholarship"},{"link_name":"Texas Tech Red Raiders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Tech_Red_Raiders_football"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma Sooners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_Sooners_football"},{"link_name":"Spike Dykes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spike_Dykes"},{"link_name":"Mike Leach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Leach_(American_football_coach)"}],"text":"Born and raised in Houston, Texas, Symons was a standout quarterback at Cypress Creek High School. Symons completed 126 passes in 228 attempts for 1,597 and 11 touchdowns during senior season and rushed for 411 yards and seven touchdowns and was named first-team all-District 16-5A as a junior and senior. Symons completed 259 passes in 478 attempts for 3,704 yards and 27 touchdowns in two years as a starter during high school career. He was a member of SuperPrep Magazine's southwest top 100 and was listed as one of the top 100 players in the state by the Lubbock Avalanche-Journal, The Dallas Morning News, Fort Worth Star-Telegram, and Houston Chronicle. He was also a three-year starting pitcher in baseball for CCHS. Symons was offered scholarships by the Texas Tech Red Raiders and Oklahoma Sooners. Symons chose Texas Tech over Oklahoma, then coached by Spike Dykes. Symons was recruited by Mike Leach while he was the Sooners' offensive coordinator. Leach would later become his head coach in 2000 when he was hired as the head coach of the Red Raiders.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"redshirt freshman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redshirt_freshman"},{"link_name":"Kliff Kingsbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kliff_Kingsbury"}],"text":"Symons played for the Red Raiders from 1999 to 2003. Symons was the second-string quarterback for part of his redshirt freshman season in 1999, and backed up Kliff Kingsbury from 2000 to 2002. From 2000 to 2002 Symons saw action in 17 games completing 56 passes out of 80 attempts for a 70% completion rate and 7 touchdown passes in back-up duty.","title":"College career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"started","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starting_lineup"},{"link_name":"Texas Tech Red Raiders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Tech_Red_Raiders_football"},{"link_name":"FBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_Football_Bowl_Subdivision"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Bailey Zappe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bailey_Zappe"},{"link_name":"Western Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Kentucky_Hilltoppers_football"},{"link_name":"2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Western_Kentucky_Hilltoppers_football_team"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zappe-2"},{"link_name":"Ty Detmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ty_Detmer"},{"link_name":"BYU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_BYU_Cougars_football_team"},{"link_name":"Big 12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_12_Conference"},{"link_name":"Kliff Kingsbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kliff_Kingsbury"},{"link_name":"ACL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anterior_cruciate_ligament"},{"link_name":"Iowa State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Iowa_State_Cyclones_football_team"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TexasTechHoustonBowl-3"},{"link_name":"Houston's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Cougars_football"},{"link_name":"David Klingler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Klingler"},{"link_name":"Wes Welker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wes_Welker"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TexasTechHoustonBowl-3"},{"link_name":"North Carolina State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina_State_University"},{"link_name":"University of Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"Texas A&M University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_Navy_031230-N-2653P-748_Texas_Tech_quarterback_B.J._Symons_passes_the_ball_as_Navy_linebacker_Bobby_McClarin_leaps_into_the_air_in_an_attempt_to_block_during_the_Naval_Academy%27s_game_with_Texas_Tech_in_the_EV1.Net_Houston_Bowl.jpg"},{"link_name":"2003 Houston Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Houston_Bowl"}],"sub_title":"2003 season","text":"Symons started for one season as quarterback for the Texas Tech Red Raiders. During his only season as a starter (his senior year), Texas Tech finished the season 8–5, and Symons broke the FBS[a] record for single-season passing yards at 5,833 yards (since surpassed by Bailey Zappe of Western Kentucky in 2021[1]). Symons set the NCAA 12-Game Passing Record with 5,336 yards in 2003. He broke Ty Detmer’s record of 5,188, set in 1990 at BYU. Symons also established a new NCAA 12-Game Total Offense Record with 5,476 yards this season. At the time of his graduation Symons held the Big 12 and Tech record with 48 touchdown passes in one season. Symons broke Kliff Kingsbury’s school and Big 12 single-season record of 45 touchdown passes. During the season, B. J. Symons tore his ACL while celebrating a touchdown pass against Iowa State. Although his statistics suffered slightly, he was still able to complete the most prolific season of passing in NCAA history. After finishing his career by extending his single-season passing record to 5,833 yards, he told reporters he will undergo reconstructive surgery on his anterior cruciate ligament.[2] Symons ended his senior year with 52 TD passes, second only to the 54 thrown by Houston's David Klingler in 1990. His favorite target, Wes Welker, tied an NCAA record by catching a pass in his 47th consecutive game.[2]During the season, he had a stretch where he threw for 4,036 yards in just 9 games including 586 yards against North Carolina State University, 661 yards against the University of Mississippi, and 505 yards against Texas A&M University.[3]Symons passes at the 2003 Houston Bowl","title":"College career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Houston Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Houston_Bowl"},{"link_name":"Navy Midshipmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy_Midshipmen_football"},{"link_name":"Reliant Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliant_Stadium"}],"sub_title":"2003 season - 2003 Houston Bowl","text":"Tech was selected to play in the EV1.net Houston Bowl against the Navy Midshipmen at Reliant Stadium in Houston, Texas, giving Symons the opportunity to play his final collegiate game in his hometown. Symons threw touchdown passes to Nehimiah Glover, Jarrett Hicks, and 2 touchdown passes to Mickey Peters en route to a 38–14 win over Navy. Symons was selected as offensive MVP for the game, capping off his season with 5,833 passing yards and 52 touchdown passes.","title":"College career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Houston Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Bowl"},{"link_name":"Big 12 Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_12_Conference"},{"link_name":"The Dallas Morning News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dallas_Morning_News"},{"link_name":"Sammy Baugh Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sammy_Baugh_Trophy"},{"link_name":"Associated Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press"},{"link_name":"Chevrolet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevrolet"},{"link_name":"Fort Worth Star-Telegram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Worth_Star-Telegram"},{"link_name":"San Antonio Express-News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Antonio_Express-News"},{"link_name":"Heisman Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heisman_Trophy"}],"sub_title":"Accolades","text":"2003 Houston Bowl Most Valuable Player\nBig 12 Conference Coaches' Second-team\nThe Dallas Morning News All-Big 12 Second-team\nSammy Baugh Trophy recipient (nation's top collegiate quarterback)\nAssociated Press All-Big 12 Second-team\nChevrolet National Offensive Player of the Year\nFort Worth Star-Telegram All-Big 12 Second-team\nBig 12 Conference Academic Second-team\nSan Antonio Express-News All-Big 12 Second-team\nCollegeFootballNews.com All-America Honorable Mention\nNCAA record for single-season passing yards (5,833 yards)\n10th in 2003 Heisman Trophy voting","title":"College career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NCAARecordBook-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NCAARecordBook-5"}],"sub_title":"NCAA records","text":"When his college career ended, Symons was the holder of 11 individual NCAA FBS records.The NCAA record book also mentions Symons for the following items:[4]Single-Game Yards Passing: 661 (Rank-4th) (vs Ole Miss) September 27, 2003\nSingle-Game Yards Passing: 586 (Rank-23rd) (vs North Carolina St.) September 20, 2003\nSeason Yards Per Game Passing: 448.7 (Rank-2nd) 2003\nSeason Touchdown Passes: 52 (Rank-3rd) 2003\nSingle-Game Yards Total Offense: 681 (Rank 5th) (vs Ole Miss) September 27, 2003\nSingle-Game Yards Total Offense: 618 (Rank 14th) (vs North Carolina St.) September 20, 2003\nSeason Yards Per Game Total Offense: 459.7 (Rank 2nd) 2003\nAnnual Total Offense Champion (2003)[4]","title":"College career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NFL Combine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFL_Combine"},{"link_name":"40-yard dash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/40-yard_dash"},{"link_name":"2004 NFL Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_NFL_Draft"},{"link_name":"Houston Texans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Texans"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Frankfurt Galaxy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_Galaxy_(NFL_Europe)"},{"link_name":"Akili Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akili_Smith"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Chicago Bears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Bears"},{"link_name":"Berlin Thunder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Thunder"},{"link_name":"Tampa Bay Storm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Storm"},{"link_name":"Arena Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arena_Football_League_(1987%E2%80%932008)"}],"text":"In the NFL Combine, Symons weighed 211 pounds, was 6 feet 3 inches, and ran a 5.20-second 40-yard dash. He was selected in the seventh round of the 2004 NFL Draft by the Houston Texans.[5] After spending a season with the Texans, he signed with the Frankfurt Galaxy and was the backup to Akili Smith.[6] He was then signed and later cut by the Chicago Bears in 2006. Symons then played with the Berlin Thunder for the rest of the season, until the NFL Europe folded. In 2007, he signed with the Tampa Bay Storm of the Arena Football League. He was released from his contract when the team went bankrupt in 2009.","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Texas Tech University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Tech_University"},{"link_name":"Bachelor of Business Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Business_Administration"},{"link_name":"Rawls College of Business","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawls_College_of_Business"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Investment banking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investment_banking"}],"text":"Symons graduated from Texas Tech University with a Bachelor of Business Administration degree in management from the Rawls College of Business.[7] He retired from Football at the end of 2009. He currently resides in the Houston, TX area where he works in Investment banking, is married and has three children.","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"}],"text":"^ Then known as Division I-A.","title":"Footnotes"}]	[{"image_text":"Symons passes at the 2003 Houston Bowl","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/US_Navy_031230-N-2653P-748_Texas_Tech_quarterback_B.J._Symons_passes_the_ball_as_Navy_linebacker_Bobby_McClarin_leaps_into_the_air_in_an_attempt_to_block_during_the_Naval_Academy%27s_game_with_Texas_Tech_in_the_EV1.Net_Houston_Bowl.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg"}]	[{"title":"List of NCAA major college football yearly total offense leaders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_NCAA_major_college_football_yearly_total_offense_leaders"}]	[{"reference":"\"Zappe gets records, WKU rolls past App St 59-38 in Boca Bowl\". ESPN.com. Associated Press. December 18, 2021. Retrieved December 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espn.com/college-football/recap?gameId=401331166","url_text":"\"Zappe gets records, WKU rolls past App St 59-38 in Boca Bowl\""}]},{"reference":"Babineck, Mark (December 30, 2003). \"USA Today.com - Texas Tech soars past Navy in Houston Bowl\". Retrieved November 26, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usatoday.com/sports/college/football/bowls/2003-12-31-houston-bowl_x.htm","url_text":"\"USA Today.com - Texas Tech soars past Navy in Houston Bowl\""}]},{"reference":"\"2015 Football Records Book - FBS\" (PDF). Retrieved September 10, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://fs.ncaa.org/Docs/stats/football_records/2015/fbs.pdf","url_text":"\"2015 Football Records Book - FBS\""}]},{"reference":"\"2004 NFL Draft Listing\". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved May 6, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/years/2004/draft.htm","url_text":"\"2004 NFL Draft Listing\""}]},{"reference":"Brown, Tommy (February 25, 2005). \"B.J. Symons to play in NFL Europe\". oursportscentral.com. Retrieved August 23, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/b-j-symons-to-play-in-nfl-europe/n-3129912","url_text":"\"B.J. Symons to play in NFL Europe\""}]},{"reference":"\"B.J. Symons Profile - Texas Tech Red Raiders Official Athletic Site\". Archived from the original on August 6, 2012. Retrieved September 3, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120806145442/http://www.texastech.com/sports/m-footbl/mtt/symons_b.j.00.html","url_text":"\"B.J. Symons Profile - Texas Tech Red Raiders Official Athletic Site\""},{"url":"http://www.texastech.com/sports/m-footbl/mtt/symons_b.j.00.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.espn.com/college-football/recap?gameId=401331166","external_links_name":"\"Zappe gets records, WKU rolls past App St 59-38 in Boca Bowl\""},{"Link":"https://www.usatoday.com/sports/college/football/bowls/2003-12-31-houston-bowl_x.htm","external_links_name":"\"USA Today.com - Texas Tech soars past Navy in Houston Bowl\""},{"Link":"http://www.texastech.com/sports/m-footbl/stats/2003-2004/indgbg.html#IGBG.PAS","external_links_name":"Texas Tech Red Raiders Official Athletic Site - Football"},{"Link":"http://fs.ncaa.org/Docs/stats/football_records/2015/fbs.pdf","external_links_name":"\"2015 Football Records Book - FBS\""},{"Link":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/years/2004/draft.htm","external_links_name":"\"2004 NFL Draft Listing\""},{"Link":"https://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/b-j-symons-to-play-in-nfl-europe/n-3129912","external_links_name":"\"B.J. Symons to play in NFL Europe\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120806145442/http://www.texastech.com/sports/m-footbl/mtt/symons_b.j.00.html","external_links_name":"\"B.J. Symons Profile - Texas Tech Red Raiders Official Athletic Site\""},{"Link":"http://www.texastech.com/sports/m-footbl/mtt/symons_b.j.00.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090425140213/http://texastech.cstv.com/sports/m-footbl/mtt/symons_b.j.00.html","external_links_name":"Texas Tech profile"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moffat_Library	Moffat Library	["1 Construction","2 Dedication","3 Library","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]	Coordinates: 41°25′40″N 74°10′03″W / 41.4278°N 74.1675°W / 41.4278; -74.1675Not to be confused with Moffitt Library. Moffat Library of WashingtonvilleLibrary after 2017 reopening41°25′40″N 74°10′03″W / 41.4278°N 74.1675°W / 41.4278; -74.1675Location6 West Main Street, Washingtonville, NY, USATypePublic libraryEstablished1887CollectionItems collectedBooks and optical mediaSize39,000Access and usePopulation served25,000Other informationWebsiteMoffat LibraryReferences: Moffat LibraryU.S. National Register of Historic Places Show map of New YorkShow map of the United StatesArealess than one acreArchitectGeorge Edward HarneyArchitectural styleQueen Anne styleNRHP reference No.94001000Added to NRHPAugust 19, 1994 The Moffat Library, officially Moffat Library of Washingtonville, serves a population of 25,000 people in the village of that name in Orange County, New York, as well as the surrounding towns of Blooming Grove, Hamptonburgh and New Windsor. It is located in the center of town, at the intersection of NY 208 and NY 94. It boasts one Louis Comfort Tiffany-designed stained glass window and one Belcher mosaic stained glass window, although they were not part of the library's original design. Construction It was named after David Moffat, a native of Washingtonville who later made a fortune in railroads, mining and finance in Colorado and settled in Denver. In 1885, nearing the age of 50, he decided he wanted to do something for his hometown, and so commissioned the library for the site of his boyhood home, the trading post his father Samuel had established at the crossroads in 1811. The library would be named for his mother Catherine as well as his father. He declared its purpose to be "the diffusion of useful knowledge". New York architect George Edward Harney designed a building in the then-popular Queen Anne style, to be built of brick made in nearby Goshen. The finished building included a Howard clock on the top, Greek columns and an auditorium with seating for 375. Dedication The formal dedication took place on April 25, 1887. However, there was a library, but no books. The Moffat Library Association was formed to establish a library and reading room, and the following year after it had acquired bookcases, some books were shelved. By 1899, when the stained glass windows were installed, the library's holdings consisted of 2,000 volumes, most donated by Moffat. Library In 1994, the library was added to the National Register of Historic Places as well as its state equivalent. The next year, the Moffat Library Association changed its status from private to public. Today, the library holds more than 29,000 items with a circulation of 170,000. The library was forced to close and relocate its collection in 2011. Flooding from Hurricane Irene and Tropical Storm Lee reached the level of 6 feet (2 m) in the basement, damaging parts of the building's electrical and heating systems. A local corporation donated space for the collection to be relocated to in the two months library officials said it would take to complete repairs. More than six years later, on September 16, 2017, the library reopened its doors for the first time since being flooded by Hurricane Irene. The building featured new additions, renovations and restorations of historical items such as its Tiffany glass windows and clock tower. See also National Register of Historic Places listings in Orange County, New York References ^ a b Sullivan, John (September 16, 2011). "Help sought as library forced to move". Times-Herald Record. Retrieved September 16, 2011. ^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010. ^ a b "General Information About Moffat Library". Moffat Library. Archived from the original on 2007-07-17. Retrieved 2007-07-03. ^ a b c d e f g h "Library History". Moffat Library. Archived from the original on 2007-07-17. Retrieved 2007-07-03. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Moffat Library. Official site Portals: Architecture Hudson Valley National Register of Historic Places vteU.S. National Register of Historic Places in New YorkTopics Contributing property Keeper of the Register Historic district History of the National Register of Historic Places National Park Service Property types Listsby county Albany Allegany Bronx Broome Cattaraugus Cayuga Chautauqua Chemung Chenango Clinton Columbia Cortland Delaware Dutchess Erie Essex Franklin Fulton Genesee Greene Hamilton Herkimer Jefferson Kings (Brooklyn) Lewis Livingston Madison Monroe Montgomery Nassau New York (Manhattan) Niagara Oneida Onondaga Ontario Orange Orleans Oswego Otsego Putnam Queens Rensselaer Richmond (Staten Island) Rockland Saratoga Schenectady Schoharie Schuyler Seneca St. Lawrence Steuben Suffolk Sullivan Tioga Tompkins Ulster Warren Washington Wayne Westchester Northern Southern Wyoming Yates Listsby city Albany Buffalo New Rochelle New York City Bronx Brooklyn Queens Staten Island Manhattan Below 14th St. 14th–59th St. 59th–110th St. Above 110th St. Minor islands Niagara Falls Peekskill Poughkeepsie Rhinebeck Rochester Syracuse Yonkers Other lists Bridges and tunnels National Historic Landmarks Category List National Register of Historic Places Portal Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Moffitt Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moffitt_Library"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-general_info-3"},{"link_name":"the village of that name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washingtonville,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Orange County, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Blooming Grove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blooming_Grove,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Hamptonburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamptonburgh,_New_York"},{"link_name":"New Windsor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Windsor,_New_York"},{"link_name":"NY 208","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_208"},{"link_name":"NY 94","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_94"},{"link_name":"Louis Comfort Tiffany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Comfort_Tiffany"},{"link_name":"stained glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stained_glass"},{"link_name":"Belcher mosaic stained glass window","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belcher_mosaic_windows"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-4"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Moffitt Library.The Moffat Library, officially Moffat Library of Washingtonville, serves a population of 25,000 people[3] in the village of that name in Orange County, New York, as well as the surrounding towns of Blooming Grove, Hamptonburgh and New Windsor. It is located in the center of town, at the intersection of NY 208 and NY 94. It boasts one Louis Comfort Tiffany-designed stained glass window and one Belcher mosaic stained glass window, although they were not part of the library's original design.[4]","title":"Moffat Library"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David Moffat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Moffat"},{"link_name":"Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado"},{"link_name":"Denver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver"},{"link_name":"trading post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trading_post"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-4"},{"link_name":"architect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture"},{"link_name":"George Edward Harney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Edward_Harney"},{"link_name":"Queen Anne style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Anne_style_architecture_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"brick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brick"},{"link_name":"Goshen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goshen_(village),_New_York"},{"link_name":"columns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Column"},{"link_name":"auditorium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auditorium"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-4"}],"text":"It was named after David Moffat, a native of Washingtonville who later made a fortune in railroads, mining and finance in Colorado and settled in Denver. In 1885, nearing the age of 50, he decided he wanted to do something for his hometown, and so commissioned the library for the site of his boyhood home, the trading post his father Samuel had established at the crossroads in 1811. The library would be named for his mother Catherine as well as his father.[4] He declared its purpose to be \"the diffusion of useful knowledge\".[4] New York architect George Edward Harney designed a building in the then-popular Queen Anne style, to be built of brick made in nearby Goshen. The finished building included a Howard clock on the top, Greek columns and an auditorium with seating for 375.[4]","title":"Construction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-4"},{"link_name":"bookcases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bookcase"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-4"}],"text":"The formal dedication took place on April 25, 1887.[4] However, there was a library, but no books. The Moffat Library Association was formed to establish a library and reading room, and the following year after it had acquired bookcases, some books were shelved.[4] By 1899, when the stained glass windows were installed, the library's holdings consisted of 2,000 volumes, most donated by Moffat.[4]","title":"Dedication"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-4"},{"link_name":"circulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_circulation"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-general_info-3"},{"link_name":"Hurricane Irene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irene_(2011)"},{"link_name":"Tropical Storm Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_Storm_Lee_(2011)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-THR_post-Irene_closing-1"},{"link_name":"Tiffany glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiffany_glass"}],"text":"In 1994, the library was added to the National Register of Historic Places as well as its state equivalent. The next year, the Moffat Library Association changed its status from private to public.[4] Today, the library holds more than 29,000 items with a circulation of 170,000.[3]The library was forced to close and relocate its collection in 2011. Flooding from Hurricane Irene and Tropical Storm Lee reached the level of 6 feet (2 m) in the basement, damaging parts of the building's electrical and heating systems. A local corporation donated space for the collection to be relocated to in the two months library officials said it would take to complete repairs.[1]More than six years later, on September 16, 2017, the library reopened its doors for the first time since being flooded by Hurricane Irene. The building featured new additions, renovations and restorations of historical items such as its Tiffany glass windows and clock tower.","title":"Library"}]	[]	[{"title":"National Register of Historic Places listings in Orange County, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Orange_County,_New_York"}]	[{"reference":"Sullivan, John (September 16, 2011). \"Help sought as library forced to move\". Times-Herald Record. Retrieved September 16, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.recordonline.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20110916/NEWS/109160391/-1/NEWS","url_text":"\"Help sought as library forced to move\""}]},{"reference":"\"National Register Information System\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","url_text":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"\"General Information About Moffat Library\". Moffat Library. Archived from the original on 2007-07-17. Retrieved 2007-07-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070717190333/http://www.moffatlibrary.org/libserv.shtml","url_text":"\"General Information About Moffat Library\""},{"url":"http://www.moffatlibrary.org/libserv.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Library History\". Moffat Library. Archived from the original on 2007-07-17. Retrieved 2007-07-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070717190348/http://www.moffatlibrary.org/libhist.shtml","url_text":"\"Library History\""},{"url":"http://www.moffatlibrary.org/libhist.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Moffat_Library&params=41.4278_N_74.1675_W_type:landmark_region:US","external_links_name":"41°25′40″N 74°10′03″W / 41.4278°N 74.1675°W / 41.4278; -74.1675"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Moffat_Library&params=41.4278_N_74.1675_W_type:landmark_region:US","external_links_name":"41°25′40″N 74°10′03″W / 41.4278°N 74.1675°W / 41.4278; -74.1675"},{"Link":"http://moffatlibrary.org/","external_links_name":"Moffat Library"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/94001000","external_links_name":"94001000"},{"Link":"http://www.recordonline.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20110916/NEWS/109160391/-1/NEWS","external_links_name":"\"Help sought as library forced to move\""},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","external_links_name":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070717190333/http://www.moffatlibrary.org/libserv.shtml","external_links_name":"\"General Information About Moffat Library\""},{"Link":"http://www.moffatlibrary.org/libserv.shtml","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070717190348/http://www.moffatlibrary.org/libhist.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Library History\""},{"Link":"http://www.moffatlibrary.org/libhist.shtml","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.moffatlibrary.org/","external_links_name":"Official site"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000086006411","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/124435325","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n88016016","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A244_road	A roads in Zone 2 of the Great Britain numbering scheme	["1 Single- and double-digit roads","2 Triple-digit roads","3 Four digit roads"]	Class of road in Great Britain's Zone 2 George Inn, Meopham, on the A227 Alexandra pub, Chatham, on the A230 The numbering zones for A-roads in Great Britain List of A roads in zone 2 in Great Britain starting south of the River Thames and east of the A3 (roads beginning with 2). Single- and double-digit roads Road From To Notes A2 The Borough, Central London Dover The section between Three Crutches (east of Gravesend) and Brenley Corner (near Faversham) has mostly been replaced by the M2 Motorway for long-distance traffic A20 New Cross, South East London Dover A21 Lewisham, South East London Hastings The section from Badgers Mount (south east of Croydon) to Chipstead (north west of Sevenoaks) has mostly been replaced by the M25 Motorway to complete the belt around London. A22 Purley Eastbourne A23 County Hall, Central London Brighton Formerly included part of Westminster Bridge Road (now part of A302). A24 Clapham Worthing A25 Wrotham Heath, Sevenoaks, Borough Green Guildford A26 Maidstone Newhaven A27 Pevensey Whiteparish A28 Margate Baldslow A29 Capel Bognor Regis Triple-digit roads Road From To Notes A200 London Bridge Greenwich A201 King's Cross, Central London Bricklayers Arms, Central London Part of the London Inner Ring Road A202 Victoria Station, Central London New Cross Gate, South East London Part of the London Inner Ring Road where it crosses the Thames at Vauxhall Bridge. A203 Vauxhall Brixton A204 Brixton Tulse Hill A205 Woolwich Chiswick London's South Circular Road. The section from Woolwich to Clapham is former A208, A212, A2212, B226, A2216 and B228. The western end was originally at Holland Park, this section (former B308, A3206, B310, B315 and B407) was renumbered to A3220 in the late 1950s and the A205 was rerouted to Chiswick along former A3, A305, B356, A307 and A315 to form a continuous North and South Circular Road. A206 Greenwich Greenhithe A207 Charlton Dartford The section of the A207 east of Welling Way is the former A2 before it was bypassed to the south. A208 Eltham Orpington A209 Plumstead Falconwood A210 Eltham Blendon A211 Eltham Ruxley A212 Catford Forestdale A213 Sydenham Broad Green A214 Wandsworth West Wickham A215 Elephant and Castle Shirley A216 Streatham Mitcham A217 Fulham Horley A218 Wandsworth South Wimbledon A219 Harlesden South Wimbledon A220 Erith Bexleyheath A221 Bexleyheath Albany Park A222 Croydon Old Bexley A223 Foots Cray Crayford A224 Foots Cray Sevenoaks Previously terminated at a junction with the then A21 at Badgers Mount, south of Orpington; extended to Sevenoaks along the route of the old A21 and A2028. A225 Dartford Sevenoaks A226 Crayford Rochester, Gravesend A227 Gravesend Shipbourne, Tonbridge A228 Tunbridge Wells Lower Stoke Maidstone A229 Rochester Hurst Green Originally followed what is now the B2097 in Chatham. Originally ended in Baldslow. Truncated to Sedlescombe when the A21 was rerouted, and rerouted to its current route in the 1990s; the old route is now the B2244. A230 Horsted Chatham A230 in Sussex is not listed so may have been superseded by the A275 A231 Chatham Chatham A232 Ewell Orpington A233 Bromley Common Westerham A234 Crystal Palace Beckenham A235 Purley Thornton Heath Pond In two sections north and south of Croydon town centre, the middle part having formed the main shopping street of Croydon (North End), which is now pedestrianised. A236 South Croydon Mitcham A237 Mitcham Common Coulsdon A238 Kingston upon Thames Colliers Wood The section between Lower Downs Road and Raynes Park Railway Station has a designated cycle lane A239 Morden Park Mitcham Common Originally assigned to the Kingston upon Thames bypass but when construction began, this became the A3 instead, while the old route of the A3 became the A3063 (A239 was not used as it was out of zone); the southern section is now part of the A309. The current road was assigned as an upgrade to the B273, B274 and B275. A240 Burgh Heath Kingston upon Thames A241 Unused Was a road between Epsom and Banstead; downgraded to an extension of the B284 by 1985. A242 Reigate Merstham A243 Leatherhead Surbiton A244 Leatherhead Hounslow A245 Leatherhead Horsell A246 Leatherhead Guildford A247 Woking Clandon Park A248 Shere Peasmarsh A249 Maidstone Sheerness A250 Sheerness Queenborough A251 Faversham Ashford A252 Charing Chilham A253 Sarre Ramsgate A254 Margate Ramsgate Inland route via Westwood A255 Margate Ramsgate via Broadstairs A256 Whitfield St Peter's A257 Canterbury Sandwich A258 Dover Sandwich A259 Folkestone Emsworth Runs along the southern coastline for over 40 miles. A260 Barham Folkestone A261 Lympne Hythe A262 Tenterden Lamberhurst A263 Unused Was a road between Pembury and Royal Tunbridge Wells (now A228 (from old A21), A264, and Calverley Road). A264 Tunbridge Wells Horsham A265 Hurst Green Heathfield Significant portion is now B2102 and B2192 from Heathfield to Ringmer. Until the 1990s, continued to what is now the B2244 (then part of the A229) in Hawkhurst via what is now part of the A229. A266 Unused Was a road between Frant and Hurst Green. Downgraded to the B2099 between 1968 and 1972. A267 Tunbridge Wells Lower Dicker A268 Flimwell Rye Previously allocated to a road in Cross In Hand from A265 (now B2102) to A267. This became a spur of the A267 when the current A268 was created, and is now a spur of the B2102. For a short time continued west to the then A266 in Ticehurst. Originally followed what is now the B2088 in Four Oaks. A269 Bexhill Ninfield A270 Southwick Coldean Lewes Road. Formerly part of the A27 before a bypass was constructed around Brighton in the early 1990s. Original alignment went from Sidley Green to Glyne Gap, and was renumbered the A2036 to discourage through traffic. A271 Hailsham Battle A272 Heathfield Chilcomb The road now takes a different route around Haywards Heath and not through the town as before (the old road is now the B2272). Original westerly end was at Stockbridge; this section became the B3049 when the road was rerouted along the middle section of the B3420. Originally followed what is now the B2102 to the then-A265 (now the B2192) in Blackboys; swapped routes when the A265 was downgraded west of the A267. A273 Haywards Heath Pyecombe Previously allocated to a road between Ringmer and Golden Cross (now the B2124). The road number was reused on the current route (an upgrade of part of the B2028 and B2036, though was later rerouted around Burgess Hill) around the same time. A274 Maidstone Biddenden Previously allocated to a road between Lewes and Pevensey (now part of the A27). A275 Forest Row Lewes Original southernmost end was at Newhaven; the road was truncated to Lewes when the A26 was extended to Newhaven; this is now the B2193 and unclassified Kingston Road, Piddinghoe Road, and Lewes Road. The road originally followed what is now the A2029 into Lewes. A276 Unused Originally proposed on Worthing to Newhaven; this became part of the A259 (and the B2109 from Newhaven to Eastbourne became the B259, but two years later became the A259) right before the numbering was finalized in 1922, and the number was instead used on the road from the A275 in to the A26 in Lewes that day. That road became part of the rerouted A275 after 1960, while the old route of the A275 became part of an extended A2029. A277 Lewes Lewes Town Road, connecting the A26 and the A27; formerly part of the A27. The original alignment went from Brighton to Portslade-by-Sea (became part of extended B2066 and B2194). A278 Rainham Bredhurst Previously allocated to a road between Felbridge and Horsham (now part of the A264). A279 Unused Ran from the A281 south of Lower Beeding to Handcross. A spur (former A280) to the A281 was added in 1935. The A279 used to end at the A23 (now B2114) at the southern end of Handcross, but when Handcross High Street was bypassed, the A279 was extended along the old A23 to the bypass. Downgraded to an extension of the B2110 between 1993 and 1996, while the spur became part of an extended B2115. A280 Findon Angmering Originally allocated to a road from A281 to A279 (now part of the B2110) in Lower Beeding; this became a spur of the A279 (now part of the B2115) in 1935 when the current A280 was created as an upgrade of part of the B2140. A281 Guildford Pyecombe Near Cranleigh the road used to head south on what is now the B2130, Stovolds Hill, a now-destroyed road, and Dunsfold Road to Alford, where it rejoined the modern route. The road was rerouted with the construction of Dunsfold Aerodrome during World War II. Previously followed Old Guildford Road in Broadbridge Heath, and West Street and East Street in Horsham. A282 Darenth Thurrock Part of the London Orbital (M25). Previously allocated to a road between Broadbridge Heath and Five Oaks (now part of the A264). A283 Milford Shoreham-by-Sea A284 Houghton Littlehampton A285 Petworth Chichester May have been previously used in Charing from the A20 to the A252, but it was likely a typo as the number was already in use. Now part of the A252. A286 Milford Birdham A287 Hook Haslemere A288 Southsea Portsmouth A289 Strood Gillingham A290 Canterbury Whitstable A291 Sturry Herne Bay A292 Ashford M20 at Willesborough, Kent Previously allocated to Magazine Road in Ashford as an upgrade of the B2072. Later became part of the A28 (either as a spur or mainline), but is now unclassified. May have been used in Charing between the A20 and the A252 along the possible former A285 (also a typo), but was likely a typo for the A252. A293 Portslade Bypass and A27 junction. Portslade A294 Unused Ran between Chichester and Bognor Regis as an upgrade of the B2143. Renumbered as an extension of the A259 as part of the 1935 renumbering. A295 Hailsham Amberstone, East Sussex Previously allocated to a road between Dartford and Oxleas Wood (now A2 and Rochester Avenue; the old route of the A2 was partially declassified and the rest became part of the A207). A296 Dartford Bean interchange, near Bluewater Former route of the A2. Originally allocated to Watling Street from the A226 to the A2 (now the current A296). Extended east over the old route of the A2 in 1972 and rerouted along the current route in 1978. A297 Morden Hall Park, Merton Rose Hill Previously continued into Sutton and Belmont to meet the A217. Downgraded to B2230. A298 New Malden East of Raynes Park A299 Brenley Corner, near Faversham Ramsgate Four digit roads Road From To Notes A2000 Crayford Slade Green A2001 Chislehurst Road, Sidcup High Street, Sidcup A2002 Ran from A25 northeast to A217 in Reigate; this became part of the A25/A217 one way system when the Reigate Tunnel section was pedestrianised. A2003 Dorking North Holmwood Previously allocated to Mongers Lane in Ewell. A2004 Crawley A23 at Crawley Previously allocated to Waterden Road from A246 to A322 in Guildford (now a spur of the A246). A2005 Ran from the A28 through the centre of Canterbury to the A28. Was originally planned to be assigned to the bypass, while the A28 was planned to go though the centre, but this was flipped when it was found that the bypass was more widely used. A2006 Ran from A253 (now High Street) to A255 (now King Street) in Ramsgate. Now part of the A255 due to pedestrianization in the center of Ramsgate. A2007 Ran from the then-A2 to the then-A259 in Dover via Priory Road. Renumbered A256 when Biggin Street was pedestrianized, but may have been a spur far earlier. A2008 Ran along Scanlons Bridge Road in Hythe, linking the A259 to the A261. Now part of the A259 one-way system, but it remains two-way to allow traffic to head west without going around the loop. A2009 Ran from A262 to A28 in High Halden, forming the third side of a triangle between the A262 and the A28. Became part of a rerouted A262, although the A2009 may have been a spur of the A262 before this. A2010 Seven Dials, Brighton West Street, Brighton A2011 M23 J10 A23 at Crawley The original one ran from the A3 south to Clarence Pier in Portsmouth (became part of the A288), and after this, ran from Ditton to Bearsted via Aylesford (now Station Road, Forstal Road, Sandling Lane, and Bearsted Road). A2012 Reserved Reserved in April 2004 for the Thames Gateway Crossing. First used from A223 (now declassified High Street) to A224 in Orpington (now part of the A232) and then Leatherhead to Fetcham (now B2122). It also may have been used near Hook connecting the A30 to the A32 as a replacement of a section of the A287, but this was probably a typo for the A3062. It became the A287 again in 1935. A2013 The original one ran along London Road, High Street, and White Post Hill through Farmingham along an old routing of the A20, and after this, ran from A284 to A259 (now B2187) in Littlehampton; this became part of the A259 in the 1980s when the bypass opened. A2014 A21 near Tonbridge A26 near Tonbridge Previously allocated to Bull Lane, High Street, and Old London Road in Wrotham until the M20 was constructed and the westernmost portion destroyed. A2015 Catford Beckenham A2016 Plumstead Erith Previously allocated to Fraser Road from A206 (now Pembroke Road) to A206 (now Walnut Tree Road) in Erith; this became part of the A206 while the road was reassigned to the old route of the A206 (now Pembroke Road, Jessett Close, West Street, and Walnot Tree Road). A2017 Strood Strood North Street; signed as a spur of the A228 A2018 Bexley Dartford A2019 Unused A2020 Ran along the old A20 through Maidstone; created in 1961 when the section of the M20 between what is now J5 and J8 opened as the A20(M), but was renumbered in 1977 to its original designation of A20 when the M20 was extended. There was an earlier A2020, but its location is unknown. A2021 Willingdon Eastbourne A2022 West Wickham Epsom Previously allocated to a road from Kingsfold to A29; this became a spur of the A29, and is now the unclassified Marches Road. A2023 Hove West Blatchington A2024 Ran from Crockerhill to Climping as an upgrade of the B2144. The road was split in two by Tangmere Airfield during WWII, and was never replaced. The western half later became the B2144 again, while the eastern section was rerouted to link up with the A27 near Crockerhill. What remained of the route was downgraded to Class II status as the B2233 in the 1970s. A2025 South Lancing North Lancing From junction with A259, north to junction with A27 at Lancing Manor Roundabout. A2026 Thames Road, Dartford Home Gardens, Dartford Previously allocated to Kingston Road and High Street in Ewell, with spurs on London Road and Cheam Road. A2027 Ran from A271 at Boreham Street to A269 (now B2204) west of Battle as an upgrade of the B2097. Downgraded in the 1980s to the B2204, but was upgraded again in the 1990s to the A271 (the B2204 moved to the former A269). A2028 Ran along former A21 from the A21 (now B2211) to Sevenoaks; the southbound side followed the former A21 and the northbound side followed the former B2211. Renumbered as an extension of the A224 after the M25 was built. There was an earlier A2028, but its location is unknown. A2029 A275 near Lewes A26 near Lewes Originally a short link in Lewes; later extended northwest replacing part of the A275. A2030 Bedhampton Southsea A2031 Offington Lane, Worthing Teville Road, Worthing A2032 West Worthing East Worthing A2033 A259 at Folkestone A260 at Folkestone A2034 M20 near Channel Tunnel Folkestone A2035 Ran from A2 via High Street (the old route of the A2) in Chatham to the A2; this became part of a then-new one-way system on the A2, except for one pedestrianized portion, but when the one-way system on the A2 was eliminated, the route was declassified except for the eastern end that is part of an A2 gyratory. Route may be classified as the C460. A2036 North of Bexhill East of Bexhill A2037 Henfield Upper Beeding A2038 Brighton Brighton A2039 Ran along Park Hill Road from the A232 to the A212 in Croydon. Now part of the B243, although it is still signed as A2039 at both ends. Number also appears on a Tourist Information sign in Canterbury, referring to the route that runs from the A2 to the A290. This route is actually the A2050; the A2039 number has been found nowhere else, suggesting that it is a typo. A2040 Eastbourne Eastbourne The Avenue, Eastbourne Town Cntre A2041 Thamesmead Abbey Wood A2042 Ashford Kennington A2043 Cheam Norbiton A2044 Reigate Salfords A2045 Ran from M2 motorway J3 near Walderslade to Lordswood. Declassified by 2011. A2046 Ran from the A3 to the A288 in Portsmouth as an upgrade of the B2153. Now part of the A2030. A2047 Hilsea Portsmouth A2048 - A2049 Unused A2050 Harbledown Bridge Link road to/from A2 (Dover Road) and Canterbury city center. Briefly becomes part of A28 after Rheims Way and until New Dover Road. A2051 Unused A2052 Unused Ran from Charlton to Millennium Dome. Declassified by 2009. A2053 - A2055 Unused A2056 Listed in the DfT Roads List as starting in Greenwich. Route unknown. A2057 - A2065 Unused A2066 Reserved Reserved for Tonbridge. Route unknown. A2067 Reserved Reserved for Tonbridge. Route unknown. A2068 Reserved Reserved for Tonbridge. Route unknown. A2069 Unused A2070 Kennington Brenzett A2071 Listed in DfT Roads List as a road in Portsmouth. Route unknown. A2072 Unused A2073 Ran from A27 (now A270) to A23 in Brighton; was a portion of the A27 before it was extended along the A26. Later became a spur of the A27, but when the A27 was rerouted along the northern bypass it was renumbered as the A270, making the route a spur of the A270. A2074 - A2078 Unused A2079 Number given to the section of former B2164 (now A2070) from M20 J10 to the A28 outside Ashford. The number appeared in two separate pages of the 1999 edition of the Philip's East Kent street atlas. It is not known if this was a typo or a copyright trap, but the number was officially never used. A2080 - A2098 Unused A2099 Reserved Reserved for Kingsdowne Road (current A3210), Kingston upon Thames, even though it is out of zone. A2100 Johns Cross Hastings, between Ashdown and Conquest A2101 Silverhill Hastings town centre Short link road A2102 Bohemia, Hastings St Leonards-on-Sea Short link road A2103 - A2197 Unused A2198 The Borough Tower Bridge Long Lane A2199 Herne Hill Crystal Palace In the London Boroughs of Lambeth and Southwark: Croxted Road, South Croxted Road; in the London Borough of Southwark: Dulwich Wood Park, College Road A2200 Ran along Queen Elizabeth Street from the A100 to the A200. Now just a portion of the A100/A200 junction. A2201 Ran as a road from A200 and A101 in Rotherhithe Tunnel to the Rotherhithe Street bridge in Surrey Quays. Now part of a rerouted B205. A2202 Ran from A200 in Surrey Quays to Norway Gate (Lady Dock entrance). Now part of a rerouted B205. A2203 A206 Blackwall Tunnel Blackwall Lane A2204 Woolwich Woolwich Ferry Unsigned short access road from Woolwich Ferry to the South Circular Road A2205 Tower Bridge Road Tooley Street, near London Bridge station Bermondsey Street A2206 Rotherhithe Tower Bridge Road A2207 Ran along Abbey Street and Druid Street from A200 in South London to Crucifix Lane (Abbey Street portion became part of the B202, a portion replaced by A200 one-way service, and the rest was declassified). Originally followed Thurland Road and Spa Road from Old Jamaica Road to the A2206; the route was relocated when the A200 was rerouted off of Old Jamaica Road. A2208 Old Kent Road Surrey Quays A2209 Deptford Deptford Bridge Deptford Church Street A2210 Deptford Lewisham A2211 Greenwich Lewisham A2212 Lee Green Bromley Previously allocated to Lewis Grove in Lewisham from A20 to A21. This became a spur of the A21 when the number was reused on the current route, an upgrade of the southern end of the B212. A2213 Blackheath Eltham A2214 Brixton New Cross A2215 Peckham Peckham Rye A2216 Sydenham Denmark Hill A2217 Clapham Common Camberwell A2218 Sydenham Bell Green, Sydenham A2219 Crawley Crawley A2220 Copthorne Crawley A2221 - A2259 Unused A2260 Southfleet Northfleet A2261 - A2269 Unused A2270 Polegate Eastbourne A2271 - A2279 Unused A2280 Eastbourne Eastbourne Cross levels Way from Kings Drive to Lottbridge Drove and A22 junction for Golden Jubilee Way. A2281 - A2289 Unused A2290 Eastbourne Eastbourne Short link road A2291 - A2299 Unused A2300 Burgess Hill Hickstead A2310 Unused Shown on some maps from Brompton, Kent to Medway Tunnel, but is either a typo or a copyright trap. Other maps (including the OS maps) show the route as unclassified and the route is unsigned. Medway Council officially lists the route as the C372. A2311 - A2399 Unused A2400 Unused Former routing of A24 south of Horsham. Much of route now B2237 except the section in central Horsham which is now unclassified. A2401 - A2499 Unused A2500 Cowstead Farm Eastchurch A2501 - A2589 Unused A2590 Reserved Reserved, probably for the former A259 in Bexhill when bypass is complete. A2600 - A2689 Unused A2690 Bexhill Hastings Created 2015. A2691 Bexhill Bexhill Created 2019. A2700 Reserved Ran along Titmore Lane linking the A27/A280 grade separated junction to the A259 roundabout with the A2032. The number was reserved when the new grade separated junction was built as Titmore Lane was proposed to be improved to support new housing development, and would be numbered A2700 when works were completed. However these works never took place due to local opposition. The route remains signed at the A27/A280 junction, but is signed as "(A27)" at the A259/A2032 junction. West Sussex Council sometimes uses the number to refer to the road in documentation, or otherwise claim the road is part of the C37. A2701 - A2989 Unused A2990 Yorkletts Herne Bay Former route of the A299 which now bypasses Whitstable to the south. Wikimedia Commons has media related to A roads in Zone 2 of the Great Britain numbering scheme. vteRoads in the United KingdomArticles Road numbering schemes: Great Britain Motoring taxation Driving Odonymy Road signs Wales Gaelic-speaking Scotland ZonesA-road lists 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Northern Ireland B-road lists 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Northern Ireland Other lists Anomalously numbered roads Junctions Motorways Primary destinations	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_George_Inn,_Meopham_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1119539.jpg"},{"link_name":"Meopham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meopham"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Alexandra_Public_House,_Chatham_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1049972.jpg"},{"link_name":"Chatham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatham,_Kent"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:United_Kingdom_A_road_zones.svg"},{"link_name":"A roads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_roads_in_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_A_roads_zones_in_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"River Thames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Thames"},{"link_name":"A3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A3_road_(Great_Britain)"}],"text":"George Inn, Meopham, on the A227Alexandra pub, Chatham, on the A230The numbering zones for A-roads in Great BritainList of A roads in zone 2 in Great Britain starting south of the River Thames and east of the A3 (roads beginning with 2).","title":"A roads in Zone 2 of the Great Britain numbering scheme"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Single- and double-digit roads"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Triple-digit roads"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A roads in Zone 2 of the Great Britain numbering scheme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:A_roads_in_Zone_2_of_the_Great_Britain_numbering_scheme"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:United_Kingdom_roads"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:United_Kingdom_roads"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_Kingdom_roads"},{"link_name":"Roads in the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roads_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain_road_numbering_scheme"},{"link_name":"Motoring taxation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motoring_taxation_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Driving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driving_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Odonymy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odonymy_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Road signs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_signs_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_signs_in_Wales"},{"link_name":"Gaelic-speaking Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaelic_road_signs_in_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Zones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_roads_zones_in_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_roads_in_Zone_1_of_the_Great_Britain_numbering_scheme"},{"link_name":"2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_roads_in_Zone_3_of_the_Great_Britain_numbering_scheme"},{"link_name":"4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_roads_in_Zone_4_of_the_Great_Britain_numbering_scheme"},{"link_name":"5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_roads_in_Zone_5_of_the_Great_Britain_numbering_scheme"},{"link_name":"6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_roads_in_Zone_6_of_the_Great_Britain_numbering_scheme"},{"link_name":"7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_roads_in_Zone_7_of_the_Great_Britain_numbering_scheme"},{"link_name":"8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_roads_in_Zone_8_of_the_Great_Britain_numbering_scheme"},{"link_name":"9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_roads_in_Zone_9_of_the_Great_Britain_numbering_scheme"},{"link_name":"Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_A_roads_in_Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_roads_in_Zone_1_of_the_Great_Britain_numbering_scheme"},{"link_name":"2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_roads_in_Zone_2_of_the_Great_Britain_numbering_scheme"},{"link_name":"3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_roads_in_Zone_3_of_the_Great_Britain_numbering_scheme"},{"link_name":"4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_roads_in_Zone_4_of_the_Great_Britain_numbering_scheme"},{"link_name":"5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_roads_in_Zone_5_of_the_Great_Britain_numbering_scheme"},{"link_name":"6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_roads_in_Zone_6_of_the_Great_Britain_numbering_scheme"},{"link_name":"7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_roads_in_Zone_7_of_the_Great_Britain_numbering_scheme"},{"link_name":"8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_roads_in_Zone_8_of_the_Great_Britain_numbering_scheme"},{"link_name":"9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_roads_in_Zone_9_of_the_Great_Britain_numbering_scheme"},{"link_name":"Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_B_roads_in_Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Anomalously numbered roads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anomalously_numbered_roads_in_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"Junctions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_road_junctions_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Motorways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_motorways_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Primary destinations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_primary_destinations_on_the_United_Kingdom_road_network"}],"text":"Wikimedia Commons has media related to A roads in Zone 2 of the Great Britain numbering scheme.vteRoads in the United KingdomArticles\nRoad numbering schemes: Great Britain\nMotoring taxation\nDriving\nOdonymy\nRoad signs\nWales\nGaelic-speaking Scotland\nZonesA-road lists\n1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\n7\n8\n9\nNorthern Ireland\nB-road lists\n1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\n7\n8\n9\nNorthern Ireland\nOther lists\nAnomalously numbered roads\nJunctions\nMotorways\nPrimary destinations","title":"Four digit roads"}]	[{"image_text":"George Inn, Meopham, on the A227","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/The_George_Inn%2C_Meopham_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1119539.jpg/220px-The_George_Inn%2C_Meopham_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1119539.jpg"},{"image_text":"Alexandra pub, Chatham, on the A230","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/The_Alexandra_Public_House%2C_Chatham_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1049972.jpg/220px-The_Alexandra_Public_House%2C_Chatham_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1049972.jpg"},{"image_text":"The numbering zones for A-roads in Great Britain","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/United_Kingdom_A_road_zones.svg/200px-United_Kingdom_A_road_zones.svg.png"}]	null	[]	[]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesapeake_Mill	Chesapeake Mill	["1 References","2 External links"]	Coordinates: 50°54′1.1″N 1°11′5.6″W / 50.900306°N 1.184889°W / 50.900306; -1.184889Watermill in Wickham, Hampshire, England Chesapeake Mill Bridge Street, Wickham, Hampshire The Chesapeake Mill is a watermill in Wickham, Hampshire, England. The flour mill was constructed in 1820 using the timbers of HMS Chesapeake, which had previously been the United States Navy frigate USS Chesapeake. The Chesapeake was attacked and boarded by HMS Leopard on 22 June 1807. She was released but the event caused an uproar among Americans (see Chesapeake–Leopard affair). She was captured on 1 June 1813 by the Royal Navy frigate HMS Shannon during War of 1812. In July 1819 the Commissioners of the Royal Navy put her up for sale at Plymouth. Joshua Holmes, a ship breaker in Portsmouth, purchased her for £500; he dismantled the ship and sold her timbers for £3,450. Eventually her timbers became part of the mill. Timbers from the Chesapeake were bought by John Prior, who was preparing to build a new mill at Wickham. The five main spine beams to each floor, the floor joists, the roof timbers and most of the window lintels are of American longleaf pine from the ship. The mill remained in operation until 1976 and now serves as a retail centre for antique and gift sellers. It is a Grade II* listed building. 50°54′1.1″N 1°11′5.6″W / 50.900306°N 1.184889°W / 50.900306; -1.184889 In 1996 a timber fragment from the Chesapeake Mill was returned to the United States; it is on display at the Hampton Roads Naval Museum in Norfolk, Virginia. In late 2020 another piece of the original frigate was returned to the United States. It was given to the U.S. Navy's Secretary of the Navy, during his visit to England. References ^ "No. 17494". The London Gazette. 13 July 1819. p. 1228. ^ Caiella, J M (August 2007). "Connecting with the Ships". Naval History. 21 (4). ^ a b Clancy, Paul (17 June 2007). "The Little Warship That Never Quite Could". The Virginian Pilot. p. B3. ^ "The Chesapeake Mill — history" (PDF). The Chesapeake Mill. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 October 2008. Retrieved 22 April 2011. ^ Beach (1986), p. 113. ^ a b Historic England. "Details from listed building database (1157675)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 12 June 2011. ^ "SECNAV Names Future Vessels while aboard Historic Navy Ship". United States Navy. 15 January 2021. Archived from the original on 15 January 2021. Retrieved 16 January 2021. "New Light on Chesapeake's Defeat 100 Years Ago" (pdf). The New York Times. 1 June 1913. External links Chesapeake Mill website vteShopping centres in South East EnglandBerkshire Broad Street Mall (Reading) The Oracle (Reading) Parkway Newbury Buckinghamshire Eden Shopping Centre (High Wycombe) Friars Square (Aylesbury) Central Milton Keynes Shopping Centre East Sussex Churchill Square (Brighton) Priory Meadow Shopping Centre (Hastings) Hampshire Cascades Shopping Centre (Portsmouth) Chesapeake Mill (Wickham) Fareham Shopping Centre Festival Place {Basingstoke) Gunwharf Quays (Portsmouth) The Malls, Basingstoke Marlands Shopping Centre (Southampton) Bridge Shopping Centre (Portsmouth) Westquay (Southampton) Kent Ashford Designer Outlet Bluewater (Stone) County Square (Ashford) Fremlin Walk (Maidstone) The Mall Maidstone Pentagon Shopping Centre (Chatham) Royal Victoria Place (Tunbridge Wells) Westwood Cross (Thanet) Whitefriars Shopping Centre (Canterbury) Oxfordshire Bicester Avenue Bicester Village Castle Quay Shopping Centre (Banbury) Clarendon Shopping Centre (Oxford) Templars Square (Oxford) Westgate Oxford Surrey The Ashley Centre (Epsom) The Belfry (Redhill) The Peacocks (Woking)	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chesapeake_Mill_-_geograph.org.uk_-_178198.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chesapeake_Mill,_Bridge_Street,_Wickham_-_geograph.org.uk_-_458080.jpg"},{"link_name":"Wickham, Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wickham,_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"watermill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watermill"},{"link_name":"Wickham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wickham,_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampshire"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"flour mill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gristmill"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"frigate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frigate"},{"link_name":"USS Chesapeake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Chesapeake_(1799)"},{"link_name":"HMS Leopard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Leopard_(1790)"},{"link_name":"Chesapeake–Leopard affair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesapeake%E2%80%93Leopard_affair"},{"link_name":"captured","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_USS_Chesapeake"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"HMS Shannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Shannon_(1806)"},{"link_name":"War of 1812","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_1812"},{"link_name":"Commissioners of the Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commissioners_of_the_Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gazette1228-1"},{"link_name":"ship breaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_breaking"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TVP2-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CMill-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Beach113-5"},{"link_name":"longleaf pine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longleaf_pine"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NHLE-6"},{"link_name":"listed building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listed_building"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NHLE-6"},{"link_name":"50°54′1.1″N 1°11′5.6″W / 50.900306°N 1.184889°W / 50.900306; -1.184889","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chesapeake_Mill&params=50_54_1.1_N_1_11_5.6_W_"},{"link_name":"Hampton Roads Naval Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampton_Roads_Naval_Museum"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TVP2-3"},{"link_name":"Secretary of the Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Watermill in Wickham, Hampshire, EnglandChesapeake MillBridge Street, Wickham, HampshireThe Chesapeake Mill is a watermill in Wickham, Hampshire, England. The flour mill was constructed in 1820 using the timbers of HMS Chesapeake, which had previously been the United States Navy frigate USS Chesapeake. The Chesapeake was attacked and boarded by HMS Leopard on 22 June 1807. She was released but the event caused an uproar among Americans (see Chesapeake–Leopard affair). She was captured on 1 June 1813 by the Royal Navy frigate HMS Shannon during War of 1812.In July 1819 the Commissioners of the Royal Navy put her up for sale at Plymouth.[1] Joshua Holmes, a ship breaker in Portsmouth, purchased her for £500; he dismantled the ship and sold her timbers for £3,450.[2][3] Eventually her timbers became part of the mill.[4][5] Timbers from the Chesapeake were bought by John Prior, who was preparing to build a new mill at Wickham. The five main spine beams to each floor, the floor joists, the roof timbers and most of the window lintels are of American longleaf pine from the ship.[6]The mill remained in operation until 1976 and now serves as a retail centre for antique and gift sellers. It is a Grade II* listed building.[6]\n50°54′1.1″N 1°11′5.6″W / 50.900306°N 1.184889°W / 50.900306; -1.184889In 1996 a timber fragment from the Chesapeake Mill was returned to the United States; it is on display at the Hampton Roads Naval Museum in Norfolk, Virginia.[3]In late 2020 another piece of the original frigate was returned to the United States. It was given to the U.S. Navy's Secretary of the Navy, during his visit to England.[7]","title":"Chesapeake Mill"}]	[{"image_text":"Chesapeake Mill","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Chesapeake_Mill_-_geograph.org.uk_-_178198.jpg/220px-Chesapeake_Mill_-_geograph.org.uk_-_178198.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bridge Street, Wickham, Hampshire","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Chesapeake_Mill%2C_Bridge_Street%2C_Wickham_-_geograph.org.uk_-_458080.jpg/220px-Chesapeake_Mill%2C_Bridge_Street%2C_Wickham_-_geograph.org.uk_-_458080.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"No. 17494\". The London Gazette. 13 July 1819. p. 1228.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/17494/page/1228","url_text":"\"No. 17494\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"Caiella, J M (August 2007). \"Connecting with the Ships\". Naval History. 21 (4).","urls":[]},{"reference":"Clancy, Paul (17 June 2007). \"The Little Warship That Never Quite Could\". The Virginian Pilot. p. B3.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"The Chesapeake Mill — history\" (PDF). The Chesapeake Mill. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 October 2008. Retrieved 22 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081030083543/http://www.chesapeakemill.co.uk/historypdf001.pdf","url_text":"\"The Chesapeake Mill — history\""},{"url":"http://www.chesapeakemill.co.uk/historypdf001.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Historic England. \"Details from listed building database (1157675)\". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 12 June 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England","url_text":"Historic England"},{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1157675","url_text":"\"Details from listed building database (1157675)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England","url_text":"National Heritage List for England"}]},{"reference":"\"SECNAV Names Future Vessels while aboard Historic Navy Ship\". United States Navy. 15 January 2021. Archived from the original on 15 January 2021. Retrieved 16 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.navy.mil/Press-Office/News-Stories/Article/2474454/secnav-names-future-vessels-while-aboard-historic-navy-ship/","url_text":"\"SECNAV Names Future Vessels while aboard Historic Navy Ship\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210115235525/https://www.navy.mil/Press-Office/News-Stories/Article/2474454/secnav-names-future-vessels-while-aboard-historic-navy-ship/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"New Light on Chesapeake's Defeat 100 Years Ago\" (pdf). The New York Times. 1 June 1913.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1913/06/01/100626309.pdf","url_text":"\"New Light on Chesapeake's Defeat 100 Years Ago\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chesapeake_Mill&params=50_54_1.1_N_1_11_5.6_W_","external_links_name":"50°54′1.1″N 1°11′5.6″W / 50.900306°N 1.184889°W / 50.900306; -1.184889"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chesapeake_Mill&params=50_54_1.1_N_1_11_5.6_W_","external_links_name":"50°54′1.1″N 1°11′5.6″W / 50.900306°N 1.184889°W / 50.900306; -1.184889"},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/17494/page/1228","external_links_name":"\"No. 17494\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081030083543/http://www.chesapeakemill.co.uk/historypdf001.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Chesapeake Mill — history\""},{"Link":"http://www.chesapeakemill.co.uk/historypdf001.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1157675","external_links_name":"\"Details from listed building database (1157675)\""},{"Link":"https://www.navy.mil/Press-Office/News-Stories/Article/2474454/secnav-names-future-vessels-while-aboard-historic-navy-ship/","external_links_name":"\"SECNAV Names Future Vessels while aboard Historic Navy Ship\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210115235525/https://www.navy.mil/Press-Office/News-Stories/Article/2474454/secnav-names-future-vessels-while-aboard-historic-navy-ship/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1913/06/01/100626309.pdf","external_links_name":"\"New Light on Chesapeake's Defeat 100 Years Ago\""},{"Link":"https://thechesapeakemill.com/","external_links_name":"Chesapeake Mill website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songs_from_the_Year_of_Our_Demise	Songs from the Year of Our Demise	["1 Track listing","2 References"]	2006 studio album by Jon AuerSongs from the Year of Our DemiseStudio album by Jon AuerReleasedMay 2, 2006GenreAlternative rockLength54:51LabelPattern 25 Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusicPitchfork7.5Tiny Mix Tapes Songs from the Year of Our Demise is the debut solo album from The Posies' Jon Auer. It was released on May 2, 2006, and highlighted by AllMusic as one of the best albums of the month. Track listing All songs by Jon Auer unless otherwise noted. "Six Feet Under" – 3:20 "Bottom of the Bottle" – 3:19 "The Likes of You" – 3:40 "Four Letter Word" – 3:02 "Angelita" – 4:04 "You Used to Drive Me Around" – 7:17 "Song Noir" (Jon Auer, Michelle Auer) – 2:57 "Daytime Lullaby" – 2:36 "Josephine" – 4:00 "Cemetery Song" – 2:58 "My Sweet Unknown" – 4:40 "Adios" – 1:59 "Sundown" – 3:28 "Wicked World" – 3:36 "The Year of Our Demise" – 3:55 References ^ "Jon Auer: Songs from the Year of Our Demise". PopMatters. May 3, 2006. ^ "Songs from the Year of Our Demise - Jon Auer \| Songs, Reviews, Credits". AllMusic. ^ "Jon Auer: Songs From the Year of Our Demise". Pitchfork. ^ "Music Review: Jon Auer - Songs From The Year of Our Demise". Tiny Mix Tapes. ^ "Jon Auer Songs from the Year of Our Demise". exclaim.ca. Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group This 2000s alternative rock album-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Posies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Posies"},{"link_name":"Jon Auer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Auer"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"AllMusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic"}],"text":"Songs from the Year of Our Demise is the debut solo album from The Posies' Jon Auer.[5] It was released on May 2, 2006, and highlighted by AllMusic as one of the best albums of the month.","title":"Songs from the Year of Our Demise"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michelle Auer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michelle_Auer&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"All songs by Jon Auer unless otherwise noted.\"Six Feet Under\" – 3:20\n\"Bottom of the Bottle\" – 3:19\n\"The Likes of You\" – 3:40\n\"Four Letter Word\" – 3:02\n\"Angelita\" – 4:04\n\"You Used to Drive Me Around\" – 7:17\n\"Song Noir\" (Jon Auer, Michelle Auer) – 2:57\n\"Daytime Lullaby\" – 2:36\n\"Josephine\" – 4:00\n\"Cemetery Song\" – 2:58\n\"My Sweet Unknown\" – 4:40\n\"Adios\" – 1:59\n\"Sundown\" – 3:28\n\"Wicked World\" – 3:36\n\"The Year of Our Demise\" – 3:55","title":"Track listing"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Jon Auer: Songs from the Year of Our Demise\". PopMatters. May 3, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.popmatters.com/jon_auer_songs_from_the_year_of_our_demise-2495677182.html","url_text":"\"Jon Auer: Songs from the Year of Our Demise\""}]},{"reference":"\"Songs from the Year of Our Demise - Jon Auer \| Songs, Reviews, Credits\". AllMusic.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/songs-from-the-year-of-our-demise-mw0000432146","url_text":"\"Songs from the Year of Our Demise - Jon Auer \| Songs, Reviews, Credits\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jon Auer: Songs From the Year of Our Demise\". Pitchfork.","urls":[{"url":"https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/9020-songs-from-the-year-of-our-demise/","url_text":"\"Jon Auer: Songs From the Year of Our Demise\""}]},{"reference":"\"Music Review: Jon Auer - Songs From The Year of Our Demise\". Tiny Mix Tapes.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tinymixtapes.com/music-review/jon-auer-songs-year-our-demise","url_text":"\"Music Review: Jon Auer - Songs From The Year of Our Demise\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jon Auer Songs from the Year of Our Demise\". exclaim.ca.","urls":[{"url":"http://exclaim.ca/music/article/jon_auer-songs_from_year_of_our_demise","url_text":"\"Jon Auer Songs from the Year of Our Demise\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.popmatters.com/jon_auer_songs_from_the_year_of_our_demise-2495677182.html","external_links_name":"\"Jon Auer: Songs from the Year of Our Demise\""},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/songs-from-the-year-of-our-demise-mw0000432146","external_links_name":"\"Songs from the Year of Our Demise - Jon Auer \| Songs, Reviews, Credits\""},{"Link":"https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/9020-songs-from-the-year-of-our-demise/","external_links_name":"\"Jon Auer: Songs From the Year of Our Demise\""},{"Link":"https://www.tinymixtapes.com/music-review/jon-auer-songs-year-our-demise","external_links_name":"\"Music Review: Jon Auer - Songs From The Year of Our Demise\""},{"Link":"http://exclaim.ca/music/article/jon_auer-songs_from_year_of_our_demise","external_links_name":"\"Jon Auer Songs from the Year of Our Demise\""},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/3b17aaac-567c-3bde-9cf2-0af4f0db3985","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Songs_from_the_Year_of_Our_Demise&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Defence_Union	Ulster Defence Union	["1 Notes"]	UDU emblem, featuring the motto Quis Separabit? (Who shall Separate?). The Ulster Defence Union was a Unionist organization formed in 1893 to oppose the Irish Home Rule movement, following a rally at the Ulster Hall, Belfast. Its principal aim was to resist the Second Home Rule Bill of 1893. The UDU was launched by the publication of a manifesto on 17 March 1893, the signatories of which included Colonel Edward Saunderson, MP. Shortly after its creation, it adopted the motto Quis Separabit? (Who shall Separate?) The structure of the new Union was set out in a "Plan of Organisation" which was signed by Daniel Dixon, Lord Mayor of Belfast and President of the Provisional Committee. On 1 September 1893, the Second Home Rule Bill was passed by the House of Commons by 347 votes to 304, but when it came to the House of Lords it was heavily defeated, by 419 votes to only 41. By October 1893, the UDU had a Central Assembly described as comprising six hundred gentlemen, which first met on 24 October 1893, from among whom an executive committee of forty was elected. This committee also included, ex officio, the Ulster Unionist members of both houses of parliament. In October, 1893, at an Ulster Defence Union meeting in Belfast, Saunderson said, celebrating the scale of opposition in the Lords Home Rule is dead. It was dissected in the House of Commons, buried in the House of Lords, and even the Irish people would not trouble to give it a wake. Eventually, in 1905, the organization took part in the formation of the Ulster Unionist Council, which was a precursor of the Ulster Unionist Party. Notes ^ Alvin Jackson, Colonel Edward Saunderson: land and loyalty in Victorian Ireland (Oxford University Press, 1995), p. 116 ^ UDA History at loyalistcommissionforideologicaleducation.00freehost.com, accessed 12 April 2011 ^ a b Ulster folklife, vol. 47 (Ulster Folk and Transport Museum, 2001), page 76 ^ Belfast Weekly News dated October 21, 1893, Ulster Defence Union online at failteromhat.com, accessed 12 April 2011 ^ John Fitzsimons Harbinson, The Ulster Unionist Party, 1882-1973: its development and organisation (1973), p. 20	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ulster_Defence_Union_logo.svg"},{"link_name":"Unionist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Unionism"},{"link_name":"Irish Home Rule movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Home_Rule_movement"},{"link_name":"Ulster Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Hall"},{"link_name":"Belfast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast"},{"link_name":"Second Home Rule Bill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Government_Bill_1893"},{"link_name":"Colonel Edward Saunderson, MP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_James_Saunderson"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Daniel Dixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Daniel_Dixon,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Lord Mayor of Belfast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Mayor_of_Belfast"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-folklife-3"},{"link_name":"House of Lords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lords"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"ex officio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex_officio"},{"link_name":"houses of parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-folklife-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Ulster Unionist Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Unionist_Council"},{"link_name":"Ulster Unionist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Unionist_Party"}],"text":"UDU emblem, featuring the motto Quis Separabit? (Who shall Separate?).The Ulster Defence Union was a Unionist organization formed in 1893 to oppose the Irish Home Rule movement, following a rally at the Ulster Hall, Belfast. Its principal aim was to resist the Second Home Rule Bill of 1893.The UDU was launched by the publication of a manifesto on 17 March 1893, the signatories of which included Colonel Edward Saunderson, MP.[1] Shortly after its creation, it adopted the motto Quis Separabit? (Who shall Separate?)[2] The structure of the new Union was set out in a \"Plan of Organisation\" which was signed by Daniel Dixon, Lord Mayor of Belfast and President of the Provisional Committee.[3]On 1 September 1893, the Second Home Rule Bill was passed by the House of Commons by 347 votes to 304, but when it came to the House of Lords it was heavily defeated, by 419 votes to only 41. By October 1893, the UDU had a Central Assembly described as comprising six hundred gentlemen, which first met on 24 October 1893, from among whom an executive committee of forty was elected.[4] This committee also included, ex officio, the Ulster Unionist members of both houses of parliament.[3] In October, 1893, at an Ulster Defence Union meeting in Belfast, Saunderson said, celebrating the scale of opposition in the LordsHome Rule is dead. It was dissected in the House of Commons, buried in the House of Lords, and even the Irish people would not trouble to give it a wake.[5]Eventually, in 1905, the organization took part in the formation of the Ulster Unionist Council, which was a precursor of the Ulster Unionist Party.","title":"Ulster Defence Union"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Alvin Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvin_Jackson_(historian)"},{"link_name":"p. 116","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=tmnJU-vk1hwC&pg=PA116"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"UDA History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//loyalistcommissionforideologicaleducation.00freehost.com/udahistorypartone.htm"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-folklife_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-folklife_3-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Ulster Defence Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//ulster.failteromhat.com/defenceunion.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"}],"text":"^ Alvin Jackson, Colonel Edward Saunderson: land and loyalty in Victorian Ireland (Oxford University Press, 1995), p. 116\n\n^ UDA History at loyalistcommissionforideologicaleducation.00freehost.com, accessed 12 April 2011\n\n^ a b Ulster folklife, vol. 47 (Ulster Folk and Transport Museum, 2001), page 76\n\n^ Belfast Weekly News dated October 21, 1893, Ulster Defence Union online at failteromhat.com, accessed 12 April 2011\n\n^ John Fitzsimons Harbinson, The Ulster Unionist Party, 1882-1973: its development and organisation (1973), p. 20","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"UDU emblem, featuring the motto Quis Separabit? (Who shall Separate?).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Ulster_Defence_Union_logo.svg/200px-Ulster_Defence_Union_logo.svg.png"}]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tmnJU-vk1hwC&pg=PA116","external_links_name":"p. 116"},{"Link":"http://loyalistcommissionforideologicaleducation.00freehost.com/udahistorypartone.htm","external_links_name":"UDA History"},{"Link":"http://ulster.failteromhat.com/defenceunion.htm","external_links_name":"Ulster Defence Union"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Newman_(broadcaster)	Richard Newman (broadcaster)	["1 Early life","2 Big Brother","3 Gaydar Radio","4 Before Stonewall 25th Anniversary DVD release","5 Published work","6 References","6.1 General references","7 External links"]	This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Richard Newman" broadcaster – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Richard NewmanOccupation(s)Gaydar Radio presenter, writerTelevisionBig Brother 7 Richard James Newman is a writer, broadcaster, and reality TV contestant, best known for participating in the seventh series of the British reality television programme Big Brother. Early life Though born in England, Newman emigrated with his family to Edmonton, Alberta, in 1976 at the age of five. Newman studied Radio & Television arts at the Northern Alberta Institute of Technology in Edmonton. After graduating he was employed as a traffic co-ordinator at the CKUA Radio Network and eventually went on to write scripts for the station. He then returned to the UK in 1996, moving to London to pursue a career as a writer and broadcaster. Big Brother In the summer of 2006, Newman participated in the seventh series of Big Brother, entering the house on Day 1. Richard held the record for most evictions survived at 6, until Freddie "Halfwit" Fisher broke the record with 7 in the tenth series. Newman eventually ended up in the final, placing 4th, after 93 days inside the house. Shortly after, Richard made an appearance on The Charlotte Church Show, Richard & Judy as well as the game show The Mint. Richard was interviewed and photographed by Attitude magazine after leaving the Big Brother house, he also appeared on the cover Boyz magazine wearing his trademark cowboy hat. He went on to host Mr Gay UK that year, and in October 2006 it was announced that Richard would be working as a host on the digital station Gaydar Radio. In the summer of 2008, Newman made a return to TV appearing alongside fellow housemate Lea Walker on E4's Big Brother's Little Brother. Gaydar Radio Newman spent two years at Gaydar Radio where he presented two shows: The Saturday Morning Show and The Dicky & Dolly Show, which he presented every Sunday morning along with fellow Big Brother 7 housemate Lea Walker. During this time, he interviewed celebrities such as Alan Carr, Samantha Fox, Alison Moyet, Kim Wilde, Carol Decker, Immodesty Blaize, Gail Porter, The Puppini Sisters, Margarita Pracatan, Russell Grant, Victoria Wilson James (Soul II Soul), Luciana (Bodyrox) and Russian pop singer Sergey. During his time at Gaydar Radio, the station won the 2007 Sony Radio Award for Digital Station of the year; it was again nominated in 2008. Along with Gaydar Radio, Newman also collected an Arqiva award in 2007 and 2008 for Digital Station of the Year. Before Stonewall 25th Anniversary DVD release In May 2009, Newman took part in a panel discussion at the 23rd London Lesbian and Gay Film Festival about the Stonewall riots to be included on the 25th anniversary DVD release of Greta Schiller Emmy Award-winning documentary Before Stonewall released by Peccadillo Pictures. Newman was part of a Q&A session alongside Before Stonewall director Greta Schiller - Film director Richard Kwietniowski (Owning Mahowny & Love And Death On Long Island) - German film director, Monika Treut (Seduction: The Cruel Woman) - Former mayor of London, Ken Livingstone, and British Gay Activist, Alan Wakeman. On the DVD, Newman speaks openly about his own experiences growing up gay and expresses his thoughts on the Stonewall riots that took place on 27 June 1969 when the police raided the Stonewall Inn in New York. Published work Newman has since become an accomplished freelance writer contributing mainly to the gay press in the UK, Europe and Canada. He has written for Boyz, QX, Scene 24/7 and Winq Magazine. References ^ "Richard Newman". Archived from the original on 8 August 2009. Retrieved 18 May 2010. General references http://www.onenationmagazine.com/richard-newman-sexual-terrorist-or-sexy-cowboy/ http://www.pinknews.co.uk/news/articles/2005-2708.html/ http://www.pinknews.co.uk/news/articles/2005-8414.html/# http://www.gaycalgary.com/Magazine/gaycalgary_07-09.pdf External links Richard Newman's blog Official Richard Newman Facebook fan page Official Richard Newman MySpace vteBig Brother UKBig BrotherSeries 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Housemates Winners Craig Phillips Brian Dowling Kate Lawler Cameron Stout Nadia Almada Anthony Hutton Pete Bennett Brian Belo Rachel Rice Sophie Reade Josie Gibson Aaron Allard-Morgan Luke Anderson Sam Evans Helen Wood Chloe Wilburn Jason Burrill Isabelle Warburton Cameron Cole Jordan Sangha Otherhousemates Anna Nolan Nick Bateman Helen Adams Jade Goody Alison Hammond Adele Roberts Ray Shah Jon Tickle Michelle Bass Derek Laud Aisleyne Horgan-Wallace Richard Newman Glyn Wise Nikki Grahame Imogen Thomas Sam and Amanda Marchant Ziggy Lichman Chanelle Hayes Thaila Zucchi Sam Pepper JJ Bird Jemma Palmer Deana Uppal Zoe Birkett Pauline Bennett Eileen Daly Marco Pierre White Jr Laura Carter Lateysha Grace Andrew Tate Rebecca Jane Noky Simbani CelebrityBig BrotherSeries 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Winners Jack Dee Mark Owen Bez Chantelle Houghton Shilpa Shetty Ulrika Jonsson Alex Reid Paddy Doherty Denise Welch Julian Clary Rylan Clark Charlotte Crosby Jim Davidson Gary Busey Katie Price James Hill Scotty T Stephen Bear Coleen Nolan Sarah Harding Shane Jenek/Courtney Act Ryan Thomas David Potts Otherhousemates Celebrity Big Brother housemates Special Teen Panto Celebrity Hijack Ultimate Related articles List of shows Elementfour (Theme song) Celebrity Big Brother racism controversy Dead Set "Bad Wolf" Category	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"seventh series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Brother_2006_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Big Brother","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Brother_(UK)"}],"text":"Richard James Newman is a writer, broadcaster, and reality TV contestant, best known for participating in the seventh series of the British reality television programme Big Brother.","title":"Richard Newman (broadcaster)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edmonton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton"},{"link_name":"Alberta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta"},{"link_name":"Northern Alberta Institute of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Alberta_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"CKUA Radio Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CKUA_Radio_Network"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"}],"text":"Though born in England, Newman emigrated with his family to Edmonton, Alberta, in 1976 at the age of five. Newman studied Radio & Television arts at the Northern Alberta Institute of Technology in Edmonton. After graduating he was employed as a traffic co-ordinator at the CKUA Radio Network and eventually went on to write scripts for the station. He then returned to the UK in 1996, moving to London to pursue a career as a writer and broadcaster.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"seventh series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Brother_2006_(UK)"},{"link_name":"the tenth series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Brother_2009_(UK)"},{"link_name":"The Charlotte Church Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Charlotte_Church_Show"},{"link_name":"Richard & Judy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_%26_Judy"},{"link_name":"The Mint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mint_(TV_show)"},{"link_name":"Attitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attitude_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Boyz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyz_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Mr Gay UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr_Gay_UK"},{"link_name":"Gaydar Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaydar_Radio"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"E4's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E4_(channel)"},{"link_name":"Big Brother's Little Brother","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Brother%27s_Little_Brother"}],"text":"In the summer of 2006, Newman participated in the seventh series of Big Brother, entering the house on Day 1. Richard held the record for most evictions survived at 6, until Freddie \"Halfwit\" Fisher broke the record with 7 in the tenth series. Newman eventually ended up in the final, placing 4th, after 93 days inside the house. Shortly after, Richard made an appearance on The Charlotte Church Show, Richard & Judy as well as the game show The Mint. Richard was interviewed and photographed by Attitude magazine after leaving the Big Brother house, he also appeared on the cover Boyz magazine wearing his trademark cowboy hat. He went on to host Mr Gay UK that year, and in October 2006 it was announced that Richard would be working as a host on the digital station Gaydar Radio.[1]In the summer of 2008, Newman made a return to TV appearing alongside fellow housemate Lea Walker on E4's Big Brother's Little Brother.","title":"Big Brother"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gaydar Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaydar_Radio"},{"link_name":"Big Brother 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Brother_2006_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Lea Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lea_Walker"},{"link_name":"Alan Carr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Carr"},{"link_name":"Samantha Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samantha_Fox"},{"link_name":"Alison Moyet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alison_Moyet"},{"link_name":"Kim Wilde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Wilde"},{"link_name":"Carol Decker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_Decker"},{"link_name":"Immodesty Blaize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immodesty_Blaize"},{"link_name":"Gail Porter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gail_Porter"},{"link_name":"The Puppini Sisters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Puppini_Sisters"},{"link_name":"Margarita Pracatan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margarita_Pracatan"},{"link_name":"Russell Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Grant"},{"link_name":"Soul II Soul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_II_Soul"},{"link_name":"Luciana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luciana_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Bodyrox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodyrox"},{"link_name":"Sergey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Lazarev"},{"link_name":"Gaydar Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaydar_Radio"},{"link_name":"Sony Radio Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Radio_Award"},{"link_name":"Gaydar Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaydar_Radio"},{"link_name":"Arqiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arqiva"}],"text":"Newman spent two years at Gaydar Radio where he presented two shows: The Saturday Morning Show and The Dicky & Dolly Show, which he presented every Sunday morning along with fellow Big Brother 7 housemate Lea Walker. During this time, he interviewed celebrities such as Alan Carr, Samantha Fox, Alison Moyet, Kim Wilde, Carol Decker, Immodesty Blaize, Gail Porter, The Puppini Sisters, Margarita Pracatan, Russell Grant, Victoria Wilson James (Soul II Soul), Luciana (Bodyrox) and Russian pop singer Sergey. During his time at Gaydar Radio, the station won the 2007 Sony Radio Award for Digital Station of the year; it was again nominated in 2008. Along with Gaydar Radio, Newman also collected an Arqiva award in 2007 and 2008 for Digital Station of the Year.","title":"Gaydar Radio"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"London Lesbian and Gay Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Lesbian_and_Gay_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"Stonewall riots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonewall_riots"},{"link_name":"Greta Schiller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greta_Schiller"},{"link_name":"Before Stonewall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Before_Stonewall"},{"link_name":"Peccadillo Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peccadillo_Pictures"},{"link_name":"Before Stonewall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Before_Stonewall"},{"link_name":"Greta Schiller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greta_Schiller"},{"link_name":"Richard Kwietniowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Kwietniowski"},{"link_name":"Monika Treut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monika_Treut"},{"link_name":"Ken Livingstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Livingstone"},{"link_name":"gay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay"},{"link_name":"Stonewall riots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonewall_riots"},{"link_name":"Stonewall Inn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonewall_Inn"}],"text":"In May 2009, Newman took part in a panel discussion at the 23rd London Lesbian and Gay Film Festival about the Stonewall riots to be included on the 25th anniversary DVD release of Greta Schiller Emmy Award-winning documentary Before Stonewall released by Peccadillo Pictures. Newman was part of a Q&A session alongside Before Stonewall director Greta Schiller - Film director Richard Kwietniowski (Owning Mahowny & Love And Death On Long Island) - German film director, Monika Treut (Seduction: The Cruel Woman) - Former mayor of London, Ken Livingstone, and British Gay Activist, Alan Wakeman. On the DVD, Newman speaks openly about his own experiences growing up gay and expresses his thoughts on the Stonewall riots that took place on 27 June 1969 when the police raided the Stonewall Inn in New York.","title":"Before Stonewall 25th Anniversary DVD release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boyz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyz_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"QX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QX_(British_magazine)"}],"text":"Newman has since become an accomplished freelance writer contributing mainly to the gay press in the UK, Europe and Canada. He has written for Boyz, QX, Scene 24/7 and Winq Magazine.","title":"Published work"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Richard Newman\". Archived from the original on 8 August 2009. Retrieved 18 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090808160901/http://bigbrother-updates.com/series-seven/richard-newman/","url_text":"\"Richard Newman\""},{"url":"http://bigbrother-updates.com/series-seven/richard-newman/","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Richard+Newman%22+broadcaster","external_links_name":"\"Richard Newman\" broadcaster"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Richard+Newman%22+broadcaster+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Richard+Newman%22+broadcaster&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Richard+Newman%22+broadcaster+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Richard+Newman%22+broadcaster","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Richard+Newman%22+broadcaster&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090808160901/http://bigbrother-updates.com/series-seven/richard-newman/","external_links_name":"\"Richard Newman\""},{"Link":"http://bigbrother-updates.com/series-seven/richard-newman/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.onenationmagazine.com/richard-newman-sexual-terrorist-or-sexy-cowboy/","external_links_name":"http://www.onenationmagazine.com/richard-newman-sexual-terrorist-or-sexy-cowboy/"},{"Link":"http://www.pinknews.co.uk/news/articles/2005-2708.html/","external_links_name":"http://www.pinknews.co.uk/news/articles/2005-2708.html/"},{"Link":"http://www.pinknews.co.uk/news/articles/2005-8414.html/#","external_links_name":"http://www.pinknews.co.uk/news/articles/2005-8414.html/#"},{"Link":"http://www.gaycalgary.com/Magazine/gaycalgary_07-09.pdf","external_links_name":"http://www.gaycalgary.com/Magazine/gaycalgary_07-09.pdf"},{"Link":"http://richardnewmansays.blogspot.com/","external_links_name":"Richard Newman's blog"},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/pages/Richard-Newman/135365868051/","external_links_name":"Official Richard Newman Facebook fan page"},{"Link":"http://www.myspace.com/vote4richard/","external_links_name":"Official Richard Newman MySpace"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulin_Bordeleau	Paulin Bordeleau	["1 Playing career","2 Personal life","3 Career statistics","3.1 Regular season and playoffs","3.2 International","4 External links"]	Canadian-born French ice hockey player Paulin BordeleauBorn (1953-01-29) January 29, 1953 (age 71)Noranda, Quebec, CanadaRelatives Sébastien Bordeleau (son) Christian Bordeleau (brother) J.P. Bordeleau (brother) Ice hockey player Ice hockey careerHeight 5 ft 9 in (175 cm)Weight 180 lb (82 kg; 12 st 12 lb)Position CentreShot RightPlayed for Vancouver CanucksQuebec NordiquesASG ToursMegèveMont-BlancNational team FranceNHL draft 19th overall, 1973Vancouver CanucksWHA draft 4th overall, 1973Toronto TorosPlaying career 1973–19881996 Paulin Joseph Bordeleau (born January 29, 1953) is a Canadian-born French former professional ice hockey forward. Playing career Born in Noranda, Quebec, Bordeleau started his National Hockey League career with the Vancouver Canucks in 1973. He spent his entire NHL career with the Canucks. He left the NHL after the 1976 season and jumped to the World Hockey Association. There, he played for the Quebec Nordiques. He then finished his career in the French Ligue Magnus. He played for France at the 1988 Winter Olympics. Personal life His son, Sébastien, was a professional ice hockey player, while his grandson Thomas, currently plays ice hockey for the San Jose Sharks. Paulin was one of three brothers playing professional hockey in the 1970s with J. P. Bordeleau playing for the Chicago Black Hawks and Christian Bordeleau starring for the Quebec Nordiques of the WHA. Career statistics Regular season and playoffs Regular season Playoffs Season Team League GP G A Pts PIM GP G A Pts PIM 1967–68 Noranda Copper Kings QNWJHL 27 15 15 30 21 — — — — — 1969–70 Montreal Junior Canadiens OHA 41 18 29 47 48 16 3 6 9 6 1970–71 Toronto Marlboros OHA 45 27 42 69 69 13 13 11 24 24 1971–72 Toronto Marlboros OHA 34 34 33 67 37 10 9 7 16 7 1972–73 Toronto Marlboros OHA 56 54 43 97 26 — — — — — 1973–74 Vancouver Canucks NHL 68 11 13 24 20 — — — — — 1974–75 Vancouver Canucks NHL 67 17 31 48 21 5 2 1 3 0 1975–76 Vancouver Canucks NHL 48 5 12 17 6 — — — — — 1975–76 Tulsa Oilers CHL 14 5 9 14 11 3 0 0 0 0 1976–77 Quebec Nordiques WHA 80 42 41 82 52 16 12 9 21 12 1977–78 Quebec Nordiques WHA 77 42 23 65 29 11 4 6 10 2 1978–79 Quebec Nordiques WHA 77 17 12 29 44 4 1 0 1 0 1980–81 ASG Tours FRA 36 43 23 66 — 10 17 9 26 — 1981–82 Megève FRA 26 33 20 53 — — — — — — 1982–83 Megève FRA 28 44 28 72 — — — — — — 1983–84 Megève FRA 32 39 29 68 — — — — — — 1984–85 Megève FRA 32 16 10 26 — — — — — — 1985–86 Megève FRA 32 22 44 66 — — — — — — 1986–87 Mont-Blanc FRA 36 57 47 104 24 — — — — — 1987–88 Mont-Blanc FRA 28 20 22 42 63 — — — — — 1996–97 Fredericton Canadiens AHL 3 1 3 4 2 — — — — — NHL totals 183 33 56 89 47 5 2 1 3 0 WHA totals 234 101 76 177 125 31 17 15 32 14 FRA totals 250 274 223 497 — 10 17 9 26 — International Year Team Event GP G A Pts PIM 1986 France WC-B 7 2 1 3 4 1987 France WC-B 7 9 6 15 24 1988 France Oly 6 2 2 4 24 Senior totals 20 13 9 22 52 External links Biographical information and career statistics from NHL.com, or Eliteprospects.com, or Eurohockey.com, or Hockey-Reference.com, or The Internet Hockey Database HOCKEY: Paulin Bordeleau quitte le LHC (in French) This biographical article relating to a Canadian ice hockey centre born in the 1950s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This French biographical article relating to ice hockey is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadians"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"ice hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"forward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_(ice_hockey)"}],"text":"Paulin Joseph Bordeleau (born January 29, 1953) is a Canadian-born French former professional ice hockey forward.","title":"Paulin Bordeleau"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Noranda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouyn-Noranda"},{"link_name":"Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec"},{"link_name":"National Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"Vancouver Canucks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver_Canucks"},{"link_name":"1973","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973%E2%80%9374_NHL_season"},{"link_name":"1976 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975%E2%80%9376_NHL_season"},{"link_name":"World Hockey Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Hockey_Association"},{"link_name":"Quebec Nordiques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_Nordiques"},{"link_name":"Ligue Magnus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligue_Magnus"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_national_ice_hockey_team"},{"link_name":"1988 Winter Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey_at_the_1988_Winter_Olympics"}],"text":"Born in Noranda, Quebec, Bordeleau started his National Hockey League career with the Vancouver Canucks in 1973. He spent his entire NHL career with the Canucks. He left the NHL after the 1976 season and jumped to the World Hockey Association. There, he played for the Quebec Nordiques. He then finished his career in the French Ligue Magnus. He played for France at the 1988 Winter Olympics.","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sébastien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_Bordeleau"},{"link_name":"Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Bordeleau"},{"link_name":"San Jose Sharks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jose_Sharks"},{"link_name":"J. P. Bordeleau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._P._Bordeleau"},{"link_name":"Christian Bordeleau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Bordeleau"}],"text":"His son, Sébastien, was a professional ice hockey player, while his grandson Thomas, currently plays ice hockey for the San Jose Sharks.Paulin was one of three brothers playing professional hockey in the 1970s with J. P. Bordeleau playing for the Chicago Black Hawks and Christian Bordeleau starring for the Quebec Nordiques of the WHA.","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Regular season and playoffs","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"International","title":"Career statistics"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.nhl.com/player/8445601","external_links_name":"NHL.com"},{"Link":"http://www.eliteprospects.com/player.php?player=80181&lang=en","external_links_name":"Eliteprospects.com"},{"Link":"http://www.eurohockey.com/player/8374-.html","external_links_name":"Eurohockey.com"},{"Link":"https://www.hockey-reference.com/players/b/bordepa01.html","external_links_name":"Hockey-Reference.com"},{"Link":"http://www.hockeydb.com/ihdb/stats/pdisplay.php?pid=482","external_links_name":"The Internet Hockey Database"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130115184417/http://news.search.ch/sport/eishockey/2008-04-04/hockey-paulin-bordeleau-quitte-le-lhc.fr.html","external_links_name":"HOCKEY: Paulin Bordeleau quitte le LHC"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paulin_Bordeleau&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paulin_Bordeleau&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Brothers_Jones	The Brothers Jones	["1 Plot","1.1 Opening sequence","1.2 Event chronology","1.3 In the Characters' Past","1.4 In the Underworld","2 Production","3 Reception","4 References","5 External links"]	15th episode of the 5th season of Once Upon a Time "The Brothers Jones"Once Upon a Time episodeEpisode no.Season 5Episode 15Directed byEagle EgilssonWritten byJerome SchwartzDavid H. GoodmanProduction code515Original air dateMarch 27, 2016 (2016-03-27)Guest appearances Bernard Curry as Liam Jones Greg Germann as Hades Costas Mandylor as Captain Silver Victoria Smurfit as Cruella De Vil/Cruella Feinberg Timothy Webber as The Apprentice Episode chronology ← Previous"Devil's Due" Next →"Our Decay" Once Upon a Time season 5List of episodes "The Brothers Jones" is the fifteenth episode of the fifth season of the American fantasy drama series Once Upon a Time, which aired on March 27, 2016. In this episode, Emma is suspicious of Liam when Hook is reunited with him; and Henry finds the quill and ink. In flashbacks, Hades makes a deal with Liam. Plot Opening sequence The Jewel of the Realm ship appears in the red-tinted forest. Event chronology The Enchanted Forest events from take place after the first flashback scene of "Swan Song" and before "Good Form". The Underworld events take place after "Devil's Due". In the Characters' Past In the early years of the Enchanted Forest, Liam and Killian are miserable and under servitude after their father sold them into slavery. Liam is hoping that he and Killian can escape by joining the Navy. Unfortunately, Killian becomes drunk and gambles away their prospects. Although Liam is still able to join, he vows to not leave without his brother. Some time later, their ship crosses paths with a hurricane en route to a sought-after treasure described as "The Eye of the Storm." Knowing the dangers of venturing into the hurricane, Liam holds a successful mutiny against the crew's Captain Silver. Soon after the mutiny, Hades appears in the Captain's quarters and makes a deal with Liam: Hades will to take the souls of the men on the ship besides those of Liam and his brother in return for the Eye of the Storm (which will guarantee the survivors a spot in the Royal Navy). Liam agrees and sails into the hurricane that kills the crew but spares the Jones brothers. Liam gives the treasure to the Royal Navy and he and Killian are declared heroes, receive positions in the Navy, and given a ship: The Jewel of the Realm, which would later be known as the Jolly Roger. In the Underworld In the Underworld, Cruella and Henry are searching for the Author's quill. They split up and Henry notices a glimmering light, which leads him to the now-deceased Apprentice. The Apprentice explains that Henry is his unfinished business, and that he won't be able to move on until he knows that Henry will make the right decision. At Henry's behest, the Apprentice tells him that the quill is located in the Sorcerer's mansion, but warns Henry against using its power to resurrect Cruella. Meanwhile, Emma uses her magic to heal Hook, but when she tried to kiss him Hook turns away, blaming himself for becoming dark. The two are then interrupted by Killian's dead brother Liam. Liam explains rumors of a book with the power to defeat Hades. Emma assumes it to be the Underworld equivalent of the "Once Upon a Time" book. Everyone searches Mary Margaret's apartment, but come up empty. Concerned that Emma is not good enough for his brother, Liam tells Emma that Hook and her should break up. Moments later, Henry returns and suggests they look for the book in the Sorcerer’s mansion. However, the key is located in the Sheriff's office which is occupied by James. After they leave, Hades visits Liam in a tavern and reveals that he knows of their plans. Hades blackmails Liam to destroy the Storybook pages concerning him, threatening to reveal to Liam's unfinished business to his brother. At the Sheriff's office, Snow and David find the key, only to encounter Cruella. While Mary Margaret hides, David pretends to be his brother James (who Cruella was expecting). At the mansion, Emma, Regina, Hook, and Liam look for the storybook while Henry searches for the quill. Unknown to everyone, Liam has found the book and rips out the pages about Hades. At the same time, Henry rediscovers the quill. Meanwhile, David turns down Cruella's advances and learns that James has resented his brother for staying with their mother during their separate childhoods while James lived with his new father, the king. The others find the book and notice its missing pages. While they keep looking, Liam tosses the pages into the well of Cocytus, outside the Mansion. Emma suspects Liam of lying and tells Hook, who refuses to believe her, and suggests that they break up after escaping the Underworld. After Emma storms off, Hook notices that Liam has ink on his fingers, and Captain Silver and the deceased crew appear. They kidnap the Jones brothers and reveal that Liam sold their lives for the Eye of the Storm. Liam and Killian are taken to the edge of the Underworld where they would be sent to an even worse afterlife. However, Hades appears, blows Captain Silver into the Phlegethon, the River of Fire, and offers Liam a chance to escape, pleased that he destroyed the pages. However, Liam refuses to go with Hades, who angrily throws Liam toward the flames. Hook tries to pull his brother up, but is unable to. Liam lets go and falls into the fiery abyss. Despite this, a boat appears with Liam, who is ready to enter a better afterlife (his unfinished business was making peace with Killian). Seeing this, Hades disappears, promising to make Hook pay for that. The deceased crew is also able to leave. Liam also tells Hook he was wrong about Emma; she does want what's best for him. Hook returns to see Emma and explains what has happened, revealing he now wants to return with her. Henry tells David that he has found the quill, but admits that he plans to use the quill only in a positive way, starting with re-writing the missing Hades story that Liam ripped out. Meanwhile, Hades retrieves the missing pages from the Cocytus River. The pages show that he has some sort of connection with Zelena. Production Emilie de Ravin, Rebecca Mader, Sean Maguire, and Robert Carlyle are not featured in this episode. Reception The episode was met with mixed reviews. In a review from Rickey.org, Nick Roman said, "“The Brothers Jones” is a strong episode for characterization on Once Upon A Time, since it illustrates how several characters have both matured and acquired a much-needed sense of self-awareness. I’ve liked other episodes better this season, but I would argue this was one of the best when it comes to pure character study." Andrea Towers of Entertainment Weekly gave it a good review, noting the scenes with Victoria Smurfit are the best part of the episode. Christine Orlando of TV Fanatic gave the episode a 2.5 out of 5 the lowest so far in the series. In a review from "TV. com", the episode was given a 7.5 out of 10. References ^ "‘Once Upon A Time’ Season 5 Episode 14 Review: Colin O'Donoghue Shines In 'The Bothers Jones'" from Rickey.org (March 27, 2016) ^ "Once Upon a Time recap: Devil's Due" from Entertainment Weekly (March 20, 2016) ^ Orlando, Christine (March 27, 2016). "Once Upon a Time Season 5 Episode 14 Review: "The Brothers Jones"". TV Fanatic. Retrieved March 27, 2016. ^ "Once Upon a Time Season 1 Episode Guide - TV.com". www.tv.com. Archived from the original on 2011-09-25. External links "The Brothers Jones" at IMDb vteOnce Upon a Time episodesSeason 1 "Pilot" "The Thing You Love Most" "Snow Falls" "The Price of Gold" "That Still Small Voice" "The Shepherd" "The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter" "Desperate Souls" "True North" "7:15 A.M." "Fruit of the Poisonous Tree" "Skin Deep" "What Happened to Frederick" "Dreamy" "Red-Handed" "Heart of Darkness" "Hat Trick" "The Stable Boy" "The Return" "The Stranger" "An Apple Red as Blood" "A Land Without Magic" Season 2 "Broken" "We Are Both" "Lady of the Lake" "The Crocodile" "The Doctor" "Tallahassee" "Child of the Moon" "Into the Deep" "Queen of Hearts" "The Cricket Game" "The Outsider" "In the Name of the Brother" "Tiny" "Manhattan" "The Queen Is Dead" "The Miller's Daughter" "Welcome to Storybrooke" "Selfless, Brave and True" "Lacey" "The Evil Queen" "Second Star to the Right" "And Straight On 'til Morning" Season 3 "The Heart of the Truest Believer" "Lost Girl" "Quite a Common Fairy" "Nasty Habits" "Good Form" "Ariel" "Dark Hollow" "Think Lovely Thoughts" "Save Henry" "The New Neverland" "Going Home" "New York City Serenade" "Witch Hunt" "The Tower" "Quiet Minds" "It's Not Easy Being Green" "The Jolly Roger" "Bleeding Through" "A Curious Thing" "Kansas" "Snow Drifts" "There's No Place Like Home" Season 4 "A Tale of Two Sisters" "White Out" "Rocky Road" "The Apprentice" "Breaking Glass" "Family Business" "The Snow Queen" "Smash the Mirror" "Fall" "Shattered Sight" "Heroes and Villains" "Darkness on the Edge of Town" "Unforgiven" "Enter the Dragon" "Poor Unfortunate Soul" "Best Laid Plans" "Heart of Gold" "Sympathy for the De Vil" "Lily" "Mother" "Operation Mongoose" Season 5 "The Dark Swan" "The Price" "Siege Perilous" "The Broken Kingdom" "Dreamcatcher" "The Bear and the Bow" "Nimue" "Birth" "The Bear King" "Broken Heart" "Swan Song" "Souls of the Departed" "Labor of Love" "Devil's Due" "The Brothers Jones" "Our Decay" "Her Handsome Hero" "Ruby Slippers" "Sisters" "Firebird" "Last Rites" "Only You" "An Untold Story" Season 6 "The Savior" "A Bitter Draught" "The Other Shoe" "Strange Case" "Street Rats" "Dark Waters" "Heartless" "I'll Be Your Mirror" "Changelings" "Wish You Were Here" "Tougher Than the Rest" "Murder Most Foul" "Ill-Boding Patterns" "Page 23" "A Wondrous Place" "Mother's Little Helper" "Awake" "Where Bluebirds Fly" "The Black Fairy" "The Song in Your Heart" "The Final Battle" Season 7 "Hyperion Heights" "A Pirate's Life" "The Garden of Forking Paths" "Beauty" "Greenbacks" "Wake Up Call" "Eloise Gardener" "Pretty in Blue" "One Little Tear" "The Eighth Witch" "Secret Garden" "A Taste of the Heights" "Knightfall" "The Girl in the Tower" "Sisterhood" "Breadcrumbs" "Chosen" "The Guardian" "Flower Child" "Is This Henry Mills?" "Homecoming" "Leaving Storybrooke" Wonderland "Down the Rabbit Hole" "Trust Me" "Forget Me Not" "The Serpent" "Heart of Stone" "Who's Alice" "Bad Blood" "Home" "Nothing to Fear" "Dirty Little Secrets" "Heart of the Matter" "To Catch a Thief" "And They Lived..."	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fifth season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time_season_5"},{"link_name":"Once Upon a Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time_(TV_series)"}],"text":"\"The Brothers Jones\" is the fifteenth episode of the fifth season of the American fantasy drama series Once Upon a Time, which aired on March 27, 2016.In this episode, Emma is suspicious of Liam when Hook is reunited with him; and Henry finds the quill and ink. In flashbacks, Hades makes a deal with Liam.","title":"The Brothers Jones"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Opening sequence","text":"The Jewel of the Realm ship appears in the red-tinted forest.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Swan Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swan_Song_(Once_Upon_a_Time)"},{"link_name":"Good Form","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Form_(Once_Upon_a_Time)"}],"sub_title":"Event chronology","text":"The Enchanted Forest events from take place after the first flashback scene of \"Swan Song\" and before \"Good Form\". The Underworld events take place after \"Devil's Due\".","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"In the Characters' Past","text":"In the early years of the Enchanted Forest, Liam and Killian are miserable and under servitude after their father sold them into slavery. Liam is hoping that he and Killian can escape by joining the Navy. Unfortunately, Killian becomes drunk and gambles away their prospects. Although Liam is still able to join, he vows to not leave without his brother. Some time later, their ship crosses paths with a hurricane en route to a sought-after treasure described as \"The Eye of the Storm.\" Knowing the dangers of venturing into the hurricane, Liam holds a successful mutiny against the crew's Captain Silver. Soon after the mutiny, Hades appears in the Captain's quarters and makes a deal with Liam: Hades will to take the souls of the men on the ship besides those of Liam and his brother in return for the Eye of the Storm (which will guarantee the survivors a spot in the Royal Navy). Liam agrees and sails into the hurricane that kills the crew but spares the Jones brothers. Liam gives the treasure to the Royal Navy and he and Killian are declared heroes, receive positions in the Navy, and given a ship: The Jewel of the Realm, which would later be known as the Jolly Roger.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cocytus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocytus"},{"link_name":"even worse afterlife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tartarus"},{"link_name":"Phlegethon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phlegethon"},{"link_name":"Zelena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zelena_(Once_Upon_a_Time)"}],"sub_title":"In the Underworld","text":"In the Underworld, Cruella and Henry are searching for the Author's quill. They split up and Henry notices a glimmering light, which leads him to the now-deceased Apprentice. The Apprentice explains that Henry is his unfinished business, and that he won't be able to move on until he knows that Henry will make the right decision. At Henry's behest, the Apprentice tells him that the quill is located in the Sorcerer's mansion, but warns Henry against using its power to resurrect Cruella.Meanwhile, Emma uses her magic to heal Hook, but when she tried to kiss him Hook turns away, blaming himself for becoming dark. The two are then interrupted by Killian's dead brother Liam. Liam explains rumors of a book with the power to defeat Hades. Emma assumes it to be the Underworld equivalent of the \"Once Upon a Time\" book. Everyone searches Mary Margaret's apartment, but come up empty. Concerned that Emma is not good enough for his brother, Liam tells Emma that Hook and her should break up. Moments later, Henry returns and suggests they look for the book in the Sorcerer’s mansion. However, the key is located in the Sheriff's office which is occupied by James. After they leave, Hades visits Liam in a tavern and reveals that he knows of their plans. Hades blackmails Liam to destroy the Storybook pages concerning him, threatening to reveal to Liam's unfinished business to his brother. At the Sheriff's office, Snow and David find the key, only to encounter Cruella. While Mary Margaret hides, David pretends to be his brother James (who Cruella was expecting).At the mansion, Emma, Regina, Hook, and Liam look for the storybook while Henry searches for the quill. Unknown to everyone, Liam has found the book and rips out the pages about Hades. At the same time, Henry rediscovers the quill. Meanwhile, David turns down Cruella's advances and learns that James has resented his brother for staying with their mother during their separate childhoods while James lived with his new father, the king.The others find the book and notice its missing pages. While they keep looking, Liam tosses the pages into the well of Cocytus, outside the Mansion. Emma suspects Liam of lying and tells Hook, who refuses to believe her, and suggests that they break up after escaping the Underworld. After Emma storms off, Hook notices that Liam has ink on his fingers, and Captain Silver and the deceased crew appear. They kidnap the Jones brothers and reveal that Liam sold their lives for the Eye of the Storm. Liam and Killian are taken to the edge of the Underworld where they would be sent to an even worse afterlife. However, Hades appears, blows Captain Silver into the Phlegethon, the River of Fire, and offers Liam a chance to escape, pleased that he destroyed the pages. However, Liam refuses to go with Hades, who angrily throws Liam toward the flames. Hook tries to pull his brother up, but is unable to. Liam lets go and falls into the fiery abyss. Despite this, a boat appears with Liam, who is ready to enter a better afterlife (his unfinished business was making peace with Killian). Seeing this, Hades disappears, promising to make Hook pay for that. The deceased crew is also able to leave. Liam also tells Hook he was wrong about Emma; she does want what's best for him. Hook returns to see Emma and explains what has happened, revealing he now wants to return with her.Henry tells David that he has found the quill, but admits that he plans to use the quill only in a positive way, starting with re-writing the missing Hades story that Liam ripped out. Meanwhile, Hades retrieves the missing pages from the Cocytus River. The pages show that he has some sort of connection with Zelena.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Emilie de Ravin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilie_de_Ravin"},{"link_name":"Rebecca Mader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebecca_Mader"},{"link_name":"Sean Maguire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Maguire"},{"link_name":"Robert Carlyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Carlyle"}],"text":"Emilie de Ravin, Rebecca Mader, Sean Maguire, and Robert Carlyle are not featured in this episode.","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Entertainment Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly"},{"link_name":"Victoria Smurfit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Smurfit"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The episode was met with mixed reviews.In a review from Rickey.org, Nick Roman said, \"“The Brothers Jones” is a strong episode for characterization on Once Upon A Time, since it illustrates how several characters have both matured and acquired a much-needed sense of self-awareness. I’ve liked other episodes better this season, but I would argue this was one of the best when it comes to pure character study.\"[1]Andrea Towers of Entertainment Weekly gave it a good review, noting the scenes with Victoria Smurfit are the best part of the episode.[2]Christine Orlando of TV Fanatic gave the episode a 2.5 out of 5 the lowest so far in the series.[3]In a review from \"TV. com\", the episode was given a 7.5 out of 10.[4]","title":"Reception"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Orlando, Christine (March 27, 2016). \"Once Upon a Time Season 5 Episode 14 Review: \"The Brothers Jones\"\". TV Fanatic. Retrieved March 27, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tvfanatic.com/2016/03/once-upon-a-time-season-5-episode-15-review-the-brothers-jones/","url_text":"\"Once Upon a Time Season 5 Episode 14 Review: \"The Brothers Jones\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Once Upon a Time Season 1 Episode Guide - TV.com\". www.tv.com. Archived from the original on 2011-09-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110925065519/http://www.tv.com/shows/once-upon-a-time-2011/episodes/","url_text":"\"Once Upon a Time Season 1 Episode Guide - TV.com\""},{"url":"http://www.tv.com/shows/once-upon-a-time-2011/episodes/","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.rickey.org/once-upon-a-time-season-5-episode-15-review-colin-odonoghue-shines-in-the-brothers-jones/292645/","external_links_name":"\"‘Once Upon A Time’ Season 5 Episode 14 Review: Colin O'Donoghue Shines In 'The Bothers Jones'\""},{"Link":"http://www.ew.com/recap/once-upon-a-time-season-5-episode-14","external_links_name":"\"Once Upon a Time recap: Devil's Due\""},{"Link":"http://www.tvfanatic.com/2016/03/once-upon-a-time-season-5-episode-15-review-the-brothers-jones/","external_links_name":"\"Once Upon a Time Season 5 Episode 14 Review: \"The Brothers Jones\"\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110925065519/http://www.tv.com/shows/once-upon-a-time-2011/episodes/","external_links_name":"\"Once Upon a Time Season 1 Episode Guide - TV.com\""},{"Link":"http://www.tv.com/shows/once-upon-a-time-2011/episodes/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt5218026/","external_links_name":"\"The Brothers Jones\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Came_the_Lightening	Olivia Harrison	["1 Life","1.1 Childhood and music industry career","1.2 Marriage to George Harrison","1.3 George's death and aftermath","2 Film production, album reissues and book projects","3 Philanthropy","4 Notes","5 References","6 External links"]	American author and film producer Olivia HarrisonHarrison in 2009BornOlivia Trinidad Arias (1948-05-18) May 18, 1948 (age 76)Los Angeles, California, U.S.Occupation(s)Film producer, author, curator, philanthropistYears active1972–presentSpouse George Harrison (m. 1978; died 2001)ChildrenDhani Harrison Olivia Trinidad Harrison (née Arias; born May 18, 1948) is an American author and film producer, and the widow of English musician George Harrison of the Beatles. She first worked in the music industry in Los Angeles, for A&M Records, where she met Harrison and then helped run his Dark Horse record label. In 1990, she launched the Romanian Angel Appeal to raise funds for the thousands of orphans left abandoned in Romania after the fall of Communism. Since her husband's death in 2001, Olivia has continued George’s international aid efforts through projects in partnership with UNICEF, and is the curator of film, book and music releases related to his legacy. She represents his voice on the Beatles' Apple Corps board and is similarly a director of his charity organisation, the Material World Foundation (MWF). Under the auspices of MWF, she has sponsored the preservation of film history in collaboration with American director Martin Scorsese. These restoration projects include short films by Charlie Chaplin and works from 1940s Mexican cinema. She and her husband shared an interest in Eastern mysticism and spiritual practice, and her presence in his life, starting in the mid-1970s, began a period of more optimistic content in Harrison's music. At their Friar Park home in December 1999, when she overpowered a knife-wielding intruder who had repeatedly stabbed George, she was recognized as having saved her husband's life. Among Harrison's film projects, her production of Concert for George won the Grammy Award for Best Long Form Music Video in 2005, and her co-production of Scorsese's 2011 documentary George Harrison: Living in the Material World won an Emmy Award in the category "Outstanding Documentary or Nonfiction Special". She authored books to accompany both these films, and in 2017 compiled a revised edition of George's 1980 autobiography, I, Me, Mine. Her son with George, Dhani Harrison, is also a musician. Life Childhood and music industry career Arias was born in Los Angeles. Her grandparents migrated to California, having grown up in Guanajuato in central Mexico. Her father, Zeke, was a dry cleaner, and her mother, Mary Louise, worked as a seamstress. Arias's siblings include Peter and Louise. Spending her early childhood in Los Angeles, she grew up with a Mexican, Spanish-speaking entourage. In a 2016 interview, she recalled that Mexican music and films were a regular part of her upbringing, with Zeke having been a singer and guitarist, and that Jorge Negrete, Trío Calaveras and Trío Los Panchos were among the artists she enjoyed. Later in her youth her family moved west to Hawthorne where she attended Hawthorne High School in the 1960s. 1974 trade ad for Dark Horse Records In 1972, she began working for A&M Records, at the former site of Charlie Chaplin Studios in Hollywood. By 1974, as a member of the marketing department, she regularly liaised by long-distance telephone with George Harrison, whose new record label, Dark Horse, was distributed by A&M. Impressed with Arias, Harrison arranged for her to work exclusively for Dark Horse Records. The pair met for the first time in October 1974 and soon became romantically involved. Until the late 1970s, Arias worked with a roster of artists that included Ravi Shankar, Splinter, Stairsteps, Attitudes, Keni Burke and Henry McCullough. According to author Robert Rodriguez, she was "a capable and even-tempered administrator, ably handling the routine chaos involved with setting up a record label and dealing with all manner of personalities". Before meeting Harrison, Arias had studied meditation with the Indian guru Maharaj-ji. Their shared interest in spirituality, together with a lifestyle incorporating vegetarianism, had a calming effect on Harrison, whose reliance on drugs and alcohol Arias helped curb. His 1976 album Thirty Three & 1/3 conveyed a more contented outlook in which he expressed his faith without the disapproving tone that, for many music critics, had marred his previous two albums. While accompanying Harrison on his promotional campaign for Thirty Three & 1/3, Arias told an interviewer: "We have a nice relationship. When you strive for something higher in the next world, you have a much easier time in this one." Marriage to George Harrison Arias gave birth to the couple's son Dhani Harrison at Princess Christian Nursing Home on 1 August 1978. The following month, Olivia and George married in a private ceremony at the Henley-on-Thames Register Office in England. Their contentment during this period was again reflected in George's music, much of which he wrote at their holiday property on Maui in Hawaii. His self-titled 1979 album includes the song "Dark Sweet Lady," which he said best captured the renewal Arias had provided in his life. She was also habitually present in the recording studio with her husband. Producer Giles Martin said that she was often the one operating the recording button. Following John Lennon's murder in New York in December 1980, Olivia, George and Dhani spent much of the early 1980s traveling in the Pacific region, alternately residing in Hana on Maui, and Hamilton Island in the north-east of Australia. As the wife of a former Beatle, Olivia largely stayed out of the public spotlight. During the late 1980s, she supported George's campaign to save Henley's Regal Cinema from redevelopment by the John Lewis supermarket chain, and campaigned with Ringo Starr's wife, Barbara Bach, on behalf of Parents for Safe Food. In 1989, she was the target of hate mail and death threats at George's and her Henley estate, Friar Park, the details of which were kept secret until a London police officer leaked the story to the press the following year. It was sort of a gradual assault on my conscience … I decided that perhaps we should try to raise some money. I went to Romania and was just overwhelmed, devastated and shocked by the starvation. – Harrison on her motivation for starting the Romanian Angel Appeal in 1990 In 1990, she fully embraced the media spotlight, in reaction to the plight of around 100,000 Romanian orphans left abandoned amid the chaos that followed the deposing of Romania's Communist leader, Nicolae Ceaușescu. After visiting Romania in early April, she said she was "overwhelmed, devastated and shocked" by the suffering she had witnessed. That same month, she founded the Romanian Angel Appeal (RAA) to provide aid to the children, having enlisted support from the other Beatles' wives: Bach, Linda McCartney and Yoko Ono. George helped her promote the appeal on British television and radio, and, with his Traveling Wilburys bandmates, recorded a cover version of the song "Nobody's Child" to help raise funds for the orphans. In October 1992, she wrote to The Guardian to express her disgust with the author Geoffrey Giuliano, who had recently published a biography of her husband. She accused Giuliano of falsifying a brief acquaintance with George into a friendship and criticised his depiction of Paul McCartney, whom Giuliano had dismissed as "vacuous and shallow". On December 30, 1999, George and Olivia were attacked by a deranged man who broke into Friar Park. George went downstairs after hearing noises. Moments later, George returned, followed by the intruder, and was stabbed multiple times. Olivia attacked the assailant with a fireplace poker and a heavy table lamp, and he turned on her. After the local police arrived and detained the intruder, the Harrisons were treated for their wounds at a hospital. The man was quoted as saying he was on a "mission sent by God,” and that the Beatles were "witches.” The home invasion was a front-page news story around the world, with some headlines recognising Olivia as having "saved" her husband. The attack followed the arrest of a female stalker who had broken into the Harrisons' Maui home on December 23. In a 2005 interview, Olivia said of the December 30 incident: "I remember everything about it, every millisecond. I was terrified, but it is one of those things that you just do in a heightened state of awareness so that you can never really forget any of it." George's death and aftermath George's injuries from the Friar Park attack were more severe than was reported in the press and led to the removal of a portion of one of his lungs. Within a year, the cancer that he had beaten through treatment in 1998 returned in the form of lung cancer. Olivia and Dhani were at his bedside when he died in Los Angeles on November 29, 2001. She later remembered him in a Sunday Times interview: "George was the funniest man I knew. When he died, I felt 'Oh, no, the party's over' … He didn't put up with any crabbiness – other than his own." Love Theatre, at the Mirage hotel in Las Vegas. Cirque du Soleil's Love is among the projects overseen by Harrison in her role as co-controller of the Beatles' commercial rights. Harrison spent a period in seclusion while mourning her loss. In 2004, she alleged that Gilbert Lederman, a doctor at Staten Island University Hospital, where George received experimental radiation therapy before traveling to Los Angeles, had acted inappropriately by forcing him to listen to the doctor's young son playing guitar and, while in pain and lacking his mental faculties, autograph the boy's guitar. The suit, which also addressed Lederman's discussion of the former Beatle's condition with the media, was settled out of court with a stipulation that the guitar be destroyed. Following her husband's death, Harrison joined Yoko Ono (Lennon's widow), Paul McCartney and Ringo Starr in managing the Beatles musical and financial legacy, as one of the five directors of Apple Corps. In June 2006, she attended the Las Vegas launch of the Beatles' Love stage show, a project George had initiated through his friendship with Guy Laliberté of Cirque du Soleil. She appeared on stage at Microsoft's E3 press conference in June 2009, again with Ono, McCartney and Starr, to promote The Beatles: Rock Band. Film production, album reissues and book projects In November 2002, Olivia Harrison produced the Concert for George tribute, which featured Eric Clapton, Jeff Lynne, Billy Preston, Tom Petty, Shankar, Starr and McCartney, along with Dhani. Held at London's Royal Albert Hall and filmed by director David Leland, the event was presented under the auspices of George's Material World Foundation; all proceeds from the concert and subsequent album, film and book releases went to the foundation for dispersal to charities that he and the family supported. Harrison's video production for the Concert for George film received the Grammy Award for Best Long Form Music Video in 2005. She wrote the introduction to the 2002 reissue of George's autobiography, I, Me, Mine, and authored the book Concert for George, which was published by Genesis Publications in 2005. Ravi Shankar in 2009 Harrison has overseen reissue campaigns of her late husband's recording catalogue. In early 2005, she operated out of an office in London's Knightsbridge area; while in Los Angeles at that time, she used Dark Horse's offices in Santa Monica. She helped Dhani compile the Dark Horse Years box set in 2004 and wrote an introduction on the history of Dark Horse Records in the accompanying booklet. She co-produced the Concert for Bangladesh Revisited documentary accompanying the 2005 reissue of the Concert for Bangladesh album and film. She was reissue producer (with Dhani) of Living in the Material World in 2006. In 2007, Harrison produced the documentary included in the Traveling Wilburys box set The Traveling Wilburys Collection. In 2010, she served as compilation producer of George's works with Ravi Shankar, in a box set titled Collaborations – a project she described as a "labor of love for me". In addition to designing the elaborate packaging with Drew Lorimer, she oversaw the collection and restoration of long-lost footage of a 1974 Music Festival from India performance from the Royal Albert Hall. She co-produced the Martin Scorsese documentary George Harrison: Living in the Material World (2011), and appeared with Scorsese at Cannes in 2010 and in New York City in the summer of 2011 promoting it. In a radio interview with Leonard Lopate for WNYC, she said that the film had involved five years of work and that it was a project George had hoped to undertake himself after working on the Beatles Anthology series in the mid 1990s. She also authored the accompanying book, George Harrison: Living in the Material World, published by Abrams. The film won two awards at the 2012 Emmy Awards, with Harrison and her fellow producers being recognised in the category "Outstanding Documentary or Nonfiction Special". For the 2014 reissue of George's Apple Records solo albums, overseen by Dhani, Harrison directed a seven-minute film, The Apple Years, which was included on the DVD in the eight-disc box set of the same name. She compiled a revised edition of I, Me, Mine (subtitled The Extended Edition), which was published by Genesis in February 2017. The updated work involved her searching for George's handwritten lyrics and notes for songs that he had omitted from the 1980 book or had written in the years following its original publication. She told Rolling Stone magazine, referring to her dedication to preserving his legacy: "I have an overdeveloped sense of duty. It obviously means everything to me." Following her work with Scorsese on Living in the Material World, Harrison has funded film restoration projects undertaken by his non-profit organization The Film Foundation. Through the Material World Foundation, she first financed the restoration of some Charlie Chaplin short films and then of works from Mexico's "Golden Age" of cinema. Emilio Fernández's Enamorada (1946), one of three Mexican titles restored by The Film Foundation up to mid 2018, was presented by Scorsese at the Cannes Film Festival that year. In 2021, along with the surviving members of the Beatles and Yoko Ono, she produced the documentary The Beatles: Get Back. For this documentary she won her second Emmy as producer in the Outstanding Documentary or Nonfiction Series category. The documentary went on to win five Emmy awards in total. In 2022 she won a second Grammy award as a producer for the reissued limited edition of All Things Must Pass. In June 2022, she published a poetic autobiography, Came the Lightening; she was inspired to write the book by the works of Edna St. Vincent Millay. Philanthropy As of 2002, Harrison's 1990 Romanian Angel initiative was still active. In May 1990, before the release of the fundraising single and album, ten trucks filled with food, medical supplies and clothing, together with 32 aid workers, were dispatched to Romania. According to Harrison, all the funds raised by the appeal went directly to the cause, as the administrative costs were paid for by her and the other RAA founders. In September 2000, she and George met with local representatives to monitor the progress of the RAA-funded programs for orphanage sanitation and professional staff. Harrison has continued to develop George's philanthropic initiatives. She is a director of the Material World Foundation (MWF), which he established in 1973 to "sponsor diverse forms of artistic expression and to encourage the exploration of alternative life views and philosophies", and of the Harrison Family Foundation. The Harrison Family Scholarship was launched by the MWF in 2002. It awards scholarships at Brown University in the United States, with preference given to non-American students, especially those from India and Mexico. In late 2005, coinciding with the reissue of the album and film from the 1971 Concert for Bangladesh, she established The George Harrison Fund for UNICEF with an initial focus on programs in Bangladesh. As of July 2015, the fund had also assisted children affected by civil conflict, natural disasters or poverty in Brazil, India, Angola, Romania, the Horn of Africa, Burma and Nepal. Harrison contributed to actress Salma Hayek's UNICEF fundraising campaign in response to the September 2017 Mexican earthquakes. Through the auspices of The George Harrison Fund for UNICEF, she then pledged to double the next $200,000 donation made to the campaign. One of the fund's initiatives has been to introduce floating schools, which allow children in remote areas of Bangladesh that are affected by seasonal flooding to continue attending school. In her work as a UNICEF sponsor, she visited Bangladesh in February 2011 to oversee the fund's ongoing efforts there, and in 2015 promoted the UNICEF Kid Power program. Notes ^ She has cited "Your Love Is Forever" from the same album as one of her favourites, along with his 1970 song "Run of the Mill". ^ Originally signing themselves as "Rosalind,” the perpetrators were an American hippie couple living in Battersea in south London. The couple told the police that they held a grudge against Olivia Harrison after clashing with her "on another planet.” ^ Referring to her bravery during the ordeal, Tom Petty joked in a fax to George: "Aren't you glad you married a Mexican girl?" According to Rodriguez, further to her "rescu George from the perils of rock stardom" in the 1970s, Olivia's actions represented the second time she had saved his life. ^ In another episode, in January 2002, Harrison launched a lawsuit against her sister's ex-husband, Carl Roles, for selling items of memorabilia he had stolen from the Harrisons' home in the late 1970s. Roles announced that the items were for sale on the day after George died. ^ In an interview she gave in Morelia in Mexico, when attending the city's 2016 film festival, Harrison said that she had also funded the restoration of "an English movie and then a Russian movie". References ^ a b c d e f g Alemán, María Cristina (November 3, 2016). "Interview with Olivia Harrison at the 14th FICM". moreliafilmfest.com. Retrieved August 20, 2018. ^ Harry 2003, p. 52. ^ a b c d Moir, Jan (January 24, 2005). "'I Will Miss Him Until My Dying Day'". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on January 12, 2022. Retrieved August 13, 2018. ^ a b Harry 2003, p. 223. ^ Harrison, Olivia (2022). Came the Lightening. Genesis Publications. p. 58. ISBN 978-1-905662-73-9. ^ a b Harrison, Olivia (2004). "The History of Dark Horse 1976–1992". The Dark Horse Years 1976–1992 (DVD booklet). George Harrison. Dark Horse Records/EMI. pp. 4, 7. ^ a b Huntley 2006, p. 120. ^ a b c d Rodriguez 2010, p. 424. ^ Greene 2006, pp. 220–21. ^ Harrison 2002, p. 1. ^ Greene 2006, p. 220. ^ Clayson 2003, p. 363. ^ a b The Editors of Rolling Stone 2002, p. 133. ^ Tillery 2011, p. 117. ^ Huntley 2006, p. 144. ^ Schaffner 1978, p. 192. ^ Badman 2001, p. 225. ^ Harry 2003, pp. 82, 223. ^ The Editors of Rolling Stone 2002, p. 188. ^ Rodriguez 2010, p. 175. ^ Clayson 2003, pp. 367–68. ^ Brown, Mick (April 19, 1979). "A Conversation With George Harrison". Rolling Stone. Retrieved August 10, 2018. ^ a b Gensler, Andy (April 3, 2017). "Olivia Harrison Reveals Ringo Recently Stumbled Upon a Lost George Harrison Song". Billboard. Archived from the original on April 3, 2017. Retrieved July 28, 2018. ^ Thomson, Graeme (May 14, 2012). "George Harrison: Something in the Vaults". theartsdesk.com. Retrieved August 21, 2022. ^ Tillery 2011, pp. 127–28. ^ a b c Harry 2003, p. 224. ^ Harry 2003, p. 91. ^ a b Doggett 2011, p. 300. ^ Clayson 2003, p. 425. ^ Clayson 2003, pp. 425, 481. ^ Tillery 2011, p. 135. ^ Harry 2003, pp. 224, 326. ^ a b Clayson 2003, p. 424. ^ a b Harry 2003, p. 326. ^ Huntley 2006, p. 226. ^ Harry 2003, pp. 99–100. ^ Tillery 2011, pp. 135–36. ^ Badman 2001, pp. 486, 487. ^ Clayson 2003, pp. 448, 451–52. ^ The Editors of Rolling Stone 2002, p. 49. ^ The Greedy Bastard Diary: A Comic Tour of America, pp 277–278, Eric Idle, Harper Entertainment, 2005, ISBN 0-06-075864-3 ^ Udovitch, Mim; Wild, David (2 January 2002). "Tom Petty Remembers George". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 19 June 2008. Retrieved 31 October 2008. ^ Badman 2001, p. 649. ^ Tillery 2011, pp. 145–46. ^ a b c Rodriguez 2010, p. 425. ^ Badman 2001, pp. 647, 653–54. ^ Doggett 2011, pp. 328–29. ^ The Editors of Rolling Stone 2002, pp. 49–50. ^ Harry 2003, p. 119. ^ Tillery 2011, p. 148. ^ Doggett 2011, pp. 333, 370. ^ Goldman, Andrew (May 21, 2005). "The Doctor Can't Help Himself". New York. Archived from the original on August 20, 2009. Retrieved May 31, 2010. ^ Doggett 2011, pp. 330–31. ^ Glaberson, William (January 17, 2004). "Harrison Estate Settles Suit Over Guitar Autographed by Dying Beatle". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 5, 2013. Retrieved May 31, 2010. ^ Harry 2003, pp. 119–20. ^ Doggett 2011, pp. 11, 349. ^ "Apple Corps Limited". companieshouse.gov.uk. Retrieved August 21, 2018. ^ Doggett 2011, pp. 342–43. ^ Radosh, Daniel (August 11, 2009). "While My Guitar Gently Beeps". The New York Times (New York ed.) (published August 16, 2009). pp. MM26. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 26, 2009. ^ Past Winners Search Grammy.com ^ Harry 2003, p. 233. ^ a b c Lewis, Randy (March 9, 2005). "Here now, she lives for George". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 13, 2018. ^ Doggett 2011, p. 333. ^ "The Dark Horse Years – Out Today!". georgeharrison.com. March 1, 2004. Retrieved August 14, 2018. ^ The Concert for Bangladesh Revisited with George Harrison and Friends, DVD credits, Apple Corps, 2005 (directed by Claire Ferguson; produced by Olivia Harrison, Jonathan Clyde & Jo Human). ^ Living in the Material World, CD credits, EMI Records, 2006 (produced by Dhani & Olivia Harrison). ^ Schmidt, Veronica (June 20, 2007). "Traveling Wilburys go to number one". The Times. Retrieved August 21, 2018. ^ a b Harrison, Olivia (October 18, 2010). "George Harrison and Ravi Shankar Box Set 'Collaborations' Is a Labor of Love for Me". Spinner. Archived from the original on January 2, 2011. Retrieved August 12, 2014. ^ "Collaborations Box Set" > Album credits". georgeharrison.com. Retrieved August 14, 2014. ^ Itzkoff, Dave (September 23, 2011). "Within Him, Without Him". (limited free access) The New York Times. Retrieved September 25, 2011. ^ a b Lopate, Leonard (The Leonard Lopate Show) (November 5, 2011). "George Harrison: Living in the Material World (Interview with Olivia Harrison)". wnyc.org. Retrieved August 12, 2018. ^ Rabey, Steve (October 9, 2011). "George Harrison, 'Living In The Material World'". The Huffington Post. Retrieved August 12, 2018. ^ "George Harrison: Living in the Material World – in pictures". theguardian.com. October 4, 2011. Retrieved August 12, 2018. ^ "George Harrison: Living In The Material World". emmys.com. July 18, 2012. Retrieved August 9, 2018. ^ "Nominations Search ('Living in the Material World')". emmys.com. Retrieved August 9, 2018. ^ "Announcing The Apple Years 1968–75 Box set – Released 22nd September", georgeharrison.com, 2 September 2014 (retrieved 22 September 2014). ^ Joe Marchese, "Give Me Love: George Harrison’s 'Apple Years' Are Collected On New Box Set", The Second Disc, 2 September 2014 (retrieved 4 September 2014). ^ Lewis, Randy (February 24, 2017). "Olivia Harrison reflects on the music and a book marking what would have been 'quiet Beatle's' 74th birthday". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 28, 2018. ^ Appleford, Steve (March 2, 2017). "Inside George Harrison's Newly Expanded Memoir". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on March 2, 2017. Retrieved August 10, 2018. ^ a b c "Mexican Cinema Restored by The Film Foundation". moreliafilmfest.com. July 9, 2018. Retrieved August 20, 2018. ^ "The Beatles Get Back - Emmy Awards nominations and wins". emmys.com. Retrieved August 6, 2022. ^ "Outstanding Documentary Or Nonfiction Series Nominees / Winners 2022". Television Academy. Retrieved September 13, 2022. ^ "OUT NOW: The Beatles: Get Back Docuseries Available on Blu-ray™ and DVD July 12". thebeatles.com. July 21, 2022. Retrieved August 6, 2022. Producers: Paul McCartney, Ringo Starr, Yoko Ono Lennon, Olivia Harrison ^ "2021 GRAMMY WINNERS". grammy.com. Retrieved August 6, 2022. ^ "George Harrison's widow talks of life, death through poetry". Associated Press. June 21, 2022. ^ a b Huntley 2006, pp. 227–28. ^ Harry 2003, pp. 326–27. ^ "The Material World Foundation Limited". companieshouse.gov.uk. Retrieved August 21, 2018. ^ Doggett 2011, p. 207. ^ Collaborations box set by Ravi Shankar and George Harrison, book (Dark Horse Records, 2010; produced by Olivia Harrison; package design by Drew Lorimer & Olivia Harrison), p. 32. ^ "The Harrison Family Foundation Limited". companieshouse.gov.uk. Retrieved August 21, 2018. ^ "The Material World Foundation Limited". georgeharrison.com. Retrieved August 21, 2018. ^ Bonham Carter, Rachel (August 1, 2006). "George Harrison honoured on 35th anniversary of 'Concert for Bangladesh'". unicef.org. Retrieved August 9, 2018. ^ "Harrison Fund for UNICEF invests in innovative program to promote fitness and save lives". concertforbangladesh.com. July 31, 2015. Retrieved August 9, 2018. ^ "Salma Hayek and Olivia Harrison Raise Funds for Mexico". moreliafilmfest.com. September 25, 2017. Retrieved August 20, 2018. ^ "Innovative project with UNICEF provides access to school for over 2,000 children in remote Bangladesh". concertforbangladesh.com. September 1, 2014. Retrieved August 9, 2018. ^ "February 2011, Olivia Harrison visits Bangladesh". concertforbangladesh.com. March 16, 2011. Retrieved August 9, 2018. ^ Sharmin, Arifa S. (March 15, 2011). "Olivia Harrison keeps George Harrison's legacy alive on visit to Bangladesh". unicef.org. Retrieved August 9, 2018. ^ "Olivia Harrison speaks to global UNICEF leaders and UNICEF Kid Power school in Boston". concertforbangladesh.com. November 23, 2015. Archived from the original on December 21, 2016. Retrieved August 9, 2018. Sources Badman, Keith (2001). The Beatles Diary Volume 2: After the Break-Up 1970–2001. London: Omnibus Press. ISBN 978-0-7119-8307-6. Clayson, Alan (2003). George Harrison. London: Sanctuary. ISBN 1-86074-489-3. Doggett, Peter (2011). You Never Give Me Your Money: The Beatles After the Breakup. New York, NY: It Books. ISBN 978-0-06-177418-8. The Editors of Rolling Stone (2002). Harrison. New York, NY: Rolling Stone Press. ISBN 978-0-7432-3581-5. Greene, Joshua M. (2006). Here Comes the Sun: The Spiritual and Musical Journey of George Harrison. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-12780-3. Harrison, George (2002) . I, Me, Mine. San Francisco, CA: Chronicle Books. ISBN 978-0-8118-5900-4. Harry, Bill (2003). The George Harrison Encyclopedia. London: Virgin Books. ISBN 978-0-7535-0822-0. Huntley, Elliot J. (2006). Mystical One: George Harrison – After the Break-up of the Beatles. Toronto, ON: Guernica Editions. ISBN 1-55071-197-0. Rodriguez, Robert (2010). Fab Four FAQ 2.0: The Beatles' Solo Years, 1970–1980. Milwaukee, WI: Backbeat Books. ISBN 978-1-4165-9093-4. Schaffner, Nicholas (1978). The Beatles Forever. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-055087-5. Tillery, Gary (2011). Working Class Mystic: A Spiritual Biography of George Harrison. Wheaton, IL: Quest Books. ISBN 978-0-8356-0900-5. External links Olivia Harrison at IMDb vteGeorge HarrisonStudio albums Wonderwall Music Electronic Sound All Things Must Pass Living in the Material World Dark Horse Extra Texture (Read All About It) Thirty Three & ⅓ George Harrison Somewhere in England Gone Troppo Cloud Nine Brainwashed Live albums The Concert for Bangladesh Live in Japan Compilations The Best of George Harrison Best of Dark Horse 1976–1989 Let It Roll: Songs by George Harrison Early Takes: Volume 1 Box sets The Dark Horse Years 1976–1992 Collaborations (with Ravi Shankar) The Apple Years 1968–75 George Harrison – The Vinyl Collection Books I, Me, Mine Songs by George Harrison Songs by George Harrison 2 Raga Mala (as editor) Tours 1974 North American tour with Ravi Shankar 1991 Japanese tour with Eric Clapton RelatedArticles Discography Songs Awards and nominations 12 Arnold Grove Kinfauns Friar Park Asian Music Circle Beware of ABKCO! (bootleg) Bhaktivedanta Manor The Concert for Bangladesh Concert for George Dark Horse Records Harrisongs "Horse to the Water" Material World Charitable Foundation Ravi Shankar's Music Festival from India Wonderful Today People John Barham The Beatles Pattie Boyd (wife) Eric Clapton Derek and the Dominos Olivia Harrison (wife) Dhani Harrison (son) Jim Keltner Jeff Lynne A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada Billy Preston The Quarrymen Radha Krishna Temple The Rutles Ravi Shankar Derek Taylor Traveling Wilburys Klaus Voormann Gary Wright Albums Is This What You Want? That's the Way God Planned It Doris Troy Encouraging Words The Radha Krsna Temple Joi Bangla (EP) Footprint Straight Up Raga Brother In Concert 1972 Ringo Shankar Family & Friends The Place I Love Ravi Shankar's Music Festival from India Traveling Wilburys Vol. 1 Nobody's Child: Romanian Angel Appeal Traveling Wilburys Vol. 3 Ravi Shankar: In Celebration Chants of India Films HandMade Films All You Need Is Cash Blue Suede Shoes: A Rockabilly Session The Concert for Bangladesh (film) Concert for George (film) George Harrison: Living in the Material World Little Malcolm Monty Python's Life of Brian Raga Tributes Songs from the Material World: A Tribute to George Harrison "Never Without You" Concert for George (album) Harrison on Harrison: Jazz Explorations of George Harrison Tribute To George Fest Category Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Spain France BnF data Germany Israel Belgium United States Japan Netherlands Poland Artists Grammy Awards MusicBrainz	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarry200352-2"},{"link_name":"George Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Harrison"},{"link_name":"the Beatles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beatles"},{"link_name":"A&M Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%26M_Records"},{"link_name":"Dark Horse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_Horse_Records"},{"link_name":"Romanian Angel Appeal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Angel_Appeal"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"UNICEF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNICEF"},{"link_name":"Apple Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Corps"},{"link_name":"Material World Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Material_World_Foundation"},{"link_name":"preservation of film history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_preservation"},{"link_name":"Martin Scorsese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Scorsese"},{"link_name":"Charlie Chaplin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin"},{"link_name":"1940s Mexican cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Mexican_cinema"},{"link_name":"Friar Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friar_Park"},{"link_name":"Concert for George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concert_for_George_(film)"},{"link_name":"Grammy Award for Best Long Form Music Video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Long_Form_Music_Video"},{"link_name":"George Harrison: Living in the Material World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Harrison:_Living_in_the_Material_World"},{"link_name":"Emmy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/64th_Primetime_Emmy_Awards"},{"link_name":"I, Me, Mine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I,_Me,_Mine"},{"link_name":"Dhani Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhani_Harrison"}],"text":"Olivia Trinidad Harrison (née Arias; born May 18, 1948)[2] is an American author and film producer, and the widow of English musician George Harrison of the Beatles. She first worked in the music industry in Los Angeles, for A&M Records, where she met Harrison and then helped run his Dark Horse record label. In 1990, she launched the Romanian Angel Appeal to raise funds for the thousands of orphans left abandoned in Romania after the fall of Communism.Since her husband's death in 2001, Olivia has continued George’s international aid efforts through projects in partnership with UNICEF, and is the curator of film, book and music releases related to his legacy. She represents his voice on the Beatles' Apple Corps board and is similarly a director of his charity organisation, the Material World Foundation (MWF). Under the auspices of MWF, she has sponsored the preservation of film history in collaboration with American director Martin Scorsese. These restoration projects include short films by Charlie Chaplin and works from 1940s Mexican cinema.She and her husband shared an interest in Eastern mysticism and spiritual practice, and her presence in his life, starting in the mid-1970s, began a period of more optimistic content in Harrison's music. At their Friar Park home in December 1999, when she overpowered a knife-wielding intruder who had repeatedly stabbed George, she was recognized as having saved her husband's life. Among Harrison's film projects, her production of Concert for George won the Grammy Award for Best Long Form Music Video in 2005, and her co-production of Scorsese's 2011 documentary George Harrison: Living in the Material World won an Emmy Award in the category \"Outstanding Documentary or Nonfiction Special\". She authored books to accompany both these films, and in 2017 compiled a revised edition of George's 1980 autobiography, I, Me, Mine. Her son with George, Dhani Harrison, is also a musician.","title":"Olivia Harrison"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alem%C3%A1n/moreliafilmfest-1"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Moir/DT-3"},{"link_name":"Guanajuato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanajuato"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alem%C3%A1n/moreliafilmfest-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarry2003223-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"Jorge Negrete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_Negrete"},{"link_name":"Trío Calaveras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%ADo_Calaveras"},{"link_name":"Trío Los Panchos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%ADo_Los_Panchos"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alem%C3%A1n/moreliafilmfest-1"},{"link_name":"Hawthorne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawthorne,_California"},{"link_name":"Hawthorne High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawthorne_High_School_(Hawthorne,_California)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarry2003223-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dark_Horse_Records_ad.png"},{"link_name":"Dark Horse Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_Horse_Records"},{"link_name":"A&M Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%26M_Records"},{"link_name":"Charlie Chaplin Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin_Studios"},{"link_name":"Hollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Olivia/DHYears-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuntley2006120-7"},{"link_name":"George Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Harrison"},{"link_name":"Dark Horse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_Horse_Records"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodriguez2010424-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreene2006220%E2%80%9321-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison20021-10"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodriguez2010424-8"},{"link_name":"Ravi Shankar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravi_Shankar"},{"link_name":"Splinter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splinter_(band)"},{"link_name":"Stairsteps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Stairsteps"},{"link_name":"Attitudes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attitudes_(band)"},{"link_name":"Keni Burke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keni_Burke"},{"link_name":"Henry McCullough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_McCullough"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Olivia/DHYears-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodriguez2010424-8"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreene2006220-11"},{"link_name":"guru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru"},{"link_name":"Maharaj-ji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prem_Rawat"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClayson2003363-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Editors_of_''Rolling_Stone''2002133-13"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodriguez2010424-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuntley2006120-7"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETillery2011117-14"},{"link_name":"Thirty Three & 1/3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty_Three_%26_1/3"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuntley2006144-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchaffner1978192-16"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Editors_of_''Rolling_Stone''2002133-13"}],"sub_title":"Childhood and music industry career","text":"Arias was born in Los Angeles.[1] Her grandparents migrated to California,[3] having grown up in Guanajuato in central Mexico.[1] Her father, Zeke, was a dry cleaner, and her mother, Mary Louise, worked as a seamstress. Arias's siblings include Peter and Louise.[4] Spending her early childhood in Los Angeles, she grew up with a Mexican, Spanish-speaking entourage.[5] In a 2016 interview, she recalled that Mexican music and films were a regular part of her upbringing, with Zeke having been a singer and guitarist, and that Jorge Negrete, Trío Calaveras and Trío Los Panchos were among the artists she enjoyed.[1] Later in her youth her family moved west to Hawthorne where she attended Hawthorne High School in the 1960s.[4]1974 trade ad for Dark Horse RecordsIn 1972, she began working for A&M Records, at the former site of Charlie Chaplin Studios in Hollywood.[6] By 1974, as a member of the marketing department,[7] she regularly liaised by long-distance telephone with George Harrison, whose new record label, Dark Horse, was distributed by A&M.[8] Impressed with Arias, Harrison arranged for her to work exclusively for Dark Horse Records.[9] The pair met for the first time in October 1974[10] and soon became romantically involved.[8] Until the late 1970s, Arias worked with a roster of artists that included Ravi Shankar, Splinter, Stairsteps, Attitudes, Keni Burke and Henry McCullough.[6] According to author Robert Rodriguez, she was \"a capable and even-tempered administrator, ably handling the routine chaos involved with setting up a record label and dealing with all manner of personalities\".[8]Before meeting Harrison, Arias had studied meditation[11] with the Indian guru Maharaj-ji.[12][13] Their shared interest in spirituality, together with a lifestyle incorporating vegetarianism, had a calming effect on Harrison,[8][7] whose reliance on drugs and alcohol Arias helped curb.[14] His 1976 album Thirty Three & 1/3 conveyed a more contented outlook[15] in which he expressed his faith without the disapproving tone that, for many music critics, had marred his previous two albums.[16] While accompanying Harrison on his promotional campaign for Thirty Three & 1/3, Arias told an interviewer: \"We have a nice relationship. When you strive for something higher in the next world, you have a much easier time in this one.\"[13]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dhani Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhani_Harrison"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBadman2001225-17"},{"link_name":"Henley-on-Thames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henley-on-Thames"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarry200382,_223-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Editors_of_''Rolling_Stone''2002188-19"},{"link_name":"Maui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maui"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodriguez2010175-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClayson2003367%E2%80%9368-21"},{"link_name":"self-titled 1979 album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Harrison_(album)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[nb 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Giles Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giles_Martin"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"John Lennon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lennon"},{"link_name":"Pacific region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_region"},{"link_name":"Hana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hana,_Hawaii"},{"link_name":"Hamilton Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_Island_(Queensland)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETillery2011127%E2%80%9328-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarry2003224-27"},{"link_name":"John Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lewis_Partnership"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarry200391-28"},{"link_name":"Ringo Starr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringo_Starr"},{"link_name":"Barbara Bach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Bach"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoggett2011300-29"},{"link_name":"hate mail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hate_mail"},{"link_name":"Friar Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friar_Park"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClayson2003425-30"},{"link_name":"[nb 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarry2003224-27"},{"link_name":"Romanian Angel Appeal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Angel_Appeal"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarry2003224-27"},{"link_name":"Romanian orphans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_orphans"},{"link_name":"Nicolae Ceaușescu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETillery2011135-33"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarry2003224,_326-34"},{"link_name":"Romanian Angel Appeal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Angel_Appeal"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClayson2003424-35"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarry2003326-36"},{"link_name":"Linda McCartney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_McCartney"},{"link_name":"Yoko Ono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoko_Ono"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoggett2011300-29"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuntley2006226-37"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarry200399%E2%80%93100-38"},{"link_name":"Traveling Wilburys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traveling_Wilburys"},{"link_name":"Nobody's Child","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobody%27s_Child_(Hank_Snow_song)"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClayson2003424-35"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETillery2011135%E2%80%9336-39"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"Geoffrey Giuliano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Giuliano"},{"link_name":"Paul McCartney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_McCartney"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBadman2001486,_487-40"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClayson2003448,_451%E2%80%9352-41"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Editors_of_''Rolling_Stone''200249-42"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBadman2001649-45"},{"link_name":"[nb 3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"stalker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalker"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBadman2001647,_653%E2%80%9354-49"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Moir/DT-3"}],"sub_title":"Marriage to George Harrison","text":"Arias gave birth to the couple's son Dhani Harrison at Princess Christian Nursing Home on 1 August 1978.[17] The following month, Olivia and George married in a private ceremony at the Henley-on-Thames Register Office in England.[18] Their contentment during this period was again reflected in George's music,[19] much of which he wrote at their holiday property on Maui in Hawaii.[20][21] His self-titled 1979 album includes the song \"Dark Sweet Lady,\" which he said best captured the renewal Arias had provided in his life.[22][nb 1]She was also habitually present in the recording studio with her husband. Producer Giles Martin said that she was often the one operating the recording button.[24]Following John Lennon's murder in New York in December 1980, Olivia, George and Dhani spent much of the early 1980s traveling in the Pacific region, alternately residing in Hana on Maui, and Hamilton Island in the north-east of Australia.[25] As the wife of a former Beatle, Olivia largely stayed out of the public spotlight.[26] During the late 1980s, she supported George's campaign to save Henley's Regal Cinema from redevelopment by the John Lewis supermarket chain,[27] and campaigned with Ringo Starr's wife, Barbara Bach, on behalf of Parents for Safe Food.[28] In 1989, she was the target of hate mail and death threats at George's and her Henley estate, Friar Park, the details of which were kept secret until a London police officer leaked the story to the press the following year.[29][nb 2]It was sort of a gradual assault on my conscience … I decided that perhaps we should try to raise some money. I went to Romania and was just overwhelmed, devastated and shocked by the starvation.[26]\n\n\n– Harrison on her motivation for starting the Romanian Angel Appeal in 1990In 1990, she fully embraced the media spotlight,[26] in reaction to the plight of around 100,000 Romanian orphans left abandoned amid the chaos that followed the deposing of Romania's Communist leader, Nicolae Ceaușescu.[31] After visiting Romania in early April, she said she was \"overwhelmed, devastated and shocked\" by the suffering she had witnessed.[32] That same month, she founded the Romanian Angel Appeal (RAA) to provide aid to the children,[33][34] having enlisted support from the other Beatles' wives: Bach, Linda McCartney and Yoko Ono.[28][35] George helped her promote the appeal on British television and radio,[36] and, with his Traveling Wilburys bandmates, recorded a cover version of the song \"Nobody's Child\" to help raise funds for the orphans.[33][37]In October 1992, she wrote to The Guardian to express her disgust with the author Geoffrey Giuliano, who had recently published a biography of her husband. She accused Giuliano of falsifying a brief acquaintance with George into a friendship and criticised his depiction of Paul McCartney, whom Giuliano had dismissed as \"vacuous and shallow\".[38]On December 30, 1999, George and Olivia were attacked by a deranged man who broke into Friar Park.[39] George went downstairs after hearing noises. Moments later, George returned, followed by the intruder, and was stabbed multiple times. Olivia attacked the assailant with a fireplace poker and a heavy table lamp,[40] and he turned on her. After the local police arrived and detained the intruder, the Harrisons were treated for their wounds at a hospital. The man was quoted as saying he was on a \"mission sent by God,” and that the Beatles were \"witches.”[41][42] The home invasion was a front-page news story around the world, with some headlines recognising Olivia as having \"saved\" her husband.[43][nb 3] The attack followed the arrest of a female stalker who had broken into the Harrisons' Maui home on December 23.[46] In a 2005 interview, Olivia said of the December 30 incident: \"I remember everything about it, every millisecond. I was terrified, but it is one of those things that you just do in a heightened state of awareness so that you can never really forget any of it.\"[3]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoggett2011328%E2%80%9329-50"},{"link_name":"lung cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung_cancer"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Editors_of_''Rolling_Stone''200249%E2%80%9350-51"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarry2003119-52"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETillery2011148-53"},{"link_name":"Sunday Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sunday_Times"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoggett2011333,_370-54"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Love_Cirque_du_Soleil_Show_Theatre_Mirage_Hotel_Las_Vegas.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mirage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mirage"},{"link_name":"Cirque du Soleil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirque_du_Soleil"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Moir/DT-3"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Staten Island University Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staten_Island_University_Hospital"},{"link_name":"radiation therapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation_therapy"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoggett2011330%E2%80%9331-56"},{"link_name":"settled out of court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_settlement"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[nb 4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoggett201111,_349-60"},{"link_name":"Apple Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Corps"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_(Cirque_du_Soleil)"},{"link_name":"Guy Laliberté","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Lalibert%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Cirque du Soleil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirque_du_Soleil"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoggett2011342%E2%80%9343-62"},{"link_name":"E3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Entertainment_Expo_2009"},{"link_name":"The Beatles: Rock Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beatles:_Rock_Band"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"}],"sub_title":"George's death and aftermath","text":"George's injuries from the Friar Park attack were more severe than was reported in the press and led to the removal of a portion of one of his lungs.[47] Within a year, the cancer that he had beaten through treatment in 1998 returned in the form of lung cancer.[48] Olivia and Dhani were at his bedside when he died in Los Angeles on November 29, 2001.[49][50] She later remembered him in a Sunday Times interview: \"George was the funniest man I knew. When he died, I felt 'Oh, no, the party's over' … He didn't put up with any crabbiness – other than his own.\"[51]Love Theatre, at the Mirage hotel in Las Vegas. Cirque du Soleil's Love is among the projects overseen by Harrison in her role as co-controller of the Beatles' commercial rights.Harrison spent a period in seclusion while mourning her loss.[3] In 2004, she alleged that Gilbert Lederman,[52] a doctor at Staten Island University Hospital, where George received experimental radiation therapy before traveling to Los Angeles, had acted inappropriately by forcing him to listen to the doctor's young son playing guitar and, while in pain and lacking his mental faculties, autograph the boy's guitar.[53] The suit, which also addressed Lederman's discussion of the former Beatle's condition with the media, was settled out of court with a stipulation that the guitar be destroyed.[54][nb 4]Following her husband's death, Harrison joined Yoko Ono (Lennon's widow), Paul McCartney and Ringo Starr in managing the Beatles musical and financial legacy, [56] as one of the five directors of Apple Corps.[57] In June 2006, she attended the Las Vegas launch of the Beatles' Love stage show, a project George had initiated through his friendship with Guy Laliberté of Cirque du Soleil.[58] She appeared on stage at Microsoft's E3 press conference in June 2009, again with Ono, McCartney and Starr, to promote The Beatles: Rock Band.[59]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Concert for George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concert_for_George"},{"link_name":"Eric Clapton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Clapton"},{"link_name":"Jeff Lynne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Lynne"},{"link_name":"Billy Preston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Preston"},{"link_name":"Tom Petty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Petty"},{"link_name":"Royal Albert Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Albert_Hall"},{"link_name":"David Leland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Leland"},{"link_name":"Material World Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Material_World_Foundation"},{"link_name":"Concert for George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concert_for_George_(film)"},{"link_name":"Grammy Award for Best Long Form Music Video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Long_Form_Music_Video"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"I, Me, Mine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I,_Me,_Mine"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarry2003233-65"},{"link_name":"Genesis Publications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genesis_Publications"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lewis/LAT05-66"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ravi_Shankar_2009_crop.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ravi Shankar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravi_Shankar"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodriguez2010425-47"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoggett2011333-67"},{"link_name":"Knightsbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knightsbridge"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Moir/DT-3"},{"link_name":"Santa Monica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Monica,_California"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lewis/LAT05-66"},{"link_name":"Dark Horse Years","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dark_Horse_Years_1976%E2%80%931992"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lewis/LAT05-66"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"Concert for Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Concert_for_Bangladesh_(album)"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"Living in the Material World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living_in_the_Material_World"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"The Traveling Wilburys Collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Traveling_Wilburys_Collection"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"Collaborations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaborations_(Ravi_Shankar_and_George_Harrison_album)"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Olivia/Spinner-72"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"Music Festival from India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravi_Shankar%27s_Music_Festival_from_India"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Olivia/Spinner-72"},{"link_name":"Martin Scorsese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Scorsese"},{"link_name":"George Harrison: Living in the Material World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Harrison:_Living_in_the_Material_World"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"Leonard Lopate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Lopate"},{"link_name":"WNYC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WNYC"},{"link_name":"Beatles Anthology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beatles_Anthology_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WNYC-75"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WNYC-75"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"Abrams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrams_Books"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"2012 Emmy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/64th_Primetime_Emmy_Awards"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"Apple Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Records"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"box set of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Apple_Years_1968%E2%80%9375"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marchese/SecondDisc-81"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lewis/LATimes-82"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gensler/BB-23"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"film restoration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_restoration"},{"link_name":"The Film Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Film_Foundation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alem%C3%A1n/moreliafilmfest-1"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MexicanCinema/moreliafilmfest-84"},{"link_name":"Charlie Chaplin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alem%C3%A1n/moreliafilmfest-1"},{"link_name":"\"Golden Age\" of cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Mexican_cinema"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MexicanCinema/moreliafilmfest-84"},{"link_name":"[nb 5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"Emilio Fernández","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilio_Fern%C3%A1ndez"},{"link_name":"Enamorada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enamorada_(film)"},{"link_name":"Cannes Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Cannes_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MexicanCinema/moreliafilmfest-84"},{"link_name":"The Beatles: Get Back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beatles:_Get_Back"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Beatles:_Get_Back_\|_Awards_&_Nominations-86"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Beatles:_Get_Back_Docuseries_Available_on_Blu-ray%E2%84%A2_and_DVD_July_12-88"},{"link_name":"All Things Must Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Things_Must_Pass"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64th_Annual_Grammy_Awards-89"},{"link_name":"Came the Lightening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Came_the_Lightening"},{"link_name":"Edna St. Vincent Millay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edna_St._Vincent_Millay"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"}],"text":"In November 2002, Olivia Harrison produced the Concert for George tribute, which featured Eric Clapton, Jeff Lynne, Billy Preston, Tom Petty, Shankar, Starr and McCartney, along with Dhani. Held at London's Royal Albert Hall and filmed by director David Leland, the event was presented under the auspices of George's Material World Foundation; all proceeds from the concert and subsequent album, film and book releases went to the foundation for dispersal to charities that he and the family supported. Harrison's video production for the Concert for George film received the Grammy Award for Best Long Form Music Video in 2005.[60] She wrote the introduction to the 2002 reissue of George's autobiography, I, Me, Mine,[61] and authored the book Concert for George, which was published by Genesis Publications in 2005.[62]Ravi Shankar in 2009Harrison has overseen reissue campaigns of her late husband's recording catalogue.[45][63] In early 2005, she operated out of an office in London's Knightsbridge area;[3] while in Los Angeles at that time, she used Dark Horse's offices in Santa Monica.[62] She helped Dhani compile the Dark Horse Years box set in 2004[62] and wrote an introduction on the history of Dark Horse Records in the accompanying booklet.[64] She co-produced the Concert for Bangladesh Revisited documentary accompanying the 2005 reissue of the Concert for Bangladesh album and film.[65] She was reissue producer (with Dhani) of Living in the Material World in 2006.[66] In 2007, Harrison produced the documentary included in the Traveling Wilburys box set The Traveling Wilburys Collection.[67] In 2010, she served as compilation producer of George's works with Ravi Shankar, in a box set titled Collaborations – a project she described as a \"labor of love for me\".[68] In addition to designing the elaborate packaging with Drew Lorimer,[69] she oversaw the collection and restoration of long-lost footage of a 1974 Music Festival from India performance from the Royal Albert Hall.[68]She co-produced the Martin Scorsese documentary George Harrison: Living in the Material World (2011), and appeared with Scorsese at Cannes in 2010 and in New York City in the summer of 2011 promoting it.[70] In a radio interview with Leonard Lopate for WNYC, she said that the film had involved five years of work and that it was a project George had hoped to undertake himself after working on the Beatles Anthology series in the mid 1990s.[71] She also authored the accompanying book, George Harrison: Living in the Material World,[71][72] published by Abrams.[73] The film won two awards at the 2012 Emmy Awards,[74] with Harrison and her fellow producers being recognised in the category \"Outstanding Documentary or Nonfiction Special\".[75]For the 2014 reissue of George's Apple Records solo albums, overseen by Dhani,[76] Harrison directed a seven-minute film, The Apple Years, which was included on the DVD in the eight-disc box set of the same name.[77] She compiled a revised edition of I, Me, Mine (subtitled The Extended Edition), which was published by Genesis in February 2017. The updated work involved her searching for George's handwritten lyrics and notes for songs that he had omitted from the 1980 book[78] or had written in the years following its original publication.[23] She told Rolling Stone magazine, referring to her dedication to preserving his legacy: \"I have an overdeveloped sense of duty. It obviously means everything to me.\"[79]Following her work with Scorsese on Living in the Material World, Harrison has funded film restoration projects undertaken by his non-profit organization The Film Foundation.[1][80] Through the Material World Foundation, she first financed the restoration of some Charlie Chaplin short films[1] and then of works from Mexico's \"Golden Age\" of cinema.[80][nb 5] Emilio Fernández's Enamorada (1946), one of three Mexican titles restored by The Film Foundation up to mid 2018, was presented by Scorsese at the Cannes Film Festival that year.[80]In 2021, along with the surviving members of the Beatles and Yoko Ono, she produced the documentary The Beatles: Get Back.[81] For this documentary she won her second Emmy as producer in the Outstanding Documentary or Nonfiction Series category. The documentary went on to win five Emmy awards in total.[82][83]In 2022 she won a second Grammy award as a producer for the reissued limited edition of All Things Must Pass.[84] In June 2022, she published a poetic autobiography, Came the Lightening; she was inspired to write the book by the works of Edna St. Vincent Millay.[85]","title":"Film production, album reissues and book projects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuntley2006227%E2%80%9328-91"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarry2003326%E2%80%9327-92"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarry2003326-36"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuntley2006227%E2%80%9328-91"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodriguez2010425-47"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoggett2011207-94"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"Brown University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_University"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"Concert for Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concert_for_Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"Salma Hayek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salma_Hayek"},{"link_name":"Mexican earthquakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Chiapas_earthquake"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"UNICEF Kid Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNICEF_Kid_Power"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"}],"text":"As of 2002, Harrison's 1990 Romanian Angel initiative was still active.[86] In May 1990, before the release of the fundraising single and album, ten trucks filled with food, medical supplies and clothing, together with 32 aid workers, were dispatched to Romania.[87] According to Harrison, all the funds raised by the appeal went directly to the cause, as the administrative costs were paid for by her and the other RAA founders.[34] In September 2000, she and George met with local representatives to monitor the progress of the RAA-funded programs for orphanage sanitation and professional staff.[86]Harrison has continued to develop George's philanthropic initiatives.[45] She is a director of the Material World Foundation (MWF),[88] which he established in 1973[89] to \"sponsor diverse forms of artistic expression and to encourage the exploration of alternative life views and philosophies\",[90] and of the Harrison Family Foundation.[91] The Harrison Family Scholarship was launched by the MWF in 2002. It awards scholarships at Brown University in the United States, with preference given to non-American students, especially those from India and Mexico.[92]In late 2005, coinciding with the reissue of the album and film from the 1971 Concert for Bangladesh, she established The George Harrison Fund for UNICEF with an initial focus on programs in Bangladesh.[93] As of July 2015, the fund had also assisted children affected by civil conflict, natural disasters or poverty in Brazil, India, Angola, Romania, the Horn of Africa, Burma and Nepal.[94] Harrison contributed to actress Salma Hayek's UNICEF fundraising campaign in response to the September 2017 Mexican earthquakes. Through the auspices of The George Harrison Fund for UNICEF, she then pledged to double the next $200,000 donation made to the campaign.[95]One of the fund's initiatives has been to introduce floating schools, which allow children in remote areas of Bangladesh that are affected by seasonal flooding to continue attending school.[96] In her work as a UNICEF sponsor, she visited Bangladesh in February 2011[97] to oversee the fund's ongoing efforts there,[98] and in 2015 promoted the UNICEF Kid Power program.[99]","title":"Philanthropy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"Your Love Is Forever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Your_Love_Is_Forever"},{"link_name":"Run of the Mill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Run_of_the_Mill_(George_Harrison_song)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gensler/BB-23"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-32"},{"link_name":"Battersea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battersea"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClayson2003425,_481-31"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-48"},{"link_name":"Tom Petty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Petty"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETillery2011145%E2%80%9346-46"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodriguez2010425-47"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-59"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarry2003119%E2%80%9320-58"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-85"},{"link_name":"Morelia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morelia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alem%C3%A1n/moreliafilmfest-1"}],"text":"^ She has cited \"Your Love Is Forever\" from the same album as one of her favourites, along with his 1970 song \"Run of the Mill\".[23]\n\n^ Originally signing themselves as \"Rosalind,” the perpetrators were an American hippie couple living in Battersea in south London. The couple told the police that they held a grudge against Olivia Harrison after clashing with her \"on another planet.”[30]\n\n^ Referring to her bravery during the ordeal, Tom Petty joked in a fax to George: \"Aren't you glad you married a Mexican girl?\"[44] According to Rodriguez, further to her \"rescu[ing] George from the perils of rock stardom\" in the 1970s, Olivia's actions represented the second time she had saved his life.[45]\n\n^ In another episode, in January 2002, Harrison launched a lawsuit against her sister's ex-husband, Carl Roles, for selling items of memorabilia he had stolen from the Harrisons' home in the late 1970s. Roles announced that the items were for sale on the day after George died.[55]\n\n^ In an interview she gave in Morelia in Mexico, when attending the city's 2016 film festival, Harrison said that she had also funded the restoration of \"an English movie and then a Russian movie\".[1]","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"1974 trade ad for Dark Horse Records","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Dark_Horse_Records_ad.png/150px-Dark_Horse_Records_ad.png"},{"image_text":"Love Theatre, at the Mirage hotel in Las Vegas. Cirque du Soleil's Love is among the projects overseen by Harrison in her role as co-controller of the Beatles' commercial rights.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Love_Cirque_du_Soleil_Show_Theatre_Mirage_Hotel_Las_Vegas.jpg/260px-Love_Cirque_du_Soleil_Show_Theatre_Mirage_Hotel_Las_Vegas.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ravi Shankar in 2009","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Ravi_Shankar_2009_crop.jpg/180px-Ravi_Shankar_2009_crop.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Alemán, María Cristina (November 3, 2016). \"Interview with Olivia Harrison at the 14th FICM\". moreliafilmfest.com. Retrieved August 20, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://moreliafilmfest.com/en/entrevista-a-olivia-harrison-en-el-14o-ficm/","url_text":"\"Interview with Olivia Harrison at the 14th FICM\""}]},{"reference":"Moir, Jan (January 24, 2005). \"'I Will Miss Him Until My Dying Day'\". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on January 12, 2022. Retrieved August 13, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/3635696/I-will-miss-him-until-my-dying-day.html","url_text":"\"'I Will Miss Him Until My Dying Day'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph","url_text":"The Daily Telegraph"},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/3635696/I-will-miss-him-until-my-dying-day.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Harrison, Olivia (2022). Came the Lightening. Genesis Publications. p. 58. ISBN 978-1-905662-73-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-905662-73-9","url_text":"978-1-905662-73-9"}]},{"reference":"Harrison, Olivia (2004). \"The History of Dark Horse 1976–1992\". The Dark Horse Years 1976–1992 (DVD booklet). George Harrison. Dark Horse Records/EMI. pp. 4, 7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dark_Horse_Years_1976%E2%80%931992","url_text":"The Dark Horse Years 1976–1992"}]},{"reference":"Brown, Mick (April 19, 1979). \"A Conversation With George Harrison\". Rolling Stone. Retrieved August 10, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/a-conversation-with-george-harrison-19790419?page=4","url_text":"\"A Conversation With George Harrison\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone","url_text":"Rolling Stone"}]},{"reference":"Gensler, Andy (April 3, 2017). \"Olivia Harrison Reveals Ringo Recently Stumbled Upon a Lost George Harrison Song\". Billboard. Archived from the original on April 3, 2017. Retrieved July 28, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170403205316/http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/7744343/olivia-harrison-reveals-ringo-recently-stumbled-upon-a-lost-george-harrison","url_text":"\"Olivia Harrison Reveals Ringo Recently Stumbled Upon a Lost George Harrison Song\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/7744343/olivia-harrison-reveals-ringo-recently-stumbled-upon-a-lost-george-harrison","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Thomson, Graeme (May 14, 2012). \"George Harrison: Something in the Vaults\". theartsdesk.com. Retrieved August 21, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theartsdesk.com/new-music/george-harrison-something-vaults?page=0%2C1","url_text":"\"George Harrison: Something in the Vaults\""}]},{"reference":"Udovitch, Mim; Wild, David (2 January 2002). \"Tom Petty Remembers George\". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 19 June 2008. Retrieved 31 October 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080619085457/http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/tompetty/articles/story/5919468/tom_petty_remembers_george","url_text":"\"Tom Petty Remembers George\""},{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/artists/tompetty/articles/story/5919468/tom_petty_remembers_george","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Goldman, Andrew (May 21, 2005). \"The Doctor Can't Help Himself\". New York. Archived from the original on August 20, 2009. Retrieved May 31, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://nymag.com/nymetro/health/features/10817/","url_text":"\"The Doctor Can't Help Himself\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(magazine)","url_text":"New York"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090820070223/http://nymag.com/nymetro/health/features/10817","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Glaberson, William (January 17, 2004). \"Harrison Estate Settles Suit Over Guitar Autographed by Dying Beatle\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 5, 2013. Retrieved May 31, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2004/01/17/nyregion/harrison-estate-settles-suit-over-guitar-autographed-by-dying-beatle.html?fta=y","url_text":"\"Harrison Estate Settles Suit Over Guitar Autographed by Dying Beatle\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130505121639/http://www.nytimes.com/2004/01/17/nyregion/harrison-estate-settles-suit-over-guitar-autographed-by-dying-beatle.html?fta=y","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Apple Corps Limited\". companieshouse.gov.uk. Retrieved August 21, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/company/00764797/officers","url_text":"\"Apple Corps Limited\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companies_House","url_text":"companieshouse.gov.uk"}]},{"reference":"Radosh, Daniel (August 11, 2009). \"While My Guitar Gently Beeps\". The New York Times (New York ed.) (published August 16, 2009). pp. MM26. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 26, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/16/magazine/16beatles-t.html?pagewanted=9","url_text":"\"While My Guitar Gently Beeps\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"Lewis, Randy (March 9, 2005). \"Here now, she lives for George\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 13, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/2005/mar/09/entertainment/et-harrison9","url_text":"\"Here now, she lives for George\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"\"The Dark Horse Years – Out Today!\". georgeharrison.com. March 1, 2004. Retrieved August 14, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.georgeharrison.com/the-dark-horse-years-out-today/","url_text":"\"The Dark Horse Years – Out Today!\""}]},{"reference":"Schmidt, Veronica (June 20, 2007). \"Traveling Wilburys go to number one\". The Times. Retrieved August 21, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/traveling-wilburys-go-to-number-one-2mkn8cj9shn","url_text":"\"Traveling Wilburys go to number one\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times","url_text":"The Times"}]},{"reference":"Harrison, Olivia (October 18, 2010). \"George Harrison and Ravi Shankar Box Set 'Collaborations' Is a Labor of Love for Me\". Spinner. Archived from the original on January 2, 2011. Retrieved August 12, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110102132411/http://www.spinner.com/2010/10/18/george-harrison-ravi-shankar-collaborations/","url_text":"\"George Harrison and Ravi Shankar Box Set 'Collaborations' Is a Labor of Love for Me\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinner_(website)","url_text":"Spinner"},{"url":"http://www.spinner.com/2010/10/18/george-harrison-ravi-shankar-collaborations/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Collaborations Box Set\" > Album credits\". georgeharrison.com. Retrieved August 14, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.georgeharrison.com/albums/collaborations-box-set/","url_text":"\"Collaborations Box Set\" > Album credits\""}]},{"reference":"Itzkoff, Dave (September 23, 2011). \"Within Him, Without Him\". (limited free access) The New York Times. Retrieved September 25, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/25/arts/television/george-harrison-living-in-the-material-world-on-hbo.html","url_text":"\"Within Him, Without Him\""}]},{"reference":"Lopate, Leonard (The Leonard Lopate Show) (November 5, 2011). \"George Harrison: Living in the Material World (Interview with Olivia Harrison)\". wnyc.org. Retrieved August 12, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wnyc.org/story/167994-george-harrison-living-material-world/","url_text":"\"George Harrison: Living in the Material World (Interview with Olivia Harrison)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WNYC","url_text":"wnyc.org"}]},{"reference":"Rabey, Steve (October 9, 2011). \"George Harrison, 'Living In The Material World'\". The Huffington Post. Retrieved August 12, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/10/09/george-harrison-living-in-the-material-world_n_1001707.html","url_text":"\"George Harrison, 'Living In The Material World'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Huffington_Post","url_text":"The Huffington Post"}]},{"reference":"\"George Harrison: Living in the Material World – in pictures\". theguardian.com. October 4, 2011. Retrieved August 12, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/gallery/2011/oct/04/george-harrison-in-pictures","url_text":"\"George Harrison: Living in the Material World – in pictures\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"theguardian.com"}]},{"reference":"\"George Harrison: Living In The Material World\". emmys.com. July 18, 2012. Retrieved August 9, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.emmys.com/content/george-harrison-living-material-world-4","url_text":"\"George Harrison: Living In The Material World\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nominations Search ('Living in the Material World')\". emmys.com. Retrieved August 9, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.emmys.com/awards/nominations/award-search?search_api_views_fulltext=%22Living+in+the+Material+World%22&submit=Search&field_celebrity_details_field_display_name=&field_show_details_field_nominee_show_nr_title=&field_show_details_field_network=All&field_show_details_field_production_company=All&field_nominations_year=1949-01-01+00%3A00%3A00&field_nominations_year_1=2018-01-01+00%3A00%3A00&field_award_category=All","url_text":"\"Nominations Search ('Living in the Material World')\""}]},{"reference":"Lewis, Randy (February 24, 2017). \"Olivia Harrison reflects on the music and a book marking what would have been 'quiet Beatle's' 74th birthday\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 28, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/music/la-et-ms-george-harrison-autobiography-box-set-20170223-story.html","url_text":"\"Olivia Harrison reflects on the music and a book marking what would have been 'quiet Beatle's' 74th birthday\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"Appleford, Steve (March 2, 2017). \"Inside George Harrison's Newly Expanded Memoir\". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on March 2, 2017. Retrieved August 10, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170302175747/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/features/inside-george-harrisons-newly-expanded-memoir-w469872","url_text":"\"Inside George Harrison's Newly Expanded Memoir\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone","url_text":"Rolling Stone"},{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/features/inside-george-harrisons-newly-expanded-memoir-w469872","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Mexican Cinema Restored by The Film Foundation\". moreliafilmfest.com. July 9, 2018. Retrieved August 20, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://moreliafilmfest.com/en/cine-mexicano-restaurado-por-the-film-foundation/","url_text":"\"Mexican Cinema Restored by The Film Foundation\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Beatles Get Back - Emmy Awards nominations and wins\". emmys.com. Retrieved August 6, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.emmys.com/shows/beatles-get-back","url_text":"\"The Beatles Get Back - Emmy Awards nominations and wins\""}]},{"reference":"\"Outstanding Documentary Or Nonfiction Series Nominees / Winners 2022\". Television Academy. Retrieved September 13, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.emmys.com/awards/nominees-winners/2022/outstanding-documentary-or-nonfiction-series","url_text":"\"Outstanding Documentary Or Nonfiction Series Nominees / Winners 2022\""}]},{"reference":"\"OUT NOW: The Beatles: Get Back Docuseries Available on Blu-ray™ and DVD July 12\". thebeatles.com. July 21, 2022. Retrieved August 6, 2022. Producers: Paul McCartney, Ringo Starr, Yoko Ono Lennon, Olivia Harrison","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thebeatles.com/beatles-get-back-docuseries-available-blu-raytm-and-dvd-july-12","url_text":"\"OUT NOW: The Beatles: Get Back Docuseries Available on Blu-ray™ and DVD July 12\""}]},{"reference":"\"2021 GRAMMY WINNERS\". grammy.com. Retrieved August 6, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.grammy.com/awards/64th-annual-grammy-awards-2021","url_text":"\"2021 GRAMMY WINNERS\""}]},{"reference":"\"George Harrison's widow talks of life, death through poetry\". Associated Press. June 21, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://apnews.com/article/entertainment-music-george-harrison-olivia-ba212140df9d482271e0567cb1f74cd0","url_text":"\"George Harrison's widow talks of life, death through poetry\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"Associated Press"}]},{"reference":"\"The Material World Foundation Limited\". companieshouse.gov.uk. Retrieved August 21, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/company/01148896/officers","url_text":"\"The Material World Foundation Limited\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companies_House","url_text":"companieshouse.gov.uk"}]},{"reference":"\"The Harrison Family Foundation Limited\". companieshouse.gov.uk. Retrieved August 21, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/company/10197446/officers","url_text":"\"The Harrison Family Foundation Limited\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companies_House","url_text":"companieshouse.gov.uk"}]},{"reference":"\"The Material World Foundation Limited\". georgeharrison.com. Retrieved August 21, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.georgeharrison.com/material-world-charitable-foundation/","url_text":"\"The Material World Foundation Limited\""}]},{"reference":"Bonham Carter, Rachel (August 1, 2006). \"George Harrison honoured on 35th anniversary of 'Concert for Bangladesh'\". unicef.org. Retrieved August 9, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/bangladesh_35176.html","url_text":"\"George Harrison honoured on 35th anniversary of 'Concert for Bangladesh'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNICEF","url_text":"unicef.org"}]},{"reference":"\"Harrison Fund for UNICEF invests in innovative program to promote fitness and save lives\". concertforbangladesh.com. July 31, 2015. Retrieved August 9, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.concertforbangladesh.com/news/post.php?s=2015-07-31-celebrating-the-44th-anniversary-of-the-concert-for-bangladesh-george-harrison-fund-for-unicef-invests-in-innovative-program-to-promote-fitness-and-save-lives","url_text":"\"Harrison Fund for UNICEF invests in innovative program to promote fitness and save lives\""}]},{"reference":"\"Salma Hayek and Olivia Harrison Raise Funds for Mexico\". moreliafilmfest.com. September 25, 2017. Retrieved August 20, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://moreliafilmfest.com/en/salma-hayek-y-olivia-harrison-reunen-fondos-para-mexico/","url_text":"\"Salma Hayek and Olivia Harrison Raise Funds for Mexico\""}]},{"reference":"\"Innovative project with UNICEF provides access to school for over 2,000 children in remote Bangladesh\". concertforbangladesh.com. September 1, 2014. Retrieved August 9, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.concertforbangladesh.com/news/post.php?s=2014-09-01-innovative-project-with-unicef-provides-access-to-school-for-over-2000-children-in-remote-bangladesh","url_text":"\"Innovative project with UNICEF provides access to school for over 2,000 children in remote Bangladesh\""}]},{"reference":"\"February 2011, Olivia Harrison visits Bangladesh\". concertforbangladesh.com. March 16, 2011. Retrieved August 9, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.concertforbangladesh.com/news/post.php?s=2011-03-16-february-2011-olivia-harrison-visits-bangladesh","url_text":"\"February 2011, Olivia Harrison visits Bangladesh\""}]},{"reference":"Sharmin, Arifa S. (March 15, 2011). \"Olivia Harrison keeps George Harrison's legacy alive on visit to Bangladesh\". unicef.org. Retrieved August 9, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.unicef.org/people/bangladesh_57931.html","url_text":"\"Olivia Harrison keeps George Harrison's legacy alive on visit to Bangladesh\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNICEF","url_text":"unicef.org"}]},{"reference":"\"Olivia Harrison speaks to global UNICEF leaders and UNICEF Kid Power school in Boston\". concertforbangladesh.com. November 23, 2015. Archived from the original on December 21, 2016. Retrieved August 9, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161221015354/http://www.concertforbangladesh.com/news/post.php?s=2015-11-23-olivia-harrison-speaks-to-global-unicef-leaders-and-unicef-kid-power-school-in-boston","url_text":"\"Olivia Harrison speaks to global UNICEF leaders and UNICEF Kid Power school in Boston\""},{"url":"http://www.concertforbangladesh.com/news/post.php?s=2015-11-23-olivia-harrison-speaks-to-global-unicef-leaders-and-unicef-kid-power-school-in-boston","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Badman, Keith (2001). The Beatles Diary Volume 2: After the Break-Up 1970–2001. London: Omnibus Press. ISBN 978-0-7119-8307-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7119-8307-6","url_text":"978-0-7119-8307-6"}]},{"reference":"Clayson, Alan (2003). George Harrison. London: Sanctuary. ISBN 1-86074-489-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Clayson","url_text":"Clayson, Alan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86074-489-3","url_text":"1-86074-489-3"}]},{"reference":"Doggett, Peter (2011). You Never Give Me Your Money: The Beatles After the Breakup. New York, NY: It Books. ISBN 978-0-06-177418-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Doggett","url_text":"Doggett, Peter"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-177418-8","url_text":"978-0-06-177418-8"}]},{"reference":"The Editors of Rolling Stone (2002). Harrison. New York, NY: Rolling Stone Press. ISBN 978-0-7432-3581-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/harrison00fine","url_text":"Harrison"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-3581-5","url_text":"978-0-7432-3581-5"}]},{"reference":"Greene, Joshua M. (2006). Here Comes the Sun: The Spiritual and Musical Journey of George Harrison. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-12780-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-12780-3","url_text":"978-0-470-12780-3"}]},{"reference":"Harrison, George (2002) [1980]. I, Me, Mine. San Francisco, CA: Chronicle Books. ISBN 978-0-8118-5900-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8118-5900-4","url_text":"978-0-8118-5900-4"}]},{"reference":"Harry, Bill (2003). The George Harrison Encyclopedia. London: Virgin Books. ISBN 978-0-7535-0822-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Harry","url_text":"Harry, Bill"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7535-0822-0","url_text":"978-0-7535-0822-0"}]},{"reference":"Huntley, Elliot J. (2006). Mystical One: George Harrison – After the Break-up of the Beatles. Toronto, ON: Guernica Editions. ISBN 1-55071-197-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55071-197-0","url_text":"1-55071-197-0"}]},{"reference":"Rodriguez, Robert (2010). Fab Four FAQ 2.0: The Beatles' Solo Years, 1970–1980. Milwaukee, WI: Backbeat Books. ISBN 978-1-4165-9093-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/missodellmyhardd00odel","url_text":"Fab Four FAQ 2.0: The Beatles' Solo Years, 1970–1980"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4165-9093-4","url_text":"978-1-4165-9093-4"}]},{"reference":"Schaffner, Nicholas (1978). The Beatles Forever. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-055087-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Schaffner","url_text":"Schaffner, Nicholas"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/beatlesforever00scha","url_text":"The Beatles Forever"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-055087-5","url_text":"0-07-055087-5"}]},{"reference":"Tillery, Gary (2011). Working Class Mystic: A Spiritual Biography of George Harrison. Wheaton, IL: Quest Books. ISBN 978-0-8356-0900-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Tillery","url_text":"Tillery, Gary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8356-0900-5","url_text":"978-0-8356-0900-5"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://moreliafilmfest.com/en/entrevista-a-olivia-harrison-en-el-14o-ficm/","external_links_name":"\"Interview with Olivia Harrison at the 14th FICM\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/3635696/I-will-miss-him-until-my-dying-day.html","external_links_name":"\"'I Will Miss Him Until My Dying Day'\""},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/3635696/I-will-miss-him-until-my-dying-day.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/a-conversation-with-george-harrison-19790419?page=4","external_links_name":"\"A Conversation With George Harrison\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170403205316/http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/7744343/olivia-harrison-reveals-ringo-recently-stumbled-upon-a-lost-george-harrison","external_links_name":"\"Olivia Harrison Reveals Ringo Recently Stumbled Upon a Lost George Harrison Song\""},{"Link":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/7744343/olivia-harrison-reveals-ringo-recently-stumbled-upon-a-lost-george-harrison","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.theartsdesk.com/new-music/george-harrison-something-vaults?page=0%2C1","external_links_name":"\"George Harrison: Something in the Vaults\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6l8b-oIs7IAC&pg=PT1&dq=ISBN+0-06-075864-3","external_links_name":"The Greedy Bastard Diary: A Comic Tour of America"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080619085457/http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/tompetty/articles/story/5919468/tom_petty_remembers_george","external_links_name":"\"Tom Petty Remembers George\""},{"Link":"https://www.rollingstone.com/artists/tompetty/articles/story/5919468/tom_petty_remembers_george","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://nymag.com/nymetro/health/features/10817/","external_links_name":"\"The Doctor Can't Help Himself\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090820070223/http://nymag.com/nymetro/health/features/10817","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2004/01/17/nyregion/harrison-estate-settles-suit-over-guitar-autographed-by-dying-beatle.html?fta=y","external_links_name":"\"Harrison Estate Settles Suit Over Guitar Autographed by Dying Beatle\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130505121639/http://www.nytimes.com/2004/01/17/nyregion/harrison-estate-settles-suit-over-guitar-autographed-by-dying-beatle.html?fta=y","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/company/00764797/officers","external_links_name":"\"Apple Corps Limited\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/16/magazine/16beatles-t.html?pagewanted=9","external_links_name":"\"While My Guitar Gently Beeps\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"http://www.grammy.com/nominees/search?artist=george+harrison&field_nominee_work_value=&year=2004&genre=18&=Search","external_links_name":"Past Winners Search"},{"Link":"http://articles.latimes.com/2005/mar/09/entertainment/et-harrison9","external_links_name":"\"Here now, she lives for George\""},{"Link":"http://www.georgeharrison.com/the-dark-horse-years-out-today/","external_links_name":"\"The Dark Horse Years – Out Today!\""},{"Link":"https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/traveling-wilburys-go-to-number-one-2mkn8cj9shn","external_links_name":"\"Traveling Wilburys go to number one\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110102132411/http://www.spinner.com/2010/10/18/george-harrison-ravi-shankar-collaborations/","external_links_name":"\"George Harrison and Ravi Shankar Box Set 'Collaborations' Is a Labor of Love for Me\""},{"Link":"http://www.spinner.com/2010/10/18/george-harrison-ravi-shankar-collaborations/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.georgeharrison.com/albums/collaborations-box-set/","external_links_name":"\"Collaborations Box Set\" > Album credits\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/25/arts/television/george-harrison-living-in-the-material-world-on-hbo.html","external_links_name":"\"Within Him, Without Him\""},{"Link":"http://www.wnyc.org/story/167994-george-harrison-living-material-world/","external_links_name":"\"George Harrison: Living in the Material World (Interview with Olivia Harrison)\""},{"Link":"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/10/09/george-harrison-living-in-the-material-world_n_1001707.html","external_links_name":"\"George Harrison, 'Living In The Material World'\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/gallery/2011/oct/04/george-harrison-in-pictures","external_links_name":"\"George Harrison: Living in the Material World – in pictures\""},{"Link":"http://www.emmys.com/content/george-harrison-living-material-world-4","external_links_name":"\"George Harrison: Living In The Material World\""},{"Link":"http://www.emmys.com/awards/nominations/award-search?search_api_views_fulltext=%22Living+in+the+Material+World%22&submit=Search&field_celebrity_details_field_display_name=&field_show_details_field_nominee_show_nr_title=&field_show_details_field_network=All&field_show_details_field_production_company=All&field_nominations_year=1949-01-01+00%3A00%3A00&field_nominations_year_1=2018-01-01+00%3A00%3A00&field_award_category=All","external_links_name":"\"Nominations Search ('Living in the Material World')\""},{"Link":"http://www.georgeharrison.com/the-apple-years-68-75-boxset-coming-soon/","external_links_name":"\"Announcing The Apple Years 1968–75 Box set – Released 22nd September\""},{"Link":"http://theseconddisc.com/2014/09/02/give-me-love-george-harrisons-apple-years-are-collected-on-new-box-set/","external_links_name":"\"Give Me Love: George Harrison’s 'Apple Years' Are Collected On New Box Set\""},{"Link":"http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/music/la-et-ms-george-harrison-autobiography-box-set-20170223-story.html","external_links_name":"\"Olivia Harrison reflects on the music and a book marking what would have been 'quiet Beatle's' 74th birthday\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170302175747/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/features/inside-george-harrisons-newly-expanded-memoir-w469872","external_links_name":"\"Inside George Harrison's Newly Expanded Memoir\""},{"Link":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/features/inside-george-harrisons-newly-expanded-memoir-w469872","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://moreliafilmfest.com/en/cine-mexicano-restaurado-por-the-film-foundation/","external_links_name":"\"Mexican Cinema Restored by The Film Foundation\""},{"Link":"https://www.emmys.com/shows/beatles-get-back","external_links_name":"\"The Beatles Get Back - Emmy Awards nominations and wins\""},{"Link":"https://www.emmys.com/awards/nominees-winners/2022/outstanding-documentary-or-nonfiction-series","external_links_name":"\"Outstanding Documentary Or Nonfiction Series Nominees / Winners 2022\""},{"Link":"https://www.thebeatles.com/beatles-get-back-docuseries-available-blu-raytm-and-dvd-july-12","external_links_name":"\"OUT NOW: The Beatles: Get Back Docuseries Available on Blu-ray™ and DVD July 12\""},{"Link":"https://www.grammy.com/awards/64th-annual-grammy-awards-2021","external_links_name":"\"2021 GRAMMY WINNERS\""},{"Link":"https://apnews.com/article/entertainment-music-george-harrison-olivia-ba212140df9d482271e0567cb1f74cd0","external_links_name":"\"George Harrison's widow talks of life, death through poetry\""},{"Link":"https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/company/01148896/officers","external_links_name":"\"The Material World Foundation Limited\""},{"Link":"https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/company/10197446/officers","external_links_name":"\"The Harrison Family Foundation Limited\""},{"Link":"http://www.georgeharrison.com/material-world-charitable-foundation/","external_links_name":"\"The Material World Foundation Limited\""},{"Link":"https://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/bangladesh_35176.html","external_links_name":"\"George Harrison honoured on 35th anniversary of 'Concert for Bangladesh'\""},{"Link":"http://www.concertforbangladesh.com/news/post.php?s=2015-07-31-celebrating-the-44th-anniversary-of-the-concert-for-bangladesh-george-harrison-fund-for-unicef-invests-in-innovative-program-to-promote-fitness-and-save-lives","external_links_name":"\"Harrison Fund for UNICEF invests in innovative program to promote fitness and save lives\""},{"Link":"https://moreliafilmfest.com/en/salma-hayek-y-olivia-harrison-reunen-fondos-para-mexico/","external_links_name":"\"Salma Hayek and Olivia Harrison Raise Funds for Mexico\""},{"Link":"http://www.concertforbangladesh.com/news/post.php?s=2014-09-01-innovative-project-with-unicef-provides-access-to-school-for-over-2000-children-in-remote-bangladesh","external_links_name":"\"Innovative project with UNICEF provides access to school for over 2,000 children in remote Bangladesh\""},{"Link":"http://www.concertforbangladesh.com/news/post.php?s=2011-03-16-february-2011-olivia-harrison-visits-bangladesh","external_links_name":"\"February 2011, Olivia Harrison visits Bangladesh\""},{"Link":"https://www.unicef.org/people/bangladesh_57931.html","external_links_name":"\"Olivia Harrison keeps George Harrison's legacy alive on visit to Bangladesh\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161221015354/http://www.concertforbangladesh.com/news/post.php?s=2015-11-23-olivia-harrison-speaks-to-global-unicef-leaders-and-unicef-kid-power-school-in-boston","external_links_name":"\"Olivia Harrison speaks to global UNICEF leaders and UNICEF Kid Power school in Boston\""},{"Link":"http://www.concertforbangladesh.com/news/post.php?s=2015-11-23-olivia-harrison-speaks-to-global-unicef-leaders-and-unicef-kid-power-school-in-boston","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/harrison00fine","external_links_name":"Harrison"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/missodellmyhardd00odel","external_links_name":"Fab Four FAQ 2.0: The Beatles' Solo Years, 1970–1980"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/beatlesforever00scha","external_links_name":"The Beatles Forever"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1450072/","external_links_name":"Olivia Harrison"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000048748457","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/31716674","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJjCW8fKqfKFjwkHCFcgKd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/10019413","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX5233440","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16557121t","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16557121t","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1017497389","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007427879505171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14379882","external_links_name":"Belgium"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2004109144","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/001096270","external_links_name":"Japan"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p242101836","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810608284105606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://www.grammy.com/artists/olivia-harrison/3680","external_links_name":"Grammy Awards"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/d53fc0b4-351c-49ed-b532-297082d40a36","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion_in_Greece	Abortion in Greece	["1 History","1.1 Prior to legalization","2 Demographics","2.1 Age","3 Accessibility and methods","4 References"]	Abortion in Greece has been fully legalized since 1986, when Law 1609/1986 was passed effective from 3 July 1986. Partial legalization of abortion in Greece was passed in Law 821 in 1978 that provided for the legal termination of a pregnancy, with no time limitation, in the event of a threat to the health or life of the woman. This law also allowed for termination up to the 12th week of pregnancy due to psychiatric indications and to the 20th week due to fetal pathology. Following the passage of the 1986 law, abortions can be performed on-demand in hospitals for women whose pregnancies have not exceeded 12 weeks. In the case of rape or incest, an abortion can occur as late as 19 weeks, and as late as 24 weeks in the case of fetal abnormalities. In case of inevitable risk to the life of the pregnant woman or a risk of serious and continuous damage to her physical or mental health, termination of pregnancy is legal any time before birth. Girls under the age of 18 must get written permission from a parent or guardian before being allowed an abortion. Law 1609 also specifies that the abortion must be performed by a medical practitioner with a specialty in gynecology or obstetrics and with the assistance of an anesthesiologist; that the pregnant woman is informed of the consequences of terminating the pregnancy, including the state that the state can provide some protection for the mother and child, as well as other family planning topics; that the mother's health is examined prior to the abortion; and that the hospital or private clinic where the abortion is performed meets particular specifications. As of 2007, the abortion rate was 7.2 abortions per 1000 women aged 15–44 years. History The modern Greek state and its penal system were created in the 1830s based on Bavarian laws. The system was designed by Georg Ludwig von Maurer and came into effect in 1835. Articles 303-305 addressed abortion, either performed by a pregnant woman or a third party. Article 303–304:If the mother who gave birth to a premature or dead infant used prior to that, knowingly, alone or with someone else, internal or external means, can cause a premature delivery or the death of the fetus in the mother's abdomen, she is punished with imprisonment. The same penalty is imposed on the midwives or pharmacists or others in the medical service who cause abortion with the consent of the pregnant woman or by recommending or by providing the means for performing such a felony.These sentences carried a maximum punishment of ten years for both the pregnant woman committing the act herself, as well as for any third party assistants. This law, although amended in the 20th century, remained effectively unchanged and enforced for 90 years. Nikolaos Kostes, the first professor of obstetrics at Athens University, distinguished between a emvyro (fetus), a vrefos (infant), and a kyema (literally, 'that which is conceived'). Kostes stated the fetal body parts could be discerned around the sixth week of pregnancy, and referred to the first three months of fertilized ova as 'the egg'. Historian Violetta Hionidou notes that academics like Kostes as well as laypeople did not consider early pregnancy to be a fetus. Therefore, if a woman was pregnant in the early months of gestation was not considered a fetus, any action taken to terminate a pregnancy could not be punishable by law. In a 1905 Supreme Court case, a judge ruled that a necessary element of article 303 was that 'the mother gave birth to a dead or premature fetus'. The judge, N. Momferatos, ruled that without this evidence, the law could not be applied. However, in 1927, a court case ruled that it was 'not necessary for the court to have knowledge that the fetus was alive before the attempted abortion'. The judge specifically clarified that article 303 applied "even when the conception is recent and the fetus had not started giving signs of life yet". Contradictorily, article 106 of the penal code specified that 'a person who undertook an illegal act in order to urgently protect their own or someone else's life' should not be punished. This clause was applied in abortion-related arguments as early as 1872. Prior to legalization Women in Greece gained the right to vote in 1952. Family planning became a topic of public discussion in Greece in the 1960s, though the conversation more focused on eugenics. In the 1970s, women's organizations became highly vocal on issues such as abortion and access to oral contraception. It was estimated that 300,000 illegal abortions were performed annually in the 1970s, as access to and information about contraception was virtually nonexistent. The women's movement organized protests and marches throughout Greece to bring attention and awareness to contraception and published informational material. In 1976, a number of volunteers established the Greek Family Planning Association, with the help of Greek congresswoman Virginia Tsouderou and an independent gynecologist. In 1980 the Minister of Health, Welfare and Social Insurance, Spiridon Doxiadis, established 10 family planning clinics within selected major urban hospitals. When the National Healthcare Service (Greek: Εθνικό Σύστημα Υγείας) was established in 1983, Article 15 incorporated language on family planning issues, education and information about family planning, and methods of family planning as part of its defined targets. The stated intention was to create a family planning center within every provincial hospital and, separately, for all health centers - 16 in urban and semi-urban areas - to provide family planning services. Demographics In the 1990s, it was estimated that 150,000 to 400,000 abortions occurred annually. However, because no central registry of abortions exists, it is difficult to obtain valid statistics for the number of abortions performed or on the frequently in different sub-groups, i.e. teenagers, immigrants, etc. In 2007, the abortion rate in Greece was 7.2 abortions per 1,000 women among women between the ages of 15 and 44 years old. Age From 2007 to 2014, teenage pregnancies constituted between 3 and 5 percent of all abortions obtained in Greece. In 2014, an estimated 25% of teenagers terminated their pregnancies. A survey in 2019 reported that one in ten teenage girls ages 15 to 19 years old had had at least one abortion. Accessibility and methods 90% of abortions performed in Greece are surgical abortions, due to the requirements of the law that mandate abortions be performed by an obstetrician-gynecologist with the participation of an anesthesiologist. References ^ Ioannidi-Kapolou, Elizabeth (January 2004). "Use of Contraception and Abortion in Greece: A Review". Reproductive Health Matters. 12 (sup24): 174–183. doi:10.1016/s0968-8080(04)24001-0. ISSN 0968-8080. PMID 15938171. S2CID 10077100. ^ a b Rights of embryo and foetus in public and private law, Ismini Kriari-Catranis et al., p. 9 ^ Sarella, Angeliki; Lykeridou, Katerina; Glinou, Anna; Bothou, Anastasia; Palaska, Ermioni; Tzanavara, Maria; Zervoudis, Stefanos; Petropoulou, Sophia (January 2020). "KNOWLEDGE AND BELIEFS OF WOMEN FOR THE ABORTIONS'S LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK IN GREECE". Journal of Clinical Research and Reviews (2). ^ a b c "Europe's abortion rules". 2007-02-12. Retrieved 2022-01-31. ^ "Committee on the rights of the child consideration of reports submitted by states parties under article 44 of the convention, p. 9". Archived from the original on 2016-06-12. Retrieved 2018-05-18. ^ a b Chalkia, Alexandra (2004). The empty cradle of democracy : sex, abortion, and nationalism in modern Greece. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0-8223-8604-9. OCLC 651953723. ^ "World Abortion Policies 2013". United Nations. 2013. Retrieved 3 March 2014. ^ Hionidou, Violetta (2020). Abortion and Contraception in Modern Greece, 1830-1967. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-41490-0. ISBN 978-3-030-41489-4. S2CID 219427073. ^ Themis (in Greek). 1890. ^ Ποινικός Νόμος: παράρτημα του αριθ. 3, έτους 1834 της Εφημερίδος της Κυβερνήσεως του Βασιλείου της Ελλάδος (in German). χ.ό. 1834. ^ Πύρλας, Ιωάννης Π 1817-1901 (1870). Συνέκδημος Ιατροδικαστική /. Εκ του τυπογραφείου Ν. Γ. Πάσσαρη.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ a b Ioannidi-Kapolou, Elizabeth (2004-01-01). "Use of Contraception and Abortion in Greece: A Review". Reproductive Health Matters. 12 (sup24): 174–183. doi:10.1016/S0968-8080(04)24001-0. ISSN 0968-8080. PMID 15938171. S2CID 10077100. ^ Tsakiridis, Ioannis; Mamopoulos, Apostolos; Athanasiadis, Apostolos; Dagklis, Themistoklis (April 2020). "Trends in Induced Abortions in Greece: A Cross-sectional Study". Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology. 33 (2): 149–152. doi:10.1016/j.jpag.2019.11.006. ISSN 1083-3188. PMID 31751764. S2CID 208228842. ^ a b "Άμβλωση: 10 πράγματα που πρέπει να ξέρουμε. Διαβάστε περισσότερα εδώ". *Parallaxi. 24 June 2022. Retrieved 8 July 2022. ^ Social Welfare Issues in Southern Europe. Maria Brown, Michael Briguglio. 2022. ISBN 978-0-429-26267-8. OCLC 1273727598.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) ^ "Ας μιλήσουμε για την άμβλωση". OffLine Post (in Greek). 2022-07-05. Retrieved 2022-07-08. vteAbortion in EuropeSovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands North Macedonia Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom England Northern Ireland Scotland Wales Vatican City States with limitedrecognition Abkhazia Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria vteAbortionMain topics Definitions History Methods Abortion debate Philosophical aspects Abortion law Movements Abortion-rights movements Anti-abortion movements Issues Abortion and mental health Beginning of human personhood Beginning of pregnancy controversy Abortion-breast cancer hypothesis Anti-abortion violence Abortion under communism Birth control Crisis pregnancy center Ethical aspects of abortion Eugenics Fetal rights Forced abortion Genetics and abortion Late-term abortion Legalized abortion and crime effect Libertarian perspectives on abortion Limit of viability Malthusianism Men's rights Minors and abortion Misinformation related to abortion Natalism One-child policy Paternal rights and abortion Post-abortion care Prenatal development Reproductive rights Self-induced abortion Sex-selective abortion Sidewalk counseling Societal attitudes towards abortion Socialism Termination for medical reasons Toxic abortion Unsafe abortion Women's rights By countryAfrica Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Egypt Ghana Kenya Namibia Nigeria South Africa Uganda Zimbabwe Asia Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor Georgia India Iran Israel Japan Kazakhstan South Korea Laos Lebanon Malaysia Nepal Northern Cyprus Philippines Qatar Saudi Arabia Singapore Turkey United Arab Emirates Vietnam Yemen Europe Albania Andorra Austria Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands North Macedonia Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom North America Bahamas Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominican Republic El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Mexico Nicaragua Panama Trinidad and Tobago United States Oceania Australia Micronesia Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands New Zealand Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu South America Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Guyana Paraguay Peru Suriname Uruguay Venezuela Law Case law Constitutional law History of abortion law Laws by country Buffer zones Conscientious objection Fetal protection Six-week bans Informed consent Late-term restrictions Parental involvement Spousal consent Methods Vacuum aspiration Dilation and evacuation Dilation and curettage Intact D&X Hysterotomy Instillation Menstrual extraction Medical abortion Abortifacient drugs Methotrexate Mifepristone Misoprostol Oxytocin Self-induced abortion Unsafe abortion Religion Buddhism Christianity Catholicism Hinduism Islam Judaism Scientology Category	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Greece&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-un2013-7"}],"text":"Law 1609 also specifies that the abortion must be performed by a medical practitioner with a specialty in gynecology or obstetrics and with the assistance of an anesthesiologist; that the pregnant woman is informed of the consequences of terminating the pregnancy, including the state that the state can provide some protection for the mother and child, as well as other family planning topics; that the mother's health is examined prior to the abortion; and that the hospital or private clinic where the abortion is performed meets particular specifications.[6]As of 2007[update], the abortion rate was 7.2 abortions per 1000 women aged 15–44 years.[7]","title":"Abortion in Greece"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Georg Ludwig von Maurer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Ludwig_von_Maurer"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Nikolaos Kostes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nikolaos_Kostes&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Athens University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens_University"},{"link_name":"Violetta Hionidou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Violetta_Hionidou&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"The modern Greek state and its penal system were created in the 1830s based on Bavarian laws. The system was designed by Georg Ludwig von Maurer and came into effect in 1835. Articles 303-305 addressed abortion, either performed by a pregnant woman or a third party.Article 303–304:If the mother who gave birth to a premature or dead infant used prior to that, knowingly, alone or with someone else, internal or external means, [means that] can cause a premature delivery or the death of the fetus in the mother's abdomen, she is punished with imprisonment.\nThe same penalty is imposed on the midwives or pharmacists or others in the medical service who cause abortion with the consent of the pregnant woman or by recommending or by providing the means for performing such a felony.These sentences carried a maximum punishment of ten years for both the pregnant woman committing the act herself, as well as for any third party assistants. This law, although amended in the 20th century, remained effectively unchanged and enforced for 90 years.[8] Nikolaos Kostes, the first professor of obstetrics at Athens University, distinguished between a emvyro (fetus), a vrefos (infant), and a kyema (literally, 'that which is conceived'). Kostes stated the fetal body parts could be discerned around the sixth week of pregnancy, and referred to the first three months of fertilized ova as 'the egg'. Historian Violetta Hionidou notes that academics like Kostes as well as laypeople did not consider early pregnancy to be a fetus. Therefore, if a woman was pregnant in the early months of gestation was not considered a fetus, any action taken to terminate a pregnancy could not be punishable by law. In a 1905 Supreme Court case, a judge ruled that a necessary element of article 303 was that 'the mother gave birth to a dead or premature fetus'. The judge, N. Momferatos, ruled that without this evidence, the law could not be applied.However, in 1927, a court case ruled that it was 'not necessary for the court to have knowledge that the fetus was alive before the attempted abortion'. The judge specifically clarified that article 303 applied \"even when the conception is recent and the fetus had not started giving signs of life yet\".[9] Contradictorily, article 106 of the penal code specified that 'a person who undertook an illegal act in order to urgently protect their own or someone else's life' should not be punished.[10] This clause was applied in abortion-related arguments as early as 1872.[11]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"eugenics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenics"},{"link_name":"women's organizations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_organization"},{"link_name":"oral contraception","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_contraception"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-12"},{"link_name":"Virginia Tsouderou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia_Tsouderou&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"National Healthcare Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Healthcare_Service&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-12"}],"sub_title":"Prior to legalization","text":"Women in Greece gained the right to vote in 1952. Family planning became a topic of public discussion in Greece in the 1960s, though the conversation more focused on eugenics. In the 1970s, women's organizations became highly vocal on issues such as abortion and access to oral contraception. It was estimated that 300,000 illegal abortions were performed annually in the 1970s, as access to and information about contraception was virtually nonexistent. The women's movement organized protests and marches throughout Greece to bring attention and awareness to contraception and published informational material.[12]In 1976, a number of volunteers established the Greek Family Planning Association, with the help of Greek congresswoman Virginia Tsouderou and an independent gynecologist. In 1980 the Minister of Health, Welfare and Social Insurance, Spiridon Doxiadis, established 10 family planning clinics within selected major urban hospitals. When the National Healthcare Service (Greek: Εθνικό Σύστημα Υγείας) was established in 1983, Article 15 incorporated language on family planning issues, education and information about family planning, and methods of family planning as part of its defined targets. The stated intention was to create a family planning center within every provincial hospital and, separately, for all health centers - 16 in urban and semi-urban areas - to provide family planning services.[12]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-14"}],"text":"In the 1990s, it was estimated that 150,000 to 400,000 abortions occurred annually.[6] However, because no central registry of abortions exists, it is difficult to obtain valid statistics for the number of abortions performed or on the frequently in different sub-groups, i.e. teenagers, immigrants, etc.[13] In 2007, the abortion rate in Greece was 7.2 abortions per 1,000 women among women between the ages of 15 and 44 years old.[14]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-14"}],"sub_title":"Age","text":"From 2007 to 2014, teenage pregnancies constituted between 3 and 5 percent of all abortions obtained in Greece.[15] In 2014, an estimated 25% of teenagers terminated their pregnancies. A survey in 2019 reported that one in ten teenage girls ages 15 to 19 years old had had at least one abortion.[14]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"90% of abortions performed in Greece are surgical abortions, due to the requirements of the law that mandate abortions be performed by an obstetrician-gynecologist with the participation of an anesthesiologist.[16]","title":"Accessibility and methods"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Ioannidi-Kapolou, Elizabeth (January 2004). \"Use of Contraception and Abortion in Greece: A Review\". Reproductive Health Matters. 12 (sup24): 174–183. doi:10.1016/s0968-8080(04)24001-0. ISSN 0968-8080. PMID 15938171. S2CID 10077100.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1016/S0968-8080(04)24001-0","url_text":"\"Use of Contraception and Abortion in Greece: A Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0968-8080%2804%2924001-0","url_text":"10.1016/s0968-8080(04)24001-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0968-8080","url_text":"0968-8080"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15938171","url_text":"15938171"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10077100","url_text":"10077100"}]},{"reference":"Sarella, Angeliki; Lykeridou, Katerina; Glinou, Anna; Bothou, Anastasia; Palaska, Ermioni; Tzanavara, Maria; Zervoudis, Stefanos; Petropoulou, Sophia (January 2020). \"KNOWLEDGE AND BELIEFS OF WOMEN FOR THE ABORTIONS'S LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK IN GREECE\". Journal of Clinical Research and Reviews (2).","urls":[{"url":"https://researchinfotext.com/article-details/Knowledge-and-Beliefs-of-Women-for-the-Abortions-rsquo-s-nbsp-Legislative-Framework-in-Greece","url_text":"\"KNOWLEDGE AND BELIEFS OF WOMEN FOR THE ABORTIONS'S LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK IN GREECE\""}]},{"reference":"\"Europe's abortion rules\". 2007-02-12. Retrieved 2022-01-31.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6235557.stm#greece","url_text":"\"Europe's abortion rules\""}]},{"reference":"\"Committee on the rights of the child consideration of reports submitted by states parties under article 44 of the convention, p. 9\". Archived from the original on 2016-06-12. Retrieved 2018-05-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160612143055/http://www.0-18.gr/downloads/ethniki-ekthesi-dsdp","url_text":"\"Committee on the rights of the child consideration of reports submitted by states parties under article 44 of the convention, p. 9\""},{"url":"http://www.0-18.gr/downloads/ethniki-ekthesi-dsdp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Chalkia, Alexandra (2004). The empty cradle of democracy : sex, abortion, and nationalism in modern Greece. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0-8223-8604-9. OCLC 651953723.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/651953723","url_text":"The empty cradle of democracy : sex, abortion, and nationalism in modern Greece"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-8604-9","url_text":"978-0-8223-8604-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/651953723","url_text":"651953723"}]},{"reference":"\"World Abortion Policies 2013\". United Nations. 2013. Retrieved 3 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/policy/world-abortion-policies-2013.shtml","url_text":"\"World Abortion Policies 2013\""}]},{"reference":"Hionidou, Violetta (2020). Abortion and Contraception in Modern Greece, 1830-1967. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-41490-0. ISBN 978-3-030-41489-4. S2CID 219427073.","urls":[{"url":"https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-41490-0","url_text":"Abortion and Contraception in Modern Greece, 1830-1967"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-41490-0","url_text":"10.1007/978-3-030-41490-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-41489-4","url_text":"978-3-030-41489-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:219427073","url_text":"219427073"}]},{"reference":"Themis (in Greek). 1890.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=BHynCc7zXtIC&q=%CE%9D.+%CE%93%CF%81%CE%B7%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%82++%CE%98%CE%AD%CE%BC%CE%B7%CF%82+%CE%95%CF%85%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%AC%CE%B9%CE%B1+%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE+%CE%95%CF%86%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%AF%CF%82,","url_text":"Themis"}]},{"reference":"Ποινικός Νόμος: παράρτημα του αριθ. 3, έτους 1834 της Εφημερίδος της Κυβερνήσεως του Βασιλείου της Ελλάδος (in German). χ.ό. 1834.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yJi3oQEACAAJ","url_text":"Ποινικός Νόμος: παράρτημα του αριθ. 3, έτους 1834 της Εφημερίδος της Κυβερνήσεως του Βασιλείου της Ελλάδος"}]},{"reference":"Πύρλας, Ιωάννης Π 1817-1901 (1870). Συνέκδημος Ιατροδικαστική /. Εκ του τυπογραφείου Ν. Γ. Πάσσαρη.","urls":[{"url":"https://search.lib.auth.gr/Record/523231","url_text":"Συνέκδημος Ιατροδικαστική /"}]},{"reference":"Ioannidi-Kapolou, Elizabeth (2004-01-01). \"Use of Contraception and Abortion in Greece: A Review\". Reproductive Health Matters. 12 (sup24): 174–183. doi:10.1016/S0968-8080(04)24001-0. ISSN 0968-8080. PMID 15938171. S2CID 10077100.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0968-8080(04)24001-0","url_text":"\"Use of Contraception and Abortion in Greece: A Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0968-8080%2804%2924001-0","url_text":"10.1016/S0968-8080(04)24001-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0968-8080","url_text":"0968-8080"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15938171","url_text":"15938171"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10077100","url_text":"10077100"}]},{"reference":"Tsakiridis, Ioannis; Mamopoulos, Apostolos; Athanasiadis, Apostolos; Dagklis, Themistoklis (April 2020). \"Trends in Induced Abortions in Greece: A Cross-sectional Study\". Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology. 33 (2): 149–152. doi:10.1016/j.jpag.2019.11.006. ISSN 1083-3188. PMID 31751764. S2CID 208228842.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpag.2019.11.006","url_text":"\"Trends in Induced Abortions in Greece: A Cross-sectional Study\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jpag.2019.11.006","url_text":"10.1016/j.jpag.2019.11.006"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1083-3188","url_text":"1083-3188"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31751764","url_text":"31751764"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:208228842","url_text":"208228842"}]},{"reference":"\"Άμβλωση: 10 πράγματα που πρέπει να ξέρουμε. Διαβάστε περισσότερα εδώ\". *Parallaxi. 24 June 2022. Retrieved 8 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://parallaximag.gr/amvlosi-10-praghmata-poy-prepei-na-kseroyme-143630","url_text":"\"Άμβλωση: 10 πράγματα που πρέπει να ξέρουμε. Διαβάστε περισσότερα εδώ\""}]},{"reference":"Social Welfare Issues in Southern Europe. Maria Brown, Michael Briguglio. 2022. ISBN 978-0-429-26267-8. OCLC 1273727598.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1273727598","url_text":"Social Welfare Issues in Southern Europe"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-429-26267-8","url_text":"978-0-429-26267-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1273727598","url_text":"1273727598"}]},{"reference":"\"Ας μιλήσουμε για την άμβλωση\". OffLine Post (in Greek). 2022-07-05. Retrieved 2022-07-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.offlinepost.gr/2022/07/05/as-milhsoume-gia-thn-amvlosi/","url_text":"\"Ας μιλήσουμε για την άμβλωση\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Greece&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1016/S0968-8080(04)24001-0","external_links_name":"\"Use of Contraception and Abortion in Greece: A Review\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0968-8080%2804%2924001-0","external_links_name":"10.1016/s0968-8080(04)24001-0"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0968-8080","external_links_name":"0968-8080"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15938171","external_links_name":"15938171"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10077100","external_links_name":"10077100"},{"Link":"http://www.bioethics.org.gr/Embryokriari.pdf","external_links_name":"Rights of embryo and foetus in public and private law, Ismini Kriari-Catranis et al., p. 9"},{"Link":"https://researchinfotext.com/article-details/Knowledge-and-Beliefs-of-Women-for-the-Abortions-rsquo-s-nbsp-Legislative-Framework-in-Greece","external_links_name":"\"KNOWLEDGE AND BELIEFS OF WOMEN FOR THE ABORTIONS'S LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK IN GREECE\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6235557.stm#greece","external_links_name":"\"Europe's abortion rules\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160612143055/http://www.0-18.gr/downloads/ethniki-ekthesi-dsdp","external_links_name":"\"Committee on the rights of the child consideration of reports submitted by states parties under article 44 of the convention, p. 9\""},{"Link":"http://www.0-18.gr/downloads/ethniki-ekthesi-dsdp","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/651953723","external_links_name":"The empty cradle of democracy : sex, abortion, and nationalism in modern Greece"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/651953723","external_links_name":"651953723"},{"Link":"https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/policy/world-abortion-policies-2013.shtml","external_links_name":"\"World Abortion Policies 2013\""},{"Link":"https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-41490-0","external_links_name":"Abortion and Contraception in Modern Greece, 1830-1967"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-41490-0","external_links_name":"10.1007/978-3-030-41490-0"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:219427073","external_links_name":"219427073"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=BHynCc7zXtIC&q=%CE%9D.+%CE%93%CF%81%CE%B7%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%82++%CE%98%CE%AD%CE%BC%CE%B7%CF%82+%CE%95%CF%85%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%AC%CE%B9%CE%B1+%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE+%CE%95%CF%86%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%AF%CF%82,","external_links_name":"Themis"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yJi3oQEACAAJ","external_links_name":"Ποινικός Νόμος: παράρτημα του αριθ. 3, έτους 1834 της Εφημερίδος της Κυβερνήσεως του Βασιλείου της Ελλάδος"},{"Link":"https://search.lib.auth.gr/Record/523231","external_links_name":"Συνέκδημος Ιατροδικαστική /"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0968-8080(04)24001-0","external_links_name":"\"Use of Contraception and Abortion in Greece: A Review\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0968-8080%2804%2924001-0","external_links_name":"10.1016/S0968-8080(04)24001-0"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0968-8080","external_links_name":"0968-8080"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15938171","external_links_name":"15938171"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10077100","external_links_name":"10077100"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpag.2019.11.006","external_links_name":"\"Trends in Induced Abortions in Greece: A Cross-sectional Study\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jpag.2019.11.006","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.jpag.2019.11.006"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1083-3188","external_links_name":"1083-3188"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31751764","external_links_name":"31751764"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:208228842","external_links_name":"208228842"},{"Link":"https://parallaximag.gr/amvlosi-10-praghmata-poy-prepei-na-kseroyme-143630","external_links_name":"\"Άμβλωση: 10 πράγματα που πρέπει να ξέρουμε. Διαβάστε περισσότερα εδώ\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1273727598","external_links_name":"Social Welfare Issues in Southern Europe"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1273727598","external_links_name":"1273727598"},{"Link":"https://www.offlinepost.gr/2022/07/05/as-milhsoume-gia-thn-amvlosi/","external_links_name":"\"Ας μιλήσουμε για την άμβλωση\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verein_f%C3%BCr_Deutsche_Kulturbeziehungen_im_Ausland	Verein für Deutsche Kulturbeziehungen im Ausland	["1 Notable members","2 References","3 External links"]	This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article has an unclear citation style. The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of citation and footnoting. (July 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "Verein für Deutsche Kulturbeziehungen im Ausland" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) A DSV (Deutscher Schulverein) 1880 badge VDA Schäßburg metal donation badge, 1 of 58 distributed from 1934-1939 VDA Mädchen wooden donation badge, 1 of 6 distributed on 9.3.1935 VDA Kornblume glass donation badge, 1 of 7 distributed on 24/25.6.1939 The Verein für Deutsche Kulturbeziehungen im Ausland (German: ; "Association for German cultural relations abroad"), abbreviated VDA, is a German cultural organisation. During the Nazi era it was engaged in spying across the whole world, using German minorities living in other countries. Its other goals included preservation of German culture among "racial Germans". On the 13 May 1880, in Vienna, the Deutscher Schulverein (DSV/German School Association) was formed. In 1881, the Allgemeine Deutsche Schulverein zur Erhaltung des Deutschtums im Auslande (General German School Association for the Conservation of Germanness Abroad), was formed in Berlin by Hamburg lawyer Julius Scharlach. It was modeled on the Viennese DSV. The associations in Vienna and Berlin initially worked closely together. There are donation cards with the imprint of DSV-Berlin and Vienna in existence. In 1908, the Berlin association was renamed Verein für das Deutschtum im Ausland (Association for Germanness Abroad), and the current abbreviation VDA, which is usually used, was adopted. The VDA had its own symbol, a woman's head with braids and Crown. During this time, the DSV in Vienna continued under its original name. During World War I, the VDA was at work in the service of the fighting soldiers. Its collections (donation cards such as folk song cards, Our Field Gray etc.) were there to benefit the wounded, displaced persons and the next of kin of fallen soldiers. After 1919, the Association in Austria continued under the name Deutscher Schulverein Südmark (German school association South region). In Germany, the work of VDA was long interrupted after the war. It was not until 1925 that the association could commence its work again in Berlin, later Dresden. It was renamed Volksbund für das Deutschtum im Ausland in 1933. VDA welcomed the coming of the Nazi regime, as it shared its ideology with the Nazis, including elements such as racism. It was used to promote Nazi political and racist ideas and was especially active in schools When Klagenfurt in Austria canceled the association's planned rally in 1933, some 18,000 participants flocked to Passau instead. During the pre-war years and through World War II, the VDA distributed over 1,200 different donation badges, postcards and other items to raise funds for its charity work. This was done alongside other similar charity drives by organisations such as the Winterhilfswerk (WHW), the Deutsches Rotes Kreuz (DRK/German Red Cross) and others. In the middle of 1930s the organization found itself in dispute with Hitler, as it had more extensive territorial claims against other countries than Hitler was willing to demonstrate in international arena; after the Second World War started in 1939, VDA together with SS was engaged in preparing and carrying out ethnic cleansing in territories conquered by Germany. In 1955, it was reestablished under its former name Verein für das Deutschtum im Ausland at the initiative of the Bavarian Prime Minister Wilhelm Hoegner, the Minister of Culture Alois Hundhammer, the chairman of the German Confederation of Trade Unions in Bavaria Max Wönner, industrialist Rolf Rodenstock and several prominent public figures. It became the Verein für Deutsche Kulturbeziehungen im Ausland in 1998. Chairman of the organisation is Hartmut Koschyk, a CSU Member of Parliament. Notable members in the early Allgemeiner Deutscher Schulverein Theodor Mommsen, Nobel Prize laureate for literature, member Heinrich von Treitschke Karl Haushofer Wilhelm Hoegner, Prime Minister of Bavaria Rolf Rodenstock, industrialist Max Wönner Current Hartmut Fröschle Peter Iver Johannsen Hartmut Koschyk Rolf Sauerzapf References ^ Insidious Foes: The Axis Fifth Column and the American Home Front By Francis MacDonnel, page 108, Oxford University Press, 19 Sep 1995 ^ Brothers Beyond the Sea: National Socialism in Canada page 52 By Jonathan Frederick Wagner ^ Hitler's Enforcers: The Gestapo and the SS Security Service in the Nazi Revolution page 60 By State University of New York George C. Browder Professor of History College of Freedonia ^ Nazi Germany and the American Hemisphere, 1933-1941 Alton Frye Yale University Press,page 17, 1967 ^ Growing Up Female in Nazi Germany - Page 220 Dagmar Reese - 2006 University of Michigan Press ^ Anna Rosmus: Hitlers Nibelungen, Samples Grafenau 2015, pp. 82f ^ German Scholars and Ethnic Cleansing, 1920-1945, Issue 2006 Michael Fahlbusch, Ingo Haar page 160 Tieste, Reinhard (1992). Spendenbelege Des VDA. Bremen, Germany: Reinhard Tieste. ISBN 3-9802324-4-1. External links http://www.vda-kultur.de Wikimedia Commons has media related to VDA Abzeichen. Documents and clippings about Verein für Deutsche Kulturbeziehungen im Ausland in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany United States Czech Republic 2 Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Deutscher_Schulverein_1880_(ADOLF_BELADA_WIEN_VII)_(obverse).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:VDA_T64,_Sch%C3%A4%C3%9Fburg.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:VDA_T084,_M%C3%A4dchen_(front).JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:VDA_T116,_Kornblume.JPG"},{"link_name":"[fɛʁˈʔaɪn fyːɐ̯ ˈdɔʏtʃə kʊlˈtuːɐ̯bəˌtsiːʊŋən ʔɪm ˈʔaʊslant]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German"},{"link_name":"Nazi era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_era"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Julius Scharlach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Scharlach"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Winterhilfswerk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winterhilfswerk"},{"link_name":"Deutsches Rotes Kreuz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsches_Rotes_Kreuz"},{"link_name":"SS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS"},{"link_name":"ethnic cleansing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Wilhelm Hoegner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Hoegner"},{"link_name":"Alois Hundhammer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alois_Hundhammer"},{"link_name":"German Confederation of Trade Unions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Confederation_of_Trade_Unions"},{"link_name":"Max Wönner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Max_W%C3%B6nner&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rolf Rodenstock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolf_Rodenstock"},{"link_name":"Hartmut Koschyk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartmut_Koschyk"},{"link_name":"CSU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Social_Union_of_Bavaria"}],"text":"A DSV (Deutscher Schulverein) 1880 badgeVDA Schäßburg metal donation badge, 1 of 58 distributed from 1934-1939VDA Mädchen wooden donation badge, 1 of 6 distributed on 9.3.1935VDA Kornblume glass donation badge, 1 of 7 distributed on 24/25.6.1939The Verein für Deutsche Kulturbeziehungen im Ausland (German: [fɛʁˈʔaɪn fyːɐ̯ ˈdɔʏtʃə kʊlˈtuːɐ̯bəˌtsiːʊŋən ʔɪm ˈʔaʊslant]; \"Association for German cultural relations abroad\"), abbreviated VDA, is a German cultural organisation. During the Nazi era it was engaged in spying across the whole world, using German minorities living in other countries.[1][2] Its other goals included preservation of German culture among \"racial Germans\".[3]On the 13 May 1880, in Vienna, the Deutscher Schulverein (DSV/German School Association) was formed. In 1881, the Allgemeine Deutsche Schulverein zur Erhaltung des Deutschtums im Auslande (General German School Association for the Conservation of Germanness Abroad), was formed in Berlin by Hamburg lawyer Julius Scharlach. It was modeled on the Viennese DSV. The associations in Vienna and Berlin initially worked closely together. There are donation cards with the imprint of DSV-Berlin and Vienna in existence. In 1908, the Berlin association was renamed Verein für das Deutschtum im Ausland (Association for Germanness Abroad), and the current abbreviation VDA, which is usually used, was adopted. The VDA had its own symbol, a woman's head with braids and Crown. During this time, the DSV in Vienna continued under its original name. During World War I, the VDA was at work in the service of the fighting soldiers. Its collections (donation cards such as folk song cards, Our Field Gray etc.) were there to benefit the wounded, displaced persons and the next of kin of fallen soldiers.After 1919, the Association in Austria continued under the name Deutscher Schulverein Südmark (German school association South region). In Germany, the work of VDA was long interrupted after the war. It was not until 1925 that the association could commence its work again in Berlin, later Dresden. It was renamed Volksbund für das Deutschtum im Ausland in 1933. VDA welcomed the coming of the Nazi regime, as it shared its ideology with the Nazis, including elements such as racism.[4] It was used to promote Nazi political and racist ideas and was especially active in schools[5]When Klagenfurt in Austria canceled the association's planned rally in 1933, some 18,000 participants flocked to Passau instead.[6]During the pre-war years and through World War II, the VDA distributed over 1,200 different donation badges, postcards and other items to raise funds for its charity work. This was done alongside other similar charity drives by organisations such as the Winterhilfswerk (WHW), the Deutsches Rotes Kreuz (DRK/German Red Cross) and others. In the middle of 1930s the organization found itself in dispute with Hitler, as it had more extensive territorial claims against other countries than Hitler was willing to demonstrate in international arena; after the Second World War started in 1939, VDA together with SS was engaged in preparing and carrying out ethnic cleansing in territories conquered by Germany.[7]In 1955, it was reestablished under its former name Verein für das Deutschtum im Ausland at the initiative of the Bavarian Prime Minister Wilhelm Hoegner, the Minister of Culture Alois Hundhammer, the chairman of the German Confederation of Trade Unions in Bavaria Max Wönner, industrialist Rolf Rodenstock and several prominent public figures. It became the Verein für Deutsche Kulturbeziehungen im Ausland in 1998.Chairman of the organisation is Hartmut Koschyk, a CSU Member of Parliament.","title":"Verein für Deutsche Kulturbeziehungen im Ausland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Theodor Mommsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Mommsen"},{"link_name":"Heinrich von Treitschke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_von_Treitschke"},{"link_name":"Karl Haushofer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Haushofer"},{"link_name":"Wilhelm Hoegner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Hoegner"},{"link_name":"Rolf Rodenstock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolf_Rodenstock"},{"link_name":"Max Wönner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Max_W%C3%B6nner&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hartmut Fröschle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hartmut_Fr%C3%B6schle&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Peter Iver Johannsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Iver_Johannsen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hartmut Koschyk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartmut_Koschyk"},{"link_name":"Rolf Sauerzapf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rolf_Sauerzapf&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"in the early Allgemeiner Deutscher SchulvereinTheodor Mommsen, Nobel Prize laureate for literature, member\nHeinrich von Treitschke\nKarl HaushoferWilhelm Hoegner, Prime Minister of Bavaria\nRolf Rodenstock, industrialist\nMax WönnerCurrentHartmut Fröschle\nPeter Iver Johannsen\nHartmut Koschyk\nRolf Sauerzapf","title":"Notable members"}]	[{"image_text":"A DSV (Deutscher Schulverein) 1880 badge","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Deutscher_Schulverein_1880_%28ADOLF_BELADA_WIEN_VII%29_%28obverse%29.jpg/220px-Deutscher_Schulverein_1880_%28ADOLF_BELADA_WIEN_VII%29_%28obverse%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"VDA Schäßburg metal donation badge, 1 of 58 distributed from 1934-1939","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/VDA_T64%2C_Sch%C3%A4%C3%9Fburg.JPG/220px-VDA_T64%2C_Sch%C3%A4%C3%9Fburg.JPG"},{"image_text":"VDA Mädchen wooden donation badge, 1 of 6 distributed on 9.3.1935","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/VDA_T084%2C_M%C3%A4dchen_%28front%29.JPG/220px-VDA_T084%2C_M%C3%A4dchen_%28front%29.JPG"},{"image_text":"VDA Kornblume glass donation badge, 1 of 7 distributed on 24/25.6.1939","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/VDA_T116%2C_Kornblume.JPG/220px-VDA_T116%2C_Kornblume.JPG"}]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Verein_f%C3%BCr_Deutsche_Kulturbeziehungen_im_Ausland&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve this article"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Verein+f%C3%BCr+Deutsche+Kulturbeziehungen+im+Ausland%22","external_links_name":"\"Verein für Deutsche Kulturbeziehungen im Ausland\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Verein+f%C3%BCr+Deutsche+Kulturbeziehungen+im+Ausland%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Verein+f%C3%BCr+Deutsche+Kulturbeziehungen+im+Ausland%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Verein+f%C3%BCr+Deutsche+Kulturbeziehungen+im+Ausland%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Verein+f%C3%BCr+Deutsche+Kulturbeziehungen+im+Ausland%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Verein+f%C3%BCr+Deutsche+Kulturbeziehungen+im+Ausland%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.vda-kultur.de/","external_links_name":"http://www.vda-kultur.de"},{"Link":"http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/co/045477","external_links_name":"Documents and clippings about Verein für Deutsche Kulturbeziehungen im Ausland"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/133335567","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/10244-1","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n84154054","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2005276130&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=kn20050512008&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/028089170","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comprehensive_Assessment_Program_for_Junior_High_School_Students	Comprehensive Assessment Program for Junior High School Students	["1 Time Table","2 Test content","2.1 Subjects","3 Regions","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]	Taiwanese school exam This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Comprehensive Assessment Program for Junior High School Students" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The Comprehensive Assessment Program for Junior High School Students or CAP (Chinese: 國中教育會考; pinyin: Guózhōng Jiàoyù Huìkǎo) is an exam for junior high school students in the Republic of China (Taiwan). The CAP is usually held in the weekend of mid-May by the Ministry of Education Republic of China, creating a standardized test for 9th graders. The Research Center for Psychological and Educational Testing (RCPET) at National Taiwan Normal University is the specific responsible unit. The CAP is an exam for Taiwanese students before going to high school or vocational school, for students, teachers, schools, and parents get to know the students' learning quality. The 2021 CAP was held on 15 and 16 May. The CAP consists of Chinese Language (writing and reading assessment), English (reading and listening assessment), Mathematics (multiple-choice tests and calculation problems), Natural Science (Including: Biology, Chemistry, Physics and Science of Earth) and Social Studies (Including: Geography, History, Personal and Social Study, Politics, Laws, Economics and International Studies) Transclusion error: {{Day Countdown}} should not be used in articles. Time Table This is the timetable of CAP. (UTC+8) Saturday Sunday Morning 8:20~8:30 Test Description 8:20~8:30 Test Description 8:30~9:40 Social Studies 8:30~9:40 Natural Science 9:40~10:20 Break Time 9:40~10:20 Break Time 10:20~10:30 Test Description 10:20~10:30 Test Description 10:30~11:50 Mathematics 10:30~11:30 English (Reading) 11:30~12:00 Break Time 12:00~12:05 Test Description 12:05~12:30 English (Listening) Noon 11:50~13:40 Lunch Break Afternoon 13:40~13:50 Test Description 13:50~15:00 Chinese 15:00~15:40 Break Time 15:40~15:50 Test Description 15:50~16:40 Writing You are not allowed to enter the examination room if you are 20 minutes late (except for the English listening test). You are not allowed to enter the examination room after the English listening test is broadcast. You are not allowed to hand in the exam papers and leave the classroom in less than 30 minutes. You are not allowed to hand in the papers earlier during English listening. Test content The examination is a Criterion-referenced test, which means the number of correct answers and their corresponding ranks would have been set before the examination. For the exam, the results of each subject are divided into "精熟" (grade A) and "基礎" (grade B) and "待加強" (grade C). Grade A means that the student is able to master the course in junior high school; Grade B means that the student has the basic ability of the subject; Grade C means that the student's ability in the subject is lagging behind. In grade A and grade B, each will be divided into three smaller levels based on the number of plus signs, such as A, A+, A++, etc. The subjects are mainly multiple-choice questions with four choices, and a bit of non-choice questions including composition in Chinese, non-choice questions in mathematics, and English listening test in English. Among them, the composition score of Chinese is based on a grading system, with a full score of 6 and a minimum score of 0. In terms of mathematics, there are two to three non-choice questions, each with a full score of 3, accounting for 15% of the total score of the subject; English listening accounts for 20% of the total score of the subject. Subjects Chinese Englishⁿ Mathematics Social Studies Natural Science Writing Assessment Reading Listening Testing time 70 minutes 60 minutes 25 minutes 80 minutes 70 minutes 70 minutes 50 minutes Multiple choice questions 45-50 40-45 20-30 25-30 60-70 50-60 0 Non-multiple-choice questions 0 0 0 2-3 0 0 1 ⁿ For 2013 and 2014 CAP, the reading and listening part of the English subject was merged into an 80-minute test. Regions The CAP consists of 14 testing regions. Examinees could only choose one testing region to register for, usually choosing the region where their junior high school is located. Although the exam questions are unified nationally, the method to calculate their actual scores may vary in different regions. Region Counties and Cities Taipei Taipei City, New Taipei City, Keelung City Taoyuan-Lienchiang Taoyuan City, Lienchiang County Yilan Yilan County Hsinchu-Miaoli Hsinchu City, Hsinchu County, Miaoli County Taichung-Nantou Taichung City, Nantou County Yunlin Yunlin County Changhua Changhua County Chiayi Chiayi City, Chiayi County Tainan Tainan City Pingtung Pingtung County Kaohsiung Kaohsiung City Hualien Hualien County Taitung Taitung County Kinmen Kinmen County See also Secondary education in Taiwan K-12 Education Administration Education in Taiwan References ^ "國中教育會考". cap.rcpet.edu.tw. Retrieved 12 December 2023. ^ "104 年國中教育會考考試時間表" (PDF). 16 October 2016. ^ "國中教育會考". cap.rcpet.edu.tw. Retrieved 19 July 2021. ^ "國中教育會考". cap.rcpet.edu.tw. Retrieved 19 July 2021. External links CAP Official Web Site: "國中教育會考". cap.nace.edu.tw. Retrieved 18 May 2019.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(Taiwan)"},{"link_name":"Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"National Taiwan Normal University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Taiwan_Normal_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Chinese Language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"Mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics"},{"link_name":"Natural Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science"},{"link_name":"Biology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology"},{"link_name":"Chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistry"},{"link_name":"Physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics"},{"link_name":"Science of Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_science"},{"link_name":"Social Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_studies"},{"link_name":"Geography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography"},{"link_name":"History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History"},{"link_name":"Politics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics"},{"link_name":"Laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_Taiwan"},{"link_name":"Economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics"},{"link_name":"International Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_studies"}],"text":"The Comprehensive Assessment Program for Junior High School Students or CAP (Chinese: 國中教育會考; pinyin: Guózhōng Jiàoyù Huìkǎo) is an exam for junior high school students in the Republic of China (Taiwan).The CAP is usually held in the weekend of mid-May by the Ministry of Education Republic of China, creating a standardized test for 9th graders. The Research Center for Psychological and Educational Testing (RCPET) at National Taiwan Normal University is the specific responsible unit.[1] The CAP is an exam for Taiwanese students before going to high school or vocational school, for students, teachers, schools, and parents get to know the students' learning quality. The 2021 CAP was held on 15 and 16 May.[2] The CAP consists of Chinese Language (writing and reading assessment), English (reading and listening assessment), Mathematics (multiple-choice tests and calculation problems), Natural Science (Including: Biology, Chemistry, Physics and Science of Earth) and Social Studies (Including: Geography, History, Personal and Social Study, Politics, Laws, Economics and International Studies)","title":"Comprehensive Assessment Program for Junior High School Students"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"This is the timetable of CAP. (UTC+8)You are not allowed to enter the examination room if you are 20 minutes late (except for the English listening test).\nYou are not allowed to enter the examination room after the English listening test is broadcast.\nYou are not allowed to hand in the exam papers and leave the classroom in less than 30 minutes.\nYou are not allowed to hand in the papers earlier during English listening.","title":"Time Table"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Criterion-referenced test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criterion-referenced_test"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The examination is a Criterion-referenced test, which means the number of correct answers and their corresponding ranks would have been set before the examination. For the exam, the results of each subject are divided into \"精熟\" (grade A) and \"基礎\" (grade B) and \"待加強\" (grade C). Grade A means that the student is able to master the course in junior high school; Grade B means that the student has the basic ability of the subject; Grade C means that the student's ability in the subject is lagging behind. In grade A and grade B, each will be divided into three smaller levels based on the number of plus signs, such as A, A+, A++, etc.[3]The subjects are mainly multiple-choice questions with four choices, and a bit of non-choice questions including composition in Chinese, non-choice questions in mathematics, and English listening test in English. Among them, the composition score of Chinese is based on a grading system, with a full score of 6 and a minimum score of 0. In terms of mathematics, there are two to three non-choice questions, each with a full score of 3, accounting for 15% of the total score of the subject; English listening accounts for 20% of the total score of the subject.","title":"Test content"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Subjects","title":"Test content"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The CAP consists of 14 testing regions. Examinees could only choose one testing region to register for, usually choosing the region where their junior high school is located.\nAlthough the exam questions are unified nationally, the method to calculate their actual scores may vary in different regions.","title":"Regions"}]	[]	[{"title":"Secondary education in Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_education_in_Taiwan"},{"title":"K-12 Education Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-12_Education_Administration"},{"title":"Education in Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Taiwan"}]	[{"reference":"\"國中教育會考\". cap.rcpet.edu.tw. Retrieved 12 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://cap.rcpet.edu.tw/background.html","url_text":"\"國中教育會考\""}]},{"reference":"\"104 年國中教育會考考試時間表\" (PDF). 16 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://cap.ntnu.edu.tw/documents/PressRelease1040208_attachment2pdf.pdf","url_text":"\"104 年國中教育會考考試時間表\""}]},{"reference":"\"國中教育會考\". cap.rcpet.edu.tw. Retrieved 19 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://cap.rcpet.edu.tw/score_1.html","url_text":"\"國中教育會考\""}]},{"reference":"\"國中教育會考\". cap.rcpet.edu.tw. Retrieved 19 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://cap.rcpet.edu.tw/test_2.html#","url_text":"\"國中教育會考\""}]},{"reference":"\"國中教育會考\". cap.nace.edu.tw. Retrieved 18 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://cap.nace.edu.tw/index.html","url_text":"\"國中教育會考\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Comprehensive+Assessment+Program+for+Junior+High+School+Students%22","external_links_name":"\"Comprehensive Assessment Program for Junior High School Students\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Comprehensive+Assessment+Program+for+Junior+High+School+Students%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Comprehensive+Assessment+Program+for+Junior+High+School+Students%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Comprehensive+Assessment+Program+for+Junior+High+School+Students%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Comprehensive+Assessment+Program+for+Junior+High+School+Students%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Comprehensive+Assessment+Program+for+Junior+High+School+Students%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://cap.rcpet.edu.tw/background.html","external_links_name":"\"國中教育會考\""},{"Link":"http://cap.ntnu.edu.tw/documents/PressRelease1040208_attachment2pdf.pdf","external_links_name":"\"104 年國中教育會考考試時間表\""},{"Link":"https://cap.rcpet.edu.tw/score_1.html","external_links_name":"\"國中教育會考\""},{"Link":"https://cap.rcpet.edu.tw/test_2.html#","external_links_name":"\"國中教育會考\""},{"Link":"https://cap.nace.edu.tw/index.html","external_links_name":"\"國中教育會考\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipality_of_Zagorje_ob_Savi	Municipality of Zagorje ob Savi	["1 Settlements","2 References","3 External links"]	Coordinates: 46°08′N 15°0′E / 46.133°N 15.000°E / 46.133; 15.000Municipality of Slovenia Municipality in SloveniaMunicipality of Zagorje ob Savi Občina Zagorje ob SaviMunicipality Coat of armsLocation of the Municipality of Zagorje ob Savi in SloveniaCoordinates: 46°08′N 15°0′E / 46.133°N 15.000°E / 46.133; 15.000Country SloveniaGovernment • MayorMatjaž ŠvaganArea • Total147.1 km2 (56.8 sq mi)Population (2002) • Total17,067 • Density120/km2 (300/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02 (CEST)Websitewww.zagorje.si Source: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia, census of 2002 The Municipality of Zagorje ob Savi (pronounced ; Slovene: Občina Zagorje ob Savi) is a municipality in central Slovenia. The seat of the municipality is the town of Zagorje ob Savi. The area is part of the traditional region of Upper Carniola. The entire municipality is now included in the Central Sava Statistical Region. The population of the municipality is about 17,000. Archaeological evidence shows that the area was already settled in the Late Bronze Age and Iron Age. Settlements In addition to the municipal seat of Zagorje ob Savi, the municipality also includes the following settlements: Blodnik Borje Borje pri Mlinšah Borovak pri Podkumu Brezje Breznik Briše Čemšenik Čolnišče Dobrljevo Dolenja Vas Dolgo Brdo pri Mlinšah Družina Golče Gorenja Vas Hrastnik pri Trojanah Izlake Jablana Jarše Jelenk Jelševica Jesenovo Kal Kandrše Kisovec Kolk Kolovrat Konjšica Kostrevnica Kotredež Log pri Mlinšah Loke pri Zagorju Mali Kum Medija Mlinše Mošenik Orehovica Osredek Padež Podkraj pri Zagorju Podkum Podlipovica Polšina Potoška Vas Požarje Prapreče Ravenska Vas Ravne pri Mlinšah Razbor pri Čemšeniku Razpotje Rodež Rove Rovišče Rtiče Ržiše Selo pri Zagorju Šemnik Senožeti Šentgotard Šentlambert Šklendrovec Sopota Špital Spodnji Šemnik Strahovlje Tirna Vidrga Vine Vrh Vrh pri Mlinšah Vrhe Zabava Zabreznik Zavine Zgornji Prhovec Znojile Žvarulje References ^ Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia, census of 2002 ^ Zagorje ob Savi municipal site ^ Slovenian Ministry of Culture register of national heritage reference number ešd 14622 & 14623 External links Media related to Municipality of Zagorje ob Savi at Wikimedia Commons Municipality of Zagorje ob Savi on Geopedia Zagorje ob Savi municipal site (in Slovene) Places adjacent to Municipality of Zagorje ob Savi KamnikLukovica Vransko Tabor MoravčeLitija Zagorje ob Savi Trbovlje Litija Radeče vteMunicipality of Zagorje ob SaviSettlementsAdministrative seat: Zagorje ob Savi Current Blodnik Borje Borje pri Mlinšah Borovak pri Podkumu Brezje Breznik Briše Čemšenik Čolnišče Dobrljevo Dolenja Vas Dolgo Brdo pri Mlinšah Družina Golče Gorenja Vas Hrastnik pri Trojanah Izlake Jablana Jarše Jelenk Jelševica Jesenovo Kal Kandrše Kisovec Kolk Kolovrat Konjšica Kostrevnica Kotredež Log pri Mlinšah Loke pri Zagorju Mali Kum Medija Mlinše Mošenik Orehovica Osredek Padež Podkraj pri Zagorju Podkum Podlipovica Polšina Potoška Vas Požarje Prapreče Ravenska Vas Ravne pri Mlinšah Razbor pri Čemšeniku Razpotje Rodež Rove Rovišče Rtiče Ržiše Selo pri Zagorju Šemnik Senožeti Šentgotard Šentlambert Šklendrovec Sopota Špital Spodnji Šemnik Strahovlje Tirna Vidrga Vine Vrh Vrh pri Mlinšah Vrhe Zabava Zabreznik Zavine Zgornji Prhovec Znojile Žvarulje Former Brezovica Kal Klenovik Kobiljek Krbulje Krivica Lipovica Prečna Renke Ribnik Selce Selišče Sveta Gora Toplice Trzin Vežnica Vodice Zahrib Zavšenik Zgornja Zaplana Zlokarje Landmarks Mount Čemšenik Gamberk Castle Izlake Parish Church Medija Castle Medija Thermal Spa Kolovrat Castle Šentgotard Parish Church St. Anne's Church Zagorje Parish Church Notable people France Cukjati Janez Drnovšek Edin Osmanović Primož Roglič Johann Weikhard von Valvasor Koala Voice vteMunicipalities of SloveniaUrban municipalities Celje Koper Kranj Krško Ljubljana Maribor Murska Sobota Nova Gorica Novo Mesto Ptuj Slovenj Gradec Velenje Non-urban municipalities Ajdovščina Ankaran Apače Beltinci Benedikt Bistrica ob Sotli Bled Bloke Bohinj Borovnica Bovec Braslovče Brda Brežice Brezovica Cankova Cerklje na Gorenjskem Cerknica Cerkno Cerkvenjak Cirkulane Črenšovci Črna na Koroškem Črnomelj Destrnik Divača Dobje Dobrepolje Dobrna Dobrova–Polhov Gradec Dobrovnik Dol pri Ljubljani Dolenjske Toplice Domžale Dornava Dravograd Duplek Gorenja Vas–Poljane Gorišnica Gorje Gornja Radgona Gornji Grad Gornji Petrovci Grad Grosuplje Hajdina Hoče-Slivnica Hodoš Horjul Hrastnik Hrpelje-Kozina Idrija Ig Ilirska Bistrica Ivančna Gorica Izola Jesenice Jezersko Juršinci Kamnik Kanal ob Soči Kidričevo Kobarid Kobilje Kočevje Komen Komenda Kostanjevica na Krki Kostel Kozje Kranjska Gora Križevci Kungota Kuzma Laško Lenart Lendava Litija Ljubno Ljutomer Log-Dragomer Logatec Loška Dolina Loški Potok Lovrenc na Pohorju Luče Lukovica Majšperk Makole Markovci Medvode Mengeš Metlika Mežica Miklavž na Dravskem Polju Miren-Kostanjevica Mirna Mirna Peč Mislinja Mokronog-Trebelno Moravče Moravske Toplice Mozirje Muta Naklo Nazarje Odranci Oplotnica Ormož Osilnica Pesnica Piran Pivka Podčetrtek Podlehnik Podvelka Poljčane Polzela Postojna Prebold Preddvor Prevalje Puconci Rače-Fram Radeče Radenci Radlje ob Dravi Radovljica Ravne na Koroškem Razkrižje Rečica ob Savinji Renče–Vogrsko Ribnica Ribnica na Pohorju Rogaška Slatina Rogašovci Rogatec Ruše Šalovci Selnica ob Dravi Semič Šempeter-Vrtojba Šenčur Šentilj Šentjernej Šentjur Šentrupert Sevnica Sežana Škocjan Škofja Loka Škofljica Slovenska Bistrica Slovenske Konjice Šmarje pri Jelšah Šmarješke Toplice Šmartno pri Litiji Šmartno ob Paki Sodražica Solčava Šoštanj Središče ob Dravi Starše Štore Straža Sveta Ana Sveta Trojica v Slovenskih Goricah Sveti Andraž v Slovenskih Goricah Sveti Jurij ob Ščavnici Sveti Jurij v Slovenskih Goricah Sveti Tomaž Tabor Tišina Tolmin Trbovlje Trebnje Trnovska Vas Tržič Trzin Turnišče Velika Polana Velike Lašče Veržej Videm Vipava Vitanje Vodice Vojnik Vransko Vrhnika Vuzenica Zagorje ob Savi Žalec Zavrč Železniki Žetale Žiri Žirovnica Zreče Žužemberk Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Israel United States Geographic MusicBrainz area This Slovenian geography article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[zaˈɡoːɾjɛ ɔp ˈsaːʋi]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Slovene"},{"link_name":"Slovene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovene_language"},{"link_name":"municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Slovenia"},{"link_name":"Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia"},{"link_name":"Zagorje ob Savi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagorje_ob_Savi"},{"link_name":"Upper Carniola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Carniola"},{"link_name":"Central Sava Statistical Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Sava_Statistical_Region"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Archaeological evidence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeological_record"},{"link_name":"Late Bronze Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Age"},{"link_name":"Iron Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Age"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Municipality of SloveniaMunicipality in SloveniaThe Municipality of Zagorje ob Savi (pronounced [zaˈɡoːɾjɛ ɔp ˈsaːʋi]; Slovene: Občina Zagorje ob Savi) is a municipality in central Slovenia. The seat of the municipality is the town of Zagorje ob Savi. The area is part of the traditional region of Upper Carniola. The entire municipality is now included in the Central Sava Statistical Region. The population of the municipality is about 17,000.[2]Archaeological evidence shows that the area was already settled in the Late Bronze Age and Iron Age.[3]","title":"Municipality of Zagorje ob Savi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Blodnik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blodnik"},{"link_name":"Borje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borje,_Zagorje_ob_Savi"},{"link_name":"Borje pri Mlinšah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borje_pri_Mlin%C5%A1ah"},{"link_name":"Borovak pri Podkumu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borovak_pri_Podkumu"},{"link_name":"Brezje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brezje,_Zagorje_ob_Savi"},{"link_name":"Breznik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breznik,_Zagorje_ob_Savi"},{"link_name":"Briše","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bri%C5%A1e,_Zagorje_ob_Savi"},{"link_name":"Čemšenik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cem%C5%A1enik"},{"link_name":"Čolnišče","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Colni%C5%A1%C4%8De"},{"link_name":"Dobrljevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobrljevo"},{"link_name":"Dolenja Vas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolenja_Vas,_Zagorje_ob_Savi"},{"link_name":"Dolgo Brdo pri Mlinšah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolgo_Brdo_pri_Mlin%C5%A1ah"},{"link_name":"Družina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dru%C5%BEina,_Zagorje_ob_Savi"},{"link_name":"Golče","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gol%C4%8De"},{"link_name":"Gorenja Vas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorenja_Vas,_Zagorje_ob_Savi"},{"link_name":"Hrastnik pri Trojanah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrastnik_pri_Trojanah"},{"link_name":"Izlake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izlake"},{"link_name":"Jablana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jablana,_Zagorje_ob_Savi"},{"link_name":"Jarše","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jar%C5%A1e,_Zagorje_ob_Savi"},{"link_name":"Jelenk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jelenk"},{"link_name":"Jelševica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jel%C5%A1evica"},{"link_name":"Jesenovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesenovo"},{"link_name":"Kal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kal,_Zagorje_ob_Savi"},{"link_name":"Kandrše","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandr%C5%A1e,_Zagorje_ob_Savi"},{"link_name":"Kisovec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisovec"},{"link_name":"Kolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolk,_Zagorje_ob_Savi"},{"link_name":"Kolovrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolovrat,_Zagorje_ob_Savi"},{"link_name":"Konjšica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konj%C5%A1ica"},{"link_name":"Kostrevnica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kostrevnica"},{"link_name":"Kotredež","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotrede%C5%BE"},{"link_name":"Log pri Mlinšah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Log_pri_Mlin%C5%A1ah"},{"link_name":"Loke pri Zagorju","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loke_pri_Zagorju"},{"link_name":"Mali Kum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali_Kum"},{"link_name":"Medija","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medija"},{"link_name":"Mlinše","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mlin%C5%A1e"},{"link_name":"Mošenik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo%C5%A1enik,_Zagorje_ob_Savi"},{"link_name":"Orehovica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orehovica,_Zagorje_ob_Savi"},{"link_name":"Osredek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osredek,_Zagorje_ob_Savi"},{"link_name":"Padež","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pade%C5%BE,_Zagorje_ob_Savi"},{"link_name":"Podkraj pri Zagorju","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podkraj_pri_Zagorju"},{"link_name":"Podkum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podkum"},{"link_name":"Podlipovica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podlipovica"},{"link_name":"Polšina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C5%A1ina"},{"link_name":"Potoška Vas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poto%C5%A1ka_Vas"},{"link_name":"Požarje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C5%BEarje"},{"link_name":"Prapreče","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prapre%C4%8De,_Zagorje_ob_Savi"},{"link_name":"Ravenska Vas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravenska_Vas"},{"link_name":"Ravne pri Mlinšah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravne_pri_Mlin%C5%A1ah"},{"link_name":"Razbor pri Čemšeniku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razbor_pri_%C4%8Cem%C5%A1eniku"},{"link_name":"Razpotje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razpotje,_Zagorje_ob_Savi"},{"link_name":"Rodež","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rode%C5%BE"},{"link_name":"Rove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rove,_Zagorje_ob_Savi"},{"link_name":"Rovišče","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rovi%C5%A1%C4%8De,_Zagorje_ob_Savi"},{"link_name":"Rtiče","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rti%C4%8De"},{"link_name":"Ržiše","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C5%BEi%C5%A1e"},{"link_name":"Selo pri Zagorju","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selo_pri_Zagorju"},{"link_name":"Šemnik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0emnik"},{"link_name":"Senožeti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seno%C5%BEeti,_Zagorje_ob_Savi"},{"link_name":"Šentgotard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0entgotard"},{"link_name":"Šentlambert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0entlambert"},{"link_name":"Šklendrovec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0klendrovec"},{"link_name":"Sopota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sopota,_Zagorje_ob_Savi"},{"link_name":"Špital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0pital"},{"link_name":"Spodnji Šemnik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spodnji_%C5%A0emnik"},{"link_name":"Strahovlje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strahovlje"},{"link_name":"Tirna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirna"},{"link_name":"Vidrga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidrga"},{"link_name":"Vine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vine,_Zagorje_ob_Savi"},{"link_name":"Vrh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrh,_Zagorje_ob_Savi"},{"link_name":"Vrh pri Mlinšah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrh_pri_Mlin%C5%A1ah"},{"link_name":"Vrhe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrhe,_Zagorje_ob_Savi"},{"link_name":"Zabava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zabava,_Zagorje_ob_Savi"},{"link_name":"Zabreznik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zabreznik"},{"link_name":"Zavine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zavine"},{"link_name":"Zgornji Prhovec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zgornji_Prhovec"},{"link_name":"Znojile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Znojile,_Zagorje_ob_Savi"},{"link_name":"Žvarulje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDvarulje"}],"text":"In addition to the municipal seat of Zagorje ob Savi, the municipality also includes the following settlements:Blodnik\nBorje\nBorje pri Mlinšah\nBorovak pri Podkumu\nBrezje\nBreznik\nBriše\nČemšenik\nČolnišče\nDobrljevo\nDolenja Vas\nDolgo Brdo pri Mlinšah\nDružina\nGolče\nGorenja Vas\nHrastnik pri Trojanah\nIzlake\nJablana\nJarše\nJelenk\nJelševica\nJesenovo\nKal\nKandrše\nKisovec\nKolk\nKolovrat\nKonjšica\nKostrevnica\nKotredež\nLog pri Mlinšah\nLoke pri Zagorju\nMali Kum\nMedija\nMlinše\nMošenik\nOrehovica\nOsredek\nPadež\nPodkraj pri Zagorju\nPodkum\nPodlipovica\nPolšina\nPotoška Vas\nPožarje\nPrapreče\nRavenska Vas\nRavne pri Mlinšah\nRazbor pri Čemšeniku\nRazpotje\nRodež\nRove\nRovišče\nRtiče\nRžiše\nSelo pri Zagorju\nŠemnik\nSenožeti\nŠentgotard\nŠentlambert\nŠklendrovec\nSopota\nŠpital\nSpodnji Šemnik\nStrahovlje\nTirna\nVidrga\nVine\nVrh\nVrh pri Mlinšah\nVrhe\nZabava\nZabreznik\nZavine\nZgornji Prhovec\nZnojile\nŽvarulje","title":"Settlements"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Municipality_of_Zagorje_ob_Savi&params=46_08_N_15_0_E_region:SI_type:adm1st","external_links_name":"46°08′N 15°0′E / 46.133°N 15.000°E / 46.133; 15.000"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Municipality_of_Zagorje_ob_Savi&params=46_08_N_15_0_E_region:SI_type:adm1st","external_links_name":"46°08′N 15°0′E / 46.133°N 15.000°E / 46.133; 15.000"},{"Link":"http://www.zagorje.si/","external_links_name":"www.zagorje.si"},{"Link":"http://www.stat.si/popis2002/en/","external_links_name":"Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia, census of 2002"},{"Link":"http://www.zagorje.si/","external_links_name":"Zagorje ob Savi municipal site"},{"Link":"http://rkd.situla.org/","external_links_name":"Slovenian Ministry of Culture register of national heritage"},{"Link":"https://www.geopedia.world/#T12_L362_F2463:76_x1664093.6046236074_y5801000.92649243_s12_b2345","external_links_name":"Municipality of Zagorje ob Savi on Geopedia"},{"Link":"http://www.zagorje.si/","external_links_name":"Zagorje ob Savi municipal site"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000403988587","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/139696739","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJkXBW9t99CWPfRHjkQH4q","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007567700105171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n92025190","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/area/bf3c0836-0e12-4a1c-a0d5-9983309a1cf3","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz area"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Municipality_of_Zagorje_ob_Savi&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Anglem	Mount Anglem	["1 References"]	Coordinates: 46°44′26″S 167°54′59″E / 46.74056°S 167.91639°E / -46.74056; 167.91639Mountain in New Zealand Mount Anglem / HananuiMount Anglem seen from The BluffHighest pointElevation980 m (3,220 ft)Prominence980 m (3,220 ft)Coordinates46°44′26″S 167°54′59″E / 46.74056°S 167.91639°E / -46.74056; 167.91639GeographyMount Anglem / HananuiLocation in New Zealand LocationStewart Island/Rakiura, New Zealand Mount Anglem / Hananui is the highest point on New Zealand's Stewart Island / Rakiura. It is located 20 kilometres (12 mi) northwest of Oban, close to the island's north coast, and rises to an elevation of 980 metres (3,215 ft) above sea level. Following the passage of the Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998, the name of the peak was officially altered to Mount Anglem / Hananui. Views from Mount Anglem include those inland looking west onto the floodplains. The southern tip of the South Island is visible on a clear day. References ^ a b c "Mount Anglem, New Zealand" Peakbagger.com. Retrieved 2011-12-19. ^ "Ngai Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998". Retrieved 28 March 2016. vteStewart Island / RakiuraPopulated placesObanRivers Freshwater River Heron River Kopeka River Lords River / Tūtaekawetoweto Murray River Rakeahua River Robertson River Toitoi River Tolson River Yankee River Mountains Mount Allen Mount Anglem / Hananui Bays and harbours Halfmoon Bay Leask Bay Paterson Inlet / Whaka a Te Wera Port Pegasus / Pikihatiti This Southland Region geography article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Stewart Island / Rakiura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewart_Island_/_Rakiura"},{"link_name":"Oban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oban,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C4%81i_Tahu_Claims_Settlement_Act_1998"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Mountain in New ZealandMount Anglem / Hananui is the highest point on New Zealand's Stewart Island / Rakiura. It is located 20 kilometres (12 mi) northwest of Oban, close to the island's north coast, and rises to an elevation of 980 metres (3,215 ft) above sea level. Following the passage of the Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998, the name of the peak was officially altered to Mount Anglem / Hananui.[2]Views from Mount Anglem include those inland looking west onto the floodplains. The southern tip of the South Island is visible on a clear day.[citation needed]","title":"Mount Anglem"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Ngai Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998\". Retrieved 28 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1998/0097/10.0/DLM431335.html","url_text":"\"Ngai Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Anglem&params=46_44_26_S_167_54_59_E_type:mountain_region:NZ_scale:100000","external_links_name":"46°44′26″S 167°54′59″E / 46.74056°S 167.91639°E / -46.74056; 167.91639"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Anglem&params=46_44_26_S_167_54_59_E_type:mountain_region:NZ_scale:100000","external_links_name":"46°44′26″S 167°54′59″E / 46.74056°S 167.91639°E / -46.74056; 167.91639"},{"Link":"http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=11772","external_links_name":"\"Mount Anglem, New Zealand\""},{"Link":"http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1998/0097/10.0/DLM431335.html","external_links_name":"\"Ngai Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mount_Anglem&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conway_LeBleu_(Louisiana_politician)	Conway LeBleu	["1 Early life and education","2 Later life","3 References"]	American politician Glenn Conway LeBleuLouisiana State Representative for District 36 (Calcasieu and Cameron parishes)In officeMay 1964 – March 1988Preceded byAlvin DysonSucceeded byRandy Roach Personal detailsBorn(1918-10-04)October 4, 1918Lake CharlesCalcasieu ParishLouisiana, USADiedOctober 11, 2007 (aged 89)Lake Charles, LouisianaResting placeMcCall Cemetery in Grand Chenier in Cameron ParishPolitical partyDemocraticSpouseVirgie Annie McCall LeBleu (married 1950-2007, his death)ChildrenNo childrenResidence(s)Cameron Parish, LouisianaAlma materMcNeese Junior College Colorado A&M University Louisiana State UniversityOccupationFarmer and cattleman Glenn Conway LeBleu, known as Conway LeBleu (October 4, 1918 – October 11, 2007), was an American politician from Louisiana who served in the Louisiana House of Representatives from 1964 to 1988. Early life and education He graduated from Lake Charles High School in 1935. He enlisted in the United States Army Air Forces in 1942, served in the Pacific Theater during World War II and became a staff sergeant. He then attended McNeese State College and Colorado State University, and graduated from Louisiana State University with a Bachelor of Science in animal husbandry in 1950. Later life He is buried at McCall Cemetery, Grand Chenier, Cameron Parish, Louisiana. Portals: Biography United States Politics Business and Economics References ^ "Conway LeBleu". search.ancestry.com. Retrieved July 13, 2015. ^ "Membership in the Louisiana House of Representatives: Calcasieu and Cameron parishes" (PDF). house.louisiana.gov. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 6, 2014. Retrieved July 12, 2015. Political offices Preceded byAlvin Dyson Louisiana State Representative for District 36 (Calcasieu and Cameron parishes) Glenn Conway LeBleu 1964–1988 Succeeded byRandy Roach This article about a Louisiana politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-searchancestry-1"},{"link_name":"Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Louisiana House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-house-2"}],"text":"Glenn Conway LeBleu, known as Conway LeBleu (October 4, 1918 – October 11, 2007),[1] was an American politician from Louisiana who served in the Louisiana House of Representatives from 1964 to 1988.[2]","title":"Conway LeBleu"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Army Air Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"McNeese State College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McNeese_State_College"},{"link_name":"Colorado State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_State_University"},{"link_name":"Louisiana State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_State_University"}],"text":"He graduated from Lake Charles High School in 1935. He enlisted in the United States Army Air Forces in 1942, served in the Pacific Theater during World War II and became a staff sergeant. He then attended McNeese State College and Colorado State University, and graduated from Louisiana State University with a Bachelor of Science in animal husbandry in 1950.","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Portals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals"},{"link_name":"Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biography"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:United_States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg"},{"link_name":"Politics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Politics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg"},{"link_name":"Business and Economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Business_and_Economics"}],"text":"He is buried at McCall Cemetery, Grand Chenier, Cameron Parish, Louisiana.Portals: Biography United States Politics Business and Economics","title":"Later life"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Conway LeBleu\". search.ancestry.com. Retrieved July 13, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?gl=allgs&gss=sfs28_ms_f-2_s&new=1&rank=1&msT=1&gsfn=Conway&gsln=LeBleu&mswpn__ftp=Lake%20Charles%2C%20Calcasieu%2C%20Louisiana%2C%20USA&mswpn=34088&mswpn_PInfo=8-%7C0%7C1652393%7C0%7C2%7C3246%7C21%7C0%7C441%7C34088%7C0%7C&MSAV=1&msbdy=1918&cp=0&catbucket=p&uidh=000","url_text":"\"Conway LeBleu\""}]},{"reference":"\"Membership in the Louisiana House of Representatives: Calcasieu and Cameron parishes\" (PDF). house.louisiana.gov. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 6, 2014. Retrieved July 12, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141006105414/http://house.louisiana.gov/H_PDFdocs/HouseMembership_History_CURRENT.pdf","url_text":"\"Membership in the Louisiana House of Representatives: Calcasieu and Cameron parishes\""},{"url":"http://house.louisiana.gov/H_PDFdocs/HouseMembership_History_CURRENT.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?gl=allgs&gss=sfs28_ms_f-2_s&new=1&rank=1&msT=1&gsfn=Conway&gsln=LeBleu&mswpn__ftp=Lake%20Charles%2C%20Calcasieu%2C%20Louisiana%2C%20USA&mswpn=34088&mswpn_PInfo=8-%7C0%7C1652393%7C0%7C2%7C3246%7C21%7C0%7C441%7C34088%7C0%7C&MSAV=1&msbdy=1918&cp=0&catbucket=p&uidh=000","external_links_name":"\"Conway LeBleu\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141006105414/http://house.louisiana.gov/H_PDFdocs/HouseMembership_History_CURRENT.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Membership in the Louisiana House of Representatives: Calcasieu and Cameron parishes\""},{"Link":"http://house.louisiana.gov/H_PDFdocs/HouseMembership_History_CURRENT.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conway_LeBleu&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd%27s_paresis	Todd's paresis	["1 Presentation","2 Causes","3 Diagnosis","4 Treatment","5 Prognosis","6 References","7 External links"]	Medical conditionTodd's paresisOther namesTodd's paralysis, or Todd's palsySpecialtyNeurology Todd's paresis (or postictal paresis/paralysis, "after seizure") is focal weakness in a part or all of the body after a seizure. This weakness typically affects the limbs and is localized to either the left or right side of the body. It usually subsides completely within 48 hours. Todd's paresis may also affect speech, eye position (gaze), or vision. The condition is named after Robert Bentley Todd (1809–1860), an Irish-born London physiologist who first described the phenomenon in 1849. It may occur in up to 13% of seizure cases. It is most common after a focal motor seizure affecting one limb or one side of the body. The generally postulated cause is the exhaustion of the primary motor cortex, although no conclusive evidence is available to support this. Presentation Robert Bentley Todd The classic presentation of Todd's paresis is a transient weakness of a hand, arm, or leg after focal seizure activity within that limb. The weakness may range in severity from mild to complete paralysis. When seizures affect areas other than the motor cortex, other transient neurological deficits can take place. These include sensory changes if the sensory cortex is involved by the seizure, visual field defects if the occipital lobe is involved, and aphasia if speech, comprehension or conducting fibers are involved. Postictal paresis (PP), although familiar to neurologists, has not been well-studied. One retrospective observational study evaluated 328 selected patients from ages 16 to 57 years who had prolonged video-electroencephalogram (EEG) monitoring for medically intractable epilepsy and focal seizure onset; those with nonepileptic seizures, status epilepticus, and Lennox-Gastaut syndrome were excluded. The following observations were made: PP occurred in 44 patients (13.4 percent) PP was always unilateral and always contralateral to the seizure focus The mean duration of PP was 174 seconds (range 11 seconds to 22 minutes) Of all seizures followed by PP, the following features were noted: Obvious ictal motor activity was seen in 78 percent (Todd's paresis is more common after any clonic seizure activity) Very slight ictal motor activity was seen in 10 percent No ictal motor activity was seen in nearly 10 percent The most common ictal lateralizing sign was unilateral clonic activity in 56 percent Ictal dystonic posturing occurred in 48 percent Ictal limb immobility occurred in 25 percent The results of this study are valuable because few other data exist on the frequency, duration, and seizure characteristics associated with PP. However, the study is likely biased by the inclusion only of patients with medically intractable seizures who had undergone video-EEG monitoring, and the results may not extrapolate to a general epilepsy population. Other post-ictal neurological findings that do not involve activity of the area affected by the seizure have been described. They are thought to be caused by a different mechanism than Todd's paresis, and including paralysis of the contralateral limb, and rare genetic causes of hemiplegia and seizures. Causes The cause of Todd's paresis has been attributed to the affected cortex being ‘exhausted’ or silenced due to increased inhibition, but these conjectures are not supported. It has been observed that the impairments that follow seizures are similar to those that follow strokes, where for a period of time blood flow to certain areas of the brain is restricted and these areas are starved of oxygen. Diagnosis The most significant issue regarding the Todd's paresis is its differentiation from a stroke. The issue is further complicated by the fact that some strokes trigger a focal seizure during the acute phase. A Todd's paresis in this context may overestimate the extent of neurological deficit due to the vascular process itself resulting in erroneous decisions with regards to acute stroke therapy such as thrombolysis. For this reason, a seizure during an acute stroke is generally accepted to be a relative contraindication to thrombolytic therapy, especially in the absence of documented cerebrovascular occlusion using vascular imaging techniques. An infant with Todd's paresis does not necessarily preclude the diagnosis of a febrile convulsion. This view is as a result of a recent study that showed the incidence of Todd's paresis to be in 0.4% of infants that have been diagnosed with a febrile convulsion. Treatment There is no treatment for Todd's paralysis. Individuals must rest as comfortably as possible until the paralysis disappears. Prognosis An occurrence of Todd's paralysis indicates that a seizure has occurred. The prognosis for the patient depends upon the effects of the seizure, not the occurrence of the paralysis. References ^ Todd RB (1849). "On the pathology and treatment of convulsive diseases". London Med Gaz. 8: 668. ^ Pearce JM (March 1994). "Robert Bentley Todd (1809-60) and Todd's paralysis". J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 57 (3): 315. doi:10.1136/jnnp.57.3.315. PMC 1072820. PMID 8158178. ^ a b c Gallmetzer P, Leutmezer F, Serles W, Assem-Hilger E, Spatt J, Baumgartner C (June 2004). "Postictal paresis in focal epilepsies--incidence, duration, and causes: a video-EEG monitoring study". Neurology. 62 (12): 2160–4. doi:10.1212/wnl.62.12.2160. PMID 15210875. S2CID 352842. ^ Uptodate: Evaluation of the first seizure in adults ^ Oestreich L, Berg M, Bachmann D, Burchfiel J, Erba G (1995). "Ictal contralateral paresis in complex partial seizures". Epilepsia. 36 (7): 671–5. doi:10.1111/j.1528-1157.1995.tb01044.x. PMID 7555983. S2CID 8058284. ^ Mikati M, Maguire H, Barlow C, Ozelius L, Breakefield X, Klauck S, Korf B, O'Tuama S, Dangond F (1992). "A syndrome of autosomal dominant alternating hemiplegia: clinical presentation mimicking intractable epilepsy; chromosomal studies; and physiologic investigations". Neurology. 42 (12): 2251–7. doi:10.1212/wnl.42.12.2251. PMID 1361034. S2CID 45006064. ^ Farrell JS, Gaxiola-Valdez I, Wolff MD, David LS, Dika HI, Geeraert BL, Rachel Wang X, Singh S, Spanswick SC, Dunn JF, Antle MC, Federico P, Teskey GC (November 2016). "Postictal behavioural impairments are due to a severe prolonged hypoperfusion/hypoxia event that is COX-2 dependent". eLife. 5. doi:10.7554/eLife.19352. PMC 5154758. PMID 27874832. ^ Sylaja PN, Dzialowski I, Krol A, Roy J, Federico P, Demchuk AM (2006). "Role of CT angiography in thrombolysis decision-making for patients with presumed seizure at stroke onset". Stroke. 37 (3): 915–7. doi:10.1161/01.STR.0000202678.86234.84. PMID 16456124. ^ Nelson KB, Ellenberg JH (May 1978). "Prognosis in children with febrile seizures". Pediatrics. 61 (5): 720–7. doi:10.1542/peds.61.5.720. PMID 662510. S2CID 28864152. ^ a b "Todd's Paralysis". National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. Retrieved 2023-07-26. External links ClassificationDICD-10: G83.8ICD-9-CM: 344.89MeSH: D010243 vteSeizures and epilepsyBasics Seizure types Aura (warning sign) Postictal state Epileptogenesis Neonatal seizure Epilepsy in children Management Anticonvulsants Investigations Electroencephalography Epileptologist Personal issues Epilepsy and driving Epilepsy and employment Seizure typesFocal Seizures Simple partial Complex partial Gelastic seizure Epilepsy Temporal lobe epilepsy Frontal lobe epilepsy Rolandic epilepsy Sleep-related hypermotor epilepsy Panayiotopoulos syndrome Vertiginous epilepsy Generalised Tonic–clonic Absence seizure Atonic seizure Automatism Benign familial neonatal seizures Lennox–Gastaut syndrome Myoclonic astatic epilepsy Epileptic spasms Febrile seizure Status epilepticus Epilepsia partialis continua Complex partial status epilepticus Myoclonic epilepsy Progressive myoclonus epilepsy Dentatorubral–pallidoluysian atrophy Unverricht–Lundborg disease MERRF syndrome Lafora disease Early myoclonic encephalopathy Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy Related disorders Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy Todd's paresis Landau–Kleffner syndrome Psychogenic non-epileptic seizure Epilepsy in animals Organizations Citizens United for Research in Epilepsy (US) Epilepsy Action (UK) Epilepsy Action Australia Epilepsy Foundation (US) Epilepsy Outlook (UK) Epilepsy Research UK Epilepsy Society (UK)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"seizure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seizure"},{"link_name":"speech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_communication"},{"link_name":"vision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_perception"},{"link_name":"Robert Bentley Todd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Bentley_Todd"},{"link_name":"Irish-born","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"physiologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physiology"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gallmetzer-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"primary motor cortex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_motor_cortex"}],"text":"Todd's paresis (or postictal paresis/paralysis, \"after seizure\") is focal weakness in a part or all of the body after a seizure. This weakness typically affects the limbs and is localized to either the left or right side of the body. It usually subsides completely within 48 hours. Todd's paresis may also affect speech, eye position (gaze), or vision.The condition is named after Robert Bentley Todd (1809–1860), an Irish-born London physiologist who first described the phenomenon in 1849.[1][2] It may occur in up to 13% of seizure cases.[3] It is most common after a focal motor seizure affecting one limb or one side of the body.[4] The generally postulated cause is the exhaustion of the primary motor cortex, although no conclusive evidence is available to support this.","title":"Todd's paresis"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Robert_Bentley_Todd2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Robert Bentley Todd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Bentley_Todd"},{"link_name":"focal seizure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focal_seizure"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gallmetzer-3"},{"link_name":"motor cortex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_cortex"},{"link_name":"sensory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensory_perception"},{"link_name":"sensory cortex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensory_cortex"},{"link_name":"occipital lobe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occipital_lobe"},{"link_name":"aphasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphasia"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"nonepileptic seizures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PNES"},{"link_name":"status epilepticus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Status_epilepticus"},{"link_name":"Lennox-Gastaut syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lennox-Gastaut_syndrome"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"clonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clonus"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gallmetzer-3"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Robert Bentley ToddThe classic presentation of Todd's paresis is a transient weakness of a hand, arm, or leg after focal seizure activity within that limb. The weakness may range in severity from mild to complete paralysis.[3]When seizures affect areas other than the motor cortex, other transient neurological deficits can take place. These include sensory changes if the sensory cortex is involved by the seizure, visual field defects if the occipital lobe is involved, and aphasia if speech, comprehension or conducting fibers are involved.[citation needed]Postictal paresis (PP), although familiar to neurologists, has not been well-studied. One retrospective observational study evaluated 328 selected patients from ages 16 to 57 years who had prolonged video-electroencephalogram (EEG) monitoring for medically intractable epilepsy and focal seizure onset; those with nonepileptic seizures, status epilepticus, and Lennox-Gastaut syndrome were excluded.[citation needed] The following observations were made:[citation needed]PP occurred in 44 patients (13.4 percent)\nPP was always unilateral and always contralateral to the seizure focus\nThe mean duration of PP was 174 seconds (range 11 seconds to 22 minutes)Of all seizures followed by PP, the following features were noted:[citation needed]Obvious ictal motor activity was seen in 78 percent (Todd's paresis is more common after any clonic seizure activity)[3]\nVery slight ictal motor activity was seen in 10 percent\nNo ictal motor activity was seen in nearly 10 percent\nThe most common ictal lateralizing sign was unilateral clonic activity in 56 percent\nIctal dystonic posturing occurred in 48 percent\nIctal limb immobility occurred in 25 percentThe results of this study are valuable because few other data exist on the frequency, duration, and seizure characteristics associated with PP. However, the study is likely biased by the inclusion only of patients with medically intractable seizures who had undergone video-EEG monitoring, and the results may not extrapolate to a general epilepsy population.[citation needed]Other post-ictal neurological findings that do not involve activity of the area affected by the seizure have been described. They are thought to be caused by a different mechanism than Todd's paresis, and including paralysis of the contralateral limb,[5] and rare genetic causes of hemiplegia and seizures.[6]","title":"Presentation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid27874832-7"}],"text":"The cause of Todd's paresis has been attributed to the affected cortex being ‘exhausted’ or silenced due to increased inhibition, but these conjectures are not supported. It has been observed that the impairments that follow seizures are similar to those that follow strokes, where for a period of time blood flow to certain areas of the brain is restricted and these areas are starved of oxygen.[7]","title":"Causes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"stroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroke"},{"link_name":"focal seizure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focal_seizure"},{"link_name":"thrombolysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrombolysis"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid16456124-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid662510-9"}],"text":"The most significant issue regarding the Todd's paresis is its differentiation from a stroke. The issue is further complicated by the fact that some strokes trigger a focal seizure during the acute phase. A Todd's paresis in this context may overestimate the extent of neurological deficit due to the vascular process itself resulting in erroneous decisions with regards to acute stroke therapy such as thrombolysis. For this reason, a seizure during an acute stroke is generally accepted to be a relative contraindication to thrombolytic therapy, especially in the absence of documented cerebrovascular occlusion using vascular imaging techniques.[8]An infant with Todd's paresis does not necessarily preclude the diagnosis of a febrile convulsion. This view is as a result of a recent study that showed the incidence of Todd's paresis to be in 0.4% of infants that have been diagnosed with a febrile convulsion.[9]","title":"Diagnosis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-10"}],"text":"There is no treatment for Todd's paralysis. Individuals must rest as comfortably as possible until the paralysis disappears.[10]","title":"Treatment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-10"}],"text":"An occurrence of Todd's paralysis indicates that a seizure has occurred. The prognosis for the patient depends upon the effects of the seizure, not the occurrence of the paralysis.[10]","title":"Prognosis"}]	[{"image_text":"Robert Bentley Todd","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Robert_Bentley_Todd2.jpg/220px-Robert_Bentley_Todd2.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Todd RB (1849). \"On the pathology and treatment of convulsive diseases\". London Med Gaz. 8: 668.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Pearce JM (March 1994). \"Robert Bentley Todd (1809-60) and Todd's paralysis\". J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 57 (3): 315. doi:10.1136/jnnp.57.3.315. PMC 1072820. PMID 8158178.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1072820","url_text":"\"Robert Bentley Todd (1809-60) and Todd's paralysis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fjnnp.57.3.315","url_text":"10.1136/jnnp.57.3.315"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1072820","url_text":"1072820"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8158178","url_text":"8158178"}]},{"reference":"Gallmetzer P, Leutmezer F, Serles W, Assem-Hilger E, Spatt J, Baumgartner C (June 2004). \"Postictal paresis in focal epilepsies--incidence, duration, and causes: a video-EEG monitoring study\". Neurology. 62 (12): 2160–4. doi:10.1212/wnl.62.12.2160. PMID 15210875. S2CID 352842.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1212%2Fwnl.62.12.2160","url_text":"10.1212/wnl.62.12.2160"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15210875","url_text":"15210875"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:352842","url_text":"352842"}]},{"reference":"Oestreich L, Berg M, Bachmann D, Burchfiel J, Erba G (1995). \"Ictal contralateral paresis in complex partial seizures\". Epilepsia. 36 (7): 671–5. doi:10.1111/j.1528-1157.1995.tb01044.x. PMID 7555983. S2CID 8058284.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1528-1157.1995.tb01044.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1528-1157.1995.tb01044.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7555983","url_text":"7555983"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8058284","url_text":"8058284"}]},{"reference":"Mikati M, Maguire H, Barlow C, Ozelius L, Breakefield X, Klauck S, Korf B, O'Tuama S, Dangond F (1992). \"A syndrome of autosomal dominant alternating hemiplegia: clinical presentation mimicking intractable epilepsy; chromosomal studies; and physiologic investigations\". Neurology. 42 (12): 2251–7. doi:10.1212/wnl.42.12.2251. PMID 1361034. S2CID 45006064.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1212%2Fwnl.42.12.2251","url_text":"10.1212/wnl.42.12.2251"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1361034","url_text":"1361034"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:45006064","url_text":"45006064"}]},{"reference":"Farrell JS, Gaxiola-Valdez I, Wolff MD, David LS, Dika HI, Geeraert BL, Rachel Wang X, Singh S, Spanswick SC, Dunn JF, Antle MC, Federico P, Teskey GC (November 2016). \"Postictal behavioural impairments are due to a severe prolonged hypoperfusion/hypoxia event that is COX-2 dependent\". eLife. 5. doi:10.7554/eLife.19352. PMC 5154758. PMID 27874832.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5154758","url_text":"\"Postictal behavioural impairments are due to a severe prolonged hypoperfusion/hypoxia event that is COX-2 dependent\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.7554%2FeLife.19352","url_text":"10.7554/eLife.19352"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5154758","url_text":"5154758"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27874832","url_text":"27874832"}]},{"reference":"Sylaja PN, Dzialowski I, Krol A, Roy J, Federico P, Demchuk AM (2006). \"Role of CT angiography in thrombolysis decision-making for patients with presumed seizure at stroke onset\". Stroke. 37 (3): 915–7. doi:10.1161/01.STR.0000202678.86234.84. PMID 16456124.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1161%2F01.STR.0000202678.86234.84","url_text":"10.1161/01.STR.0000202678.86234.84"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16456124","url_text":"16456124"}]},{"reference":"Nelson KB, Ellenberg JH (May 1978). \"Prognosis in children with febrile seizures\". Pediatrics. 61 (5): 720–7. doi:10.1542/peds.61.5.720. PMID 662510. S2CID 28864152.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1542%2Fpeds.61.5.720","url_text":"10.1542/peds.61.5.720"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/662510","url_text":"662510"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:28864152","url_text":"28864152"}]},{"reference":"\"Todd's Paralysis\". National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. Retrieved 2023-07-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/todds-paralysis","url_text":"\"Todd's Paralysis\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1072820","external_links_name":"\"Robert Bentley Todd (1809-60) and Todd's paralysis\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fjnnp.57.3.315","external_links_name":"10.1136/jnnp.57.3.315"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1072820","external_links_name":"1072820"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8158178","external_links_name":"8158178"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1212%2Fwnl.62.12.2160","external_links_name":"10.1212/wnl.62.12.2160"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15210875","external_links_name":"15210875"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:352842","external_links_name":"352842"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1528-1157.1995.tb01044.x","external_links_name":"10.1111/j.1528-1157.1995.tb01044.x"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7555983","external_links_name":"7555983"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8058284","external_links_name":"8058284"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1212%2Fwnl.42.12.2251","external_links_name":"10.1212/wnl.42.12.2251"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1361034","external_links_name":"1361034"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:45006064","external_links_name":"45006064"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5154758","external_links_name":"\"Postictal behavioural impairments are due to a severe prolonged hypoperfusion/hypoxia event that is COX-2 dependent\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.7554%2FeLife.19352","external_links_name":"10.7554/eLife.19352"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5154758","external_links_name":"5154758"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27874832","external_links_name":"27874832"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1161%2F01.STR.0000202678.86234.84","external_links_name":"10.1161/01.STR.0000202678.86234.84"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16456124","external_links_name":"16456124"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1542%2Fpeds.61.5.720","external_links_name":"10.1542/peds.61.5.720"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/662510","external_links_name":"662510"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:28864152","external_links_name":"28864152"},{"Link":"https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/todds-paralysis","external_links_name":"\"Todd's Paralysis\""},{"Link":"https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/G83.8","external_links_name":"G83.8"},{"Link":"http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=344.89","external_links_name":"344.89"},{"Link":"https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D010243","external_links_name":"D010243"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warm_Springs_(film)	Warm Springs (film)	["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","4 Reception","5 Accolades","6 See also","7 Notes","8 References","9 External links"]	2005 American TV series or program Warm SpringsGenreBiographyDramaWritten byMargaret NagleDirected byJoseph SargentStarringKenneth Branagh Cynthia Nixon Kathy Bates Tim Blake Nelson Jane Alexander David PaymerTheme music composerBruce BroughtonCountry of originUnited StatesOriginal languageEnglishProductionProducerChrisann VergesCinematographyRobbie GreenbergEditorMichael BrownRunning time121 minutesProduction companiesHBO FilmsMark Gordon ProductionsThe Mark Gordon CompanyOriginal releaseNetworkHBOReleaseApril 30, 2005 (2005-04-30) Warm Springs is a 2005 made-for-television biography drama film directed by Joseph Sargent, written by Margaret Nagle, and starring Kenneth Branagh, Cynthia Nixon, Kathy Bates, Tim Blake Nelson, Jane Alexander, and David Paymer. The screenplay concerns U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt's 1921 illness, diagnosed at the time as polio, his struggle to overcome paralysis, his discovery of the Warm Springs resort, his work to turn it into a center for the rehabilitation of polio victims, and his resumption of his political career. Roosevelt's emotional growth as he interacts with other disabled people at Warm Springs prepares him for the challenges he will face as president during the Great Depression. Plot The film opens in 1924 with a handicapped Franklin D. Roosevelt living in semi-isolation on a Florida houseboat with two male attendants. He reminisces about running as vice president during the 1920 presidential election. Franklin, a Harvard-educated lawyer, New York assemblyman, and assistant Secretary of the Navy, gave a rousing speech in which he mentioned his cousin President Teddy Roosevelt's own run as vice president. Republican Warren Harding won the election, but Franklin's political rise had begun, though his opponents consider the arrogant Franklin a political lightweight. When Franklin's wife, Eleanor discovered his extra-marital affair, they remained married but with mostly separate lives. When Franklin was suddenly stricken with what was diagnosed as polio, leaving his lower body paralyzed, devastated and refusing to be a burden, Franklin then left for Florida to live on the houseboat. When a storm wrecks the houseboat, Franklin and his attendants go to a nearby restaurant. Louis Howe, Franklin's political adviser, arrives and attempts to persuade Franklin to return to New York and resume his political career. However, at the same time Franklin receives a letter from an old friend George Foster Peabody who invites Franklin to the Meriweather Inn, the resort he owns in Warm Springs, Georgia. Peabody claims a handicapped boy was able to walk while in the therapeutic mineral waters. Intrigued, Franklin heads to Warm Springs, along with Eleanor. Franklin and Eleanor discover the Meriweather Inn is extremely rundown. Franklin rejects staying in a two-story residence, fearing being trapped upstairs in a fire, but settles for a small one-story cottage. Once in the pool, Franklin is unable to stand, though resort manager, Tom Loyless, says he will in time. Meanwhile, Eleanor realizes Franklin intends to stay in Georgia. Appalled by the differences between Georgia and New York and the dilapidated resort, Eleanor urges Franklin to return to New York City, saying it has the best doctors and hospitals in the country. He refuses, believing Warm Springs gives him a chance to walk again. Eleanor returns to New York where Louis launches her career as a social activist. Meanwhile, Franklin is eventually able to stand and move around in the buoyant waters. His celebrity results in an interview with the local newspaper. Franklin feels residents pity him, but Tom assures him that is not the case. The resort closes for the season. Franklin returns in the spring to discover that after his newspaper interview was nationally syndicated, other polio victims have come to the resort. Franklin angrily storms out; Tom chastises him, saying it is not Franklin's private resort and accuses him of having the same prejudices and pity that other people have towards polio victims. At the train station, Franklin is about to return to New York. Tom is there to pick up Fred Botts a newly arriving polio patient. Franklin is appalled that the young man was forced to ride in the baggage car alone and is barely conscious. Franklin berates the indifferent conductor, and he and Tom take the man to the resort to recover since the nearest hospital is all the way in Atlanta and the nearest doctor is also too far away. Tom informs Franklin that, due to the able-bodied guests fearing polio, he cannot use the pool during regular hours or eat in the dining room. Soon after, physical therapist Helena Mahonny arrives to work at the resort, inspired by Franklin's interview. Helena says the waters are helping Franklin but he needs more pool time than is allowed. Franklin decides to buy the resort and turn it into a polio rehab center. Franklin learns that Tom has terminal cancer and is returning home to die. Franklin's domineering mother, unable to understand Franklin's purpose at Warm Springs, sends Louis and Eleanor to stop him buying the spa and bring him back to New York. Upon arriving, Eleanor is supportive. She and Franklin begin fund-raising and accept a doctor's offer to evaluate the resort. Louis believes Franklin is ready to resume his political career, aiming for Governor of New York. Meanwhile, Franklin receives the visiting doctor's unfavorable medical report in which he disputes hydrotherapy's benefits. With plans to turn the resort into a polio rehab center and regain his ability to walk possibly being derailed, Franklin becomes depressed. Helena, Louis, and Eleanor persuade him to revive his political career. They devise a method enabling Franklin to appear in public with a cane in his hand and supported by leg braces and minimal human assistance so he can be seen moving around in public without crutches and his wheelchair. The plan works and Franklin is elected Governor of New York. The epilogue reveals that Franklin won the U.S. presidency four years later and became the only person elected to more than two terms, serving until his death while in office, at his Warm Springs cottage in 1945. The rehab center was Franklin's life insurance beneficiary and continues to operate to this day. Cast Actor Role Kenneth Branagh Franklin D. Roosevelt Cynthia Nixon Eleanor Roosevelt Kathy Bates Helena Mahoney Tim Blake Nelson Tom Loyless Jane Alexander Sara Delano Roosevelt David Paymer Louis McHenry Howe Melissa Ponzio Lucy Mercer Marianne Fraulo Missy LeHand Brian F. Durkin Elliott Roosevelt Turner Dixon James Roosevelt Tripp Hennington Franklin D. Roosevelt Jr. Sam Frihart John Roosevelt Carrie Adams Anna Roosevelt Wilbur Fitzgerald Al Smith Felicia Day Eloise Hutchinson Actress Jane Alexander, who plays FDR's mother Sara Delano Roosevelt, also played Eleanor Roosevelt in the acclaimed 1976 telefilm Eleanor and Franklin and its 1977 sequel Eleanor and Franklin: The White House Years. Many of the bit part actors in the film are actually physically disabled, though Branagh and several other of the principal actors are not. The withered appearance of Branagh's legs was achieved through the use of CGI. Production The film was produced by HBO Films and directed by Joseph Sargent. The majority of the film was made at Warm Springs, Georgia and its surrounding locations. Other Georgia locations include Madison, Atlanta,Summerville,and Gainesville. The producers strove to make sure that many of the physical details were as authentic as possible. For example, Kenneth Branagh, as Roosevelt, is seen driving the very same specially-equipped automobile that FDR was taught to drive at Warm Springs. The cottage that Roosevelt stays in during the film is one of the cottages that the real FDR stayed in. And the swimming pool in which the patients swim in is the actual therapeutic swimming pool at Warm Springs, refurbished specifically for the film. Reception Tom Jicha of the South Florida Sun-Sentinel found the film "more educational than entertaining", but said "Kenneth Branagh offers an exemplary turn". Rob Owens of the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette said, ""Warm Springs" isn't a revolutionary or ground-breaking film, but it is a solid depiction of a time in the life of a figure who loomed large in 20th century American history." Sid Smith of the Chicago Tribune said that Branagh and Nixon "play these familiar icons as real, flesh-and-blood people", and also noted memorable work by Paymer, Bates, and Nelson. Kevin McDonough of United Feature Syndicate called the film "intimate and powerful". Hal Boedeker of the Orlando Sentinel takes some issue with some of the writing, but says the film is "impressive" and that " Tim Blake Nelson is heart-rending as the spa's proprietor." He also noted that before Roosevelt died at Warm Springs, he listed the rehabilitation center as beneficiary of his $562,000 life insurance policy. Accolades Year Award Category Nominee(s) Result Ref. 2005 Artios Awards Outstanding Achievement in Movie of the Week Casting Lynn Kressel Nominated International Film Music Critics Association Awards Best Original Score for Television Bruce Broughton Nominated Online Film & Television Association Awards Best Motion Picture Made for Television Won Best Actor in a Motion Picture or Miniseries Kenneth Branagh Won Best Actress in a Motion Picture or Miniseries Cynthia Nixon Nominated Best Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture or Miniseries Jane Alexander Nominated Kathy Bates Nominated Best Direction of a Motion Picture or Miniseries Joseph Sargent Nominated Best Writing of a Motion Picture or Miniseries Margaret Nagle Won Best Ensemble in a Motion Picture or Miniseries Nominated Best Lighting in a Motion Picture or Miniseries Nominated Best Makeup/Hairstyling in a Motion Picture or Miniseries Nominated Best Music in a Motion Picture or Miniseries Bruce Broughton Nominated Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Made for Television Movie Mark Gordon, Celia D. Costas, and Chrisann Verges Won Outstanding Lead Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie Kenneth Branagh Nominated Outstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie Cynthia Nixon Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie Jane Alexander Won Kathy Bates Nominated Outstanding Directing for a Miniseries, Movie or a Dramatic Special Joseph Sargent Nominated Outstanding Writing for a Miniseries, Movie or a Dramatic Special Margaret Nagle Nominated Outstanding Art Direction for a Miniseries or Movie Sarah Knowles, Scott Ritenour, Thomas Minton, and Frank Galline Won Outstanding Casting for a Miniseries, Movie or Special Lynn Kressel and Shay Bentley-Griffin Nominated Outstanding Cinematography for a Miniseries or Movie Robbie Greenberg Nominated Outstanding Costumes for a Miniseries, Movie or a Special Hope Hanafin and Keith G. Lewis Nominated Outstanding Hairstyling for a Miniseries, Movie or a Special Taylor Knight and Vanessa Davis Nominated Outstanding Makeup for a Miniseries, Movie or a Special (Non-Prosthetic) Carla White and Donna M. Premick Nominated Outstanding Music Composition for a Miniseries, Movie or a Special (Original Dramatic Score) Bruce Broughton Won Outstanding Sound Editing for a Miniseries, Movie or a Special Richard Taylor, David Beadle, Jane Boegel, Russell DeWolf, Andrew Ellerd, Juanita F. Diana, Sonya Henry, Patrick Hogan, Eileen Horta, Jason Lezama, Stuart Martin, Todd Murakami, Brian Thomas Nist, Robert Ramirez, Mark Cookson, Ed Kalnins, James Bailey, and John Benson Nominated Outstanding Single-Camera Sound Mixing for a Miniseries or a Movie Mary H. Ellis, Rick Ash, and Adam Jenkins Won Satellite Awards Best Motion Picture Made for Television Nominated Best Actor in a Miniseries or Motion Picture Made for Television Kenneth Branagh Nominated Best Actress in a Miniseries or Motion Picture Made for Television Cynthia Nixon Nominated Best Actor in a Supporting Role in a Series, Miniseries or Motion Picture Made for Television Tim Blake Nelson Nominated Best Actress in a Supporting Role in a Series, Miniseries or Motion Picture Made for Television Jane Alexander Nominated 2006 AARP Movies for Grownups Awards Best TV Movie Nominated American Cinema Editors Awards Best Edited Miniseries or Motion Picture for Non-Commercial Television Michael Brown Nominated American Society of Cinematographers Awards Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography in Movies of the Week/Mini-Series/Pilot Robbie Greenberg Won Art Directors Guild Awards Excellence in Production Design Award – Television Movie or Mini-series Sarah Knowles, Scott Ritenour, and Thomas Minton Nominated Costume Designers Guild Awards Outstanding Period/Fantasy Television Series Hope Hanafin Nominated Critics' Choice Awards Best Picture Made for Television Nominated Directors Guild of America Awards Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Movies for Television or Miniseries Joseph Sargent Won Golden Globe Awards Best Miniseries or Television Film Nominated Best Actor – Miniseries or Television Film Kenneth Branagh Nominated Best Actress – Miniseries or Television Film Cynthia Nixon Nominated Humanitas Prize 90 Minute or Longer Network or Syndicated Television Margaret Nagle Nominated Producers Guild of America Awards David L. Wolper Award for Outstanding Producer of Long-Form Television Mark Gordon, Celia D. Costas, and Chrisann Verges Nominated Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie Kenneth Branagh Nominated Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie Cynthia Nixon Nominated Visual Effects Society Awards Outstanding Supporting Visual Effects in a Broadcast Program Camille Cellucci, Jonathan Keeton, Kirk Cadrette, and John Baker Nominated Writers Guild of America Awards Long Form – Original Margaret Nagle Won See also Franklin D. Roosevelt's paralytic illness Warm Springs Historic District Sunrise at Campobello, 1958 play Sunrise at Campobello, 1960 film Notes ^ Tied with John Paul Kelly, Emma MacDevitt, and Sara Wan for The Lost Prince. ^ Tied with George C. Wolfe for Lackawanna Blues. References ^ "Kimbler, Scott. "FDR movie filmed, in part, in Gainesville to air on HBO", WDUN, April8, 2005 ^ Jicha, Tom. "HBO film 'Warm Springs' Shows an FDR American Seldom Saw", South Florida Sun-Sentinel, April 30, 2005 ^ Owens, Rob. "Kenneth Branagh humanizes Roosevelt", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, April 24, 2005 ^ Smith, Sid., "'Warm Springs' explores FDR's retreat, politics", Chicago Tribune, April 30, 2005 ^ McDonough, Kevin. "'Warm Springs' looks at FDR, polio", The Spokesman-Review (Spokane), April 30, 2005 ^ Boedeker, Bob. "A Refreshing Look at FDR's struggles", The Orlando Sentinel, April 224, 2005 ^ "2005 Artios Awards". www.castingsociety.com. Retrieved 1 November 2005. ^ "2005 IFMCA Awards". International Film Music Critics Association. 3 January 2009. Retrieved 18 December 2021. ^ "9th Annual TV Awards (2005)". Online Film & Television Association. Retrieved 15 May 2021. ^ "Warm Springs". Emmys.com. Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. Retrieved 13 July 2017. ^ "Nominees & Winners – Satellite™ Awards 2005 (10th Annual Satellite™ Awards)". International Press Academy. Satellite Awards. Archived from the original on 2 February 2008. Retrieved 7 April 2019. ^ Newcott, William R. (March 2006). ""Fifth Annual Movies for Grownups"". AARP the Magazine. Washington, DC. pp. 50–51. ^ "Nominees/Winners". IMDb. Retrieved 4 April 2019. ^ "The ASC Awards for Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography". Archived from the original on 2 August 2011. ^ "Nominees/Winners". Art Directors Guild. Retrieved 28 July 2018. ^ "7th Costume Designers Guild Awards". Costume Designers Guild. Retrieved 21 May 2016. ^ "The BFCA Critics' Choice Awards :: 2005". Broadcast Film Critics Association. Archived from the original on 19 July 2012. Retrieved 23 June 2011. ^ "58th DGA Awards". Directors Guild of America Awards. Retrieved 5 July 2021. ^ "Warm Springs – Golden Globes". HFPA. Retrieved 5 July 2021. ^ "Past Winners & Nominees". Humanitas Prize. Retrieved 11 June 2022. ^ McNary, Dave (22 January 2006). "PGA on cowboy trail". Variety. Archived from the original on 22 September 2017. Retrieved 21 September 2017. ^ "The 12th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards". Screen Actors Guild Awards. Retrieved 21 May 2016. ^ "4th Annual VES Awards". Visual Effects Society. Retrieved 21 December 2017. ^ "Previous Nominees & Winners: 2008 Awards Winners". Writers Guild Awards. Archived from the original on 12 May 2015. Retrieved 7 May 2014. External links Wikiquote has quotations related to Warm Springs (film). Warm Springs at AllMovie Warm Springs at IMDb Warm Springs at Rotten Tomatoes "New look at New Dealer", LA Times review vteFranklin D. Roosevelt 32nd President of the United States (1933–1945) 44th Governor of New York (1929–1932) Assistant Secretary of the Navy (1913–1920) New York State Senator (1911–1913) Presidency(timeline) Transition Inaugurations (1st 2nd 3rd 4th) First and second terms Third and fourth terms Foreign policy New Deal overview New Deal coalition First 100 days Second New Deal Federal Emergency Relief Administration Civilian Conservation Corps Agricultural Adjustment Act Emergency Banking Act Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1944 Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act Tennessee Valley Authority National Labor Relations Act of 1935 National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 Public Works Administration National Recovery Administration Works Progress Administration National Youth Administration Social Security Act Aid to Families with Dependent Children Communications Act of 1934 Federal Communications Commission Securities and Exchange Commission Monetary gold ownership Gold Reserve Act Silver seizure Record on civil rights Defense industry non-discrimination Fair Employment Practice Committee Indian Reorganization Act Executive Orders 9066, 9102 War Relocation Authority Japanese American internment German-American internment Italian-American internment Brownlow Committee Executive Office of the President G.I. Bill of Rights Cullen–Harrison Act Roerich Pact Four Freedoms Four Freedoms Monument Black Cabinet Jefferson's Birthday holiday Jefferson Memorial Judicial Court-Packing Bill Cannabis policy Federal Judicial appointments Supreme Court Harlan F. Stone Supreme Court nomination Wiley Rutledge Supreme Court nomination Cabinet "Brain Trust" March of Dimes Modern Oval Office Official car Criticism Executive Orders Presidential Proclamations Presidentialforeign policy Banana Wars U.S. occupation of Nicaragua, 1912–1933 U.S. occupation of Haiti, 1915–1934 Good Neighbor Policy (1933–1945) Montevideo Convention (1933) Second London Naval Treaty (1936) ABCD line (1940) Export Control Act Four Policemen Destroyers-for-bases deal Lend-Lease 1940 Selective Service Act Hull note Atlantic Charter (1941) Military history of the United States during World War II Home front during World War II Combined Munitions Assignments Board War Production Board Declaration by United Nations (1942) Dumbarton Oaks Conference World War II conferences Quebec Agreement Europe first Morgenthau Plan support Presidentialspeeches 1932 Acceptance speech Commonwealth Club Address Madison Square Garden speech "Four Freedoms" Day of Infamy speech Arsenal of Democracy "...is fear itself" Fireside chats "Look to Norway" Quarantine Speech "The More Abundant Life" State of the Union Address (1934 1938 1939 1940 1941 (Four Freedoms) 1944 (Second Bill of Rights) 1945) Other events Early life, education, career Warm Springs Institute Governorship of New York Business Plot Assassination attempt Elections 1928 New York state election 1930 Democratic National Convention, 1920 1924 1932 1936 1940 1944 1920 United States presidential election 1932 theme song 1936 1940 1944 Life and homes Early life and education Groton School Springwood birthplace, home, and gravesite Adams House FDR Suite Campobello home Paralytic illness Top Cottage Little White House, Warm Springs, Georgia Legacy Bibliography Statues Presidential Library and Museum Roosevelt Institute Roosevelt Institute Campus Network Franklin Delano Roosevelt Foundation Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial Roosevelt Island Four Freedoms Park White House Roosevelt Room Roosevelt Institute for American Studies USS Franklin D. Roosevelt USS Roosevelt Four Freedoms Award Four Freedoms paintings Unfinished portrait U.S. Postage stamps Roosevelt dime I'd Rather Be Right 1937 musical Films The Roosevelt Story 1947 Sunrise at Campobello 1960 Eleanor and Franklin 1976, The White House Years 1977 Backstairs at the White House 1979 miniseries World War II: When Lions Roared 1997 miniseries Warm Springs 2005 Hyde Park on Hudson 2012 The Roosevelts 2014 documentary The First Lady 2022 miniseries FDR 2023 miniseries Other namesakes Family (Roosevelt • Delano) Eleanor Roosevelt (wife) Anna Roosevelt Halsted (daughter) James Roosevelt II (son) Elliott Roosevelt (son) Franklin Delano Roosevelt Jr. (son) John Aspinwall Roosevelt II (son) James Roosevelt I (father) Sara Ann Delano (mother) James Roosevelt Roosevelt (half-brother) Isaac Roosevelt (grandfather) Warren Delano Jr. (grandfather) Fala (family dog) Major (family dog) ← Herbert Hoover Harry S. Truman → Category vtePrimetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Television Movie The Ages of Man (1966) Death of a Salesman (1967) Elizabeth the Queen (1968) Teacher, Teacher (1969) A Storm in Summer (1970) The Andersonville Trial (1971) Brian's Song (1972) A War of Children (1973) The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman (1974) The Law (1975) Eleanor and Franklin (1976) Eleanor and Franklin: The White House Years / Sybil (1977) The Gathering (1978) Friendly Fire (1979) The Miracle Worker (1980) Playing for Time (1981) A Woman Called Golda (1982) Special Bulletin (1983) Something About Amelia (1984) Do You Remember Love (1985) Love Is Never Silent (1986) Promise (1987) Inherit the Wind (1988) Day One / Roe vs. Wade (1989) Caroline? / The Incident (1990) Separate but Equal (1991) Miss Rose White (1992) Barbarians at the Gate / Stalin (1993) And the Band Played On (1994) Indictment: The McMartin Trial (1995) Truman (1996) Miss Evers' Boys (1997) Don King: Only in America (1998) A Lesson Before Dying (1999) Tuesdays with Morrie (2000) Wit (2001) The Gathering Storm (2002) Door to Door (2003) Something the Lord Made (2004) Warm Springs (2005) The Girl in the Café (2006) Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee (2007) Recount (2008) Grey Gardens (2009) Temple Grandin (2010) Downton Abbey: Series 1 (2011) Game Change (2012) Behind the Candelabra (2013) The Normal Heart (2014) Bessie (2015) Sherlock: "The Abominable Bride" (2016) Black Mirror: "San Junipero" (2017) Black Mirror: "USS Callister" (2018) Black Mirror: Bandersnatch (2019) Bad Education (2020) Dolly Parton's Christmas on the Square (2021) Chip 'n Dale: Rescue Rangers (2022) Weird: The Al Yankovic Story (2023) vteFilms directed by Joseph Sargent Street-Fighter (1959) One Spy Too Many (1966) The Spy in the Green Hat (1967) The Hell with Heroes (1968) The Sunshine Patriot (1968) Colossus: The Forbin Project (1970) Tribes (1970) Maybe I'll Come Home in the Spring (1971) Man on a String (1972) The Man (1972) The Man Who Died Twice (1973) Sunshine (1973) White Lightning (1973) The Taking of Pelham One Two Three (1974) Friendly Persuasion (1975) The Night That Panicked America (1975) Hustling (1975) MacArthur (1977) Goldengirl (1979) Amber Waves Coast to Coast (1980) Freedom (1981) Tomorrow's Child (1982) Nightmares (1983) Memorial Day (1983) Choices of the Heart (1983) Terrible Joe Moran (1984) Love Is Never Silent (1985) Passion Flower (1986) There Must Be a Pony (1986) Of Pure Blood (1986) Jaws: The Revenge (1987) The Karen Carpenter Story (1989) Day One (1989) The Incident (1990) Caroline? (1990) Ivory Hunters (1990) Never Forget (1991) Miss Rose White (1992) Somebody's Daughter (1992) Skylark (1993) Abraham (1994) World War II: When Lions Roared (1994) My Antonia (1995) Streets of Laredo (1995) Mandela and de Klerk (1997) Miss Evers' Boys (1997) The Long Island Incident (1998) Crime and Punishment (1998) The Wall (1998) A Lesson Before Dying (1999) For Love or Country: The Arturo Sandoval Story (2000) Vola Sciusciù (2000) Bojangles (2001) Salem Witch Trials (2003) Out of the Ashes (2003) Something the Lord Made (2004) Warm Springs (2005) Sybil (2007) Sweet Nothing in My Ear (2008)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"made-for-television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_film"},{"link_name":"biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographical_film"},{"link_name":"drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama_(film_and_television)"},{"link_name":"Joseph Sargent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Sargent"},{"link_name":"Margaret Nagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Nagle"},{"link_name":"Kenneth Branagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Branagh"},{"link_name":"Cynthia Nixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cynthia_Nixon"},{"link_name":"Kathy Bates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathy_Bates"},{"link_name":"Tim Blake Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Blake_Nelson"},{"link_name":"Jane Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Alexander"},{"link_name":"David Paymer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Paymer"},{"link_name":"U.S. President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Franklin D. Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"1921 illness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt%27s_paralytic_illness"},{"link_name":"polio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polio"},{"link_name":"Warm Springs resort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warm_Springs_Historic_District"},{"link_name":"Great Depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression"}],"text":"2005 American TV series or programWarm Springs is a 2005 made-for-television biography drama film directed by Joseph Sargent, written by Margaret Nagle, and starring Kenneth Branagh, Cynthia Nixon, Kathy Bates, Tim Blake Nelson, Jane Alexander, and David Paymer. The screenplay concerns U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt's 1921 illness, diagnosed at the time as polio, his struggle to overcome paralysis, his discovery of the Warm Springs resort, his work to turn it into a center for the rehabilitation of polio victims, and his resumption of his political career. Roosevelt's emotional growth as he interacts with other disabled people at Warm Springs prepares him for the challenges he will face as president during the Great Depression.","title":"Warm Springs (film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1920 presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1920_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"President Teddy Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt"}],"text":"The film opens in 1924 with a handicapped Franklin D. Roosevelt living in semi-isolation on a Florida houseboat with two male attendants. He reminisces about running as vice president during the 1920 presidential election. Franklin, a Harvard-educated lawyer, New York assemblyman, and assistant Secretary of the Navy, gave a rousing speech in which he mentioned his cousin President Teddy Roosevelt's own run as vice president. Republican Warren Harding won the election, but Franklin's political rise had begun, though his opponents consider the arrogant Franklin a political lightweight.When Franklin's wife, Eleanor discovered his extra-marital affair, they remained married but with mostly separate lives. When Franklin was suddenly stricken with what was diagnosed as polio, leaving his lower body paralyzed, devastated and refusing to be a burden, Franklin then left for Florida to live on the houseboat.When a storm wrecks the houseboat, Franklin and his attendants go to a nearby restaurant. Louis Howe, Franklin's political adviser, arrives and attempts to persuade Franklin to return to New York and resume his political career. However, at the same time Franklin receives a letter from an old friend George Foster Peabody who invites Franklin to the Meriweather Inn, the resort he owns in Warm Springs, Georgia. Peabody claims a handicapped boy was able to walk while in the therapeutic mineral waters. Intrigued, Franklin heads to Warm Springs, along with Eleanor.Franklin and Eleanor discover the Meriweather Inn is extremely rundown. Franklin rejects staying in a two-story residence, fearing being trapped upstairs in a fire, but settles for a small one-story cottage. Once in the pool, Franklin is unable to stand, though resort manager, Tom Loyless, says he will in time. Meanwhile, Eleanor realizes Franklin intends to stay in Georgia.Appalled by the differences between Georgia and New York and the dilapidated resort, Eleanor urges Franklin to return to New York City, saying it has the best doctors and hospitals in the country. He refuses, believing Warm Springs gives him a chance to walk again. Eleanor returns to New York where Louis launches her career as a social activist. Meanwhile, Franklin is eventually able to stand and move around in the buoyant waters. His celebrity results in an interview with the local newspaper. Franklin feels residents pity him, but Tom assures him that is not the case.The resort closes for the season. Franklin returns in the spring to discover that after his newspaper interview was nationally syndicated, other polio victims have come to the resort. Franklin angrily storms out; Tom chastises him, saying it is not Franklin's private resort and accuses him of having the same prejudices and pity that other people have towards polio victims.At the train station, Franklin is about to return to New York. Tom is there to pick up Fred Botts a newly arriving polio patient. Franklin is appalled that the young man was forced to ride in the baggage car alone and is barely conscious. Franklin berates the indifferent conductor, and he and Tom take the man to the resort to recover since the nearest hospital is all the way in Atlanta and the nearest doctor is also too far away. Tom informs Franklin that, due to the able-bodied guests fearing polio, he cannot use the pool during regular hours or eat in the dining room.Soon after, physical therapist Helena Mahonny arrives to work at the resort, inspired by Franklin's interview. Helena says the waters are helping Franklin but he needs more pool time than is allowed. Franklin decides to buy the resort and turn it into a polio rehab center.Franklin learns that Tom has terminal cancer and is returning home to die. Franklin's domineering mother, unable to understand Franklin's purpose at Warm Springs, sends Louis and Eleanor to stop him buying the spa and bring him back to New York. Upon arriving, Eleanor is supportive. She and Franklin begin fund-raising and accept a doctor's offer to evaluate the resort.Louis believes Franklin is ready to resume his political career, aiming for Governor of New York. Meanwhile, Franklin receives the visiting doctor's unfavorable medical report in which he disputes hydrotherapy's benefits. With plans to turn the resort into a polio rehab center and regain his ability to walk possibly being derailed, Franklin becomes depressed. Helena, Louis, and Eleanor persuade him to revive his political career. They devise a method enabling Franklin to appear in public with a cane in his hand and supported by leg braces and minimal human assistance so he can be seen moving around in public without crutches and his wheelchair. The plan works and Franklin is elected Governor of New York.The epilogue reveals that Franklin won the U.S. presidency four years later and became the only person elected to more than two terms, serving until his death while in office, at his Warm Springs cottage in 1945. The rehab center was Franklin's life insurance beneficiary and continues to operate to this day.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jane Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Alexander"},{"link_name":"Sara Delano Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sara_Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"telefilm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telefilm"},{"link_name":"Eleanor and Franklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_and_Franklin_(miniseries)"},{"link_name":"Eleanor and Franklin: The White House Years","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_and_Franklin:_The_White_House_Years"},{"link_name":"bit part","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit_part"},{"link_name":"CGI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-generated_imagery"}],"text":"Actress Jane Alexander, who plays FDR's mother Sara Delano Roosevelt, also played Eleanor Roosevelt in the acclaimed 1976 telefilm Eleanor and Franklin and its 1977 sequel Eleanor and Franklin: The White House Years. Many of the bit part actors in the film are actually physically disabled, though Branagh and several other of the principal actors are not. The withered appearance of Branagh's legs was achieved through the use of CGI.","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"HBO Films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HBO_Films"},{"link_name":"Joseph Sargent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Sargent"},{"link_name":"Warm Springs, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warm_Springs,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Madison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The film was produced by HBO Films and directed by Joseph Sargent. The majority of the film was made at Warm Springs, Georgia and its surrounding locations. Other Georgia locations include Madison, Atlanta,Summerville,and Gainesville.[1]The producers strove to make sure that many of the physical details were as authentic as possible. For example, Kenneth Branagh, as Roosevelt, is seen driving the very same specially-equipped automobile that FDR was taught to drive at Warm Springs. The cottage that Roosevelt stays in during the film is one of the cottages that the real FDR stayed in. And the swimming pool in which the patients swim in is the actual therapeutic swimming pool at Warm Springs, refurbished specifically for the film.","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh Post-Gazette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh_Post-Gazette"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Chicago Tribune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tribune"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"United Feature Syndicate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Feature_Syndicate"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Orlando Sentinel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_Sentinel"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Tom Jicha of the South Florida Sun-Sentinel found the film \"more educational than entertaining\", but said \"Kenneth Branagh offers an exemplary turn\".[2] Rob Owens of the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette said, \"\"Warm Springs\" isn't a revolutionary or ground-breaking film, but it is a solid depiction of a time in the life of a figure who loomed large in 20th century American history.\"[3] Sid Smith of the Chicago Tribune said that Branagh and Nixon \"play these familiar icons as real, flesh-and-blood people\", and also noted memorable work by Paymer, Bates, and Nelson.[4] Kevin McDonough of United Feature Syndicate called the film \"intimate and powerful\".[5]Hal Boedeker of the Orlando Sentinel takes some issue with some of the writing, but says the film is \"impressive\" and that \" Tim Blake Nelson is heart-rending as the spa's proprietor.\" He also noted that before Roosevelt died at Warm Springs, he listed the rehabilitation center as beneficiary of his $562,000 life insurance policy.[6]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Accolades"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"The Lost Prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lost_Prince"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"George C. Wolfe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_C._Wolfe"},{"link_name":"Lackawanna Blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lackawanna_Blues_(film)"}],"text":"^ Tied with John Paul Kelly, Emma MacDevitt, and Sara Wan for The Lost Prince.\n\n^ Tied with George C. Wolfe for Lackawanna Blues.","title":"Notes"}]	[]	[{"title":"Franklin D. Roosevelt's paralytic illness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt%27s_paralytic_illness"},{"title":"Warm Springs Historic District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warm_Springs_Historic_District"},{"title":"Sunrise at Campobello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunrise_at_Campobello_(play)"},{"title":"Sunrise at Campobello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunrise_at_Campobello"}]	[{"reference":"\"2005 Artios Awards\". www.castingsociety.com. Retrieved 1 November 2005.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.castingsociety.com/awards/artios/2005","url_text":"\"2005 Artios Awards\""}]},{"reference":"\"2005 IFMCA Awards\". International Film Music Critics Association. 3 January 2009. Retrieved 18 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://filmmusiccritics.org/awards-archive/2005-ifmca-awards/","url_text":"\"2005 IFMCA Awards\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Film_Music_Critics_Association","url_text":"International Film Music Critics Association"}]},{"reference":"\"9th Annual TV Awards (2005)\". Online Film & Television Association. Retrieved 15 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oftaawards.com/television-awards/9th-annual-tv-awards-2005/","url_text":"\"9th Annual TV Awards (2005)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Warm Springs\". Emmys.com. Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. Retrieved 13 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.emmys.com/shows/warm-springs","url_text":"\"Warm Springs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Television_Arts_%26_Sciences","url_text":"Academy of Television Arts & Sciences"}]},{"reference":"\"Nominees & Winners – Satellite™ Awards 2005 (10th Annual Satellite™ Awards)\". International Press Academy. Satellite Awards. Archived from the original on 2 February 2008. Retrieved 7 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080202163316/http://www.pressacademy.com/satawards/awards2005b.shtml","url_text":"\"Nominees & Winners – Satellite™ Awards 2005 (10th Annual Satellite™ Awards)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Press_Academy","url_text":"International Press Academy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_Awards","url_text":"Satellite Awards"},{"url":"http://www.pressacademy.com/satawards/awards2005b.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Newcott, William R. (March 2006). \"\"Fifth Annual Movies for Grownups\"\". AARP the Magazine. Washington, DC. pp. 50–51.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Nominees/Winners\". IMDb. Retrieved 4 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000017/2006/1/?ref_=ev_eh","url_text":"\"Nominees/Winners\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb","url_text":"IMDb"}]},{"reference":"\"The ASC Awards for Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography\". Archived from the original on 2 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110802060537/http://www.theasc.com/asc_news/awards/awards_history.php","url_text":"\"The ASC Awards for Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography\""},{"url":"http://www.theasc.com/asc_news/awards/awards_history.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Nominees/Winners\". Art Directors Guild. Retrieved 28 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://adg.org/awards/adg/winners/2006/","url_text":"\"Nominees/Winners\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Directors_Guild","url_text":"Art Directors Guild"}]},{"reference":"\"7th Costume Designers Guild Awards\". Costume Designers Guild. Retrieved 21 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.costumedesignersguild.com/awards-archives/7th-cdga-2005/","url_text":"\"7th Costume Designers Guild Awards\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costume_Designers_Guild","url_text":"Costume Designers Guild"}]},{"reference":"\"The BFCA Critics' Choice Awards :: 2005\". Broadcast Film Critics Association. Archived from the original on 19 July 2012. Retrieved 23 June 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120719072204/http://www.bfca.org/ccawards/2005.php","url_text":"\"The BFCA Critics' Choice Awards :: 2005\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critics_Choice_Association","url_text":"Broadcast Film Critics Association"},{"url":"http://www.bfca.org/ccawards/2005.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"58th DGA Awards\". Directors Guild of America Awards. Retrieved 5 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dga.org/Awards/History/2000s/2005.aspx?value=2005","url_text":"\"58th DGA Awards\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directors_Guild_of_America_Awards","url_text":"Directors Guild of America Awards"}]},{"reference":"\"Warm Springs – Golden Globes\". HFPA. Retrieved 5 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.goldenglobes.com/tv-show/warm-springs","url_text":"\"Warm Springs – Golden Globes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HFPA","url_text":"HFPA"}]},{"reference":"\"Past Winners & Nominees\". Humanitas Prize. Retrieved 11 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.humanitasprize.org/prize-winners","url_text":"\"Past Winners & Nominees\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanitas_Prize","url_text":"Humanitas Prize"}]},{"reference":"McNary, Dave (22 January 2006). \"PGA on cowboy trail\". Variety. Archived from the original on 22 September 2017. Retrieved 21 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2006/film/awards/pga-on-cowboy-trail-2-1117936608/","url_text":"\"PGA on cowboy trail\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170922002640/http://variety.com/2006/film/awards/pga-on-cowboy-trail-2-1117936608/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The 12th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards\". Screen Actors Guild Awards. Retrieved 21 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sagawards.org/awards/nominees-and-recipients/12th-annual-screen-actors-guild-awards","url_text":"\"The 12th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild_Awards","url_text":"Screen Actors Guild Awards"}]},{"reference":"\"4th Annual VES Awards\". Visual Effects Society. Retrieved 21 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vesglobal.org/portfolio-items/2005-4th-annual-ves-awards/?portfolioCats=29","url_text":"\"4th Annual VES Awards\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Effects_Society","url_text":"Visual Effects Society"}]},{"reference":"\"Previous Nominees & Winners: 2008 Awards Winners\". Writers Guild Awards. Archived from the original on 12 May 2015. Retrieved 7 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150512181500/http://www.wga.org/wga-awards/previous-nominees-winners.aspx","url_text":"\"Previous Nominees & Winners: 2008 Awards Winners\""},{"url":"http://www.wga.org/wga-awards/previous-nominees-winners.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://accesswdun.com/article/2005/4/137395","external_links_name":"\"Kimbler, Scott. \"FDR movie filmed, in part, in Gainesville to air on HBO\", WDUN, April8, 2005"},{"Link":"https://www.sun-sentinel.com/news/fl-xpm-2005-04-30-0504280931-story.html","external_links_name":"Jicha, Tom. \"HBO film 'Warm Springs' Shows an FDR American Seldom Saw\", South Florida Sun-Sentinel, April 30, 2005"},{"Link":"https://www.post-gazette.com/ae/tv/2005/04/24/TV-Review-Kenneth-Branagh-humanizes-Roosevelt/stories/200504240341","external_links_name":"Owens, Rob. \"Kenneth Branagh humanizes Roosevelt\", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, April 24, 2005"},{"Link":"https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2005-04-30-0504300145-story.html","external_links_name":"Smith, Sid., \"'Warm Springs' explores FDR's retreat, politics\", Chicago Tribune, April 30, 2005"},{"Link":"https://www.spokesman.com/stories/2005/apr/30/warm-springs-looks-at-fdr-polio/","external_links_name":"McDonough, Kevin. \"'Warm Springs' looks at FDR, polio\", The Spokesman-Review (Spokane), April 30, 2005"},{"Link":"https://www.orlandosentinel.com/news/os-xpm-2005-04-24-0504200285-story.html","external_links_name":"Boedeker, Bob. \"A Refreshing Look at FDR's struggles\", The Orlando Sentinel, April 224, 2005"},{"Link":"https://www.castingsociety.com/awards/artios/2005","external_links_name":"\"2005 Artios Awards\""},{"Link":"http://filmmusiccritics.org/awards-archive/2005-ifmca-awards/","external_links_name":"\"2005 IFMCA Awards\""},{"Link":"http://www.oftaawards.com/television-awards/9th-annual-tv-awards-2005/","external_links_name":"\"9th Annual TV Awards (2005)\""},{"Link":"https://www.emmys.com/shows/warm-springs","external_links_name":"\"Warm Springs\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080202163316/http://www.pressacademy.com/satawards/awards2005b.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Nominees & Winners – Satellite™ Awards 2005 (10th Annual Satellite™ Awards)\""},{"Link":"http://www.pressacademy.com/satawards/awards2005b.shtml","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000017/2006/1/?ref_=ev_eh","external_links_name":"\"Nominees/Winners\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110802060537/http://www.theasc.com/asc_news/awards/awards_history.php","external_links_name":"\"The ASC Awards for Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography\""},{"Link":"http://www.theasc.com/asc_news/awards/awards_history.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://adg.org/awards/adg/winners/2006/","external_links_name":"\"Nominees/Winners\""},{"Link":"https://www.costumedesignersguild.com/awards-archives/7th-cdga-2005/","external_links_name":"\"7th Costume Designers Guild Awards\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120719072204/http://www.bfca.org/ccawards/2005.php","external_links_name":"\"The BFCA Critics' Choice Awards :: 2005\""},{"Link":"http://www.bfca.org/ccawards/2005.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.dga.org/Awards/History/2000s/2005.aspx?value=2005","external_links_name":"\"58th DGA Awards\""},{"Link":"https://www.goldenglobes.com/tv-show/warm-springs","external_links_name":"\"Warm Springs – Golden Globes\""},{"Link":"https://www.humanitasprize.org/prize-winners","external_links_name":"\"Past Winners & Nominees\""},{"Link":"https://variety.com/2006/film/awards/pga-on-cowboy-trail-2-1117936608/","external_links_name":"\"PGA on cowboy trail\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170922002640/http://variety.com/2006/film/awards/pga-on-cowboy-trail-2-1117936608/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.sagawards.org/awards/nominees-and-recipients/12th-annual-screen-actors-guild-awards","external_links_name":"\"The 12th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards\""},{"Link":"https://www.vesglobal.org/portfolio-items/2005-4th-annual-ves-awards/?portfolioCats=29","external_links_name":"\"4th Annual VES Awards\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150512181500/http://www.wga.org/wga-awards/previous-nominees-winners.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Previous Nominees & Winners: 2008 Awards Winners\""},{"Link":"http://www.wga.org/wga-awards/previous-nominees-winners.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.allmovie.com/movie/v325768","external_links_name":"Warm Springs"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0423510/","external_links_name":"Warm Springs"},{"Link":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/warm_springs","external_links_name":"Warm Springs"},{"Link":"https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2005-apr-29-et-warmsprings29-story.html","external_links_name":"\"New look at New Dealer\", LA Times review"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Lucas	Maurice Lucas	["1 College","2 ABA","3 NBA","4 Post-playing career","5 Personal life","6 Legacy","7 References","8 External links"]	American basketball player and coach (1952–2010) Maurice LucasPersonal informationBorn(1952-02-18)February 18, 1952Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.DiedOctober 31, 2010(2010-10-31) (aged 58)Tigard, Oregon, U.S.Listed height6 ft 9 in (2.06 m)Listed weight215 lb (98 kg)Career informationHigh schoolSchenley (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania)CollegeMarquette (1972–1974)NBA draft1974: 1st round, 14th overall pickSelected by the Chicago BullsPlaying career1974–1988PositionPower forwardNumber20, 25, 33, 23Career history1974–1975Spirits of St. Louis1975–1976Kentucky Colonels1976–1980Portland Trail Blazers1980–1981New Jersey Nets1981–1982New York Knicks1982–1985Phoenix Suns1985–1986Los Angeles Lakers1986–1987Seattle SuperSonics1987–1988Portland Trail Blazers Career highlights and awards NBA champion (1977) 4× NBA All-Star (1977–1979, 1983) ABA All-Star (1976) All-NBA Second Team (1978) NBA All-Defensive First Team (1978) NBA All-Defensive Second Team (1979) ABA All-Time Team No. 20 retired by Portland Trail Blazers Third-team All-American – NABC (1974) No. 20 retired by Marquette Golden Eagles Mr. Basketball USA (1971) Career ABA and NBA statisticsPoints14,857 (14.6 ppg)Rebounds9,306 (9.1 rpg)Assists2,498 (2.4 apg) Stats at NBA.comStats at Basketball-Reference.com Maurice Lucas (February 18, 1952 – October 31, 2010) was an American professional basketball player who played in the American Basketball Association (ABA) and the National Basketball Association (NBA). He was a four-time NBA All-Star and won an NBA championship with the Portland Trail Blazers in 1977. He was named to the ABA All-Time Team. Lucas played college basketball for the Marquette Golden Eagles. He began his pro career with two years in the ABA with the Spirits of St. Louis and Kentucky Colonels. He then played 12 seasons in the NBA with the Trail Blazers, New Jersey Nets, New York Knickerbockers, Phoenix Suns, Los Angeles Lakers, and Seattle SuperSonics. The starting power forward on the Trail Blazers' 1976–77 championship team, he was nicknamed "the Enforcer" because of his primary role on the court, which was best exemplified in Game 2 of the NBA Finals that season. College Lucas played college basketball for head coach Al McGuire with the then-Marquette Warriors for two years, leading them to the NCAA championship game in 1974. In the national semifinal game, Lucas led Marquette to a 64–51 victory over Kansas with game leading totals of 18 points, 14 rebounds, and 4 blocks. Marquette lost the title game to North Carolina State 76–64, while Lucas played the full 40 minutes of the game, leading his team with both 21 points and 13 rebounds. ABA In 1973, the Carolina Cougars of the American Basketball Association (ABA) obtained that league's rights to Lucas in the first round of the ABA draft. In 1974, Lucas was also selected by the Chicago Bulls of the National Basketball Association (NBA) with the 14th pick of the NBA draft. Lucas chose the ABA over the NBA, joining the Spirits of St. Louis team, which had since supplanted the Carolina Cougars in the ABA. During his first season, Lucas averaged 13.2 points per game, and 10 rebounds per game, and he was chosen for the 1974–75 ABA All-Rookie second team. In the 1975 ABA Playoffs, Lucas averaged 16.3 points, 14.7 rebounds, and 5 assists per game, as the Spirits advanced past the New York Nets in the first round with a 4–1 series victory before losing to the eventual champion Kentucky Colonels in the Eastern Division Finals. On December 17, 1975, part way through his second season with the Spirits, Lucas was traded to the Kentucky Colonels in exchange for Caldwell Jones. Lucas was an ABA All-Star for the 1975–76 season, and he averaged 17.0 points and 11.3 rebounds per game. Lucas remained with the Colonels through that team's loss in the semifinals of the 1976 ABA Playoffs to the Denver Nuggets and through the ABA–NBA merger in 1976. NBA Walton has found some real soul partners, too. Lucas, the fearsome ABA enforcer, is another vegetarian, in addition to being one of the most complete power forwards in the league; at times Walton appears stunned when, high over the backboard, he glances across the rim to witness Lucas ripping another rebound asunder and scattering the bodies below him. "Bill's a gorilla until the fight starts. Then he goes in hiding while I straighten things out," Lucas says.— C. Kirkpatrick, "Healthy, Wealthy and Size", SI (Dec. 13, 1976) After the ABA–NBA merger, Lucas was selected by the Portland Trail Blazers in the subsequent ABA Dispersal Draft in which the Kentucky Colonels and Spirits of St. Louis players were selected by NBA teams. Portland had traded Geoff Petrie and Steve Hawes to the Atlanta Hawks for the second overall pick, which they used to select Lucas. In the 1976–77 NBA season, Lucas led the Trail Blazers in scoring, minutes played, field goals, free throws, and offensive rebounds. Not only did the team qualify for their first trip to the playoffs that season, but Lucas and teammate Bill Walton led the Trail Blazers past the favored Los Angeles Lakers, sweeping them 4–0 in the Western Conference Finals, and a surprising come-from-behind 4–2 upset victory over the Philadelphia 76ers in the 1977 NBA Finals. In that NBA Finals series, Lucas asserted his "enforcer" role in Game 2. With the 76ers comfortably ahead late in the game, the Blazers streaked down the floor on a fast break. Lionel Hollins missed the shot, both Bob Gross and Darryl Dawkins went up and wrestled for the rebound, and both came crashing to the floor. As Dawkins ran up court, he threw a punch that largely missed Gross, nailing his own teammate Doug Collins instead. As Dawkins reached mid-court, Lucas greeted him with an elbow to the head, after which they briefly squared off. Both benches emptied and Dawkins and Lucas were ejected. Although the 76ers would go on to win the game and go up 2–0 in the series, Lucas' actions appeared to alter the momentum of the series in favor of the Blazers. Inspired, Portland won the next two games at home in blowouts, then won at Philadelphia, and closed out the 76ers at home to win the series. Sports Illustrated featured Lucas on their cover for their 1977-78 NBA preview issue, spotlighting enforcers throughout the league. He remained with Portland until 1980 when he was traded to the New Jersey Nets in exchange for Calvin Natt. On February 13, 1981, Lucas set a career high with 6 blocks, while also scoring 31 points and grabbing 13 rebounds, during a 103-100 New Jersey win over the Indiana Pacers. After a year with the Nets, Lucas was traded to the New York Knicks for Ray Williams. In 1982, he was dealt to the Phoenix Suns for Truck Robinson. In Phoenix, Lucas helped an injury-plagued Suns team reach the Western Conference Finals in 1984. Ironically, Lucas would sign with the team Phoenix lost to in 1984, the Los Angeles Lakers, following the 1985 season. On Wednesday, December 4, 1985, Lucas made a 60-foot shot at the regulation buzzer to send the game into overtime. The Lakers would go on to defeat the Utah Jazz 131–127. After the Lakers lost the 1986 Western Conference Finals to the Houston Rockets, Lucas moved to the Seattle SuperSonics for one year, before returning to the Trail Blazers for his final NBA season in 1988. In his fourteen-year professional basketball career – two in the ABA and 12 in the NBA – Lucas scored 14,857 points and gathered 9,306 rebounds in 1021 games. He was a five-time All-Star – one in the ABA and four in the NBA. He was named to the 1978 All-NBA-Defense First team, the 1978 All-NBA Second team and the 1979 All-NBA-Defense Second team. Post-playing career Lucas was hired by the Portland Trail Blazers as an assistant coach under Mike Schuler and Rick Adelman during the 1988–89 season. In 2005, Lucas rejoined the Trail Blazers as an assistant coach under Nate McMillan. Personal life Lucas had three children: Maurice Lucas II, David Lucas, and Kristin Lucas. David played for Oregon State University from 2001 to 2005. Lucas underwent surgery for bladder cancer in April 2009. With his health continuing to be a concern, Lucas resigned his coaching position following the 2009–2010 season. Lucas died at his home in Portland, Oregon, on October 31, 2010. Services were also held in his childhood home town, Pittsburgh. The Blazers honored him by wearing No. 20 patches on their jerseys for the 2010–2011 season. Legacy The Portland Trail Blazers retired his jersey number, 20, in a ceremony on November 4, 1988. On August 23, 1997, at the ABA's 30 Year Reunion celebration, Lucas was named to the All-Time All-ABA Team along with Hall of Fame members Julius Erving, Dan Issel, George Gervin, Rick Barry, Connie Hawkins and other ABA greats. Luke Walton, son of Lucas' Portland teammate and Hall of Famer Bill Walton and multiple-team NBA head coach, is named after him. References ^ Heisler, Mark (November 2, 2010). "Maurice Lucas dies at 58; menacing power forward in the NBA". The Los Angeles Times. ^ "Marquette vs. Kansas Box Score, March 23, 1974". Sport Reference. ^ a b c d e f g Maurice Lucas at DatabaseBasketball.com Archived November 22, 2010, at the Wayback Machine ^ a b c Spirits of St. Louis page at RememberTheABA.com Archived May 9, 2013, at the Wayback Machine ^ a b Maurice Lucas page at RememberTheABA.com ^ "1974-75 Spirits of St. Louis Roster and Stats". Basketball Reference. ^ Spirits of St. Louis Detailed Year by Year Notes page at RememberTheABA.com Archived June 27, 2009, at the Wayback Machine ^ "Lucas vs Dawkins Fight". YouTube. ^ "Maurice Lucas Career High 6 Blocks". Statmuse. ^ "60-foot shot sets up Lakers' win, 131-127". USA Today. December 5, 1985. p. 8C. ^ Trail Blazers Announce Maurice Lucas to Join McMillan's Coaching Staff, August 1, 2005 ^ "David Lucas not exactly a chip off the old block". Oakland Tribune. January 31, 2004. ^ "Lucas Undergoes Cancer Surgery". SI.com. April 2, 2009. Archived from the original on April 6, 2009. ^ Peterson, Ann M. (June 25, 2010). "With GM drama finally over, Blazers move on". Associated Press. Archived from the original on June 29, 2010. Retrieved July 15, 2010. ^ Goldstein, Richard (November 1, 2010). "Maurice Lucas, Bruising Forward for Trail Blazers, Dies at 58". The New York Times. ^ Barcousky, Len (November 20, 2010). "Maurice Lucas stands tall in mourners' minds". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. ^ Khan, David (November 5, 1988). "Blazers Pay Tribute to Prodigal Son". The Oregonian. pp. B07. ^ 30 Year ABA All-Time Team page at RememberTheABA.com Archived May 17, 2008, at the Wayback Machine ^ "LOS ANGELES LAKERS PLAYERS – Luke Walton". Archived from the original on April 23, 2009. Retrieved June 6, 2009. External links Career statistics and player information from NBA.com and Basketball-Reference.com BLAZERS: Learn More About Maurice Lucas Remember the ABA: Maurice Lucas Links to related articles vteMr. Basketball USA winners 1955: Chamberlain 1956: Robertson 1957: Lucas 1958: Lucas 1959: Raftery 1960: Hawkins 1961: Bradley 1962: Russell 1963: Lacy 1964: Alcindor 1965: Alcindor 1966: Murphy 1967: Haywood 1968: Westphal 1969: McGinnis 1970: McMillen 1971: Lucas 1972: Buckner 1973: Dantley 1974: Malone 1975: Cartwright 1976: Griffith 1977: King 1978: Aguirre 1979: Kellogg 1980: Rivers 1981: Ewing 1982: Tisdale 1983: R. Williams 1984: J. Williams 1985: Ferry 1986: Reid 1987: Johnson 1988: Mourning 1989: Anderson 1990: Bailey 1991: Webber 1992: Kidd 1993: Wallace 1994: Lopez 1995: Garnett 1996: Bibby 1997: McGrady 1998: Lewis 1999: Bender 2000: Miles 2001: Wagner 2002: James 2003: James 2004: Telfair 2005: Ellis 2006: Oden 2007: Mayo 2008: Jennings 2009: Favors 2010: Barnes 2011: Kidd-Gilchrist 2012: Muhammad 2013: Wiggins 2014: Alexander 2015: Simmons 2016: Ball 2017: Porter 2018: Barrett 2019: Stewart 2020: Cunningham 2021: Holmgren 2022: Whitehead 2023: Boozer 2024: Flagg vte1974 NBA draftFirst round Bill Walton Marvin Barnes Tommy Burleson John Shumate Bobby Jones Scott Wedman Tom Henderson Campy Russell Tom McMillen Mike Sojourner Keith Wilkes Brian Winters Len Elmore Maurice Lucas Al Eberhard Cliff Pondexter Glenn McDonald Gary Brokaw Second round Don Smith Jan van Breda Kolff Billy Knight Truck Robinson Gus Bailey Len Kosmalski John Drew Leonard Gray Leon Benbow Aaron James Phil Smith Dennis DuVal Fred Saunders Jesse Dark Eric Money Phil Lumpkin Kevin Stacom Rubin Collins vteKentucky Colonels Based in Louisville, Kentucky Franchise Franchise Players Executives Arenas Louisville Gardens Freedom Hall Head Coaches John Givens Gene Rhodes Alex Groza Frank Ramsey Joe Mullaney Babe McCarthy Hubie Brown History 1975 ABA Champions 1971 ABA Runner Up 1973 ABA Runner Up Penny Ann Early ABA–NBA merger ABA All-Time Team Players Darel Carrier Louie Dampier Artis Gilmore Dan Issel Maurice Lucas Seasons 1967–68 1968–69 1969–70 1970–71 1971–72 1972–73 1973–74 1974–75 1975–76 vtePortland Trail Blazers Founded in 1970 Based in Portland, Oregon Franchise History All-time roster Draft history 1970 Records Head coaches Seasons Current season Arenas Memorial Coliseum Moda Center Personnel Owner(s) Jody Allen President Dewayne Hankins General manager Joe Cronin Head coach Chauncey Billups G League affiliate Rip City Remix Retired numbers 1 13 14 15 20 22 30 (Gross) 30 (Porter) 32 36 45 77 NBA championships 1977 Rivalries Seattle SuperSonics (I-5 rivalry) Culture and lore Radio network Blazermania Rip City The Breaks of the Game Bulls vs. Blazers and the NBA Playoffs "Duck" Rose Garden arena bankruptcy Larry Weinberg Bill Walton Jack Ramsay Mike Barrett and Mike Rice Clyde the Glide The Schonz Trail Blazers Trumpets Memorial Day Miracle Blaze the Trail Cat Portland Indians Portland Fire Portlandia Dame Time vtePortland Trail Blazers 1976–77 NBA champions 3 Gilliam 10 Calhoun 13 Twardzik 14 Hollins 15 Steele 16 Davis 20 Lucas 30 Gross 32 Walton (Finals MVP) 34 Jones 36 Neal 42 Walker Head coach: Ramsay Assistant coach: McKinney Regular season Playoffs vteABA All-Time TeamFirst team Marvin Barnes Rick Barry Zelmo Beaty Ron Boone Roger Brown Mack Calvin Darel Carrier Billy Cunningham Louie Dampier Mel Daniels Julius Erving† Donnie Freeman George Gervin Artis Gilmore Connie Hawkins Spencer Haywood Dan Issel Warren Jabali Jimmy Jones Freddie Lewis Maurice Lucas Moses Malone George McGinnis Doug Moe Bob Netolicky Billy Paultz Charlie Scott James Silas David Thompson Willie Wise Coaches Bob Bass Al Bianchi Hubie Brown Larry Brown Bobby Leonard† Babe McCarthy Bill Sharman † Special voting by the panelists selected Julius Erving as the ABA's all-time most valuable player and Bobby Leonard as the ABA's all-time best head coach	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"},{"link_name":"American Basketball Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Basketball_Association"},{"link_name":"National Basketball Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Basketball_Association"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heisler-1"},{"link_name":"NBA All-Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBA_All-Star"},{"link_name":"NBA championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBA_championship"},{"link_name":"Portland Trail Blazers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland_Trail_Blazers"},{"link_name":"ABA All-Time Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABA_All-Time_Team"},{"link_name":"college basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_basketball"},{"link_name":"Marquette Golden Eagles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquette_Golden_Eagles_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"Spirits of St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirits_of_St._Louis"},{"link_name":"Kentucky Colonels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky_Colonels"},{"link_name":"New Jersey Nets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Nets"},{"link_name":"New York Knickerbockers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Knicks"},{"link_name":"Phoenix Suns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_Suns"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Lakers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Lakers"},{"link_name":"Seattle SuperSonics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_SuperSonics"},{"link_name":"power forward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_forward_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Trail Blazers' 1976–77 championship team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976%E2%80%9377_Portland_Trail_Blazers_season"},{"link_name":"NBA Finals that season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977_NBA_Finals"}],"text":"Maurice Lucas (February 18, 1952 – October 31, 2010) was an American professional basketball player who played in the American Basketball Association (ABA) and the National Basketball Association (NBA).[1] He was a four-time NBA All-Star and won an NBA championship with the Portland Trail Blazers in 1977. He was named to the ABA All-Time Team.Lucas played college basketball for the Marquette Golden Eagles. He began his pro career with two years in the ABA with the Spirits of St. Louis and Kentucky Colonels. He then played 12 seasons in the NBA with the Trail Blazers, New Jersey Nets, New York Knickerbockers, Phoenix Suns, Los Angeles Lakers, and Seattle SuperSonics. The starting power forward on the Trail Blazers' 1976–77 championship team, he was nicknamed \"the Enforcer\" because of his primary role on the court, which was best exemplified in Game 2 of the NBA Finals that season.","title":"Maurice Lucas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Al McGuire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_McGuire"},{"link_name":"Marquette Warriors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquette_Golden_Eagles_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"NCAA championship game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Men%27s_Division_I_Basketball_Championship"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"North Carolina State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina_State"}],"text":"Lucas played college basketball for head coach Al McGuire with the then-Marquette Warriors for two years, leading them to the NCAA championship game in 1974. In the national semifinal game, Lucas led Marquette to a 64–51 victory over Kansas with game leading totals of 18 points, 14 rebounds, and 4 blocks.[2] Marquette lost the title game to North Carolina State 76–64, while Lucas played the full 40 minutes of the game, leading his team with both 21 points and 13 rebounds.","title":"College"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carolina Cougars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolina_Cougars"},{"link_name":"American Basketball Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Basketball_Association"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-databasebasketball-3"},{"link_name":"Chicago Bulls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Bulls"},{"link_name":"National Basketball Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Basketball_Association"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-databasebasketball-3"},{"link_name":"Spirits of St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirits_of_St._Louis"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-databasebasketball-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-remembertheaba-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-databasebasketball-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-remembertheaba-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-remembertheaba.com-5"},{"link_name":"1975 ABA Playoffs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975_ABA_Playoffs"},{"link_name":"New York Nets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Nets"},{"link_name":"Kentucky Colonels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky_Colonels"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Kentucky Colonels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky_Colonels"},{"link_name":"Caldwell Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caldwell_Jones"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-databasebasketball-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"ABA All-Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_ABA_All-Star_Game"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-databasebasketball-3"},{"link_name":"1976 ABA Playoffs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_ABA_Playoffs"},{"link_name":"Denver Nuggets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver_Nuggets"},{"link_name":"ABA–NBA merger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABA%E2%80%93NBA_merger"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-databasebasketball-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-remembertheaba-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-remembertheaba.com-5"}],"text":"In 1973, the Carolina Cougars of the American Basketball Association (ABA) obtained that league's rights to Lucas in the first round of the ABA draft.[3] In 1974, Lucas was also selected by the Chicago Bulls of the National Basketball Association (NBA) with the 14th pick of the NBA draft.[3] Lucas chose the ABA over the NBA, joining the Spirits of St. Louis team, which had since supplanted the Carolina Cougars in the ABA.[3][4] During his first season, Lucas averaged 13.2 points per game, and 10 rebounds per game, and he was chosen for the 1974–75 ABA All-Rookie second team.[3][4][5] In the 1975 ABA Playoffs, Lucas averaged 16.3 points, 14.7 rebounds, and 5 assists per game, as the Spirits advanced past the New York Nets in the first round with a 4–1 series victory before losing to the eventual champion Kentucky Colonels in the Eastern Division Finals.[6]On December 17, 1975, part way through his second season with the Spirits, Lucas was traded to the Kentucky Colonels in exchange for Caldwell Jones.[3][7] Lucas was an ABA All-Star for the 1975–76 season, and he averaged 17.0 points and 11.3 rebounds per game.[3] Lucas remained with the Colonels through that team's loss in the semifinals of the 1976 ABA Playoffs to the Denver Nuggets and through the ABA–NBA merger in 1976.[3][4][5]","title":"ABA"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Walton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Walton"},{"link_name":"SI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Illustrated"},{"link_name":"ABA Dispersal Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABA_Dispersal_Draft"},{"link_name":"Geoff Petrie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoff_Petrie"},{"link_name":"Steve Hawes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Hawes"},{"link_name":"Atlanta Hawks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Hawks"},{"link_name":"field goals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_goal_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"free throws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_throw"},{"link_name":"rebounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebound_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"playoffs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBA_Playoffs"},{"link_name":"Bill Walton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Walton"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Lakers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Lakers"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia 76ers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_76ers"},{"link_name":"1977 NBA Finals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977_NBA_Finals"},{"link_name":"Lionel Hollins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Hollins"},{"link_name":"Bob Gross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Gross"},{"link_name":"Darryl Dawkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darryl_Dawkins"},{"link_name":"Doug Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_Collins_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"New Jersey Nets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Nets"},{"link_name":"Calvin Natt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Natt"},{"link_name":"Indiana Pacers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_Pacers"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"New York Knicks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Knicks"},{"link_name":"Ray Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Williams_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Phoenix Suns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_Suns"},{"link_name":"Truck Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truck_Robinson"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Lakers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Lakers"},{"link_name":"Utah Jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah_Jazz"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Houston Rockets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Rockets"},{"link_name":"Seattle SuperSonics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_SuperSonics"},{"link_name":"1988","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987%E2%80%9388_NBA_season"},{"link_name":"professional basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_basketball"}],"text":"Walton has found some real soul partners, too. Lucas, the fearsome ABA enforcer, is another vegetarian, in addition to being one of the most complete power forwards in the league; at times Walton appears stunned when, high over the backboard, he glances across the rim to witness Lucas ripping another rebound asunder and scattering the bodies below him. \"Bill's a gorilla until the fight starts. Then he goes in hiding while I straighten things out,\" Lucas says.— C. Kirkpatrick, \"Healthy, Wealthy and Size\", SI (Dec. 13, 1976)After the ABA–NBA merger, Lucas was selected by the Portland Trail Blazers in the subsequent ABA Dispersal Draft in which the Kentucky Colonels and Spirits of St. Louis players were selected by NBA teams. Portland had traded Geoff Petrie and Steve Hawes to the Atlanta Hawks for the second overall pick, which they used to select Lucas. In the 1976–77 NBA season, Lucas led the Trail Blazers in scoring, minutes played, field goals, free throws, and offensive rebounds. Not only did the team qualify for their first trip to the playoffs that season, but Lucas and teammate Bill Walton led the Trail Blazers past the favored Los Angeles Lakers, sweeping them 4–0 in the Western Conference Finals, and a surprising come-from-behind 4–2 upset victory over the Philadelphia 76ers in the 1977 NBA Finals.In that NBA Finals series, Lucas asserted his \"enforcer\" role in Game 2. With the 76ers comfortably ahead late in the game, the Blazers streaked down the floor on a fast break. Lionel Hollins missed the shot, both Bob Gross and Darryl Dawkins went up and wrestled for the rebound, and both came crashing to the floor. As Dawkins ran up court, he threw a punch that largely missed Gross, nailing his own teammate Doug Collins instead. As Dawkins reached mid-court, Lucas greeted him with an elbow to the head, after which they briefly squared off.[8] Both benches emptied and Dawkins and Lucas were ejected. Although the 76ers would go on to win the game and go up 2–0 in the series, Lucas' actions appeared to alter the momentum of the series in favor of the Blazers. Inspired, Portland won the next two games at home in blowouts, then won at Philadelphia, and closed out the 76ers at home to win the series. Sports Illustrated featured Lucas on their cover for their 1977-78 NBA preview issue, spotlighting enforcers throughout the league. He remained with Portland until 1980 when he was traded to the New Jersey Nets in exchange for Calvin Natt. On February 13, 1981, Lucas set a career high with 6 blocks, while also scoring 31 points and grabbing 13 rebounds, during a 103-100 New Jersey win over the Indiana Pacers.[9]After a year with the Nets, Lucas was traded to the New York Knicks for Ray Williams. In 1982, he was dealt to the Phoenix Suns for Truck Robinson. In Phoenix, Lucas helped an injury-plagued Suns team reach the Western Conference Finals in 1984. Ironically, Lucas would sign with the team Phoenix lost to in 1984, the Los Angeles Lakers, following the 1985 season. On Wednesday, December 4, 1985, Lucas made a 60-foot shot at the regulation buzzer to send the game into overtime. The Lakers would go on to defeat the Utah Jazz 131–127.[10] After the Lakers lost the 1986 Western Conference Finals to the Houston Rockets, Lucas moved to the Seattle SuperSonics for one year, before returning to the Trail Blazers for his final NBA season in 1988.In his fourteen-year professional basketball career – two in the ABA and 12 in the NBA – Lucas scored 14,857 points and gathered 9,306 rebounds in 1021 games. He was a five-time All-Star – one in the ABA and four in the NBA. He was named to the 1978 All-NBA-Defense First team, the 1978 All-NBA Second team and the 1979 All-NBA-Defense Second team.","title":"NBA"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mike Schuler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Schuler"},{"link_name":"Rick Adelman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Adelman"},{"link_name":"1988–89 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988%E2%80%9389_NBA_season"},{"link_name":"Nate McMillan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nate_McMillan"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Lucas was hired by the Portland Trail Blazers as an assistant coach under Mike Schuler and Rick Adelman during the 1988–89 season. In 2005, Lucas rejoined the Trail Blazers as an assistant coach under Nate McMillan.[11]","title":"Post-playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Oregon State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_State_University"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"bladder cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bladder_cancer"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-goldstein-15"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Lucas had three children: Maurice Lucas II, David Lucas, and Kristin Lucas.[citation needed] David played for Oregon State University from 2001 to 2005.[12]Lucas underwent surgery for bladder cancer in April 2009.[13] With his health continuing to be a concern, Lucas resigned his coaching position following the 2009–2010 season.[14]Lucas died at his home in Portland, Oregon, on October 31, 2010.[15] Services were also held in his childhood home town, Pittsburgh.[16] The Blazers honored him by wearing No. 20 patches on their jerseys for the 2010–2011 season.","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Julius Erving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Erving"},{"link_name":"Dan Issel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Issel"},{"link_name":"George Gervin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Gervin"},{"link_name":"Rick Barry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Barry"},{"link_name":"Connie Hawkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connie_Hawkins"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Luke Walton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke_Walton"},{"link_name":"Bill Walton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Walton"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"The Portland Trail Blazers retired his jersey number, 20, in a ceremony on November 4, 1988.[17]On August 23, 1997, at the ABA's 30 Year Reunion celebration, Lucas was named to the All-Time All-ABA Team along with Hall of Fame members Julius Erving, Dan Issel, George Gervin, Rick Barry, Connie Hawkins and other ABA greats.[18]Luke Walton, son of Lucas' Portland teammate and Hall of Famer Bill Walton and multiple-team NBA head coach, is named after him.[19]","title":"Legacy"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Heisler, Mark (November 2, 2010). \"Maurice Lucas dies at 58; menacing power forward in the NBA\". The Los Angeles Times.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/2010/nov/02/local/la-me-maurice-lucas-20101102","url_text":"\"Maurice Lucas dies at 58; menacing power forward in the NBA\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"The Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Marquette vs. Kansas Box Score, March 23, 1974\". Sport Reference.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/boxscores/1974-03-23-kansas.html","url_text":"\"Marquette vs. Kansas Box Score, March 23, 1974\""}]},{"reference":"\"1974-75 Spirits of St. Louis Roster and Stats\". Basketball Reference.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/teams/SSL/1975.html","url_text":"\"1974-75 Spirits of St. Louis Roster and Stats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lucas vs Dawkins Fight\". YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e9lHM6h40Zo","url_text":"\"Lucas vs Dawkins Fight\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"}]},{"reference":"\"Maurice Lucas Career High 6 Blocks\". Statmuse.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.statmuse.com/nba/ask/maurice-lucas-career-high-blocks","url_text":"\"Maurice Lucas Career High 6 Blocks\""}]},{"reference":"\"60-foot shot sets up Lakers' win, 131-127\". USA Today. December 5, 1985. p. 8C.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"}]},{"reference":"\"David Lucas not exactly a chip off the old block\". Oakland Tribune. January 31, 2004.","urls":[{"url":"http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4176/is_20040131/ai_n9723596/","url_text":"\"David Lucas not exactly a chip off the old block\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lucas Undergoes Cancer Surgery\". SI.com. April 2, 2009. Archived from the original on April 6, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090406015341/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2009/basketball/nba/04/02/lucas.ap/index.html","url_text":"\"Lucas Undergoes Cancer Surgery\""},{"url":"http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2009/basketball/nba/04/02/lucas.ap/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Peterson, Ann M. (June 25, 2010). \"With GM drama finally over, Blazers move on\". Associated Press. Archived from the original on June 29, 2010. Retrieved July 15, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100629174305/http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5hdAKcw14mbIiXvkORM7k2-eYOtBgD9GIGU9G1","url_text":"\"With GM drama finally over, Blazers move on\""},{"url":"https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5hdAKcw14mbIiXvkORM7k2-eYOtBgD9GIGU9G1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Goldstein, Richard (November 1, 2010). \"Maurice Lucas, Bruising Forward for Trail Blazers, Dies at 58\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/01/sports/basketball/01lucas.html?hpw","url_text":"\"Maurice Lucas, Bruising Forward for Trail Blazers, Dies at 58\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Barcousky, Len (November 20, 2010). \"Maurice Lucas stands tall in mourners' minds\". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/10324/1104725-53.stm","url_text":"\"Maurice Lucas stands tall in mourners' minds\""}]},{"reference":"Khan, David (November 5, 1988). \"Blazers Pay Tribute to Prodigal Son\". The Oregonian. pp. B07.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"LOS ANGELES LAKERS PLAYERS – Luke Walton\". Archived from the original on April 23, 2009. Retrieved June 6, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090423020535/http://www.barrystickets.com/lakers/lakers-players/luke-walton.php","url_text":"\"LOS ANGELES LAKERS PLAYERS – Luke Walton\""},{"url":"http://www.barrystickets.com/lakers/lakers-players/luke-walton.php","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.nba.com/player/77420","external_links_name":"Stats"},{"Link":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/l/lucasma01.html","external_links_name":"Stats"},{"Link":"http://articles.latimes.com/2010/nov/02/local/la-me-maurice-lucas-20101102","external_links_name":"\"Maurice Lucas dies at 58; menacing power forward in the NBA\""},{"Link":"https://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/boxscores/1974-03-23-kansas.html","external_links_name":"\"Marquette vs. Kansas Box Score, March 23, 1974\""},{"Link":"http://www.databasebasketball.com/players/playerpage.htm?ilkid=LUCASMA01","external_links_name":"Maurice Lucas at DatabaseBasketball.com"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101122011355/http://databasebasketball.com/players/playerpage.htm?ilkid=LUCASMA01","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.remembertheaba.com/Spirits-of-St-Louis.html","external_links_name":"Spirits of St. Louis page at RememberTheABA.com"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130509062256/http://www.remembertheaba.com/Spirits-of-St-Louis.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.remembertheaba.com/TributeMaterial/Lucas.html","external_links_name":"Maurice Lucas page at RememberTheABA.com"},{"Link":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/teams/SSL/1975.html","external_links_name":"\"1974-75 Spirits of St. Louis Roster and Stats\""},{"Link":"http://www.remembertheaba.com/TeamMaterial/StLouisMaterial/MavsCougarsSpiritsYearly.html","external_links_name":"Spirits of St. Louis Detailed Year by Year Notes page at RememberTheABA.com"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090627072127/http://www.remembertheaba.com/TeamMaterial/StLouisMaterial/MavsCougarsSpiritsYearly.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e9lHM6h40Zo","external_links_name":"\"Lucas vs Dawkins Fight\""},{"Link":"https://www.statmuse.com/nba/ask/maurice-lucas-career-high-blocks","external_links_name":"\"Maurice Lucas Career High 6 Blocks\""},{"Link":"http://www.nba.com/blazers/news/Trail_Blazers_Add_to_Coaching_-147848-41.html","external_links_name":"Trail Blazers Announce Maurice Lucas to Join McMillan's Coaching Staff"},{"Link":"http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4176/is_20040131/ai_n9723596/","external_links_name":"\"David Lucas not exactly a chip off the old block\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090406015341/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2009/basketball/nba/04/02/lucas.ap/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Lucas Undergoes Cancer Surgery\""},{"Link":"http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2009/basketball/nba/04/02/lucas.ap/index.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100629174305/http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5hdAKcw14mbIiXvkORM7k2-eYOtBgD9GIGU9G1","external_links_name":"\"With GM drama finally over, Blazers move on\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5hdAKcw14mbIiXvkORM7k2-eYOtBgD9GIGU9G1","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/01/sports/basketball/01lucas.html?hpw","external_links_name":"\"Maurice Lucas, Bruising Forward for Trail Blazers, Dies at 58\""},{"Link":"http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/10324/1104725-53.stm","external_links_name":"\"Maurice Lucas stands tall in mourners' minds\""},{"Link":"http://www.remembertheaba.com/ABAGeneralInfo/30YearTeam.html","external_links_name":"30 Year ABA All-Time Team page at RememberTheABA.com"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080517162930/http://www.remembertheaba.com/ABAGeneralInfo/30YearTeam.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090423020535/http://www.barrystickets.com/lakers/lakers-players/luke-walton.php","external_links_name":"\"LOS ANGELES LAKERS PLAYERS – Luke Walton\""},{"Link":"http://www.barrystickets.com/lakers/lakers-players/luke-walton.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://stats.nba.com/player/77420/","external_links_name":"NBA.com"},{"Link":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/l/lucasma01.html","external_links_name":"Basketball-Reference.com"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080116122922/http://www.nba.com/blazers/history/Learn_More_About_Maurice_Lucas-64030-41.html","external_links_name":"BLAZERS: Learn More About Maurice Lucas"},{"Link":"http://www.remembertheaba.com/TributeMaterial/Lucas.html","external_links_name":"Remember the ABA: Maurice Lucas"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_L%C3%A9gion_d%27honneur_recipients_by_name	Lists of Légion d'honneur recipients	[]	The French government gives out the Legion of Honour awards, to both French and foreign nationals, based on a recipient's exemplary services rendered to France, or to the causes supported by France. This award is divided into five distinct categories (in ascending order), i.e. three ranks: Knight, Officer, Commander, and two titles: Grand Officer and Grand Cross. Knight is the most common and is awarded for either at least 20 years of public service or acts of military or civil bravery. The rest of the categories have a quota for the number of years of service in the category below before they can be awarded. The Office rank requires a minimum of eight years as a Knight, and the Commander, the highest civilian category for a non-French citizen, requires a minimum of five years as an Officer. The Grand Officer and the Grand Cross each require three years' service in their respective immediately lower rank. The awards are traditionally published and promoted on 14 July. The following is a non-exhaustive list of recipients of the Legion of Honour awards, since the first ceremony in July 1804. 2,550 individuals can be awarded the insignia every year. The total number of awards is close to 1 million (estimated at 900,000 in 2021, including over 3,000 Grand Cross recipients), with some 92,000 recipients alive today. Only in 2008 was gender parity achieved amongst the yearly list of recipients, with the total number of women recipients since the award's establishment only reaching 59 at the end of the second French empire and only 26,000 in 2021. List of Légion d'honneur recipients by name A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Foreign recipients List of foreign recipients of the Légion d'Honneur by country List of foreign recipients of the Légion d'Honneur by decade List of British recipients of the Légion d'Honneur for the Crimean War References ^ Légion Code, article 16. ^ Les étrangers qui se seront signalés par les services qu'ils ont rendus à la France ou aux causes qu'elle soutient, Légion Code, art. 128. ^ a b c "France train attack: Chris Norman awarded Legion d'honneur". BBC News. 24 August 2015. Archived from the original on 27 July 2021. Retrieved 27 July 2021. ^ DM, Florey (29 March 2017). "Michelle Yeoh receives France's highest civilian honour". Cinema Online. Archived from the original on 19 July 2021. Retrieved 20 July 2021. Alt URL ^ a b c d "The Grand Chancellery is co-producing a film on women and the Legion of Honor". The Grand Chancellery of the Legion of Honour. Archived from the original on 24 July 2021. Retrieved 24 July 2021. ^ "Legion of Honour". Australian Government – Department of Veteran's Affairs. 31 January 2021. Retrieved 27 July 2021. ^ Wattel, Michel; Wattel, Béatrice (2009). "Les Grand Croix de la Légion d'honneur. De 1805 à nos jours, titulaires français et étrangers". Archives & Culture. ^ Benoist, Chloé (18 December 2020). "Explained: Sisi, Macron and the dubious history of France's Legion of Honour". Middle East Eye. Archived from the original on 26 July 2021. Retrieved 27 July 2021. This article includes a people-related list of lists.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Legion of Honour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legion_of_Honour"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC-2015-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GrandChancellery-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GrandChancellery-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GrandChancellery-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chevalier-legion-dhonneur-republique.jpg"},{"link_name":"List of Légion d'honneur recipients by name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_L%C3%A9gion_d%27honneur_recipients_by_name"},{"link_name":"A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_L%C3%A9gion_d%27honneur_recipients_by_name_(A)"},{"link_name":"B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_L%C3%A9gion_d%27honneur_recipients_by_name_(B)"},{"link_name":"C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_L%C3%A9gion_d%27honneur_recipients_by_name_(C)"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_L%C3%A9gion_d%27honneur_recipients_by_name_(D)"},{"link_name":"E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_L%C3%A9gion_d%27honneur_recipients_by_name_(E)"},{"link_name":"F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_L%C3%A9gion_d%27honneur_recipients_by_name_(F)"},{"link_name":"G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_L%C3%A9gion_d%27honneur_recipients_by_name_(G)"},{"link_name":"H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_L%C3%A9gion_d%27honneur_recipients_by_name_(H)"},{"link_name":"I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_L%C3%A9gion_d%27honneur_recipients_by_name_(I)"},{"link_name":"J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_L%C3%A9gion_d%27honneur_recipients_by_name_(J)"},{"link_name":"K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_L%C3%A9gion_d%27honneur_recipients_by_name_(K)"},{"link_name":"L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_L%C3%A9gion_d%27honneur_recipients_by_name_(L)"},{"link_name":"M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_L%C3%A9gion_d%27honneur_recipients_by_name_(M)"},{"link_name":"N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_L%C3%A9gion_d%27honneur_recipients_by_name_(N)"},{"link_name":"O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_L%C3%A9gion_d%27honneur_recipients_by_name_(O)"},{"link_name":"P","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_L%C3%A9gion_d%27honneur_recipients_by_name_(P)"},{"link_name":"Q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_L%C3%A9gion_d%27honneur_recipients_by_name_(Q)"},{"link_name":"R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_L%C3%A9gion_d%27honneur_recipients_by_name_(R)"},{"link_name":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_L%C3%A9gion_d%27honneur_recipients_by_name_(S)"},{"link_name":"T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_L%C3%A9gion_d%27honneur_recipients_by_name_(T)"},{"link_name":"U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_L%C3%A9gion_d%27honneur_recipients_by_name_(U)"},{"link_name":"V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_L%C3%A9gion_d%27honneur_recipients_by_name_(V)"},{"link_name":"W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_L%C3%A9gion_d%27honneur_recipients_by_name_(W)"},{"link_name":"X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_L%C3%A9gion_d%27honneur_recipients_by_name_(X)"},{"link_name":"Y","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_L%C3%A9gion_d%27honneur_recipients_by_name_(Y)"},{"link_name":"Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_L%C3%A9gion_d%27honneur_recipients_by_name_(Z)"}],"text":"The following is a non-exhaustive list of recipients of the Legion of Honour awards, since the first ceremony in July 1804.[3] 2,550 individuals can be awarded the insignia every year.[5] The total number of awards is close to 1 million[6] (estimated at 900,000 in 2021,[5] including over 3,000 Grand Cross recipients[7]), with some 92,000 recipients alive today.[8] Only in 2008 was gender parity achieved amongst the yearly list of recipients, with the total number of women recipients since the award's establishment only reaching 59 at the end of the second French empire and only 26,000 in 2021.[5]List of Légion d'honneur recipients by name\n\n\nA\nB\nC\nD\nE\nF\nG\nH\nI\nJ\nK\nL\nM\nN\nO\nP\nQ\nR\nS\nT\nU\nV\nW\nX\nY\nZ","title":"Lists of Légion d'honneur recipients"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of foreign recipients of the Légion d'Honneur by country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foreign_recipients_of_the_L%C3%A9gion_d%27Honneur_by_country"},{"link_name":"List of foreign recipients of the Légion d'Honneur by decade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foreign_recipients_of_the_L%C3%A9gion_d%27Honneur_by_decade"},{"link_name":"List of British recipients of the Légion d'Honneur for the Crimean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_British_recipients_of_the_L%C3%A9gion_d%27Honneur_for_the_Crimean_War"}],"text":"List of foreign recipients of the Légion d'Honneur by country\nList of foreign recipients of the Légion d'Honneur by decade\nList of British recipients of the Légion d'Honneur for the Crimean War","title":"Foreign recipients"}]	[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Chevalier-legion-dhonneur-republique.jpg/30px-Chevalier-legion-dhonneur-republique.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"France train attack: Chris Norman awarded Legion d'honneur\". BBC News. 24 August 2015. Archived from the original on 27 July 2021. Retrieved 27 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-34039225","url_text":"\"France train attack: Chris Norman awarded Legion d'honneur\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210727080410/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-34039225","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"DM, Florey (29 March 2017). \"Michelle Yeoh receives France's highest civilian honour\". Cinema Online. Archived from the original on 19 July 2021. Retrieved 20 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cinema.com.my/articles/news_details.aspx?search=2017.n_michellereceivesfrancecivilianhonour_34756","url_text":"\"Michelle Yeoh receives France's highest civilian honour\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210719153150/http://www.cinema.com.my/articles/news_details.aspx?search=2017.n_michellereceivesfrancecivilianhonour_34756","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Grand Chancellery is co-producing a film on women and the Legion of Honor\". The Grand Chancellery of the Legion of Honour. Archived from the original on 24 July 2021. Retrieved 24 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.legiondhonneur.fr/en/actualites/la-grande-chancellerie-co-produit-un-film-sur-les-femmes-et-la-legion/1813/6","url_text":"\"The Grand Chancellery is co-producing a film on women and the Legion of Honor\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210724003139/https://www.legiondhonneur.fr/en/actualites/la-grande-chancellerie-co-produit-un-film-sur-les-femmes-et-la-legion/1813/6","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Legion of Honour\". Australian Government – Department of Veteran's Affairs. 31 January 2021. Retrieved 27 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dva.gov.au/newsroom/media-centre/media-backgrounders/legion-honour","url_text":"\"Legion of Honour\""}]},{"reference":"Wattel, Michel; Wattel, Béatrice (2009). \"Les Grand Croix de la Légion d'honneur. De 1805 à nos jours, titulaires français et étrangers\". Archives & Culture.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Benoist, Chloé (18 December 2020). \"Explained: Sisi, Macron and the dubious history of France's Legion of Honour\". Middle East Eye. Archived from the original on 26 July 2021. Retrieved 27 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/egypt-france-sisi-legion-honneur-explained-history","url_text":"\"Explained: Sisi, Macron and the dubious history of France's Legion of Honour\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210726145417/https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/egypt-france-sisi-legion-honneur-explained-history","url_text":"Archived"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-34039225","external_links_name":"\"France train attack: Chris Norman awarded Legion d'honneur\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210727080410/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-34039225","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.cinema.com.my/articles/news_details.aspx?search=2017.n_michellereceivesfrancecivilianhonour_34756","external_links_name":"\"Michelle Yeoh receives France's highest civilian honour\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210719153150/http://www.cinema.com.my/articles/news_details.aspx?search=2017.n_michellereceivesfrancecivilianhonour_34756","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/2021-07-20a-michelle-yeoh","external_links_name":"Alt URL"},{"Link":"https://www.legiondhonneur.fr/en/actualites/la-grande-chancellerie-co-produit-un-film-sur-les-femmes-et-la-legion/1813/6","external_links_name":"\"The Grand Chancellery is co-producing a film on women and the Legion of Honor\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210724003139/https://www.legiondhonneur.fr/en/actualites/la-grande-chancellerie-co-produit-un-film-sur-les-femmes-et-la-legion/1813/6","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.dva.gov.au/newsroom/media-centre/media-backgrounders/legion-honour","external_links_name":"\"Legion of Honour\""},{"Link":"https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/egypt-france-sisi-legion-honneur-explained-history","external_links_name":"\"Explained: Sisi, Macron and the dubious history of France's Legion of Honour\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210726145417/https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/egypt-france-sisi-legion-honneur-explained-history","external_links_name":"Archived"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaction_Motors_XLR-11	Reaction Motors XLR11	["1 Development","2 Operational history","3 Variants","4 Specifications (XLR11-RM-5)","4.1 General characteristics","4.2 Components","4.3 Performance","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]	Rocket engine "XLR11" redirects here. For the drug, see XLR-11. XLR11XLR11 rocket engine on display at the National Air and Space MuseumCountry of originUnited StatesDate1947–1960ManufacturerReaction Motors Inc.SuccessorXLR-99Liquid-fuel enginePropellantLOX / Ethyl alcoholPerformanceThrust6,000 lbf (27 kN)DimensionsDry weight210 lb (95 kg) The XLR11, company designation RMI 6000C4, was the first liquid-propellant rocket engine developed in the United States for use in aircraft. It was designed and built by Reaction Motors Inc., and used ethyl alcohol and liquid oxygen as propellants to generate a maximum thrust of 6,000 lbf (27 kN). Each of the four combustion chambers produced 1,500 lbf (6.7 kN) of thrust. The engine was not throttleable but each chamber could be turned on and off individually. Development Development of the engine began in 1943. Reaction Motors called the engine "Black Betsy", though informally it was referred to as "The Belching Black Bastard". Its first official designation was the 6000C4, and it was later given the military designation XLR11. Operational history The XLR11-RM-5 engine was first used in the Bell X-1. On October 14, 1947, the X-1 became the first aircraft to fly faster than the speed of sound (Mach 1). The XLR11-RM-5 was also used in the X-1A and X-1B, and as a booster engine in the U.S. Navy's D-558-2 Douglas Skyrocket turbojet (where it was designated the XLR8-RM-5). In 1959 and 1960, while development of a more powerful engine was still under way, a pair of XLR11-RM-13's were used as an interim power plant for the initial flights of the X-15 research aircraft. These engines were boosted to 2,000 lbf (8.9 kN) of thrust per chamber for a total of 16,000 lbf (71 kN). In comparison, the thrust of the X-15's XLR99 engine could be varied from 15,000–57,000 lbf (67–254 kN). After 24 powered flights, the XLR11 engines were replaced by the new XLR99 engine in November 1960. The XLR11-RM-13 was also used in the Dryden lifting bodies, and as a booster engine in the Republic XF-91 Thunderceptor turbojet. Variants RMI 6000C4 Company designation of the LR11 family. XLR8-RM-5 XLR8-RM-6 (RMI A6000C4-2) XLR11-RM-5 XLR11-RM-13 Specifications (XLR11-RM-5) Data from:Aircraft engines of the World 1959/60 General characteristics Type: quadruple chamber liquid propellant rocket engine Length: Diameter: Dry weight: Fuel: ethanol (C2H5OH / EtOH) Oxidiser: liquid oxygen (LO2 / LOX) Components Pumps: Performance Thrust: 8,000 lbf (36,000 N) Burn time: See also Bell X-1 North American X-15 Northrop M2-F2 Northrop M2-F3 Northrop HL-10 Martin Marietta X-24A Martin Marietta X-24B References ^ Dupont, Ron (February 24, 2011). "Remembering The Rocketeers". northjersey.com. Retrieved 11 April 2011. ^ Wilkinson, Paul H. (1959). Aircraft engines of the World 1959/60 (15th ed.). London: Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons Ltd. p. 40. External links Reaction Motors XLR11 Rocket – National Museum of the United States Air Force Dryden Flight Research Center X-Planes at Edwards AFB vteAviation rocket engines and rocket motorsLiquid fuel XR-4A3 XR-4K14 XLR11 XLR99 Bristol Siddeley BS.605 de Havilland Spectre de Havilland Sprite Armstrong Siddeley Screamer Armstrong Siddeley Snarler Napier Scorpion Dushkin S-155 Dushkin D-1-A-1100 Walter HWK 109-509 Toku-Ro.2 (KR10) Hybrid propellant RocketMotorTwo Solid propellant Type 4 Mark 1 Model 20 Jetex engine Related articles List of aircraft engines List of rocket aircraft Rocket assisted take off	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"XLR-11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XLR-11"},{"link_name":"liquid-propellant rocket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid-propellant_rocket"},{"link_name":"Reaction Motors Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaction_Motors"},{"link_name":"ethyl alcohol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol"},{"link_name":"liquid oxygen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_oxygen"},{"link_name":"thrust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrust"},{"link_name":"combustion chambers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combustion_chamber"},{"link_name":"throttleable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Throttle"}],"text":"\"XLR11\" redirects here. For the drug, see XLR-11.The XLR11, company designation RMI 6000C4, was the first liquid-propellant rocket engine developed in the United States for use in aircraft. It was designed and built by Reaction Motors Inc., and used ethyl alcohol and liquid oxygen as propellants to generate a maximum thrust of 6,000 lbf (27 kN). Each of the four combustion chambers produced 1,500 lbf (6.7 kN) of thrust. The engine was not throttleable but each chamber could be turned on and off individually.","title":"Reaction Motors XLR11"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Development of the engine began in 1943. Reaction Motors called the engine \"Black Betsy\", though informally it was referred to as \"The Belching Black Bastard\". Its first official designation was the 6000C4, and it was later given the military designation XLR11.[1]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bell X-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_X-1"},{"link_name":"speed of sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_of_sound"},{"link_name":"Douglas Skyrocket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Skyrocket"},{"link_name":"X-15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_X-15"},{"link_name":"XLR99","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaction_Motors_XLR99"},{"link_name":"Dryden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dryden_Flight_Research_Center"},{"link_name":"lifting bodies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifting_body"},{"link_name":"Republic XF-91 Thunderceptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_XF-91_Thunderceptor"}],"text":"The XLR11-RM-5 engine was first used in the Bell X-1. On October 14, 1947, the X-1 became the first aircraft to fly faster than the speed of sound (Mach 1). The XLR11-RM-5 was also used in the X-1A and X-1B, and as a booster engine in the U.S. Navy's D-558-2 Douglas Skyrocket turbojet (where it was designated the XLR8-RM-5).In 1959 and 1960, while development of a more powerful engine was still under way, a pair of XLR11-RM-13's were used as an interim power plant for the initial flights of the X-15 research aircraft. These engines were boosted to 2,000 lbf (8.9 kN) of thrust per chamber for a total of 16,000 lbf (71 kN). In comparison, the thrust of the X-15's XLR99 engine could be varied from 15,000–57,000 lbf (67–254 kN). After 24 powered flights, the XLR11 engines were replaced by the new XLR99 engine in November 1960.The XLR11-RM-13 was also used in the Dryden lifting bodies, and as a booster engine in the Republic XF-91 Thunderceptor turbojet.","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"RMI 6000C4\nCompany designation of the LR11 family.\nXLR8-RM-5\n\nXLR8-RM-6\n(RMI A6000C4-2)\nXLR11-RM-5\n\nXLR11-RM-13","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wilkinson-2"}],"text":"Data from:Aircraft engines of the World 1959/60[2]","title":"Specifications (XLR11-RM-5)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ethanol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol#Rocket_fuel"},{"link_name":"liquid oxygen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_oxygen"}],"sub_title":"General characteristics","text":"Type: quadruple chamber liquid propellant rocket engine\nLength: \nDiameter: \nDry weight: \n\nFuel: ethanol (C2H5OH / EtOH)\nOxidiser: liquid oxygen (LO2 / LOX)","title":"Specifications (XLR11-RM-5)"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Components","text":"Pumps:","title":"Specifications (XLR11-RM-5)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thrust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrust"}],"sub_title":"Performance","text":"Thrust: 8,000 lbf (36,000 N)\nBurn time:","title":"Specifications (XLR11-RM-5)"}]	[]	[{"title":"Bell X-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_X-1"},{"title":"North American X-15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_X-15"},{"title":"Northrop M2-F2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northrop_M2-F2"},{"title":"Northrop M2-F3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northrop_M2-F3"},{"title":"Northrop HL-10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northrop_HL-10"},{"title":"Martin Marietta X-24A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Marietta_X-24A"},{"title":"Martin Marietta X-24B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Marietta_X-24B"}]	[{"reference":"Dupont, Ron (February 24, 2011). \"Remembering The Rocketeers\". northjersey.com. Retrieved 11 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.northjersey.com/community/history/more_history_news/116837433_Remembering__The_Rocketeers_.html","url_text":"\"Remembering The Rocketeers\""}]},{"reference":"Wilkinson, Paul H. (1959). Aircraft engines of the World 1959/60 (15th ed.). London: Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons Ltd. p. 40.","urls":[]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.northjersey.com/community/history/more_history_news/116837433_Remembering__The_Rocketeers_.html","external_links_name":"\"Remembering The Rocketeers\""},{"Link":"http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/Visit/MuseumExhibits/FactSheets/Display/tabid/509/Article/197694/reaction-motors-xlr11-rocket.aspx","external_links_name":"Reaction Motors XLR11 Rocket"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/19990505102033/http://www.dfrc.nasa.gov/gallery/photo/X-1/HTML/EC96-43611-1.html","external_links_name":"Dryden Flight Research Center"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121015034337/http://www.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-080124-094.pdf","external_links_name":"X-Planes at Edwards AFB"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_of_Wales_Ground	Prince of Wales Ground	["1 Location","2 Matches","3 Aftermath","4 References and notes","5 Further reading"]	Coordinates: 50°49′59″N 0°07′48″W / 50.833°N 0.130°W / 50.833; -0.130 50°49′59″N 0°07′48″W / 50.833°N 0.130°W / 50.833; -0.130 Prince of Wales GroundLocationBrighton, SussexHome clubBrighton Cricket ClubCounty clubSussexEstablishmentby 1791Last usedbefore 1800 The Prince of Wales Ground, also known as Prince's Ground, in Brighton, Sussex was the venue for top-class cricket matches in the closing years of the 18th century. Location The ground was on a site now occupied by Park Crescent and its surroundings. The land was originally donated to the Brighton Cricket Club by the then Prince of Wales. His patronage helped Brighton to become a powerful club that sparked a revival in the fortunes of Sussex cricket which lasted well into the 19th century. Matches Only four first-class cricket matches were played at the ground. All of them took place between September 1791 and September 1792. Aftermath As the towns of Brighton and Hove developed, the land was sold a few years later and the cricket club moved to a new site in Brighton at Temple Fields, which was where Montpelier Crescent is now. The Brighton club was representative of Sussex as a county and it ultimately became the main instrument in the formation of Sussex County Cricket Club in 1839. From July 1814 the club occupied the Royal New Ground (also known as Thomas Box's Ground), another Brighton venue, which was used for 49 first-class matches until September 1847 and was the county ground for Sussex in its early years. From 1848 to 1871, Sussex used the Royal Brunswick Ground in Brighton, also known as C H Gausden's Ground. Since 1872, the club has been based at the County Cricket Ground, Hove. References and notes ^ Not to be confused with the 19th century London ground Prince's Cricket Ground. ^ https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/2371_misc.html CricketArchive list ^ CricketArchive ^ CricketArchive ^ "Sussex CCC website". Archived from the original on 16 July 2008. Retrieved 22 June 2008. Further reading Derek Birley, A Social History of English Cricket, Aurum, 1999 G B Buckley, Fresh Light on 18th Century Cricket, Cotterell, 1935 Arthur Haygarth, Scores & Biographies, Volume 1 (1744-1826), Lillywhite, 1862 Timothy J McCann, Sussex Cricket in the Eighteenth Century, Sussex Record Society, 2004 vteEnglish cricket venues (1771–1825) Aram's New Ground Bowman's Lodge Burley-on-the-Hill Cheden Holt Cobham Park Dandelion Paddock Darnall New Ground Darnall Old Ground Epsom Down Forest New Ground Holt Pound Itchin Stoke Down Langton Park Lord's Lord's Middle Ground Lord's Old Ground Napps Old Field, Bray Perriam Down Petworth Park Prince of Wales Ground Racecourse Ground The Burys Vine Cricket Ground Windmill Down	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"50°49′59″N 0°07′48″W / 50.833°N 0.130°W / 50.833; -0.130","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Prince_of_Wales_Ground&params=50.833_N_0.13_W_region:GB_scale:5000"},{"link_name":"Brighton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton"},{"link_name":"Sussex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sussex"},{"link_name":"cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"50°49′59″N 0°07′48″W / 50.833°N 0.130°W / 50.833; -0.130The Prince of Wales Ground, also known as Prince's Ground, in Brighton, Sussex was the venue for top-class cricket matches in the closing years of the 18th century.[1]","title":"Prince of Wales Ground"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Park Crescent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_Crescent,_Brighton"},{"link_name":"Brighton Cricket Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"Prince of Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_IV_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Sussex cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sussex_county_cricket_teams"}],"text":"The ground was on a site now occupied by Park Crescent and its surroundings. The land was originally donated to the Brighton Cricket Club by the then Prince of Wales. His patronage helped Brighton to become a powerful club that sparked a revival in the fortunes of Sussex cricket which lasted well into the 19th century.","title":"Location"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"first-class cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-class_cricket"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Only four first-class cricket matches were played at the ground. All of them took place between September 1791 and September 1792.[2]","title":"Matches"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Montpelier Crescent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montpelier_Crescent"},{"link_name":"Sussex County Cricket Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sussex_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"Royal New Ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_New_Ground"},{"link_name":"Thomas Box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Box"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Royal Brunswick Ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Brunswick_Ground"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"County Cricket Ground, Hove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Cricket_Ground,_Hove"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"As the towns of Brighton and Hove developed, the land was sold a few years later and the cricket club moved to a new site in Brighton at Temple Fields, which was where Montpelier Crescent is now.The Brighton club was representative of Sussex as a county and it ultimately became the main instrument in the formation of Sussex County Cricket Club in 1839. From July 1814 the club occupied the Royal New Ground (also known as Thomas Box's Ground), another Brighton venue, which was used for 49 first-class matches until September 1847 and was the county ground for Sussex in its early years.[3] From 1848 to 1871, Sussex used the Royal Brunswick Ground in Brighton, also known as C H Gausden's Ground.[4] Since 1872, the club has been based at the County Cricket Ground, Hove.[5]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Prince's Cricket Ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince%27s_Cricket_Ground"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/2371_misc.html","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/2371_misc.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"CricketArchive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/348_f.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"CricketArchive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/347_f.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"Sussex CCC website\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20080716021715/http://www.sussexcricket.co.uk/the-club/club-history/the-grounds/"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.sussexcricket.co.uk/the-club/club-history/the-grounds/"}],"text":"^ Not to be confused with the 19th century London ground Prince's Cricket Ground.\n\n^ https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/2371_misc.html CricketArchive list\n\n^ CricketArchive\n\n^ CricketArchive\n\n^ \"Sussex CCC website\". Archived from the original on 16 July 2008. Retrieved 22 June 2008.","title":"References and notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Derek Birley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_Birley"},{"link_name":"G B Buckley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G_B_Buckley"},{"link_name":"Arthur Haygarth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Haygarth"},{"link_name":"Timothy J McCann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_J_McCann"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:English_cricket_venues_to_1825"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:English_cricket_venues_to_1825"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:English_cricket_venues_to_1825"},{"link_name":"Aram's New Ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aram%27s_New_Ground"},{"link_name":"Bowman's Lodge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowman%27s_Lodge"},{"link_name":"Burley-on-the-Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Park,_Burley-on-the-Hill"},{"link_name":"Cheden Holt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheden_Holt"},{"link_name":"Cobham Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobham_Park_(cricket_ground)"},{"link_name":"Dandelion Paddock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dandelion_Paddock"},{"link_name":"Darnall New Ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darnall_New_Ground"},{"link_name":"Darnall Old Ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darnall_Old_Ground"},{"link_name":"Epsom Down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsom_Down"},{"link_name":"Forest New Ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_New_Ground"},{"link_name":"Holt Pound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holt_Pound"},{"link_name":"Itchin Stoke Down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itchin_Stoke_Down"},{"link_name":"Langton Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fielders_Sports_Ground"},{"link_name":"Lord's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord%27s"},{"link_name":"Lord's Middle Ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord%27s_Middle_Ground"},{"link_name":"Lord's Old Ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord%27s_Old_Ground"},{"link_name":"Napps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napps,_Wrotham"},{"link_name":"Old Field, Bray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Field,_Bray"},{"link_name":"Perriam Down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perriam_Down"},{"link_name":"Petworth Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petworth_Park"},{"link_name":"Prince of Wales Ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Racecourse Ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racecourse_Ground,_Swaffham"},{"link_name":"The Burys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Burys"},{"link_name":"Vine Cricket Ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vine_Cricket_Ground"},{"link_name":"Windmill Down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windmill_Down"}],"text":"Derek Birley, A Social History of English Cricket, Aurum, 1999\nG B Buckley, Fresh Light on 18th Century Cricket, Cotterell, 1935\nArthur Haygarth, Scores & Biographies, Volume 1 (1744-1826), Lillywhite, 1862\nTimothy J McCann, Sussex Cricket in the Eighteenth Century, Sussex Record Society, 2004vteEnglish cricket venues (1771–1825)\nAram's New Ground\nBowman's Lodge\nBurley-on-the-Hill\nCheden Holt\nCobham Park\nDandelion Paddock\nDarnall New Ground\nDarnall Old Ground\nEpsom Down\nForest New Ground\nHolt Pound\nItchin Stoke Down\nLangton Park\nLord's\nLord's Middle Ground\nLord's Old Ground\nNapps\nOld Field, Bray\nPerriam Down\nPetworth Park\nPrince of Wales Ground\nRacecourse Ground\nThe Burys\nVine Cricket Ground\nWindmill Down","title":"Further reading"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Sussex CCC website\". Archived from the original on 16 July 2008. Retrieved 22 June 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080716021715/http://www.sussexcricket.co.uk/the-club/club-history/the-grounds/","url_text":"\"Sussex CCC website\""},{"url":"http://www.sussexcricket.co.uk/the-club/club-history/the-grounds/","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Prince_of_Wales_Ground&params=50.833_N_0.13_W_region:GB_scale:5000","external_links_name":"50°49′59″N 0°07′48″W / 50.833°N 0.130°W / 50.833; -0.130"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Prince_of_Wales_Ground&params=50.833_N_0.13_W_region:GB_scale:5000","external_links_name":"50°49′59″N 0°07′48″W / 50.833°N 0.130°W / 50.833; -0.130"},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/2371_misc.html","external_links_name":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/2371_misc.html"},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/348_f.html","external_links_name":"CricketArchive"},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/347_f.html","external_links_name":"CricketArchive"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080716021715/http://www.sussexcricket.co.uk/the-club/club-history/the-grounds/","external_links_name":"\"Sussex CCC website\""},{"Link":"http://www.sussexcricket.co.uk/the-club/club-history/the-grounds/","external_links_name":"the original"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gekkota	Gecko	["1 Etymology","2 Common traits","2.1 Shedding or molting","2.2 Adhesion ability","3 Skin","4 Teeth","5 Taxonomy and classification","5.1 Evolutionary history","6 Species","7 Reproduction","8 References","9 Further reading","10 External links"]	Lizard belonging to the infraorder Gekkota This article is about the type of reptile. For other uses, see Gecko (disambiguation). GeckoTemporal range: 100–0 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Cenomanian – presentStem-groups present since Aptian-Albian Gold dust day gecko Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Reptilia Order: Squamata Clade: Gekkonomorpha Infraorder: GekkotaCuvier, 1817 Subgroups Pygopodoidea Carphodactylidae Diplodactylidae Pygopodidae Gekkonoidea Eublepharidae Gekkonidae Phyllodactylidae Sphaerodactylidae Geckos are small, mostly carnivorous lizards that have a wide distribution, found on every continent except Antarctica. Belonging to the infraorder Gekkota, geckos are found in warm climates throughout the world. They range from 1.6 to 60 centimetres (0.6 to 23.6 inches). Geckos are unique among lizards for their vocalisations, which differ from species to species. Most geckos in the family Gekkonidae use chirping or clicking sounds in their social interactions. Tokay geckos (Gekko gecko) are known for their loud mating calls, and some other species are capable of making hissing noises when alarmed or threatened. They are the most species-rich group of lizards, with about 1,500 different species worldwide. All geckos, except species in the family Eublepharidae lack eyelids; instead, the outer surface of the eyeball has a transparent membrane, the brille. They have a fixed lens within each iris that enlarges in darkness to let in more light. Since they cannot blink, species without eyelids generally lick their own brilles when they need to clear them of dust and dirt, in order to keep them clean and moist. Unlike most lizards, geckos are usually nocturnal and have excellent night vision; their colour vision in low light is 350 times more sensitive than human eyes. The nocturnal geckos evolved from diurnal species, which had lost the rod cells from their eyes. The gecko eye, therefore, modified its cone cells that increased in size into different types, both single and double. Three different photo-pigments have been retained, and are sensitive to ultraviolet, blue, and green. They also use a multifocal optical system that allows them to generate a sharp image for at least two different depths. While most gecko species are nocturnal, some species are diurnal and active during the day, which have evolved multiple times independently. Many species are well known for their specialised toe pads, which enable them to grab and climb onto smooth and vertical surfaces, and even cross indoor ceilings with ease. Geckos are well known to people who live in warm regions of the world, where several species make their home inside human habitations. These, for example the house gecko, become part of the indoor menagerie and are often welcomed, as they feed on insect pests; including moths and mosquitoes. Like most lizards, geckos can lose their tails in defence, a process called autotomy; the predator may attack the wriggling tail, allowing the gecko to escape. The largest species, Gigarcanum delcourti, is only known from a single, stuffed specimen probably collected in the 19th century found in the basement of the Natural History Museum of Marseille in Marseille, France. This gecko was 600 millimetres (24 inches) long, and it was likely endemic to New Caledonia, where it lived in native forests. The smallest gecko, the Jaragua sphaero, is a mere 16 millimetres (0.63 inches) long, and was discovered in 2001 on a small island off the coast of Hispaniola. Etymology The Neo-Latin gekko and English 'gecko' stem from Indonesian-Malaysian gēkoq, it is a Malay word borrowed from Javanese, from tokek, which imitates the sounds that some species like Tokay gecko make.: 120 : 253 Common traits Like other reptiles, geckos are ectothermic, producing very little metabolic heat. Essentially, a gecko's body temperature is dependent on its environment. Also, to accomplish their main functions; such as locomotion, feeding, reproduction, etc., geckos must have a relatively elevated temperature. Shedding or molting Video of leopard gecko shedding skin All geckos shed their skin at fairly regular intervals, with species differing in timing and method. Leopard geckos shed at about two- to four-week intervals. The presence of moisture aids in the shedding. When shedding begins, the gecko speeds the process by detaching the loose skin from its body and eating it. For young geckos, shedding occurs more frequently, once a week, but when they are fully grown, they shed once every one to two months. Adhesion ability See also: Synthetic setae and Gecko feet Close-up of the underside of a gecko's foot as it walks on vertical glass About 60% of gecko species have adhesive toe pads which allow them to adhere to most surfaces without the use of liquids or surface tension. Such pads have been gained and lost repeatedly over the course of gecko evolution. Adhesive toepads evolved independently in about eleven different gecko lineages, and were lost in at least nine lineages. It was previously thought that the spatula-shaped setae arranged in lamellae on gecko footpads enable attractive van der Waals' forces (the weakest of the weak chemical forces) between the β-keratin lamellae / setae / spatulae structures and the surface. These van der Waals interactions involve no fluids; in theory, a boot made of synthetic setae would adhere as easily to the surface of the International Space Station as it would to a living-room wall, although adhesion varies with humidity. However, a 2014 study suggests that gecko adhesion is in fact mainly determined by electrostatic interaction (caused by contact electrification), not van der Waals or capillary forces. The setae on the feet of geckos are also self-cleaning, and usually remove any clogging dirt within a few steps. Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), which has very low surface energy, is more difficult for geckos to adhere to than many other surfaces. Gecko adhesion is typically improved by higher humidity, even on hydrophobic surfaces, yet is reduced under conditions of complete immersion in water. The role of water in that system is under discussion, yet recent experiments agree that the presence of molecular water layers (water molecules carry a very large dipole moment) on the setae, as well as on the surface, increase the surface energy of both, therefore the energy gain in getting these surfaces in contact is enlarged, which results in an increased gecko adhesion force. Moreover, the elastic properties of the b-keratin change with water uptake. Gecko toes seem to be double-jointed, but this is a misnomer, and is properly called digital hyperextension. Gecko toes can hyperextend in the opposite direction from human fingers and toes. This allows them to overcome the van der Waals force by peeling their toes off surfaces from the tips inward. In essence, by this peeling action, the gecko separates spatula by spatula from the surface, so for each spatula separation, only some force necessary. (The process is similar to removing Scotch Tape from a surface.) Geckos' toes operate well below their full attractive capabilities most of the time, because the margin for error is great depending upon the surface roughness, and therefore the number of setae in contact with that surface. Use of small van der Waals force requires very large surface areas; every square millimetre of a gecko's footpad contains about 14,000 hair-like setae. Each seta has a diameter of 5 μm. Human hair varies from 18 to 180 μm, so the cross-sectional area of a human hair is equivalent to 12 to 1300 setae. Each seta is in turn tipped with between 100 and 1,000 spatulae. Each spatula is 0.2 μm long (one five-millionth of a metre), or just below the wavelength of visible light. The setae of a typical mature 70-gram (2.5-ounce) gecko would be capable of supporting a weight of 133 kilograms (293 pounds): each spatula could exert an adhesive force of 5 to 25 nN. The exact value of the adhesion force of a spatula varies with the surface energy of the substrate to which it adheres. Recent studies have moreover shown that the component of the surface energy derived from long-range forces, such as van der Waals forces, depends on the material's structure below the outermost atomic layers (up to 100 nm beneath the surface); taking that into account, the adhesive strength can be inferred. Apart from the setae, phospholipids; fatty substances produced naturally in their bodies, also come into play. These lipids lubricate the setae and allow the gecko to detach its foot before the next step. The origin of gecko adhesion likely started as simple modifications to the epidermis on the underside of the toes. This was recently discovered in the genus Gonatodes from South America. Simple elaborations of the epidermal spinules into setae have enabled Gonatodes humeralis to climb smooth surfaces and sleep on smooth leaves. Biomimetic technologies designed to mimic gecko adhesion could produce reusable self-cleaning dry adhesives with many applications. Development effort is being put into these technologies, but manufacturing synthetic setae is not a trivial material design task. Skin Gecko skin does not generally bear scales, but appears at a macro scale as a papillose surface, which is made from hair-like protuberances developed across the entire body. These confer superhydrophobicity, and the unique design of the hair confers a profound antimicrobial action. These protuberances are very small, up to 4 microns in length, and tapering to a point. Gecko skin has been observed to have an anti-bacterial property, killing gram-negative bacteria when they come in contact with the skin. The mossy leaf-tailed gecko of Madagascar, U. sikorae, has coloration developed as camouflage, most being greyish brown to black, or greenish brown, with various markings meant to resemble tree bark; down to the lichens and moss found on the bark. It also has flaps of skin, running the length of its body, head and limbs, known as the dermal flap, which it can lay against the tree during the day, scattering shadows, and making its outline practically invisible. Teeth Geckos are polyphyodonts, and able to replace each of their 100 teeth every 3 to 4 months. Next to the full grown tooth there is a small replacement tooth developing from the odontogenic stem cell in the dental lamina. The formation of the teeth is pleurodont; they are fused (ankylosed) by their sides to the inner surface of the jaw bones. This formation is common in all species in the order Squamata. Taxonomy and classification Pores on the skin are often used in classification. The infraorder Gekkota is divided into seven families, containing about 125 genera of geckos, including the snake-like (legless) pygopods. Family Carphodactylidae Family Diplodactylidae Family Eublepharidae Family Gekkonidae Family Phyllodactylidae Family Pygopodidae Family Sphaerodactylidae Legless lizards of the family Dibamidae, also referred to as blind lizards, have occasionally been counted as gekkotans, but recent molecular phylogenies suggest otherwise. Gekkota Diplodactylidae Carphodactylidae Pygopodidae Eublepharidae Sphaerodactylidae Phyllodactylidae Gekkonidae Evolutionary history Skeleton of Eichstaettisaurus, thought to be an early member of the gecko lineage Fossil of Yantarogekko preserved in Baltic amber Several species of lizard from the Late Jurassic have been considered early relatives of geckos, the most prominent and most well supported being the arboreal Eichstaettisaurus from the Late Jurassic of Germany. Norellius from the Early Cretaceous of Mongolia is also usually placed as a close relative of geckos. The oldest known fossils of modern geckos are from the mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber of Myanmar (including Cretaceogekko), around 100 million years old, which have adhesive pads on the feet similar to those of living geckos. Species Mediterranean house geckoMore than 1,850 species of geckos occur worldwide, including these familiar species: Coleonyx variegatus, the western banded gecko, is native to the southwestern United States and northwest Mexico. Cyrtopodion brachykolon, the bent-toed gecko, is found in northwestern Pakistan; it was first described in 2007. Eublepharis macularius, the leopard gecko, is the most common gecko kept as a pet; it does not have adhesive toe pads and cannot climb the glass of a vivarium. Gehyra mutilata (Pteropus mutilatus), the stump-toed gecko, is able to vary its color from very light to very dark to camouflage itself; this gecko is at home in the wild, as well as in residential areas. Gekko gecko, the Tokay gecko, is a large, common, Southeast Asian gecko known for its aggressive temperament, loud mating calls, and bright markings. Hemidactylus is genus of geckos with many varieties. Hemidactylus frenatus, the common house gecko, thrives around people and human habitation structures in the tropics and subtropics worldwide. Hemidactylus garnotii, the Indo-Pacific gecko, is found in houses throughout the tropics, and has become an invasive species of concern in Florida and Georgia in the US. Hemidactylus mabouia, the tropical house gecko, Afro-American house gecko, or cosmopolitan house gecko, is a species of house gecko native to sub-Saharan Africa and also currently found in North, Central, and South America and the Caribbean. Hemidactylus turcicus, the Mediterranean house gecko, is frequently found in and around buildings, and is an introduced species in the US. Lepidodactylus lugubris, the mourning gecko, is originally an East Asian and Pacific species; it is equally at home in the wild and residential neighborhoods. Pachydactylus bibroni, Bibron's gecko, is native to southern Africa; this hardy arboreal gecko is considered a household pest. Phelsuma laticauda, the gold dust day gecko, is diurnal; it lives in northern Madagascar and on the Comoros. It is also an introduced species in Hawaii. Ptychozoon is a genus of arboreal geckos from Southeast Asia also known as flying or parachute geckos; they have wing-like flaps from the neck to the upper leg to help them conceal themselves on trees and provide lift while jumping. Rhacodactylus is genus of geckos native to New Caledonia. Rhacodactylus ciliatus (now assigned to the genus Correlophus), the crested gecko, was believed extinct until rediscovered in 1994, and is gaining popularity as a pet. Rhacodactylus leachianus, the New Caledonian giant gecko, was first described by Cuvier in 1829; it is the largest living species of gecko. Sphaerodactylus ariasae, the dwarf gecko, is native to the Caribbean Islands; it is the world's smallest lizard. Tarentola mauritanica, the crocodile or Moorish gecko, is commonly found in the Mediterranean region from the Iberian Peninsula and southern France to Greece and northern Africa; their most distinguishing characteristics are their pointed heads, spiked skin, and tails resembling those of a crocodile. Reproduction See also: Parthenogenesis in squamata § Lizards This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2020) Most geckos lay a small clutch of eggs. Some are live-bearing, and a few can reproduce asexually via parthenogenesis. Geckos also have a large diversity of sex-determining mechanisms, including temperature-dependent sex determination and both XX/XY and ZZ/ZW sex chromosomes with multiple transitions among them over evolutionary time. Madagascar day geckos engage in a mating ritual in which sexually mature males produce a waxy substance from pores on the back of their legs. Males approach females with a head swaying motion along with rapid tongue flicking in the female. Obligate parthenogenesis as a reproductive system has evolved multiple times in the family Gekkonidae. It has been shown that oocytes are able to undergo meiosis in three different obligate parthenogenetic complexes of geckos. An extra premeiotic endoreplication of chromosomes is essential for obligate parthenogenesis in these geckos. Appropriate segregation during meiosis to form viable progeny is facilitated by the formation of bivalents made from copies of identical chromosomes. References ^ Villa, Andrea; Wings, Oliver; Rabi, Márton (2022). Angielczyk, Kenneth (ed.). "A new gecko (Squamata, Gekkota) from the Eocene of Geiseltal (Germany) implies long-term persistence of European Sphaerodactylidae" (PDF). Papers in Palaeontology. 8 (3). Bibcode:2022PPal....8E1434V. doi:10.1002/spp2.1434. ISSN 2056-2799. S2CID 249358350. ^ "Search results – gecko". Reptile-Database.Reptarium.cz. The Reptile Database. Archived from the original on 2020-11-27. Retrieved 2022-02-01. ^ Badger, David (2006). Lizards: a Natural History of Some Uncommon Creatures. St. Paul, MN: Voyageur Press. p. 47. ISBN 978-0760325797. ^ a b c Gamble, T.; Greenbaum, E.; Jackman, T.R.; Bauer, A.M. (August 2015). "Into the light: Diurnality has evolved multiple times in geckos". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 115 (4): 896–910. doi:10.1111/bij.12536. ^ Roth, L.S.V.; Lundstrom, L.; Kelber, A.; Kroger, R.H.H.; Unsbo, P. (1 March 2009). "The pupils and optical systems of gecko eyes". Journal of Vision. 9 (3): 27.1–11. doi:10.1167/9.3.27. PMID 19757966. ^ Roth, Lina S. V.; Lundström, Linda; Kelber, Almut; Kröger, Ronald H. H.; Unsbo, Peter (1 March 2009). "The pupils and optical systems of gecko eyes". Journal of Vision. 9 (3): 27.1–11. doi:10.1167/9.3.27. PMID 19757966. ^ "Gecko-inspired multifocal contact lenses, cameras on the anvil". News.OneIndia.in. 8 May 2009. Archived from the original on 28 March 2017. Retrieved 1 February 2022. ^ Mihai, Andrei (9 September 2009). "Gecko tail has a mind of its own". www.ZMEScience.com. ZME Science. Archived from the original on 30 November 2009. Retrieved 1 February 2022. ^ Heinicke, Matthew P.; Nielsen, Stuart V.; Bauer, Aaron M.; Kelly, Ryan; Geneva, Anthony J.; Daza, Juan D.; Keating, Shannon E.; Gamble, Tony (2023-06-19). "Reappraising the evolutionary history of the largest known gecko, the presumably extinct Hoplodactylus delcourti, via high-throughput sequencing of archival DNA". Scientific Reports. 13 (1): 9141. Bibcode:2023NatSR..13.9141H. doi:10.1038/s41598-023-35210-8. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 10279644. PMID 37336900. ^ Piper, Ross (2007). Extraordinary Animals: an Encyclopedia of Curious and Unusual Animals. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. p. 143. ISBN 978-0313339226. ^ a b "gecko". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. Retrieved 7 February 2024. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.) Earlier version first published in New English Dictionary, 1898. ^ Wilkinson, Richard James (1932). "ge'kok". A Malay-English dictionary (romanised). Vol. I. Mytilene, Greece: Salavopoulos & Kinderlis. p. 337. Archived from the original on 2022-12-10. Retrieved 2022-12-10 – via TROVE, National Library of Australia. ^ Siti Zaleha Mat Diah; Rosli Hashim; Yong Hoi Sen; Daicus Belabut; Syuhadah Dzarawi N.; Lim Boo Liat (2010). "Preliminary Survey of Lizards of Pantai Melawi, Bachok, Kelantan, Malaysia". Malaysian Journal of Science. 29 (special issue): 117–120. doi:10.22452/mjs.vol29nosp.13. ISSN 2600-8688. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 11 December 2022. ^ Marcellini, Dale (February 1977). "Acoustic and Visual Display Behavior of Gekkonid Lizards". American Zoologist. 17 (1): 251–260. doi:10.1093/icb/17.1.251. Archived from the original on 2023-01-27. Retrieved 2023-01-07. ^ a b Girons, Hubert (August 1980). "Thermoregulation in Reptiles with Special Reference to the Tuatara and Its Ecophysiology Tuatara". nzetc.Victoria.ac.nz. Victoria University of Wellington Library. Archived from the original on 30 July 2014. Retrieved 31 May 2014. ^ "GeckoCare - shedding". www.GeckoCare.net. Archived from the original on 29 May 2013. Retrieved 19 April 2013. ^ "Crested geckos shedding". BuddyGenius.com. Buddy Genius. 5 July 2020. Archived from the original on 16 January 2018. Retrieved 1 February 2022. ^ a b c Gamble, Tony; Greenbaum, Eli; Jackman, Todd R.; Russell, Anthony P.; Bauer, Aaron M. (27 June 2012). "Repeated Origin and Loss of Adhesive Toepads in Geckos". PLOS ONE. 7 (6): e39429. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...739429G. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0039429. PMC 3384654. PMID 22761794. ^ "Scientific image – gecko toe". www.NISEnet.org. NISE Network. Archived from the original on 2013-05-09. Retrieved 2022-02-01. ^ Santos, Daniel; Spenko, Matthew; Parness, Aaron; Sangbae, Kim; Cutkosky, Mark (2007). "Directional adhesion for climbing: Theoretical and practical considerations". Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology. 21 (12–13): 1317–1341. doi:10.1163/156856107782328399. S2CID 53470787. Archived from the original on 2012-01-15. Retrieved 2012-02-04. Gecko "feet and toes are a hierarchical system of complex structures consisting of lamellae, setae, and spatulae. The distinguishing characteristics of the gecko adhesion system have been described (1) anisotropic attachment, (2) high pulloff force to preload ratio, (3) low detachment force, (4) material independence, (5) self-cleaning, (6) antiself sticking and (7) nonsticky default state. ... The gecko's adhesive structures are made from ß-keratin (modulus of elasticity 2 GPa). Such a stiff material is not inherently sticky; however, because of the gecko adhesive's hierarchical nature and extremely small distal features (spatulae are 200 nm in size), the gecko's foot is able to intimately conform to the surface and generate significant attraction using van der Waals forces. ^ a b c d Puthoff, J.B.; Prowse, M.; Wilkinson, M.; Autumn, K. (2010). "Changes in materials properties explain the effects of humidity on gecko adhesion". Journal of Experimental Biology. 213 (21): 3699–3704. doi:10.1242/jeb.047654. PMID 20952618. ^ a b c d Prowse, M.S.; Wilkinson, Matt; Puthoff, Jonathan B.; Mayer, George; Autumn, Kellar (2011). "Effects of humidity on the mechanical properties of gecko setae". Acta Biomaterialia. 7 (2): 733–738. doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2010.09.036. PMID 20920615. ^ Izadi, H.; Stewart, K.M.E.; Penlidis, A. (9 July 2014). "Role of contact electrification and electrostatic interactions in gecko adhesion". Journal of the Royal Society Interface. 11 (98): 20140371. doi:10.1098/rsif.2014.0371. PMC 4233685. PMID 25008078. We have demonstrated that it is the CE-driven electrostatic interactions which dictate the strength of gecko adhesion, and not the van der Waals or capillary forces which are conventionally considered as the main source of gecko adhesion. ^ a b c Hansen, W.R.; Autumn, K. (2005). "Evidence for self-cleaning in gecko setae". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 102 (2): 385–389. Bibcode:2005PNAS..102..385H. doi:10.1073/pnas.0408304102. PMC 544316. PMID 15630086. Setae occur in uniform arrays on overlapping lamellar pads at a density of 14,400 per mm2 ^ "How geckos stick to walls". www.lclark.edu. Archived from the original on 2007-09-25. Retrieved 2007-09-22. ^ Xu, Quan; Wan, Yiyang; Hu, Travis Shihao; Liu, Tony X.; Tao, Dashuai; Niewiarowski, Peter H.; Tian, Yu; Liu, Yue; Dai, Liming; Yang, Yanqing; Xia, Zhenhai (20 November 2015). "Robust self-cleaning and micromanipulation capabilities of gecko spatulae and their bio-mimics". Nature Communications. 6: 8949. Bibcode:2015NatCo...6.8949X. doi:10.1038/ncomms9949. PMC 4673831. PMID 26584513. ^ "Why do the gecko's feet not stick to a teflon surface?". www.JustAnswer.com. ^ a b c d Huber, G.; Mantz, H.; Spolenak, R.; Mecke, K.; Jacobs, K.; Gorb, S.N.; Arzt, E. (2005). "Evidence for capillarity contributions to gecko adhesion from single spatula nanomechanical measurements". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 102 (45): 16293–6. Bibcode:2005PNAS..10216293H. doi:10.1073/pnas.0506328102. PMC 1283435. PMID 16260737. ^ a b Chen, B.; Gao, H. (2010). "An alternative explanation of the effect of humidity in gecko adhesion: stiffness reduction enhances adhesion on a rough surface". International Journal of Applied Mechanics. 2 (1): 1–9. Bibcode:2010IJAM....2....1C. doi:10.1142/s1758825110000433. ^ a b c Loskill, P.; Puthoff, J.; Wilkinson, M.; Mecke, K.; Jacobs, K.; Autumn, K. (September 2012). "Macroscale adhesion of gecko setae reflects nanoscale differences in subsurface composition". Journal of the Royal Society Interface. 10 (78): 20120587. doi:10.1098/rsif.2012.0587. PMC 3565786. PMID 22993246. ^ Russell, A.P. (1975). "A contribution to the functional analysis of the foot of the Tokay, Gekko gecko (Reptilia: Gekkonidae)". Journal of Zoology. 176 (4): 437–476. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1975.tb03215.x. ^ Autumn, Kellar; Sitti, M.; Liang, Y.A.; Peattie, A.M.; Hansen, W.R.; Sponberg, S.; Kenny, T.W.; Fearing, R.; Israelachvili, J.N.; Full, R.J. (2002). "Evidence for van der Waals adhesion in gecko setae". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 99 (19): 12252–12256. Bibcode:2002PNAS...9912252A. doi:10.1073/pnas.192252799. PMC 129431. PMID 12198184. ^ "Geckos can hang upside down carrying 40kg". www.Physics.org. Archived from the original on 21 May 2008. Retrieved 2 November 2012. ^ Autumn, Kellar (29 September 2003). "How do gecko lizards unstick themselves as they move across a surface?". Scientific American. Archived from the original on 23 October 2012. Retrieved 23 March 2013. ^ Lee, Haeshin; Lee, Bruce P.; Messersmith, Phillip B. (2007). "A reversible wet / dry adhesive inspired by mussels and geckos". Nature. 448 (7151): 338–341. Bibcode:2007Natur.448..338L. doi:10.1038/nature05968. PMID 17637666. S2CID 4407993. ^ Loskill, P.; Haehl, H.; Grandthyll, S.; Faidt, T.; Mueller, F.; Jacobs, K. (November 2012). "Is adhesion superficial? Silicon wafers as a model system to study van der Waals interactions". Advances in Colloid and Interface Science. 179–182: 107–113. arXiv:1202.6304. doi:10.1016/j.cis.2012.06.006. PMID 22795778. S2CID 5406490. ^ Hsu, P.Y.; Ge, L.; Li, X.; Stark, A.Y.; Wesdemiotis, C.; Niewiarowski, P.H.; Dhinojwala, A. (24 August 2011). "Direct evidence of phospholipids in gecko footprints and spatula-substrate contact interface detected using surface-sensitive spectroscopy". Journal of the Royal Society Interface. 9 (69): 657–664. doi:10.1098/rsif.2011.0370. PMC 3284128. PMID 21865250. ^ Higham, T.E.; Gamble, T.; Russell, A.P. (2017). "On the origin of frictional adhesion in geckos: small morphological changes lead to a major biomechanical transition in the genus Gonatodes". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 120 (3): 503–517. doi:10.1111/bij.12897. ^ Russell, A.P.; Baskerville, J.; Gamble, T.; Higham, T. (November 2015). "The evolution of digit form in Gonatodes (Gekkota: Sphaerodactylidae) and its bearing on the transition from frictional to adhesive contact in gekkotans". Journal of Morphology. 276 (11): 1311–1332. doi:10.1002/jmor.20420. PMID 26248497. S2CID 20296012. ^ Green, DW; Lee, KK; Watson, JA; Kim, HY; Yoon, KS; Kim, EJ; Lee, JM; Watson, GS; Jung, HS (25 January 2017). "High quality bioreplication of intricate nanostructures from a fragile Gecko skin surface with bactericidal properties". Scientific Reports. 7: 41023. Bibcode:2017NatSR...741023G. doi:10.1038/srep41023. PMC 5264400. PMID 28120867. ^ Watson, Gregory S.; Green, David W.; Schwarzkopf, Lin; Li, Xin; Cribb, Bronwen W.; Myhra, Sverre; Watson, Jolanta A. (2015). "A gecko skin micro/Nano structure – A low adhesion, superhydrophobic, anti-wetting, self-cleaning, biocompatible, antibacterial surface". Acta Biomaterialia. 21: 109–122. doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2015.03.007. PMID 25772496. ^ Pianka, Eric R. (2006). Lizards: Windows to the Evolution of Diversity. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. pp. 247. ISBN 0-520-24847-3. ^ "Mechanism of Tooth Replacement in Leopard Geckos – Developmental Biology Interactive". Archived from the original on 2015-03-12. ^ Gregory R. Handrigan; Kelvin J. Leung; Joy M. Richman (2010). "Identification of putative dental epithelial stem cells in a lizard with life-long tooth replacement". Development. 137 (21): 3545–3549. doi:10.1242/dev.052415. PMID 20876646. ^ Han, D.; Zhou, K.; Bauer, A.M. (2004). "Phylogenetic relationships among gekkotan lizards inferred from c-mos nuclear DNA sequences and a new classification of the Gekkota". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 83 (3): 353–368. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2004.00393.x. ^ Gamble, T.; Bauer, A.M.; Greenbaum, E.; Jackman, T.R. (July 2008). "Out of the blue: A novel, trans-Atlantic clade of geckos (Gekkota, Squamata)". Zoologica Scripta. 37 (4): 355–366. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2008.00330.x. S2CID 83706826. Archived from the original on 2023-11-01. Retrieved 2023-08-18. ^ Gamble, Tony; Bauer, Aaron M.; Greenbaum, Eli; Jackman, Todd R. (21 August 2007). "Evidence for Gondwanan vicariance in an ancient clade of gecko lizards". Journal of Biogeography. 35: 88–104. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2007.01770.x. S2CID 29974883. Archived from the original on 6 May 2020. Retrieved 30 September 2020. ^ Gamble, T.; Bauer, A.M.; Colli, G.R.; Greenbaum, E.; Jackman, T.R.; Vitt, L.J.; Simons, A.M. (February 2011). "Coming to America: Multiple Origins of New World Geckos". Journal of Evolutionary Biology. 24 (2): 231–244. doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2010.02184.x. PMC 3075428. PMID 21126276. ^ Gamble, Tony; Greenbaum, Eli; Jackman, Todd R.; Russell, Anthony P.; Bauer, Aaron M. (June 27, 2012). "Repeated Origin and Loss of Adhesive Toepads in Geckos". PLOS ONE. 7 (6): e39429. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...739429G. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0039429. PMC 3384654. PMID 22761794. ^ Myers, P.; R. Espinosa; C. S. Parr; T. Jones; G. S. Hammond; T. A. Dewey (2008). "Infraorder GekkotaInfraorder Gekkota (blind lizards, geckos, and legless lizards)". The Animal Diversity Web (online). Archived from the original on 2009-05-13. Retrieved 2009-04-04. ^ Townsend, Ted M.; Larson, Allan; Louis, Edward; Macey, J. Robert (1 October 2004). "Molecular Phylogenetics of Squamata: The Position of Snakes, Amphisbaenians, and Dibamids, and the Root of the Squamate Tree". Systematic Biology. 53 (5): 735–757. doi:10.1080/10635150490522340. PMID 15545252. ^ Vidal, Nicolas; Hedges, S. Blair (October 2005). "The phylogeny of squamate reptiles (lizards, snakes, and amphisbaenians) inferred from nine nuclear protein-coding genes". Comptes Rendus Biologies. 328 (10–11): 1000–1008. doi:10.1016/j.crvi.2005.10.001. PMID 16286089. ^ Tałanda, Mateusz (September 2018). Benson, Roger (ed.). "An exceptionally preserved Jurassic skink suggests lizard diversification preceded fragmentation of Pangaea". Palaeontology. 61 (5): 659–677. Bibcode:2018Palgy..61..659T. doi:10.1111/pala.12358. S2CID 134878128. Archived from the original on 2022-06-17. Retrieved 2022-06-17. ^ Arnold, E.N. & Poinar, G. (2008). "A 100 million year old gecko with sophisticated adhesive toe pads, preserved in amber from Myanmar (abstract)" (PDF). Zootaxa. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 23, 2021. Retrieved August 12, 2009. ^ Fontanarrosa, Gabriela; Daza, Juan D.; Abdala, Virginia (April 2018). "Cretaceous fossil gecko hand reveals a strikingly modern scansorial morphology: Qualitative and biometric analysis of an amber-preserved lizard hand". Cretaceous Research. 84: 120–133. Bibcode:2018CrRes..84..120F. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2017.11.003. hdl:11336/64819. ISSN 0195-6671. ^ Bauer, A M (2019-07-01). "Gecko Adhesion in Space and Time: A Phylogenetic Perspective on the Scansorial Success Story". Integrative and Comparative Biology. 59 (1): 117–130. doi:10.1093/icb/icz020. ISSN 1540-7063. PMID 30938766. ^ "THE REPTILE DATABASE". www.reptile-database.org. Archived from the original on 2021-10-29. Retrieved 2016-09-20. ^ Gamble, Tony; Coryell, J.; Ezaz, T.; Lynch, J.; Scantlebury, D.; Zarkower, D. (2015). "Restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (RAD-seq) reveals an extraordinary number of transitions among gecko sex-determining systems". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 32 (5): 1296–1309. doi:10.1093/molbev/msv023. PMID 25657328. ^ Fry, Courtney; Roycroft, Carl. "Phelsuma madagascariensis (Madagascar Day Gecko)". Animal Diversity Web. Archived from the original on 2023-10-01. Retrieved 2024-02-07. ^ a b Dedukh, Dmitrij; Altmanová, Marie; Klíma, Jiří; Kratochvíl, Lukáš (2022-04-01). "Premeiotic endoreplication is essential for obligate parthenogenesis in geckos". Development. 149 (7): dev200345. doi:10.1242/dev.200345. ISSN 1477-9129. PMID 35388415. S2CID 248001402. Further reading Forbes, Peter (4th Estate, London 2005) The Gecko's Foot—Bio Inspiration: Engineered from Nature ISBN 0-00-717990-1 in H/B Zug, George. Speciation and Dispersal in a Low Diversity Taxon: The Slender Geckos Hemiphyllodactylus (Reptilia, Gekkonidae). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, no. 631. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press, 2010. Gamble, T.; Greenbaum, E.; Jackman, T.R.; Russell, A.P.; Bauer, A.M. (2012). "Repeated origin and loss of adhesive toepads in geckos". PLOS ONE. 7 (6): e39429. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...739429G. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0039429. PMC 3384654. PMID 22761794. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gekkonidae. Wikispecies has information related to Gecko. Look up gecko in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Gecko gallery and information How Geckos Stick to Walls Comprehensive gecko care information Global gecko association site with pictures, caresheets, species list Gecko anatomy picture The Gecko's Foot Artificial gecko feet for a Spiderman suit (BBC 2007-08-28) Gecko Time Online Gecko Magazine vteSquamata families Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Reptilia Order: Squamata Dibamia Dibamidae Gekkota Gekkonidae Carphodactylidae Diplodactylidae Eublepharidae Phyllodactylidae Pygopodidae Sphaerodactylidae Scincoidea Cordylidae Gerrhosauridae Scincidae Xantusiidae Laterata / Lacertoidea Lacertidae Gymnophthalmoidea Alopoglossidae Gymnophthalmidae Teiidae Amphisbaenia Amphisbaenidae Bipedidae Blanidae Cadeidae Rhineuridae Trogonophidae Anguimorpha Shinisauridae Lanthanotidae Varanidae Helodermatidae Xenosauridae Anguidae Anniellidae Diploglossidae Iguania Agamidae Chamaeleonidae Corytophanidae Crotaphytidae Dactyloidae Hoplocercidae Iguanidae Leiocephalidae Leiosauridae Liolaemidae Opluridae Phrynosomatidae Polychrotidae Tropiduridae SerpentesScolecophidia Anomalepididae Gerrhopilidae Leptotyphlopidae Typhlopidae Xenotyphlopidae Alethinophidia Acrochordidae Aniliidae Anomochilidae Atractaspididae Boidae Bolyeriidae Colubridae Cylindrophiidae Elapidae Loxocemidae Pythonidae Tropidophiidae Uropeltidae Viperidae Xenopeltidae Taxon identifiersGekkota Wikidata: Q1008888 Wikispecies: Gekkota AFD: Gekkota CoL: 87BW6 EoL: 2819161 iNaturalist: 371057 ITIS: 564528 NCBI: 8560 NZOR: ce4b96cb-960f-4f16-8c48-36916207d53d Paleobiology Database: 92743	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gecko (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gecko_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"lizards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizard"},{"link_name":"Antarctica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctica"},{"link_name":"infraorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infraorder#Hierarchy_of_ranks"},{"link_name":"climates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate"},{"link_name":"centimetres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centimetre"},{"link_name":"inches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inch"},{"link_name":"vocalisations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_communication"},{"link_name":"Gekkonidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gekkonidae"},{"link_name":"Tokay geckos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokay_gecko"},{"link_name":"mating calls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mating_call"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Eublepharidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eublepharidae"},{"link_name":"transparent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparency_and_translucency"},{"link_name":"brille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brille"},{"link_name":"lens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_(anatomy)"},{"link_name":"iris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iris_(anatomy)"},{"link_name":"blink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blink"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Badger_Lizards-3"},{"link_name":"nocturnal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nocturnal"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Into_the_light:_Diurnality_has_evol-4"},{"link_name":"night vision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_vision"},{"link_name":"colour vision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colour_vision"},{"link_name":"human eyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_eye"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Roth_Pupils-5"},{"link_name":"diurnal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diurnality"},{"link_name":"rod cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod_cell"},{"link_name":"cone cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cone_cell"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Into_the_light:_Diurnality_has_evol-4"},{"link_name":"house gecko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemidactylus"},{"link_name":"insect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect"},{"link_name":"pests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pest_(organism)"},{"link_name":"moths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moth"},{"link_name":"mosquitoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosquito"},{"link_name":"autotomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autotomy"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Gigarcanum delcourti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigarcanum_delcourti"},{"link_name":"Natural History Museum of Marseille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%C3%A9um_d%27histoire_naturelle_de_Marseille"},{"link_name":"Marseille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseille"},{"link_name":"millimetres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millimetre"},{"link_name":"inches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inch"},{"link_name":"endemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemic"},{"link_name":"New Caledonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Caledonia"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-9"},{"link_name":"Jaragua sphaero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphaerodactylus_ariasae"},{"link_name":"Hispaniola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispaniola"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Piper-10"}],"text":"Lizard belonging to the infraorder GekkotaThis article is about the type of reptile. For other uses, see Gecko (disambiguation).Geckos are small, mostly carnivorous lizards that have a wide distribution, found on every continent except Antarctica. Belonging to the infraorder Gekkota, geckos are found in warm climates throughout the world. They range from 1.6 to 60 centimetres (0.6 to 23.6 inches).Geckos are unique among lizards for their vocalisations, which differ from species to species. Most geckos in the family Gekkonidae use chirping or clicking sounds in their social interactions. Tokay geckos (Gekko gecko) are known for their loud mating calls, and some other species are capable of making hissing noises when alarmed or threatened. They are the most species-rich group of lizards, with about 1,500 different species worldwide.[2]All geckos, except species in the family Eublepharidae lack eyelids; instead, the outer surface of the eyeball has a transparent membrane, the brille. They have a fixed lens within each iris that enlarges in darkness to let in more light. Since they cannot blink, species without eyelids generally lick their own brilles when they need to clear them of dust and dirt, in order to keep them clean and moist.[3]Unlike most lizards, geckos are usually nocturnal[4] and have excellent night vision; their colour vision in low light is 350 times more sensitive than human eyes.[5] The nocturnal geckos evolved from diurnal species, which had lost the rod cells from their eyes. The gecko eye, therefore, modified its cone cells that increased in size into different types, both single and double. Three different photo-pigments have been retained, and are sensitive to ultraviolet, blue, and green. They also use a multifocal optical system that allows them to generate a sharp image for at least two different depths.[6][7] While most gecko species are nocturnal, some species are diurnal and active during the day, which have evolved multiple times independently.[4]Many species are well known for their specialised toe pads, which enable them to grab and climb onto smooth and vertical surfaces, and even cross indoor ceilings with ease. Geckos are well known to people who live in warm regions of the world, where several species make their home inside human habitations. These, for example the house gecko, become part of the indoor menagerie and are often welcomed, as they feed on insect pests; including moths and mosquitoes. Like most lizards, geckos can lose their tails in defence, a process called autotomy; the predator may attack the wriggling tail, allowing the gecko to escape.[8]The largest species, Gigarcanum delcourti, is only known from a single, stuffed specimen probably collected in the 19th century found in the basement of the Natural History Museum of Marseille in Marseille, France. This gecko was 600 millimetres (24 inches) long, and it was likely endemic to New Caledonia, where it lived in native forests.[9] The smallest gecko, the Jaragua sphaero, is a mere 16 millimetres (0.63 inches) long, and was discovered in 2001 on a small island off the coast of Hispaniola.[10]","title":"Gecko"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Neo-Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Latin"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"Indonesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language"},{"link_name":"Malaysian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_language"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OED-11"},{"link_name":"Malay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_language"},{"link_name":"Javanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanese_language"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wilkinson-12"},{"link_name":"imitates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onomatopoeia"},{"link_name":"Tokay gecko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokay_gecko"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OED-11"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"The Neo-Latin gekko and English 'gecko' stem from Indonesian-Malaysian gēkoq,[11] it is a Malay word borrowed from Javanese,[12] from tokek, which imitates the sounds that some species like Tokay gecko make.[11][13]: 120 [14]: 253","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ectothermic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ectotherm"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nzetc.victoria.ac.nz-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nzetc.victoria.ac.nz-15"}],"text":"Like other reptiles, geckos are ectothermic,[15] producing very little metabolic heat. Essentially, a gecko's body temperature is dependent on its environment. Also, to accomplish their main functions; such as locomotion, feeding, reproduction, etc., geckos must have a relatively elevated temperature.[15]","title":"Common traits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leopard geckos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopard_gecko"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Shedding or molting","text":"Video of leopard gecko shedding skinAll geckos shed their skin at fairly regular intervals, with species differing in timing and method. Leopard geckos shed at about two- to four-week intervals. The presence of moisture aids in the shedding. When shedding begins, the gecko speeds the process by detaching the loose skin from its body and eating it.[16] For young geckos, shedding occurs more frequently, once a week, but when they are fully grown, they shed once every one to two months.[17]","title":"Common traits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Synthetic setae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic_setae"},{"link_name":"Gecko feet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gecko_feet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gecko_foot_on_glass.JPG"},{"link_name":"adhere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adhesion"},{"link_name":"surface tension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_tension"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-plosone.org-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-plosone.org-18"},{"link_name":"setae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seta"},{"link_name":"lamellae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamella_(anatomy)"},{"link_name":"van der Waals' forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_der_Waals%27_force"},{"link_name":"β-keratin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-keratin"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Santos2007-20"},{"link_name":"synthetic setae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic_setae"},{"link_name":"International Space Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Space_Station"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Puthoff-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Prowse-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RSI-2014-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hansen-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SpatulaeNature-26"},{"link_name":"Polytetrafluoroethylene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytetrafluoroethylene"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Puthoff-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Prowse-22"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Huber,_G.,_et_al._2005_16293%E2%80%936-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chen,_B._2010_1%E2%80%939-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Loskill,_P._20120587-30"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Puthoff-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Prowse-22"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Huber,_G.,_et_al._2005_16293%E2%80%936-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chen,_B._2010_1%E2%80%939-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Loskill,_P._20120587-30"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Puthoff-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Prowse-22"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Huber,_G.,_et_al._2005_16293%E2%80%936-28"},{"link_name":"double-jointed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_jointed"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Russell,_A.P._1975-31"},{"link_name":"Scotch Tape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotch_Tape"},{"link_name":"surface roughness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_roughness"},{"link_name":"μm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrometer_(unit)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hansen-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hansen-24"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Autumn-32"},{"link_name":"gram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram"},{"link_name":"ounce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ounce"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Autumn_SciAmer-34"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Huber,_G.,_et_al._2005_16293%E2%80%936-28"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lee-35"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Loskill,_P._20120587-30"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"setae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seta"},{"link_name":"phospholipids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phospholipids"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hsu_Phospholipids-37"},{"link_name":"Gonatodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonatodes"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Higham,_T.E._2016-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Biomimetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomimetic"},{"link_name":"mimic gecko adhesion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic_setae"}],"sub_title":"Adhesion ability","text":"See also: Synthetic setae and Gecko feetClose-up of the underside of a gecko's foot as it walks on vertical glassAbout 60% of gecko species have adhesive toe pads which allow them to adhere to most surfaces without the use of liquids or surface tension. Such pads have been gained and lost repeatedly over the course of gecko evolution.[18] Adhesive toepads evolved independently in about eleven different gecko lineages, and were lost in at least nine lineages.[18]It was previously thought that the spatula-shaped setae arranged in lamellae on gecko footpads enable attractive van der Waals' forces (the weakest of the weak chemical forces) between the β-keratin lamellae / setae / spatulae structures and the surface.[19][20] These van der Waals interactions involve no fluids; in theory, a boot made of synthetic setae would adhere as easily to the surface of the International Space Station as it would to a living-room wall, although adhesion varies with humidity.[21][22] However, a 2014 study suggests that gecko adhesion is in fact mainly determined by electrostatic interaction (caused by contact electrification), not van der Waals or capillary forces.[23]The setae on the feet of geckos are also self-cleaning, and usually remove any clogging dirt within a few steps.[24][25][26] Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), which has very low surface energy,[27] is more difficult for geckos to adhere to than many other surfaces.Gecko adhesion is typically improved by higher humidity,[21][22][28][29][30] even on hydrophobic surfaces, yet is reduced under conditions of complete immersion in water. The role of water in that system is under discussion, yet recent experiments agree that the presence of molecular water layers (water molecules carry a very large dipole moment) on the setae, as well as on the surface, increase the surface energy of both, therefore the energy gain in getting these surfaces in contact is enlarged, which results in an increased gecko adhesion force.[21][22][28][29][30] Moreover, the elastic properties of the b-keratin change with water uptake.[21][22][28]Gecko toes seem to be double-jointed, but this is a misnomer, and is properly called digital hyperextension.[31] Gecko toes can hyperextend in the opposite direction from human fingers and toes. This allows them to overcome the van der Waals force by peeling their toes off surfaces from the tips inward. In essence, by this peeling action, the gecko separates spatula by spatula from the surface, so for each spatula separation, only some force necessary. (The process is similar to removing Scotch Tape from a surface.)Geckos' toes operate well below their full attractive capabilities most of the time, because the margin for error is great depending upon the surface roughness, and therefore the number of setae in contact with that surface.Use of small van der Waals force requires very large surface areas; every square millimetre of a gecko's footpad contains about 14,000 hair-like setae. Each seta has a diameter of 5 μm. Human hair varies from 18 to 180 μm, so the cross-sectional area of a human hair is equivalent to 12 to 1300 setae. Each seta is in turn tipped with between 100 and 1,000 spatulae.[24] Each spatula is 0.2 μm long[24] (one five-millionth of a metre), or just below the wavelength of visible light.[32]The setae of a typical mature 70-gram (2.5-ounce) gecko would be capable of supporting a weight of 133 kilograms (293 pounds):[33][34] each spatula could exert an adhesive force of 5 to 25 nN.[28][35] The exact value of the adhesion force of a spatula varies with the surface energy of the substrate to which it adheres. Recent studies[30][36] have moreover shown that the component of the surface energy derived from long-range forces, such as van der Waals forces, depends on the material's structure below the outermost atomic layers (up to 100 nm beneath the surface); taking that into account, the adhesive strength can be inferred.Apart from the setae, phospholipids; fatty substances produced naturally in their bodies, also come into play.[37] These lipids lubricate the setae and allow the gecko to detach its foot before the next step.The origin of gecko adhesion likely started as simple modifications to the epidermis on the underside of the toes. This was recently discovered in the genus Gonatodes from South America.[38][39] Simple elaborations of the epidermal spinules into setae have enabled Gonatodes humeralis to climb smooth surfaces and sleep on smooth leaves.Biomimetic technologies designed to mimic gecko adhesion could produce reusable self-cleaning dry adhesives with many applications. Development effort is being put into these technologies, but manufacturing synthetic setae is not a trivial material design task.","title":"Common traits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"superhydrophobicity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrahydrophobicity"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"gram-negative bacteria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram-negative_bacteria"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"mossy leaf-tailed gecko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uroplatus_sikorae"},{"link_name":"camouflage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camouflage"},{"link_name":"tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree"},{"link_name":"lichens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichen"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"text":"Gecko skin does not generally bear scales, but appears at a macro scale as a papillose surface, which is made from hair-like protuberances developed across the entire body. These confer superhydrophobicity, and the unique design of the hair confers a profound antimicrobial action. These protuberances are very small, up to 4 microns in length, and tapering to a point.[40] Gecko skin has been observed to have an anti-bacterial property, killing gram-negative bacteria when they come in contact with the skin.[41]The mossy leaf-tailed gecko of Madagascar, U. sikorae, has coloration developed as camouflage, most being greyish brown to black, or greenish brown, with various markings meant to resemble tree bark; down to the lichens and moss found on the bark. It also has flaps of skin, running the length of its body, head and limbs, known as the dermal flap, which it can lay against the tree during the day, scattering shadows, and making its outline practically invisible.[42]","title":"Skin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"polyphyodonts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphyodont"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"odontogenic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_tooth_development"},{"link_name":"stem cell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem_cell"},{"link_name":"dental lamina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_lamina"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"pleurodont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleurodont"},{"link_name":"Squamata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squamata"}],"text":"Geckos are polyphyodonts, and able to replace each of their 100 teeth every 3 to 4 months.[43] Next to the full grown tooth there is a small replacement tooth developing from the odontogenic stem cell in the dental lamina.[44] The formation of the teeth is pleurodont; they are fused (ankylosed) by their sides to the inner surface of the jaw bones.\nThis formation is common in all species in the order Squamata.","title":"Teeth"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LizardFemoralPoresRooij.png"},{"link_name":"infraorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infraorder"},{"link_name":"Gekkota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gekkota"},{"link_name":"genera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-plosone.org-18"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gamble_Gondwana-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Into_the_light:_Diurnality_has_evol-4"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Carphodactylidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carphodactylidae"},{"link_name":"Diplodactylidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplodactylidae"},{"link_name":"Eublepharidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eublepharidae"},{"link_name":"Gekkonidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gekkonidae"},{"link_name":"Phyllodactylidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyllodactylidae"},{"link_name":"Pygopodidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pygopodidae"},{"link_name":"Sphaerodactylidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphaerodactylidae"},{"link_name":"Dibamidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibamidae"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Diplodactylidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplodactylidae"},{"link_name":"Carphodactylidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carphodactylidae"},{"link_name":"Pygopodidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pygopodidae"},{"link_name":"Eublepharidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eublepharidae"},{"link_name":"Sphaerodactylidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphaerodactylidae"},{"link_name":"Phyllodactylidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyllodactylidae"},{"link_name":"Gekkonidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gekkonidae"}],"text":"Pores on the skin are often used in classification.The infraorder Gekkota is divided into seven families, containing about 125 genera of geckos, including the snake-like (legless) pygopods.[18][45][46][47][48][4][49]Family Carphodactylidae\nFamily Diplodactylidae\nFamily Eublepharidae\nFamily Gekkonidae\nFamily Phyllodactylidae\nFamily Pygopodidae\nFamily SphaerodactylidaeLegless lizards of the family Dibamidae, also referred to as blind lizards,[50] have occasionally been counted as gekkotans, but recent molecular phylogenies suggest otherwise.[51][52]Gekkota\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDiplodactylidae\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCarphodactylidae\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nPygopodidae\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nEublepharidae\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSphaerodactylidae\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nPhyllodactylidae\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nGekkonidae","title":"Taxonomy and classification"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eichstaettisaurus_schroederi_398858_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Eichstaettisaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eichstaettisaurus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Deutsches_Bernsteinmuseum_04_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Yantarogekko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yantarogekko"},{"link_name":"Eichstaettisaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eichstaettisaurus"},{"link_name":"Norellius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norellius"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Burmese amber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmese_amber"},{"link_name":"Cretaceogekko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretaceogekko"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"}],"sub_title":"Evolutionary history","text":"Skeleton of Eichstaettisaurus, thought to be an early member of the gecko lineageFossil of Yantarogekko preserved in Baltic amberSeveral species of lizard from the Late Jurassic have been considered early relatives of geckos, the most prominent and most well supported being the arboreal Eichstaettisaurus from the Late Jurassic of Germany. Norellius from the Early Cretaceous of Mongolia is also usually placed as a close relative of geckos.[53] The oldest known fossils of modern geckos are from the mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber of Myanmar (including Cretaceogekko), around 100 million years old, which have adhesive pads on the feet similar to those of living geckos.[54][55][56]","title":"Taxonomy and classification"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mediterranean_house_gecko.JPG"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean house gecko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_house_gecko"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Coleonyx variegatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coleonyx_variegatus"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Cyrtopodion brachykolon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrtopodion_brachykolon"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"leopard gecko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopard_gecko"},{"link_name":"vivarium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivarium"},{"link_name":"Gehyra mutilata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gehyra_mutilata"},{"link_name":"Tokay gecko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokay_gecko"},{"link_name":"Southeast Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asia"},{"link_name":"Hemidactylus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemidactylus"},{"link_name":"common house gecko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_house_gecko"},{"link_name":"Indo-Pacific gecko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pacific_gecko"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)"},{"link_name":"Hemidactylus mabouia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemidactylus_mabouia"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean house gecko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_house_gecko"},{"link_name":"introduced species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduced_species"},{"link_name":"mourning gecko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepidodactylus_lugubris"},{"link_name":"Pachydactylus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachydactylus"},{"link_name":"Bibron's gecko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibron%27s_gecko"},{"link_name":"arboreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arboreal_locomotion"},{"link_name":"gold dust day gecko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_dust_day_gecko"},{"link_name":"Madagascar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar"},{"link_name":"Comoros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comoros"},{"link_name":"Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_Islands"},{"link_name":"Ptychozoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptychozoon"},{"link_name":"Rhacodactylus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhacodactylus"},{"link_name":"New Caledonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Caledonia"},{"link_name":"Rhacodactylus ciliatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Caledonian_Crested_Gecko"},{"link_name":"Rhacodactylus leachianus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhacodactylus_leachianus"},{"link_name":"Sphaerodactylus ariasae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphaerodactylus_ariasae"},{"link_name":"Tarentola mauritanica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarentola_mauritanica"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea"},{"link_name":"Iberian Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"northern Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Africa"},{"link_name":"crocodile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocodile"}],"text":"Mediterranean house geckoMore than 1,850 species of geckos occur worldwide,[57] including these familiar species:Coleonyx variegatus, the western banded gecko, is native to the southwestern United States and northwest Mexico.\nCyrtopodion brachykolon, the bent-toed gecko, is found in northwestern Pakistan; it was first described in 2007.\nEublepharis macularius, the leopard gecko, is the most common gecko kept as a pet; it does not have adhesive toe pads and cannot climb the glass of a vivarium.\nGehyra mutilata (Pteropus mutilatus), the stump-toed gecko, is able to vary its color from very light to very dark to camouflage itself; this gecko is at home in the wild, as well as in residential areas.\nGekko gecko, the Tokay gecko, is a large, common, Southeast Asian gecko known for its aggressive temperament, loud mating calls, and bright markings.\nHemidactylus is genus of geckos with many varieties.\nHemidactylus frenatus, the common house gecko, thrives around people and human habitation structures in the tropics and subtropics worldwide.\nHemidactylus garnotii, the Indo-Pacific gecko, is found in houses throughout the tropics, and has become an invasive species of concern in Florida and Georgia in the US.\nHemidactylus mabouia, the tropical house gecko, Afro-American house gecko, or cosmopolitan house gecko, is a species of house gecko native to sub-Saharan Africa and also currently found in North, Central, and South America and the Caribbean.\nHemidactylus turcicus, the Mediterranean house gecko, is frequently found in and around buildings, and is an introduced species in the US.\nLepidodactylus lugubris, the mourning gecko, is originally an East Asian and Pacific species; it is equally at home in the wild and residential neighborhoods.\nPachydactylus bibroni, Bibron's gecko, is native to southern Africa; this hardy arboreal gecko is considered a household pest.\nPhelsuma laticauda, the gold dust day gecko, is diurnal; it lives in northern Madagascar and on the Comoros. It is also an introduced species in Hawaii.\nPtychozoon is a genus of arboreal geckos from Southeast Asia also known as flying or parachute geckos; they have wing-like flaps from the neck to the upper leg to help them conceal themselves on trees and provide lift while jumping.\nRhacodactylus is genus of geckos native to New Caledonia.\nRhacodactylus ciliatus (now assigned to the genus Correlophus), the crested gecko, was believed extinct until rediscovered in 1994, and is gaining popularity as a pet.\nRhacodactylus leachianus, the New Caledonian giant gecko, was first described by Cuvier in 1829; it is the largest living species of gecko.\nSphaerodactylus ariasae, the dwarf gecko, is native to the Caribbean Islands; it is the world's smallest lizard.\nTarentola mauritanica, the crocodile or Moorish gecko, is commonly found in the Mediterranean region from the Iberian Peninsula and southern France to Greece and northern Africa; their most distinguishing characteristics are their pointed heads, spiked skin, and tails resembling those of a crocodile.","title":"Species"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Parthenogenesis in squamata § Lizards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthenogenesis_in_squamata#Lizards"},{"link_name":"reproduce asexually","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asexual_reproduction"},{"link_name":"parthenogenesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthenogenesis"},{"link_name":"temperature-dependent sex determination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature-dependent_sex_determination"},{"link_name":"sex chromosomes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_chromosome"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"parthenogenesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthenogenesis"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dedukh2022-60"},{"link_name":"oocytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oocyte"},{"link_name":"meiosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiosis"},{"link_name":"chromosomes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dedukh2022-60"},{"link_name":"bivalents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bivalent_(genetics)"}],"text":"See also: Parthenogenesis in squamata § LizardsMost geckos lay a small clutch of eggs. Some are live-bearing, and a few can reproduce asexually via parthenogenesis. Geckos also have a large diversity of sex-determining mechanisms, including temperature-dependent sex determination and both XX/XY and ZZ/ZW sex chromosomes with multiple transitions among them over evolutionary time.[58]\nMadagascar day geckos engage in a mating ritual in which sexually mature males produce a waxy substance from pores on the back of their legs. Males approach females with a head swaying motion along with rapid tongue flicking in the female.[59]Obligate parthenogenesis as a reproductive system has evolved multiple times in the family Gekkonidae.[60] It has been shown that oocytes are able to undergo meiosis in three different obligate parthenogenetic complexes of geckos. An extra premeiotic endoreplication of chromosomes is essential for obligate parthenogenesis in these geckos.[60] Appropriate segregation during meiosis to form viable progeny is facilitated by the formation of bivalents made from copies of identical chromosomes.","title":"Reproduction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-00-717990-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-717990-1"},{"link_name":"Speciation and Dispersal in a Low Diversity Taxon: The Slender Geckos Hemiphyllodactylus (Reptilia, Gekkonidae)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.sil.si.edu/smithsoniancontributions/Zoology/sc_RecordSingle.cfm?filename=SCtZ-0631"},{"link_name":"\"Repeated origin and loss of adhesive toepads in geckos\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3384654"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2012PLoSO...739429G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PLoSO...739429G"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1371/journal.pone.0039429","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0039429"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3384654","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3384654"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"22761794","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22761794"}],"text":"Forbes, Peter (4th Estate, London 2005) The Gecko's Foot—Bio Inspiration: Engineered from Nature ISBN 0-00-717990-1 in H/B\nZug, George. Speciation and Dispersal in a Low Diversity Taxon: The Slender Geckos Hemiphyllodactylus (Reptilia, Gekkonidae). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, no. 631. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press, 2010.\nGamble, T.; Greenbaum, E.; Jackman, T.R.; Russell, A.P.; Bauer, A.M. (2012). \"Repeated origin and loss of adhesive toepads in geckos\". PLOS ONE. 7 (6): e39429. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...739429G. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0039429. PMC 3384654. PMID 22761794.","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Video of leopard gecko shedding skin"},{"image_text":"Close-up of the underside of a gecko's foot as it walks on vertical glass","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Gecko_foot_on_glass.JPG/220px-Gecko_foot_on_glass.JPG"},{"image_text":"Pores on the skin are often used in classification.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/LizardFemoralPoresRooij.png/220px-LizardFemoralPoresRooij.png"},{"image_text":"Skeleton of Eichstaettisaurus, thought to be an early member of the gecko lineage","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Eichstaettisaurus_schroederi_398858_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Eichstaettisaurus_schroederi_398858_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Fossil of Yantarogekko preserved in Baltic amber","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Deutsches_Bernsteinmuseum_04_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Deutsches_Bernsteinmuseum_04_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mediterranean house gecko","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Mediterranean_house_gecko.JPG/220px-Mediterranean_house_gecko.JPG"}]	null	[{"reference":"Villa, Andrea; Wings, Oliver; Rabi, Márton (2022). Angielczyk, Kenneth (ed.). \"A new gecko (Squamata, Gekkota) from the Eocene of Geiseltal (Germany) implies long-term persistence of European Sphaerodactylidae\" (PDF). Papers in Palaeontology. 8 (3). Bibcode:2022PPal....8E1434V. doi:10.1002/spp2.1434. ISSN 2056-2799. S2CID 249358350.","urls":[{"url":"https://ddd.uab.cat/pub/artpub/2022/259562/pappal_a2022v8n3ae1434.pdf","url_text":"\"A new gecko (Squamata, Gekkota) from the Eocene of Geiseltal (Germany) implies long-term persistence of European Sphaerodactylidae\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022PPal....8E1434V","url_text":"2022PPal....8E1434V"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fspp2.1434","url_text":"10.1002/spp2.1434"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2056-2799","url_text":"2056-2799"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:249358350","url_text":"249358350"}]},{"reference":"\"Search results – gecko\". Reptile-Database.Reptarium.cz. The Reptile Database. Archived from the original on 2020-11-27. Retrieved 2022-02-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/advanced_search?taxon=gecko&submit=Search","url_text":"\"Search results – gecko\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201127120136/https://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/advanced_search?taxon=gecko&submit=Search","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Badger, David (2006). Lizards: a Natural History of Some Uncommon Creatures. St. Paul, MN: Voyageur Press. p. 47. ISBN 978-0760325797.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0760325797","url_text":"978-0760325797"}]},{"reference":"Gamble, T.; Greenbaum, E.; Jackman, T.R.; Bauer, A.M. (August 2015). \"Into the light: Diurnality has evolved multiple times in geckos\". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 115 (4): 896–910. doi:10.1111/bij.12536.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fbij.12536","url_text":"\"Into the light: Diurnality has evolved multiple times in geckos\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_Journal_of_the_Linnean_Society","url_text":"Biological Journal of the Linnean Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fbij.12536","url_text":"10.1111/bij.12536"}]},{"reference":"Roth, L.S.V.; Lundstrom, L.; Kelber, A.; Kroger, R.H.H.; Unsbo, P. (1 March 2009). \"The pupils and optical systems of gecko eyes\". Journal of Vision. 9 (3): 27.1–11. doi:10.1167/9.3.27. PMID 19757966.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1167%2F9.3.27","url_text":"\"The pupils and optical systems of gecko eyes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Vision","url_text":"Journal of Vision"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1167%2F9.3.27","url_text":"10.1167/9.3.27"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19757966","url_text":"19757966"}]},{"reference":"Roth, Lina S. V.; Lundström, Linda; Kelber, Almut; Kröger, Ronald H. H.; Unsbo, Peter (1 March 2009). \"The pupils and optical systems of gecko eyes\". Journal of Vision. 9 (3): 27.1–11. doi:10.1167/9.3.27. PMID 19757966.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1167%2F9.3.27","url_text":"\"The pupils and optical systems of gecko eyes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Vision","url_text":"Journal of Vision"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1167%2F9.3.27","url_text":"10.1167/9.3.27"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19757966","url_text":"19757966"}]},{"reference":"\"Gecko-inspired multifocal contact lenses, cameras on the anvil\". News.OneIndia.in. 8 May 2009. Archived from the original on 28 March 2017. Retrieved 1 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.oneindia.in/2009/05/08/geckoinspired-multifocal-contact-lenses-cameras-on-theanv.html","url_text":"\"Gecko-inspired multifocal contact lenses, cameras on the anvil\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170328200444/http://news.oneindia.in/2009/05/08/geckoinspired-multifocal-contact-lenses-cameras-on-theanv.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Mihai, Andrei (9 September 2009). \"Gecko tail has a mind of its own\". www.ZMEScience.com. ZME Science. Archived from the original on 30 November 2009. Retrieved 1 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.zmescience.com/medicine/gecko-tail-has-a-mind-of-its-own/","url_text":"\"Gecko tail has a mind of its own\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091130081608/http://www.zmescience.com/medicine/gecko-tail-has-a-mind-of-its-own/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Heinicke, Matthew P.; Nielsen, Stuart V.; Bauer, Aaron M.; Kelly, Ryan; Geneva, Anthony J.; Daza, Juan D.; Keating, Shannon E.; Gamble, Tony (2023-06-19). \"Reappraising the evolutionary history of the largest known gecko, the presumably extinct Hoplodactylus delcourti, via high-throughput sequencing of archival DNA\". Scientific Reports. 13 (1): 9141. Bibcode:2023NatSR..13.9141H. doi:10.1038/s41598-023-35210-8. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 10279644. PMID 37336900.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10279644","url_text":"\"Reappraising the evolutionary history of the largest known gecko, the presumably extinct Hoplodactylus delcourti, via high-throughput sequencing of archival DNA\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023NatSR..13.9141H","url_text":"2023NatSR..13.9141H"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-023-35210-8","url_text":"10.1038/s41598-023-35210-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2045-2322","url_text":"2045-2322"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10279644","url_text":"10279644"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37336900","url_text":"37336900"}]},{"reference":"Piper, Ross (2007). Extraordinary Animals: an Encyclopedia of Curious and Unusual Animals. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. p. 143. ISBN 978-0313339226.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/extraordinaryani0000pipe","url_text":"Extraordinary Animals: an Encyclopedia of Curious and Unusual Animals"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwood_Press","url_text":"Greenwood Press"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/extraordinaryani0000pipe/page/143","url_text":"143"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313339226","url_text":"978-0313339226"}]},{"reference":"\"gecko\". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. Retrieved 7 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/77283","url_text":"\"gecko\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary","url_text":"Oxford English Dictionary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"}]},{"reference":"Wilkinson, Richard James (1932). \"ge'kok\". A Malay-English dictionary (romanised). Vol. I. Mytilene, Greece: Salavopoulos & Kinderlis. p. 337. Archived from the original on 2022-12-10. Retrieved 2022-12-10 – via TROVE, National Library of Australia.","urls":[{"url":"https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-60272771/view?partId=nla.obj-435905740#page/n346/","url_text":"\"ge'kok\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221210165431/https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-60272771/view?partId=nla.obj-435905740#page/n346/","url_text":"Archived"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Library_of_Australia","url_text":"National Library of Australia"}]},{"reference":"Siti Zaleha Mat Diah; Rosli Hashim; Yong Hoi Sen; Daicus Belabut; Syuhadah Dzarawi N.; Lim Boo Liat (2010). \"Preliminary Survey of Lizards of Pantai Melawi, Bachok, Kelantan, Malaysia\". Malaysian Journal of Science. 29 (special issue): 117–120. doi:10.22452/mjs.vol29nosp.13. ISSN 2600-8688. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 11 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://ejournal.um.edu.my/index.php/MJS/article/view/7338","url_text":"\"Preliminary Survey of Lizards of Pantai Melawi, Bachok, Kelantan, Malaysia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.22452%2Fmjs.vol29nosp.13","url_text":"10.22452/mjs.vol29nosp.13"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2600-8688","url_text":"2600-8688"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221210165426/https://ejournal.um.edu.my/index.php/MJS/article/view/7338","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Marcellini, Dale (February 1977). \"Acoustic and Visual Display Behavior of Gekkonid Lizards\". American Zoologist. 17 (1): 251–260. doi:10.1093/icb/17.1.251. Archived from the original on 2023-01-27. Retrieved 2023-01-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://academic.oup.com/icb/article/17/1/251/172256","url_text":"\"Acoustic and Visual Display Behavior of Gekkonid Lizards\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ficb%2F17.1.251","url_text":"10.1093/icb/17.1.251"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230127025130/https://academic.oup.com/icb/article/17/1/251/172256","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Girons, Hubert (August 1980). \"Thermoregulation in Reptiles with Special Reference to the Tuatara and Its Ecophysiology Tuatara\". nzetc.Victoria.ac.nz. Victoria University of Wellington Library. Archived from the original on 30 July 2014. Retrieved 31 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-Bio24Tuat02-t1-body-d2.html","url_text":"\"Thermoregulation in Reptiles with Special Reference to the Tuatara and Its Ecophysiology Tuatara\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_University_of_Wellington","url_text":"Victoria University of Wellington"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140730021654/http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-Bio24Tuat02-t1-body-d2.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"GeckoCare - shedding\". www.GeckoCare.net. Archived from the original on 29 May 2013. Retrieved 19 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130529170233/http://www.geckocare.net/shedding.php","url_text":"\"GeckoCare - shedding\""},{"url":"http://www.geckocare.net/shedding.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Crested geckos shedding\". BuddyGenius.com. Buddy Genius. 5 July 2020. Archived from the original on 16 January 2018. Retrieved 1 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://buddygenius.com/crested-geckos-shed/","url_text":"\"Crested geckos shedding\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180116140204/https://buddygenius.com/crested-geckos-shed/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Gamble, Tony; Greenbaum, Eli; Jackman, Todd R.; Russell, Anthony P.; Bauer, Aaron M. (27 June 2012). \"Repeated Origin and Loss of Adhesive Toepads in Geckos\". PLOS ONE. 7 (6): e39429. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...739429G. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0039429. PMC 3384654. PMID 22761794.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3384654","url_text":"\"Repeated Origin and Loss of Adhesive Toepads in Geckos\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PLoSO...739429G","url_text":"2012PLoSO...739429G"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0039429","url_text":"10.1371/journal.pone.0039429"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3384654","url_text":"3384654"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22761794","url_text":"22761794"}]},{"reference":"\"Scientific image – gecko toe\". www.NISEnet.org. NISE Network. Archived from the original on 2013-05-09. Retrieved 2022-02-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nisenet.org/scientific-images/gecko_toe","url_text":"\"Scientific image – gecko toe\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130509025409/http://www.nisenet.org/scientific-images/gecko_toe","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Santos, Daniel; Spenko, Matthew; Parness, Aaron; Sangbae, Kim; Cutkosky, Mark (2007). \"Directional adhesion for climbing: Theoretical and practical considerations\". Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology. 21 (12–13): 1317–1341. doi:10.1163/156856107782328399. S2CID 53470787. Archived from the original on 2012-01-15. Retrieved 2012-02-04. Gecko \"feet and toes are a hierarchical system of complex structures consisting of lamellae, setae, and spatulae. The distinguishing characteristics of the gecko adhesion system have been described [as] (1) anisotropic attachment, (2) high pulloff force to preload ratio, (3) low detachment force, (4) material independence, (5) self-cleaning, (6) antiself sticking and (7) nonsticky default state. ... The gecko's adhesive structures are made from ß-keratin (modulus of elasticity [about] 2 GPa). Such a stiff material is not inherently sticky; however, because of the gecko adhesive's hierarchical nature and extremely small distal features (spatulae are [about] 200 nm in size), the gecko's foot is able to intimately conform to the surface and generate significant attraction using van der Waals forces.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.brill.nl/journal-adhesion-science-and-technology","url_text":"\"Directional adhesion for climbing: Theoretical and practical considerations\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Journal_of_Adhesion_Science_and_Technology&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1163%2F156856107782328399","url_text":"10.1163/156856107782328399"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53470787","url_text":"53470787"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120115143737/http://www.brill.nl/journal-adhesion-science-and-technology","url_text":"Archived"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_der_Waals_force","url_text":"van der Waals forces"}]},{"reference":"Puthoff, J.B.; Prowse, M.; Wilkinson, M.; Autumn, K. (2010). \"Changes in materials properties explain the effects of humidity on gecko adhesion\". Journal of Experimental Biology. 213 (21): 3699–3704. doi:10.1242/jeb.047654. PMID 20952618.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.047654","url_text":"\"Changes in materials properties explain the effects of humidity on gecko adhesion\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Experimental_Biology","url_text":"Journal of Experimental Biology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.047654","url_text":"10.1242/jeb.047654"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20952618","url_text":"20952618"}]},{"reference":"Prowse, M.S.; Wilkinson, Matt; Puthoff, Jonathan B.; Mayer, George; Autumn, Kellar (2011). \"Effects of humidity on the mechanical properties of gecko setae\". Acta Biomaterialia. 7 (2): 733–738. doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2010.09.036. PMID 20920615.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acta_Biomaterialia","url_text":"Acta Biomaterialia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.actbio.2010.09.036","url_text":"10.1016/j.actbio.2010.09.036"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20920615","url_text":"20920615"}]},{"reference":"Izadi, H.; Stewart, K.M.E.; Penlidis, A. (9 July 2014). \"Role of contact electrification and electrostatic interactions in gecko adhesion\". Journal of the Royal Society Interface. 11 (98): 20140371. doi:10.1098/rsif.2014.0371. PMC 4233685. PMID 25008078. We have demonstrated that it is the CE-driven electrostatic interactions which dictate the strength of gecko adhesion, and not the van der Waals or capillary forces which are conventionally considered as the main source of gecko adhesion.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4233685","url_text":"\"Role of contact electrification and electrostatic interactions in gecko adhesion\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_the_Royal_Society_Interface","url_text":"Journal of the Royal Society Interface"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsif.2014.0371","url_text":"10.1098/rsif.2014.0371"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4233685","url_text":"4233685"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25008078","url_text":"25008078"}]},{"reference":"Hansen, W.R.; Autumn, K. (2005). \"Evidence for self-cleaning in gecko setae\". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 102 (2): 385–389. Bibcode:2005PNAS..102..385H. doi:10.1073/pnas.0408304102. PMC 544316. PMID 15630086. Setae occur in uniform arrays on overlapping lamellar pads at a density of 14,400 per mm2","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC544316","url_text":"\"Evidence for self-cleaning in gecko setae\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences","url_text":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005PNAS..102..385H","url_text":"2005PNAS..102..385H"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0408304102","url_text":"10.1073/pnas.0408304102"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC544316","url_text":"544316"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15630086","url_text":"15630086"}]},{"reference":"\"How geckos stick to walls\". www.lclark.edu. Archived from the original on 2007-09-25. Retrieved 2007-09-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070925041306/http://www.lclark.edu/~autumn/dept/geckostory.html","url_text":"\"How geckos stick to walls\""},{"url":"http://www.lclark.edu/~autumn/dept/geckostory.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Xu, Quan; Wan, Yiyang; Hu, Travis Shihao; Liu, Tony X.; Tao, Dashuai; Niewiarowski, Peter H.; Tian, Yu; Liu, Yue; Dai, Liming; Yang, Yanqing; Xia, Zhenhai (20 November 2015). \"Robust self-cleaning and micromanipulation capabilities of gecko spatulae and their bio-mimics\". Nature Communications. 6: 8949. Bibcode:2015NatCo...6.8949X. doi:10.1038/ncomms9949. PMC 4673831. PMID 26584513.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4673831","url_text":"\"Robust self-cleaning and micromanipulation capabilities of gecko spatulae and their bio-mimics\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_Communications","url_text":"Nature Communications"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015NatCo...6.8949X","url_text":"2015NatCo...6.8949X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fncomms9949","url_text":"10.1038/ncomms9949"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4673831","url_text":"4673831"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26584513","url_text":"26584513"}]},{"reference":"\"Why do the gecko's feet not stick to a teflon surface?\". www.JustAnswer.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.justanswer.com/questions/bwl6-feet-gecko-lizard-not-stick","url_text":"\"Why do the gecko's feet not stick to a teflon surface?\""}]},{"reference":"Huber, G.; Mantz, H.; Spolenak, R.; Mecke, K.; Jacobs, K.; Gorb, S.N.; Arzt, E. (2005). \"Evidence for capillarity contributions to gecko adhesion from single spatula nanomechanical measurements\". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 102 (45): 16293–6. Bibcode:2005PNAS..10216293H. doi:10.1073/pnas.0506328102. PMC 1283435. PMID 16260737.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1283435","url_text":"\"Evidence for capillarity contributions to gecko adhesion from single spatula nanomechanical measurements\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences","url_text":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005PNAS..10216293H","url_text":"2005PNAS..10216293H"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0506328102","url_text":"10.1073/pnas.0506328102"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1283435","url_text":"1283435"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16260737","url_text":"16260737"}]},{"reference":"Chen, B.; Gao, H. (2010). \"An alternative explanation of the effect of humidity in gecko adhesion: stiffness reduction enhances adhesion on a rough surface\". International Journal of Applied Mechanics. 2 (1): 1–9. Bibcode:2010IJAM....2....1C. doi:10.1142/s1758825110000433.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Journal_of_Applied_Mechanics&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"International Journal of Applied Mechanics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010IJAM....2....1C","url_text":"2010IJAM....2....1C"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1142%2Fs1758825110000433","url_text":"10.1142/s1758825110000433"}]},{"reference":"Loskill, P.; Puthoff, J.; Wilkinson, M.; Mecke, K.; Jacobs, K.; Autumn, K. (September 2012). \"Macroscale adhesion of gecko setae reflects nanoscale differences in subsurface composition\". Journal of the Royal Society Interface. 10 (78): 20120587. doi:10.1098/rsif.2012.0587. PMC 3565786. PMID 22993246.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3565786","url_text":"\"Macroscale adhesion of gecko setae reflects nanoscale differences in subsurface composition\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_the_Royal_Society_Interface","url_text":"Journal of the Royal Society Interface"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsif.2012.0587","url_text":"10.1098/rsif.2012.0587"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3565786","url_text":"3565786"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22993246","url_text":"22993246"}]},{"reference":"Russell, A.P. (1975). \"A contribution to the functional analysis of the foot of the Tokay, Gekko gecko (Reptilia: Gekkonidae)\". Journal of Zoology. 176 (4): 437–476. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1975.tb03215.x.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Zoology","url_text":"Journal of Zoology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1469-7998.1975.tb03215.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1469-7998.1975.tb03215.x"}]},{"reference":"Autumn, Kellar; Sitti, M.; Liang, Y.A.; Peattie, A.M.; Hansen, W.R.; Sponberg, S.; Kenny, T.W.; Fearing, R.; Israelachvili, J.N.; Full, R.J. (2002). \"Evidence for van der Waals adhesion in gecko setae\". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 99 (19): 12252–12256. Bibcode:2002PNAS...9912252A. doi:10.1073/pnas.192252799. PMC 129431. PMID 12198184.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC129431","url_text":"\"Evidence for van der Waals adhesion in gecko setae\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences","url_text":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002PNAS...9912252A","url_text":"2002PNAS...9912252A"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.192252799","url_text":"10.1073/pnas.192252799"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC129431","url_text":"129431"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12198184","url_text":"12198184"}]},{"reference":"\"Geckos can hang upside down carrying 40kg\". www.Physics.org. Archived from the original on 21 May 2008. Retrieved 2 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.physics.org/facts/gecko-really.asp","url_text":"\"Geckos can hang upside down carrying 40kg\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080521015041/http://www.physics.org/facts/gecko-really.asp","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Autumn, Kellar (29 September 2003). \"How do gecko lizards unstick themselves as they move across a surface?\". Scientific American. Archived from the original on 23 October 2012. Retrieved 23 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=how-do-gecko-lizards-unst","url_text":"\"How do gecko lizards unstick themselves as they move across a surface?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_American","url_text":"Scientific American"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121023131852/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=how-do-gecko-lizards-unst","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Lee, Haeshin; Lee, Bruce P.; Messersmith, Phillip B. (2007). \"A reversible wet / dry adhesive inspired by mussels and geckos\". Nature. 448 (7151): 338–341. Bibcode:2007Natur.448..338L. doi:10.1038/nature05968. PMID 17637666. S2CID 4407993.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_(journal)","url_text":"Nature"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Natur.448..338L","url_text":"2007Natur.448..338L"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature05968","url_text":"10.1038/nature05968"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17637666","url_text":"17637666"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4407993","url_text":"4407993"}]},{"reference":"Loskill, P.; Haehl, H.; Grandthyll, S.; Faidt, T.; Mueller, F.; Jacobs, K. (November 2012). \"Is adhesion superficial? Silicon wafers as a model system to study van der Waals interactions\". Advances in Colloid and Interface Science. 179–182: 107–113. arXiv:1202.6304. doi:10.1016/j.cis.2012.06.006. PMID 22795778. S2CID 5406490.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advances_in_Colloid_and_Interface_Science","url_text":"Advances in Colloid and Interface Science"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1202.6304","url_text":"1202.6304"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cis.2012.06.006","url_text":"10.1016/j.cis.2012.06.006"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22795778","url_text":"22795778"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5406490","url_text":"5406490"}]},{"reference":"Hsu, P.Y.; Ge, L.; Li, X.; Stark, A.Y.; Wesdemiotis, C.; Niewiarowski, P.H.; Dhinojwala, A. (24 August 2011). \"Direct evidence of phospholipids in gecko footprints and spatula-substrate contact interface detected using surface-sensitive spectroscopy\". Journal of the Royal Society Interface. 9 (69): 657–664. doi:10.1098/rsif.2011.0370. PMC 3284128. PMID 21865250.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3284128","url_text":"\"Direct evidence of phospholipids in gecko footprints and spatula-substrate contact interface detected using surface-sensitive spectroscopy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_the_Royal_Society_Interface","url_text":"Journal of the Royal Society Interface"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsif.2011.0370","url_text":"10.1098/rsif.2011.0370"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3284128","url_text":"3284128"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21865250","url_text":"21865250"}]},{"reference":"Higham, T.E.; Gamble, T.; Russell, A.P. (2017). \"On the origin of frictional adhesion in geckos: small morphological changes lead to a major biomechanical transition in the genus Gonatodes\". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 120 (3): 503–517. doi:10.1111/bij.12897.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fbij.12897","url_text":"\"On the origin of frictional adhesion in geckos: small morphological changes lead to a major biomechanical transition in the genus Gonatodes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_Journal_of_the_Linnean_Society","url_text":"Biological Journal of the Linnean Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fbij.12897","url_text":"10.1111/bij.12897"}]},{"reference":"Russell, A.P.; Baskerville, J.; Gamble, T.; Higham, T. (November 2015). \"The evolution of digit form in Gonatodes (Gekkota: Sphaerodactylidae) and its bearing on the transition from frictional to adhesive contact in gekkotans\". Journal of Morphology. 276 (11): 1311–1332. doi:10.1002/jmor.20420. PMID 26248497. S2CID 20296012.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Morphology","url_text":"Journal of Morphology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjmor.20420","url_text":"10.1002/jmor.20420"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26248497","url_text":"26248497"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:20296012","url_text":"20296012"}]},{"reference":"Green, DW; Lee, KK; Watson, JA; Kim, HY; Yoon, KS; Kim, EJ; Lee, JM; Watson, GS; Jung, HS (25 January 2017). \"High quality bioreplication of intricate nanostructures from a fragile Gecko skin surface with bactericidal properties\". Scientific Reports. 7: 41023. Bibcode:2017NatSR...741023G. doi:10.1038/srep41023. PMC 5264400. PMID 28120867.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5264400","url_text":"\"High quality bioreplication of intricate nanostructures from a fragile Gecko skin surface with bactericidal properties\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_Reports","url_text":"Scientific Reports"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017NatSR...741023G","url_text":"2017NatSR...741023G"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsrep41023","url_text":"10.1038/srep41023"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5264400","url_text":"5264400"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28120867","url_text":"28120867"}]},{"reference":"Watson, Gregory S.; Green, David W.; Schwarzkopf, Lin; Li, Xin; Cribb, Bronwen W.; Myhra, Sverre; Watson, Jolanta A. (2015). \"A gecko skin micro/Nano structure – A low adhesion, superhydrophobic, anti-wetting, self-cleaning, biocompatible, antibacterial surface\". Acta Biomaterialia. 21: 109–122. doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2015.03.007. PMID 25772496.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acta_Biomaterialia","url_text":"Acta Biomaterialia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.actbio.2015.03.007","url_text":"10.1016/j.actbio.2015.03.007"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25772496","url_text":"25772496"}]},{"reference":"Pianka, Eric R. (2006). Lizards: Windows to the Evolution of Diversity. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. pp. 247. ISBN 0-520-24847-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/lizardswindowsto00pian","url_text":"Lizards: Windows to the Evolution of Diversity"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California_Press","url_text":"University of California Press"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/lizardswindowsto00pian/page/247","url_text":"247"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-24847-3","url_text":"0-520-24847-3"}]},{"reference":"\"Mechanism of Tooth Replacement in Leopard Geckos – Developmental Biology Interactive\". Archived from the original on 2015-03-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150312094002/http://www.devbio.biology.gatech.edu/?page_id=3229","url_text":"\"Mechanism of Tooth Replacement in Leopard Geckos – Developmental Biology Interactive\""},{"url":"http://www.devbio.biology.gatech.edu/?page_id=3229","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gregory R. Handrigan; Kelvin J. Leung; Joy M. Richman (2010). \"Identification of putative dental epithelial stem cells in a lizard with life-long tooth replacement\". Development. 137 (21): 3545–3549. doi:10.1242/dev.052415. PMID 20876646.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fdev.052415","url_text":"\"Identification of putative dental epithelial stem cells in a lizard with life-long tooth replacement\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fdev.052415","url_text":"10.1242/dev.052415"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20876646","url_text":"20876646"}]},{"reference":"Han, D.; Zhou, K.; Bauer, A.M. (2004). \"Phylogenetic relationships among gekkotan lizards inferred from c-mos nuclear DNA sequences and a new classification of the Gekkota\". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 83 (3): 353–368. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2004.00393.x.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1095-8312.2004.00393.x","url_text":"\"Phylogenetic relationships among gekkotan lizards inferred from c-mos nuclear DNA sequences and a new classification of the Gekkota\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1095-8312.2004.00393.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1095-8312.2004.00393.x"}]},{"reference":"Gamble, T.; Bauer, A.M.; Greenbaum, E.; Jackman, T.R. (July 2008). \"Out of the blue: A novel, trans-Atlantic clade of geckos (Gekkota, Squamata)\". Zoologica Scripta. 37 (4): 355–366. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2008.00330.x. S2CID 83706826. Archived from the original on 2023-11-01. Retrieved 2023-08-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://epublications.marquette.edu/bio_fac/872","url_text":"\"Out of the blue: A novel, trans-Atlantic clade of geckos (Gekkota, Squamata)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1463-6409.2008.00330.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1463-6409.2008.00330.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:83706826","url_text":"83706826"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231101035638/https://epublications.marquette.edu/bio_fac/872/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Gamble, Tony; Bauer, Aaron M.; Greenbaum, Eli; Jackman, Todd R. (21 August 2007). \"Evidence for Gondwanan vicariance in an ancient clade of gecko lizards\". Journal of Biogeography. 35: 88–104. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2007.01770.x. S2CID 29974883. Archived from the original on 6 May 2020. Retrieved 30 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://epublications.marquette.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1758&context=bio_fac","url_text":"\"Evidence for Gondwanan vicariance in an ancient clade of gecko lizards\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2699.2007.01770.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1365-2699.2007.01770.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:29974883","url_text":"29974883"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200506224757/https://epublications.marquette.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1758&context=bio_fac","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Gamble, T.; Bauer, A.M.; Colli, G.R.; Greenbaum, E.; Jackman, T.R.; Vitt, L.J.; Simons, A.M. (February 2011). \"Coming to America: Multiple Origins of New World Geckos\". Journal of Evolutionary Biology. 24 (2): 231–244. doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2010.02184.x. PMC 3075428. PMID 21126276.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3075428","url_text":"\"Coming to America: Multiple Origins of New World Geckos\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1420-9101.2010.02184.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1420-9101.2010.02184.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3075428","url_text":"3075428"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21126276","url_text":"21126276"}]},{"reference":"Gamble, Tony; Greenbaum, Eli; Jackman, Todd R.; Russell, Anthony P.; Bauer, Aaron M. (June 27, 2012). \"Repeated Origin and Loss of Adhesive Toepads in Geckos\". PLOS ONE. 7 (6): e39429. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...739429G. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0039429. PMC 3384654. PMID 22761794.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3384654","url_text":"\"Repeated Origin and Loss of Adhesive Toepads in Geckos\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PLoSO...739429G","url_text":"2012PLoSO...739429G"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0039429","url_text":"10.1371/journal.pone.0039429"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3384654","url_text":"3384654"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22761794","url_text":"22761794"}]},{"reference":"Myers, P.; R. Espinosa; C. S. Parr; T. Jones; G. S. Hammond; T. A. Dewey (2008). \"Infraorder GekkotaInfraorder Gekkota (blind lizards, geckos, and legless lizards)\". The Animal Diversity Web (online). Archived from the original on 2009-05-13. Retrieved 2009-04-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090513023543/http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/classification/Gekkota.html","url_text":"\"Infraorder GekkotaInfraorder Gekkota (blind lizards, geckos, and legless lizards)\""},{"url":"http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/classification/Gekkota.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Townsend, Ted M.; Larson, Allan; Louis, Edward; Macey, J. Robert (1 October 2004). \"Molecular Phylogenetics of Squamata: The Position of Snakes, Amphisbaenians, and Dibamids, and the Root of the Squamate Tree\". Systematic Biology. 53 (5): 735–757. doi:10.1080/10635150490522340. PMID 15545252.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10635150490522340","url_text":"\"Molecular Phylogenetics of Squamata: The Position of Snakes, Amphisbaenians, and Dibamids, and the Root of the Squamate Tree\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10635150490522340","url_text":"10.1080/10635150490522340"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15545252","url_text":"15545252"}]},{"reference":"Vidal, Nicolas; Hedges, S. Blair (October 2005). \"The phylogeny of squamate reptiles (lizards, snakes, and amphisbaenians) inferred from nine nuclear protein-coding genes\". Comptes Rendus Biologies. 328 (10–11): 1000–1008. doi:10.1016/j.crvi.2005.10.001. PMID 16286089.","urls":[{"url":"https://comptes-rendus.academie-sciences.fr/biologies/articles/10.1016/j.crvi.2005.10.001/","url_text":"\"The phylogeny of squamate reptiles (lizards, snakes, and amphisbaenians) inferred from nine nuclear protein-coding genes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.crvi.2005.10.001","url_text":"10.1016/j.crvi.2005.10.001"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16286089","url_text":"16286089"}]},{"reference":"Tałanda, Mateusz (September 2018). Benson, Roger (ed.). \"An exceptionally preserved Jurassic skink suggests lizard diversification preceded fragmentation of Pangaea\". Palaeontology. 61 (5): 659–677. Bibcode:2018Palgy..61..659T. doi:10.1111/pala.12358. S2CID 134878128. Archived from the original on 2022-06-17. Retrieved 2022-06-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/pala.12358","url_text":"\"An exceptionally preserved Jurassic skink suggests lizard diversification preceded fragmentation of Pangaea\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018Palgy..61..659T","url_text":"2018Palgy..61..659T"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fpala.12358","url_text":"10.1111/pala.12358"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:134878128","url_text":"134878128"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220617042556/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/pala.12358","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Arnold, E.N. [in French] & Poinar, G. (2008). \"A 100 million year old gecko with sophisticated adhesive toe pads, preserved in amber from Myanmar (abstract)\" (PDF). Zootaxa. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 23, 2021. Retrieved August 12, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Nicholas_Arnold","url_text":"Arnold, E.N."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Poinar","url_text":"Poinar, G."},{"url":"http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2008/f/z01847p068f.pdf","url_text":"\"A 100 million year old gecko with sophisticated adhesive toe pads, preserved in amber from Myanmar (abstract)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zootaxa","url_text":"Zootaxa"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210423164342/https://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2008/f/z01847p068f.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Fontanarrosa, Gabriela; Daza, Juan D.; Abdala, Virginia (April 2018). \"Cretaceous fossil gecko hand reveals a strikingly modern scansorial morphology: Qualitative and biometric analysis of an amber-preserved lizard hand\". Cretaceous Research. 84: 120–133. Bibcode:2018CrRes..84..120F. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2017.11.003. hdl:11336/64819. ISSN 0195-6671.","urls":[{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2017.11.003","url_text":"\"Cretaceous fossil gecko hand reveals a strikingly modern scansorial morphology: Qualitative and biometric analysis of an amber-preserved lizard hand\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018CrRes..84..120F","url_text":"2018CrRes..84..120F"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cretres.2017.11.003","url_text":"10.1016/j.cretres.2017.11.003"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11336%2F64819","url_text":"11336/64819"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0195-6671","url_text":"0195-6671"}]},{"reference":"Bauer, A M (2019-07-01). \"Gecko Adhesion in Space and Time: A Phylogenetic Perspective on the Scansorial Success Story\". Integrative and Comparative Biology. 59 (1): 117–130. doi:10.1093/icb/icz020. ISSN 1540-7063. PMID 30938766.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ficb%2Ficz020","url_text":"\"Gecko Adhesion in Space and Time: A Phylogenetic Perspective on the Scansorial Success Story\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ficb%2Ficz020","url_text":"10.1093/icb/icz020"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1540-7063","url_text":"1540-7063"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30938766","url_text":"30938766"}]},{"reference":"\"THE REPTILE DATABASE\". www.reptile-database.org. Archived from the original on 2021-10-29. Retrieved 2016-09-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.reptile-database.org/","url_text":"\"THE REPTILE DATABASE\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211029024411/http://www.reptile-database.org/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Gamble, Tony; Coryell, J.; Ezaz, T.; Lynch, J.; Scantlebury, D.; Zarkower, D. (2015). \"Restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (RAD-seq) reveals an extraordinary number of transitions among gecko sex-determining systems\". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 32 (5): 1296–1309. doi:10.1093/molbev/msv023. PMID 25657328.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsv023","url_text":"\"Restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (RAD-seq) reveals an extraordinary number of transitions among gecko sex-determining systems\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsv023","url_text":"10.1093/molbev/msv023"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25657328","url_text":"25657328"}]},{"reference":"Fry, Courtney; Roycroft, Carl. \"Phelsuma madagascariensis (Madagascar Day Gecko)\". Animal Diversity Web. Archived from the original on 2023-10-01. Retrieved 2024-02-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Phelsuma_madagascariensis/","url_text":"\"Phelsuma madagascariensis (Madagascar Day Gecko)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231001011236/https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Phelsuma_madagascariensis/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Dedukh, Dmitrij; Altmanová, Marie; Klíma, Jiří; Kratochvíl, Lukáš (2022-04-01). \"Premeiotic endoreplication is essential for obligate parthenogenesis in geckos\". Development. 149 (7): dev200345. doi:10.1242/dev.200345. ISSN 1477-9129. PMID 35388415. S2CID 248001402.","urls":[{"url":"https://journals.biologists.com/dev/article/149/7/dev200345/275038/Premeiotic-endoreplication-is-essential-for","url_text":"\"Premeiotic endoreplication is essential for obligate parthenogenesis in geckos\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fdev.200345","url_text":"10.1242/dev.200345"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1477-9129","url_text":"1477-9129"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35388415","url_text":"35388415"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:248001402","url_text":"248001402"}]},{"reference":"Gamble, T.; Greenbaum, E.; Jackman, T.R.; Russell, A.P.; Bauer, A.M. (2012). \"Repeated origin and loss of adhesive toepads in geckos\". PLOS ONE. 7 (6): e39429. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...739429G. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0039429. PMC 3384654. PMID 22761794.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3384654","url_text":"\"Repeated origin and loss of adhesive toepads in geckos\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PLoSO...739429G","url_text":"2012PLoSO...739429G"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0039429","url_text":"10.1371/journal.pone.0039429"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3384654","url_text":"3384654"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22761794","url_text":"22761794"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gecko&action=edit&section=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://ddd.uab.cat/pub/artpub/2022/259562/pappal_a2022v8n3ae1434.pdf","external_links_name":"\"A new gecko (Squamata, Gekkota) from the Eocene of Geiseltal (Germany) implies long-term persistence of European Sphaerodactylidae\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022PPal....8E1434V","external_links_name":"2022PPal....8E1434V"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fspp2.1434","external_links_name":"10.1002/spp2.1434"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2056-2799","external_links_name":"2056-2799"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:249358350","external_links_name":"249358350"},{"Link":"http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/advanced_search?taxon=gecko&submit=Search","external_links_name":"\"Search results – gecko\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201127120136/https://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/advanced_search?taxon=gecko&submit=Search","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fbij.12536","external_links_name":"\"Into the light: Diurnality has evolved multiple times in geckos\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fbij.12536","external_links_name":"10.1111/bij.12536"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1167%2F9.3.27","external_links_name":"\"The pupils and optical systems of gecko eyes\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1167%2F9.3.27","external_links_name":"10.1167/9.3.27"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19757966","external_links_name":"19757966"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1167%2F9.3.27","external_links_name":"\"The pupils and optical systems of gecko eyes\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1167%2F9.3.27","external_links_name":"10.1167/9.3.27"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19757966","external_links_name":"19757966"},{"Link":"http://news.oneindia.in/2009/05/08/geckoinspired-multifocal-contact-lenses-cameras-on-theanv.html","external_links_name":"\"Gecko-inspired multifocal contact lenses, cameras on the anvil\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170328200444/http://news.oneindia.in/2009/05/08/geckoinspired-multifocal-contact-lenses-cameras-on-theanv.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.zmescience.com/medicine/gecko-tail-has-a-mind-of-its-own/","external_links_name":"\"Gecko tail has a mind of its own\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091130081608/http://www.zmescience.com/medicine/gecko-tail-has-a-mind-of-its-own/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10279644","external_links_name":"\"Reappraising the evolutionary history of the largest known gecko, the presumably extinct Hoplodactylus delcourti, via high-throughput sequencing of archival DNA\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023NatSR..13.9141H","external_links_name":"2023NatSR..13.9141H"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-023-35210-8","external_links_name":"10.1038/s41598-023-35210-8"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2045-2322","external_links_name":"2045-2322"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10279644","external_links_name":"10279644"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37336900","external_links_name":"37336900"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/extraordinaryani0000pipe","external_links_name":"Extraordinary Animals: an Encyclopedia of Curious and Unusual Animals"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/extraordinaryani0000pipe/page/143","external_links_name":"143"},{"Link":"https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/77283","external_links_name":"\"gecko\""},{"Link":"https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary","external_links_name":"participating institution membership"},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-60272771/view?partId=nla.obj-435905740#page/n346/","external_links_name":"\"ge'kok\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221210165431/https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-60272771/view?partId=nla.obj-435905740#page/n346/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://ejournal.um.edu.my/index.php/MJS/article/view/7338","external_links_name":"\"Preliminary Survey of Lizards of Pantai Melawi, Bachok, Kelantan, Malaysia\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.22452%2Fmjs.vol29nosp.13","external_links_name":"10.22452/mjs.vol29nosp.13"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2600-8688","external_links_name":"2600-8688"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221210165426/https://ejournal.um.edu.my/index.php/MJS/article/view/7338","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://academic.oup.com/icb/article/17/1/251/172256","external_links_name":"\"Acoustic and Visual Display Behavior of Gekkonid Lizards\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ficb%2F17.1.251","external_links_name":"10.1093/icb/17.1.251"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230127025130/https://academic.oup.com/icb/article/17/1/251/172256","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-Bio24Tuat02-t1-body-d2.html","external_links_name":"\"Thermoregulation in Reptiles with Special Reference to the Tuatara and Its Ecophysiology Tuatara\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140730021654/http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-Bio24Tuat02-t1-body-d2.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130529170233/http://www.geckocare.net/shedding.php","external_links_name":"\"GeckoCare - shedding\""},{"Link":"http://www.geckocare.net/shedding.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://buddygenius.com/crested-geckos-shed/","external_links_name":"\"Crested geckos shedding\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180116140204/https://buddygenius.com/crested-geckos-shed/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3384654","external_links_name":"\"Repeated Origin and Loss of Adhesive Toepads in Geckos\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PLoSO...739429G","external_links_name":"2012PLoSO...739429G"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0039429","external_links_name":"10.1371/journal.pone.0039429"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3384654","external_links_name":"3384654"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22761794","external_links_name":"22761794"},{"Link":"http://www.nisenet.org/scientific-images/gecko_toe","external_links_name":"\"Scientific image – gecko toe\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130509025409/http://www.nisenet.org/scientific-images/gecko_toe","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.brill.nl/journal-adhesion-science-and-technology","external_links_name":"\"Directional adhesion for climbing: Theoretical and practical considerations\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1163%2F156856107782328399","external_links_name":"10.1163/156856107782328399"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53470787","external_links_name":"53470787"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120115143737/http://www.brill.nl/journal-adhesion-science-and-technology","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.047654","external_links_name":"\"Changes in materials properties explain the effects of humidity on gecko adhesion\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.047654","external_links_name":"10.1242/jeb.047654"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20952618","external_links_name":"20952618"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.actbio.2010.09.036","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.actbio.2010.09.036"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20920615","external_links_name":"20920615"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4233685","external_links_name":"\"Role of contact electrification and electrostatic interactions in gecko adhesion\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsif.2014.0371","external_links_name":"10.1098/rsif.2014.0371"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4233685","external_links_name":"4233685"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25008078","external_links_name":"25008078"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC544316","external_links_name":"\"Evidence for self-cleaning in gecko setae\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005PNAS..102..385H","external_links_name":"2005PNAS..102..385H"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0408304102","external_links_name":"10.1073/pnas.0408304102"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC544316","external_links_name":"544316"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15630086","external_links_name":"15630086"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070925041306/http://www.lclark.edu/~autumn/dept/geckostory.html","external_links_name":"\"How geckos stick to walls\""},{"Link":"http://www.lclark.edu/~autumn/dept/geckostory.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4673831","external_links_name":"\"Robust self-cleaning and micromanipulation capabilities of gecko spatulae and their bio-mimics\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015NatCo...6.8949X","external_links_name":"2015NatCo...6.8949X"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fncomms9949","external_links_name":"10.1038/ncomms9949"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4673831","external_links_name":"4673831"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26584513","external_links_name":"26584513"},{"Link":"http://www.justanswer.com/questions/bwl6-feet-gecko-lizard-not-stick","external_links_name":"\"Why do the gecko's feet not stick to a teflon surface?\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1283435","external_links_name":"\"Evidence for capillarity contributions to gecko adhesion from single spatula nanomechanical measurements\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005PNAS..10216293H","external_links_name":"2005PNAS..10216293H"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0506328102","external_links_name":"10.1073/pnas.0506328102"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1283435","external_links_name":"1283435"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16260737","external_links_name":"16260737"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010IJAM....2....1C","external_links_name":"2010IJAM....2....1C"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1142%2Fs1758825110000433","external_links_name":"10.1142/s1758825110000433"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3565786","external_links_name":"\"Macroscale adhesion of gecko setae reflects nanoscale differences in subsurface composition\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsif.2012.0587","external_links_name":"10.1098/rsif.2012.0587"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3565786","external_links_name":"3565786"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22993246","external_links_name":"22993246"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1469-7998.1975.tb03215.x","external_links_name":"10.1111/j.1469-7998.1975.tb03215.x"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC129431","external_links_name":"\"Evidence for van der Waals adhesion in gecko setae\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002PNAS...9912252A","external_links_name":"2002PNAS...9912252A"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.192252799","external_links_name":"10.1073/pnas.192252799"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC129431","external_links_name":"129431"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12198184","external_links_name":"12198184"},{"Link":"http://www.physics.org/facts/gecko-really.asp","external_links_name":"\"Geckos can hang upside down carrying 40kg\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080521015041/http://www.physics.org/facts/gecko-really.asp","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=how-do-gecko-lizards-unst","external_links_name":"\"How do gecko lizards unstick themselves as they move across a surface?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121023131852/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=how-do-gecko-lizards-unst","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Natur.448..338L","external_links_name":"2007Natur.448..338L"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature05968","external_links_name":"10.1038/nature05968"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17637666","external_links_name":"17637666"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4407993","external_links_name":"4407993"},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1202.6304","external_links_name":"1202.6304"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cis.2012.06.006","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.cis.2012.06.006"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22795778","external_links_name":"22795778"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5406490","external_links_name":"5406490"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3284128","external_links_name":"\"Direct evidence of phospholipids in gecko footprints and spatula-substrate contact interface detected using surface-sensitive spectroscopy\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsif.2011.0370","external_links_name":"10.1098/rsif.2011.0370"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3284128","external_links_name":"3284128"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21865250","external_links_name":"21865250"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fbij.12897","external_links_name":"\"On the origin of frictional adhesion in geckos: small morphological changes lead to a major biomechanical transition in the genus Gonatodes\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fbij.12897","external_links_name":"10.1111/bij.12897"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjmor.20420","external_links_name":"10.1002/jmor.20420"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26248497","external_links_name":"26248497"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:20296012","external_links_name":"20296012"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5264400","external_links_name":"\"High quality bioreplication of intricate nanostructures from a fragile Gecko skin surface with bactericidal properties\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017NatSR...741023G","external_links_name":"2017NatSR...741023G"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsrep41023","external_links_name":"10.1038/srep41023"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5264400","external_links_name":"5264400"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28120867","external_links_name":"28120867"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.actbio.2015.03.007","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.actbio.2015.03.007"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25772496","external_links_name":"25772496"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/lizardswindowsto00pian","external_links_name":"Lizards: Windows to the Evolution of Diversity"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/lizardswindowsto00pian/page/247","external_links_name":"247"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150312094002/http://www.devbio.biology.gatech.edu/?page_id=3229","external_links_name":"\"Mechanism of Tooth Replacement in Leopard Geckos – Developmental Biology Interactive\""},{"Link":"http://www.devbio.biology.gatech.edu/?page_id=3229","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fdev.052415","external_links_name":"\"Identification of putative dental epithelial stem cells in a lizard with life-long tooth replacement\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fdev.052415","external_links_name":"10.1242/dev.052415"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20876646","external_links_name":"20876646"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1095-8312.2004.00393.x","external_links_name":"\"Phylogenetic relationships among gekkotan lizards inferred from c-mos nuclear DNA sequences and a new classification of the Gekkota\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1095-8312.2004.00393.x","external_links_name":"10.1111/j.1095-8312.2004.00393.x"},{"Link":"https://epublications.marquette.edu/bio_fac/872","external_links_name":"\"Out of the blue: A novel, trans-Atlantic clade of geckos (Gekkota, Squamata)\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1463-6409.2008.00330.x","external_links_name":"10.1111/j.1463-6409.2008.00330.x"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:83706826","external_links_name":"83706826"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231101035638/https://epublications.marquette.edu/bio_fac/872/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://epublications.marquette.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1758&context=bio_fac","external_links_name":"\"Evidence for Gondwanan vicariance in an ancient clade of gecko lizards\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2699.2007.01770.x","external_links_name":"10.1111/j.1365-2699.2007.01770.x"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:29974883","external_links_name":"29974883"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200506224757/https://epublications.marquette.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1758&context=bio_fac","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3075428","external_links_name":"\"Coming to America: Multiple Origins of New World Geckos\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1420-9101.2010.02184.x","external_links_name":"10.1111/j.1420-9101.2010.02184.x"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3075428","external_links_name":"3075428"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21126276","external_links_name":"21126276"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3384654","external_links_name":"\"Repeated Origin and Loss of Adhesive Toepads in Geckos\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PLoSO...739429G","external_links_name":"2012PLoSO...739429G"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0039429","external_links_name":"10.1371/journal.pone.0039429"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3384654","external_links_name":"3384654"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22761794","external_links_name":"22761794"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090513023543/http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/classification/Gekkota.html","external_links_name":"\"Infraorder GekkotaInfraorder Gekkota (blind lizards, geckos, and legless lizards)\""},{"Link":"http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/classification/Gekkota.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10635150490522340","external_links_name":"\"Molecular Phylogenetics of Squamata: The Position of Snakes, Amphisbaenians, and Dibamids, and the Root of the Squamate Tree\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10635150490522340","external_links_name":"10.1080/10635150490522340"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15545252","external_links_name":"15545252"},{"Link":"https://comptes-rendus.academie-sciences.fr/biologies/articles/10.1016/j.crvi.2005.10.001/","external_links_name":"\"The phylogeny of squamate reptiles (lizards, snakes, and amphisbaenians) inferred from nine nuclear protein-coding genes\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.crvi.2005.10.001","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.crvi.2005.10.001"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16286089","external_links_name":"16286089"},{"Link":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/pala.12358","external_links_name":"\"An exceptionally preserved Jurassic skink suggests lizard diversification preceded fragmentation of Pangaea\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018Palgy..61..659T","external_links_name":"2018Palgy..61..659T"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fpala.12358","external_links_name":"10.1111/pala.12358"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:134878128","external_links_name":"134878128"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220617042556/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/pala.12358","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2008/f/z01847p068f.pdf","external_links_name":"\"A 100 million year old gecko with sophisticated adhesive toe pads, preserved in amber from Myanmar (abstract)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210423164342/https://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2008/f/z01847p068f.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2017.11.003","external_links_name":"\"Cretaceous fossil gecko hand reveals a strikingly modern scansorial morphology: Qualitative and biometric analysis of an amber-preserved lizard hand\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018CrRes..84..120F","external_links_name":"2018CrRes..84..120F"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cretres.2017.11.003","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.cretres.2017.11.003"},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/11336%2F64819","external_links_name":"11336/64819"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0195-6671","external_links_name":"0195-6671"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ficb%2Ficz020","external_links_name":"\"Gecko Adhesion in Space and Time: A Phylogenetic Perspective on the Scansorial Success Story\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ficb%2Ficz020","external_links_name":"10.1093/icb/icz020"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1540-7063","external_links_name":"1540-7063"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30938766","external_links_name":"30938766"},{"Link":"http://www.reptile-database.org/","external_links_name":"\"THE REPTILE DATABASE\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211029024411/http://www.reptile-database.org/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsv023","external_links_name":"\"Restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (RAD-seq) reveals an extraordinary number of transitions among gecko sex-determining systems\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsv023","external_links_name":"10.1093/molbev/msv023"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25657328","external_links_name":"25657328"},{"Link":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Phelsuma_madagascariensis/","external_links_name":"\"Phelsuma madagascariensis (Madagascar Day Gecko)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231001011236/https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Phelsuma_madagascariensis/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://journals.biologists.com/dev/article/149/7/dev200345/275038/Premeiotic-endoreplication-is-essential-for","external_links_name":"\"Premeiotic endoreplication is essential for obligate parthenogenesis in geckos\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fdev.200345","external_links_name":"10.1242/dev.200345"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1477-9129","external_links_name":"1477-9129"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35388415","external_links_name":"35388415"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:248001402","external_links_name":"248001402"},{"Link":"http://www.sil.si.edu/smithsoniancontributions/Zoology/sc_RecordSingle.cfm?filename=SCtZ-0631","external_links_name":"Speciation and Dispersal in a Low Diversity Taxon: The Slender Geckos Hemiphyllodactylus (Reptilia, Gekkonidae)"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3384654","external_links_name":"\"Repeated origin and loss of adhesive toepads in geckos\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PLoSO...739429G","external_links_name":"2012PLoSO...739429G"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0039429","external_links_name":"10.1371/journal.pone.0039429"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3384654","external_links_name":"3384654"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22761794","external_links_name":"22761794"},{"Link":"http://www.theinformationarchives.com/Gecko/","external_links_name":"Gecko gallery and information"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090214232218/http://lclark.edu/~autumn/dept/geckostory.html","external_links_name":"How Geckos Stick to Walls"},{"Link":"http://www.geckocare.net/","external_links_name":"Comprehensive gecko care information"},{"Link":"http://www.gekkota.com/","external_links_name":"Global gecko association site with pictures, caresheets, species list"},{"Link":"https://www.flickr.com/photos/thirtypounces/54014101/","external_links_name":"Gecko anatomy picture"},{"Link":"http://www.null-hypothesis.co.uk/science/reviews/books/geckos_foot_peter_forbes_reviewed","external_links_name":"The Gecko's Foot"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/6967474.stm","external_links_name":"Artificial gecko feet for a Spiderman suit (BBC 2007-08-28)"},{"Link":"http://www.geckotime.com/","external_links_name":"Gecko Time Online Gecko Magazine"},{"Link":"https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Gekkota","external_links_name":"Gekkota"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/87BW6","external_links_name":"87BW6"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/2819161","external_links_name":"2819161"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/371057","external_links_name":"371057"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=564528","external_links_name":"564528"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=8560","external_links_name":"8560"},{"Link":"https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/ce4b96cb-960f-4f16-8c48-36916207d53d","external_links_name":"ce4b96cb-960f-4f16-8c48-36916207d53d"},{"Link":"https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=92743","external_links_name":"92743"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ytterbium(II)_chloride	Ytterbium(II) chloride	["1 References"]	Ytterbium(II) chloride Names Other names ytterbium dichloride Identifiers CAS Number 13874-77-6 N 3D model (JSmol) Interactive image ChemSpider 75606 Y ECHA InfoCard 100.034.197 EC Number 237-632-3 PubChem CID 83785 CompTox Dashboard (EPA) DTXSID90930206 InChI InChI=1S/2ClH.Yb/h21H;/q;;+2/p-2 YKey: LINIOGPXIKIICR-UHFFFAOYSA-L YInChI=1S/2ClH.Yb/h21H;/q;;+2/p-2Key: LINIOGPXIKIICR-UHFFFAOYSA-L SMILES .. Properties Chemical formula YbCl2 Molar mass 243.95 g/mol Appearance green crystals Density 5.27 g/cm3, solid Melting point 721 °C (1,330 °F; 994 K) Solubility in water reacts Structure Crystal structure Orthorhombic, oP24 Space group Pbca, No. 61 Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C , 100 kPa). N verify (what is YN ?) Infobox references Chemical compound Ytterbium(II) chloride (YbCl2) is an inorganic chemical compound. It was first prepared in 1929 by W. K. Klemm and W. Schuth, by reduction of ytterbium(III) chloride, YbCl3, using hydrogen. 2 YbCl3 + H2 → 2 YbCl2 + 2 HCl Like other Yb(II) compounds and other low-valence rare earth compounds, it is a strong reducing agent. It is unstable in aqueous solution, reducing water to hydrogen gas. References ^ Lide, David R. (1998), Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87 ed.), Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, pp. 4–94, ISBN 0-8493-0594-2 ^ ytterbium - Britannica Online Encyclopedia vteYtterbium compoundsYb(II) YbF2 YbCl2 YbBr2 YbI2 YbH2 YbS Yb(III) LaYbO3 Yb(acac)3 Yb(CH3COO)3 YbBr3 Yb(BrO3)3 YbCl3 Yb(CN)3 YbF3 Yb(OH)3 Yb(IO3)3 YbI3 Yb(NO3)3 YbN Yb2(C2O4)3 Yb2O3 YbP Yb2(SO4)3 Yb2S3 Other YbRh2Si2 Yb:LuVO4 YbBiPt YbGaGe vteSalts and covalent derivatives of the chloride ion HCl He LiCl BeCl2 B4Cl4B12Cl12BCl3B2Cl4+BO3 C2Cl2C2Cl4C2Cl6CCl4+C+CO3 NCl3ClN3+N+NO3 ClxOyCl2OCl2O2ClOClO2Cl2O4Cl2O6Cl2O7ClO4+O ClFClF3ClF5 Ne NaCl MgCl2 AlClAlCl3 Si5Cl12Si2Cl6SiCl4 P2Cl4PCl3PCl5+P S2Cl2SCl2SCl4+SO4 Cl2 Ar KCl CaClCaCl2 ScCl3 TiCl2TiCl3TiCl4 VCl2VCl3VCl4VCl5 CrCl2CrCl3CrCl4 MnCl2MnCl3 FeCl2FeCl3 CoCl2CoCl3 NiCl2 CuClCuCl2 ZnCl2 GaClGaCl3 GeCl2GeCl4 AsCl3AsCl5+As Se2Cl2SeCl2SeCl4 BrCl Kr RbCl SrCl2 YCl3 ZrCl3ZrCl4 NbCl3NbCl4NbCl5 MoCl2MoCl3MoCl4MoCl5MoCl6 TcCl3TcCl4 RuCl2RuCl3RuCl4 RhCl3 PdCl2 AgCl CdCl2 InClInCl2InCl3 SnCl2SnCl4 SbCl3SbCl5 Te3Cl2TeCl2TeCl4 IClICl3 XeClXeCl2XeCl4 CsCl BaCl2 * LuCl3 HfCl4 TaCl3TaCl4TaCl5 WCl2WCl3WCl4WCl5WCl6 ReCl3ReCl4ReCl5ReCl6 OsCl2OsCl3OsCl4OsCl5 IrCl2IrCl3IrCl4 PtCl2PtCl4 AuCl(Au)2AuCl3 Hg2Cl2HgCl2 TlClTlCl3 PbCl2PbCl4 BiCl3 PoCl2PoCl4 AtCl Rn FrCl RaCl2 ** LrCl3 RfCl4 DbCl5 SgO2Cl2 BhO3Cl Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og * LaCl3 CeCl3 PrCl3 NdCl2NdCl3 PmCl3 SmCl2SmCl3 EuCl2EuCl3 GdCl3 TbCl3 DyCl2DyCl3 HoCl3 ErCl3 TmCl2TmCl3 YbCl2YbCl3 ** AcCl3 ThCl3ThCl4 PaCl4PaCl5 UCl3UCl4UCl5UCl6 NpCl3 PuCl3 AmCl2AmCl3 CmCl3 BkCl3 CfCl3CfCl2 EsCl2EsCl3 FmCl2 MdCl2 NoCl2 vteHalides of lanthanides La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu +4 CeF4 PrF4 NdF4 TbF4 DyF4 +3 LaF3LaCl3LaBr3LaI3 CeF3CeCl3CeBr3CeI3 PrF3PrCl3PrBr3PrI3 NdF3NdCl3NdBr3NdI3 PmF3PmCl3PmBr3PmI3 SmF3SmCl3SmBr3SmI3 EuF3EuCl3EuBr3EuI3 GdF3GdCl3GdBr3GdI3 TbF3TbCl3TbBr3TbI3 DyF3DyCl3DyBr3DyI3 HoF3HoCl3HoBr3HoI3 ErF3ErCl3ErBr3ErI3 TmF3TmCl3TmBr3TmI3 YbF3YbCl3YbBr3YbI3 LuF3LuCl3LuBr3LuI3 +2 LaI2 CeI2 PrI2 NdF2NdCl2NdBr2NdI2 SmF2SmCl2SmBr2SmI2 EuF2EuCl2EuBr2EuI2 GdI2 DyF2DyCl2DyBr2DyI2 TmF2TmCl2TmBr2TmI2 YbF2YbCl2YbBr2YbI2 This inorganic compound–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ytterbium"},{"link_name":"Cl2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorine"},{"link_name":"inorganic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inorganic"},{"link_name":"chemical compound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_compound"},{"link_name":"hydrogen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Chemical compoundYtterbium(II) chloride (YbCl2) is an inorganic chemical compound. It was first prepared in 1929 by W. K. Klemm and W. Schuth, by reduction of ytterbium(III) chloride, YbCl3, using hydrogen.2 YbCl3 + H2 → 2 YbCl2 + 2 HClLike other Yb(II) compounds and other low-valence rare earth compounds, it is a strong reducing agent. It is unstable in aqueous solution, reducing water to hydrogen gas.[2]","title":"Ytterbium(II) chloride"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Lide, David R. (1998), Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87 ed.), Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, pp. 4–94, ISBN 0-8493-0594-2","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8493-0594-2","url_text":"0-8493-0594-2"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=13874-77-6","external_links_name":"13874-77-6"},{"Link":"https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=%5BYb%2B2%5D.%5BCl-%5D.%5BCl-%5D","external_links_name":"Interactive image"},{"Link":"https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.75606.html","external_links_name":"75606"},{"Link":"https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.034.197","external_links_name":"100.034.197"},{"Link":"https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/83785","external_links_name":"83785"},{"Link":"https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID90930206","external_links_name":"DTXSID90930206"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=470634748&page2=Ytterbium%28II%29+chloride","external_links_name":"verify"},{"Link":"http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9078098/ytterbium","external_links_name":"ytterbium - Britannica Online Encyclopedia"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ytterbium(II)_chloride&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanna_Solf	Hanna Solf	["1 Early life","2 Resistance to the Nazi regime","3 Arrest and detention","4 Life after liberation","5 References","6 External links"]	Hanna SolfHanna Solf as a witness at the Nuremberg trials in 1947BornJohanna Dotti14 November 1887NeuhagenDied4 November 1954Occupationanti-fascist resistance memberKnown forfounder and member of Solf Circle Johanna Susanne Elisabeth Solf (née Dotti, 14 November 1887 – 4 November 1954) was a member of the German resistance to Nazism and the founder of the Solf Circle group of intellectuals, opposed to the Nazi regime. Early life Solf was born in 1887 in Neuhagen. Her father, Georg Leopold Dotti, was an industrialist and banker. She married Wilhelm Solf in 1908, who was then governor of German Samoa. Lagi von Ballestrem (born So'oa'emalelagi Solf in 1909) was their eldest child. Starting in 1928 they lived in Berlin, where Wilhelm died in 1936. Resistance to the Nazi regime Hanna Solf and Elisabeth von Thadden frequently hosted tea parties for intellectuals opposed to the Nazi government, a group which would later be called Solf Circle (German: Solf-Kreis). They helped many victims of Nazi persecution to flee the country. Solf and her daughter sheltered Jewish families in their house and helped others find hiding places. Arrest and detention In September 1943, Solf attended a tea party organised by Elisabeth von Thadden. The party was infiltrated by the Gestapo agent Paul Reckzeh. Members of the Solf circle were arrested as a consequence. Hanna Solf was detained on 12 January 1944 and ultimately brought to Ravensbrück concentration camp. While several members of the group were executed, Solf and her daughter were freed before their trial when the Red Army liberated Ravensbrück. Hanna Solf as a prosecution witness at the Nuremberg trials (1947) Life after liberation At her liberation from Ravensbrück, Solf weighted only 42 kilograms. She appeared as witness at the Nuremberg trials. Solf lived retired from social life at the Lake Starnberg, until her death in 1954. Her housekeeper Martha Richter was taking care of her. Richter had joined the Solf family in 1911 and lived with Solf and her daughter since then and through the war. References ^ a b c d "Johanna Solf". gdw-berlin.de (biography). Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand. Retrieved 26 October 2019. ^ Brown, Mark (19 May 2021). "Two UK galleries to share portrait of German doctor who resisted Nazis". Retrieved 22 February 2023. ^ "Johanna Solf". The British Museum. Retrieved 22 February 2023. ^ a b Lagi countess Ballestrem-Solf (2003). "Tea Party". In Boehm, Eric H. (ed.). We survived : fourteen histories of the hidden and hunted in Nazi Germany. Boulder, Colo: Westview Press. pp. 131–151. ^ Weber, Konrad (July 2009). "Der Solfkreis" (in German). Retrieved 26 October 2019. ^ Warkocz, Manuela (18 February 2020). "Die vergessene Widerstandskämpferin" . Sueddeutsche Zeitung (in German). Retrieved 22 February 2023. External links Media related to Hanna Solf at Wikimedia Commons Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany United States Netherlands People Deutsche Biographie	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German resistance to Nazism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_resistance_to_Nazism"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gdw-1"},{"link_name":"Solf Circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solf_Circle"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Johanna Susanne Elisabeth Solf (née Dotti, 14 November 1887 – 4 November 1954) was a member of the German resistance to Nazism[1] and the founder of the Solf Circle group of intellectuals, opposed to the Nazi regime.[2]","title":"Hanna Solf"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Neuhagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuenhagen_bei_Berlin"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Wilhelm Solf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Solf"},{"link_name":"German Samoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Samoa"},{"link_name":"Lagi von Ballestrem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagi_von_Ballestrem"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gdw-1"}],"text":"Solf was born in 1887 in Neuhagen. Her father, Georg Leopold Dotti, was an industrialist and banker.[3]\nShe married Wilhelm Solf in 1908, who was then governor of German Samoa. Lagi von Ballestrem (born So'oa'emalelagi Solf in 1909) was their eldest child. Starting in 1928 they lived in Berlin, where Wilhelm died in 1936.[1]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Elisabeth von Thadden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_von_Thadden"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"victims of Nazi persecution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victims_of_Nazism"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gdw-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-boehm-4"}],"text":"Hanna Solf and Elisabeth von Thadden frequently hosted tea parties for intellectuals opposed to the Nazi government, a group which would later be called Solf Circle (German: Solf-Kreis). They helped many victims of Nazi persecution to flee the country.[1]\nSolf and her daughter sheltered Jewish families in their house and helped others find hiding places.[4]","title":"Resistance to the Nazi regime"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Elisabeth von Thadden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_von_Thadden"},{"link_name":"Gestapo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestapo"},{"link_name":"Paul Reckzeh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Reckzeh"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-boehm-4"},{"link_name":"Ravensbrück concentration camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravensbr%C3%BCck_concentration_camp"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Red Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Army"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gdw-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Witness_Hanna_Solf.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nuremberg trials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg_trials"}],"text":"In September 1943, Solf attended a tea party organised by Elisabeth von Thadden. The party was infiltrated by the Gestapo agent Paul Reckzeh. Members of the Solf circle were arrested as a consequence.[4] Hanna Solf was detained on 12 January 1944 and ultimately brought to Ravensbrück concentration camp.[5] While several members of the group were executed, Solf and her daughter were freed before their trial when the Red Army liberated Ravensbrück.[1]Hanna Solf as a prosecution witness at the Nuremberg trials (1947)","title":"Arrest and detention"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nuremberg trials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg_trials"},{"link_name":"Lake Starnberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Starnberg"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"At her liberation from Ravensbrück, Solf weighted only 42 kilograms. \nShe appeared as witness at the Nuremberg trials. \nSolf lived retired from social life at the Lake Starnberg, until her death in 1954. Her housekeeper Martha Richter was taking care of her. Richter had joined the Solf family in 1911 and lived with Solf and her daughter since then and through the war.[6]","title":"Life after liberation"}]	[{"image_text":"Hanna Solf as a prosecution witness at the Nuremberg trials (1947)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Witness_Hanna_Solf.jpg/220px-Witness_Hanna_Solf.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Johanna Solf\". gdw-berlin.de (biography). Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand. Retrieved 26 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gdw-berlin.de/en/recess/biographies/index_of_persons/biographie/view-bio/johanna-solf/","url_text":"\"Johanna Solf\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gedenkst%C3%A4tte_Deutscher_Widerstand","url_text":"Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand"}]},{"reference":"Brown, Mark (19 May 2021). \"Two UK galleries to share portrait of German doctor who resisted Nazis\". Retrieved 22 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2021/may/19/two-uk-galleries-to-share-portrait-of-german-doctor-who-resisted-nazis","url_text":"\"Two UK galleries to share portrait of German doctor who resisted Nazis\""}]},{"reference":"\"Johanna Solf\". The British Museum. Retrieved 22 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG185281","url_text":"\"Johanna Solf\""}]},{"reference":"Lagi countess Ballestrem-Solf (2003). \"Tea Party\". In Boehm, Eric H. (ed.). We survived : fourteen histories of the hidden and hunted in Nazi Germany. Boulder, Colo: Westview Press. pp. 131–151.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Weber, Konrad (July 2009). \"Der Solfkreis\" (in German). Retrieved 26 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.arenberg-info.de/htm/solf.htm","url_text":"\"Der Solfkreis\""}]},{"reference":"Warkocz, Manuela (18 February 2020). \"Die vergessene Widerstandskämpferin\" [The forgotten resistance fighter]. Sueddeutsche Zeitung (in German). Retrieved 22 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sueddeutsche.de/muenchen/starnberg/nationalsozialismus-starnberg-johanna-solf-1.4801733","url_text":"\"Die vergessene Widerstandskämpferin\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.gdw-berlin.de/en/recess/biographies/index_of_persons/biographie/view-bio/johanna-solf/","external_links_name":"\"Johanna Solf\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2021/may/19/two-uk-galleries-to-share-portrait-of-german-doctor-who-resisted-nazis","external_links_name":"\"Two UK galleries to share portrait of German doctor who resisted Nazis\""},{"Link":"https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG185281","external_links_name":"\"Johanna Solf\""},{"Link":"http://www.arenberg-info.de/htm/solf.htm","external_links_name":"\"Der Solfkreis\""},{"Link":"https://www.sueddeutsche.de/muenchen/starnberg/nationalsozialismus-starnberg-johanna-solf-1.4801733","external_links_name":"\"Die vergessene Widerstandskämpferin\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/13085486","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/117460591","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2020029140","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p247315915","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd117460591.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davtashen_District	Davtashen District	["1 Overview","2 History","3 Demographics","4 Culture","5 Transportation","6 Economy","7 Education","8 Sport","9 International relations","10 Panoramic view","11 References"]	Coordinates: 40°12′57″N 44°28′52″E / 40.21583°N 44.48111°E / 40.21583; 44.48111For the place in Aragatsotn Province, see Davtashen (village).This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Davtashen District" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)Place in Yerevan, ArmeniaDavtashen ԴավթաշենDavtashen with Mount Aragats in the backgroundDavtashen district shown in redDavtashenLocation in ArmeniaCoordinates: 40°12′57″N 44°28′52″E / 40.21583°N 44.48111°E / 40.21583; 44.48111CountryArmeniaMarz (Province)YerevanGovernment • Mayor of districtMikayel TumasyanArea • Total6.71 km2 (2.59 sq mi)Elevation1,120 m (3,670 ft)Population (2011 census) • Total42,380 • Density6,300/km2 (16,000/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+4 (AMT)Websitedavtashen.am Davtashen (Armenian: Դավթաշեն վարչական շրջան, romanized: Davtashen varch’akan shrjan), also known as Davitashen or Davidashen, is one of the 12 districts of Yerevan, the capital of Armenia. Located on the right bank of Hrazdan River, Davtashen is bordered by the districts of Ajapnyak and Arabkir from the south, and the Kotayk Province from the north. Overview View of Davtashen Ministry of Emergency Situations of Armenia With an area of 6.47 km2, (2, 9% of the Yerevan city area), Davtashen is the second smallest district of Yerevan in terms of area. It is unofficially divided into smaller neighborhoods such as the 4 blocks of Davtashen, Northern Davtashen and Huysi Avan. The main streets of the district are Sasna Tsrer Street, Tigran Petrosian Street, Pirumians Street, Aghababyan Street and Anastas Mikoyan Street. The district administration is located on Pirumians Street. A large rectangular public park on Pirumians Street separates the 1st residential block from the 2nd residential block of Davtashen. The district has been twice announced as the best among the 12 districts of Yerevan with the result of assessing and analyzing the performance of public services which have been carried out by the administrative districts of Yerevan during 2012 and 2013. Davtashen is home to the Directory of Passport and Visa of the Police of Armenia, as well as the Ministry of Emergency Situations. History The area of modern-day Davtashen was known as Arajin gyugh ('First Village') until the 1930s, during the Soviet period. It was included within the newly formed Shahumyan raion at the northwest of Yerevan, on the right bank of Hrazdan River. In 1939, the settlement known as Arajin gyugh was renamed Davtashen on the occasion of the 1000th anniversary of the Daredevils of Sassoun national epic poem, where David of Sassoun is the main hero. The statue of the Soviet-Armenian World Chess Champion Tigran Petrosian in Davtashen, erected in 2006 on the street bearing his name Soviet-era residential buildings With the gradual development of Soviet Yerevan, the area of the city was enlarged to include the nearby suburbs and the surrounding territories. Several bridges were built over the Hrazdan River, linking the Shahumyan raion with the central parts of Yerevan. During the 1970s, the village of Davtashen became officially part of the capital Yerevan. In 1984, the Soviet Executive Committee of Yerevan allocated 223 hectares of area for the construction of the residential neighbourhoods of Davtashen. As per the 1986 administrative divisions of Soviet Yerevan, present-day Ajapnyak and Davtashen districts were part of the Mashtots raion. With the independence of Armenia, and following the new law about the administrative divisions of the republic adopted in 1996, Yerevan was divided into 12 administrative districts, including Davtashen. The first mayor of Davtashen was Ruben Gevorgyan who served between 1996 and 1999. He was followed by Surik Ghukasyan (1999-2008), and Artur Gevorgyan (2008-2012). Ruslan Baghdasaryan of the Republican Party of Armenia is the current mayor, serving since 2012. Demographics Holy Martyrs Church As of the 2011 census, the district had a population of 42,380 (4% of Yerevan city population). According to the 2016 official estimate, the population of the district is around 42,500 (ranked 10th among the 12 districts of Yerevan). Davtashen is mainly populated by Armenians who belong to the Armenian Apostolic Church. The Holy Martyrs Church consecrated in 2003, is currently the only church in the district. Culture Khachkar dedicated to the 1700th anniversary of Christianity in Armenia Davtashen is home to Library No. 40, opened in 1996, and the school of art named after Avet Terterian, opened in 1993. The Armenfilm studios as well as the Armenia TV station of the PanArmenian Media Group are located in Davtashen. Davtashen Public Park is home to a memorial dedicated to the Armenian victims of World War II and the First Nagorno-Karabakh War. A large khachkar was erected in the park in 2001, on the occasion of the 1700th anniversary of the conversion Armenia to Christianity. Transportation Davtashen Bridge Davtashen is connected with the central parts of Yerevan by the Davtashen Bridge, opened in 2000. In 2019, Mayor of Yerevan Hayk Marutyan announced that preliminary work had begun to extend the Yerevan Metro to Davtashen. Economy The people of Davtashen are mainly involved in small and mid-sized business. It is home to around 300 small and medium-sized retail shops, eateries and other businesses. Arax factory for metal structures is a large industrial plant, operating in Davtashen since 1984. Education As of 2017, Davtashen is home to 5 preschool kindergartens, 7 public schools, as well as the Academy of Justice of the Ministry of Justice of Armenia, which opened in 2014. Sport Davtashan is home to many sport centres, including: Yerevan children and youth handball and team-sports specialized school, opened in 1993. Davtashen Chess School, opened in 2013. "Swimmer closer to water" children and youth swimming school. Olympavan Olympic Training Complex, opened in 2015. Reebok Sports Club Armenia, opened in 2017. International relations The administration of Davtashen District has an official cooperation agreement with: Antony, Hauts-de-Seine, Île-de-France, France, since 2015. Artik, Shirak Province, Armenia. Martakert, Republic of Artsakh. Panoramic view Panoramic view of Davtashen district References ^ "Yerevan Gearing Up for Subway Extension". The Armenian Weekly. 26 February 2019. Retrieved 29 July 2019. ^ The President attended the opening ceremony of the Academy of Justice ^ Olympavan in the Davtashen administrative district of Yerevan ^ Reebok Sports Club Armenia ^ Yerevan official website, Sister cities Wikimedia Commons has media related to Davtashen. vteCity of Yerevan Ajapnyak Arabkir Avan Davtashen Erebuni Kanaker-Zeytun Kentron Malatia-Sebastia Nork-Marash Nor Nork Nubarashen Shengavit	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Davtashen (village)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davtashen_(village)"},{"link_name":"Armenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Armenian"},{"link_name":"12 districts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Yerevan"},{"link_name":"Yerevan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yerevan"},{"link_name":"Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia"},{"link_name":"Hrazdan River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrazdan_River"},{"link_name":"Ajapnyak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajapnyak_District"},{"link_name":"Arabkir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabkir_District"},{"link_name":"Kotayk Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotayk_Province"}],"text":"For the place in Aragatsotn Province, see Davtashen (village).Place in Yerevan, ArmeniaDavtashen (Armenian: Դավթաշեն վարչական շրջան, romanized: Davtashen varch’akan shrjan), also known as Davitashen or Davidashen, is one of the 12 districts of Yerevan, the capital of Armenia.Located on the right bank of Hrazdan River, Davtashen is bordered by the districts of Ajapnyak and Arabkir from the south, and the Kotayk Province from the north.","title":"Davtashen District"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Davtashen_district_view_02.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ministry_of_Emergency,_RA.jpg"}],"text":"View of DavtashenMinistry of Emergency Situations of ArmeniaWith an area of 6.47 km2, (2, 9% of the Yerevan city area), Davtashen is the second smallest district of Yerevan in terms of area. It is unofficially divided into smaller neighborhoods such as the 4 blocks of Davtashen, Northern Davtashen and Huysi Avan. The main streets of the district are Sasna Tsrer Street, Tigran Petrosian Street, Pirumians Street, Aghababyan Street and Anastas Mikoyan Street. The district administration is located on Pirumians Street. A large rectangular public park on Pirumians Street separates the 1st residential block from the 2nd residential block of Davtashen.The district has been twice announced as the best among the 12 districts of Yerevan with the result of assessing and analyzing the performance of public services which have been carried out by the administrative districts of Yerevan during 2012 and 2013.Davtashen is home to the Directory of Passport and Visa of the Police of Armenia, as well as the Ministry of Emergency Situations.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Daredevils of Sassoun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daredevils_of_Sassoun"},{"link_name":"David of Sassoun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_of_Sassoun"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D5%8F%D5%AB%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%8A%D5%A5%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_1.JPG"},{"link_name":"Tigran Petrosian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigran_Petrosian"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Davitashen_1st_District.JPG"},{"link_name":"Ruslan Baghdasaryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruslan_Baghdasaryan"},{"link_name":"Republican Party of Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Armenia"}],"text":"The area of modern-day Davtashen was known as Arajin gyugh ('First Village') until the 1930s, during the Soviet period. It was included within the newly formed Shahumyan raion at the northwest of Yerevan, on the right bank of Hrazdan River. In 1939, the settlement known as Arajin gyugh was renamed Davtashen on the occasion of the 1000th anniversary of the Daredevils of Sassoun national epic poem, where David of Sassoun is the main hero.The statue of the Soviet-Armenian World Chess Champion Tigran Petrosian in Davtashen, erected in 2006 on the street bearing his nameSoviet-era residential buildingsWith the gradual development of Soviet Yerevan, the area of the city was enlarged to include the nearby suburbs and the surrounding territories. Several bridges were built over the Hrazdan River, linking the Shahumyan raion with the central parts of Yerevan. During the 1970s, the village of Davtashen became officially part of the capital Yerevan.In 1984, the Soviet Executive Committee of Yerevan allocated 223 hectares of area for the construction of the residential neighbourhoods of Davtashen.As per the 1986 administrative divisions of Soviet Yerevan, present-day Ajapnyak and Davtashen districts were part of the Mashtots raion.With the independence of Armenia, and following the new law about the administrative divisions of the republic adopted in 1996, Yerevan was divided into 12 administrative districts, including Davtashen.The first mayor of Davtashen was Ruben Gevorgyan who served between 1996 and 1999. He was followed by Surik Ghukasyan (1999-2008), and Artur Gevorgyan (2008-2012). Ruslan Baghdasaryan of the Republican Party of Armenia is the current mayor, serving since 2012.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Holy_Martyrs_church,_Davtashen.jpg"},{"link_name":"Armenian Apostolic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church"}],"text":"Holy Martyrs ChurchAs of the 2011 census, the district had a population of 42,380 (4% of Yerevan city population). According to the 2016 official estimate, the population of the district is around 42,500 (ranked 10th among the 12 districts of Yerevan).Davtashen is mainly populated by Armenians who belong to the Armenian Apostolic Church. The Holy Martyrs Church consecrated in 2003, is currently the only church in the district.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D4%BD%D5%A1%D5%B9%D6%84%D5%A1%D6%80_1700_%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%AB.jpg"},{"link_name":"Avet Terterian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avet_Terterian"},{"link_name":"Armenfilm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenfilm"},{"link_name":"Armenia TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia_TV"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"First Nagorno-Karabakh War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War"}],"text":"Khachkar dedicated to the 1700th anniversary of Christianity in ArmeniaDavtashen is home to Library No. 40, opened in 1996, and the school of art named after Avet Terterian, opened in 1993.The Armenfilm studios as well as the Armenia TV station of the PanArmenian Media Group are located in Davtashen.Davtashen Public Park is home to a memorial dedicated to the Armenian victims of World War II and the First Nagorno-Karabakh War. A large khachkar was erected in the park in 2001, on the occasion of the 1700th anniversary of the conversion Armenia to Christianity.","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D4%B4%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%BB.jpg"},{"link_name":"Davtashen Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davtashen_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Davtashen Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davtashen_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Yerevan Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yerevan_Metro"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Davtashen BridgeDavtashen is connected with the central parts of Yerevan by the Davtashen Bridge, opened in 2000. In 2019, Mayor of Yerevan Hayk Marutyan announced that preliminary work had begun to extend the Yerevan Metro to Davtashen.[1]","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The people of Davtashen are mainly involved in small and mid-sized business. It is home to around 300 small and medium-sized retail shops, eateries and other businesses.Arax factory for metal structures is a large industrial plant, operating in Davtashen since 1984.","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"As of 2017, Davtashen is home to 5 preschool kindergartens, 7 public schools, as well as the Academy of Justice of the Ministry of Justice of Armenia, which opened in 2014.[2]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Reebok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reebok"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Davtashan is home to many sport centres, including:Yerevan children and youth handball and team-sports specialized school, opened in 1993.\nDavtashen Chess School, opened in 2013.\n\"Swimmer closer to water\" children and youth swimming school.\nOlympavan Olympic Training Complex, opened in 2015.[3]\nReebok Sports Club Armenia, opened in 2017.[4]","title":"Sport"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blason_ville_fr_Antony_(Hauts-de-Seine).svg"},{"link_name":"Antony, Hauts-de-Seine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antony,_Hauts-de-Seine"},{"link_name":"Île-de-France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Ele-de-France"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia"},{"link_name":"Artik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artik"},{"link_name":"Shirak Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirak_Province"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Artsakh"},{"link_name":"Martakert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aghdara_(town)"},{"link_name":"Republic of Artsakh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Artsakh"}],"text":"The administration of Davtashen District has an official cooperation agreement with:Antony, Hauts-de-Seine, Île-de-France, France, since 2015.[5]\n Artik, Shirak Province, Armenia.\n Martakert, Republic of Artsakh.","title":"International relations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D4%B4%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%A5%D5%B6.jpg"}],"text":"Panoramic view of Davtashen district","title":"Panoramic view"}]	[{"image_text":"View of Davtashen","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Davtashen_district_view_02.jpg/220px-Davtashen_district_view_02.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ministry of Emergency Situations of Armenia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Ministry_of_Emergency%2C_RA.jpg/220px-Ministry_of_Emergency%2C_RA.jpg"},{"image_text":"The statue of the Soviet-Armenian World Chess Champion Tigran Petrosian in Davtashen, erected in 2006 on the street bearing his name","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/%D5%8F%D5%AB%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%8A%D5%A5%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_1.JPG/220px-%D5%8F%D5%AB%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%8A%D5%A5%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_1.JPG"},{"image_text":"Soviet-era residential buildings","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Davitashen_1st_District.JPG/220px-Davitashen_1st_District.JPG"},{"image_text":"Holy Martyrs Church","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Holy_Martyrs_church%2C_Davtashen.jpg/220px-Holy_Martyrs_church%2C_Davtashen.jpg"},{"image_text":"Khachkar dedicated to the 1700th anniversary of Christianity in Armenia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/%D4%BD%D5%A1%D5%B9%D6%84%D5%A1%D6%80_1700_%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%AB.jpg/220px-%D4%BD%D5%A1%D5%B9%D6%84%D5%A1%D6%80_1700_%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%AB.jpg"},{"image_text":"Davtashen Bridge","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/%D4%B4%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%BB.jpg/220px-%D4%B4%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%BB.jpg"},{"image_text":"Panoramic view of Davtashen district","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/%D4%B4%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%A5%D5%B6.jpg/900px-%D4%B4%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%A5%D5%B6.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Yerevan Gearing Up for Subway Extension\". The Armenian Weekly. 26 February 2019. Retrieved 29 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://armenianweekly.com/2019/02/26/yerevan-gearing-up-for-subway-extension/","url_text":"\"Yerevan Gearing Up for Subway Extension\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Davtashen_District&params=40_12_57_N_44_28_52_E_type:city_region:AM","external_links_name":"40°12′57″N 44°28′52″E / 40.21583°N 44.48111°E / 40.21583; 44.48111"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Davtashen+District%22","external_links_name":"\"Davtashen District\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Davtashen+District%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Davtashen+District%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Davtashen+District%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Davtashen+District%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Davtashen+District%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Davtashen_District&params=40_12_57_N_44_28_52_E_type:city_region:AM","external_links_name":"40°12′57″N 44°28′52″E / 40.21583°N 44.48111°E / 40.21583; 44.48111"},{"Link":"http://davtashen.am/","external_links_name":"davtashen.am"},{"Link":"https://armenianweekly.com/2019/02/26/yerevan-gearing-up-for-subway-extension/","external_links_name":"\"Yerevan Gearing Up for Subway Extension\""},{"Link":"http://www.president.am/en/press-release/item/2014/03/18/President-Serzh-Sargsyan-opening-ceremony-of-Academy-of-Justice/","external_links_name":"The President attended the opening ceremony of the Academy of Justice"},{"Link":"http://armnoc.am/eng/olympavan/","external_links_name":"Olympavan in the Davtashen administrative district of Yerevan"},{"Link":"http://www.reeboksportsclub.com/en","external_links_name":"Reebok Sports Club Armenia"},{"Link":"https://www.yerevan.am/en/partner/sister-cities/","external_links_name":"Yerevan official website, Sister cities"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siempre_en_Mi_Coraz%C3%B3n%E2%80%94Always_in_My_Heart	Siempre en Mi Corazón—Always in My Heart	["1 Track listing","2 Personnel","3 References"]	1983 studio album by Plácido DomingoSiempre en Mi Corazón — Always in My Heart: The Songs of Ernesto Lecuona1983 LP coverStudio album by Plácido DomingoReleased1983GenrePop musicLength32:14LanguageSpanishLabelCBS RecordsProducerMilt OkunPlácido Domingo chronology Adoro(1982) Siempre en Mi Corazón — Always in My Heart: The Songs of Ernesto Lecuona(1983) My Life for a Song(1983) Alternative cover1997 CD cover Siempre en Mi Corazón — Always in My Heart: The Songs of Ernesto Lecuona is a studio album recorded by Spanish tenor Plácido Domingo. It was produced by Milt Okun and released by CBS Records in 1983. The album includes songs written by Cuban musician Ernesto Lecuona and won Domingo a Grammy Award for Best Latin Pop Performance in 1985. Track listing All tracks written by Ernesto Lecuona. No.TitleLength1."Siboney"3:342."Noche Azul"2:493."Andalucía"2:484."Siempre en Mi Corazón"3:275."María la O"3:246."Karabalí (Canto carabalí)"3:127."Juventud"2:398."Malagueña"3:229."Damisela Encantadora"3:2710."La Comparsa"3:32 Personnel Plácido Domingo - vocals Barry Griffiths - conductor Royal Philharmonic Orchestra Lee Holdridge - arranger and director Alf Clausen - arranger References ^ a b "Siempre en Mi Corazón – Plácido Domingo". AllMusic. All Media Network. Retrieved July 27, 2015. vtePlácido DomingoStudio albums Perhaps Love: Plácido Domingo with John Denver (1981) Adoro (1982) Siempre en Mi Corazón (Always in My Heart) (1984) Cantos Aztecas (1988) Goya: A Life in Song (1989) De Mi Alma Latina (1994) This Is The Time: The Christmas Album (1996) 100 Años de Mariachi (1999) Gitano (2007) Pasión Española (2008) Amore Infinito (2009) Songs (2012) Verdi baritone arias (2013) Encanto del Mar (2014) My Christmas (2014) Volver (2018) Live albums/DVDs Christmas in Vienna (1993) Christmas in Vienna II (1994) Christmas in Vienna III (1994) Christmas in Vienna VI (1998) A Gala Christmas in Vienna (1998) Margarita la tornera (1999) The First Emperor (2007) The Enchanted Island (2012) Singles "Perhaps Love" (1981) "Till I Loved You" (1989) "Nessun dorma" (1990) "Fire in Your Heart" (1994) The Three Tenors Carreras Domingo Pavarotti in Concert (1990) The Three Tenors in Concert 1994 (1994) The Three Tenors: Paris 1998 (1998) Luciano Pavarotti José Carreras The Private Lives of the Three Tenors (1996 book) Film and television Cavalleria rusticana (1982) Pagliacci (1982) La Traviata (1983) Mario Lanza: The American Caruso (1983) Carmen (1984) Otello (1986) "Sesame Street… 20 Years & Still Counting" (1989) The Other Conquest (2000) "The Homer of Seville" (2007) Masterclass (2010) Related Discography Repertoire Awards and nominations Plácido Domingo Ferrer Pepita Embil Marta Domingo Plácido Domingo Jr. Operalia Competition El poeta (opera) Don Rodrigo (opera) Los Angeles Opera Washington National Opera Palau de les Arts Reina Sofía YOA Orchestra of the Americas Europa Nostra vteGrammy Award for Best Latin Pop Album1980s Me Enamoré – José Feliciano (1983) Siempre en Mi Corazón—Always in My Heart – Plácido Domingo (1984) Es Fácil Amar – Lani Hall (1985) "Le Lo Lai" – José Feliciano (1986) Un hombre solo – Julio Iglesias (1987) Roberto Carlos '88 – Roberto Carlos (1988) "Cielito Lindo" – José Feliciano (1989) 1990s "¿Por Qué Te Tengo Que Olvidar?" – José Feliciano (1990) Cosas del Amor – Vikki Carr (1991) Otro Día Más Sin Verte – Jon Secada (1992) Aries – Luis Miguel (1993) Segundo Romance – Luis Miguel (1994) Amor – Jon Secada (1995) Enrique Iglesias – Enrique Iglesias (1996) Romances – Luis Miguel (1997) Vuelve – Ricky Martin (1998) Tiempos – Rubén Blades (1999) 2000s MTV Unplugged – Shakira (2000) La Música de Baldemar Huerta – Freddy Fender (2001) Caraluna – Bacilos (2002) No Es lo Mismo – Alejandro Sanz (2003) Amar Sin Mentiras – Marc Anthony (2004) Escucha – Laura Pausini (2005) Adentro – Ricardo Arjona / Limón y Sal – Julieta Venegas (2006) El Tren de los Momentos – Alejandro Sanz (2007) La Vida... Es Un Ratico – Juanes (2008) Sin Frenos – La 5ª Estación (2009) 2010s Paraíso Express – Alejandro Sanz (2010) No Award (2011) MTV Unplugged – Juanes (2012) Vida – Draco Rosa (2013) Tangos – Rubén Blades (2014) A Quien Quiera Escuchar – Ricky Martin (2015) Un Besito Más – Jesse & Joy (2016) El Dorado – Shakira (2017) Sincera – Claudia Brant (2018) El Disco – Alejandro Sanz (2019) 2020s YHLQMDLG – Bad Bunny (2020) Mendó – Alex Cuba (2021) Pasieros – Rubén Blades and Boca Livre (2022) X Mí (Vol. 1) – Gaby Moreno (2023) This 1980s pop album–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"studio album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studio_album"},{"link_name":"Plácido Domingo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pl%C3%A1cido_Domingo"},{"link_name":"Milt Okun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milt_Okun"},{"link_name":"CBS Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Records_International"},{"link_name":"Ernesto Lecuona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernesto_Lecuona"},{"link_name":"Grammy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award"},{"link_name":"Best Latin Pop Performance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Latin_Pop_Album"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Siempre-Corazon-1"}],"text":"Siempre en Mi Corazón — Always in My Heart: The Songs of Ernesto Lecuona is a studio album recorded by Spanish tenor Plácido Domingo. It was produced by Milt Okun and released by CBS Records in 1983. The album includes songs written by Cuban musician Ernesto Lecuona and won Domingo a Grammy Award for Best Latin Pop Performance in 1985.[1]","title":"Siempre en Mi Corazón—Always in My Heart"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ernesto Lecuona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernesto_Lecuona"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Siempre-Corazon-1"},{"link_name":"Siboney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siboney_(song)"},{"link_name":"Malagueña","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malague%C3%B1a_(song)"}],"text":"All tracks written by Ernesto Lecuona.[1]No.TitleLength1.\"Siboney\"3:342.\"Noche Azul\"2:493.\"Andalucía\"2:484.\"Siempre en Mi Corazón\"3:275.\"María la O\"3:246.\"Karabalí (Canto carabalí)\"3:127.\"Juventud\"2:398.\"Malagueña\"3:229.\"Damisela Encantadora\"3:2710.\"La Comparsa\"3:32","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Plácido Domingo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pl%C3%A1cido_Domingo"},{"link_name":"Royal Philharmonic Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Philharmonic_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"Lee Holdridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Holdridge"},{"link_name":"Alf Clausen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alf_Clausen"}],"text":"Plácido Domingo - vocals\nBarry Griffiths - conductor\nRoyal Philharmonic Orchestra\nLee Holdridge - arranger and director\nAlf Clausen - arranger","title":"Personnel"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Siempre en Mi Corazón – Plácido Domingo\". AllMusic. All Media Network. Retrieved July 27, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/mw0000272872","url_text":"\"Siempre en Mi Corazón – Plácido Domingo\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Media_Network","url_text":"All Media Network"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/mw0000272872","external_links_name":"\"Siempre en Mi Corazón – Plácido Domingo\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siempre_en_Mi_Coraz%C3%B3n%E2%80%94Always_in_My_Heart&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_B._Bankhead	William B. Bankhead	["1 Early life","2 Political career","3 Bankhead family","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]	American politician (1874-1940) William B. Bankhead42nd Speaker of the United States House of RepresentativesIn officeJune 4, 1936 – September 15, 1940Preceded byJo ByrnsSucceeded bySam RayburnLeader of the House Democratic CaucusIn officeJune 4, 1936 – September 15, 1940Preceded byJo ByrnsSucceeded bySam RayburnHouse Majority LeaderIn officeJanuary 3, 1935 – June 4, 1936DeputyPatrick J. BolandPreceded byJo ByrnsSucceeded bySam RayburnChair of the House Rules CommitteeIn officeApril 1, 1934 – January 3, 1935Preceded byEdward W. PouSucceeded byJohn J. O'ConnorMember of the U.S. House of Representatives from AlabamaIn officeMarch 4, 1917 – September 15, 1940Preceded byConstituency establishedSucceeded byZadoc L. WeatherfordConstituency10th district (1917–1933)7th district (1933–1940)Member of the Alabama House of RepresentativesIn office1900–1901City Attorney of HuntsvilleIn office1898–1902 Personal detailsBornWilliam Brockman Bankhead(1874-04-12)April 12, 1874Sulligent, Alabama, U.S.DiedSeptember 15, 1940(1940-09-15) (aged 66)Washington, D.C., U.S.Political partyDemocraticSpouses Adalaide Eugenia Sledge (m. 1900; died 1902) Florence McGuire (m. 1915) Children2, including TallulahParentJohn H. Bankhead (father)Relatives John H. Bankhead II (brother) Walter W. Bankhead (nephew) EducationUniversity of Alabama (BA)Georgetown University (LLB) William Brockman Bankhead (April 12, 1874 – September 15, 1940) was an American politician who served as the 42nd speaker of the United States House of Representatives from 1936 to 1940, representing Alabama's 10th and later 7th congressional districts as a Democrat from 1917 to 1940. Bankhead was a strong liberal and a prominent supporter of President Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal of pro-labor union legislation, thus clashing with most other Southern Democrats in Congress at the time. Bankhead described himself as proud to be a politician, by which he meant that he did not neglect matters that concerned his district or reelection. He was the father of actress Tallulah Bankhead. Bankhead died on September 15, 1940, from an abdominal hemorrhage, while still in office. Early life William Bankhead (#9) with the 1892 Alabama football team Bankhead was born at the Bankhead plantation in Lamar County, Alabama. His father, John H. Bankhead, was an active politician who had served in the Alabama legislature, and later as US Representative and Senator. His mother was Tallulah James Brockman, granddaughter of South Carolina state Senator Thomas Patterson Brockman, and he was raised as a Methodist. Bankhead's brother, John H. Bankhead II, also served in the Senate. William Bankhead attended the University of Alabama, where he was a member of Phi Delta Theta fraternity, and played on the university's first football team, organized in 1892. He studied law at Georgetown University Law Center in Washington, DC, graduating in 1895. He was immediately admitted to the bar in Alabama, and practiced law in Huntsville. Political career In 1898, he became city attorney of Huntsville, serving until 1902. In 1900, he was elected to the Alabama House of Representatives for one term, serving through 1901. In 1905, he moved to Jasper, Alabama. In 1910 he was appointed solicitor of the fourteenth judicial circuit of Alabama, serving until 1914. In 1914, he sought the Democratic nomination for US Representative, but failed. In 1916 he was elected Representative from the newly created 10th Congressional District. (Alabama was apportioned a tenth Congressional seat after the 1910 Census, but the seat was filled by at-large election in 1912 and 1914.) Bankhead held the 10th District until it was abolished after the 1930 Census, when Alabama lost a seat. He was the only person ever elected from the 10th District. After reapportionment and redistricting following the 1930 Census, Bankhead was re-elected Representative from the 7th District in 1932, and was re-elected three times, serving until his death in 1940. Bankhead served as chairman of the House Rules Committee from April 1934 until January 1935, taking over for Edward W. Pou who died in office. In 1934, he was chosen House Majority Leader by his fellow Democrats. On June 4, 1936, he was chosen Speaker of the House to succeed Jo Byrns, who had died that morning. Bankhead served as Speaker until his death on September 15, 1940. His cause of death was a stomach hemorrhage. As Speaker, Bankhead held the second-highest political office ever attained by any Alabamian, after only Vice President William R. King. At the 1940 Democratic National Convention (three months before his death), he finished second to Henry A. Wallace on the vice presidential ticket, losing the delegate count 626–329. Bankhead family Bankhead's father, John H. Bankhead, was a U.S. Representative and Senator. His elder brother John H. Bankhead II was also a U.S. Senator, and his nephew Walter Will Bankhead was a U.S. Representative. His daughter, Tallulah Bankhead, was the acclaimed theatrical, radio and motion picture actress. The William B. Bankhead National Forest and sections of old US Highway 78 in northern Alabama are named in his honor. His home in Jasper has been renovated to house the Walker Area Community Foundation's "Bankhead House and Heritage Center", a history museum and arts venue. See also Biography portal List of United States Congress members who died in office (1900–49) References Grossman, Mark, "Speakers of the House of Representatives 1789-2009" (New York: Grey House Publishing, 2009). ^ Robert E. Dewhirst, John David Rausch, Encyclopedia of the United States Congress (2007), p. 35. ^ Heacock, Walter J. (1955). "William B. Bankhead and the New Deal". Journal of Southern History. 21 (3): 347–359. doi:10.2307/2954955. JSTOR 2954955. ^ "Alabama's history: Three generations of Bankheads were the state's shining stars". AL.com. Retrieved January 10, 2018. ^ "William B. Bankhead \| Encyclopedia of Alabama". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved January 10, 2018. ^ "Grey House Publishing: Speakers of the House of Representatives". www.greyhouse.com. Archived from the original on June 17, 2009. ^ "'Mr. Speaker': William Bankhead of Alabama - the Knoxville Focus". knoxfocus.com. Retrieved December 24, 2018. ^ Tallulah Bankhead - A passionate life, on Hiwaay.net ^ "Bankhead House and Heritage Center". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved July 10, 2023. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to William B. Bankhead. United States Congress. "William B. Bankhead (id: B000113)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. William B. Bankhead at Find a Grave Bankhead House & Heritage Center home page U.S. House of Representatives New constituency Member of the U.S. House of Representativesfrom Alabama's 10th congressional district 1917–1933 Constituency abolished Preceded byMiles C. Allgood Member of the U.S. House of Representativesfrom Alabama's 7th congressional district 1933–1940 Succeeded byZadoc L. Weatherford Preceded byJo Byrns House Majority Leader 1935–1936 Succeeded bySam Rayburn Party political offices Preceded byJo Byrns House Democratic Deputy Leader 1935–1936 Succeeded bySam Rayburn Preceded byAlben W. BarkleyJoseph Taylor Robinson Keynote Speaker of the Democratic National Convention 1940 Succeeded byRobert S. Kerr Political offices Preceded byJo Byrns Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives 1936–1940 Succeeded bySam Rayburn vteDemocratic Party History Second Party System Third Party System Fourth Party System Fifth Party System Sixth Party System Nationalconventions,presidentialtickets,andpresidentialprimaries 1828 (None): Jackson/Calhoun 1832 (Baltimore): Jackson/Van Buren 1835 (Baltimore): Van Buren/R. Johnson 1840 (Baltimore): Van Buren/None 1844 (Baltimore): Polk/Dallas 1848 (Baltimore): Cass/Butler 1852 (Baltimore): Pierce/King 1856 (Cincinnati): Buchanan/Breckinridge 1860 (Charleston/Baltimore): Douglas/H. Johnson (Breckinridge/Lane, SD) 1864 (Chicago): McClellan/Pendleton 1868 (New York): Seymour/Blair 1872 (Baltimore): Greeley/Brown 1876 (Saint Louis): Tilden/Hendricks 1880 (Cincinnati): Hancock/English 1884 (Chicago): Cleveland/Hendricks 1888 (Saint Louis): Cleveland/Thurman 1892 (Chicago): Cleveland/Stevenson I 1896 (Chicago): W. Bryan/Sewall 1900 (Kansas City): W. Bryan/Stevenson I 1904 (Saint Louis): Parker/H. Davis 1908 (Denver): W. Bryan/Kern 1912 (Baltimore): Wilson/Marshall primaries 1916 (Saint Louis): Wilson/Marshall primaries 1920 (San Francisco): Cox/Roosevelt primaries 1924 (New York): J. Davis/C. Bryan primaries 1928 (Houston): Smith/Robinson primaries 1932 (Chicago): Roosevelt/Garner primaries 1936 (Philadelphia): Roosevelt/Garner primaries 1940 (Chicago): Roosevelt/Wallace primaries 1944 (Chicago): Roosevelt/Truman primaries 1948 (Philadelphia): Truman/Barkley primaries 1952 (Chicago): Stevenson II/Sparkman primaries 1956 (Chicago): Stevenson II/Kefauver primaries 1960 (Los Angeles): Kennedy/L. Johnson primaries 1964 (Atlantic City): L. Johnson/Humphrey primaries 1968 (Chicago): Humphrey/Muskie primaries 1972 (Miami Beach): McGovern/(Eagleton, Shriver) primaries 1976 (New York): Carter/Mondale primaries 1980 (New York): Carter/Mondale primaries 1984 (San Francisco): Mondale/Ferraro primaries 1988 (Atlanta): Dukakis/Bentsen primaries 1992 (New York): B. Clinton/Gore primaries 1996 (Chicago): B. Clinton/Gore primaries 2000 (Los Angeles): Gore/Lieberman primaries 2004 (Boston): Kerry/Edwards primaries 2008 (Denver): Obama/Biden primaries 2012 (Charlotte): Obama/Biden primaries 2016 (Philadelphia): H. Clinton/Kaine primaries 2020 (Milwaukee/other locations): Biden/Harris primaries 2024 (Chicago): Biden/Harris (presumptive) primaries Presidentialadministrations Jackson (1829–1837) Van Buren (1837–1841) Polk (1845–1849) Pierce (1853–1857) Buchanan (1857–1861) A. Johnson (1868–1869) Cleveland (1885–1889; 1893–1897) Wilson (1913–1921) Roosevelt (1933–1941; 1941–1945) Truman (1945–1953) Kennedy (1961–1963) L. B. Johnson (1963–1969) Carter (1977–1981) Clinton (1993–2001) Obama (2009–2017) Biden (2021–) U.S. Houseleaders,Speakers,andCaucuschairs A. Stevenson (1827–1834) Bell (1834–1835) Polk (1835–1839) J. W. Jones (1843–1845) Davis (1845–1847) Cobb (1849–1851) Boyd (1851–1855) G. W. Jones (1855–1857) Orr (1857–1859) Houston (1859–1861) Niblack/Randall (1869–1871) Niblack (1873–1875) Kerr (1875–1876) Randall (1876–1881) Carlisle (1883–1889) Holman (1889–1891) Crisp (1891–1895) D. B. Culberson (1895–1897) Richardson (1897–1903) Williams (1903–1909) Clark (1909–1921) Kitchin (1921–1923) Garrett (1923–1929) Garner (1929–1933) Rainey (1933–1934) Byrns (1935–1936) Bankhead (1936–1940) Rayburn (1940–1961) McCormack (1962–1971) Albert (1971–1977) O'Neill (1977–1987) Wright (1987–1989) Foley (1989–1995) Gephardt (1995–2003) Pelosi (2003–2023) Jeffries (2023–) U.S. SenateleadersandCaucuschairs J. W. Stevenson (1873–1877) Wallace (1877–1881) Pendleton (1881–1885) Beck (1885–1890) Gorman (1890–1898) Turpie (1898–1899) J. K. Jones (1899–1903) Gorman (1903–1906) Blackburn (1906–1907) C. A. Culberson (1907–1909) Money (1909–1911) Martin (1911–1913) Kern (1913–1917) Martin (1917–1919) Hitchcock (1919–1920) Underwood (1920–1923) Robinson (1923–1937) Barkley (1937–1949) Lucas (1949–1951) McFarland (1951–1953) Johnson (1953–1961) Mansfield (1961–1977) Byrd (1977–1989) Mitchell (1989–1995) Daschle (1995–2005) Reid (2005–2017) Schumer (2017–) Chairs ofthe DNC Hallett McLane Smalley Belmont Schell Hewitt Barnum Brice Harrity Jones Taggart Mack McCombs McCormick Cummings White Hull Shaver Raskob Farley Flynn Walker Hannegan McGrath Boyle McKinney Mitchell Butler Jackson Bailey O'Brien Harris O'Brien Westwood Strauss Curtis White Manatt Kirk Brown Wilhelm DeLee Dodd/Fowler Romer/Grossman Rendell/Andrew McAuliffe Dean Kaine Wasserman Schultz Perez Harrison State andterritorialparties Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming American Samoa District of Columbia Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico Virgin Islands Democrats Abroad AffiliatedgroupsCongress Senate Caucus Policy Committee Steering and Outreach Committee House Caucus Factions Blue Dog Coalition Congressional Progressive Caucus Justice Democrats New Democrat Coalition Problem Solvers Caucus Fundraising Democratic Attorneys General Association Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee Democratic Governors Association Democratic Legislative Campaign Committee Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee National Conference of Democratic Mayors National Democratic Redistricting Committee Sectional College Democrats of America Democrats Abroad National Federation of Democratic Women Stonewall Democrats Stonewall Young Democrats Young Democrats of America High School Democrats of America Related Primaries Presidential candidates Debates Superdelegate 2005 chairmanship election 2017 chairmanship election 2006 House Caucus leadership election 2018 House Caucus leadership election Weekly Democratic Address vteSpeakers of the U.S. House of Representatives ▌ Muhlenberg (1789–1791) ▌ Trumbull (1791–1793) ▌ Muhlenberg (1793–1795) ▌ Dayton (1795–1799) ▌ Sedgwick (1799–1801) ▌ Macon (1801–1807) ▌ Varnum (1807–1811) ▌ Clay (1811–1814) ▌ Cheves (1814–1815) ▌ Clay (1815–1820) ▌ Taylor (1820–1821) ▌ Barbour (1821–1823) ▌ Clay (1823–1825) ▌ Taylor (1825–1827) ▌ Stevenson (1827–1834) ▌ Bell (1834–1835) ▌▌ Polk (1835–1839) ▌ Hunter (1839–1841) ▌ White (1841–1843) ▌ Jones (1843–1845) ▌ Davis (1845–1847) ▌ Winthrop (1847–1849) ▌ Cobb (1849–1851) ▌ Boyd (1851–1855) ▌ Banks (1856–1857) ▌ Orr (1857–1859) ▌ Pennington (1860–1861) ▌ Grow (1861–1863) ▌ Colfax (1863–1869) ▌ Pomeroy (1869) ▌ Blaine (1869–1875) ▌ Kerr (1875–1876) ▌ Randall (1876–1881) ▌ Keifer (1881–1883) ▌ Carlisle (1883–1889) ▌ Reed (1889–1891) ▌ Crisp (1891–1895) ▌ Reed (1895–1899) ▌ Henderson (1899–1903) ▌ Cannon (1903–1911) ▌ Clark (1911–1919) ▌ Gillett (1919–1925) ▌ Longworth (1925–1931) ▌ Garner (1931–1933) ▌ Rainey (1933–1934) ▌ Byrns (1935–1936) ▌ Bankhead (1936–1940) ▌ Rayburn (1940–1947) ▌ Martin (1947–1949) ▌ Rayburn (1949–1953) ▌ Martin (1953–1955) ▌ Rayburn (1955–1961) ▌ McCormack (1962–1971) ▌ Albert (1971–1977) ▌ O'Neill (1977–1987) ▌ Wright (1987–1989) ▌ Foley (1989–1995) ▌ Gingrich (1995–1999) ▌ Hastert (1999–2007) ▌ Pelosi (2007–2011) ▌ Boehner (2011–2015) ▌ Ryan (2015–2019) ▌ Pelosi (2019–2023) ▌ McCarthy (2023) ▌ McHenry (2023, pro tempore) ▌ Johnson (2023–present) ▌ Pro-Administration ▌ Anti-Administration ▌ Federalist ▌ Democratic-Republican ▌ National Republican ▌ Jacksonian ▌ Democratic ▌ Whig ▌ Know Nothing ▌ Republican Category List vteMajority leaders of the U.S. House of Representatives Payne Underwood Kitchin Mondell Longworth Tilson Rainey Byrns Bankhead Rayburn McCormack Halleck McCormack Halleck McCormack Albert Boggs O'Neill Wright Foley Gephardt Armey DeLay Blunt (acting) Boehner Hoyer Cantor McCarthy Hoyer Scalise vteDemocratic Party leaders in the U.S. House of Representatives Bailey Richardson Williams Clark Underwood Kitchin Clark Kitchin Garrett Garner Rainey Byrns Bankhead Rayburn McCormack Rayburn McCormack Rayburn McCormack Albert Boggs O'Neill Wright Foley Gephardt Pelosi Hoyer Pelosi Hoyer Jeffries vteChairs of the U.S. House Committee on Rules (1880–present) Randall Keifer Carlisle Reed Crisp Reed Henderson Cannon Dalzell Henry Pou Campbell Snell Pou Bankhead O'Connor Sabath Allen Sabath Allen Smith Colmer Madden Delaney Bolling Pepper Moakley Solomon Dreier Slaughter Dreier Sessions McGovern Cole Burgess Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National United States People US Congress Other NARA SNAC 2	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"speaker of the United States House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Alabama's 10th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama%27s_10th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"7th congressional districts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama%27s_7th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Democrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Franklin Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"New Deal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Deal"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Tallulah Bankhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tallulah_Bankhead"},{"link_name":"abdominal hemorrhage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdominal_hemorrhage"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"William Brockman Bankhead (April 12, 1874 – September 15, 1940) was an American politician who served as the 42nd speaker of the United States House of Representatives from 1936 to 1940, representing Alabama's 10th and later 7th congressional districts as a Democrat from 1917 to 1940. Bankhead was a strong liberal and a prominent supporter of President Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal of pro-labor union legislation, thus clashing with most other Southern Democrats in Congress at the time.[1] Bankhead described himself as proud to be a politician, by which he meant that he did not neglect matters that concerned his district or reelection.[2] He was the father of actress Tallulah Bankhead.Bankhead died on September 15, 1940, from an abdominal hemorrhage, while still in office.[3][4]","title":"William B. Bankhead"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1892_Alabama_Football_Team.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bankhead plantation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Greer_Bankhead_House"},{"link_name":"Lamar County, Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamar_County,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"John H. Bankhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_H._Bankhead"},{"link_name":"Senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate"},{"link_name":"South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"state Senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina_Senate"},{"link_name":"Thomas Patterson Brockman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Patterson_Brockman"},{"link_name":"Methodist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodist"},{"link_name":"John H. Bankhead II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_H._Bankhead_II"},{"link_name":"University of Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Phi Delta Theta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi_Delta_Theta"},{"link_name":"fraternity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraternities_and_sororities"},{"link_name":"football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1892_Alabama_Cadets_football_team"},{"link_name":"Georgetown University Law Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgetown_University_Law_Center"},{"link_name":"Washington, DC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_DC"},{"link_name":"Huntsville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntsville,_Alabama"}],"text":"William Bankhead (#9) with the 1892 Alabama football teamBankhead was born at the Bankhead plantation in Lamar County, Alabama. His father, John H. Bankhead, was an active politician who had served in the Alabama legislature, and later as US Representative and Senator. His mother was Tallulah James Brockman, granddaughter of South Carolina state Senator Thomas Patterson Brockman, and he was raised as a Methodist. Bankhead's brother, John H. Bankhead II, also served in the Senate.William Bankhead attended the University of Alabama, where he was a member of Phi Delta Theta fraternity, and played on the university's first football team, organized in 1892. He studied law at Georgetown University Law Center in Washington, DC, graduating in 1895.He was immediately admitted to the bar in Alabama, and practiced law in Huntsville.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alabama House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Jasper, Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasper,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"10th Congressional District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama%27s_10th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"reapportionment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reapportionment"},{"link_name":"redistricting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redistricting"},{"link_name":"7th District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama%27s_7th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"House Rules Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Rules"},{"link_name":"Edward W. Pou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_W._Pou"},{"link_name":"House Majority Leader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_Majority_Leader"},{"link_name":"Jo Byrns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_W._Byrns,_Sr."},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Vice President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"William R. King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_R._King"},{"link_name":"1940 Democratic National Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1940_Democratic_National_Convention"},{"link_name":"Henry A. Wallace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace"}],"text":"In 1898, he became city attorney of Huntsville, serving until 1902. In 1900, he was elected to the Alabama House of Representatives for one term, serving through 1901.In 1905, he moved to Jasper, Alabama. In 1910 he was appointed solicitor of the fourteenth judicial circuit of Alabama, serving until 1914.In 1914, he sought the Democratic nomination for US Representative, but failed. In 1916 he was elected Representative from the newly created 10th Congressional District. (Alabama was apportioned a tenth Congressional seat after the 1910 Census, but the seat was filled by at-large election in 1912 and 1914.) Bankhead held the 10th District until it was abolished after the 1930 Census, when Alabama lost a seat. He was the only person ever elected from the 10th District.After reapportionment and redistricting following the 1930 Census, Bankhead was re-elected Representative from the 7th District in 1932, and was re-elected three times, serving until his death in 1940. Bankhead served as chairman of the House Rules Committee from April 1934 until January 1935, taking over for Edward W. Pou who died in office. In 1934, he was chosen House Majority Leader by his fellow Democrats. On June 4, 1936, he was chosen Speaker of the House to succeed Jo Byrns, who had died that morning. Bankhead served as Speaker until his death on September 15, 1940.[5] His cause of death was a stomach hemorrhage.[6]As Speaker, Bankhead held the second-highest political office ever attained by any Alabamian, after only Vice President William R. King.At the 1940 Democratic National Convention (three months before his death), he finished second to Henry A. Wallace on the vice presidential ticket, losing the delegate count 626–329.","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John H. Bankhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_H._Bankhead"},{"link_name":"John H. Bankhead II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_H._Bankhead_II"},{"link_name":"Walter Will Bankhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_W._Bankhead"},{"link_name":"Tallulah Bankhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tallulah_Bankhead"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"William B. Bankhead National Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_B._Bankhead_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"US Highway 78","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US-78"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Bankhead's father, John H. Bankhead, was a U.S. Representative and Senator. His elder brother John H. Bankhead II was also a U.S. Senator, and his nephew Walter Will Bankhead was a U.S. Representative. His daughter, Tallulah Bankhead, was the acclaimed theatrical, radio and motion picture actress.[7]The William B. Bankhead National Forest and sections of old US Highway 78 in northern Alabama are named in his honor. His home in Jasper has been renovated to house the Walker Area Community Foundation's \"Bankhead House and Heritage Center\", a history museum and arts venue.[8]","title":"Bankhead family"}]	[{"image_text":"William Bankhead (#9) with the 1892 Alabama football team","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/1892_Alabama_Football_Team.jpg/180px-1892_Alabama_Football_Team.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Biography portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biography"},{"title":"List of United States Congress members who died in office (1900–49)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Congress_members_who_died_in_office_(1900%E2%80%9349)"}]	[{"reference":"Heacock, Walter J. (1955). \"William B. Bankhead and the New Deal\". Journal of Southern History. 21 (3): 347–359. doi:10.2307/2954955. JSTOR 2954955.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2954955","url_text":"10.2307/2954955"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2954955","url_text":"2954955"}]},{"reference":"\"Alabama's history: Three generations of Bankheads were the state's shining stars\". AL.com. Retrieved January 10, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.al.com/opinion/index.ssf/2015/07/alabamas_history_three_generat.html","url_text":"\"Alabama's history: Three generations of Bankheads were the state's shining stars\""}]},{"reference":"\"William B. Bankhead \| Encyclopedia of Alabama\". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved January 10, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-1366","url_text":"\"William B. Bankhead \| Encyclopedia of Alabama\""}]},{"reference":"\"Grey House Publishing: Speakers of the House of Representatives\". www.greyhouse.com. Archived from the original on June 17, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090617072650/http://greyhouse.com/speakers.htm","url_text":"\"Grey House Publishing: Speakers of the House of Representatives\""},{"url":"http://www.greyhouse.com/speakers.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"'Mr. Speaker': William Bankhead of Alabama - the Knoxville Focus\". knoxfocus.com. Retrieved December 24, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://knoxfocus.com/2014/11/mr-speaker-william-bankhead-alabama/","url_text":"\"'Mr. Speaker': William Bankhead of Alabama - the Knoxville Focus\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bankhead House and Heritage Center\". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved July 10, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/bankhead-house-and-heritage-center/","url_text":"\"Bankhead House and Heritage Center\""}]},{"reference":"United States Congress. \"William B. Bankhead (id: B000113)\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=B000113","url_text":"\"William B. Bankhead (id: B000113)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress","url_text":"Biographical Directory of the United States Congress"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2954955","external_links_name":"10.2307/2954955"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2954955","external_links_name":"2954955"},{"Link":"http://www.al.com/opinion/index.ssf/2015/07/alabamas_history_three_generat.html","external_links_name":"\"Alabama's history: Three generations of Bankheads were the state's shining stars\""},{"Link":"http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-1366","external_links_name":"\"William B. Bankhead \| Encyclopedia of Alabama\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090617072650/http://greyhouse.com/speakers.htm","external_links_name":"\"Grey House Publishing: Speakers of the House of Representatives\""},{"Link":"http://www.greyhouse.com/speakers.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://knoxfocus.com/2014/11/mr-speaker-william-bankhead-alabama/","external_links_name":"\"'Mr. Speaker': William Bankhead of Alabama - the Knoxville Focus\""},{"Link":"http://home.hiwaay.net/~oliver/tbtaz.htm#adelaide","external_links_name":"Tallulah Bankhead - A passionate life"},{"Link":"https://encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/bankhead-house-and-heritage-center/","external_links_name":"\"Bankhead House and Heritage Center\""},{"Link":"http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=B000113","external_links_name":"\"William B. Bankhead (id: B000113)\""},{"Link":"https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/11739","external_links_name":"William B. Bankhead"},{"Link":"https://www.bhandhc.org/","external_links_name":"Bankhead House & Heritage Center home page"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/467351/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000038050135","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/31345027","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJm4TpGdMgdMF6xk8cGWDq","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2001078996","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=B000113","external_links_name":"US Congress"},{"Link":"https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10601159","external_links_name":"NARA"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6ph2fzw","external_links_name":"SNAC"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6c82sns","external_links_name":"2"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cuckoo_Waltz	The Cuckoo Waltz	["1 Cast","2 Episodes","2.1 Series 1 (1975)","2.2 Series 2 (1976)","2.3 Series 3 (1977)","2.4 Series 4 (1980)","3 DVD release","4 External links"]	TV series or program The Cuckoo WaltzGenreSitcomCreated byGeoffrey LancashireStarringDiane KeenDavid RoperLewis CollinsNo. of series4No. of episodes26ProductionProducerGranada TelevisionRunning time26 minutesOriginal releaseNetworkITVRelease27 October 1975 (1975-10-27) –7 August 1980 (1980-08-07) The Cuckoo Waltz is a British television sitcom produced by Granada Television for the ITV network between 1975 and 1980. It was written by Geoffrey Lancashire, and produced and directed by Bill Gilmour. The series, which was set in 1970s and early 1980s Manchester, dealt with the comic complications that ensue when impoverished newly-weds Chris and Fliss Hawthorne (David Roper and Diane Keen) take in lodger Gavin Rumsey (Lewis Collins) to ease their financial problems. Collins left after three series and was replaced by Ian Saynor as Adrian Lockett in the fourth series. The series was re-screened by now defunct satellite TV channel Granada Plus in the late 1990s and early to mid-2000s. Cast Diane Keen as Fliss Hawthorne David Roper as Chris Hawthorne Lewis Collins as Gavin Rumsey (series 1-3) Clare Kelly as Connie Wagstaffe John McKelvey as Austen Tweedale Ian Saynor as Adrian Lockett (from series 4) Episodes Series 1 (1975) Cuckoo in the Nest (27 October 75) One Week Later (3 November 75) Paying Your Way (10 November 75) The Anniversary (17 November 75) A Day Off (24 November 75) Fleet Street (1 December 75) House for Sale (8 December 75) Series 2 (1976) Babysitter (8 July 76) Financial Difficulties (15 July 76) The Armchair (22 July 76) Connie (29 July 76) The Model (5 August 76) The Letter (12 August 76) Series 3 (1977) It's All Greek to Me (10 January 77) The Treat (17 January 77) The Air Hostesses (24 January 77) The Policeman (31 January 77) Perspectives (7 February 77) Alterations (14 February 77) Series 4 (1980) The New Lodger (26 June 80) The Neighbour (3 July 80) Leather (10 July 80) A Love That Does Not Dim (17 July 80) Guess Who's Coming to Dinner? (24 July 80) The Press Ball (31 July 80) An Ideal Home (7 August 80) DVD release All four series of The Cuckoo Waltz have been released on DVD in 2009 and 2011, and a box set with the complete series to follow. DVD Release date The Complete Series 1 4 May 2009 The Complete Series 2 10 August 2009 The Complete Series 3 21 March 2011 The Complete Series 4 22 August 2011 The Complete Series 1 to 4 Box Set 3 December 2012 External links The Cuckoo Waltz at British Comedy Guide The Cuckoo Waltz at IMDb The Official Lewis Collins Fansite This article relating to a comedy television series in the United Kingdom is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sitcom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitcom"},{"link_name":"Granada Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITV_Granada"},{"link_name":"ITV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)"},{"link_name":"Geoffrey Lancashire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Lancashire"},{"link_name":"Bill Gilmour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gilmour_(director)"},{"link_name":"David Roper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Roper_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Diane Keen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diane_Keen"},{"link_name":"Lewis Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Collins"},{"link_name":"Ian Saynor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Saynor"},{"link_name":"Granada Plus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granada_Plus"}],"text":"TV series or programThe Cuckoo Waltz is a British television sitcom produced by Granada Television for the ITV network between 1975 and 1980. It was written by Geoffrey Lancashire, and produced and directed by Bill Gilmour.The series, which was set in 1970s and early 1980s Manchester, dealt with the comic complications that ensue when impoverished newly-weds Chris and Fliss Hawthorne (David Roper and Diane Keen) take in lodger Gavin Rumsey (Lewis Collins) to ease their financial problems. Collins left after three series and was replaced by Ian Saynor as Adrian Lockett in the fourth series.The series was re-screened by now defunct satellite TV channel Granada Plus in the late 1990s and early to mid-2000s.","title":"The Cuckoo Waltz"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Diane Keen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diane_Keen"},{"link_name":"David Roper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Roper_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Lewis Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Collins"},{"link_name":"Ian Saynor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Saynor"}],"text":"Diane Keen as Fliss Hawthorne\nDavid Roper as Chris Hawthorne\nLewis Collins as Gavin Rumsey (series 1-3)\nClare Kelly as Connie Wagstaffe\nJohn McKelvey as Austen Tweedale\nIan Saynor as Adrian Lockett (from series 4)","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Series 1 (1975)","text":"Cuckoo in the Nest (27 October 75)\nOne Week Later (3 November 75)\nPaying Your Way (10 November 75)\nThe Anniversary (17 November 75)\nA Day Off (24 November 75)\nFleet Street (1 December 75)\nHouse for Sale (8 December 75)","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Series 2 (1976)","text":"Babysitter (8 July 76)\nFinancial Difficulties (15 July 76)\nThe Armchair (22 July 76)\nConnie (29 July 76)\nThe Model (5 August 76)\nThe Letter (12 August 76)","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Series 3 (1977)","text":"It's All Greek to Me (10 January 77)\nThe Treat (17 January 77)\nThe Air Hostesses (24 January 77)\nThe Policeman (31 January 77)\nPerspectives (7 February 77)\nAlterations (14 February 77)","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Series 4 (1980)","text":"The New Lodger (26 June 80)\nThe Neighbour (3 July 80)\nLeather (10 July 80)\nA Love That Does Not Dim (17 July 80)\nGuess Who's Coming to Dinner? (24 July 80)\nThe Press Ball (31 July 80)\nAn Ideal Home (7 August 80)","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"All four series of The Cuckoo Waltz have been released on DVD in 2009 and 2011, and a box set with the complete series to follow.","title":"DVD release"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.comedy.co.uk/sitcom/cuckoo_waltz/","external_links_name":"The Cuckoo Waltz"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0072489/","external_links_name":"The Cuckoo Waltz"},{"Link":"http://www.lewiscollins.info/","external_links_name":"The Official Lewis Collins Fansite"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Cuckoo_Waltz&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamecock_Barracks	Gamecock Barracks	["1 History","2 Current units","3 Future","4 References"]	Coordinates: 52°29′23″N 01°23′57″W / 52.48972°N 1.39917°W / 52.48972; -1.39917Military installation in Warwickshire, England Gamecock BarracksGamecock BarracksLocation within WarwickshireCoordinates52°29′23″N 01°23′57″W / 52.48972°N 1.39917°W / 52.48972; -1.39917TypeBarracksSite informationOwnerMinistry of DefenceOperator British ArmySite historyBuilt1959In use1959–presentGarrison informationOccupants30 Signal Regiment Gamecock Barracks is a British Army installation located at Bramcote, 3.5 miles (5.6 km) south-east of Nuneaton in Warwickshire. History The barracks was established on the site of the former RAF Bramcote airbase in 1959. It was named after HMS Gamecock, the naval ship name given to the airbase by the Royal Navy before the British Army took over. The barracks were home to the Junior Leaders' Regiment Royal Artillery between the 1960s and the 1990s, which was a training establishment for the future non-commissioned officers of the Royal Artillery. It was one of many different types of Junior establishments for soldiers serving from the age of 15 to 17 years (until the school leaving age was raised to 16). After completing their military and trade training, which initially took two years, but was latterly reduced to 12 months, they would muster to their designated Field Army artillery regiments. In 1993, 30 Signal Regiment moved to the barracks. The regiment's personnel are held at very high notice to move, to be utilised worldwide in a matter of days, earning the regiment the nickname 'The Globetrotters'. The regiment's primary role is to support the Standing Joint Force Headquarters (SJFHQ). Current units Since 1993, the barracks has been occupied by 30 Signal Regiment. The Regimental Headquarters, Queen's Gurkha Signals is also based here. Commander QG SIGNALS is also the Commanding Officer of 30 Signal Regiment. Future In November 2016, following a review of the defence infrastructure, it was announced that Gamecock Barracks would additionally be home to the following units: 30 Signal Regiment - (remaining in location) 170 (Infrastructure Support) Engineer Group, Royal Engineers - relocating from Chetwynd Barracks, Chilwell Headquarters, 2nd Medical Brigade - relocating from Queen Elizabeth Barracks, Strensall 34 Field Hospital - relocating from Queen Elizabeth Barracks, Strensall Medical Training Facility Together with Whittington Barracks, this would form a West Midlands-based Defence Medical Services centre of excellence. References ^ "RNAS Bramcote / HMS Gamecock". Royal Navy Research Archive. Retrieved 30 September 2023. ^ "The Junior Leaders Regiment RA". G Carline. Archived from the original on 13 March 2013. Retrieved 6 May 2012. ^ "30 Signal Regiment \| The British Army". ^ "Queen's Gurkha Signals \| The British Army". 30 September 2023. ^ "A Better Defence Estate" (PDF). Ministry of Defence. November 2016.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bramcote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bramcote,_Warwickshire"},{"link_name":"Nuneaton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuneaton"},{"link_name":"Warwickshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warwickshire"}],"text":"Military installation in Warwickshire, EnglandGamecock Barracks is a British Army installation located at Bramcote, 3.5 miles (5.6 km) south-east of Nuneaton in Warwickshire.","title":"Gamecock Barracks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"RAF Bramcote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Bramcote"},{"link_name":"ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_frigate"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"British Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Royal Artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Artillery"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Standing Joint Force Headquarters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_Joint_Force_Headquarters"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The barracks was established on the site of the former RAF Bramcote airbase in 1959. It was named after HMS Gamecock, the naval ship name given to the airbase by the Royal Navy before the British Army took over.[1]The barracks were home to the Junior Leaders' Regiment Royal Artillery between the 1960s and the 1990s, which was a training establishment for the future non-commissioned officers of the Royal Artillery. It was one of many different types of Junior establishments for soldiers serving from the age of 15 to 17 years (until the school leaving age was raised to 16). After completing their military and trade training, which initially took two years, but was latterly reduced to 12 months, they would muster to their designated Field Army artillery regiments.[2]In 1993, 30 Signal Regiment moved to the barracks. The regiment's personnel are held at very high notice to move, to be utilised worldwide in a matter of days, earning the regiment the nickname 'The Globetrotters'. The regiment's primary role is to support the Standing Joint Force Headquarters (SJFHQ).[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Queen's Gurkha Signals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Gurkha_Signals"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Since 1993, the barracks has been occupied by 30 Signal Regiment. The Regimental Headquarters, Queen's Gurkha Signals is also based here. Commander QG SIGNALS is also the Commanding Officer of 30 Signal Regiment.[4]","title":"Current units"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"170 (Infrastructure Support) Engineer Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/170_(Infrastructure_Support)_Engineer_Group"},{"link_name":"Chetwynd Barracks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chetwynd_Barracks"},{"link_name":"2nd Medical Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Medical_Brigade_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Queen Elizabeth Barracks, Strensall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_Barracks,_Strensall"},{"link_name":"Queen Elizabeth Barracks, Strensall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_Barracks,_Strensall"},{"link_name":"Whittington Barracks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whittington_Barracks"},{"link_name":"Defence Medical Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defence_Medical_Services"},{"link_name":"centre of excellence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_of_excellence"}],"text":"In November 2016, following a review of the defence infrastructure, it was announced that Gamecock Barracks would additionally be home to the following units:[5]30 Signal Regiment - (remaining in location)\n170 (Infrastructure Support) Engineer Group, Royal Engineers - relocating from Chetwynd Barracks, Chilwell\nHeadquarters, 2nd Medical Brigade - relocating from Queen Elizabeth Barracks, Strensall\n34 Field Hospital - relocating from Queen Elizabeth Barracks, Strensall\nMedical Training FacilityTogether with Whittington Barracks, this would form a West Midlands-based Defence Medical Services centre of excellence.","title":"Future"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"RNAS Bramcote / HMS Gamecock\". Royal Navy Research Archive. Retrieved 30 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.royalnavyresearcharchive.org.uk/FAA-Bases/Bramcote.htm","url_text":"\"RNAS Bramcote / HMS Gamecock\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Junior Leaders Regiment RA\". G Carline. Archived from the original on 13 March 2013. Retrieved 6 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130313101053/http://homepage.ntlworld.com/g.carline1/juniorleaders.html","url_text":"\"The Junior Leaders Regiment RA\""},{"url":"http://homepage.ntlworld.com/g.carline1/juniorleaders.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"30 Signal Regiment \| The British Army\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.army.mod.uk/who-we-are/corps-regiments-and-units/royal-corps-of-signals/30-signal-regiment/","url_text":"\"30 Signal Regiment \| The British Army\""}]},{"reference":"\"Queen's Gurkha Signals \| The British Army\". 30 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.army.mod.uk/who-we-are/corps-regiments-and-units/brigade-of-gurkhas/queens-gurkha-signals/","url_text":"\"Queen's Gurkha Signals \| The British Army\""}]},{"reference":"\"A Better Defence Estate\" (PDF). Ministry of Defence. November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/576401/Better_Defence_Estate_Dec16_Amends_Web.pdf","url_text":"\"A Better Defence Estate\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Gamecock_Barracks&params=52_29_23_N_01_23_57_W_region:GB_type:landmark","external_links_name":"52°29′23″N 01°23′57″W / 52.48972°N 1.39917°W / 52.48972; -1.39917"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Gamecock_Barracks&params=52_29_23_N_01_23_57_W_region:GB_type:landmark","external_links_name":"52°29′23″N 01°23′57″W / 52.48972°N 1.39917°W / 52.48972; -1.39917"},{"Link":"https://www.royalnavyresearcharchive.org.uk/FAA-Bases/Bramcote.htm","external_links_name":"\"RNAS Bramcote / HMS Gamecock\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130313101053/http://homepage.ntlworld.com/g.carline1/juniorleaders.html","external_links_name":"\"The Junior Leaders Regiment RA\""},{"Link":"http://homepage.ntlworld.com/g.carline1/juniorleaders.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.army.mod.uk/who-we-are/corps-regiments-and-units/royal-corps-of-signals/30-signal-regiment/","external_links_name":"\"30 Signal Regiment \| The British Army\""},{"Link":"https://www.army.mod.uk/who-we-are/corps-regiments-and-units/brigade-of-gurkhas/queens-gurkha-signals/","external_links_name":"\"Queen's Gurkha Signals \| The British Army\""},{"Link":"https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/576401/Better_Defence_Estate_Dec16_Amends_Web.pdf","external_links_name":"\"A Better Defence Estate\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Ivers	Walter Ivers	["1 Sources","2 Footnotes"]	Walter Ivers, Evers or Yvers (died after 1496) was an English-born Crown official and judge in late fifteenth-century Ireland. For a few years in the 1490s, he was a key ally of Sir Edward Poynings, Lord Deputy of Ireland 1494-6. Little is known of his background. According to the Dictionary of National Biography, he was of English birth, and this is probably correct since Poynings' programme for reforming the Irish political system, which led to Ivers' elevation to the office of Chief Baron of the Exchequer, called for the appointment of English judges to serve as Lord Chancellor of Ireland, and to preside in the Courts of common law. He is first heard of in Dublin in about 1485, when he was practising as a lawyer, and also acting as an arbitrator (an early use of the term). He was clearly a man with some expertise in the world of finance, who served as Chancellor of the Exchequer of Ireland from 1487 to 1494. Sir Edward Poynings is best remembered for Poynings' Law, or the Statute of Drogheda, which effectively removed the power of the Irish Parliament to legislate independently. However this was only one part of an ambitious programme of political reform, which included curbing the power of the leading Anglo-Irish magnate Gerald FitzGerald, 8th Earl of Kildare. This entailed the wholesale removal of the Irish judges, who were regarded as his tools ("following Kildare like sheep" in Ball's phrase), and their replacement by English judges of proven loyalty to the Tudor dynasty. Ivers was appointed Chief Baron of the Irish Exchequer in 1494,replacing the Waterford-born John Wyse, and according to Gilbert, he was a close associate of Poynings. He was superseded in 1496, following Poynings' recall to England and Kildare's restoration to royal favour. Little is known of his later years. Sources Ball, F. Elrington The Judges in Ireland 1221-1921 London John Murray 1926 Gilbert, J. T. History of the Viceroys of Ireland Dublin J. Duffy 1865 Pollard, Alfred Frederick (1896). "Poynings, Edward" . In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 46. London: Smith, Elder & Co. p. 271-274. Footnotes ^ a b c Ball p.109 vteChancellors of the Exchequer of Ireland Walter de Thornbury John de Hotham Nicholas de Balscote Adam de Harvington Thomas de Montpellier Thomas de Brayles Robert le Poer William de Bromley Robert de Emeldon John de Pembroke Thomas Bache William Fitzwilliam John de Troye Robert Preston, 1st Baron Gormanston Hugh Banent Robert Dyke Sampson d"Artois James Blakeney Robert Norreys Robert St Lawrence, 3rd Baron Howth Walter Ivers Edward Barnewall Patrick Bermingham Richard Delahide John Alan Thomas Cusack Henry Draycott Robert Dillon John Bathe Sir Edward Waterhouse George Clive Thomas Molyneux Sir Richard Cooke Dudley Norton Henry Holcroft Thomas Hibbotts Henry Holcroft Sir Robert Meredyth Richard Jones Sir Charles Meredyth Bruno Talbot Philip Savage Sir Ralph Gore, 4th Baronet Henry Boyle Marmaduke Coghill Henry Boyle Arthur Hill Henry Boyle Anthony Malone Sir William Yorke, 1st Baronet William Gerard Hamilton John Foster Sir John Parnell, 2nd Baronet Isaac Corry John Foster Sir John Newport, 1st Baronet John Foster William Wellesley-Pole William Vesey-FitzGerald Nicholas Vansittart	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"judge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judge"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"link_name":"Edward Poynings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Poynings"},{"link_name":"Lord Deputy of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Deputy_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ball-1"},{"link_name":"Dictionary of National Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography"},{"link_name":"Lord Chancellor of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Chancellor_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Courts of common law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courts_of_common_law"},{"link_name":"Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin"},{"link_name":"lawyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawyer"},{"link_name":"arbitrator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbitrator"},{"link_name":"Chancellor of the Exchequer of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ball-1"},{"link_name":"Poynings' Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poynings%27_Law_(on_certification_of_acts)"},{"link_name":"Irish Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Irish"},{"link_name":"Gerald FitzGerald, 8th Earl of Kildare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_FitzGerald,_8th_Earl_of_Kildare"},{"link_name":"Tudor dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tudor_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ball-1"},{"link_name":"Waterford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterford"},{"link_name":"John Wyse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wyse"}],"text":"Walter Ivers, Evers or Yvers (died after 1496) was an English-born Crown official and judge in late fifteenth-century Ireland. For a few years in the 1490s, he was a key ally of Sir Edward Poynings, Lord Deputy of Ireland 1494-6.[1]Little is known of his background. According to the Dictionary of National Biography, he was of English birth, and this is probably correct since Poynings' programme for reforming the Irish political system, which led to Ivers' elevation to the office of Chief Baron of the Exchequer, called for the appointment of English judges to serve as Lord Chancellor of Ireland, and to preside in the Courts of common law.He is first heard of in Dublin in about 1485, when he was practising as a lawyer, and also acting as an arbitrator (an early use of the term). He was clearly a man with some expertise in the world of finance, who served as Chancellor of the Exchequer of Ireland from 1487 to 1494.[1]Sir Edward Poynings is best remembered for Poynings' Law, or the Statute of Drogheda, which effectively removed the power of the Irish Parliament to legislate independently. However this was only one part of an ambitious programme of political reform, which included curbing the power of the leading Anglo-Irish magnate Gerald FitzGerald, 8th Earl of Kildare. This entailed the wholesale removal of the Irish judges, who were regarded as his tools (\"following Kildare like sheep\" in Ball's phrase), and their replacement by English judges of proven loyalty to the Tudor dynasty. Ivers was appointed Chief Baron of the Irish Exchequer in 1494,[1]replacing the Waterford-born John Wyse, and according to Gilbert, he was a close associate of Poynings. He was superseded in 1496, following Poynings' recall to England and Kildare's restoration to royal favour. Little is known of his later years.","title":"Walter Ivers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Poynings, Edward\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Poynings,_Edward"},{"link_name":"Lee, Sidney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Lee"},{"link_name":"Dictionary of National Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography"}],"text":"Ball, F. Elrington The Judges in Ireland 1221-1921 London John Murray 1926\nGilbert, J. T. History of the Viceroys of Ireland Dublin J. Duffy 1865\nPollard, Alfred Frederick (1896). \"Poynings, Edward\" . In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 46. London: Smith, Elder & Co. p. 271-274.","title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Ball_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Ball_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Ball_1-2"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Chancellors_of_the_Exchequer_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Chancellors_of_the_Exchequer_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chancellors_of_the_Exchequer_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Chancellors of the Exchequer of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Walter de Thornbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_de_Thornbury"},{"link_name":"John de Hotham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hotham_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"Nicholas de Balscote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_de_Balscote"},{"link_name":"Adam de Harvington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_de_Harvington"},{"link_name":"Thomas de Montpellier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_de_Montpellier"},{"link_name":"Thomas de Brayles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_de_Brayles"},{"link_name":"Robert le Poer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_le_Poer"},{"link_name":"William de Bromley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_de_Bromley"},{"link_name":"Robert de Emeldon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_de_Emeldon"},{"link_name":"John de Pembroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_de_Pembroke"},{"link_name":"Thomas Bache","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Bache_(judge)"},{"link_name":"William Fitzwilliam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Fitzwilliam_(chancellor)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"John de Troye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_de_Troye"},{"link_name":"Robert Preston, 1st Baron Gormanston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Preston,_1st_Baron_Gormanston"},{"link_name":"Hugh Banent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hugh_Banent&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Robert Dyke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Dyke"},{"link_name":"Sampson d\"Artois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampson_D%27Artois_or_Dartas"},{"link_name":"James Blakeney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Blakeney&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Robert Norreys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Norreys&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Robert St Lawrence, 3rd Baron Howth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_St_Lawrence,_3rd_Baron_Howth"},{"link_name":"Walter Ivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Edward Barnewall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edward_Barnewall&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Patrick Bermingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Bermingham"},{"link_name":"Richard Delahide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Delahide"},{"link_name":"John Alan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Alan"},{"link_name":"Thomas Cusack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cusack_(Irish_judge)"},{"link_name":"Henry Draycott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Draycott"},{"link_name":"Robert Dillon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Dillon_(judge)"},{"link_name":"John Bathe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bathe_(died_1586)"},{"link_name":"Sir Edward Waterhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Waterhouse"},{"link_name":"George Clive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Clive_(chancellor)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Thomas Molyneux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Molyneux_(statesman)"},{"link_name":"Sir Richard Cooke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Richard_Cooke"},{"link_name":"Dudley Norton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dudley_Norton"},{"link_name":"Henry Holcroft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Holcroft"},{"link_name":"Thomas Hibbotts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Hibbotts&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Henry Holcroft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Holcroft"},{"link_name":"Sir Robert Meredyth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Meredyth"},{"link_name":"Richard Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Jones,_1st_Earl_of_Ranelagh"},{"link_name":"Sir Charles Meredyth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Meredyth_(died_1700)"},{"link_name":"Bruno Talbot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Talbot"},{"link_name":"Philip Savage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Savage"},{"link_name":"Sir Ralph Gore, 4th Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Ralph_Gore,_4th_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Henry Boyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Boyle,_1st_Earl_of_Shannon"},{"link_name":"Marmaduke Coghill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marmaduke_Coghill"},{"link_name":"Henry Boyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Boyle,_1st_Earl_of_Shannon"},{"link_name":"Arthur Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Hill,_1st_Viscount_Dungannon"},{"link_name":"Henry Boyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Boyle,_1st_Earl_of_Shannon"},{"link_name":"Anthony Malone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Malone"},{"link_name":"Sir William Yorke, 1st Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_William_Yorke,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"William Gerard Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Gerard_Hamilton"},{"link_name":"John Foster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Foster,_1st_Baron_Oriel"},{"link_name":"Sir John Parnell, 2nd Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_John_Parnell,_2nd_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Isaac Corry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Corry"},{"link_name":"John Foster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Foster,_1st_Baron_Oriel"},{"link_name":"Sir John Newport, 1st Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_John_Newport,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"John Foster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Foster,_1st_Baron_Oriel"},{"link_name":"William Wellesley-Pole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Wellesley-Pole,_3rd_Earl_of_Mornington"},{"link_name":"William Vesey-FitzGerald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Vesey-FitzGerald,_2nd_Baron_FitzGerald_and_Vesey"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Vansittart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Vansittart,_1st_Baron_Bexley"}],"text":"^ a b c Ball p.109vteChancellors of the Exchequer of Ireland\nWalter de Thornbury\nJohn de Hotham\nNicholas de Balscote\nAdam de Harvington\nThomas de Montpellier\nThomas de Brayles\nRobert le Poer\nWilliam de Bromley\nRobert de Emeldon\nJohn de Pembroke\nThomas Bache\nWilliam Fitzwilliam\nJohn de Troye\nRobert Preston, 1st Baron Gormanston\nHugh Banent\nRobert Dyke\nSampson d\"Artois\nJames Blakeney\nRobert Norreys\nRobert St Lawrence, 3rd Baron Howth\nWalter Ivers\nEdward Barnewall\nPatrick Bermingham\nRichard Delahide\nJohn Alan\nThomas Cusack\nHenry Draycott\nRobert Dillon\nJohn Bathe\nSir Edward Waterhouse\nGeorge Clive\nThomas Molyneux\nSir Richard Cooke\nDudley Norton\nHenry Holcroft\nThomas Hibbotts\nHenry Holcroft\nSir Robert Meredyth\nRichard Jones\nSir Charles Meredyth\nBruno Talbot\nPhilip Savage\nSir Ralph Gore, 4th Baronet\nHenry Boyle\nMarmaduke Coghill\nHenry Boyle\nArthur Hill\nHenry Boyle\nAnthony Malone\nSir William Yorke, 1st Baronet\nWilliam Gerard Hamilton\nJohn Foster\nSir John Parnell, 2nd Baronet\nIsaac Corry\nJohn Foster\nSir John Newport, 1st Baronet\nJohn Foster\nWilliam Wellesley-Pole\nWilliam Vesey-FitzGerald\nNicholas Vansittart","title":"Footnotes"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Pollard, Alfred Frederick (1896). \"Poynings, Edward\" . In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 46. London: Smith, Elder & Co. p. 271-274.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Poynings,_Edward","url_text":"\"Poynings, Edward\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Lee","url_text":"Lee, Sidney"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Dictionary of National Biography"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Poynings,_Edward","external_links_name":"\"Poynings, Edward\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Ao	Zhang Ao	["1 Life","2 Legacy","3 Sources"]	Feudal lord of Imperial China (died 182 BC) This article is about the Han dynasty feudal lord. For the football player, see Zhang Ao (footballer). Zhang AoTraditional Chinese張敖Simplified Chinese张敖TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinZhāng ÁoWade–GilesChang Ao Zhang Ao (died 182 BC) was one of the feudal lords after the end of the Qin dynasty in 206 BC. Life Born in the Kingdom of Zhao, he was the son of Zhang Er (張耳), a Zhao general and participated in his father's campaigns against the last armies of the Qin. The hegemon king Xiang Yu of Western Chu made Zhang Er king of Changshan (常山王) during the Eighteen Kingdoms Period, but Zhang Er changed his loyalty to Liu Bang, the eventual founder of the Han dynasty and was titled as King of Zhao. In 202 BC, Zhang Er died and Zhang Ao succeeded him to the throne of Zhao. He married Liu Bang's daughter, Princess Yuan of Lu (posthumous title). In 198 BC, his plot to kill Liu Bang was revealed, but he was pardoned and only demoted to Marquis of Xuanping (宣平侯). He was succeeded as king of Zhao by the emperor's young son Liu Ruyi. Zhang Ao died during the reign of Empress Lü (r. 188–180 BC). Legacy His posthumous title was Marquis Wu (武侯), but he was also venerated as King Yuan of Lu (魯元王). Zhang Ao's daughter Zhang Yan became the wife of Emperor Hui (r. 195–188 BC), her uncle. Sources Cang Xiuliang (1991). 《史記辭典》 , Jinan: Shandong Jiaoyu Chubanshe, p. 503. (in Chinese) Cang Xiuliang (1996). 《漢書辭典》 , Jinan: Shandong Jiaoyu Chubanshe, p. 679. (in Chinese) Authority control databases International VIAF Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zhang Ao (footballer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Ao_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Qin dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qin_dynasty"}],"text":"This article is about the Han dynasty feudal lord. For the football player, see Zhang Ao (footballer).Zhang Ao (died 182 BC) was one of the feudal lords after the end of the Qin dynasty in 206 BC.","title":"Zhang Ao"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kingdom of Zhao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Zhao"},{"link_name":"Zhang Er","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zhang_Er_(Western_Han)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Xiang Yu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiang_Yu"},{"link_name":"Eighteen Kingdoms Period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighteen_Kingdoms_Period"},{"link_name":"Liu Bang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Bang"},{"link_name":"Han dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Princess Yuan of Lu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Yuan_of_Lu"},{"link_name":"Liu Ruyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Ruyi"},{"link_name":"Empress Lü","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_L%C3%BC"}],"text":"Born in the Kingdom of Zhao, he was the son of Zhang Er (張耳), a Zhao general and participated in his father's campaigns against the last armies of the Qin. The hegemon king Xiang Yu of Western Chu made Zhang Er king of Changshan (常山王) during the Eighteen Kingdoms Period, but Zhang Er changed his loyalty to Liu Bang, the eventual founder of the Han dynasty and was titled as King of Zhao. In 202 BC, Zhang Er died and Zhang Ao succeeded him to the throne of Zhao. He married Liu Bang's daughter, Princess Yuan of Lu (posthumous title). In 198 BC, his plot to kill Liu Bang was revealed, but he was pardoned and only demoted to Marquis of Xuanping (宣平侯). He was succeeded as king of Zhao by the emperor's young son Liu Ruyi. Zhang Ao died during the reign of Empress Lü (r. 188–180 BC).","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zhang Yan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_Zhang_Yan"},{"link_name":"Emperor Hui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Hui_of_Han"}],"text":"His posthumous title was Marquis Wu (武侯), but he was also venerated as King Yuan of Lu (魯元王). Zhang Ao's daughter Zhang Yan became the wife of Emperor Hui (r. 195–188 BC), her uncle.","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7480172#identifiers"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/103150565582906250066"},{"link_name":"IdRef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.idref.fr/202427064"}],"text":"Cang Xiuliang (1991). 《史記辭典》 [Shiji Cidian], Jinan: Shandong Jiaoyu Chubanshe, p. 503. (in Chinese)\nCang Xiuliang (1996). 《漢書辭典》 [Hanshu Cidian], Jinan: Shandong Jiaoyu Chubanshe, p. 679. (in Chinese)Authority control databases International\nVIAF\nOther\nIdRef","title":"Sources"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/103150565582906250066","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/202427064","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_State_for_Middle_East_and_North_Africa	Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Americas, Caribbean and Overseas Territories	["1 Responsibilities","2 List","3 See also","4 References"]	UK ministerial position United KingdomParliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Americas, Caribbean and Overseas TerritoriesRoyal Arms of His Majesty's GovernmentIncumbentDavid Rutleysince 27 October 2022Foreign, Commonwealth and Development OfficeStyleMinisterNominatorPrime Minister of the United KingdomAppointerThe Monarchon advice of the Prime MinisterTerm lengthAt His Majesty's pleasureWebsiteOfficial websiteThe Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Americas, Caribbean and Overseas Territories is a ministerial office in the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office of the British government. The office of Minister of State for Middle East and North Africa was held by James Cleverly MP from 13 February 2020 to 8 February 2022. In December 2021, the post adopted responsibility for North America and became the deputy to the Foreign Secretary. The Middle East portfolio was merged into the Minister of State for Asia and the Middle East in February 2022, with Cleverly moving to the position of Minister of State for Europe and North America. The position of Minister of State for Europe and North America was split in July 2022, with Graham Stuart becoming Minister of State for Europe and Rehman Chishti assuming responsibility for North America as Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for North America, Sanctions and Consular Policy. Responsibilities The minister is responsible for the following: Americas and Caribbean Overseas Territories, including the Falkland Islands consular policy Parliament Devolution communications Wilton Park and British Council departmental operations legal List Name Portrait Term of office Political party P.M. F.Sec. Alistair Burt 13 May 2010 7 October 2013 Conservative Cameron Hague Hugh Robertson 7 October 2013 14 July 2014 Tobias Ellwood 15 July 2014 13 June 2017 Hammond May Johnson Alistair Burt 13 June 2017 25 March 2019 Hunt Minister of State for International Development and the Middle East Andrew Murrison 9 May 2019 13 February 2020 Conservative Johnson Raab Minister of State for Middle East, North Africa and North America James Cleverly 13 February 2020 8 February 2022 Conservative Johnson RaabTruss Role split and merged into Minister of State for Asia and the Middle East and Minister of State for Europe and North America Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for North America, Sanctions and Consular PolicyRole formed out of Minister of State for Europe and North America Rehman Chishti 8 July 2022 7 September 2022 Conservative Johnson Truss Minister of State for the Americas and the Overseas Territories Jesse Norman 7 September 2022 26 October 2022 Conservative Truss Cleverly Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Americas and Caribbean David Rutley 27 October 2022 14 November 2023 Conservative Sunak Cleverly Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Americas, Caribbean and Overseas Territories David Rutley 14 November 2023 Incumbent Conservative Sunak Cameron See also Foreign and Commonwealth Office Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs Minister of State for Europe Minister of State for Foreign Affairs Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs Minister for Africa References ^ "Minister of State (Minister for Middle East and North Africa) - GOV.UK". www.gov.uk. Retrieved 2020-10-24. ^ "Minister of State (Minister for Middle East, North Africa and North America) - GOV.UK". ^ "The Rt Hon Amanda Milling MP". GOV.UK. Retrieved 2022-02-22. ^ "Parliamentary Under Secretary of State (Americas and Caribbean) - GOV.UK". www.gov.uk. Retrieved 2023-08-22. vteForeign, Commonwealth and Development Office Headquarters: Foreign and Commonwealth Office Main Building Hanslope Park Lancaster House Ministers Secretary of State for Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Affairs Minister of State for Development and Africa Minister of State for Indo-Pacific Minister of State for Overseas Territories, Commonwealth, Energy, Climate and Environment Minister of State for the Middle East, North Africa, South Asia and United Nations Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Europe Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Americas and Caribbean Civil Service Permanent Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs Executive agencies Wilton Park Executive non-departmentalpublic bodies British Council Commonwealth Scholarship Commission in the UK Great Britain–China Centre Marshall Aid Commemoration Commission Westminster Foundation for Democracy Other bodies Independent Commission for Aid Impact BBC World Service CDC Group Chevening Scholarship Programme FCDO Services Government Communications Headquarters Secret Intelligence Service/MI6 Category	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign,_Commonwealth_and_Development_Office"},{"link_name":"British government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"James Cleverly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cleverly"},{"link_name":"MP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America"},{"link_name":"Foreign Secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Secretary"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Minister of State for Asia and the Middle East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_State_for_Asia_and_the_Middle_East"},{"link_name":"Minister of State for Europe and North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_State_for_Europe_and_North_America"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Minister of State for Europe and North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_State_for_Europe_and_North_America"},{"link_name":"Graham Stuart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Stuart_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Minister of State for Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_State_for_Europe"},{"link_name":"Rehman Chishti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rehman_Chishti"}],"text":"The Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Americas, Caribbean and Overseas Territories is a ministerial office in the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office of the British government.The office of Minister of State for Middle East and North Africa was held by James Cleverly MP from 13 February 2020 to 8 February 2022.[1] In December 2021, the post adopted responsibility for North America and became the deputy to the Foreign Secretary.[2]The Middle East portfolio was merged into the Minister of State for Asia and the Middle East in February 2022, with Cleverly moving to the position of Minister of State for Europe and North America.[3] The position of Minister of State for Europe and North America was split in July 2022, with Graham Stuart becoming Minister of State for Europe and Rehman Chishti assuming responsibility for North America as Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for North America, Sanctions and Consular Policy.","title":"Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Americas, Caribbean and Overseas Territories"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The minister is responsible for the following:[4]Americas and Caribbean\nOverseas Territories, including the Falkland Islands\nconsular policy\nParliament\nDevolution\ncommunications\nWilton Park and British Council\ndepartmental operations\nlegal","title":"Responsibilities"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List"}]	[]	[{"title":"Foreign and Commonwealth Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Office"},{"title":"Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Affairs"},{"title":"Minister of State for Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_State_for_Europe"},{"title":"Minister of State for Foreign Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_State_for_Foreign_Affairs_(United_Kingdom)"},{"title":"Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Under-Secretary_of_State_for_Foreign_Affairs"},{"title":"Minister for Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_for_Africa"}]	[{"reference":"\"Minister of State (Minister for Middle East and North Africa) - GOV.UK\". www.gov.uk. Retrieved 2020-10-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/ministers/minister-of-state--87","url_text":"\"Minister of State (Minister for Middle East and North Africa) - GOV.UK\""}]},{"reference":"\"Minister of State (Minister for Middle East, North Africa and North America) - GOV.UK\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/ministers/minister-of-state-minister-for-middle-east-and-north-africa","url_text":"\"Minister of State (Minister for Middle East, North Africa and North America) - GOV.UK\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Rt Hon Amanda Milling MP\". GOV.UK. Retrieved 2022-02-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/people/amanda-milling","url_text":"\"The Rt Hon Amanda Milling MP\""}]},{"reference":"\"Parliamentary Under Secretary of State (Americas and Caribbean) - GOV.UK\". www.gov.uk. Retrieved 2023-08-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/ministers/parliamentary-under-secretary-of-state-americas-and-caribbean","url_text":"\"Parliamentary Under Secretary of State (Americas and Caribbean) - GOV.UK\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.gov.uk/government/ministers/minister-of-state--87","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.gov.uk/government/ministers/minister-of-state--87","external_links_name":"\"Minister of State (Minister for Middle East and North Africa) - GOV.UK\""},{"Link":"https://www.gov.uk/government/ministers/minister-of-state-minister-for-middle-east-and-north-africa","external_links_name":"\"Minister of State (Minister for Middle East, North Africa and North America) - GOV.UK\""},{"Link":"https://www.gov.uk/government/people/amanda-milling","external_links_name":"\"The Rt Hon Amanda Milling MP\""},{"Link":"https://www.gov.uk/government/ministers/parliamentary-under-secretary-of-state-americas-and-caribbean","external_links_name":"\"Parliamentary Under Secretary of State (Americas and Caribbean) - GOV.UK\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Phoebe/Archive6	User talk:Phoebe/Archive6	["1 Signpost","2 re: wikipedia loves art","3 WikiProject History of Science newsletter : Issue V - January 2009","4 A RfC you participated in is being discussed","5 hi","6 Robert Bork","7 Alphabetization and collation","8 Neurosciences Institute (Saint Thomas Health Services)","9 Licensing","10 User:Phoebe/signpost020309","11 News and notes","12 Commons Picture of the YEar","13 re:DRAMA Report","14 Signpost links","15 far and wide","16 Wiki Editing Project","17 RealGov","18 a llama by any other name","19 Leage of Old Codgers [LOCo]","20 this will help you sleep","21 No worries","22 Joy of the day","23 How Wikipedia Works","24 Image deletion","25 Thanks!","26 Your comments on my article: Peda Typh","27 Wikipedia Signpost","28 University of San Francisco","29 thanks","30 Worm drive","31 CAS story","32 Maker Faire","33 Signpost","34 Link to your user page from article Wikipedia","35 Re: \"King of Wikipedia Traffic\"","36 Wiki-Conference New York Update: 3 weeks to go","37 wiki stats","38 Wikmania problem","39 Adopt me!","40 San Francisco Digital Copyright meetup.","41 Help request from an NIH contributor","42 Talk:List of digital library projects‎","43 cite.php story","44 Signpost inline comments","45 My apologies","46 Thanks","47 Barnstar","48 Update to W:I","49 Write the next issue","50 For Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2009-10-12/News and notes","51 Cambridge Who's Who","52 Karachi Meetup","53 Kudos","54 Wikisym Signpost article","55 ArbCom election reports","56 WikiProject Research proposal","57 Multimedia usability","58 Wiktionary lookup js for blogs","59 'post comment problems","60 Please be my Guide","61 Pickling pickle","62 election story","63 Removal of PROD from Graduate & Professional Student Association (GPSA)","64 Talkback","65 Interview","66 Hey Phoebe","67 Squids","68 houston","69 Locating a merge discussion on one talk page"]	Signpost Anything in the way of polishing and updating the slate of articles would be helpful. Expansion of the "In the news" draft that was up-to-date only through December 8 is one thing that would be good. I plan to put together a "News and notes" to go over some of the internal developments that have been going on (possibly folding in some of the short articles), such as the fundraiser; if you have any suggestions for events and developments that ought to be covered (or even better, prose accounts thereof), you could mention it on the Suggestions page or start a draft. Thanks!--ragesoss (talk) 23:19, 2 January 2009 (UTC) Hi Pheobe, I noticed your post on ragesoss' talk page. You said that you may intend to write an article about the Stanton Grant; however there is already a page being written about it (User:Hermione1980/MediaWiki facelift). There is also a section on the In The News page (User:Cryptic C62/Workspace) about the Virgin Killer issue; but I think if you plan to write more about it a standalone article would be good, given Cryptic's response to Ral315 (who had started a page for it, but hadn't added anything to it) here. seresin ( ¡? ) 02:02, 3 January 2009 (UTC) I'm glad you're pleased with the result. A joint effort! PretzelsTalk! 00:20, 4 January 2009 (UTC) re: wikipedia loves art Hi, Saw your message here... I help coordinate the SF-area meetup group and just sent a message to the local mailing list asking if anyone else wanted to participate in this. It would make a great gathering. Any ideas on what museums would be good to target? -- phoebe / (talk to me) 22:49, 2 January 2009 (UTC)] Hi, thanks for writing! I'd certainly be interested in joining up with fellow wikipedians to participate in Wikipedia Loves Art. I don't however have a good idea as to what museums to visit (although I see people on the list have some ideas). I'll keep up on the emails. --Falcorian (talk) 20:53, 5 January 2009 (UTC) WikiProject History of Science newsletter : Issue V - January 2009 It's here at long last! The January 2009 issue of the WikiProject History of Science newsletter is ready, with exciting news about Darwin Day 2009. Please feel free to make corrections or add news about any project-related content you've been working on. You're receiving this because you are a participant in the History of Science WikiProject. You may read the newsletter or unsubscribe from this notification by following the link. Yours in discourse --ragesoss (talk) 03:12, 11 January 2009 (UTC) A RfC you participated in is being discussed Laws are like Sausages Ikip (talk) 13:43, 19 January 2009 (UTC) hi I'd very much liked to be adopted. I'm 15 and from Bedfordshire, England and would like to do this to help mainly my Geography and History Coursework (I'm currently doing essays on the Homesteaders and other issues in American history such as the railways which seems to somehow link into everything. and to improve my scientific knowledge plus help with my P.E theory work (e.g Bones, Muscles etc). I'm a passionate cook and I am working at an A* grade in my Catering GCSE. I am a good speller and willing to learn. p.s I like your other Phoebes section of your page do you mind if I make a version? --Dockerz (talk) 12:46, 25 January 2009 (UTC) replied on user's talk phoebe / (talk to me) 04:18, 6 February 2009 (UTC) Robert Bork I moved the page back. Also, there is a new, automated way of pulling these lists directly from the database. Ask User:MZMcBride about them. —harej // change the rules 20:26, 26 January 2009 (UTC) sweet! -- phoebe / (talk to me) 04:18, 6 February 2009 (UTC) Alphabetization and collation I am inviting you to comment, in your capacity as a librarian, at Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style#Alphabetization and collation. -- Wavelength (talk) 19:32, 28 January 2009 (UTC) Neurosciences Institute (Saint Thomas Health Services) I'll do as you suggested and make the neurosciences institute section of Saint Thomas Health Services more robust and add more links/sources. While we're on this subject, I was wondering if you could answer something for me. Since there are several places called the Neurosciences Institute throughout the country, how would I go about moving the current Neurosciences Institute on Wikipedia to something like Neurosciences Institute (San Diego) and making Neurosciences Institute a disambiguation page? EmmaMae (talk) 21:58, 28 January 2009 (UTC) moved for disambig; replied on user's talk phoebe / (talk to me) 04:18, 6 February 2009 (UTC) Licensing Look for the start of the thread titled "Licensing Interim Update" on foundation-l. Dragons flight (talk) 04:34, 9 February 2009 (UTC) User:Phoebe/signpost020309 The second milestone entry in User:Phoebe/signpost020309 isn't displaying correctly. RJFJR (talk) 14:55, 9 February 2009 (UTC) News and notes Hey phoebe! Thanks for your note. Unfortunately I'm not entirely comfortable with the idea; I've not been contributing to the Signpost for long, and wouldn't know where to start with compiling an edition of News and Notes from scratch - however, I'll be sure to copyedit and expand on the double if you're away. Thanks again. PretzelsTalk! 18:41, 9 February 2009 (UTC) Hi again :) do you have a few minutes to tell me what you think of this design refresh I've been working on for the Signpost? Thanks in advance. PretzelsTalk! 00:06, 10 February 2009 (UTC) Commons Picture of the YEar Good idea including past winners. Do you think we should have a gallery of the top 3 for each year, though? Shoemaker's Holiday (talk) 04:27, 11 February 2009 (UTC) re:DRAMA Report Hey, Phoebe. You have new messages at Shep's talk page.You can remove this notice at any time by removing or tnulling the template. §hepTalk 02:08, 15 February 2009 (UTC) Signpost links Agh, sorry it confused you. I realise the change in wording might be a bit odd for long-time contributors, but it should make more sense for new users. I would hesitate to have more than five links in the footer - as for a direct link to the Newsroom, how do you think it would go down to move the Suggestions page to the Planning Room talk page? In my opinion, that's much more logical than leaving the page blank, as it is now. The Newsroom page at Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/Newsroom is more or less redundant now anyhow. PretzelsTalk! 19:14, 15 February 2009 (UTC) far and wide Sure, go ahead and announce it wherever you see fit. Anything that gets people to use the tip line more will be helpful, and I know many people think of wikiEN-l as the first place to go to announce news. I do subscribe, and keep up with interestingly-title threads, but I rarely post. Thanks!--ragesoss (talk) 16:27, 16 February 2009 (UTC) Wiki Editing Project Hi, I was in Silver's class when we did the Wiki Editing Project. Now, I've been assigned by the campus newspaper to write an article about that project (somewhat late, I know...) Could I email you a few questions for interview? Thanks, Daniela Ricci-Tam —Preceding unsigned comment added by Imadaytripper (talk • contribs) 18:32, 20 February 2009 (UTC) RealGov Phoebe - Please be sure to check your email for a message regarding RealGov.Lmacdonald411 (talk) 21:25, 25 February 2009 (UTC) a llama by any other name Hi Phoebe =) I just wanted to let you know that I changed my username. Same great taste, now more presentable to colleagues. So very much looking forward to seeing you in a few days! oy! thanks for the tip about the sig file; i didn't realize it hadn't switched over! Kenirwin/(talk) 00:57, 6 March 2009 (UTC) Leage of Old Codgers Is back! Please help with userbox and prettification. Wikipedia:Old_Codgers'_League -- +sj + this will help you sleep No worries I did some hacking on it, which you can take or leave. I'm going to start preparing for publication. Let me know when you're done with it.--ragesoss (talk) 22:51, 30 March 2009 (UTC) Joy of the day The current state of Wikipedia:Article_alerts ! +sj + 18:29, 1 April 2009 (UTC) How Wikipedia Works It was a one-sentence article: "How Wikipedia Works, published September 2008. No Starch Press. Available online at http://howwikipediaworks.com. ISBN 978-1593271763" NawlinWiki (talk) 05:54, 3 April 2009 (UTC) Image deletion Sorry, I was using Twinkle to batch-delete images on an article and must have ticked one check box too many. Kimchi.sg (talk) 06:22, 3 April 2009 (UTC) Thanks! The Signpost Barnstar For outstanding and extensive work on the Wikipedia Signpost—without which I would have found editing it to be more than I could handle—I award Phoebe the Signpost Barnstar.--ragesoss (talk) 19:01, 6 April 2009 (UTC) aww :) Your comments on my article: Peda Typh This vaccine was recently administered to a child known to me in a renowned hospital in Bangalore, India. However, another pediatrician known to us had not even heard of this vaccine. So Google'd for peda typh and found a few websites, one of them of the manufacturer's. And being a regular Wikipedia visitor, decided to add an article about it. I am not a doctor and have no intention of advertising this product. I'll be very happy if information about this new vaccine is available on Wikipedia. Hope an experienced author cleans up this article or adds this info in another relevant article that does not look like an advertisement. Anujsoral (talk) 12:44, 17 April 2009 (UTC) Wikipedia Signpost Could you throw a mention of the WP:PLOT RfC into your next news and notes? Basically, an RfC to determine if Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not should include plot summaries, or if any discussion of them would be better handled elsewhere. Currently, the voting is about half and half, which probably means it's going to be deleted soon, and the discussion moved somewhere else. Shoemaker's Holiday (talk) 22:29, 24 April 2009 (UTC) University of San Francisco There appears to have been an influx of new users making edits to University of San Francisco again. Nothing was announced on WP:SUP, but perhaps I'm missing some other forum. Would you mind helping me keep an eye on it? Madcoverboy (talk) 21:50, 28 April 2009 (UTC) thanks Thanks for your notes on my talk page. I appreciate your welcome and guidance!Jennifer Riggs (talk) 17:44, 15 May 2009 (UTC) Worm drive Hi, I see that you restored the link to thomasnet in the worm drive article. I'm fully aware of what thomsnet is, because I use it at work on a regular basis. However, I don't believe it should be an EL on Wikipedia per WP:ELNO point 9: "Links to any search results pages, such as links to individual website searches, search engines, search aggregators, or RSS feeds." Moreover, I don't think it adds any value to the article. As such, I would like to remove the link, but not start an edit war. Wizard191 (talk) 14:26, 16 May 2009 (UTC) Here thomasnet states that they are a search engine. As such, I'm going to remove the link. Wizard191 (talk) 23:18, 16 May 2009 (UTC) CAS story Exciting news about the collaboration with CAS! Do you have time to write up a little story about it for the signpost? It could run separately or we could add it to News & Notes, if you don't have time to write something long. Let me know! Thanks, --phoebe / (talk to me) 05:10, 17 May 2009 (UTC) Done! User:Physchim62/Signpost. Physchim62 (talk) 01:10, 18 May 2009 (UTC) Caroline champney (talk) 13:43, 19 May 2009 (UTC) Hi Phoebe I would like to be adopted if possible. I am having some trouble with putting up information on Wikipedia about our magazines. If you'd like to adopt me, let me know and I'll let you know the prolems I've been having so can see if you can help. Best regards, Caroline Champney Elsevier Limited Oxford, England, OX5 1AS One if the websites I work on is www.renewableenergy.com Maker Faire Phoebe, Per your request, I pinged your email with the info. --Rosiestep (talk) 19:38, 22 May 2009 (UTC) Phoebe, I too sent you my name via email, but just in case, it is Fred Vassard! --Azafred (talk) 20:48, 28 May 2009 (UTC) got it, for both of you. Thanks! -- phoebe / (talk to me) 22:35, 28 May 2009 (UTC) Signpost Hello, I read the Signpost article that was requesting more writers, and I am interested in contributing. Please tell me anything I can help out with, I gladly will volunteer. KnCv2 16:41, 23 May 2009 (UTC) Link to your user page from article Wikipedia Howdy. I've been looking at cross-namespace links lately, particlarly those into user-space. Your own user page is linked from the article Wikipedia, with reference to your book. Links from the main encyclopedia to user pages are generally a bad idea; they will not work on sites that mirror Wikipedia and even on the main web-site can confuse naive users by exposing them to the behind-the-scenes 'plumbing' that we editors use. More generally, it's normally only appropriate to link to subjects that are encyclopaedic - that is, that have (or deserve) their own article in the main namespace. I'd normally just be bold and remove the link, but as it's an important article and you're a long-standing and experienced editor I'm posting here first. If I don't hear from you in a week or two I'll go ahead an delink. Cheers. - TB (talk) 12:30, 27 June 2009 (UTC) Re: "King of Wikipedia Traffic" Hi Phoebe, I'm just saw your comment in my moderation queue at The Wikipedian. Under normal circumstances I would leap at the offer to rewrite something for the Signpost (never have contributed before) but this happens to be an unusually busy week at the day job. If you would like to rewrite it into something better fitting Signpost style or even just repost it, that sounds great to me. I'm sorry I don't more time to offer at the moment. Cheers, WWB (talk) 11:55, 29 June 2009 (UTC) Phoebe, looks great. Not sure I have any good photo recommendations, after all I just screen-capped Henrik's statistics tool. And, thanks for incorporating my post! Hope I can contribute more in the future. WWB (talk) 22:09, 29 June 2009 (UTC) Wiki-Conference New York Update: 3 weeks to go For those of you who signed up early, Wiki-Conference New York has been confirmed for the weekend of July 25-26 at New York University, and we have Jimmy Wales signed on as a keynote speaker. There's still plenty of time to join a panel, or to propose a lightning talk or an open space session. Register for the Wiki-Conference here. And sign up here for on-wiki notification. All are invited!This has been an automated delivery by BrownBot (talk) 03:20, 1 July 2009 (UTC) wiki stats Are you doing an article on this? If you are, I'm interested in helping. - Peregrine Fisher (talk) (contribs) 02:17, 21 July 2009 (UTC) Wikmania problem Hi Phoebe. I've seen that you are one of the Wikimania project bureaucrats. Could you please assist me with a username change request there? Kind regards, LouriePieterse 15:18, 23 July 2009 (UTC) Adopt me! Hi Phoebe. I saw that you were a librarian with varied Wikipedia expertise and experience with scientific biographies. Plus you sounded nice. I am new to Wikipedia as a writer (vs. reader), and I thought maybe I would need help in the near future posting short descriptions of psychiatrists and neuroscientists, so I thought I'd ask you to adopt me. Have a good weekend, Elizabeth Psychiatry777 (talk) 18:04, 7 August 2009 (UTC) San Francisco Digital Copyright meetup. Please post Wikipedia talk:Meetup#Digital Copyright, a session of Visual Web Meetup. to the SF mailing list. Ta. -- Jeandré (talk), 2009-08-25t20:19z Help request from an NIH contributor Hi, I don't actually need help I just think this thing is so fricking awesome and I wanted to say thank you thank you Thank you very much, Jennifer Riggs (talk) 21:52, 3 September 2009 (UTC) Talk:List of digital library projects‎ Your comments would be appreciated there. DGG ( talk ) 04:57, 13 September 2009 (UTC) cite.php story Hi, I'm working on a draft of a story about cite.php changes here, but I don't know much about it; any additional info/background/links to discussion etc would be great. If we get enough, it can be a dedicated story. Thanks! -- phoebe / (talk to me) 19:15, 20 September 2009 (UTC) Unfortunately, don't have time to help much this week, but check out Wikipedia:Footnotes#List-defined references and Help:Footnotes#List-defined references for more info. Kaldari (talk) 15:54, 21 September 2009 (UTC) Signpost inline comments Phoebe! A user posted suggesting we show article comments under the article, so I coded up a template for showing article comments inline. It works beautifully, do you have any feedback before I deploy it to the article template etc? Discussion is here. PretzelsTalk! 18:03, 27 September 2009 (UTC) Thanks, it still has the other articles in the issue listed, in perhaps a tidier format. I've fixed the link, for some reason the date of the next report was set to the 30th...? --PretzelsTalk! 16:43, 29 September 2009 (UTC) My apologies I apologise for my over-zealous publication. I'll leave well enough alone next time, you can be sure. :( It was late, I was wanting to go to bed, nobody looked to be around, I did check on yours and Aude's contribs before I published and saw no life, honest. I made a bad call. Looks like the headline got fixed. I didn't check Ragesoss' contribs because I thought he was away. Now, I feel bad enough already, but I'm wondering if we need a checklist or something, or should I just leave well enough alone in future? Hiding T 09:04, 29 September 2009 (UTC) Sorry! I was freaking out a little bit about getting it done when I left the above; don't apologize for publishing, it's great that you did. My schedule is a bit erratic, especially on Mondays, so there's no way that you could have known... and the Brion story just broke midday on Monday, so there's nothing I could do about it until Monday night, well past the deadline. Sorry to gripe on your talk page, and please don't feel bad! We do definitely need backup publishing help; I don't know how much time Ragesoss will have in the future (he has a new baby!) I happened to catch him last night & he fixed the headline. A checklist is not a bad idea... at least so we could say "it's 90%, let's go for it!" best, -- phoebe / (talk to me) 15:46, 29 September 2009 (UTC) Ah, you have nothing to apologise for. I think perhaps we just need to work on communication a little more, I know I'm terrible at meeting the deadline of 3 am on a Monday morning, so I'll have to work on that. I'm not in the US either, I'm assuming most everyone else is in the States, so it's complicated fitting schedules together. Plus I never really got around to introducing myself, which was kind of bad. So, um, hi. I'm User:Hiding, I've been a wikipedian for over four years now, an admin for almost four years, although I have had a different user name. I can't recall if our paths have crossed before? And, well, it's nice of you to say I rescued it, but I doubt it would have mattered if it was a little late? We'll have to work up some sort of check-list. I might mention it to Pretzels. Hiding T 15:55, 29 September 2009 (UTC) Set up a checklist in the newsroom, with colours and words! Possible statuses are listed in the code, these can be changed if need be. What do you think? PretzelsTalk! 00:51, 30 September 2009 (UTC) Thanks Really, I don't know what to say. Thank you. Hope you've had or are having a lovely day. Best, Hiding T 21:51, 6 October 2009 (UTC) Barnstar My first barnstar! This is very sweet of you. Thanks so much, you made my day. To the signpost! PretzelsTalk! 16:48, 7 October 2009 (UTC) Update to W:I I've updated Wikipedia:Issues, and find that after not looking at it for many weeks, the idea behind WP:CF stands the test of repeated exposure. Now we do need to find facilitators! +sj+ 04:23, 8 October 2009 (UTC) Yes, a portal-style page would be better. And there are indeed some blue links out there... this is still a prototype, but hopefully enough of one to give contributors something to add on to. As for columns - it would be nice to have some way to see both open topics and partly-filled ones. But I sympathize. I also want each entry to be just a line and a link, not so much text. +sj+ 07:52, 13 October 2009 (UTC) Write the next issue The issue was that the next issue's contents page didn't exist! I've created it and all links are now appearing as they should. --PretzelsTalk! 15:47, 8 October 2009 (UTC) For Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2009-10-12/News and notes Wikispecies had just reached 200k milestone mark. The 200k article is an insect, Zealachertus bildiri. OhanaUnitedTalk page 01:10, 11 October 2009 (UTC) excellent, thanks! do you know anything else about it? -- phoebe / (talk to me) 18:21, 11 October 2009 (UTC) Err, we're in the process of redesigning Wikispecies' main page. But other than that, I can't think of anything else. OhanaUnitedTalk page 06:45, 12 October 2009 (UTC) Now that you're mentioning it, we are currently in the middle of a collaboration with another journal. This time we got permission to change the license terms from copyrighted to CC-BY-SA. It should be done in November. OhanaUnitedTalk page 17:12, 13 October 2009 (UTC) Cambridge Who's Who has been prodded. I think we should have an article on this ell-known scam, but I cant find anything except fools who list it on their CV--even in GScholar. Any ideas? DGG ( talk ) 14:46, 14 October 2009 (UTC) replied on yr talk. Not too many ideas! -- phoebe / (talk to me) 17:13, 14 October 2009 (UTC) Karachi Meetup I just prepared the story here on Karachi meetup which is going to held on October 18th afternoon, some hours before Signpost new edition going to get published. Please improve the prepared story so I'll get back with exact meetup details before 3:00 UTC October 19. So, how about including photos and message from Jimmy Wales in signpost story? Here, you can find our agenda details w:File:My Pictures 048.jpg. Saqib talk 08:20, 17 October 2009 (UTC) Kudos I don't know whose idea it was, but I love the "This day in history" feature in the Signpost. Nice work! Steven Walling 01:14, 27 October 2009 (UTC) Wikisym Signpost article It was good seeing you again at WikiSym! I did some work on the Signpost article about Wikisym in your userspace. I'll try to make another pass at it before Sunday. Stu (aeiou)I'm Researching Wikipedia 04:36, 31 October 2009 (UTC) I've got some really low-res pics from my phone on my flickr account, but there were a lot of people taking pictures. I can't find them anywhere though. Stu (aeiou)I'm Researching Wikipedia 07:09, 1 November 2009 (UTC) ArbCom election reports Hi Phoebe - Just an update. I'll be writing a weekly election report and posting it to User:Manning_Bartlett/electionreport. The schedule is I get the draft up by 12:00 UTC on Sundays, the other members of the "election volunteers" are then free to tweak it, and it will be ready for the Signpost by 12:00 UTC on Mondays. There will be a report every Sunday until Dec 20 (when the final results will be known). My plan is to leave any actual Signpost actions (page moves etc) to you guys directly. Let me know how all this sits with you. Cheers Manning (talk) 02:20, 3 November 2009 (UTC) cool! you might let user:ragesoss know as well. -- phoebe / (talk to me) 17:56, 4 November 2009 (UTC) WikiProject Research proposal I just wanted to let you know that I threw up a WikiProject proposal per our discussion at WikiSym. I'm really interested in your opinions on the various questions that have come up if you have the time. --EpochFail (talk\|contribs) 21:55, 5 November 2009 (UTC) Multimedia usability FYI: Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2009-11-09/Multimedia usability --Aude (talk) 08:51, 7 November 2009 (UTC) Wiktionary lookup js for blogs I want to try out the new parameters for configuring the Wiktionary gadget on my blog, but I don't know where add the configuration code to make it work.--ragesoss (talk) 02:32, 7 November 2009 (UTC) Hey Bawolff, if you want to write up something about this for the 'post, you can always just leave a writeup here; thanks! -- phoebe / (talk to me) 18:59, 7 November 2009 (UTC) Thanks for the suggestion. I would like to fix my rather large list of bug/feature/translation requests first though. Cheers. Bawolff (talk) 21:01, 7 November 2009 (UTC) 'post comment problems Hey phoebe, I've taken a gander and can't see anything wrong...? — Pretzels Hii! 21:38, 10 November 2009 (UTC) That's fine, thanks for looking out! :) — Pretzels Hii! 23:26, 10 November 2009 (UTC) Please be my Guide Hi there, I am seeking a mentor. I am in a bit of a pickle currently and need help on editing biographies. Please be my guide. You can respond to me here Discussion Board Thank you. InkHeart♥ 14:48, 18 November 2009 (UTC) Pickling pickle My brine isn't working properly. Can you help? Also, have you seen... this? +sj+ 13:38, 19 November 2009 (UTC) election story You're welcome. :) I only caught it when I went to see if Manning had drafted it in user space. How permanent it is I don't know. Hiding T 16:34, 24 November 2009 (UTC) Removal of PROD from Graduate & Professional Student Association (GPSA) Hello Phoebe, this is an automated message from SDPatrolBot to inform you the PROD template you added to Graduate & Professional Student Association (GPSA) has been removed. It was removed by Closedmouth with the following edit summary 'prod is contested, please take it to afd instead if you wish to have it deleted (per ])'. Please consider discussing your concerns with Closedmouth before pursuing deletion further yourself. If you still think the article should be deleted after communicating with the 'dePRODer,' you may want to send the article to AfD for community discussion. Thank you, SDPatrolBot (talk) 19:42, 27 November 2009 (UTC) (Learn how to opt out of these messages) 19:42, 27 November 2009 (UTC) a technicality; removed by an IP, replaced by someone else, then removed again by CM. I took it to AFD. -- phoebe / (talk to me) 16:59, 29 November 2009 (UTC) Talkback Hello, Phoebe. You have new messages at Headbomb's talk page. You can remove this notice at any time by removing the {{Talkback}} or {{Tb}} template. Interview I've transcribed it at User:Charles Matthews/Interview. Charles Matthews (talk) 17:03, 30 November 2009 (UTC) Hey Phoebe Phoebe, if you are about I'd like your input on recent edits to Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2009-12-07/Discussion report. You've been doing this longer than I have, I'm a little out of my depth here. Hiding T 22:33, 8 December 2009 (UTC) Squids You inquired about my Project_SQUID entry, and I don't know quite what to do (I'm new at this) so I've added my thoughts about it on the entry's discussion page. Suggestions/editing welcome. BTW you and I are friends on that journaly place, so it was a welcome surprise to actually see you in action here.Smellsofbikes (talk) 20:53, 9 December 2009 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Smellsofbikes (talk • contribs) 20:50, 9 December 2009 (UTC) replied on talk page(s). Nice to see you too! -- phoebe / (talk to me) 23:00, 9 December 2009 (UTC) houston hi phoebe, if i can help by your support of the snow project in houston, please let me know. i will hasten the relaunch of SUP to make sure that we have some practicable guidelines for the next semester, best regards --Jan eissfeldt (talk) 00:07, 13 December 2009 (UTC) Locating a merge discussion on one talk page Greetings Phoebe, I urge you to locate a discussion for any proposed merger on the same talk page, so that any discussion that occurs will be unified. Since your own page indicates your interest in article mergers, it puzzles me that this is not a standard use in your merger-template activity. Initiating a conversation also promotes action (both pro and con) on your proposal. The documentation for {{Merge-multiple}} is clear enough. As a sub-part of the template, add \| discuss=Talk:OtherArticleName#SectionTitle \| to the list of proposed merger candidates, to locate the discussion in a single place, when posting the template. The articles that bring me to your page are true polar wander, polar wander and polar motion, and because there has been zero conversation on any of the article talk pages in the last three-plus months about your proposal, I am without prejudice removing the merge templates. - Yellowdesk (talk) 18:00, 20 December 2009 (UTC)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Phoebe/Archive6&action=edit&section=1"},{"link_name":"ragesoss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Ragesoss"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Ragesoss"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"User:Hermione1980/MediaWiki facelift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Hermione1980/MediaWiki_facelift"},{"link_name":"User:Cryptic C62/Workspace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Cryptic_C62/Workspace"},{"link_name":"here","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/Newsroom"},{"link_name":"seresin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Seresin"},{"link_name":"¡?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Seresin"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"Pretzels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Pretzels"},{"link_name":"Talk!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Pretzels"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Phoebe/Archive6&action=edit&section=2"},{"link_name":"here","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Loves_Art"},{"link_name":"meetup group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Meetup/San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"phoebe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Phoebe"},{"link_name":"talk to me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Phoebe"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"Falcorian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Falcorian"},{"link_name":"(talk)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Falcorian"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Phoebe/Archive6&action=edit&section=3"},{"link_name":"January 2009 issue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_History_of_Science/Newsletter/January_2009"},{"link_name":"Darwin Day 2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Did_you_know/Darwin_Day_2009"},{"link_name":"ragesoss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Ragesoss"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Ragesoss"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Phoebe/Archive6&action=edit&section=4"},{"link_name":"Laws are like Sausages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Television_episodes#Laws_are_like_sausages"},{"link_name":"Ikip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Ikip"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Ikip"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Phoebe/Archive6&action=edit&section=5"},{"link_name":"Dockerz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Dockerz"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Dockerz"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"phoebe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Phoebe"},{"link_name":"talk to me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Phoebe"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Phoebe/Archive6&action=edit&section=6"},{"link_name":"User:MZMcBride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:MZMcBride"},{"link_name":"harej","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Messedrocker"},{"link_name":"change the rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:If_you_could_re-write_the_rules"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"phoebe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Phoebe"},{"link_name":"talk to me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Phoebe"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Phoebe/Archive6&action=edit&section=7"},{"link_name":"Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style#Alphabetization and collation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Manual_of_Style#Alphabetization_and_collation"},{"link_name":"Wavelength","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Wavelength"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Wavelength"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Phoebe/Archive6&action=edit&section=8"},{"link_name":"EmmaMae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:EmmaMae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:EmmaMae"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"phoebe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Phoebe"},{"link_name":"talk to me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Phoebe"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Phoebe/Archive6&action=edit&section=9"},{"link_name":"Dragons flight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Dragons_flight"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Dragons_flight"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Phoebe/Archive6&action=edit&section=10"},{"link_name":"User:Phoebe/signpost020309","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Phoebe/signpost020309"},{"link_name":"RJFJR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:RJFJR"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:RJFJR"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Phoebe/Archive6&action=edit&section=11"},{"link_name":"Pretzels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Pretzels"},{"link_name":"Talk!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Pretzels"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"this design refresh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Pretzels/Signpost"},{"link_name":"Pretzels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Pretzels"},{"link_name":"Talk!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Pretzels"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Phoebe/Archive6&action=edit&section=12"},{"link_name":"Shoemaker's Holiday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Shoemaker%27s_Holiday"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Shoemaker%27s_Holiday"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Phoebe/Archive6&action=edit&section=13"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Stepshep#DRAMA_Report"},{"link_name":"new messages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Stepshep#DRAMA_Report"},{"link_name":"Shep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Stepshep"},{"link_name":"remove this notice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Phoebe/Archive6&action=edit"},{"link_name":"§hep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Stepshep"},{"link_name":"Talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Stepshep"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Phoebe/Archive6&action=edit&section=14"},{"link_name":"Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/Newsroom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/Newsroom"},{"link_name":"Pretzels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Pretzels"},{"link_name":"Talk!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Pretzels"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Phoebe/Archive6&action=edit&section=15"},{"link_name":"ragesoss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Ragesoss"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Ragesoss"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Phoebe/Archive6&action=edit&section=16"},{"link_name":"unsigned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Signatures"},{"link_name":"Imadaytripper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Imadaytripper"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Imadaytripper"},{"link_name":"contribs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/Imadaytripper"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Phoebe/Archive6&action=edit&section=17"},{"link_name":"Lmacdonald411","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Lmacdonald411&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Lmacdonald411&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Phoebe/Archive6&action=edit&section=18"},{"link_name":"Kenirwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Kenirwin"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Kenirwin"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Phoebe/Archive6&action=edit&section=19"},{"link_name":"Wikipedia:Old_Codgers'_League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Old_Codgers%27_League"},{"link_name":"+sj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Sj"},{"link_name":"+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Sj"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Phoebe/Archive6&action=edit&section=20"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.download32.com/typing-invaders---free-typing-game-i46887.html"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Phoebe/Archive6&action=edit&section=21"},{"link_name":"ragesoss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Ragesoss"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Ragesoss"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Phoebe/Archive6&action=edit&section=22"},{"link_name":"Wikipedia:Article_alerts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_alerts"},{"link_name":"+sj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Sj"},{"link_name":"+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Sj"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Phoebe/Archive6&action=edit&section=23"},{"link_name":"No Starch Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Starch_Press"},{"link_name":"http://howwikipediaworks.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//howwikipediaworks.com"},{"link_name":"NawlinWiki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:NawlinWiki"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:NawlinWiki"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Phoebe/Archive6&action=edit&section=24"},{"link_name":"Kimchi.sg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Kimchi.sg"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Kimchi.sg"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Phoebe/Archive6&action=edit&section=25"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Phoebe/Archive6&action=edit&section=26"},{"link_name":"Anujsoral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Anujsoral&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Anujsoral"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Phoebe/Archive6&action=edit&section=27"},{"link_name":"WP:PLOT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:PLOT"},{"link_name":"Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not"},{"link_name":"Shoemaker's Holiday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Shoemaker%27s_Holiday"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Shoemaker%27s_Holiday"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Phoebe/Archive6&action=edit&section=28"},{"link_name":"University of San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"WP:SUP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:SUP"},{"link_name":"Madcoverboy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Madcoverboy"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Madcoverboy"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Phoebe/Archive6&action=edit&section=29"},{"link_name":"Jennifer Riggs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Jennifer_Riggs"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Jennifer_Riggs"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"Worm drive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worm_drive"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Phoebe/Archive6&action=edit&section=30"},{"link_name":"worm drive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worm_drive"},{"link_name":"WP:ELNO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:ELNO"},{"link_name":"Wizard191","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Wizard191"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Wizard191"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"Here","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.thomasnet.com/faq.html?navsec=footer"},{"link_name":"Wizard191","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Wizard191"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Wizard191"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Phoebe/Archive6&action=edit&section=31"},{"link_name":"phoebe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Phoebe"},{"link_name":"talk to me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Phoebe"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"User:Physchim62/Signpost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Physchim62/Signpost"},{"link_name":"Physchim62","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Physchim62"},{"link_name":"(talk)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Physchim62"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"Caroline champney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Caroline_champney"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Caroline_champney"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Phoebe/Archive6&action=edit&section=32"},{"link_name":"Rosiestep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Rosiestep"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Rosiestep"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"Azafred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Azafred"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Azafred"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"phoebe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Phoebe"},{"link_name":"talk to me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Phoebe"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Phoebe/Archive6&action=edit&section=33"},{"link_name":"Kn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Knuckle_Curve"},{"link_name":"Cv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Knuckle_Curve"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"Wikipedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Phoebe/Archive6&action=edit&section=34"},{"link_name":"Wikipedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia"},{"link_name":"TB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Topbanana"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Topbanana"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Phoebe/Archive6&action=edit&section=35"},{"link_name":"WWB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:WWB"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:WWB"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"WWB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:WWB"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:WWB"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"Wiki-Conference New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Meetup/NYC/Wiki-Conference_2009"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Phoebe/Archive6&action=edit&section=36"},{"link_name":"Wiki-Conference New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Meetup/NYC/Wiki-Conference_2009"},{"link_name":"New York University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_University"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Wales"},{"link_name":"Register for the Wiki-Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//spreadsheets.google.com/viewform?formkey=cjVLNWlkNlR5dlh5Wjd2V0Z5RzM4Umc6MA"},{"link_name":"here for on-wiki notification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Meetup/NYC/Wiki-Conference_2009#Keep_me_notified!_and_registration"},{"link_name":"BrownBot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:BrownBot"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:BrownBot"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Phoebe/Archive6&action=edit&section=37"},{"link_name":"this","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//infodisiac.com/blog/2009/07/new-statistics-for-the-english-wikipedia/"},{"link_name":"Peregrine Fisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Peregrine_Fisher"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Peregrine_Fisher"},{"link_name":"contribs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/Peregrine_Fisher"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Phoebe/Archive6&action=edit&section=38"},{"link_name":"Lourie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:LouriePieterse"},{"link_name":"Pieterse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:LouriePieterse"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Phoebe/Archive6&action=edit&section=39"},{"link_name":"Psychiatry777","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Psychiatry777"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Psychiatry777"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Phoebe/Archive6&action=edit&section=40"},{"link_name":"Wikipedia talk:Meetup#Digital Copyright, a session of Visual Web Meetup.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Meetup#Digital_Copyright,_a_session_of_Visual_Web_Meetup."},{"link_name":"Jeandré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Jeandr%C3%A9_du_Toit"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Jeandr%C3%A9_du_Toit"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Phoebe/Archive6&action=edit&section=41"},{"link_name":"Jennifer Riggs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Jennifer_Riggs"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Jennifer_Riggs"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"Talk:List of digital library projects‎","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:List_of_digital_library_projects"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Phoebe/Archive6&action=edit&section=42"},{"link_name":"DGG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:DGG"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:DGG"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Phoebe/Archive6&action=edit&section=43"},{"link_name":"here","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2009-09-21/News_and_notes#Reference_system_updated"},{"link_name":"phoebe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Phoebe"},{"link_name":"talk to me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Phoebe"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"Wikipedia:Footnotes#List-defined references","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnotes#List-defined_references"},{"link_name":"Help:Footnotes#List-defined references","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Footnotes#List-defined_references"},{"link_name":"Kaldari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Kaldari"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Kaldari"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Phoebe/Archive6&action=edit&section=44"},{"link_name":"Discussion is here","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Wikipedia_Signpost#Inline_discussion.3F"},{"link_name":"Pretzels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Pretzels"},{"link_name":"Talk!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Pretzels"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"Pretzels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Pretzels"},{"link_name":"Talk!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Pretzels"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Phoebe/Archive6&action=edit&section=45"},{"link_name":"Hiding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Hiding"},{"link_name":"T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Hiding"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"phoebe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Phoebe"},{"link_name":"talk to me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Phoebe"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"Hiding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Hiding"},{"link_name":"T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Hiding"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"Pretzels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Pretzels"},{"link_name":"Talk!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Pretzels"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Phoebe/Archive6&action=edit&section=46"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WikiThanks.png"},{"link_name":"Hiding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Hiding"},{"link_name":"T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Hiding"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Phoebe/Archive6&action=edit&section=47"},{"link_name":"Pretzels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Pretzels"},{"link_name":"Talk!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Pretzels"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Phoebe/Archive6&action=edit&section=48"},{"link_name":"Wikipedia:Issues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Issues"},{"link_name":"+sj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Sj"},{"link_name":"+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Sj"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"+sj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Sj"},{"link_name":"+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Sj"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Phoebe/Archive6&action=edit&section=49"},{"link_name":"Pretzels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Pretzels"},{"link_name":"Talk!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Pretzels"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2009-10-12/News and notes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2009-10-12/News_and_notes"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Phoebe/Archive6&action=edit&section=50"},{"link_name":"Wikispecies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page"},{"link_name":"Zealachertus bildiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Zealachertus_bildiri"},{"link_name":"OhanaUnited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:OhanaUnited"},{"link_name":"Talk page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:OhanaUnited"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"phoebe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Phoebe"},{"link_name":"talk to me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Phoebe"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"OhanaUnited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:OhanaUnited"},{"link_name":"Talk page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:OhanaUnited"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"OhanaUnited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:OhanaUnited"},{"link_name":"Talk page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:OhanaUnited"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"Cambridge Who's Who","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_Who%27s_Who"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Phoebe/Archive6&action=edit&section=51"},{"link_name":"DGG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:DGG"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:DGG"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"phoebe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Phoebe"},{"link_name":"talk to me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Phoebe"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Phoebe/Archive6&action=edit&section=52"},{"link_name":"here","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2009-10-19/News_and_notes"},{"link_name":"message","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Meetup/Karachi#Jimmy_Wales_message"},{"link_name":"w:File:My Pictures 048.jpg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:My_Pictures_048.jpg&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Saqib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:S_Q"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:S_Q"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Phoebe/Archive6&action=edit&section=53"},{"link_name":"Steven Walling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Steven_Walling"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Phoebe/Archive6&action=edit&section=54"},{"link_name":"Stu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Staeiou"},{"link_name":"(aeiou)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Staeiou"},{"link_name":"I'm Researching Wikipedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Staeiou/Protocol"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"my flickr account","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.flickr.com/photos/staeiou/sets/72157622575160489/"},{"link_name":"Stu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Staeiou"},{"link_name":"(aeiou)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Staeiou"},{"link_name":"I'm Researching Wikipedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Staeiou/Protocol"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Phoebe/Archive6&action=edit&section=55"},{"link_name":"User:Manning_Bartlett/electionreport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Manning_Bartlett/electionreport&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Manning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Manning_Bartlett"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Manning_Bartlett"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"user:ragesoss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Ragesoss"},{"link_name":"phoebe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Phoebe"},{"link_name":"talk to me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Phoebe"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Phoebe/Archive6&action=edit&section=56"},{"link_name":"E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:EpochFail"},{"link_name":"poch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:EpochFail"},{"link_name":"F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:EpochFail"},{"link_name":"ail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:EpochFail"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:EpochFail"},{"link_name":"contribs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/EpochFail"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Phoebe/Archive6&action=edit&section=57"},{"link_name":"Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2009-11-09/Multimedia usability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2009-11-09/Multimedia_usability"},{"link_name":"Aude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Aude"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Aude"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Phoebe/Archive6&action=edit&section=58"},{"link_name":"ragesoss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Ragesoss"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Ragesoss"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"here","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/Newsroom/Suggestions"},{"link_name":"phoebe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Phoebe"},{"link_name":"talk to me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Phoebe"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"Bawolff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Bawolff"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Bawolff"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Phoebe/Archive6&action=edit&section=59"},{"link_name":"Pretzels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Pretzels"},{"link_name":"Hii!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Pretzels"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"Pretzels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Pretzels"},{"link_name":"Hii!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Pretzels"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Phoebe/Archive6&action=edit&section=60"},{"link_name":"Discussion Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Adopt-a-User#I_need_to_be_Adopted_2"},{"link_name":"Ink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:InkHeart"},{"link_name":"Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:InkHeart"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Phoebe/Archive6&action=edit&section=61"},{"link_name":"this","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Sj/mesh"},{"link_name":"+sj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Sj"},{"link_name":"+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Sj"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Phoebe/Archive6&action=edit&section=62"},{"link_name":"Hiding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Hiding"},{"link_name":"T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Hiding"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"Graduate & Professional Student Association (GPSA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Graduate_%26_Professional_Student_Association_(GPSA)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Phoebe/Archive6&action=edit&section=63"},{"link_name":"SDPatrolBot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:SDPatrolBot"},{"link_name":"Graduate & Professional Student Association (GPSA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Graduate_%26_Professional_Student_Association_(GPSA)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Closedmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Closedmouth"},{"link_name":"discussing your concerns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Closedmouth"},{"link_name":"AfD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:AfD"},{"link_name":"SDPatrolBot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:SDPatrolBot"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:SDPatrolBot"},{"link_name":"Learn how to opt out of these messages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Bots"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"phoebe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Phoebe"},{"link_name":"talk to me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Phoebe"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Phoebe/Archive6&action=edit&section=64"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Headbomb"},{"link_name":"Headbomb's talk page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Headbomb"},{"link_name":"remove this notice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/User_talk:Phoebe/Archive6"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Phoebe/Archive6&action=edit&section=65"},{"link_name":"User:Charles Matthews/Interview","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Charles_Matthews/Interview"},{"link_name":"Charles Matthews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Charles_Matthews"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Charles_Matthews"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Phoebe/Archive6&action=edit&section=66"},{"link_name":"Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2009-12-07/Discussion report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2009-12-07/Discussion_report"},{"link_name":"Hiding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Hiding"},{"link_name":"T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Hiding"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Phoebe/Archive6&action=edit&section=67"},{"link_name":"Smellsofbikes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Smellsofbikes"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Smellsofbikes"},{"link_name":"unsigned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Signatures"},{"link_name":"Smellsofbikes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Smellsofbikes"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Smellsofbikes"},{"link_name":"contribs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/Smellsofbikes"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"phoebe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Phoebe"},{"link_name":"talk to me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Phoebe"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Phoebe/Archive6&action=edit&section=68"},{"link_name":"Jan eissfeldt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Jan_eissfeldt"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Jan_eissfeldt"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Phoebe/Archive6&action=edit&section=69"},{"link_name":"Merge-multiple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Merge-multiple"},{"link_name":"true polar wander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_polar_wander"},{"link_name":"polar wander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_wander"},{"link_name":"polar motion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_motion"},{"link_name":"Yellowdesk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Yellowdesk"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Yellowdesk"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"}],"text":"Signpost[edit]Anything in the way of polishing and updating the slate of articles would be helpful. Expansion of the \"In the news\" draft that was up-to-date only through December 8 is one thing that would be good. I plan to put together a \"News and notes\" to go over some of the internal developments that have been going on (possibly folding in some of the short articles), such as the fundraiser; if you have any suggestions for events and developments that ought to be covered (or even better, prose accounts thereof), you could mention it on the Suggestions page or start a draft. Thanks!--ragesoss (talk) 23:19, 2 January 2009 (UTC)[reply]Hi Pheobe, I noticed your post on ragesoss' talk page. You said that you may intend to write an article about the Stanton Grant; however there is already a page being written about it (User:Hermione1980/MediaWiki facelift). There is also a section on the In The News page (User:Cryptic C62/Workspace) about the Virgin Killer issue; but I think if you plan to write more about it a standalone article would be good, given Cryptic's response to Ral315 (who had started a page for it, but hadn't added anything to it) here. seresin ( ¡? ) 02:02, 3 January 2009 (UTC)[reply]I'm glad you're pleased with the result. A joint effort! PretzelsTalk! 00:20, 4 January 2009 (UTC)[reply]re: wikipedia loves art[edit]Hi,Saw your message here... I help coordinate the SF-area meetup group and just sent a message to the local mailing list asking if anyone else wanted to participate in this. It would make a great gathering. Any ideas on what museums would be good to target? -- phoebe / (talk to me) 22:49, 2 January 2009 (UTC)][reply]Hi, thanks for writing! I'd certainly be interested in joining up with fellow wikipedians to participate in Wikipedia Loves Art. I don't however have a good idea as to what museums to visit (although I see people on the list have some ideas). I'll keep up on the emails. --Falcorian (talk) 20:53, 5 January 2009 (UTC)[reply]WikiProject History of Science newsletter : Issue V - January 2009[edit]It's here at long last! The January 2009 issue of the WikiProject History of Science newsletter is ready, with exciting news about Darwin Day 2009. Please feel free to make corrections or add news about any project-related content you've been working on. You're receiving this because you are a participant in the History of Science WikiProject. You may read the newsletter or unsubscribe from this notification by following the link. Yours in discourse --ragesoss (talk) 03:12, 11 January 2009 (UTC)[reply]A RfC you participated in is being discussed[edit]Laws are like Sausages Ikip (talk) 13:43, 19 January 2009 (UTC)[reply]hi[edit]I'd very much liked to be adopted.\nI'm 15 and from Bedfordshire, England and would like to do this to help mainly my Geography and History Coursework (I'm currently doing essays on the Homesteaders and other issues in American history such as the railways which seems to somehow link into everything. and to improve my scientific knowledge plus help with my P.E theory work (e.g Bones, Muscles etc). I'm a passionate cook and I am working at an A* grade in my Catering GCSE. I am a good speller and willing to learn.p.s I like your other Phoebes section of your page do you mind if I make a version?--Dockerz (talk) 12:46, 25 January 2009 (UTC)[reply]replied on user's talk phoebe / (talk to me) 04:18, 6 February 2009 (UTC)[reply]Robert Bork[edit]I moved the page back. Also, there is a new, automated way of pulling these lists directly from the database. Ask User:MZMcBride about them. —harej // change the rules 20:26, 26 January 2009 (UTC)[reply]sweet! -- phoebe / (talk to me) 04:18, 6 February 2009 (UTC)[reply]Alphabetization and collation[edit]I am inviting you to comment, in your capacity as a librarian, at Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style#Alphabetization and collation. -- Wavelength (talk) 19:32, 28 January 2009 (UTC)[reply]Neurosciences Institute (Saint Thomas Health Services)[edit]I'll do as you suggested and make the neurosciences institute section of Saint Thomas Health Services more robust and add more links/sources.While we're on this subject, I was wondering if you could answer something for me. Since there are several places called the Neurosciences Institute throughout the country, how would I go about moving the current Neurosciences Institute on Wikipedia to something like Neurosciences Institute (San Diego) and making Neurosciences Institute a disambiguation page?\nEmmaMae (talk) 21:58, 28 January 2009 (UTC)[reply]moved for disambig; replied on user's talk phoebe / (talk to me) 04:18, 6 February 2009 (UTC)[reply]Licensing[edit]Look for the start of the thread titled \"Licensing Interim Update\" on foundation-l. Dragons flight (talk) 04:34, 9 February 2009 (UTC)[reply]User:Phoebe/signpost020309[edit]The second milestone entry in User:Phoebe/signpost020309 isn't displaying correctly. RJFJR (talk) 14:55, 9 February 2009 (UTC)[reply]News and notes[edit]Hey phoebe! Thanks for your note. Unfortunately I'm not entirely comfortable with the idea; I've not been contributing to the Signpost for long, and wouldn't know where to start with compiling an edition of News and Notes from scratch - however, I'll be sure to copyedit and expand on the double if you're away. Thanks again. PretzelsTalk! 18:41, 9 February 2009 (UTC)[reply]Hi again :) do you have a few minutes to tell me what you think of this design refresh I've been working on for the Signpost? Thanks in advance. PretzelsTalk! 00:06, 10 February 2009 (UTC)[reply]Commons Picture of the YEar[edit]Good idea including past winners. Do you think we should have a gallery of the top 3 for each year, though? Shoemaker's Holiday (talk) 04:27, 11 February 2009 (UTC)[reply]re:DRAMA Report[edit]Hey, Phoebe. You have new messages at Shep's talk page.You can remove this notice at any time by removing or tnulling the template.§hepTalk 02:08, 15 February 2009 (UTC)[reply]Signpost links[edit]Agh, sorry it confused you. I realise the change in wording might be a bit odd for long-time contributors, but it should make more sense for new users. I would hesitate to have more than five links in the footer - as for a direct link to the Newsroom, how do you think it would go down to move the Suggestions page to the Planning Room talk page? In my opinion, that's much more logical than leaving the page blank, as it is now. The Newsroom page at Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/Newsroom is more or less redundant now anyhow. PretzelsTalk! 19:14, 15 February 2009 (UTC)[reply]far and wide[edit]Sure, go ahead and announce it wherever you see fit. Anything that gets people to use the tip line more will be helpful, and I know many people think of wikiEN-l as the first place to go to announce news. I do subscribe, and keep up with interestingly-title threads, but I rarely post. Thanks!--ragesoss (talk) 16:27, 16 February 2009 (UTC)[reply]Wiki Editing Project[edit]Hi,I was in Silver's class when we did the Wiki Editing Project. Now, I've been assigned by the campus newspaper to write an article about that project (somewhat late, I know...) Could I email you a few questions for interview?Thanks,Daniela Ricci-Tam —Preceding unsigned comment added by Imadaytripper (talk • contribs) 18:32, 20 February 2009 (UTC)[reply]RealGov[edit]Phoebe - Please be sure to check your email for a message regarding RealGov.Lmacdonald411 (talk) 21:25, 25 February 2009 (UTC)[reply]a llama by any other name[edit]Hi Phoebe =) I just wanted to let you know that I changed my username. Same great taste, now more presentable to colleagues. So very much looking forward to seeing you in a few days!oy! thanks for the tip about the sig file; i didn't realize it hadn't switched over! Kenirwin/(talk) 00:57, 6 March 2009 (UTC)[reply]Leage of Old Codgers [LOCo][edit]Is back! Please help with userbox and prettification. Wikipedia:Old_Codgers'_League -- +sj +this will help you sleep[edit][1]No worries[edit]I did some hacking on it, which you can take or leave. I'm going to start preparing for publication. Let me know when you're done with it.--ragesoss (talk) 22:51, 30 March 2009 (UTC)[reply]Joy of the day[edit]The current state of Wikipedia:Article_alerts ! +sj + 18:29, 1 April 2009 (UTC)[reply]How Wikipedia Works[edit]It was a one-sentence article: \"How Wikipedia Works, published September 2008. No Starch Press. Available online at http://howwikipediaworks.com. ISBN 978-1593271763\" NawlinWiki (talk) 05:54, 3 April 2009 (UTC)[reply]Image deletion[edit]Sorry, I was using Twinkle to batch-delete images on an article and must have ticked one check box too many. Kimchi.sg (talk) 06:22, 3 April 2009 (UTC)[reply]Thanks![edit]aww :)Your comments on my article: Peda Typh[edit]This vaccine was recently administered to a child known to me in a renowned hospital in Bangalore, India. However, another pediatrician known to us had not even heard of this vaccine. So Google'd for peda typh and found a few websites, one of them of the manufacturer's. And being a regular Wikipedia visitor, decided to add an article about it. I am not a doctor and have no intention of advertising this product.I'll be very happy if information about this new vaccine is available on Wikipedia. Hope an experienced author cleans up this article or adds this info in another relevant article that does not look like an advertisement.Anujsoral (talk) 12:44, 17 April 2009 (UTC)[reply]Wikipedia Signpost[edit]Could you throw a mention of the WP:PLOT RfC into your next news and notes? Basically, an RfC to determine if Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not should include plot summaries, or if any discussion of them would be better handled elsewhere. Currently, the voting is about half and half, which probably means it's going to be deleted soon, and the discussion moved somewhere else. Shoemaker's Holiday (talk) 22:29, 24 April 2009 (UTC)[reply]University of San Francisco[edit]There appears to have been an influx of new users making edits to University of San Francisco again. Nothing was announced on WP:SUP, but perhaps I'm missing some other forum. Would you mind helping me keep an eye on it? Madcoverboy (talk) 21:50, 28 April 2009 (UTC)[reply]thanks[edit]Thanks for your notes on my talk page. I appreciate your welcome and guidance!Jennifer Riggs (talk) 17:44, 15 May 2009 (UTC)[reply]Worm drive[edit]Hi, I see that you restored the link to thomasnet in the worm drive article. I'm fully aware of what thomsnet is, because I use it at work on a regular basis. However, I don't believe it should be an EL on Wikipedia per WP:ELNO point 9: \"Links to any search results pages, such as links to individual website searches, search engines, search aggregators, or RSS feeds.\" Moreover, I don't think it adds any value to the article. As such, I would like to remove the link, but not start an edit war. Wizard191 (talk) 14:26, 16 May 2009 (UTC)[reply]Here thomasnet states that they are a search engine. As such, I'm going to remove the link. Wizard191 (talk) 23:18, 16 May 2009 (UTC)[reply]CAS story[edit]Exciting news about the collaboration with CAS! Do you have time to write up a little story about it for the signpost? It could run separately or we could add it to News & Notes, if you don't have time to write something long. Let me know! Thanks, --phoebe / (talk to me) 05:10, 17 May 2009 (UTC)[reply]Done! User:Physchim62/Signpost. Physchim62 (talk) 01:10, 18 May 2009 (UTC)[reply]Caroline champney (talk) 13:43, 19 May 2009 (UTC)\nHi Phoebe[reply]I would like to be adopted if possible. I am having some trouble with putting up information on Wikipedia about our magazines. \nIf you'd like to adopt me, let me know and I'll let you know the prolems I've been having so can see if you can help.Best regards,Caroline Champney\nElsevier Limited\nOxford, England, OX5 1ASOne if the websites I work on is www.renewableenergy.comMaker Faire[edit]Phoebe, Per your request, I pinged your email with the info. --Rosiestep (talk) 19:38, 22 May 2009 (UTC)[reply]Phoebe, I too sent you my name via email, but just in case, it is Fred Vassard! --Azafred (talk) 20:48, 28 May 2009 (UTC)[reply]got it, for both of you. Thanks! -- phoebe / (talk to me) 22:35, 28 May 2009 (UTC)[reply]Signpost[edit]Hello, I read the Signpost article that was requesting more writers, and I am interested in contributing. Please tell me anything I can help out with, I gladly will volunteer. KnCv2 16:41, 23 May 2009 (UTC)[reply]Link to your user page from article Wikipedia[edit]Howdy. I've been looking at cross-namespace links lately, particlarly those into user-space. Your own user page is linked from the article Wikipedia, with reference to your book. Links from the main encyclopedia to user pages are generally a bad idea; they will not work on sites that mirror Wikipedia and even on the main web-site can confuse naive users by exposing them to the behind-the-scenes 'plumbing' that we editors use. More generally, it's normally only appropriate to link to subjects that are encyclopaedic - that is, that have (or deserve) their own article in the main namespace.I'd normally just be bold and remove the link, but as it's an important article and you're a long-standing and experienced editor I'm posting here first. If I don't hear from you in a week or two I'll go ahead an delink. Cheers. - TB (talk) 12:30, 27 June 2009 (UTC)[reply]Re: \"King of Wikipedia Traffic\"[edit]Hi Phoebe, I'm just saw your comment in my moderation queue at The Wikipedian. Under normal circumstances I would leap at the offer to rewrite something for the Signpost (never have contributed before) but this happens to be an unusually busy week at the day job. If you would like to rewrite it into something better fitting Signpost style or even just repost it, that sounds great to me. I'm sorry I don't more time to offer at the moment. Cheers, WWB (talk) 11:55, 29 June 2009 (UTC)[reply]Phoebe, looks great. Not sure I have any good photo recommendations, after all I just screen-capped Henrik's statistics tool. And, thanks for incorporating my post! Hope I can contribute more in the future. WWB (talk) 22:09, 29 June 2009 (UTC)[reply]Wiki-Conference New York Update: 3 weeks to go[edit]For those of you who signed up early, Wiki-Conference New York has been confirmed for the weekend of July 25-26 at New York University, and we have Jimmy Wales signed on as a keynote speaker.There's still plenty of time to join a panel, or to propose a lightning talk or an open space session. Register for the Wiki-Conference here. And sign up here for on-wiki notification. All are invited!This has been an automated delivery by BrownBot (talk) 03:20, 1 July 2009 (UTC)[reply]wiki stats[edit]Are you doing an article on this? If you are, I'm interested in helping. - Peregrine Fisher (talk) (contribs) 02:17, 21 July 2009 (UTC)[reply]Wikmania problem[edit]Hi Phoebe. I've seen that you are one of the Wikimania project bureaucrats. Could you please assist me with a username change request there? Kind regards, LouriePieterse 15:18, 23 July 2009 (UTC)[reply]Adopt me![edit]Hi Phoebe.I saw that you were a librarian with varied Wikipedia expertise and experience with scientific biographies. Plus you sounded nice.I am new to Wikipedia as a writer (vs. reader), and I thought maybe I would need help in the near future posting short descriptions of psychiatrists and neuroscientists, so I thought I'd ask you to adopt me.Have a good weekend,\nElizabethPsychiatry777 (talk) 18:04, 7 August 2009 (UTC)[reply]San Francisco Digital Copyright meetup.[edit]Please post Wikipedia talk:Meetup#Digital Copyright, a session of Visual Web Meetup. to the SF mailing list. Ta. -- Jeandré (talk), 2009-08-25t20:19zHelp request from an NIH contributor[edit]Hi, I don't actually need help I just think this thing is so fricking awesome and I wanted to say thank you thank you Thank you very much,\nJennifer Riggs (talk) 21:52, 3 September 2009 (UTC)[reply]Talk:List of digital library projects‎[edit]Your comments would be appreciated there. DGG ( talk ) 04:57, 13 September 2009 (UTC)[reply]cite.php story[edit]Hi, I'm working on a draft of a story about cite.php changes here, but I don't know much about it; any additional info/background/links to discussion etc would be great. If we get enough, it can be a dedicated story. Thanks! -- phoebe / (talk to me) 19:15, 20 September 2009 (UTC)[reply]Unfortunately, don't have time to help much this week, but check out Wikipedia:Footnotes#List-defined references and Help:Footnotes#List-defined references for more info. Kaldari (talk) 15:54, 21 September 2009 (UTC)[reply]Signpost inline comments[edit]Phoebe! A user posted suggesting we show article comments under the article, so I coded up a template for showing article comments inline. It works beautifully, do you have any feedback before I deploy it to the article template etc? Discussion is here. PretzelsTalk! 18:03, 27 September 2009 (UTC)[reply]Thanks, it still has the other articles in the issue listed, in perhaps a tidier format. I've fixed the link, for some reason the date of the next report was set to the 30th...? --PretzelsTalk! 16:43, 29 September 2009 (UTC)[reply]My apologies[edit]I apologise for my over-zealous publication. I'll leave well enough alone next time, you can be sure. :( It was late, I was wanting to go to bed, nobody looked to be around, I did check on yours and Aude's contribs before I published and saw no life, honest. I made a bad call. Looks like the headline got fixed. I didn't check Ragesoss' contribs because I thought he was away. Now, I feel bad enough already, but I'm wondering if we need a checklist or something, or should I just leave well enough alone in future? Hiding T 09:04, 29 September 2009 (UTC)[reply]Sorry! I was freaking out a little bit about getting it done when I left the above; don't apologize for publishing, it's great that you did. My schedule is a bit erratic, especially on Mondays, so there's no way that you could have known... and the Brion story just broke midday on Monday, so there's nothing I could do about it until Monday night, well past the deadline. Sorry to gripe on your talk page, and please don't feel bad! We do definitely need backup publishing help; I don't know how much time Ragesoss will have in the future (he has a new baby!) I happened to catch him last night & he fixed the headline. A checklist is not a bad idea... at least so we could say \"it's 90%, let's go for it!\" best, -- phoebe / (talk to me) 15:46, 29 September 2009 (UTC)[reply]\nAh, you have nothing to apologise for. I think perhaps we just need to work on communication a little more, I know I'm terrible at meeting the deadline of 3 am on a Monday morning, so I'll have to work on that. I'm not in the US either, I'm assuming most everyone else is in the States, so it's complicated fitting schedules together. Plus I never really got around to introducing myself, which was kind of bad. So, um, hi. I'm User:Hiding, I've been a wikipedian for over four years now, an admin for almost four years, although I have had a different user name. I can't recall if our paths have crossed before? And, well, it's nice of you to say I rescued it, but I doubt it would have mattered if it was a little late? We'll have to work up some sort of check-list. I might mention it to Pretzels. Hiding T 15:55, 29 September 2009 (UTC)[reply]\nSet up a checklist in the newsroom, with colours and words! Possible statuses are listed in the code, these can be changed if need be. What do you think? PretzelsTalk! 00:51, 30 September 2009 (UTC)[reply]Thanks[edit]Really, I don't know what to say. Thank you. Hope you've had or are having a lovely day. Best, Hiding T 21:51, 6 October 2009 (UTC)[reply]Barnstar[edit]My first barnstar! This is very sweet of you. Thanks so much, you made my day. To the signpost! PretzelsTalk! 16:48, 7 October 2009 (UTC)[reply]Update to W:I[edit]I've updated Wikipedia:Issues, and find that after not looking at it for many weeks, the idea behind WP:CF stands the test of repeated exposure. Now we do need to find facilitators! +sj+ 04:23, 8 October 2009 (UTC)[reply]Yes, a portal-style page would be better. And there are indeed some blue links out there... this is still a prototype, but hopefully enough of one to give contributors something to add on to. As for columns - it would be nice to have some way to see both open topics and partly-filled ones. But I sympathize. I also want each entry to be just a line and a link, not so much text. +sj+ 07:52, 13 October 2009 (UTC)[reply]Write the next issue[edit]The issue was that the next issue's contents page didn't exist! I've created it and all links are now appearing as they should. --PretzelsTalk! 15:47, 8 October 2009 (UTC)[reply]For Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2009-10-12/News and notes[edit]Wikispecies had just reached 200k milestone mark. The 200k article is an insect, Zealachertus bildiri. OhanaUnitedTalk page 01:10, 11 October 2009 (UTC)[reply]excellent, thanks! do you know anything else about it? -- phoebe / (talk to me) 18:21, 11 October 2009 (UTC)[reply]\nErr, we're in the process of redesigning Wikispecies' main page. But other than that, I can't think of anything else. OhanaUnitedTalk page 06:45, 12 October 2009 (UTC)[reply]\nNow that you're mentioning it, we are currently in the middle of a collaboration with another journal. This time we got permission to change the license terms from copyrighted to CC-BY-SA. It should be done in November. OhanaUnitedTalk page 17:12, 13 October 2009 (UTC)[reply]Cambridge Who's Who[edit]has been prodded. I think we should have an article on this ell-known scam, but I cant find anything except fools who list it on their CV--even in GScholar. Any ideas? DGG ( talk ) 14:46, 14 October 2009 (UTC)[reply]replied on yr talk. Not too many ideas! -- phoebe / (talk to me) 17:13, 14 October 2009 (UTC)[reply]Karachi Meetup[edit]I just prepared the story here on Karachi meetup which is going to held on October 18th afternoon, some hours before Signpost new edition going to get published. Please improve the prepared story so I'll get back with exact meetup details before 3:00 UTC October 19. So, how about including photos and message from Jimmy Wales in signpost story? Here, you can find our agenda details w:File:My Pictures 048.jpg. Saqib talk 08:20, 17 October 2009 (UTC)[reply]Kudos[edit]I don't know whose idea it was, but I love the \"This day in history\" feature in the Signpost. Nice work! Steven Walling 01:14, 27 October 2009 (UTC)[reply]Wikisym Signpost article[edit]It was good seeing you again at WikiSym! I did some work on the Signpost article about Wikisym in your userspace. I'll try to make another pass at it before Sunday. Stu (aeiou)I'm Researching Wikipedia 04:36, 31 October 2009 (UTC)[reply]I've got some really low-res pics from my phone on my flickr account, but there were a lot of people taking pictures. I can't find them anywhere though. Stu (aeiou)I'm Researching Wikipedia 07:09, 1 November 2009 (UTC)[reply]ArbCom election reports[edit]Hi Phoebe - Just an update. I'll be writing a weekly election report and posting it to User:Manning_Bartlett/electionreport. The schedule is I get the draft up by 12:00 UTC on Sundays, the other members of the \"election volunteers\" are then free to tweak it, and it will be ready for the Signpost by 12:00 UTC on Mondays. There will be a report every Sunday until Dec 20 (when the final results will be known).My plan is to leave any actual Signpost actions (page moves etc) to you guys directly. Let me know how all this sits with you. Cheers Manning (talk) 02:20, 3 November 2009 (UTC)[reply]cool! you might let user:ragesoss know as well. -- phoebe / (talk to me) 17:56, 4 November 2009 (UTC)[reply]WikiProject Research proposal[edit]I just wanted to let you know that I threw up a WikiProject proposal per our discussion at WikiSym. I'm really interested in your opinions on the various questions that have come up if you have the time. --EpochFail (talk\|contribs) 21:55, 5 November 2009 (UTC)[reply]Multimedia usability[edit]FYI: Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2009-11-09/Multimedia usability --Aude (talk) 08:51, 7 November 2009 (UTC)[reply]Wiktionary lookup js for blogs[edit][copied from my talk]I want to try out the new parameters for configuring the Wiktionary gadget on my blog, but I don't know where add the configuration code to make it work.--ragesoss (talk) 02:32, 7 November 2009 (UTC)[reply]Hey Bawolff, if you want to write up something about this for the 'post, you can always just leave a writeup here; thanks! -- phoebe / (talk to me) 18:59, 7 November 2009 (UTC)[reply]\nThanks for the suggestion. I would like to fix my rather large list of bug/feature/translation requests first though. Cheers. Bawolff (talk) 21:01, 7 November 2009 (UTC)[reply]'post comment problems[edit]Hey phoebe, I've taken a gander and can't see anything wrong...? — Pretzels Hii! 21:38, 10 November 2009 (UTC)[reply]That's fine, thanks for looking out! :) — Pretzels Hii! 23:26, 10 November 2009 (UTC)[reply]Please be my Guide[edit]Hi there,\nI am seeking a mentor. I am in a bit of a pickle currently and need help on editing biographies. Please be my guide. You can respond to me here Discussion Board Thank you. InkHeart♥ 14:48, 18 November 2009 (UTC)[reply]Pickling pickle[edit]My brine isn't working properly. Can you help? Also, have you seen... this? +sj+ 13:38, 19 November 2009 (UTC)[reply]election story[edit]You're welcome. :) I only caught it when I went to see if Manning had drafted it in user space. How permanent it is I don't know. Hiding T 16:34, 24 November 2009 (UTC)[reply]Removal of PROD from Graduate & Professional Student Association (GPSA)[edit]Hello Phoebe, this is an automated message from SDPatrolBot to inform you the PROD template you added to Graduate & Professional Student Association (GPSA) has been removed. It was removed by Closedmouth with the following edit summary 'prod is contested, please take it to afd instead if you wish to have it deleted (per [[WP:PROD]])'. Please consider discussing your concerns with Closedmouth before pursuing deletion further yourself. If you still think the article should be deleted after communicating with the 'dePRODer,' you may want to send the article to AfD for community discussion. Thank you, SDPatrolBot (talk) 19:42, 27 November 2009 (UTC) (Learn how to opt out of these messages) 19:42, 27 November 2009 (UTC)[reply]a technicality; removed by an IP, replaced by someone else, then removed again by CM. I took it to AFD. -- phoebe / (talk to me) 16:59, 29 November 2009 (UTC)[reply]Talkback[edit]Hello, Phoebe. You have new messages at Headbomb's talk page. You can remove this notice at any time by removing the {{Talkback}} or {{Tb}} template.Interview[edit]I've transcribed it at User:Charles Matthews/Interview. Charles Matthews (talk) 17:03, 30 November 2009 (UTC)[reply]Hey Phoebe[edit]Phoebe, if you are about I'd like your input on recent edits to Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2009-12-07/Discussion report. You've been doing this longer than I have, I'm a little out of my depth here. Hiding T 22:33, 8 December 2009 (UTC)[reply]Squids[edit]You inquired about my Project_SQUID entry, and I don't know quite what to do (I'm new at this) so I've added my thoughts about it on the entry's discussion page. Suggestions/editing welcome.BTW you and I are friends on that journaly place, so it was a welcome surprise to actually see you in action here.Smellsofbikes (talk) 20:53, 9 December 2009 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Smellsofbikes (talk • contribs) 20:50, 9 December 2009 (UTC)[reply]replied on talk page(s). Nice to see you too! -- phoebe / (talk to me) 23:00, 9 December 2009 (UTC)[reply]houston[edit]hi phoebe, if i can help by your support of the snow project in houston, please let me know. i will hasten the relaunch of SUP to make sure that we have some practicable guidelines for the next semester, best regards --Jan eissfeldt (talk) 00:07, 13 December 2009 (UTC)[reply]Locating a merge discussion on one talk page[edit]Greetings Phoebe,\nI urge you to locate a discussion for any proposed merger on the same talk page, so that any discussion that occurs will be unified. Since your own page indicates your interest in article mergers, it puzzles me that this is not a standard use in your merger-template activity. Initiating a conversation also promotes action (both pro and con) on your proposal. The documentation for {{Merge-multiple}} is clear enough. As a sub-part of the template, add \| discuss=Talk:OtherArticleName#SectionTitle \| to the list of proposed merger candidates, to locate the discussion in a single place, when posting the template.The articles that bring me to your page are true polar wander, polar wander and polar motion, and because there has been zero conversation on any of the article talk pages in the last three-plus months about your proposal, I am without prejudice removing the merge templates. - Yellowdesk (talk) 18:00, 20 December 2009 (UTC)[reply]","title":"User talk:Phoebe/Archive6"}]	[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Nuvola_apps_edu_languages.svg/40px-Nuvola_apps_edu_languages.svg.png"}]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Phoebe/Archive6&action=edit","external_links_name":"remove this notice"},{"Link":"http://www.download32.com/typing-invaders---free-typing-game-i46887.html","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://howwikipediaworks.com/","external_links_name":"http://howwikipediaworks.com"},{"Link":"http://www.thomasnet.com/faq.html?navsec=footer","external_links_name":"Here"},{"Link":"https://spreadsheets.google.com/viewform?formkey=cjVLNWlkNlR5dlh5Wjd2V0Z5RzM4Umc6MA","external_links_name":"Register for the Wiki-Conference"},{"Link":"http://infodisiac.com/blog/2009/07/new-statistics-for-the-english-wikipedia/","external_links_name":"this"},{"Link":"http://www.flickr.com/photos/staeiou/sets/72157622575160489/","external_links_name":"my flickr account"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Adopt-a-User#I_need_to_be_Adopted_2","external_links_name":"Discussion Board"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maple_Story	MapleStory	["1 Plot","2 Gameplay","2.1 Characters","3 Music","4 Development","5 Players and revenue","6 Related games","6.1 MapleStory DS","6.2 MapleStory M","6.3 MapleStory 2","6.4 MapleStory R: Evolution","7 Media adaptations","8 References","9 External links"]	2D fantasy MMORPG This article is about the game for Windows. For the anime, see MapleStory (anime). For the Nintendo DS game, see MapleStory DS. For the Facebook adaptation, see MapleStory Adventures. 2003 video gameMapleStoryDeveloper(s)WizetPublisher(s)Nexon (South Korea, Japan, North America, Europe, Thailand)Shengqu Games (China)AsiaSoft (Singapore, Malaysia, Vietnam)Gamania (Taiwan, Hong Kong)Level Up! Games (Brazil)Composer(s)CODA SOUND (CODASOUND, LedZeper)Moonsoo Park (LoudBell Studio)Studio EIMM2UCreed SoundS.I.D-SoundSQUARE MUSIQASTERIA (NECORD)ESTIMATE (ESTi)Initium SoundLabPlatform(s)Microsoft WindowsReleaseKOR: April 29, 2003JPN: December 3, 2003CHN: July 23, 2004NA: May 11, 2005TWN: June 1, 2005SEA: June 23, 2005EU: April 12, 2007THA: August 16, 2005October 31, 2017 (relaunch)Genre(s)Massively multiplayer online role-playing gameMode(s)Multiplayer MapleStory (Korean: 메이플스토리) is a free-to-play, 2D, side-scrolling massively multiplayer online role-playing game, developed by South Korean company Wizet. Several versions of the game are available for specific countries or regions, published by various companies (such as Nexon). Players travel the "Maple World", defeating monsters and developing their characters' skills and abilities as is typical in role-playing video games. Players can interact with others in many ways, including chatting and trading. Groups of players can band together in parties to hunt monsters and share rewards, and can also form guilds to interact more easily with each other. Players additionally have the option to visit the in-game "Cash Shop" to purchase a variety of character appearances or gameplay enhancements with real money. In July 2010, the Korean version of the game was revised in a patch named the "Big Bang". Other versions followed suit and have since received the Big Bang update. Later in the year, the Korean version received the Chaos update which introduced player versus player (PvP) and professions to the game. Its sequel, MapleStory 2, was released in July 2015 and features updated 3D graphics and a similar storyline. As of 2020, MapleStory has reached over 180 million registered users worldwide and grossed over $3 billion in lifetime revenue. Plot The plot of MapleStory takes place across several different worlds, such as Maple World, Arcane River, and Grandis. Created by these people with powers called the Overseers, they assigned each world with three guardians to look over both worlds: the Transcendent of Time, the Transcendent of Life and the Transcendent of Light. The first major arc revolves around the antagonist of Maple World, the Black Mage. The Black Mage was once the Transcendent of Light and was called the White Mage until an experiment went wrong and his pure light core was corrupted. The six heroes managed to seal the Black Mage for the next few centuries at the cost of being sealed away themselves. In the present day, the Black Mage's forces called the Black Wings, began resurfacing and attempted to revive him. Fearing his resurrection, Empress Cygnus created the Cygnus Knights in order to stop the Black Wings and the Black Mage's Commanders. As the seal on the Black Mage began weakening, the heroes of legend began returning as well. After the Black Mage broke free of his seal, Cygnus created the Maple Alliance, which banded together the free-spirited Explorers, the Cygnus Knights, the Resistance against the Black Wings, the six Heroes of Maple, and several brave adventurers from other worlds. The Alliance continued fighting the Black Wings and won a decisive victory in the battle of Black Heaven, during which time, a hero of the Alliance awakened as the Adversary, a champion imbued with divine energy. Soon after, the Black Mage created a dimension called the Arcane River in an attempt to destroy the world and recreate it in his image. The Adversary journeyed through the Arcane River and battled the last of the Black Mage's Commanders before the Alliance launched a final offensive to stop the Black Mage from ending their world. The Adversary successfully killed the Black Mage and saved Maple World from annihilation. With the Black Mage's death, the second major arc began in the realm of Grandis, which had slowly fused with Maple World due to the Black Mage's machinations. The antagonist of Grandis, Gerand Darmoor, believed that his race, the High Flora, was superior to all others, and so he sought to remake all life in his image. In order to stop him, several factions of Grandis had joined the Maple Alliance. After the Black Mage's death, the Alliance sent its forces to battle Darmoor and his Apostles. Gameplay MapleStory is a 2D scrolling platform game. The controls for the game are executed using the keyboard and mouse. The keyboard is used for many game functions, and much of it can be rearranged to suit users' needs. The mouse is mainly used to trigger non-player characters and manipulate items. Gameplay centers on venturing into dungeons and combating monsters in real time. The players combat monsters and complete quests, in the process acquiring in-game currency called "Mesos", experience points, and various items. Players are able to acquire in-game professions, allowing them to craft equipment, accessories or potions. Players have a variety of options when interacting with others online: they can form parties where loot and experience are distributed from a monster; in-game marriages where the game will recognize the two players as a heterosexual couple; guilds which is indicated with a guild's name listed under their character name; or families, an architecture gathering of juniors and seniors. Players are able to raise or lower the in-game popularity stat entitled Fame of other players and compete with other players in minigames, such as Gomoku or Concentration. They may engage in trading activities for "Mesos" or other in-game items. There is small content that differs depending on the country it is serviced in. Recently, Korea Maple Story (KMS)'s artifact update was completed and is receiving a lot of attention. Characters MapleStory characters exist in worlds or servers. Players are able to create multiple characters in each world, though the characters in different worlds can not interact with each other. Each world is similar in content with each other. The worlds are divided into channels, among which characters are allowed to freely switch. The ability to transfer entire characters between worlds was added in December 2007 to Global MapleStory, with restrictions placed on items. In May 2012, this option was removed as it caused a negative impact on character gameplay. When creating a new character, there are eight branches of classes currently available to choose from with three classes that have no specific branches currently: Explorers, Cygnus Knights, Heroes, Resistance, Sengoku, Nova, Flora, and Anima. Beast Tamer, Child of God and Kinesis are classes that currently have no specific branches. Some classes are currently not available in other regions while others are only available at certain times of year. Explorer characters start on Maple Island and begin as a Beginner class. The Beginner is able to advance into one of the five classes: Warrior, Bowmen, Magician, Thief, and Pirate. After choosing their class, further class progression is only allowed within the scope of the first class advancement with advancements at level 30, 60, 100, and 200. Three separate classes, under the adventurer branch, are created differently from normal Adventurers: Dual Blade (Thief), Kinesis (Magician) and Cannoneers (Pirate). Cygnus Knight characters begin as Noblesse class and begin their journey on Ereve. At level 10, they are allowed to class advance into five Cygnus Knight classes, each one parallels to the Explorer class. Upon reaching the level limit of 120, Cygnus Knights are able to change into a level 50 explorer with benefits. Six Hero classes are available: Aran, Evan, Mercedes, Phantom, Luminous and Shade. The Hero classes are characters with background stories related to the antagonist of the game, the Black Mage. Aran has the Combo System, a unique feature to the class, allowing them to generate combo counts by hitting monsters, giving them buffs and allowing them to cast combo-consuming skills. Evan is similar to Magicians, but uses a dragon, which fights alongside them. Mercedes is an elven archer who uses Dual Bowguns. Phantom is a Thief character with the ability to mimic skills from Adventurer characters. Luminous is a magician of light who can also use dark magic which they absorbed from the Black Mage. Shade is the sixth and forgotten hero, whose existence was erased during the sealing of the Black Mage. They use spirits to aid them in battle. Resistance characters begin in Edelstein, a town taken over by the Black Mage's followers, the Black Wings. The characters created under the Resistance branch begin as Citizens and have four available job advancements: Battle Mage, Wild Hunter, Blaster and Mechanic. A Battle Mage uses a staff for physical attacks, a Wild Hunter rides a jaguar while wielding a crossbow, a Blaster uses an arm cannon and a Mechanic uses a robotic suit to fight. Demon, a separate class, under the resistance branch, is created differently from the normal Resistance. A Demon character can become a Demon Slayer, who uses one-handed blunt weapons and axes, or the Demon Avenger, who uses a specialised weapon called the Desperado. Xenon, another separate resistance character, is a human-turned-cyborg who escaped from the Black Wings' laboratories who uses Whip Blades in combat. There are three main continents common to all versions in the MapleStory world: Maple Island, Victoria Island, and Ossyria. Maple Island is where adventurers start off their characters. Victoria Island contains eight cities, and is where most classes begin. Ossyria features seven distinct regions with varying environments: El Nath Mountains, Ludus Lake, Aqua Road, Minar Forest, Mu Lung Garden, Nihal Desert, and Temple of Time. Ereve and Rien are separated from another land which is the beginning of another job of the game. The Cash Shop is an in-game shop where players use real-life currency to purchase unique virtual goods such as avatars, digital pets and other in-game items. Most Cash Shop items expire after a period of time. The Cash Shop also offers a shop permit, allowing players to set up a store in the in-game market location called the Free Market. Music The current main composer for MapleStory is NECORD (ASTERIA). In 2016, Nexon established its own music production team, ASTERIA, and sound team, NECORD, and started producing music and releasing albums on its own. In 2017, they recorded music with an orchestra in Budapest, Hungary. The game's music received positive reviews, and as the game has been on the service for a long time, it has stimulated memories for those who have stopped playing. Some music such as Lith Harbor village music, Eos Tower/Helios Tower of Ludibrium music, Blockbuster: Black Heaven music, Chu Chu Island music, Lachelein the Dreaming City music has been played in South Korean broadcast programs. The "Aquarium" music in the Aquarium which is a village of Aqua Road has been included in some South Korean music textbooks. The music from 2006 to 2015 was composed by Studio EIM, and since 2014, official sound sources began to be released starting with FriendStory and Blockbuster: Black Heaven. At this time, M2U, who was outsourced from Studio EIM, composed Ariant Coliseum music and Ereve music. In 2010, Kim Eun-bi, who was in the top 6 of Superstar K 2, became a Maple Girl, a promotional model for MapleStory, and unlike other Maple Girls, she released a song called I'm My Fan. In 2015, incumbent professional singer Taru sang a song, and from 2017, Second Moon began to play songs in offline events related to MapleStory, because they were in charge of music for the hologram musical Comic MapleStory in 2016. From 2018, Ha Hyun-woo of Guckkasten and the Guckkasten band themselves began to sing songs related to that game. In 2021, Bewhy also sang a song. S.I.D-Sound composed some music such as MapleStory 8th anniversary event in 2011, the RED theme song in 2013, and the OST for FriendStory in 2014. In 2015, SQUARE MUSIQ composed some songs such as Violeta Over Flowers which is a promotion song and vocal of "Promise of Heaven", which is a song of Blockbuster: Black Heaven. In 2020, ESTIMATE and ESTi composed some music such as some Yum Yum Island music, theme of Adele's music, some Ristonia music, some Grand Athenaeum Episode VI: Sharenian Knights music and some Hotel Arcus music. Development MapleStory was originally developed and released in South Korea and was localized to ten different regions as of 2003. As other publishers license the game for their region, proxy blocks are put in place (excluding the Korean version, it requires a KSSN), forcing players to play their localized version. In 2011, LevelUp! Games did not renew the contract for localization in Brazil. An update entitled Big Bang was released in Korean MapleStory in July 2010 with other regional servers following suit soon after. Big Bang changed the game's core coding, and changed many aspects of the game. An update entitled Chaos features the introduction of professions, and PvP. An update for Master's North American server was released on March 11, 2015, entitled Black Heaven. Players that registered prior to the update and before March 9 received a free Ignition Pack if they logged in before March 14 and after the update went live. Nexon released the MapleStory Reboot update for its North American server in December 2015, which allows access to the Reboot world. This world has disabled trading, increased Meso drop rates, and weapon/equipment drops that are specific to the player's class. Reboot has the same monsters as other worlds, but with increased stats and experience points awarded. Another update to the game, the 5th Job Advancement, was released in December 2016. When players reach Level 200 in the game, they would need to complete their job advancement quests before they are able to fully access their 5th Job skills. Different from the first four Job skills, the 5th Job skills come in three types of skills. The first one called the Shared Skills are skills that all characters share and have that they are able to use. The second one is called the Class-Specific, which are skills that only specific classes can use and the third one called the Job Skills which are skills that only that specific Job can use. In July 2022, Nexon released the Destiny: Remastered update for its North American server. This update revamped all the Explorer classes (excluding the newest Explorer class, Pathfinder) by updating their skills and adding new storyline content for them while streamlining their original storylines. A new boss, Kalos, was also added to the game. Nexon released an update named 6th Job Advancement in October and November 2023, featuring new skills for all classes. Players and revenue In Global MapleStory (GMS), more than a million players bought items in the Cash Shop, by 2010. By 2006, MapleStory had a combined total of 39 million user accounts worldwide. MapleStory Global had over 8 million users by 2011. As of 2014, it was among the top ten MMOs by worldwide revenue. As of 2020, the game has reached over 180 million registered users worldwide. Up until 2011, the game grossed $1.8 billion. Between 2013 and 2017, the game grossed $1.181 billion, including $326 million in 2013, $240 million in 2014, $253 million in 2015, $83 million in 2016, and $279 million in 2017. As of 2020, the game has grossed over $3 billion worldwide in lifetime revenue. Related games MapleStory DS Main article: MapleStory DS MapleStory DS is a game based on MapleStory and is a single-player game. The game was released for the Nintendo DS on April 15, 2010, in Korea. MapleStory M MapleStory M is a mobile game released for iOS and Android, in South Korea during October 2016 and then overseas on May 28, 2018. MapleStory 2 Main article: MapleStory 2 The sequel, MapleStory 2, was released in Korea on July 7, 2015. Unlike its predecessor, MapleStory 2 takes place on a 3D voxel-based plane at an often isometric angle. MapleStory R: Evolution MapleStory R: Evolution is an idle-game mobile RPG game. It was officially released in Southeast Asia on July 28, 2023, and is a vertical screen RPG. Its launch was promoted with live events held in Malaysia and Vietnam. Media adaptations The Japanese anime entitled MapleStory (メイプルストーリー, Meipuru Sutōrī) was adapted of the game and produced by Madhouse. It aired on TV Tokyo between October 7, 2007, and March 30, 2008, spanning 25 episodes. The plot revolves around a warrior as he journeys to revive the world tree. The North American publisher of Nexon released a MapleStory trading card game on November 6, 2007. Nexon Korea and Japan have since released similar trading card games, while Nexon North America has discontinued this service. Two adaptations of MapleStory have been released for iOS by Nexon Mobile: MapleStory: Thief Edition and MapleStory: Cygnus Knights Edition. The Thief Edition has only one job, Thief, while the other edition features two jobs: a Soul Master and a Fire Wizard. The games do not have multiplayer. Nexon released a public beta of a MapleStory Adventures on July 27, 2011 as an adaptation for Facebook gaming format. The game consisted of mainly single-player, but incorporated the main goals and themes of the full MapleStory game, which included creating an avatar, fighting monsters and completing quests. This version was discontinued on July 31, 2013. References ^ "The "Shanda Games" brand name authorization has expired: it will be renamed Shengqu Games from March 31". The Paper (in Chinese). March 29, 2019. Retrieved January 19, 2024. ^ "CODA SOUND" (in Korean). CODASOUND. Archived from the original on January 11, 2016. Retrieved January 11, 2016. ^ "한때 작곡가라 불리던 때가 있었더랬지 feat. 메이플스토리" . Naver Blog (in Korean). Naver. July 6, 2021. Archived from the original on February 8, 2022. Retrieved February 8, 2022. ^ "Modern Mastering - 프로가 되고 싶은 여러분을 위해. 저희는 enSound..." (in Korean). enSOUND. Archived from the original on September 22, 2022. Retrieved September 22, 2022. ^ LoudBell Studio (August 30, 2018). LoudBell Mixing Lecture - MapleStory 대만 야시장 Part.1(메이플 스토리 BGM Taiwan Night Market) - 믹싱강좌 (in Korean). YouTube. Archived from the original on September 22, 2022. Retrieved September 22, 2022. ^ LoudBell Studio (January 12, 2021). 큐베이스 믹싱 - 번들 플러그인만 사용해서 작업하기 - Cubase bundle plugin 을 활용한 Dynamic Mixing 과정 - Maple Story CokeTown (in Korean). YouTube. Archived from the original on September 22, 2022. Retrieved September 22, 2022. ^ LoudBell Studio (August 21, 2022). 20210822 Mixing Live - Maple Story Game BGM - 상하이 맵 - 원작자 직강 - 멤버십 가입하면 풀버전 시청 가능 - 라우드벨 스튜디오 (in Korean). YouTube. Archived from the original on September 22, 2022. Retrieved September 22, 2022. ^ "Studio EIM｜스튜디오 EIM｜게임 음악 & 사운드 스튜디오" (in Korean). Studio EIM. Archived from the original on June 11, 2023. Retrieved June 11, 2023. ^ a b "M2U님의 스펙" (in Korean). Egloos. October 10, 2011. Archived from the original on February 6, 2022. Retrieved February 8, 2022. ^ a b "게임 음악 - M2U" (in Korean). Clesson. Archived from the original on February 7, 2022. Retrieved November 29, 2020. ^ Creed Sound. - MapleStory - YouTube (in Korean). Archived from the original on February 8, 2022. Retrieved February 8, 2022. ^ a b "메이플스토리 8주년 기념 테마송 및 프로모션 영상 공개" . Inven (in Korean). April 28, 2011. Archived from the original on June 11, 2023. Retrieved June 11, 2023. ^ Spadow (July 4, 2013). MapleStory - RED Animated Intro (in Korean). Retrieved June 11, 2023. ^ MapleStory (October 28, 2014). MapleStory: FriendStory Music Video (published May 28, 2014). Retrieved June 11, 2023. ^ a b @SQUAREMUSIQ (May 18, 2014). "신규 작업물 업데이트! 메이플스토리 프로모션 '꽃보다 비올레타'에 프로모션음원에 SQUARE MUSIQ 아티스트 나래님이 보컬로 참여하셨습니다!" (Tweet) (in Korean) – via Twitter. ^ a b @SQUAREMUSIQ (December 8, 2014). "블록 버스터: 블랙헤븐의 엔딩테마, Promise of Heaven의 뮤직비디오가 공개. 이번 작업은 Studio EIM과의 콜라보로 진행되었으며, 노래는 @watakokodayo님이 담당해주셨습니다. https://youtube.com/watch?v=eHKuQH0_q9Y" (Tweet) (in Korean) – via Twitter. ^ "［인터뷰］"게임음악, 사라지지 않고 기록되기를" - 넥슨 사운드팀 은토&김달우 팀장" . Inven (in Korean). June 6, 2016. Archived from the original on June 11, 2023. Retrieved June 11, 2023. ^ "Work｜ESTIMATE". Estimate. Archived from the original on June 11, 2023. Retrieved June 11, 2023. ^ "MapleStory - OST: Products ESTIMATE". Estimate. May 20, 2020. Archived from the original on February 8, 2022. Retrieved February 8, 2022. ^ "Jinbae Park - VGMdb". VGMdb. Archived from the original on September 22, 2022. Retrieved September 22, 2022. ^ NECORD MUSIC (April 27, 2021). Whale Belly｜메이플스토리 OST: AWAKE (in Korean). YouTube. Retrieved September 22, 2022. ^ "What is MapleStory?". MapleStory. Archived from the original on November 30, 2022. Retrieved December 1, 2022. ^ a b "Aran". Nexon America. March 30, 2010. Archived from the original on May 29, 2012. Retrieved April 27, 2011. ^ "The Prophecy of the Black Mage". Nexon America. November 19, 2010. Archived from the original on September 30, 2011. Retrieved June 23, 2011. ^ "Nexon America Releases New MapleStory Update Featuring the Cygnus Knights". IGN. July 30, 2009. Archived from the original on December 11, 2010. Retrieved June 23, 2011. ^ a b "MapleStory characteristics". Nexon America. Archived from the original on June 20, 2012. Retrieved April 27, 2011. ^ "New Professions and Traits Systems!". Nexon America. July 15, 2011. Archived from the original on July 11, 2011. Retrieved July 15, 2011. ^ "MapleStory Party". Nexon America. April 8, 2010. Archived from the original on July 23, 2011. Retrieved April 27, 2011. ^ "MapleStory Marriage". Nexon America. April 8, 2010. Archived from the original on March 7, 2011. Retrieved April 27, 2011. ^ "MapleStory Guild". Nexon America. April 8, 2010. Archived from the original on July 23, 2011. Retrieved April 27, 2011. ^ "MapleStory Family". Nexon America. April 8, 2010. Archived from the original on July 23, 2011. Retrieved April 27, 2011. ^ "MapleStory Minigames". Nexon America. April 8, 2010. Archived from the original on July 23, 2011. Retrieved April 27, 2011. ^ "Notice of Removal of MTS, World Transfers and Name Changes". Nexon America. May 22, 2012. Archived from the original on January 7, 2015. Retrieved September 3, 2013. ^ "Explorer: Beginner". Nexon America. April 12, 2010. Archived from the original on March 24, 2019. Retrieved April 27, 2011. ^ "Explorer: Warrior". Nexon America. April 12, 2010. Archived from the original on March 24, 2019. Retrieved April 27, 2011."Explorer: Thief". Nexon America. April 12, 2010. Archived from the original on March 24, 2019. Retrieved April 27, 2011.}"Explorer: Magician". Nexon America. April 12, 2010. Archived from the original on March 24, 2019. Retrieved April 27, 2011.}"Explorer: Bowman". Nexon America. April 12, 2010. Archived from the original on March 24, 2019. Retrieved April 27, 2011.}"Explorer: Pirate". Nexon America. April 12, 2010. Archived from the original on March 24, 2019. Retrieved April 27, 2011. ^ "Tempest into the Storm update notes". Archived from the original on January 3, 2013. Retrieved October 9, 2020. ^ "News: Patch Notes for V: 5th Job". Archived from the original on November 26, 2020. Retrieved March 24, 2019. ^ "Dual Blade". Nexon America. April 12, 2010. Archived from the original on March 24, 2019. Retrieved April 27, 2011.}"V.104 – Legends Update Notes – Cannoneer". Nexon America. December 6, 2011. Archived from the original on March 11, 2012. Retrieved March 9, 2012. ^ "v.169 - Kinesis Patch Notes \| MapleStory". Maplestory - Official Website. Archived from the original on November 26, 2020. Retrieved September 26, 2016. ^ "Cygnus Knights: Noblesse". Nexon America. June 28, 2010. Archived from the original on March 12, 2012. Retrieved April 27, 2011. ^ "Cygnus Knights: Dawn Warrior". Nexon America. March 30, 2010. Archived from the original on May 29, 2012. Retrieved April 27, 2011. ^ "Cygnus Knights: Night Walker". Nexon America. March 30, 2010. Archived from the original on May 29, 2012. Retrieved April 27, 2011. ^ "Cygnus Knights: Wind Archer". Nexon America. March 30, 2010. Archived from the original on May 29, 2012. Retrieved April 27, 2011. ^ "Cygnus Knights: Blaze Wizard". Nexon America. March 30, 2010. Archived from the original on May 29, 2012. Retrieved April 27, 2011. ^ "Cygnus Knights: Thunder Breaker". Nexon America. March 30, 2010. Archived from the original on May 29, 2012. Retrieved April 27, 2011. ^ "MapleStory Version 0.96 patch notes". Nexon America. April 27, 2011. Archived from the original on June 11, 2011. Retrieved July 15, 2011. ^ "Evan". Nexon America. April 8, 2010. Archived from the original on May 29, 2012. Retrieved April 27, 2011. ^ "V.104 – Legends Update Notes – Mercedes". Nexon America. December 16, 2011. Archived from the original on March 14, 2012. Retrieved March 9, 2012. ^ a b "Resistance: Wild Hunter". Nexon America. December 15, 2010. Archived from the original on March 11, 2012. Retrieved April 27, 2011.}"Resistance: Battle Mage". Nexon America. December 15, 2010. Archived from the original on March 11, 2012. Retrieved April 27, 2011.}"Mechanics, Roll out!". Nexon America. January 12, 2011. Archived from the original on March 11, 2012. Retrieved April 27, 2011. ^ " v.175 – Heroes of Maple: Blaster Patch Notes \| MapleStory". Maplestory - Official Website. Archived from the original on November 26, 2020. Retrieved September 26, 2016. ^ "V.104 – Legends Update Notes – Demon Slayer". Nexon America. January 10, 2012. Archived from the original on March 12, 2012. Retrieved March 9, 2012. ^ "Cash Shop features". Nexon America. Archived from the original on April 20, 2011. Retrieved April 29, 2011. ^ "［NDC］NECORD 출범 1년, 음악은 게임을 기억하게 만든다" . Beta News (in Korean). April 27, 2017. Archived from the original on June 11, 2023. Retrieved June 11, 2023. ^ "［인터뷰］"게임음악, 사라지지 않고 기록되기를" - 넥슨 사운드팀 은토&김달우 팀장" . Inven (in Korean). June 6, 2016. Retrieved June 11, 2023. ^ "넥슨 오케스트라 콘서트 뒤엔...故김정주의 '음악 사랑' 있었다［Digital+］" . Maeil Business Newspaper (in Korean). March 18, 2022. Retrieved June 11, 2023. ^ " 잔잔한 멜로디로 귀정화…메이플스토리 BGM" Cleanse the ears with a calm melody... MapleStory BGM]. Game Chosun (in Korean). March 2, 2018. Retrieved August 4, 2023. ^ "［체험기］'디맥 리스펙트 V' X 넥슨 콜라보, 음악과 함께하는 어린 시절 추억으로의 여행" . Game Focus (in Korean). November 5, 2021. Archived from the original on June 11, 2023. Retrieved June 11, 2023. ^ "'디제이맥스 리스펙트V', '메이플스토리'와 콜라보 예고" . Open News (in Korean). July 19, 2023. Retrieved August 4, 2023. ^ "햇살에 물든 하루" . MBC Newsdesk (in Korean). MBC. November 4, 2010. Archived from the original on June 11, 2023. Retrieved June 11, 2023. ^ 경북 포항 구룡포_달빛 아래 징검다리_35회 (in Korean). 광주MBC. January 29, 2016. Retrieved June 11, 2023. ^ ［서프라이즈］스스로 사이코패스라 고백한 남자! 사이코패스는 유전이다?... (in Korean). MBC 미스터리: 심야괴담회 X 서프라이즈 (published December 11, 2016). November 21, 2017. Retrieved June 11, 2023. ^ ［서프라이즈］스스로 사이코패스라 고백한 남자! 사이코패스는 유전이다?... (in Korean). MBC 미스터리: 심야괴담회 X 서프라이즈 (published December 11, 2016). November 21, 2017. Retrieved June 11, 2023. ^ 탬버린 할머니와 네눈박이 11남매! @TV 동물농장 20180304 (in Korean). SBS STORY. March 4, 2018. Retrieved June 11, 2023. ^ 강식당 주방에서 이수근이 부릅니다! '첫 면의 사랑'｜강식당2 kangskitchen2 EP.3 (in Korean). tvN. June 14, 2019. Retrieved June 11, 2023. ^ "［Opinion］게임 음악을 만드는 레이블 - 네코드뮤직 ［게임］" . ArtInsight (in Korean). November 2, 2019. Archived from the original on March 6, 2021. Retrieved June 11, 2023. ^ a b "［게임&컬쳐］게임 음악이 문화로 인정 받는 그날까지…'스튜디오EIM'이 꿈꾸는 미래" . Inven (in Korean). June 30, 2015. Archived from the original on July 29, 2023. Retrieved June 11, 2023. ^ "'슈스케' 김은비, 메이플걸 솔로데뷔 'I'm My Fan'" . Maeil Business Newspaper (in Korean). December 29, 2010. Retrieved June 12, 2023. ^ " 메이플스토리 속 '이리나'로 변신! 가수 '타루'와의 데이트" Transformed into 'Irina' in MapleStory! Date with singer 'Taru']. Inven (in Korean). April 22, 2015. Retrieved July 30, 2023 – via Naver. ^ "추억을 되새길 시간! 음악으로 만나는 '메이플스토리 더 라이브' 풍경기" . Inven (in Korean). June 18, 2017. Retrieved July 30, 2023 – via Naver. ^ ""홀로그램 뮤지컬로 다시 보는 인기 만화"" . Sisa Journal (in Korean). August 1, 2016. Retrieved June 12, 2023. ^ "국카스텐 하현우 무대 공연... '다크니스' 열창" . NSP News Agency (in Korean). June 16, 2018. Retrieved June 11, 2023. ^ "메이플스토리, '이그니션 워밍업' 실시" . Inven (in Korean). June 16, 2022. Retrieved June 11, 2023. ^ "넥슨 메이플스토리, 'NEO' 2차 업데이트실시...'비와이' 테마송 참여" . BIGDATA News (in Korean). January 7, 2021. Retrieved June 12, 2023. ^ @Muwen (July 23, 2020). "메이플스토리 차원의 도서관 샤레니안의 기사의 BGM을 만들었습니다. 메이플....너무 좋아요 열심히 미하일 키우는 메이플 유저로서...메이플에 제 노래가 들어간단게 넘 행복하네요.... 에스티메이트분들이 많이 도와주셨습니다 많이 들어주시기 ." (Tweet) (in Korean) – via Twitter. ^ "［Opinion］메이플스토리 OST: NEO - 새로운 시작［게임］" . ArtInsight (in Korean). July 1, 2021. Retrieved June 11, 2023. ^ Eurydice (September 10, 2010). "Dev Blog: Localization". Nexon America. Archived from the original on August 9, 2011. Retrieved May 26, 2011. ^ "FAQ: General - Why is my country blocked from MapleGlobal?". Nexon America. Archived from the original on September 30, 2011. Retrieved April 29, 2011. ^ "Encerramento das atividades de MapleStory (outubro de 2011)" (in Portuguese). LevelUp! Games. July 22, 2011. Archived from the original on October 6, 2011. Retrieved July 25, 2011. ^ "nexon.net". January 21, 2011. Archived from the original on January 21, 2011. Retrieved October 2, 2022. ^ "MapleStorySEA". www.maplesea.com. Archived from the original on October 1, 2022. Retrieved October 2, 2022. ^ Eurydice (November 15, 2010). "Dev Blog: Big Bang". Nexon America. Archived from the original on July 23, 2011. Retrieved April 27, 2011. ^ Eurydice (March 25, 2011). "Dev Blogs". Nexon America. Archived from the original on September 30, 2011. Retrieved April 27, 2011. ^ "v.168 - Reboot Patch Notes \| MapleStory". Maplestory - Official Website. Archived from the original on September 27, 2016. Retrieved September 26, 2016. ^ "5th Job Skills - Maple Guide". MapleStory. Archived from the original on December 1, 2022. Retrieved December 1, 2022. ^ "v.179 - V: 5th Job Patch Notes". MapleStory. Archived from the original on December 1, 2022. Retrieved December 1, 2022. ^ " v.233 - Destiny: Remastered Patch Notes". MapleStory. Archived from the original on October 7, 2022. Retrieved October 3, 2022. ^ "KMS ver. 1.2.379 – MapleStory New Age: 6th Job!". July 18, 2023. ^ " Journey Toward the Sixth Star - Ch. VI". ^ "Celebrate One Million!". Nexon America. December 17, 2010. Archived from the original on April 27, 2011. Retrieved April 27, 2011. ^ "MapleStory haeoe jinchul sarye" (PDF). Nexon Corporation. April 13, 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 15, 2006. Retrieved December 16, 2011. ^ "MapleStory Tops Eight Million Users Six Years". Gamer Daily News. Archived from the original on May 10, 2011. Retrieved May 19, 2011. ^ Richard Aihoshi (October 28, 2014). "The Free Zone: More MMO Market Intel". www.mmorpg.com. Archived from the original on November 2, 2014. Retrieved November 2, 2014. ^ "Investor Presentation Q1 2020" (PDF). Nexon. May 13, 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 27, 2021. Retrieved October 12, 2020. ^ "MapleStory 2 Coming Soon?". Orange Mushroom. February 15, 2012. Archived from the original on August 25, 2018. Retrieved August 25, 2018. ^ "China's CrossFire shooter is bigger than League of Legends and World of Tanks". VentureBeat. January 15, 2014. Archived from the original on August 25, 2018. Retrieved August 25, 2018. ^ "Hearthstone, Dota 2 can't compete with League of Legends in terms of player spending". VentureBeat. October 23, 2014. Archived from the original on February 16, 2022. Retrieved August 25, 2018. ^ "The MMO & MOBA Games Market Report, 2016". SuperData Research. Archived from the original on January 12, 2018. Retrieved May 30, 2018. ^ "2017 YEAR IN REVIEW: DIGITAL GAMES AND INTERACTIVE MEDIA" (PDF). SuperData Research. January 25, 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 11, 2018. Retrieved August 25, 2018. ^ "Investor Presentation Q2 2020" (PDF). Nexon. August 6, 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 18, 2020. Retrieved October 12, 2020. ^ "MapleStory DS to Be Released in Japan in November - News". Nintendo World Report. Retrieved September 18, 2023. ^ "Nexon aims for global magic with pending launch of MapleStory M". VentureBeat. June 4, 2018. Archived from the original on August 25, 2018. Retrieved August 25, 2018. ^ Lucas (July 20, 2023). "MapleStory R: Evolution Official Launch Countdown Reveals Theme Song and Grand Launch Celebration". GamerBraves. Archived from the original on July 28, 2023. Retrieved July 28, 2023. ^ a b Briggs, Alex Daud (June 14, 2023). "MapleStory R: Evolution Announces Pre-registrations Are Open and Closed-Beta Test". GamerBraves. Archived from the original on July 28, 2023. Retrieved July 28, 2023. ^ "MapleStory iTrading Card Game". Wizards of the Coast. Archived from the original on October 12, 2007. Retrieved October 21, 2007. ^ Dean Takahashi (July 27, 2011). "Nexon's MapleStory Adventures game goes live on Facebook". Gamesbeat. VentureBeat. Archived from the original on September 24, 2011. Retrieved August 2, 2011. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to MapleStory. Official MapleStory international website MapleStory global vteMapleStoryGames MapleStory MapleStory DS MapleStory Adventures MapleStory 2 Anime MapleStory Related Nexon Wizet Authority control databases International VIAF National United States Other MusicBrainz work	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MapleStory (anime)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MapleStory_(anime)"},{"link_name":"MapleStory DS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MapleStory_DS"},{"link_name":"MapleStory Adventures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MapleStory_Adventures"},{"link_name":"Korean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_language"},{"link_name":"free-to-play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_free_massively_multiplayer_online_games"},{"link_name":"2D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2D_computer_graphics"},{"link_name":"side-scrolling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Side-scrolling"},{"link_name":"massively multiplayer online role-playing game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massively_multiplayer_online_role-playing_game"},{"link_name":"Wizet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wizet"},{"link_name":"Nexon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexon"},{"link_name":"monsters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mob_(video_gaming)"},{"link_name":"skills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistic_(role-playing_games)#Skills"},{"link_name":"role-playing video games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Role-playing_video_game"},{"link_name":"parties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_(role-playing_games)"},{"link_name":"guilds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_(video_gaming)"},{"link_name":"player versus player","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Player_versus_player"},{"link_name":"MapleStory 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MapleStory_2"}],"text":"This article is about the game for Windows. For the anime, see MapleStory (anime). For the Nintendo DS game, see MapleStory DS. For the Facebook adaptation, see MapleStory Adventures.2003 video gameMapleStory (Korean: 메이플스토리) is a free-to-play, 2D, side-scrolling massively multiplayer online role-playing game, developed by South Korean company Wizet. Several versions of the game are available for specific countries or regions, published by various companies (such as Nexon).Players travel the \"Maple World\", defeating monsters and developing their characters' skills and abilities as is typical in role-playing video games. Players can interact with others in many ways, including chatting and trading. Groups of players can band together in parties to hunt monsters and share rewards, and can also form guilds to interact more easily with each other. Players additionally have the option to visit the in-game \"Cash Shop\" to purchase a variety of character appearances or gameplay enhancements with real money.In July 2010, the Korean version of the game was revised in a patch named the \"Big Bang\". Other versions followed suit and have since received the Big Bang update. Later in the year, the Korean version received the Chaos update which introduced player versus player (PvP) and professions to the game. Its sequel, MapleStory 2, was released in July 2015 and features updated 3D graphics and a similar storyline. As of 2020, MapleStory has reached over 180 million registered users worldwide and grossed over $3 billion in lifetime revenue.","title":"MapleStory"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aran-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sealed-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"The plot of MapleStory takes place across several different worlds, such as Maple World, Arcane River, and Grandis. Created by these people with powers called the Overseers, they assigned each world with three guardians to look over both worlds: the Transcendent of Time, the Transcendent of Life and the Transcendent of Light.[22] The first major arc revolves around the antagonist of Maple World, the Black Mage. The Black Mage was once the Transcendent of Light and was called the White Mage until an experiment went wrong and his pure light core was corrupted. The six heroes managed to seal the Black Mage for the next few centuries at the cost of being sealed away themselves.[23][24] In the present day, the Black Mage's forces called the Black Wings, began resurfacing and attempted to revive him. Fearing his resurrection, Empress Cygnus created the Cygnus Knights in order to stop the Black Wings and the Black Mage's Commanders.[25] As the seal on the Black Mage began weakening, the heroes of legend began returning as well. After the Black Mage broke free of his seal, Cygnus created the Maple Alliance, which banded together the free-spirited Explorers, the Cygnus Knights, the Resistance against the Black Wings, the six Heroes of Maple, and several brave adventurers from other worlds.The Alliance continued fighting the Black Wings and won a decisive victory in the battle of Black Heaven, during which time, a hero of the Alliance awakened as the Adversary, a champion imbued with divine energy. Soon after, the Black Mage created a dimension called the Arcane River in an attempt to destroy the world and recreate it in his image. The Adversary journeyed through the Arcane River and battled the last of the Black Mage's Commanders before the Alliance launched a final offensive to stop the Black Mage from ending their world. The Adversary successfully killed the Black Mage and saved Maple World from annihilation.With the Black Mage's death, the second major arc began in the realm of Grandis, which had slowly fused with Maple World due to the Black Mage's machinations. The antagonist of Grandis, Gerand Darmoor, believed that his race, the High Flora, was superior to all others, and so he sought to remake all life in his image. In order to stop him, several factions of Grandis had joined the Maple Alliance. After the Black Mage's death, the Alliance sent its forces to battle Darmoor and his Apostles.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"platform game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platform_game"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Intro-26"},{"link_name":"controls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_keyboard#Usage"},{"link_name":"keyboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_keyboard"},{"link_name":"mouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouse_(computing)"},{"link_name":"non-player characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-player_characters"},{"link_name":"quests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quest_(video_gaming)"},{"link_name":"experience points","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience_point"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Intro-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Party-28"},{"link_name":"heterosexual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterosexual"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marriage-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guild-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Family-31"},{"link_name":"minigames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minigame"},{"link_name":"Gomoku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gomoku"},{"link_name":"Concentration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentration_(game)"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Minigames-32"}],"text":"MapleStory is a 2D scrolling platform game.[26] The controls for the game are executed using the keyboard and mouse. The keyboard is used for many game functions, and much of it can be rearranged to suit users' needs. The mouse is mainly used to trigger non-player characters and manipulate items. Gameplay centers on venturing into dungeons and combating monsters in real time. The players combat monsters and complete quests, in the process acquiring in-game currency called \"Mesos\", experience points, and various items.[26] Players are able to acquire in-game professions, allowing them to craft equipment, accessories or potions.[27]Players have a variety of options when interacting with others online: they can form parties where loot and experience are distributed from a monster;[28] in-game marriages where the game will recognize the two players as a heterosexual couple;[29] guilds which is indicated with a guild's name listed under their character name;[30] or families, an architecture gathering of juniors and seniors.[31] Players are able to raise or lower the in-game popularity stat entitled Fame of other players and compete with other players in minigames, such as Gomoku or Concentration.[32] They may engage in trading activities for \"Mesos\" or other in-game items.There is small content that differs depending on the country it is serviced in. Recently, Korea Maple Story (KMS)'s artifact update was completed and is receiving a lot of attention.","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Player_character"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"classes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Character_class"},{"link_name":"Maple Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#World"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Beginner-34"},{"link_name":"Warrior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warrior_(character_class)"},{"link_name":"Bowmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowmen"},{"link_name":"Magician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wizard_(character_class)"},{"link_name":"Thief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thief_(character_class)"},{"link_name":"Pirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirate"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Explorers-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Thief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thief_(character_class)"},{"link_name":"Magician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wizard_(character_class)"},{"link_name":"Pirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirate"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Adventurers_2-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Noblesse-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cygnus_Knights-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aran-23"},{"link_name":"dragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Evan-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mercedes-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Resistance-49"},{"link_name":"jaguar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaguar"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Resistance-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Demon_Slayer-51"},{"link_name":"virtual goods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_goods"},{"link_name":"avatars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avatar_(computing)"},{"link_name":"digital pets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_pet"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"}],"sub_title":"Characters","text":"MapleStory characters exist in worlds or servers. Players are able to create multiple characters in each world, though the characters in different worlds can not interact with each other. Each world is similar in content with each other. The worlds are divided into channels, among which characters are allowed to freely switch. The ability to transfer entire characters between worlds was added in December 2007 to Global MapleStory, with restrictions placed on items. In May 2012, this option was removed as it caused a negative impact on character gameplay.[33]When creating a new character, there are eight branches of classes currently available to choose from with three classes that have no specific branches currently: Explorers, Cygnus Knights, Heroes, Resistance, Sengoku, Nova, Flora, and Anima. Beast Tamer, Child of God and Kinesis are classes that currently have no specific branches. Some classes are currently not available in other regions while others are only available at certain times of year.Explorer characters start on Maple Island and begin as a Beginner class.[34] The Beginner is able to advance into one of the five classes: Warrior, Bowmen, Magician, Thief, and Pirate.[35] After choosing their class, further class progression is only allowed within the scope of the first class advancement with advancements at level 30, 60, 100,[36] and 200.[37] Three separate classes, under the adventurer branch, are created differently from normal Adventurers: Dual Blade (Thief), Kinesis (Magician) and Cannoneers (Pirate).[38][39]Cygnus Knight characters begin as Noblesse class and begin their journey on Ereve.[40] At level 10, they are allowed to class advance into five Cygnus Knight classes, each one parallels to the Explorer class.[41][42][43][44][45] Upon reaching the level limit of 120, Cygnus Knights are able to change into a level 50 explorer with benefits.[46]Six Hero classes are available: Aran, Evan, Mercedes, Phantom, Luminous and Shade. The Hero classes are characters with background stories related to the antagonist of the game, the Black Mage. Aran has the Combo System, a unique feature to the class, allowing them to generate combo counts by hitting monsters, giving them buffs and allowing them to cast combo-consuming skills.[23] Evan is similar to Magicians, but uses a dragon, which fights alongside them.[47] Mercedes is an elven archer who uses Dual Bowguns.[48] Phantom is a Thief character with the ability to mimic skills from Adventurer characters. Luminous is a magician of light who can also use dark magic which they absorbed from the Black Mage. Shade is the sixth and forgotten hero, whose existence was erased during the sealing of the Black Mage. They use spirits to aid them in battle.Resistance characters begin in Edelstein, a town taken over by the Black Mage's followers, the Black Wings.[49] The characters created under the Resistance branch begin as Citizens and have four available job advancements: Battle Mage, Wild Hunter, Blaster and Mechanic. A Battle Mage uses a staff for physical attacks, a Wild Hunter rides a jaguar while wielding a crossbow, a Blaster uses an arm cannon and a Mechanic uses a robotic suit to fight.[49][50] Demon, a separate class, under the resistance branch, is created differently from the normal Resistance.[51] A Demon character can become a Demon Slayer, who uses one-handed blunt weapons and axes, or the Demon Avenger, who uses a specialised weapon called the Desperado. Xenon, another separate resistance character, is a human-turned-cyborg who escaped from the Black Wings' laboratories who uses Whip Blades in combat.There are three main continents common to all versions in the MapleStory world: Maple Island, Victoria Island, and Ossyria. Maple Island is where adventurers start off their characters. Victoria Island contains eight cities, and is where most classes begin. Ossyria features seven distinct regions with varying environments: El Nath Mountains, Ludus Lake, Aqua Road, Minar Forest, Mu Lung Garden, Nihal Desert, and Temple of Time. Ereve and Rien are separated from another land which is the beginning of another job of the game.The Cash Shop is an in-game shop where players use real-life currency to purchase unique virtual goods such as avatars, digital pets and other in-game items.[52] Most Cash Shop items expire after a period of time. The Cash Shop also offers a shop permit, allowing players to set up a store in the in-game market location called the Free Market.","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NDC-53"},{"link_name":"Nexon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexon"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_music"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"textbooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textbook"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StudioEIM-66"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-M2U-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-M2U2-10"},{"link_name":"Superstar K 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superstar_K_2"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"Second Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Moon_(band)"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"Ha Hyun-woo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha_Hyun-woo"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"Guckkasten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guckkasten"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"Bewhy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bewhy"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S.I.D-Sound-12"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SQUAREMUSIQ-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SQUAREMUSIQ2-16"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StudioEIM-66"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"}],"text":"The current main composer for MapleStory is NECORD (ASTERIA).[53] In 2016, Nexon established its own music production team, ASTERIA, and sound team, NECORD, and started producing music and releasing albums on its own.[54] In 2017, they recorded music with an orchestra in Budapest, Hungary.[55]The game's music received positive reviews, and as the game has been on the service for a long time, it has stimulated memories for those who have stopped playing.[56][57][58] Some music such as Lith Harbor village music,[59] Eos Tower/Helios Tower of Ludibrium music,[60] Blockbuster: Black Heaven music,[61][62] Chu Chu Island music,[63] Lachelein the Dreaming City music[64] has been played in South Korean broadcast programs.[65] The \"Aquarium\" music in the Aquarium which is a village of Aqua Road has been included in some South Korean music textbooks.[citation needed]The music from 2006 to 2015 was composed by Studio EIM, and since 2014, official sound sources began to be released starting with FriendStory and Blockbuster: Black Heaven.[66] At this time, M2U, who was outsourced from Studio EIM, composed Ariant Coliseum music[9] and Ereve music.[10]In 2010, Kim Eun-bi, who was in the top 6 of Superstar K 2, became a Maple Girl, a promotional model for MapleStory, and unlike other Maple Girls, she released a song called I'm My Fan.[67] In 2015, incumbent professional singer Taru sang a song,[68] and from 2017, Second Moon began to play songs in offline events related to MapleStory,[69] because they were in charge of music for the hologram musical Comic MapleStory in 2016.[70] From 2018, Ha Hyun-woo[71] of Guckkasten and the Guckkasten band themselves began to sing songs related to that game.[72] In 2021, Bewhy also sang a song.[73]S.I.D-Sound composed some music such as MapleStory 8th anniversary event in 2011, the RED theme song in 2013, and the OST for FriendStory in 2014.[12]In 2015, SQUARE MUSIQ composed some songs such as Violeta Over Flowers which is a promotion song[15] and vocal[16] of \"Promise of Heaven\", which is a song of Blockbuster: Black Heaven.[66]In 2020, ESTIMATE and ESTi composed some music such as some Yum Yum Island music, theme of Adele's music, some Ristonia music, some Grand Athenaeum Episode VI: Sharenian Knights[74] music and some Hotel Arcus music.[75]","title":"Music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"KSSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resident_registration_number"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Proxy-77"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Big_Bang-81"},{"link_name":"PvP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Player_versus_player"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chaos-82"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"}],"text":"MapleStory was originally developed and released in South Korea and was localized to ten different regions as of 2003. [76] As other publishers license the game for their region, proxy blocks are put in place (excluding the Korean version, it requires a KSSN), forcing players to play their localized version.[77] In 2011, LevelUp! Games did not renew the contract for localization in Brazil.[78]An update entitled Big Bang was released in Korean MapleStory in July 2010 with other regional servers following suit soon after.[79][80] Big Bang changed the game's core coding, and changed many aspects of the game.[81] An update entitled Chaos features the introduction of professions, and PvP.[82]An update for Master's North American server was released on March 11, 2015, entitled Black Heaven. Players that registered prior to the update and before March 9 received a free Ignition Pack if they logged in before March 14 and after the update went live.Nexon released the MapleStory Reboot update for its North American server in December 2015, which allows access to the Reboot world. This world has disabled trading, increased Meso drop rates, and weapon/equipment drops that are specific to the player's class. Reboot has the same monsters as other worlds, but with increased stats and experience points awarded.[83]Another update to the game, the 5th Job Advancement, was released in December 2016. When players reach Level 200 in the game, they would need to complete their job advancement quests before they are able to fully access their 5th Job skills. Different from the first four Job skills, the 5th Job skills come in three types of skills. The first one called the Shared Skills are skills that all characters share and have that they are able to use. The second one is called the Class-Specific, which are skills that only specific classes can use and the third one called the Job Skills which are skills that only that specific Job can use.[84][85]In July 2022, Nexon released the Destiny: Remastered update for its North American server. This update revamped all the Explorer classes (excluding the newest Explorer class, Pathfinder) by updating their skills and adding new storyline content for them while streamlining their original storylines. A new boss, Kalos, was also added to the game.[86]Nexon released an update named 6th Job Advancement in October and November 2023, featuring new skills for all classes.[87][88]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CS_Mil-89"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stats-90"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-America_Stats_2011-91"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nexon-93"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-superdata2016-97"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SuperData-98"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"}],"text":"In Global MapleStory (GMS), more than a million players bought items in the Cash Shop, by 2010.[89] By 2006, MapleStory had a combined total of 39 million user accounts worldwide.[90] MapleStory Global had over 8 million users by 2011.[91] As of 2014, it was among the top ten MMOs by worldwide revenue.[92] As of 2020, the game has reached over 180 million registered users worldwide.[93]Up until 2011, the game grossed $1.8 billion.[94] Between 2013 and 2017, the game grossed $1.181 billion, including $326 million in 2013,[95] $240 million in 2014,[96] $253 million in 2015, $83 million in 2016,[97] and $279 million in 2017.[98] As of 2020, the game has grossed over $3 billion worldwide in lifetime revenue.[99]","title":"Players and revenue"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Related games"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"single-player","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-player"},{"link_name":"Nintendo DS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_DS"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"}],"sub_title":"MapleStory DS","text":"MapleStory DS is a game based on MapleStory and is a single-player game. The game was released for the Nintendo DS on April 15, 2010, in Korea.[100]","title":"Related games"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mobile game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_game"},{"link_name":"iOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"}],"sub_title":"MapleStory M","text":"MapleStory M is a mobile game released for iOS and Android, in South Korea during October 2016 and then overseas on May 28, 2018.[101]","title":"Related games"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"isometric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isometric_projection"}],"sub_title":"MapleStory 2","text":"The sequel, MapleStory 2, was released in Korea on July 7, 2015. Unlike its predecessor, MapleStory 2 takes place on a 3D voxel-based plane at an often isometric angle.","title":"Related games"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"RPG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Role-playing_game"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-103"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-103"}],"sub_title":"MapleStory R: Evolution","text":"MapleStory R: Evolution is an idle-game mobile RPG game. It was officially released in Southeast Asia on July 28, 2023, and is a vertical screen RPG.[102][103] Its launch was promoted with live events held in Malaysia and Vietnam.[103]","title":"Related games"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"anime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime"},{"link_name":"MapleStory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MapleStory_(anime)"},{"link_name":"Madhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhouse_(company)"},{"link_name":"TV Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Tokyo"},{"link_name":"Nexon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexon"},{"link_name":"trading card game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trading_card_game"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"iOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS"},{"link_name":"MapleStory Adventures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MapleStory_Adventures"},{"link_name":"Facebook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"}],"text":"The Japanese anime entitled MapleStory (メイプルストーリー, Meipuru Sutōrī) was adapted of the game and produced by Madhouse. It aired on TV Tokyo between October 7, 2007, and March 30, 2008, spanning 25 episodes. The plot revolves around a warrior as he journeys to revive the world tree.The North American publisher of Nexon released a MapleStory trading card game on November 6, 2007.[104] Nexon Korea and Japan have since released similar trading card games, while Nexon North America has discontinued this service.Two adaptations of MapleStory have been released for iOS by Nexon Mobile: MapleStory: Thief Edition and MapleStory: Cygnus Knights Edition. The Thief Edition has only one job, Thief, while the other edition features two jobs: a Soul Master and a Fire Wizard. The games do not have multiplayer.Nexon released a public beta of a MapleStory Adventures on July 27, 2011 as an adaptation for Facebook gaming format. The game consisted of mainly single-player, but incorporated the main goals and themes of the full MapleStory game, which included creating an avatar, fighting monsters and completing quests.[105] This version was discontinued on July 31, 2013.","title":"Media adaptations"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"The \"Shanda Games\" brand name authorization has expired: it will be renamed Shengqu Games from March 31\". The Paper (in Chinese). March 29, 2019. Retrieved January 19, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_3219310","url_text":"\"The \"Shanda Games\" brand name authorization has expired: it will be renamed Shengqu Games from March 31\""}]},{"reference":"\"CODA SOUND\" (in Korean). CODASOUND. Archived from the original on January 11, 2016. Retrieved January 11, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160111212613/http://codasound.kr/","url_text":"\"CODA SOUND\""},{"url":"http://codasound.kr/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"한때 작곡가라 불리던 때가 있었더랬지 feat. 메이플스토리\" [There was a time when I was called a composer. feat. MapleStory]. Naver Blog (in Korean). Naver. July 6, 2021. Archived from the original on February 8, 2022. Retrieved February 8, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://blog.naver.com/ledzeper01/222422385595","url_text":"\"한때 작곡가라 불리던 때가 있었더랬지 feat. 메이플스토리\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220208040830/https://blog.naver.com/ledzeper01/222422385595","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Modern Mastering - 프로가 되고 싶은 여러분을 위해. 저희는 enSound...\" [Modern Mastering - For those of you who want to become pros. We enSound...] (in Korean). enSOUND. Archived from the original on September 22, 2022. Retrieved September 22, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://ensound.co.kr/mastering/","url_text":"\"Modern Mastering - 프로가 되고 싶은 여러분을 위해. 저희는 enSound...\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220922134404/https://ensound.co.kr/mastering/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"LoudBell Studio (August 30, 2018). LoudBell Mixing Lecture - MapleStory 대만 야시장 Part.1(메이플 스토리 BGM Taiwan Night Market) - 믹싱강좌 [LoudBell Mixing Lecture - MapleStory Taiwan Night Market Part.1 (Maple Story BGM Taiwan Night Market) - Mixing Lecture] (in Korean). YouTube. Archived from the original on September 22, 2022. Retrieved September 22, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=njdJEeJvTko","url_text":"LoudBell Mixing Lecture - MapleStory 대만 야시장 Part.1(메이플 스토리 BGM Taiwan Night Market) - 믹싱강좌"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220922134401/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=njdJEeJvTko","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"LoudBell Studio (January 12, 2021). 큐베이스 믹싱 - 번들 플러그인만 사용해서 작업하기 - Cubase bundle plugin 을 활용한 Dynamic Mixing 과정 - Maple Story CokeTown [Cubase Mixing - Working using only bundled plugins - Dynamic Mixing process using Cubase bundle plugin - Maple Story CokeTown] (in Korean). YouTube. Archived from the original on September 22, 2022. Retrieved September 22, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sYm_EknEdy8","url_text":"큐베이스 믹싱 - 번들 플러그인만 사용해서 작업하기 - Cubase bundle plugin 을 활용한 Dynamic Mixing 과정 - Maple Story CokeTown"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220922140231/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sYm_EknEdy8","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"LoudBell Studio (August 21, 2022). 20210822 Mixing Live - Maple Story Game BGM - 상하이 맵 - 원작자 직강 - 멤버십 가입하면 풀버전 시청 가능 - 라우드벨 스튜디오 [20210822 Mixing Live - Maple Story Game BGM - Map of Shanghai - Lecture by the original composer - Loud Bell Studio] (in Korean). YouTube. Archived from the original on September 22, 2022. Retrieved September 22, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fHT7z7Ws69Y","url_text":"20210822 Mixing Live - Maple Story Game BGM - 상하이 맵 - 원작자 직강 - 멤버십 가입하면 풀버전 시청 가능 - 라우드벨 스튜디오"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220922140229/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fHT7z7Ws69Y","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Studio EIM｜스튜디오 EIM｜게임 음악 & 사운드 스튜디오\" [Studio EIM｜Game Music & Sound Studio] (in Korean). Studio EIM. Archived from the original on June 11, 2023. Retrieved June 11, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eim.kr/","url_text":"\"Studio EIM｜스튜디오 EIM｜게임 음악 & 사운드 스튜디오\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230611150004/https://www.eim.kr/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"M2U님의 스펙\" [M2U's qualification] (in Korean). Egloos. October 10, 2011. Archived from the original on February 6, 2022. Retrieved February 8, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://julcara88.egloos.com/2860000","url_text":"\"M2U님의 스펙\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220206045146/http://julcara88.egloos.com/2860000","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"게임 음악 - M2U\" [Game Music - M2U] (in Korean). Clesson. Archived from the original on February 7, 2022. Retrieved November 29, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20220207090840/https://www.clesson.net/opentrack/offline/122","url_text":"\"게임 음악 - M2U\""},{"url":"https://www.clesson.net/opentrack/offline/122","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Creed Sound. [Creed Sound] - MapleStory - YouTube (in Korean). Archived from the original on February 8, 2022. Retrieved February 8, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL_9smKnZd4hbawvZ4Q3U3bjPapyzlqFh1","url_text":"[Creed Sound] - MapleStory - YouTube"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220208040830/https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL_9smKnZd4hbawvZ4Q3U3bjPapyzlqFh1","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"메이플스토리 8주년 기념 테마송 및 프로모션 영상 공개\" [MapleStory 8th anniversary theme song and promotional video released]. Inven (in Korean). April 28, 2011. Archived from the original on June 11, 2023. Retrieved June 11, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.inven.co.kr/webzine/news/?news=35371","url_text":"\"메이플스토리 8주년 기념 테마송 및 프로모션 영상 공개\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230611150005/https://www.inven.co.kr/webzine/news/?news=35371","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Spadow (July 4, 2013). MapleStory - RED Animated Intro (in Korean). Retrieved June 11, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I7bWLnR5IZ4","url_text":"MapleStory - RED Animated Intro"}]},{"reference":"MapleStory (October 28, 2014). MapleStory: FriendStory Music Video (published May 28, 2014). Retrieved June 11, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZSWJq1OrsqI","url_text":"MapleStory: FriendStory Music Video"}]},{"reference":"@SQUAREMUSIQ (May 18, 2014). \"신규 작업물 업데이트! 메이플스토리 프로모션 '꽃보다 비올레타'에 프로모션음원에 SQUARE MUSIQ 아티스트 나래님이 보컬로 참여하셨습니다!\" [New work update! SQUARE MUSIQ artist Na-Rae participated as a vocalist for the MapleStory promotion 'Violeta Over Flowers'!] (Tweet) (in Korean) – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/SQUAREMUSIQ/status/467884964193656834","url_text":"\"신규 작업물 업데이트! 메이플스토리 프로모션 '꽃보다 비올레타'에 프로모션음원에 SQUARE MUSIQ 아티스트 나래님이 보컬로 참여하셨습니다!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"@SQUAREMUSIQ (December 8, 2014). \"블록 버스터: 블랙헤븐의 엔딩테마, Promise of Heaven의 뮤직비디오가 공개. 이번 작업은 Studio EIM과의 콜라보로 진행되었으며, 노래는 @watakokodayo님이 담당해주셨습니다. https://youtube.com/watch?v=eHKuQH0_q9Y\" [The music video for Blockbuster: Black Heaven's ending theme, Promise of Heaven, has been released. This work was done in collaboration with Studio EIM, and the song was handled by @watakokodayo.] (Tweet) (in Korean) – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/SQUAREMUSIQ/status/541908938971566080","url_text":"\"블록 버스터: 블랙헤븐의 엔딩테마, Promise of Heaven의 뮤직비디오가 공개. 이번 작업은 Studio EIM과의 콜라보로 진행되었으며, 노래는 @watakokodayo님이 담당해주셨습니다. https://youtube.com/watch?v=eHKuQH0_q9Y\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"\"［인터뷰］\"게임음악, 사라지지 않고 기록되기를\" - 넥슨 사운드팀 은토&김달우 팀장\" [［Interview］\"I hope game music does not disappear and is recorded\" - Nexon Sound Team Eunto & Kim Dalwoo the Team Leader]. Inven (in Korean). June 6, 2016. Archived from the original on June 11, 2023. Retrieved June 11, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.inven.co.kr/webzine/news/?news=157751","url_text":"\"［인터뷰］\"게임음악, 사라지지 않고 기록되기를\" - 넥슨 사운드팀 은토&김달우 팀장\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230611150014/https://www.inven.co.kr/webzine/news/?news=157751","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Work｜ESTIMATE\". Estimate. Archived from the original on June 11, 2023. Retrieved June 11, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://estimate.co.kr/work","url_text":"\"Work｜ESTIMATE\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230611150014/https://estimate.co.kr/work","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"MapleStory - OST: Products ESTIMATE\". Estimate. May 20, 2020. Archived from the original on February 8, 2022. Retrieved February 8, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://estimate.co.kr/products/?q=YToyOntzOjEyOiJrZXl3b3JkX3R5cGUiO3M6MzoiYWxsIjtzOjQ6InBhZ2UiO2k6Mjt9&bmode=view&idx=5378817&t=board&category=z3H12h5rg6","url_text":"\"MapleStory - OST: Products ESTIMATE\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220208040830/https://estimate.co.kr/products/?q=YToyOntzOjEyOiJrZXl3b3JkX3R5cGUiO3M6MzoiYWxsIjtzOjQ6InBhZ2UiO2k6Mjt9&bmode=view&idx=5378817&t=board&category=z3H12h5rg6","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Jinbae Park - VGMdb\". VGMdb. Archived from the original on September 22, 2022. Retrieved September 22, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://vgmdb.net/artist/927","url_text":"\"Jinbae Park - VGMdb\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220922134411/https://vgmdb.net/artist/927","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"NECORD MUSIC (April 27, 2021). Whale Belly｜메이플스토리 OST: AWAKE [Whale Belly｜MapleStory OST: AWAKE] (in Korean). YouTube. Retrieved September 22, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LaUsR6exshc","url_text":"Whale Belly｜메이플스토리 OST: AWAKE"}]},{"reference":"\"What is MapleStory?\". MapleStory. Archived from the original on November 30, 2022. Retrieved December 1, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://maplestory.nexon.net/game/explore","url_text":"\"What is MapleStory?\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221130075633/https://maplestory.nexon.net/game/explore","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Aran\". Nexon America. March 30, 2010. Archived from the original on May 29, 2012. Retrieved April 27, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120529144912/http://maplestory.nexon.net/Guide/GameFeatures.aspx?boardNo=701&contentNo=005tr&pageIndex=1","url_text":"\"Aran\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexon_America","url_text":"Nexon America"},{"url":"http://maplestory.nexon.net/Guide/GameFeatures.aspx?boardNo=701&contentNo=005tr&pageIndex=1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Prophecy of the Black Mage\". Nexon America. November 19, 2010. Archived from the original on September 30, 2011. Retrieved June 23, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110930133800/http://maplestory.nexon.net/News/News.aspx?boardNo=101&contentNo=00ABO&pageIndex=1","url_text":"\"The Prophecy of the Black Mage\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexon_America","url_text":"Nexon America"},{"url":"http://maplestory.nexon.net/News/News.aspx?boardNo=101&contentNo=00ABO&pageIndex=1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Nexon America Releases New MapleStory Update Featuring the Cygnus Knights\". IGN. July 30, 2009. Archived from the original on December 11, 2010. Retrieved June 23, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101211155128/http://pc.ign.com/articles/100/1009400p1.html?forwardform","url_text":"\"Nexon America Releases New MapleStory Update Featuring the Cygnus Knights\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN","url_text":"IGN"},{"url":"http://pc.ign.com/articles/100/1009400p1.html?forwardform","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"MapleStory characteristics\". Nexon America. Archived from the original on June 20, 2012. Retrieved April 27, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120620033352/http://maplestory.nexon.net/Guide/Intro.aspx","url_text":"\"MapleStory characteristics\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexon_America","url_text":"Nexon America"},{"url":"http://maplestory.nexon.net/Guide/Intro.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"New Professions and Traits Systems!\". Nexon America. July 15, 2011. Archived from the original on July 11, 2011. Retrieved July 15, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110711002852/http://maplestory.nexon.net/News/News.aspx?boardNo=100&contentNo=00CRf&pageIndex=1","url_text":"\"New Professions and Traits Systems!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexon_America","url_text":"Nexon America"},{"url":"http://maplestory.nexon.net/News/News.aspx?boardNo=100&contentNo=00CRf&pageIndex=1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"MapleStory Party\". Nexon America. April 8, 2010. Archived from the original on July 23, 2011. Retrieved April 27, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110723060958/http://maplestory.nexon.net/Guide/GameFeatures.aspx?boardNo=703&contentNo=005W2&pageIndex=1","url_text":"\"MapleStory Party\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexon_America","url_text":"Nexon America"},{"url":"http://maplestory.nexon.net/Guide/GameFeatures.aspx?boardNo=703&contentNo=005W2&pageIndex=1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"MapleStory Marriage\". Nexon America. April 8, 2010. Archived from the original on March 7, 2011. Retrieved April 27, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110307215230/http://maplestory.nexon.net/Guide/GameFeatures.aspx?boardNo=702&contentNo=005W1&pageIndex=1","url_text":"\"MapleStory Marriage\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexon_America","url_text":"Nexon America"},{"url":"http://maplestory.nexon.net/Guide/GameFeatures.aspx?boardNo=702&contentNo=005W1&pageIndex=1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"MapleStory Guild\". Nexon America. April 8, 2010. Archived from the original on July 23, 2011. Retrieved April 27, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110723061126/http://maplestory.nexon.net/Guide/GameFeatures.aspx?boardNo=703&contentNo=005W4&pageIndex=1","url_text":"\"MapleStory Guild\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexon_America","url_text":"Nexon America"},{"url":"http://maplestory.nexon.net/Guide/GameFeatures.aspx?boardNo=703&contentNo=005W4&pageIndex=1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"MapleStory Family\". Nexon America. April 8, 2010. Archived from the original on July 23, 2011. Retrieved April 27, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110723061142/http://maplestory.nexon.net/Guide/GameFeatures.aspx?boardNo=702&contentNo=005yc&pageIndex=1","url_text":"\"MapleStory Family\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexon_America","url_text":"Nexon America"},{"url":"http://maplestory.nexon.net/Guide/GameFeatures.aspx?boardNo=702&contentNo=005yc&pageIndex=1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"MapleStory Minigames\". Nexon America. April 8, 2010. Archived from the original on July 23, 2011. Retrieved April 27, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110723062805/http://maplestory.nexon.net/Guide/GameFeatures.aspx?boardNo=704&contentNo=005W5&pageIndex=1","url_text":"\"MapleStory Minigames\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexon_America","url_text":"Nexon America"},{"url":"http://maplestory.nexon.net/Guide/GameFeatures.aspx?boardNo=704&contentNo=005W5&pageIndex=1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Notice of Removal of MTS, World Transfers and Name Changes\". Nexon America. May 22, 2012. Archived from the original on January 7, 2015. Retrieved September 3, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://maplestory.nexon.net/news/news/past/00Etg/notice-of-removal-of-mts-world-transfers-and-name-changes","url_text":"\"Notice of Removal of MTS, World Transfers and Name Changes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexon_America","url_text":"Nexon America"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150107045029/http://maplestory.nexon.net/news/news/past/00Etg/notice-of-removal-of-mts-world-transfers-and-name-changes","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Explorer: Beginner\". Nexon America. April 12, 2010. Archived from the original on March 24, 2019. Retrieved April 27, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190324041757/http://maplestory.nexon.net/Guide/GameFeatures.aspx%3FboardNo%3D701%26contentNo%3D005WK%26pageIndex%3D4","url_text":"\"Explorer: Beginner\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexon_America","url_text":"Nexon America"},{"url":"http://maplestory.nexon.net/Guide/GameFeatures.aspx?boardNo=701&contentNo=005WK&pageIndex=4","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Explorer: Warrior\". Nexon America. April 12, 2010. Archived from the original on March 24, 2019. Retrieved April 27, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190324041755/http://maplestory.nexon.net/Guide/GameFeatures.aspx%3FboardNo%3D701%26contentNo%3D005WL%26pageIndex%3D4","url_text":"\"Explorer: Warrior\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexon_America","url_text":"Nexon America"},{"url":"http://maplestory.nexon.net/Guide/GameFeatures.aspx?boardNo=701&contentNo=005WL&pageIndex=4","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Explorer: Thief\". Nexon America. April 12, 2010. Archived from the original on March 24, 2019. Retrieved April 27, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190324041755/http://maplestory.nexon.net/Guide/GameFeatures.aspx%3FboardNo%3D701%26contentNo%3D005WW%26pageIndex%3D3","url_text":"\"Explorer: Thief\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexon_America","url_text":"Nexon America"},{"url":"http://maplestory.nexon.net/Guide/GameFeatures.aspx?boardNo=701&contentNo=005WW&pageIndex=3","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Explorer: Magician\". Nexon America. April 12, 2010. Archived from the original on March 24, 2019. Retrieved April 27, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190324041758/http://maplestory.nexon.net/Guide/GameFeatures.aspx%3FboardNo%3D701%26contentNo%3D005WP%26pageIndex%3D3","url_text":"\"Explorer: Magician\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexon_America","url_text":"Nexon America"},{"url":"http://maplestory.nexon.net/Guide/GameFeatures.aspx?boardNo=701&contentNo=005WP&pageIndex=3","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Explorer: Bowman\". Nexon America. April 12, 2010. Archived from the original on March 24, 2019. Retrieved April 27, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190324041755/http://maplestory.nexon.net/Guide/GameFeatures.aspx%3FboardNo%3D701%26contentNo%3D005WT%26pageIndex%3D3","url_text":"\"Explorer: Bowman\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexon_America","url_text":"Nexon America"},{"url":"http://maplestory.nexon.net/Guide/GameFeatures.aspx?boardNo=701&contentNo=005WT&pageIndex=3","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Explorer: Pirate\". Nexon America. April 12, 2010. Archived from the original on March 24, 2019. Retrieved April 27, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190324041755/http://maplestory.nexon.net/Guide/GameFeatures.aspx%3FboardNo%3D701%26contentNo%3D005WZ%26pageIndex%3D2","url_text":"\"Explorer: Pirate\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexon_America","url_text":"Nexon America"},{"url":"http://maplestory.nexon.net/Guide/GameFeatures.aspx?boardNo=701&contentNo=005WZ&pageIndex=2","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Tempest into the Storm update notes\". Archived from the original on January 3, 2013. Retrieved October 9, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130103075809/http://maplestory.nexon.net/news/updates/update-notes/00FW0/v-123-tempest-into-the-storm-update-notes#jobs","url_text":"\"Tempest into the Storm update notes\""},{"url":"http://maplestory.nexon.net/news/updates/update-notes/00FW0/v-123-tempest-into-the-storm-update-notes#jobs","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"News: Patch Notes for V: 5th Job\". Archived from the original on November 26, 2020. Retrieved March 24, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://maplestory.nexon.net/micro-site/v-update/17941/news-patch-notes-for-v-5th-job","url_text":"\"News: Patch Notes for V: 5th Job\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201126122437/https://maplestory.nexon.net/micro-site/v-update/17941/news-patch-notes-for-v-5th-job","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Dual Blade\". Nexon America. April 12, 2010. Archived from the original on March 24, 2019. Retrieved April 27, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190324041804/http://maplestory.nexon.net/Guide/GameFeatures.aspx%3FboardNo%3D701%26contentNo%3D008ER%26pageIndex%3D1","url_text":"\"Dual Blade\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexon_America","url_text":"Nexon America"},{"url":"http://maplestory.nexon.net/Guide/GameFeatures.aspx?boardNo=701&contentNo=008ER&pageIndex=1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"V.104 – Legends Update Notes – Cannoneer\". Nexon America. December 6, 2011. Archived from the original on March 11, 2012. Retrieved March 9, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.webcitation.org/664vKltjb?url=http://maplestory.nexon.net/News/News.aspx?boardNo=103&contentNo=00DMA&pageIndex=1","url_text":"\"V.104 – Legends Update Notes – Cannoneer\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexon_America","url_text":"Nexon America"},{"url":"http://maplestory.nexon.net/News/News.aspx?boardNo=103&contentNo=00DMA&pageIndex=1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"v.169 - Kinesis Patch Notes \| MapleStory\". Maplestory - Official Website. Archived from the original on November 26, 2020. Retrieved September 26, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://maplestory.nexon.net/news/5450/v-169-kinesis-patch-notes","url_text":"\"v.169 - Kinesis Patch Notes \| MapleStory\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201126131133/https://maplestory.nexon.net/news/5450/v-169-kinesis-patch-notes","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Cygnus Knights: Noblesse\". Nexon America. June 28, 2010. Archived from the original on March 12, 2012. Retrieved April 27, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120312141110/http://maplestory.nexon.net/Guide/GameFeatures.aspx?boardNo=701&contentNo=005Y1&pageIndex=2","url_text":"\"Cygnus Knights: Noblesse\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexon_America","url_text":"Nexon America"},{"url":"http://maplestory.nexon.net/Guide/GameFeatures.aspx?boardNo=701&contentNo=005Y1&pageIndex=2","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Cygnus Knights: Dawn Warrior\". Nexon America. March 30, 2010. Archived from the original on May 29, 2012. Retrieved April 27, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120529144830/http://maplestory.nexon.net/Guide/GameFeatures.aspx?boardNo=701&contentNo=005Y3&pageIndex=1","url_text":"\"Cygnus Knights: Dawn Warrior\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexon_America","url_text":"Nexon America"},{"url":"http://maplestory.nexon.net/Guide/GameFeatures.aspx?boardNo=701&contentNo=005Y3&pageIndex=1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Cygnus Knights: Night Walker\". Nexon America. March 30, 2010. Archived from the original on May 29, 2012. Retrieved April 27, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120529145034/http://maplestory.nexon.net/Guide/GameFeatures.aspx?boardNo=701&contentNo=005YN&pageIndex=1","url_text":"\"Cygnus Knights: Night Walker\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexon_America","url_text":"Nexon America"},{"url":"http://maplestory.nexon.net/Guide/GameFeatures.aspx?boardNo=701&contentNo=005YN&pageIndex=1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Cygnus Knights: Wind Archer\". Nexon America. March 30, 2010. Archived from the original on May 29, 2012. Retrieved April 27, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120529144540/http://maplestory.nexon.net/Guide/GameFeatures.aspx?boardNo=701&contentNo=005YZ&pageIndex=1","url_text":"\"Cygnus Knights: Wind Archer\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexon_America","url_text":"Nexon America"},{"url":"http://maplestory.nexon.net/Guide/GameFeatures.aspx?boardNo=701&contentNo=005YZ&pageIndex=1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Cygnus Knights: Blaze Wizard\". Nexon America. March 30, 2010. Archived from the original on May 29, 2012. Retrieved April 27, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120529145237/http://maplestory.nexon.net/Guide/GameFeatures.aspx?boardNo=701&contentNo=005Yb&pageIndex=1","url_text":"\"Cygnus Knights: Blaze Wizard\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexon_America","url_text":"Nexon America"},{"url":"http://maplestory.nexon.net/Guide/GameFeatures.aspx?boardNo=701&contentNo=005Yb&pageIndex=1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Cygnus Knights: Thunder Breaker\". Nexon America. March 30, 2010. Archived from the original on May 29, 2012. Retrieved April 27, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120529144918/http://maplestory.nexon.net/Guide/GameFeatures.aspx?boardNo=701&contentNo=005Yg&pageIndex=1","url_text":"\"Cygnus Knights: Thunder Breaker\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexon_America","url_text":"Nexon America"},{"url":"http://maplestory.nexon.net/Guide/GameFeatures.aspx?boardNo=701&contentNo=005Yg&pageIndex=1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"MapleStory Version 0.96 patch notes\". Nexon America. April 27, 2011. Archived from the original on June 11, 2011. Retrieved July 15, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110611175121/http://maplestory.nexon.net/News/News.aspx?boardNo=100&contentNo=00BBw&pageIndex=1","url_text":"\"MapleStory Version 0.96 patch notes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexon_America","url_text":"Nexon America"},{"url":"http://maplestory.nexon.net/News/News.aspx?boardNo=100&contentNo=00BBw&pageIndex=1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Evan\". Nexon America. April 8, 2010. Archived from the original on May 29, 2012. Retrieved April 27, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120529144236/http://maplestory.nexon.net/Guide/GameFeatures.aspx?boardNo=701&contentNo=006Pg&pageIndex=1","url_text":"\"Evan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexon_America","url_text":"Nexon America"},{"url":"http://maplestory.nexon.net/Guide/GameFeatures.aspx?boardNo=701&contentNo=006Pg&pageIndex=1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"V.104 – Legends Update Notes – Mercedes\". Nexon America. December 16, 2011. Archived from the original on March 14, 2012. Retrieved March 9, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120314073757/http://maplestory.nexon.net/News/News.aspx?boardNo=103&contentNo=00DPk&pageIndex=1","url_text":"\"V.104 – Legends Update Notes – Mercedes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexon_America","url_text":"Nexon America"},{"url":"http://maplestory.nexon.net/News/News.aspx?boardNo=103&contentNo=00DPk&pageIndex=1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Resistance: Wild Hunter\". Nexon America. December 15, 2010. Archived from the original on March 11, 2012. Retrieved April 27, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.webcitation.org/664uncVM1?url=http://maplestory.nexon.net/Guide/GameFeatures.aspx?boardNo=701&contentNo=00ASR&pageIndex=1","url_text":"\"Resistance: Wild Hunter\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexon_America","url_text":"Nexon America"},{"url":"http://maplestory.nexon.net/Guide/GameFeatures.aspx?boardNo=701&contentNo=00ASR&pageIndex=1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Resistance: Battle Mage\". Nexon America. December 15, 2010. Archived from the original on March 11, 2012. Retrieved April 27, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.webcitation.org/664ukmVev?url=http://maplestory.nexon.net/Guide/GameFeatures.aspx?boardNo=701&contentNo=00ASH&pageIndex=1","url_text":"\"Resistance: Battle Mage\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexon_America","url_text":"Nexon America"},{"url":"http://maplestory.nexon.net/Guide/GameFeatures.aspx?boardNo=701&contentNo=00ASH&pageIndex=1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Mechanics, Roll out!\". Nexon America. January 12, 2011. Archived from the original on March 11, 2012. Retrieved April 27, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.webcitation.org/664v1w3MG?url=http://maplestory.nexon.net/News/News.aspx?boardNo=100&contentNo=00Afj&pageIndex=1","url_text":"\"Mechanics, Roll out!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexon_America","url_text":"Nexon America"},{"url":"http://maplestory.nexon.net/News/News.aspx?boardNo=100&contentNo=00Afj&pageIndex=1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"[Updated] v.175 – Heroes of Maple: Blaster Patch Notes \| MapleStory\". Maplestory - Official Website. Archived from the original on November 26, 2020. Retrieved September 26, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://maplestory.nexon.net/news/14999/updated-v-175-heroes-of-maple-blaster-patch-notes","url_text":"\"[Updated] v.175 – Heroes of Maple: Blaster Patch Notes \| MapleStory\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201126124449/https://maplestory.nexon.net/news/14999/updated-v-175-heroes-of-maple-blaster-patch-notes","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"V.104 – Legends Update Notes – Demon Slayer\". Nexon America. January 10, 2012. Archived from the original on March 12, 2012. Retrieved March 9, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120312151350/http://maplestory.nexon.net/News/News.aspx?boardNo=103&contentNo=00DU3&pageIndex=1","url_text":"\"V.104 – Legends Update Notes – Demon Slayer\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexon_America","url_text":"Nexon America"},{"url":"http://maplestory.nexon.net/News/News.aspx?boardNo=103&contentNo=00DU3&pageIndex=1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Cash Shop features\". Nexon America. Archived from the original on April 20, 2011. Retrieved April 29, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://maplestory.nexon.net/Guide/GeneralGuide.aspx","url_text":"\"Cash Shop features\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexon_America","url_text":"Nexon America"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110420023206/http://maplestory.nexon.net/Guide/GeneralGuide.aspx","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"［NDC］NECORD 출범 1년, 음악은 게임을 기억하게 만든다\" [［NDC］One year since NECORD was launched, music makes games memorable]. Beta News (in Korean). April 27, 2017. Archived from the original on June 11, 2023. Retrieved June 11, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.betanews.net/article/690179","url_text":"\"［NDC］NECORD 출범 1년, 음악은 게임을 기억하게 만든다\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230611150004/https://www.betanews.net/article/690179","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"［인터뷰］\"게임음악, 사라지지 않고 기록되기를\" - 넥슨 사운드팀 은토&김달우 팀장\" [［Interview］\"I hope game music does not disappear and is recorded\" - Nexon Sound Team Eunto & Kim Dalwoo the Team Leader]. Inven (in Korean). June 6, 2016. Retrieved June 11, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.inven.co.kr/webzine/news/?news=157751","url_text":"\"［인터뷰］\"게임음악, 사라지지 않고 기록되기를\" - 넥슨 사운드팀 은토&김달우 팀장\""}]},{"reference":"\"넥슨 오케스트라 콘서트 뒤엔...故김정주의 '음악 사랑' 있었다［Digital+］\" [Behind the Nexon Orchestra concert... there was the late Kim Jung-ju's 'love of music'［Digital+］]. Maeil Business Newspaper (in Korean). March 18, 2022. Retrieved June 11, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mk.co.kr/news/it/10258196","url_text":"\"넥슨 오케스트라 콘서트 뒤엔...故김정주의 '음악 사랑' 있었다［Digital+］\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maeil_Business_Newspaper","url_text":"Maeil Business Newspaper"}]},{"reference":"\"[게임 속 OST] 잔잔한 멜로디로 귀정화…메이플스토리 BGM\" [[In-game OST] Cleanse the ears with a calm melody... MapleStory BGM]. Game Chosun (in Korean). March 2, 2018. Retrieved August 4, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamechosun.co.kr/webzine/article/view.php?no=146477","url_text":"\"[게임 속 OST] 잔잔한 멜로디로 귀정화…메이플스토리 BGM\""}]},{"reference":"\"［체험기］'디맥 리스펙트 V' X 넥슨 콜라보, 음악과 함께하는 어린 시절 추억으로의 여행\" [［Experiences］'DJ Max Respect V' X Nexon Collaboration, a trip to childhood memories with music]. Game Focus (in Korean). November 5, 2021. Archived from the original on June 11, 2023. Retrieved June 11, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://gamefocus.co.kr/detail.php?number=123208","url_text":"\"［체험기］'디맥 리스펙트 V' X 넥슨 콜라보, 음악과 함께하는 어린 시절 추억으로의 여행\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230611150014/http://gamefocus.co.kr/detail.php?number=123208","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"'디제이맥스 리스펙트V', '메이플스토리'와 콜라보 예고\" [Collaboration notice with 'DJ Max Respect V' and 'MapleStory']. Open News (in Korean). July 19, 2023. Retrieved August 4, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.onews.tv/news/articleView.html?idxno=173761","url_text":"\"'디제이맥스 리스펙트V', '메이플스토리'와 콜라보 예고\""}]},{"reference":"\"햇살에 물든 하루\" [A day in the sunshine]. MBC Newsdesk (in Korean). MBC. November 4, 2010. Archived from the original on June 11, 2023. Retrieved June 11, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://imnews.imbc.com/replay/2010/nwdesk/article/2732668_30521.html","url_text":"\"햇살에 물든 하루\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MBC_Newsdesk","url_text":"MBC Newsdesk"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230611150002/https://imnews.imbc.com/replay/2010/nwdesk/article/2732668_30521.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"경북 포항 구룡포_달빛 아래 징검다리_35회 [Guryongpo, Pohang, Gyeongsangbuk-do_Stepping Stones Under the Moonlight_Episode 35] (in Korean). 광주MBC. January 29, 2016. Retrieved June 11, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5Epik5vhmRU","url_text":"경북 포항 구룡포_달빛 아래 징검다리_35회"}]},{"reference":"［서프라이즈］스스로 사이코패스라 고백한 남자! 사이코패스는 유전이다?... [［Surprise］A man who confessed to being a psychopath himself! Psychopaths are hereditary?...] (in Korean). MBC 미스터리: 심야괴담회 X 서프라이즈 (published December 11, 2016). November 21, 2017. Retrieved June 11, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a6cpo8QHHNc#t=250s","url_text":"［서프라이즈］스스로 사이코패스라 고백한 남자! 사이코패스는 유전이다?..."},{"url":"https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%A0%EB%B9%84%ED%95%9CTV_%EC%84%9C%ED%94%84%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B4%EC%A6%88","url_text":"서프라이즈"}]},{"reference":"［서프라이즈］스스로 사이코패스라 고백한 남자! 사이코패스는 유전이다?... [［Surprise］A man who confessed to being a psychopath himself! Psychopaths are hereditary?...] (in Korean). MBC 미스터리: 심야괴담회 X 서프라이즈 (published December 11, 2016). November 21, 2017. Retrieved June 11, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a6cpo8QHHNc#t=407s","url_text":"［서프라이즈］스스로 사이코패스라 고백한 남자! 사이코패스는 유전이다?..."},{"url":"https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%A0%EB%B9%84%ED%95%9CTV_%EC%84%9C%ED%94%84%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B4%EC%A6%88","url_text":"서프라이즈"}]},{"reference":"탬버린 할머니와 네눈박이 11남매! @TV 동물농장 20180304 [Tambourine grandmother and her 11 four-eyed siblings! @TV Animal Farm 20180304] (in Korean). SBS STORY. March 4, 2018. Retrieved June 11, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0r6iGxClRxg#t=125s","url_text":"탬버린 할머니와 네눈박이 11남매! @TV 동물농장 20180304"}]},{"reference":"강식당 주방에서 이수근이 부릅니다! '첫 면의 사랑'｜강식당2 kangskitchen2 EP.3 [Lee Soo-geun sings in the kitchen of Kang's Kitchen! 'First Noodle of Love'｜Kang's Kitchen 2 kangskitchen2 EP.3] (in Korean). tvN. June 14, 2019. Retrieved June 11, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lY-bdIVMh0E","url_text":"강식당 주방에서 이수근이 부릅니다! '첫 면의 사랑'｜강식당2 kangskitchen2 EP.3"}]},{"reference":"\"［Opinion］게임 음악을 만드는 레이블 - 네코드뮤직 ［게임］\" [［Opinion］A record label that makes game music - Necode Music ［Game］]. ArtInsight (in Korean). November 2, 2019. Archived from the original on March 6, 2021. Retrieved June 11, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artinsight.co.kr/news/view.php?no=44505","url_text":"\"［Opinion］게임 음악을 만드는 레이블 - 네코드뮤직 ［게임］\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210306110216/https://www.artinsight.co.kr/news/view.php?no=44505","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"［게임&컬쳐］게임 음악이 문화로 인정 받는 그날까지…'스튜디오EIM'이 꿈꾸는 미래\" [［Game & Culture］Until the day game music is recognized as a culture... The future that 'Studio EIM' dreams of]. Inven (in Korean). June 30, 2015. Archived from the original on July 29, 2023. Retrieved June 11, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.inven.co.kr/webzine/news/?news=135479","url_text":"\"［게임&컬쳐］게임 음악이 문화로 인정 받는 그날까지…'스튜디오EIM'이 꿈꾸는 미래\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230729072012/https://www.inven.co.kr/webzine/news/?news=135479","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"'슈스케' 김은비, 메이플걸 솔로데뷔 'I'm My Fan'\" ['Superstar K' Kim Eun-bi, she made her solo debut with Maple Girl 'I'm My Fan']. Maeil Business Newspaper (in Korean). December 29, 2010. Retrieved June 12, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mk.co.kr/news/culture/4832921","url_text":"\"'슈스케' 김은비, 메이플걸 솔로데뷔 'I'm My Fan'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maeil_Business_Newspaper","url_text":"Maeil Business Newspaper"}]},{"reference":"\"[인터뷰] 메이플스토리 속 '이리나'로 변신! 가수 '타루'와의 데이트\" [[Interview] Transformed into 'Irina' in MapleStory! Date with singer 'Taru']. Inven (in Korean). April 22, 2015. Retrieved July 30, 2023 – via Naver.","urls":[{"url":"https://n.news.naver.com/mnews/article/442/0000013944?sid=105","url_text":"\"[인터뷰] 메이플스토리 속 '이리나'로 변신! 가수 '타루'와의 데이트\""}]},{"reference":"\"추억을 되새길 시간! 음악으로 만나는 '메이플스토리 더 라이브' 풍경기\" [Time to reminisce! Scenery of 'MapleStory the Live' through music]. Inven (in Korean). June 18, 2017. Retrieved July 30, 2023 – via Naver.","urls":[{"url":"https://sports.news.naver.com/news.nhn?oid=442&aid=0000059731","url_text":"\"추억을 되새길 시간! 음악으로 만나는 '메이플스토리 더 라이브' 풍경기\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"홀로그램 뮤지컬로 다시 보는 인기 만화\"\" [\"Popular cartoon revisited as a hologram musical\"]. Sisa Journal (in Korean). August 1, 2016. Retrieved June 12, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sisajournal.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=156126","url_text":"\"\"홀로그램 뮤지컬로 다시 보는 인기 만화\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"국카스텐 하현우 무대 공연... '다크니스' 열창\" [Guckkasten Ha Hyun-woo stage performance... Passionate singing of 'Darkness']. NSP News Agency (in Korean). June 16, 2018. Retrieved June 11, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nspna.com/news/?mode=view&newsid=289281","url_text":"\"국카스텐 하현우 무대 공연... '다크니스' 열창\""}]},{"reference":"\"메이플스토리, '이그니션 워밍업' 실시\" [MapleStory conducts 'Ignition Warm-up']. Inven (in Korean). June 16, 2022. Retrieved June 11, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.inven.co.kr/webzine/news/?news=273007","url_text":"\"메이플스토리, '이그니션 워밍업' 실시\""}]},{"reference":"\"넥슨 메이플스토리, 'NEO' 2차 업데이트실시...'비와이' 테마송 참여\" [Nexon MapleStory, 'NEO' 2nd update...Participated in 'BewhY' theme song]. BIGDATA News (in Korean). January 7, 2021. Retrieved June 12, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thebigdata.co.kr/view.php?ud=202101071336482458d0a8833aad_23","url_text":"\"넥슨 메이플스토리, 'NEO' 2차 업데이트실시...'비와이' 테마송 참여\""}]},{"reference":"@Muwen (July 23, 2020). \"메이플스토리 차원의 도서관 샤레니안의 기사의 BGM을 만들었습니다. 메이플....너무 좋아요 열심히 미하일 키우는 메이플 유저로서...메이플에 제 노래가 들어간단게 넘 행복하네요.... 에스티메이트분들이 많이 도와주셨습니다 많이 들어주시기 .\" [I made the BGM of the MapleStory Grand Athenaeum Sharenian Knights. Maple....I like it so much. As a Maple user who works hard to raise Mihile...I'm so happy that my song is included in Maple.... ESTIMATE helped me a lot, please listen a lot ..] (Tweet) (in Korean) – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/Muwen/status/1286213099041611776","url_text":"\"메이플스토리 차원의 도서관 샤레니안의 기사의 BGM을 만들었습니다. 메이플....너무 좋아요 열심히 미하일 키우는 메이플 유저로서...메이플에 제 노래가 들어간단게 넘 행복하네요.... 에스티메이트분들이 많이 도와주셨습니다 많이 들어주시기 .\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"\"［Opinion］메이플스토리 OST: NEO - 새로운 시작［게임］\" [［Opinion］MapleStory OST: NEO - A New Beginning［Game］]. ArtInsight (in Korean). July 1, 2021. Retrieved June 11, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artinsight.co.kr/news/view.php?no=54712","url_text":"\"［Opinion］메이플스토리 OST: NEO - 새로운 시작［게임］\""}]},{"reference":"Eurydice (September 10, 2010). \"Dev Blog: Localization\". Nexon America. Archived from the original on August 9, 2011. Retrieved May 26, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110809194232/http://maplestory.nexon.net/FunStuff/Articles.aspx?boardNo=400&contentNo=009RQ&pageIndex=3","url_text":"\"Dev Blog: Localization\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexon_America","url_text":"Nexon America"},{"url":"http://maplestory.nexon.net/FunStuff/Articles.aspx?boardNo=400&contentNo=009RQ&pageIndex=3","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"FAQ: General - Why is my country blocked from MapleGlobal?\". Nexon America. Archived from the original on September 30, 2011. Retrieved April 29, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110930133600/http://maplestory.nexon.net/Support/FAQ.aspx?boardNo=500&contentNo=004Oa&pageIndex=2","url_text":"\"FAQ: General - Why is my country blocked from MapleGlobal?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexon_America","url_text":"Nexon America"},{"url":"http://maplestory.nexon.net/Support/FAQ.aspx?boardNo=500&contentNo=004Oa&pageIndex=2","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Encerramento das atividades de MapleStory (outubro de 2011)\" [Closing of MapleStory (October 2011)] (in Portuguese). LevelUp! Games. July 22, 2011. Archived from the original on October 6, 2011. Retrieved July 25, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111006041439/http://games.levelupgames.uol.com.br/maplestory/noticias/comunicados/encerramento-das-atividades-de-maplestory-outubro-de-2011.lhtml","url_text":"\"Encerramento das atividades de MapleStory (outubro de 2011)\""},{"url":"http://games.levelupgames.uol.com.br/maplestory/noticias/comunicados/encerramento-das-atividades-de-maplestory-outubro-de-2011.lhtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"nexon.net\". January 21, 2011. Archived from the original on January 21, 2011. Retrieved October 2, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110121020131/http://www.nexon.net/News/View.aspx?boardNo=100&contentNo=00AMI","url_text":"\"nexon.net\""},{"url":"http://www.nexon.net/News/View.aspx?boardNo=100&contentNo=00AMI","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"MapleStorySEA\". www.maplesea.com. Archived from the original on October 1, 2022. Retrieved October 2, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.maplesea.com/","url_text":"\"MapleStorySEA\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221001164442/http://maplesea.com/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Eurydice (November 15, 2010). \"Dev Blog: Big Bang\". Nexon America. Archived from the original on July 23, 2011. Retrieved April 27, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110723220942/http://maplestory.nexon.net/FunStuff/Articles.aspx?boardNo=400&contentNo=009ns&pageIndex=1","url_text":"\"Dev Blog: Big Bang\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexon_America","url_text":"Nexon America"},{"url":"http://maplestory.nexon.net/FunStuff/Articles.aspx?boardNo=400&contentNo=009ns&pageIndex=1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Eurydice (March 25, 2011). \"Dev Blogs\". Nexon America. Archived from the original on September 30, 2011. Retrieved April 27, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://maplestory.nexon.net/News/News.aspx?boardNo=405&contentNo=00BjK","url_text":"\"Dev Blogs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexon_America","url_text":"Nexon America"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110930133702/http://maplestory.nexon.net/News/News.aspx?boardNo=405&contentNo=00BjK","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"v.168 - Reboot Patch Notes \| MapleStory\". Maplestory - Official Website. Archived from the original on September 27, 2016. Retrieved September 26, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://maplestory.nexon.net/news/5183/v-168-reboot-patch-notes","url_text":"\"v.168 - Reboot Patch Notes \| MapleStory\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160927144445/http://maplestory.nexon.net/news/5183/v-168-reboot-patch-notes","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"5th Job Skills - Maple Guide\". MapleStory. Archived from the original on December 1, 2022. Retrieved December 1, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://maplestory.nexon.net/micro-site/59493","url_text":"\"5th Job Skills - Maple Guide\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221201164220/https://maplestory.nexon.net/micro-site/59493","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"v.179 - V: 5th Job Patch Notes\". MapleStory. Archived from the original on December 1, 2022. Retrieved December 1, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://maplestory.nexon.net/news/19553/v-179-v-5th-job-patch-notes","url_text":"\"v.179 - V: 5th Job Patch Notes\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221201164220/https://maplestory.nexon.net/news/19553/v-179-v-5th-job-patch-notes","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"[Updated July 5] v.233 - Destiny: Remastered Patch Notes\". MapleStory. Archived from the original on October 7, 2022. Retrieved October 3, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://maplestory.nexon.net/news/74810/v-233-destiny-remastered-patch-notes","url_text":"\"[Updated July 5] v.233 - Destiny: Remastered Patch Notes\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221007154955/https://maplestory.nexon.net/news/74810/v-233-destiny-remastered-patch-notes","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"KMS ver. 1.2.379 – MapleStory New Age: 6th Job!\". July 18, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://orangemushroom.net/2023/07/17/kms-ver-1-2-379-maplestory-new-age-6th-job/","url_text":"\"KMS ver. 1.2.379 – MapleStory New Age: 6th Job!\""}]},{"reference":"\"[Updated 11/8] Journey Toward the Sixth Star - Ch. VI\".","urls":[{"url":"https://maplestory.nexon.net/news/86745/journey-toward-the-sixth-star-ch-vi","url_text":"\"[Updated 11/8] Journey Toward the Sixth Star - Ch. VI\""}]},{"reference":"\"Celebrate One Million!\". Nexon America. December 17, 2010. Archived from the original on April 27, 2011. Retrieved April 27, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110427042146/http://www.nexon.net/templates/celebrate.html","url_text":"\"Celebrate One Million!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexon_America","url_text":"Nexon America"},{"url":"http://www.nexon.net/templates/celebrate.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"MapleStory haeoe jinchul sarye\" (PDF). Nexon Corporation. April 13, 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 15, 2006. Retrieved December 16, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060715012302/http://gamestudy.org/eblog/wp-content/uploads/2006/04/nexon.pdf","url_text":"\"MapleStory haeoe jinchul sarye\""},{"url":"http://gamestudy.org/eblog/wp-content/uploads/2006/04/nexon.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"MapleStory Tops Eight Million Users Six Years\". Gamer Daily News. Archived from the original on May 10, 2011. Retrieved May 19, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110510015853/http://www.gamersdailynews.com/story-23437-MapleStory-Tops-Eight-Million-Users-Six-Years.html","url_text":"\"MapleStory Tops Eight Million Users Six Years\""},{"url":"http://www.gamersdailynews.com/story-23437-MapleStory-Tops-Eight-Million-Users-Six-Years.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Richard Aihoshi (October 28, 2014). \"The Free Zone: More MMO Market Intel\". www.mmorpg.com. Archived from the original on November 2, 2014. Retrieved November 2, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mmorpg.com/showFeature.cfm/loadFeature/9065/More-MMO-Market-Intel-.html","url_text":"\"The Free Zone: More MMO Market Intel\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141102210307/http://www.mmorpg.com/showFeature.cfm/loadFeature/9065/More-MMO-Market-Intel-.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Investor Presentation Q1 2020\" (PDF). Nexon. May 13, 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 27, 2021. Retrieved October 12, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://pdf.irpocket.com/C3659/yCGV/B6S9/ynEy.pdf","url_text":"\"Investor Presentation Q1 2020\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexon","url_text":"Nexon"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210127090042/https://pdf.irpocket.com/C3659/yCGV/B6S9/ynEy.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"MapleStory 2 Coming Soon?\". Orange Mushroom. February 15, 2012. Archived from the original on August 25, 2018. Retrieved August 25, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://orangemushroom.net/2012/02/14/maplestory-2-coming-soon/","url_text":"\"MapleStory 2 Coming Soon?\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180825180159/https://orangemushroom.net/2012/02/14/maplestory-2-coming-soon/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"China's CrossFire shooter is bigger than League of Legends and World of Tanks\". VentureBeat. January 15, 2014. Archived from the original on August 25, 2018. Retrieved August 25, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://venturebeat.com/2014/01/15/chinas-crossfire-is-bigger-than-league-of-legends-and-world-of-tanks/","url_text":"\"China's CrossFire shooter is bigger than League of Legends and World of Tanks\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VentureBeat","url_text":"VentureBeat"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180825180322/https://venturebeat.com/2014/01/15/chinas-crossfire-is-bigger-than-league-of-legends-and-world-of-tanks/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Hearthstone, Dota 2 can't compete with League of Legends in terms of player spending\". VentureBeat. October 23, 2014. Archived from the original on February 16, 2022. Retrieved August 25, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://venturebeat.com/2014/10/23/the-10-highest-grossing-online-pc-games-in-2014-hearthstone-dota-2-cant-compete-with-league-of-legends/","url_text":"\"Hearthstone, Dota 2 can't compete with League of Legends in terms of player spending\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VentureBeat","url_text":"VentureBeat"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220216100028/https://venturebeat.com/2014/10/23/the-10-highest-grossing-online-pc-games-in-2014-hearthstone-dota-2-cant-compete-with-league-of-legends/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The MMO & MOBA Games Market Report, 2016\". SuperData Research. Archived from the original on January 12, 2018. Retrieved May 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180112181218/http://www.superdataresearch.com/market-data/mmo-market/","url_text":"\"The MMO & MOBA Games Market Report, 2016\""},{"url":"https://www.superdataresearch.com/market-data/mmo-market/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"2017 YEAR IN REVIEW: DIGITAL GAMES AND INTERACTIVE MEDIA\" (PDF). SuperData Research. January 25, 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 11, 2018. Retrieved August 25, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://strivesponsorship.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/SuperData-2017-year-in-review-digital-games-and-interactive-media.pdf","url_text":"\"2017 YEAR IN REVIEW: DIGITAL GAMES AND INTERACTIVE MEDIA\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180211004114/http://strivesponsorship.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/SuperData-2017-year-in-review-digital-games-and-interactive-media.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Investor Presentation Q2 2020\" (PDF). Nexon. August 6, 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 18, 2020. Retrieved October 12, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://pdf.irpocket.com/C3659/djAz/PAfi/tLSu.pdf","url_text":"\"Investor Presentation Q2 2020\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexon","url_text":"Nexon"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201018040747/http://pdf.irpocket.com/C3659/djAz/PAfi/tLSu.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"MapleStory DS to Be Released in Japan in November - News\". Nintendo World Report. Retrieved September 18, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nintendoworldreport.com/news/27908/maplestory-ds-to-be-released-in-japan-in-november","url_text":"\"MapleStory DS to Be Released in Japan in November - News\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nexon aims for global magic with pending launch of MapleStory M\". VentureBeat. June 4, 2018. Archived from the original on August 25, 2018. Retrieved August 25, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://venturebeat.com/2018/06/03/nexon-aims-for-global-magic-with-pending-launch-of-maplestory-m/","url_text":"\"Nexon aims for global magic with pending launch of MapleStory M\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VentureBeat","url_text":"VentureBeat"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180825180351/https://venturebeat.com/2018/06/03/nexon-aims-for-global-magic-with-pending-launch-of-maplestory-m/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Lucas (July 20, 2023). \"MapleStory R: Evolution Official Launch Countdown Reveals Theme Song and Grand Launch Celebration\". GamerBraves. Archived from the original on July 28, 2023. Retrieved July 28, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamerbraves.com/maplestory-r-evolution-official-launch-countdown-reveals-theme-song-and-grand-launch-celebration/","url_text":"\"MapleStory R: Evolution Official Launch Countdown Reveals Theme Song and Grand Launch Celebration\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230728034037/https://www.gamerbraves.com/maplestory-r-evolution-official-launch-countdown-reveals-theme-song-and-grand-launch-celebration/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Briggs, Alex Daud (June 14, 2023). \"MapleStory R: Evolution Announces Pre-registrations Are Open and Closed-Beta Test\". GamerBraves. Archived from the original on July 28, 2023. Retrieved July 28, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamerbraves.com/maplestory-r-evolution-announces-pre-registrations-are-open-and-closed-beta-test/","url_text":"\"MapleStory R: Evolution Announces Pre-registrations Are Open and Closed-Beta Test\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230728034034/https://www.gamerbraves.com/maplestory-r-evolution-announces-pre-registrations-are-open-and-closed-beta-test/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"MapleStory iTrading Card Game\". Wizards of the Coast. Archived from the original on October 12, 2007. Retrieved October 21, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071012115031/http://ww2.wizards.com/maplestory/","url_text":"\"MapleStory iTrading Card Game\""},{"url":"http://ww2.wizards.com/maplestory","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Dean Takahashi (July 27, 2011). \"Nexon's MapleStory Adventures game goes live on Facebook\". Gamesbeat. VentureBeat. Archived from the original on September 24, 2011. Retrieved August 2, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://venturebeat.com/2011/07/27/nexons-maplestory-adventures-game-goes-live-on-facebook/","url_text":"\"Nexon's MapleStory Adventures game goes live on Facebook\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110924204934/http://venturebeat.com/2011/07/27/nexons-maplestory-adventures-game-goes-live-on-facebook/","url_text":"Archived"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_3219310","external_links_name":"\"The \"Shanda Games\" brand name authorization has expired: it will be renamed Shengqu Games from March 31\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160111212613/http://codasound.kr/","external_links_name":"\"CODA SOUND\""},{"Link":"http://codasound.kr/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://blog.naver.com/ledzeper01/222422385595","external_links_name":"\"한때 작곡가라 불리던 때가 있었더랬지 feat. 메이플스토리\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220208040830/https://blog.naver.com/ledzeper01/222422385595","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://ensound.co.kr/mastering/","external_links_name":"\"Modern Mastering - 프로가 되고 싶은 여러분을 위해. 저희는 enSound...\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220922134404/https://ensound.co.kr/mastering/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=njdJEeJvTko","external_links_name":"LoudBell Mixing Lecture - MapleStory 대만 야시장 Part.1(메이플 스토리 BGM Taiwan Night Market) - 믹싱강좌"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220922134401/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=njdJEeJvTko","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sYm_EknEdy8","external_links_name":"큐베이스 믹싱 - 번들 플러그인만 사용해서 작업하기 - Cubase bundle plugin 을 활용한 Dynamic Mixing 과정 - Maple Story CokeTown"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220922140231/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sYm_EknEdy8","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fHT7z7Ws69Y","external_links_name":"20210822 Mixing Live - Maple Story Game BGM - 상하이 맵 - 원작자 직강 - 멤버십 가입하면 풀버전 시청 가능 - 라우드벨 스튜디오"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220922140229/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fHT7z7Ws69Y","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.eim.kr/","external_links_name":"\"Studio EIM｜스튜디오 EIM｜게임 음악 & 사운드 스튜디오\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230611150004/https://www.eim.kr/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://julcara88.egloos.com/2860000","external_links_name":"\"M2U님의 스펙\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220206045146/http://julcara88.egloos.com/2860000","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20220207090840/https://www.clesson.net/opentrack/offline/122","external_links_name":"\"게임 음악 - M2U\""},{"Link":"https://www.clesson.net/opentrack/offline/122","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL_9smKnZd4hbawvZ4Q3U3bjPapyzlqFh1","external_links_name":"[Creed Sound] - MapleStory - YouTube"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220208040830/https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL_9smKnZd4hbawvZ4Q3U3bjPapyzlqFh1","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.inven.co.kr/webzine/news/?news=35371","external_links_name":"\"메이플스토리 8주년 기념 테마송 및 프로모션 영상 공개\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230611150005/https://www.inven.co.kr/webzine/news/?news=35371","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I7bWLnR5IZ4","external_links_name":"MapleStory - RED Animated Intro"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZSWJq1OrsqI","external_links_name":"MapleStory: FriendStory Music Video"},{"Link":"https://x.com/SQUAREMUSIQ/status/467884964193656834","external_links_name":"\"신규 작업물 업데이트! 메이플스토리 프로모션 '꽃보다 비올레타'에 프로모션음원에 SQUARE MUSIQ 아티스트 나래님이 보컬로 참여하셨습니다!\""},{"Link":"https://x.com/SQUAREMUSIQ/status/541908938971566080","external_links_name":"\"블록 버스터: 블랙헤븐의 엔딩테마, Promise of Heaven의 뮤직비디오가 공개. 이번 작업은 Studio EIM과의 콜라보로 진행되었으며, 노래는 @watakokodayo님이 담당해주셨습니다. https://youtube.com/watch?v=eHKuQH0_q9Y\""},{"Link":"https://www.inven.co.kr/webzine/news/?news=157751","external_links_name":"\"［인터뷰］\"게임음악, 사라지지 않고 기록되기를\" - 넥슨 사운드팀 은토&김달우 팀장\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230611150014/https://www.inven.co.kr/webzine/news/?news=157751","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://estimate.co.kr/work","external_links_name":"\"Work｜ESTIMATE\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230611150014/https://estimate.co.kr/work","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://estimate.co.kr/products/?q=YToyOntzOjEyOiJrZXl3b3JkX3R5cGUiO3M6MzoiYWxsIjtzOjQ6InBhZ2UiO2k6Mjt9&bmode=view&idx=5378817&t=board&category=z3H12h5rg6","external_links_name":"\"MapleStory - OST: Products ESTIMATE\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220208040830/https://estimate.co.kr/products/?q=YToyOntzOjEyOiJrZXl3b3JkX3R5cGUiO3M6MzoiYWxsIjtzOjQ6InBhZ2UiO2k6Mjt9&bmode=view&idx=5378817&t=board&category=z3H12h5rg6","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://vgmdb.net/artist/927","external_links_name":"\"Jinbae Park - VGMdb\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220922134411/https://vgmdb.net/artist/927","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LaUsR6exshc","external_links_name":"Whale Belly｜메이플스토리 OST: AWAKE"},{"Link":"http://maplestory.nexon.net/game/explore","external_links_name":"\"What is MapleStory?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221130075633/https://maplestory.nexon.net/game/explore","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120529144912/http://maplestory.nexon.net/Guide/GameFeatures.aspx?boardNo=701&contentNo=005tr&pageIndex=1","external_links_name":"\"Aran\""},{"Link":"http://maplestory.nexon.net/Guide/GameFeatures.aspx?boardNo=701&contentNo=005tr&pageIndex=1","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110930133800/http://maplestory.nexon.net/News/News.aspx?boardNo=101&contentNo=00ABO&pageIndex=1","external_links_name":"\"The Prophecy of the Black Mage\""},{"Link":"http://maplestory.nexon.net/News/News.aspx?boardNo=101&contentNo=00ABO&pageIndex=1","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101211155128/http://pc.ign.com/articles/100/1009400p1.html?forwardform","external_links_name":"\"Nexon America Releases New MapleStory Update Featuring the Cygnus Knights\""},{"Link":"http://pc.ign.com/articles/100/1009400p1.html?forwardform","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120620033352/http://maplestory.nexon.net/Guide/Intro.aspx","external_links_name":"\"MapleStory characteristics\""},{"Link":"http://maplestory.nexon.net/Guide/Intro.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110711002852/http://maplestory.nexon.net/News/News.aspx?boardNo=100&contentNo=00CRf&pageIndex=1","external_links_name":"\"New Professions and Traits Systems!\""},{"Link":"http://maplestory.nexon.net/News/News.aspx?boardNo=100&contentNo=00CRf&pageIndex=1","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110723060958/http://maplestory.nexon.net/Guide/GameFeatures.aspx?boardNo=703&contentNo=005W2&pageIndex=1","external_links_name":"\"MapleStory Party\""},{"Link":"http://maplestory.nexon.net/Guide/GameFeatures.aspx?boardNo=703&contentNo=005W2&pageIndex=1","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110307215230/http://maplestory.nexon.net/Guide/GameFeatures.aspx?boardNo=702&contentNo=005W1&pageIndex=1","external_links_name":"\"MapleStory Marriage\""},{"Link":"http://maplestory.nexon.net/Guide/GameFeatures.aspx?boardNo=702&contentNo=005W1&pageIndex=1","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110723061126/http://maplestory.nexon.net/Guide/GameFeatures.aspx?boardNo=703&contentNo=005W4&pageIndex=1","external_links_name":"\"MapleStory Guild\""},{"Link":"http://maplestory.nexon.net/Guide/GameFeatures.aspx?boardNo=703&contentNo=005W4&pageIndex=1","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110723061142/http://maplestory.nexon.net/Guide/GameFeatures.aspx?boardNo=702&contentNo=005yc&pageIndex=1","external_links_name":"\"MapleStory Family\""},{"Link":"http://maplestory.nexon.net/Guide/GameFeatures.aspx?boardNo=702&contentNo=005yc&pageIndex=1","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110723062805/http://maplestory.nexon.net/Guide/GameFeatures.aspx?boardNo=704&contentNo=005W5&pageIndex=1","external_links_name":"\"MapleStory Minigames\""},{"Link":"http://maplestory.nexon.net/Guide/GameFeatures.aspx?boardNo=704&contentNo=005W5&pageIndex=1","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://maplestory.nexon.net/news/news/past/00Etg/notice-of-removal-of-mts-world-transfers-and-name-changes","external_links_name":"\"Notice of Removal of MTS, World Transfers and Name Changes\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150107045029/http://maplestory.nexon.net/news/news/past/00Etg/notice-of-removal-of-mts-world-transfers-and-name-changes","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190324041757/http://maplestory.nexon.net/Guide/GameFeatures.aspx%3FboardNo%3D701%26contentNo%3D005WK%26pageIndex%3D4","external_links_name":"\"Explorer: Beginner\""},{"Link":"http://maplestory.nexon.net/Guide/GameFeatures.aspx?boardNo=701&contentNo=005WK&pageIndex=4","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190324041755/http://maplestory.nexon.net/Guide/GameFeatures.aspx%3FboardNo%3D701%26contentNo%3D005WL%26pageIndex%3D4","external_links_name":"\"Explorer: Warrior\""},{"Link":"http://maplestory.nexon.net/Guide/GameFeatures.aspx?boardNo=701&contentNo=005WL&pageIndex=4","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190324041755/http://maplestory.nexon.net/Guide/GameFeatures.aspx%3FboardNo%3D701%26contentNo%3D005WW%26pageIndex%3D3","external_links_name":"\"Explorer: Thief\""},{"Link":"http://maplestory.nexon.net/Guide/GameFeatures.aspx?boardNo=701&contentNo=005WW&pageIndex=3","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190324041758/http://maplestory.nexon.net/Guide/GameFeatures.aspx%3FboardNo%3D701%26contentNo%3D005WP%26pageIndex%3D3","external_links_name":"\"Explorer: Magician\""},{"Link":"http://maplestory.nexon.net/Guide/GameFeatures.aspx?boardNo=701&contentNo=005WP&pageIndex=3","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190324041755/http://maplestory.nexon.net/Guide/GameFeatures.aspx%3FboardNo%3D701%26contentNo%3D005WT%26pageIndex%3D3","external_links_name":"\"Explorer: Bowman\""},{"Link":"http://maplestory.nexon.net/Guide/GameFeatures.aspx?boardNo=701&contentNo=005WT&pageIndex=3","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190324041755/http://maplestory.nexon.net/Guide/GameFeatures.aspx%3FboardNo%3D701%26contentNo%3D005WZ%26pageIndex%3D2","external_links_name":"\"Explorer: Pirate\""},{"Link":"http://maplestory.nexon.net/Guide/GameFeatures.aspx?boardNo=701&contentNo=005WZ&pageIndex=2","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130103075809/http://maplestory.nexon.net/news/updates/update-notes/00FW0/v-123-tempest-into-the-storm-update-notes#jobs","external_links_name":"\"Tempest into the Storm update notes\""},{"Link":"http://maplestory.nexon.net/news/updates/update-notes/00FW0/v-123-tempest-into-the-storm-update-notes#jobs","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://maplestory.nexon.net/micro-site/v-update/17941/news-patch-notes-for-v-5th-job","external_links_name":"\"News: Patch Notes for V: 5th Job\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201126122437/https://maplestory.nexon.net/micro-site/v-update/17941/news-patch-notes-for-v-5th-job","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190324041804/http://maplestory.nexon.net/Guide/GameFeatures.aspx%3FboardNo%3D701%26contentNo%3D008ER%26pageIndex%3D1","external_links_name":"\"Dual Blade\""},{"Link":"http://maplestory.nexon.net/Guide/GameFeatures.aspx?boardNo=701&contentNo=008ER&pageIndex=1","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.webcitation.org/664vKltjb?url=http://maplestory.nexon.net/News/News.aspx?boardNo=103&contentNo=00DMA&pageIndex=1","external_links_name":"\"V.104 – Legends Update Notes – Cannoneer\""},{"Link":"http://maplestory.nexon.net/News/News.aspx?boardNo=103&contentNo=00DMA&pageIndex=1","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://maplestory.nexon.net/news/5450/v-169-kinesis-patch-notes","external_links_name":"\"v.169 - Kinesis Patch Notes \| MapleStory\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201126131133/https://maplestory.nexon.net/news/5450/v-169-kinesis-patch-notes","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120312141110/http://maplestory.nexon.net/Guide/GameFeatures.aspx?boardNo=701&contentNo=005Y1&pageIndex=2","external_links_name":"\"Cygnus Knights: Noblesse\""},{"Link":"http://maplestory.nexon.net/Guide/GameFeatures.aspx?boardNo=701&contentNo=005Y1&pageIndex=2","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120529144830/http://maplestory.nexon.net/Guide/GameFeatures.aspx?boardNo=701&contentNo=005Y3&pageIndex=1","external_links_name":"\"Cygnus Knights: Dawn Warrior\""},{"Link":"http://maplestory.nexon.net/Guide/GameFeatures.aspx?boardNo=701&contentNo=005Y3&pageIndex=1","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120529145034/http://maplestory.nexon.net/Guide/GameFeatures.aspx?boardNo=701&contentNo=005YN&pageIndex=1","external_links_name":"\"Cygnus Knights: Night Walker\""},{"Link":"http://maplestory.nexon.net/Guide/GameFeatures.aspx?boardNo=701&contentNo=005YN&pageIndex=1","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120529144540/http://maplestory.nexon.net/Guide/GameFeatures.aspx?boardNo=701&contentNo=005YZ&pageIndex=1","external_links_name":"\"Cygnus Knights: Wind Archer\""},{"Link":"http://maplestory.nexon.net/Guide/GameFeatures.aspx?boardNo=701&contentNo=005YZ&pageIndex=1","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120529145237/http://maplestory.nexon.net/Guide/GameFeatures.aspx?boardNo=701&contentNo=005Yb&pageIndex=1","external_links_name":"\"Cygnus Knights: Blaze Wizard\""},{"Link":"http://maplestory.nexon.net/Guide/GameFeatures.aspx?boardNo=701&contentNo=005Yb&pageIndex=1","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120529144918/http://maplestory.nexon.net/Guide/GameFeatures.aspx?boardNo=701&contentNo=005Yg&pageIndex=1","external_links_name":"\"Cygnus Knights: Thunder Breaker\""},{"Link":"http://maplestory.nexon.net/Guide/GameFeatures.aspx?boardNo=701&contentNo=005Yg&pageIndex=1","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110611175121/http://maplestory.nexon.net/News/News.aspx?boardNo=100&contentNo=00BBw&pageIndex=1","external_links_name":"\"MapleStory Version 0.96 patch notes\""},{"Link":"http://maplestory.nexon.net/News/News.aspx?boardNo=100&contentNo=00BBw&pageIndex=1","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120529144236/http://maplestory.nexon.net/Guide/GameFeatures.aspx?boardNo=701&contentNo=006Pg&pageIndex=1","external_links_name":"\"Evan\""},{"Link":"http://maplestory.nexon.net/Guide/GameFeatures.aspx?boardNo=701&contentNo=006Pg&pageIndex=1","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120314073757/http://maplestory.nexon.net/News/News.aspx?boardNo=103&contentNo=00DPk&pageIndex=1","external_links_name":"\"V.104 – Legends Update Notes – Mercedes\""},{"Link":"http://maplestory.nexon.net/News/News.aspx?boardNo=103&contentNo=00DPk&pageIndex=1","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.webcitation.org/664uncVM1?url=http://maplestory.nexon.net/Guide/GameFeatures.aspx?boardNo=701&contentNo=00ASR&pageIndex=1","external_links_name":"\"Resistance: Wild Hunter\""},{"Link":"http://maplestory.nexon.net/Guide/GameFeatures.aspx?boardNo=701&contentNo=00ASR&pageIndex=1","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.webcitation.org/664ukmVev?url=http://maplestory.nexon.net/Guide/GameFeatures.aspx?boardNo=701&contentNo=00ASH&pageIndex=1","external_links_name":"\"Resistance: Battle Mage\""},{"Link":"http://maplestory.nexon.net/Guide/GameFeatures.aspx?boardNo=701&contentNo=00ASH&pageIndex=1","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.webcitation.org/664v1w3MG?url=http://maplestory.nexon.net/News/News.aspx?boardNo=100&contentNo=00Afj&pageIndex=1","external_links_name":"\"Mechanics, Roll out!\""},{"Link":"http://maplestory.nexon.net/News/News.aspx?boardNo=100&contentNo=00Afj&pageIndex=1","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://maplestory.nexon.net/news/14999/updated-v-175-heroes-of-maple-blaster-patch-notes","external_links_name":"\"[Updated] v.175 – Heroes of Maple: Blaster Patch Notes \| MapleStory\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201126124449/https://maplestory.nexon.net/news/14999/updated-v-175-heroes-of-maple-blaster-patch-notes","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120312151350/http://maplestory.nexon.net/News/News.aspx?boardNo=103&contentNo=00DU3&pageIndex=1","external_links_name":"\"V.104 – Legends Update Notes – Demon Slayer\""},{"Link":"http://maplestory.nexon.net/News/News.aspx?boardNo=103&contentNo=00DU3&pageIndex=1","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://maplestory.nexon.net/Guide/GeneralGuide.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Cash Shop features\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110420023206/http://maplestory.nexon.net/Guide/GeneralGuide.aspx","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.betanews.net/article/690179","external_links_name":"\"［NDC］NECORD 출범 1년, 음악은 게임을 기억하게 만든다\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230611150004/https://www.betanews.net/article/690179","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.inven.co.kr/webzine/news/?news=157751","external_links_name":"\"［인터뷰］\"게임음악, 사라지지 않고 기록되기를\" - 넥슨 사운드팀 은토&김달우 팀장\""},{"Link":"https://www.mk.co.kr/news/it/10258196","external_links_name":"\"넥슨 오케스트라 콘서트 뒤엔...故김정주의 '음악 사랑' 있었다［Digital+］\""},{"Link":"https://www.gamechosun.co.kr/webzine/article/view.php?no=146477","external_links_name":"\"[게임 속 OST] 잔잔한 멜로디로 귀정화…메이플스토리 BGM\""},{"Link":"http://gamefocus.co.kr/detail.php?number=123208","external_links_name":"\"［체험기］'디맥 리스펙트 V' X 넥슨 콜라보, 음악과 함께하는 어린 시절 추억으로의 여행\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230611150014/http://gamefocus.co.kr/detail.php?number=123208","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.onews.tv/news/articleView.html?idxno=173761","external_links_name":"\"'디제이맥스 리스펙트V', '메이플스토리'와 콜라보 예고\""},{"Link":"https://imnews.imbc.com/replay/2010/nwdesk/article/2732668_30521.html","external_links_name":"\"햇살에 물든 하루\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230611150002/https://imnews.imbc.com/replay/2010/nwdesk/article/2732668_30521.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5Epik5vhmRU","external_links_name":"경북 포항 구룡포_달빛 아래 징검다리_35회"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a6cpo8QHHNc#t=250s","external_links_name":"［서프라이즈］스스로 사이코패스라 고백한 남자! 사이코패스는 유전이다?..."},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a6cpo8QHHNc#t=407s","external_links_name":"［서프라이즈］스스로 사이코패스라 고백한 남자! 사이코패스는 유전이다?..."},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0r6iGxClRxg#t=125s","external_links_name":"탬버린 할머니와 네눈박이 11남매! @TV 동물농장 20180304"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lY-bdIVMh0E","external_links_name":"강식당 주방에서 이수근이 부릅니다! '첫 면의 사랑'｜강식당2 kangskitchen2 EP.3"},{"Link":"https://www.artinsight.co.kr/news/view.php?no=44505","external_links_name":"\"［Opinion］게임 음악을 만드는 레이블 - 네코드뮤직 ［게임］\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210306110216/https://www.artinsight.co.kr/news/view.php?no=44505","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.inven.co.kr/webzine/news/?news=135479","external_links_name":"\"［게임&컬쳐］게임 음악이 문화로 인정 받는 그날까지…'스튜디오EIM'이 꿈꾸는 미래\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230729072012/https://www.inven.co.kr/webzine/news/?news=135479","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.mk.co.kr/news/culture/4832921","external_links_name":"\"'슈스케' 김은비, 메이플걸 솔로데뷔 'I'm My Fan'\""},{"Link":"https://n.news.naver.com/mnews/article/442/0000013944?sid=105","external_links_name":"\"[인터뷰] 메이플스토리 속 '이리나'로 변신! 가수 '타루'와의 데이트\""},{"Link":"https://sports.news.naver.com/news.nhn?oid=442&aid=0000059731","external_links_name":"\"추억을 되새길 시간! 음악으로 만나는 '메이플스토리 더 라이브' 풍경기\""},{"Link":"http://www.sisajournal.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=156126","external_links_name":"\"\"홀로그램 뮤지컬로 다시 보는 인기 만화\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.nspna.com/news/?mode=view&newsid=289281","external_links_name":"\"국카스텐 하현우 무대 공연... '다크니스' 열창\""},{"Link":"https://www.inven.co.kr/webzine/news/?news=273007","external_links_name":"\"메이플스토리, '이그니션 워밍업' 실시\""},{"Link":"http://www.thebigdata.co.kr/view.php?ud=202101071336482458d0a8833aad_23","external_links_name":"\"넥슨 메이플스토리, 'NEO' 2차 업데이트실시...'비와이' 테마송 참여\""},{"Link":"https://x.com/Muwen/status/1286213099041611776","external_links_name":"\"메이플스토리 차원의 도서관 샤레니안의 기사의 BGM을 만들었습니다. 메이플....너무 좋아요 열심히 미하일 키우는 메이플 유저로서...메이플에 제 노래가 들어간단게 넘 행복하네요.... 에스티메이트분들이 많이 도와주셨습니다 많이 들어주시기 .\""},{"Link":"https://www.artinsight.co.kr/news/view.php?no=54712","external_links_name":"\"［Opinion］메이플스토리 OST: NEO - 새로운 시작［게임］\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110809194232/http://maplestory.nexon.net/FunStuff/Articles.aspx?boardNo=400&contentNo=009RQ&pageIndex=3","external_links_name":"\"Dev Blog: Localization\""},{"Link":"http://maplestory.nexon.net/FunStuff/Articles.aspx?boardNo=400&contentNo=009RQ&pageIndex=3","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110930133600/http://maplestory.nexon.net/Support/FAQ.aspx?boardNo=500&contentNo=004Oa&pageIndex=2","external_links_name":"\"FAQ: General - Why is my country blocked from MapleGlobal?\""},{"Link":"http://maplestory.nexon.net/Support/FAQ.aspx?boardNo=500&contentNo=004Oa&pageIndex=2","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111006041439/http://games.levelupgames.uol.com.br/maplestory/noticias/comunicados/encerramento-das-atividades-de-maplestory-outubro-de-2011.lhtml","external_links_name":"\"Encerramento das atividades de MapleStory (outubro de 2011)\""},{"Link":"http://games.levelupgames.uol.com.br/maplestory/noticias/comunicados/encerramento-das-atividades-de-maplestory-outubro-de-2011.lhtml","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110121020131/http://www.nexon.net/News/View.aspx?boardNo=100&contentNo=00AMI","external_links_name":"\"nexon.net\""},{"Link":"http://www.nexon.net/News/View.aspx?boardNo=100&contentNo=00AMI","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.maplesea.com/","external_links_name":"\"MapleStorySEA\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221001164442/http://maplesea.com/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110723220942/http://maplestory.nexon.net/FunStuff/Articles.aspx?boardNo=400&contentNo=009ns&pageIndex=1","external_links_name":"\"Dev Blog: Big Bang\""},{"Link":"http://maplestory.nexon.net/FunStuff/Articles.aspx?boardNo=400&contentNo=009ns&pageIndex=1","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://maplestory.nexon.net/News/News.aspx?boardNo=405&contentNo=00BjK","external_links_name":"\"Dev Blogs\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110930133702/http://maplestory.nexon.net/News/News.aspx?boardNo=405&contentNo=00BjK","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://maplestory.nexon.net/news/5183/v-168-reboot-patch-notes","external_links_name":"\"v.168 - Reboot Patch Notes \| MapleStory\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160927144445/http://maplestory.nexon.net/news/5183/v-168-reboot-patch-notes","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://maplestory.nexon.net/micro-site/59493","external_links_name":"\"5th Job Skills - Maple Guide\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221201164220/https://maplestory.nexon.net/micro-site/59493","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://maplestory.nexon.net/news/19553/v-179-v-5th-job-patch-notes","external_links_name":"\"v.179 - V: 5th Job Patch Notes\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221201164220/https://maplestory.nexon.net/news/19553/v-179-v-5th-job-patch-notes","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://maplestory.nexon.net/news/74810/v-233-destiny-remastered-patch-notes","external_links_name":"\"[Updated July 5] v.233 - Destiny: Remastered Patch Notes\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221007154955/https://maplestory.nexon.net/news/74810/v-233-destiny-remastered-patch-notes","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://orangemushroom.net/2023/07/17/kms-ver-1-2-379-maplestory-new-age-6th-job/","external_links_name":"\"KMS ver. 1.2.379 – MapleStory New Age: 6th Job!\""},{"Link":"https://maplestory.nexon.net/news/86745/journey-toward-the-sixth-star-ch-vi","external_links_name":"\"[Updated 11/8] Journey Toward the Sixth Star - Ch. VI\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110427042146/http://www.nexon.net/templates/celebrate.html","external_links_name":"\"Celebrate One Million!\""},{"Link":"http://www.nexon.net/templates/celebrate.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060715012302/http://gamestudy.org/eblog/wp-content/uploads/2006/04/nexon.pdf","external_links_name":"\"MapleStory haeoe jinchul sarye\""},{"Link":"http://gamestudy.org/eblog/wp-content/uploads/2006/04/nexon.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110510015853/http://www.gamersdailynews.com/story-23437-MapleStory-Tops-Eight-Million-Users-Six-Years.html","external_links_name":"\"MapleStory Tops Eight Million Users Six Years\""},{"Link":"http://www.gamersdailynews.com/story-23437-MapleStory-Tops-Eight-Million-Users-Six-Years.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.mmorpg.com/showFeature.cfm/loadFeature/9065/More-MMO-Market-Intel-.html","external_links_name":"\"The Free Zone: More MMO Market Intel\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141102210307/http://www.mmorpg.com/showFeature.cfm/loadFeature/9065/More-MMO-Market-Intel-.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://pdf.irpocket.com/C3659/yCGV/B6S9/ynEy.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Investor Presentation Q1 2020\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210127090042/https://pdf.irpocket.com/C3659/yCGV/B6S9/ynEy.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://orangemushroom.net/2012/02/14/maplestory-2-coming-soon/","external_links_name":"\"MapleStory 2 Coming Soon?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180825180159/https://orangemushroom.net/2012/02/14/maplestory-2-coming-soon/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://venturebeat.com/2014/01/15/chinas-crossfire-is-bigger-than-league-of-legends-and-world-of-tanks/","external_links_name":"\"China's CrossFire shooter is bigger than League of Legends and World of Tanks\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180825180322/https://venturebeat.com/2014/01/15/chinas-crossfire-is-bigger-than-league-of-legends-and-world-of-tanks/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://venturebeat.com/2014/10/23/the-10-highest-grossing-online-pc-games-in-2014-hearthstone-dota-2-cant-compete-with-league-of-legends/","external_links_name":"\"Hearthstone, Dota 2 can't compete with League of Legends in terms of player spending\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220216100028/https://venturebeat.com/2014/10/23/the-10-highest-grossing-online-pc-games-in-2014-hearthstone-dota-2-cant-compete-with-league-of-legends/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180112181218/http://www.superdataresearch.com/market-data/mmo-market/","external_links_name":"\"The MMO & MOBA Games Market Report, 2016\""},{"Link":"https://www.superdataresearch.com/market-data/mmo-market/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://strivesponsorship.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/SuperData-2017-year-in-review-digital-games-and-interactive-media.pdf","external_links_name":"\"2017 YEAR IN REVIEW: DIGITAL GAMES AND INTERACTIVE MEDIA\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180211004114/http://strivesponsorship.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/SuperData-2017-year-in-review-digital-games-and-interactive-media.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://pdf.irpocket.com/C3659/djAz/PAfi/tLSu.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Investor Presentation Q2 2020\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201018040747/http://pdf.irpocket.com/C3659/djAz/PAfi/tLSu.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.nintendoworldreport.com/news/27908/maplestory-ds-to-be-released-in-japan-in-november","external_links_name":"\"MapleStory DS to Be Released in Japan in November - News\""},{"Link":"https://venturebeat.com/2018/06/03/nexon-aims-for-global-magic-with-pending-launch-of-maplestory-m/","external_links_name":"\"Nexon aims for global magic with pending launch of MapleStory M\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180825180351/https://venturebeat.com/2018/06/03/nexon-aims-for-global-magic-with-pending-launch-of-maplestory-m/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.gamerbraves.com/maplestory-r-evolution-official-launch-countdown-reveals-theme-song-and-grand-launch-celebration/","external_links_name":"\"MapleStory R: Evolution Official Launch Countdown Reveals Theme Song and Grand Launch Celebration\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230728034037/https://www.gamerbraves.com/maplestory-r-evolution-official-launch-countdown-reveals-theme-song-and-grand-launch-celebration/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.gamerbraves.com/maplestory-r-evolution-announces-pre-registrations-are-open-and-closed-beta-test/","external_links_name":"\"MapleStory R: Evolution Announces Pre-registrations Are Open and Closed-Beta Test\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230728034034/https://www.gamerbraves.com/maplestory-r-evolution-announces-pre-registrations-are-open-and-closed-beta-test/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071012115031/http://ww2.wizards.com/maplestory/","external_links_name":"\"MapleStory iTrading Card Game\""},{"Link":"http://ww2.wizards.com/maplestory","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://venturebeat.com/2011/07/27/nexons-maplestory-adventures-game-goes-live-on-facebook/","external_links_name":"\"Nexon's MapleStory Adventures game goes live on Facebook\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110924204934/http://venturebeat.com/2011/07/27/nexons-maplestory-adventures-game-goes-live-on-facebook/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20051228104320/http://www.maplestory.com/","external_links_name":"Official MapleStory international website"},{"Link":"http://maplestory.nexon.net/","external_links_name":"MapleStory global"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/316561502","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2015080881","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/work/1a5e4202-99bc-4e96-a0f0-94f9d69f48f4","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz work"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollor%C3%A9	Bolloré	["1 History","2 Operations","3 Electric vehicles","3.1 AutoLib","3.2 Pininfarina B0","3.3 Bluecar","3.4 Bluebus","3.5 Solar vehicles","4 Controversies","5 References","6 External links"]	French conglomerate Bolloré SECompany typePublic (Societas Europaea)Traded asEuronext Paris: BOL CAC Mid 60 ComponentIndustryTransportFounded1822; 202 years ago (1822)HeadquartersPuteaux, FranceKey peopleVincent Bolloré(President & CEO)Yannick Bolloré(Vice-Chairman)Thierry Marraud (CFO)ProductsLogistics, cargo, paper, automobilesRevenue€24.84 billion (2019)Operating income€1.26 billion (2019)Net income€1.41 billion (2019)OwnerBolloré Investissements S.A. (92.2%)Bolloré familyNumber of employees79,000 (2021)Websitebollore.com Bolloré SE (French pronunciation: ) is a French conglomerate headquartered in Puteaux, on the western outskirts of Paris, France. Founded in 1822, the company has interests in Vivendi, international freight forwarding, oil storage and pipelines in France, solid state batteries, access control systems for buildings, palm oil and rubber in Asia and Africa, olive groves in the US and wine production in France. In 2004, the group ranked amongst the top 200 European companies. The company is listed on the Euronext exchange in Paris, but the Bolloré family retains majority control of the company through a complex and indirect holding structure. The company is led by Cyrille Bolloré, the son of Vincent Bolloré. History The firm was founded in 1822, in Ergué-Gabéric, near Quimper, Brittany by Nicolas Le Marié (1797-1870), as a paper manufacturer named papeteries d'Odet. Beginning in 1863, it was directed by Jean-René Bolloré (1818–1881), a nephew by marriage who had obtained a medical doctorate in 1863. The firm remained owned by the Bolloré family. Gwenn-Aël Bolloré was vice-president of the Papeteries Bolloré from 1952 to 1974. In late 2004, the Bolloré group began taking an interest in the advertising sector, and started building a stake in Havas, becoming its single largest shareholder. In a boardroom coup, Alain de Pouzilhac was deposed as president and CEO on July 12, 2005. The Bolloré stake in Havas stood at 26%, and the group had 3 seats on the Havas board as of June 2006. Vincent Bolloré's son, Yannick, became Havas' Chairman and CEO after its previous CEO stepped down in January 2014. In 2005, Bolloré expanded its media interests by launching the television station Direct 8. The firm also began buying shares of the British media planning and buying group Aegis. Bolloré sold its 26% stake to Dentsu in 2012. From 6 June 2006 to 22 December 2010, Bolloré launched a free evening newspaper Direct Soir. Lack of readers and advertising revenues made the group focus on its other free newspaper, "Direct Matin", launched in February 2007. Bolloré manufactures the Bolloré Bluecar, a small electric car, initially produced to showcase the company's range of electric power cells. The Bluecar was introduced in December 2011 as part of the Autolib' carsharing service in Paris. Bluecar deliveries to retail customers began in March 2012. In 2014, Bollore increased its stake in Havas from 36% to around 83% through a public exchange offer of new Bollore shares for Havas stock. The company said at the time it would like to hold onto a stake well in excess of 50%. In March 2015, Bollore sold a 22.5% stake in the media group for a price of around €600 million. The next month, in April 2015, Bolloré raised its stake in media company Vivendi from 10.2% to 12.01% at a total cost of €568 million. As of 2016, it owns 20% of Vivendi (30% voting power), 60% of Havas and 9% of Gaumont. In December 2021, After refusing to comment on market “rumors” announcing its intention to sell its transport and logistics subsidiary in Africa, Bolloré Africa Logistics (BAL), the Bolloré group announced that it had received an offer from the giant Swiss MSC for this subsidiary in Africa. Operations Bolloré operates a network of ports along the West African coast. Bolloré Énergie The Group's principal activities are as follows: Plastic Film & Special Papers: polypropylene film for capacitors and packaging, special papers and cigarette paper packs; Energy Distribution: distribution of petroleum and coal products; Special Terminals: design, production, integration and distribution of intelligent systems and terminals for access control; Plantations: rubber and palm oil production in Africa and Asia Media & Advertising: owns 60% of the media and communications company Havas, whose CEO—Yannick Bolloré—is also the chairman of Vivendi SA in which Bolloré SA holds a circa 25% stake. Telecommunication: owns 90% of Bolloré Telecom, a French WiMAX operator Bolloré is 63% owned by Financière de l'Odet, the holding company controlled by the Bolloré family. Vincent Bolloré announced that his son, Cyrille Bolloré, would take over the CEO position of Bolloré after the April 15, 2019 shareholders meeting. This was done days before Vincent Bolloré himself "was charged by French police in a bribery case relating to operations in Africa." Electric vehicles AutoLib There are plans to integrate payment for the bike and car hire schemes with the ticketing systems for traditional modes of public transport. Two electric vehicle manufacturers are said to be in the frame to supply the cars: the Dassault Group and Bolloré. The former has a vehicle called the Cleanova, which employs the body of the Renault Kangoo van, while Bolloré's Bluecar has been developed with Italian styling house Pininfarina and is due to go on sale commercially in 2009. Pininfarina B0 Pininfarina introduced its own electric vehicle concept, the Pininfarina B0 ("B Zero"). The four-seat hatchback features a solid-state lithium-polymer battery, supercapacitors, and a roof- integrated solar panel to achieve a range of 153 miles. Developed in partnership with the Bolloré Group, the vehicle was slated for limited production in 2009. Bluecar See also: Bolloré Bluecar and Autolib' Bolloré Bluecar charging at Autolib' Station on boulevard Diderot, Paris Bolloré manufactures the Bolloré Bluecar, a small electric car, initially produce to showcase the company's range of electric power cells. The Bluecar was introduced in December 2011, as part of the Autolib' carsharing service in Paris. Bluecar deliveries to retail customers began in March 2012. Since 2017, Bolloré's Bluecar is also used in the Bluecity London car sharing scheme. Bluebus A Bluebus SE in Brussels, Belgium. Bolloré Bluebus 22 is a 6-metre-long electric microbus with a capacity of 22 passengers. Two copies of this electric vehicle transportation arrived mid-April 2015 to Mulhouse, Haut-Rhin. Bolloré Bluebus SE is a full-sized (12-metre) low-floor electric citybus that has been produced since 2015. Several Bluebus SE are in commercial use in Paris and in Brussels. In early 2022 RATP, the public traffic provider of Paris, suspended all 149 Bluebus 5SE after a series of busses catching fire. Solar vehicles Hanergy has teamed with Bollore Group to build solar electric vehicles. Controversies According to a 2018 New York Times report, the company's air, sea, and land transportation network constitutes a "virtual stranglehold" on West African transport. Bolloré controls 18 ports along the western coast of the continent. There are ongoing investigations into the role of drastically discounted Havas communications services accorded to Guinean candidate Alpha Condé and Togan president Faure Gnassingbé during their presidential campaigns in the awarding of key port concessions in Conakry, Guinea and Lomé, Togo to Bolloré SA. After winning the election, Condé awarded a port-contract to Bolloré, terminating that of the competing Necotrans company. In a settlement, Bolloré paid €2 million to Necotrans without admitting guilt. In January 2021 Vincent Bolloré and two other Bolloré executives pleaded guilty at a Paris court for supplying €370,000 worth of communication services to Gnassingbé. A 2021 Ghanaian ministerial committee investigation concluded that Bolloré secured an under the table deal with the John Mahama administration for building a new container terminal at Tema with terms strongly favouring the company at the expense of the Ghanaian government. References ^ a b "Assessing Vincent Bolloré". The Economist. 2019-05-30. ISSN 0013-0613. Archived from the original on 2020-12-06. Retrieved 2021-04-01. ^ "Bollore agrees to sell Aegis stake to Dentsu". Reuters. 2012-07-02. Archived from the original on 2017-01-07. Retrieved 2017-06-30. ^ Debouté, Alexandre (10 January 2012). "La pub a progressé de 4,4 % dans la presse en 2011". Le Figaro. Archived from the original on 17 June 2013. Retrieved 14 March 2014. ^ Soulas, Delphine (14 March 2013). "Dossier presse gratuite". Stratégies. Archived from the original on 19 October 2014. Retrieved 14 March 2014. ^ a b Richard Lord (2011-12-05). "Autolib' electric car sharing service launches in Paris, France". Sustainable Guernsey. Archived from the original on 2012-01-24. Retrieved 2011-12-17. ^ a b Michaël Torregrossa (2012-03-07). "Bolloré Bluecar – 1000 immatriculations pour Autolib' et début des livraisons pour les particuliers" (in French). AVEM. Retrieved 2012-03-21. ^ Callus, Andrew (26 March 2015). "Bollore sells 22.5 percent Havas stake for $662 million". Reuters. Archived from the original on 15 November 2015. Retrieved 30 June 2017. ^ "Bollore raises Vivendi stake again as AGM battle looms". Reuters. 2 April 2015. Archived from the original on 6 October 2015. Retrieved 30 June 2017. ^ "Portfolio of shareholdings - Bolloré". www.bollore.com. Archived from the original on 2016-06-24. Retrieved 2016-07-02. ^ Keslassy, Elsa (11 October 2016). "Vincent Bolloré Ups Stake, Voting Rights in Vivendi". Archived from the original on 22 November 2018. Retrieved 11 December 2017. ^ a b Angelina Rascouet (14 March 2019). "Billionaire Bollore Hands Reins of Empire to Son Cyrille". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 26 March 2019. Retrieved 26 March 2019. ^ "Move Over Velib, Autolib Is On Its Way". BikeRadar. 2008-06-30. Archived from the original on 2012-02-14. Retrieved 2012-06-14. ^ "EERE News: EERE Network News". Apps1.eere.energy.gov. Archived from the original on 2011-05-29. Retrieved 2012-06-14. ^ Archived October 5, 2008, at the Wayback Machine ^ Smith, Rebecca (2017-06-14). "Bluecity is expanding its electric car sharing service across London after successful Hammersmith and Fulham pilot". City A.M. Archived from the original on 2017-08-23. Retrieved 23 August 2017. ^ AVEM, Association (28 May 2015). "Deux Bluebus débarquent à Mulhouse". Archived from the original on 1 June 2015. Retrieved 1 June 2015. ^ "Paris suspends electric bus fleet after fires". 29 April 2022. Archived from the original on 7 May 2022. Retrieved 7 May 2022. ^ a b Liz Alderman (25 April 2018). "Vincent Bolloré, French Billionaire, Faces a Rare Corruption Inquiry". New York Times. Archived from the original on 26 March 2019. Retrieved 26 March 2019. ^ "SPECIAL REPORT: How Vincent Bolloré won control of Ghana's biggest port". www.africa-confidential.com. Archived from the original on 2021-03-31. Retrieved 2021-04-01. ^ "French CEO Bolloré questioned over west Africa corruption allegations". RFI. 2018-04-24. Archived from the original on 2021-05-06. Retrieved 2021-04-01. ^ "French tycoon Vincent Bolloré detained over suspected Africa corruption". France 24. 2018-04-24. Archived from the original on 2021-03-08. Retrieved 2021-04-01. ^ Ledy, Nephthali Messanh (2021-02-26). "Bolloré reconnaît avoir payé des dépenses de communication de Faure Gnassingbé". Financial Afrik (in French). Archived from the original on 2021-04-15. Retrieved 2021-04-01. ^ "How a French billionaire gained control of Ghana's largest port: report". Face2Face Africa. 2021-03-31. Archived from the original on 2021-03-31. Retrieved 2021-04-01. External links Bolloré Group Bolloré Logistics Bolloré Africa Logistics Archived 2016-05-26 at the Wayback Machine vte Automotive industry in France Economy of France Transport in France ManufacturersActive Aixam Auverland Automobiles Chatenet Bellier Bolloré Bugatti Mercedes-Benz Group Smart France De La Chapelle Delage Exagon Genty Ineos Automotive Iveco Bus Heuliez Bus Ligier Microcar Motobécane Nexter Navya SAS Norma Auto Concept PGO PVI Groupe Renault Alpine Renault Renault Trucks ACMAT Arquus Panhard Scorpa SECMA Stellantis Citroën DS Peugeot Toyota Motor Manufacturing France Y.O Concept Venturi Defunct Aerocarene ACMA ACOMA Amilcar Avions Voisin BNC Berliet Bellanger Bignan Delahaye Facel Vega Ford SAF Heuliez Hommell Hotchkiss Lorraine-Dietrich Lumeneo Marathon Matford Mathis Mia electric Monica Mors MPM Motors PSA Group Rosengart SAP Salmson Saviem SEAB Simca Matra René Bonnet Talbot Deutsch-Bonnet Talbot-Lago Venturi Components Electricfil Faurecia Michelin OPmobility Peugeot GTI Peugeot Sport Renault Sport Gordini Sodemo Moteurs Valeo Finance RCI Banque Museums Cité de l'Automobile Musée de l'Aventure Peugeot Musée Automobile Reims Champagne Renault Classic Related topics Organisation Internationale des Constructeurs d'Automobiles Paris Motor Show Rétromobile Euro NCAP 24 Hours of Le Mans French Grand Prix Autoroutes Category Commons vteSelected CAC Mid 60 companies of France (as of 5 November 2021) Aéroports de Paris Air France–KLM ALTEN Amundi Aperam Bic Bolloré Casino Guichard CGG CNP Assurances Coface Covivio Dassault Aviation DBV Technologies Derichebourg Eramet Eurazeo Europcar Eutelsat FDJ Fnac Darty GTT Icade Iliad Imerys Ipsen Ipsos JCDecaux Korian Lagardère Maisons du Monde Mercialys Métropole TV Neoen Nexans Nexity OPmobility Rémy Cointreau Rexel Rubis S.E.B. SCOR SES Soitec Sopra Steria SPIE Technip Energies TF1 Vallourec Valneva Virbac Wendel Authority control databases International VIAF Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[bɔlɔʁe]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"link_name":"Puteaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puteaux"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Vivendi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivendi"},{"link_name":"Euronext","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euronext"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Vincent Bolloré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_Bollor%C3%A9"}],"text":"Bolloré SE (French pronunciation: [bɔlɔʁe]) is a French conglomerate headquartered in Puteaux, on the western outskirts of Paris, France. Founded in 1822, the company has interests in Vivendi, international freight forwarding, oil storage and pipelines in France, solid state batteries, access control systems for buildings, palm oil and rubber in Asia and Africa, olive groves in the US and wine production in France.In 2004, the group ranked amongst the top 200 European companies. The company is listed on the Euronext exchange in Paris, but the Bolloré family retains majority control of the company through a complex and indirect holding structure.[1]The company is led by Cyrille Bolloré, the son of Vincent Bolloré.","title":"Bolloré"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ergué-Gabéric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergu%C3%A9-Gab%C3%A9ric"},{"link_name":"Quimper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quimper,_Finist%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"Brittany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittany"},{"link_name":"Gwenn-Aël Bolloré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwenn-A%C3%ABl_Bollor%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Papeteries Bolloré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Papeteries_Bollor%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Havas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havas"},{"link_name":"boardroom coup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boardroom_coup"},{"link_name":"CEO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CEO"},{"link_name":"who?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"Yannick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yannick_Bollor%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Direct 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_8"},{"link_name":"media planning and buying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_planning"},{"link_name":"Aegis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegis_Group_plc"},{"link_name":"Dentsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentsu"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Direct Matin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNews_(newspaper)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Bolloré Bluecar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollor%C3%A9_Bluecar"},{"link_name":"Autolib'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autolib%27"},{"link_name":"carsharing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carsharing"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Launch1-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AVEM0312-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Vivendi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivendi"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Gaumont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaumont_Film_Company"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The firm was founded in 1822, in Ergué-Gabéric, near Quimper, Brittany by Nicolas Le Marié (1797-1870), as a paper manufacturer named papeteries d'Odet. Beginning in 1863, it was directed by Jean-René Bolloré (1818–1881), a nephew by marriage who had obtained a medical doctorate in 1863.The firm remained owned by the Bolloré family. Gwenn-Aël Bolloré was vice-president of the Papeteries Bolloré from 1952 to 1974. In late 2004, the Bolloré group began taking an interest in the advertising sector, and started building a stake in Havas, becoming its single largest shareholder. In a boardroom coup, Alain de Pouzilhac was deposed as president and CEO on July 12, 2005. The Bolloré stake in Havas stood at 26%, and the group had 3 seats on the Havas board as of June 2006. Vincent Bolloré's[who?] son, Yannick, became Havas' Chairman and CEO after its previous CEO stepped down in January 2014.In 2005, Bolloré expanded its media interests by launching the television station Direct 8. The firm also began buying shares of the British media planning and buying group Aegis. Bolloré sold its 26% stake to Dentsu in 2012.[2]From 6 June 2006 to 22 December 2010,[3] Bolloré launched a free evening newspaper Direct Soir. Lack of readers and advertising revenues made the group focus on its other free newspaper, \"Direct Matin\", launched in February 2007.[4]Bolloré manufactures the Bolloré Bluecar, a small electric car, initially produced to showcase the company's range of electric power cells. The Bluecar was introduced in December 2011 as part of the Autolib' carsharing service in Paris.[5] Bluecar deliveries to retail customers began in March 2012.[6]In 2014, Bollore increased its stake in Havas from 36% to around 83% through a public exchange offer of new Bollore shares for Havas stock. The company said at the time it would like to hold onto a stake well in excess of 50%. In March 2015, Bollore sold a 22.5% stake in the media group for a price of around €600 million.[7]The next month, in April 2015, Bolloré raised its stake in media company Vivendi from 10.2% to 12.01% at a total cost of €568 million.[8] As of 2016, it owns 20% of Vivendi (30% voting power), 60% of Havas and 9% of Gaumont.[9][10]In December 2021, After refusing to comment on market “rumors” announcing its intention to sell its transport and logistics subsidiary in Africa, Bolloré Africa Logistics (BAL), the Bolloré group announced that it had received an offer from the giant Swiss MSC for this subsidiary in Africa.[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bollor%C3%A9_ports_in_West_Africa.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bollor%C3%A9_%C3%89nergie.JPG"},{"link_name":"palm oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_oil"},{"link_name":"Havas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havas"},{"link_name":"Yannick Bolloré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yannick_Bollor%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Vivendi SA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivendi_SA"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rascouet-11"},{"link_name":"Bolloré Telecom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bollor%C3%A9_Telecom&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"WiMAX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMAX"},{"link_name":"Cyrille Bolloré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cyrille_Bollor%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rascouet-11"}],"text":"Bolloré operates a network of ports along the West African coast.Bolloré ÉnergieThe Group's principal activities are as follows:Plastic Film & Special Papers: polypropylene film for capacitors and packaging, special papers and cigarette paper packs;\nEnergy Distribution: distribution of petroleum and coal products;\nSpecial Terminals: design, production, integration and distribution of intelligent systems and terminals for access control;\nPlantations: rubber and palm oil production in Africa and Asia\nMedia & Advertising: owns 60% of the media and communications company Havas, whose CEO—Yannick Bolloré—is also the chairman of Vivendi SA in which Bolloré SA holds a circa 25% stake.[1][11]\nTelecommunication: owns 90% of Bolloré Telecom, a French WiMAX operatorBolloré is 63% owned by Financière de l'Odet, the holding company controlled by the Bolloré family. Vincent Bolloré announced that his son, Cyrille Bolloré, would take over the CEO position of Bolloré after the April 15, 2019 shareholders meeting. This was done days before Vincent Bolloré himself \"was charged by French police in a bribery case relating to operations in Africa.\"[11]","title":"Operations"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Electric vehicles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"electric vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_vehicle"},{"link_name":"Dassault Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dassault_Group"},{"link_name":"Cleanova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleanova"},{"link_name":"Pininfarina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pininfarina"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"needs update","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"}],"sub_title":"AutoLib","text":"There are plans to integrate payment for the bike and car hire schemes with the ticketing systems for traditional modes of public transport. Two electric vehicle manufacturers are said to be in the frame to supply the cars: the Dassault Group and Bolloré. The former has a vehicle called the Cleanova, which employs the body of the Renault Kangoo van, while Bolloré's Bluecar has been developed with Italian styling house Pininfarina and is due to go on sale commercially in 2009.[12][needs update]","title":"Electric vehicles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pininfarina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pininfarina"},{"link_name":"Pininfarina B0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pininfarina_B0"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"needs update","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"}],"sub_title":"Pininfarina B0","text":"Pininfarina introduced its own electric vehicle concept, the Pininfarina B0 (\"B Zero\"). The four-seat hatchback features a solid-state lithium-polymer battery, supercapacitors, and a roof- integrated solar panel to achieve a range of 153 miles. Developed in partnership with the Bolloré Group, the vehicle was slated for limited production in 2009.[13][14][needs update]","title":"Electric vehicles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bolloré Bluecar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollor%C3%A9_Bluecar"},{"link_name":"Autolib'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autolib%27"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Autolib%27_Station,_Paris,_Boulevard_Diderot_02.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bolloré Bluecar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollor%C3%A9_Bluecar"},{"link_name":"Autolib'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autolib%27"},{"link_name":"carsharing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carsharing"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Launch1-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AVEM0312-6"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bollor%C3%A9&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Bluecar","text":"See also: Bolloré Bluecar and Autolib'Bolloré Bluecar charging at Autolib' Station on boulevard Diderot, ParisBolloré manufactures the Bolloré Bluecar, a small electric car, initially produce to showcase the company's range of electric power cells. The Bluecar was introduced in December 2011, as part of the Autolib' carsharing service in Paris.[5] Bluecar deliveries to retail customers began in March 2012.[6] Since 2017,[update] Bolloré's Bluecar is also used in the Bluecity London car sharing scheme.[15]","title":"Electric vehicles"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mivb_Bollor%C3%A9_Bluebus_SE,_Simonis,_lijn_13_naar_UZ-VUB.jpg"},{"link_name":"Brussels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels"},{"link_name":"Bluebus 22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bluebus_22&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mulhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulhouse"},{"link_name":"Haut-Rhin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haut-Rhin"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Bluebus SE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bluebus_SE&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"RATP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RATP_Group"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Bluebus","text":"A Bluebus SE in Brussels, Belgium.Bolloré Bluebus 22 is a 6-metre-long electric microbus with a capacity of 22 passengers. Two copies of this electric vehicle transportation arrived mid-April 2015 to Mulhouse, Haut-Rhin.[16]Bolloré Bluebus SE is a full-sized (12-metre) low-floor electric citybus that has been produced since 2015. Several Bluebus SE are in commercial use in Paris and in Brussels. In early 2022 RATP, the public traffic provider of Paris, suspended all 149 Bluebus 5SE after a series of busses catching fire.[17]","title":"Electric vehicles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hanergy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanergy"},{"link_name":"solar electric vehicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_electric_vehicle"}],"sub_title":"Solar vehicles","text":"Hanergy has teamed with Bollore Group to build solar electric vehicles.","title":"Electric vehicles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Alpha Condé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Cond%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Togan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo"},{"link_name":"Faure Gnassingbé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faure_Gnassingb%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Conakry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conakry"},{"link_name":"Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea"},{"link_name":"Lomé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lom%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-18"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"John Mahama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Mahama"},{"link_name":"Tema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tema"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"According to a 2018 New York Times report, the company's air, sea, and land transportation network constitutes a \"virtual stranglehold\" on West African transport.[18] Bolloré controls 18 ports along the western coast of the continent.[19]There are ongoing investigations into the role of drastically discounted Havas communications services accorded to Guinean candidate Alpha Condé and Togan president Faure Gnassingbé during their presidential campaigns in the awarding of key port concessions in Conakry, Guinea and Lomé, Togo to Bolloré SA.[18] After winning the election, Condé awarded a port-contract to Bolloré, terminating that of the competing Necotrans company. In a settlement, Bolloré paid €2 million to Necotrans without admitting guilt.[20][21]In January 2021 Vincent Bolloré and two other Bolloré executives pleaded guilty at a Paris court for supplying €370,000 worth of communication services to Gnassingbé.[22] A 2021 Ghanaian ministerial committee investigation concluded that Bolloré secured an under the table deal with the John Mahama administration for building a new container terminal at Tema with terms strongly favouring the company at the expense of the Ghanaian government.[23]","title":"Controversies"}]	[{"image_text":"Bolloré operates a network of ports along the West African coast.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Bollor%C3%A9_ports_in_West_Africa.jpg/220px-Bollor%C3%A9_ports_in_West_Africa.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bolloré Énergie","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Bollor%C3%A9_%C3%89nergie.JPG/220px-Bollor%C3%A9_%C3%89nergie.JPG"},{"image_text":"Bolloré Bluecar charging at Autolib' Station on boulevard Diderot, Paris","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Autolib%27_Station%2C_Paris%2C_Boulevard_Diderot_02.jpg/220px-Autolib%27_Station%2C_Paris%2C_Boulevard_Diderot_02.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Bluebus SE in Brussels, Belgium.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Mivb_Bollor%C3%A9_Bluebus_SE%2C_Simonis%2C_lijn_13_naar_UZ-VUB.jpg/220px-Mivb_Bollor%C3%A9_Bluebus_SE%2C_Simonis%2C_lijn_13_naar_UZ-VUB.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Assessing Vincent Bolloré\". The Economist. 2019-05-30. ISSN 0013-0613. Archived from the original on 2020-12-06. Retrieved 2021-04-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.economist.com/business/2019/05/30/assessing-vincent-bollore","url_text":"\"Assessing Vincent Bolloré\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0613","url_text":"0013-0613"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201206190637/https://www.economist.com/business/2019/05/30/assessing-vincent-bollore","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Bollore agrees to sell Aegis stake to Dentsu\". Reuters. 2012-07-02. Archived from the original on 2017-01-07. Retrieved 2017-06-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/dentsu-aegis-bollore-idUSWEA645620120712","url_text":"\"Bollore agrees to sell Aegis stake to Dentsu\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170107095808/http://www.reuters.com/article/dentsu-aegis-bollore-idUSWEA645620120712","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Debouté, Alexandre (10 January 2012). \"La pub a progressé de 4,4 % dans la presse en 2011\". Le Figaro. Archived from the original on 17 June 2013. Retrieved 14 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lefigaro.fr/medias/2012/01/10/04002-20120110ARTFIG00390-la-pub-a-progresse-de-44-dans-la-presse-en-2011.php","url_text":"\"La pub a progressé de 4,4 % dans la presse en 2011\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Figaro","url_text":"Le Figaro"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130617072103/http://www.lefigaro.fr/medias/2012/01/10/04002-20120110ARTFIG00390-la-pub-a-progresse-de-44-dans-la-presse-en-2011.php","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Soulas, Delphine (14 March 2013). \"Dossier presse gratuite\". Stratégies. Archived from the original on 19 October 2014. Retrieved 14 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.strategies.fr/etudes-tendances/dossiers/208421/207838W/presse-gratuite.html","url_text":"\"Dossier presse gratuite\""},{"url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strat%C3%A9gies","url_text":"Stratégies"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141019050312/http://www.strategies.fr/etudes-tendances/dossiers/208421/207838W/presse-gratuite.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Richard Lord (2011-12-05). \"Autolib' electric car sharing service launches in Paris, France\". Sustainable Guernsey. Archived from the original on 2012-01-24. Retrieved 2011-12-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sustainableguernsey.info/blog/2011/12/autolib-electric-car-sharing-service-launches-in-paris-france/","url_text":"\"Autolib' electric car sharing service launches in Paris, France\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120124030650/http://www.sustainableguernsey.info/blog/2011/12/autolib-electric-car-sharing-service-launches-in-paris-france/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Michaël Torregrossa (2012-03-07). \"Bolloré Bluecar – 1000 immatriculations pour Autolib' et début des livraisons pour les particuliers\" [Bolloré Bluecar – 1000 cars registered for Autolib’ and deliveries to individuals begin] (in French). AVEM. Retrieved 2012-03-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.avem.fr/news?id=2995","url_text":"\"Bolloré Bluecar – 1000 immatriculations pour Autolib' et début des livraisons pour les particuliers\""}]},{"reference":"Callus, Andrew (26 March 2015). \"Bollore sells 22.5 percent Havas stake for $662 million\". Reuters. Archived from the original on 15 November 2015. Retrieved 30 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-havas-bollore-stake-idUSKBN0ML22F20150326","url_text":"\"Bollore sells 22.5 percent Havas stake for $662 million\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151115193107/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/03/26/us-havas-bollore-stake-idUSKBN0ML22F20150326","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Bollore raises Vivendi stake again as AGM battle looms\". Reuters. 2 April 2015. Archived from the original on 6 October 2015. Retrieved 30 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-bollore-vivendi-idUSKBN0MT0OO20150402","url_text":"\"Bollore raises Vivendi stake again as AGM battle looms\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151006152258/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/04/02/us-bollore-vivendi-idUSKBN0MT0OO20150402","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Portfolio of shareholdings - Bolloré\". www.bollore.com. Archived from the original on 2016-06-24. Retrieved 2016-07-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160624184506/http://www.bollore.com/en-us/activities/portfolio-of-shareholdings","url_text":"\"Portfolio of shareholdings - Bolloré\""},{"url":"http://www.bollore.com/en-us/activities/portfolio-of-shareholdings","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Keslassy, Elsa (11 October 2016). \"Vincent Bolloré Ups Stake, Voting Rights in Vivendi\". Archived from the original on 22 November 2018. Retrieved 11 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2016/digital/global/vincent-bollore-ups-stake-voting-rights-in-vivendi-1201885211/","url_text":"\"Vincent Bolloré Ups Stake, Voting Rights in Vivendi\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181122005426/https://variety.com/2016/digital/global/vincent-bollore-ups-stake-voting-rights-in-vivendi-1201885211/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Angelina Rascouet (14 March 2019). \"Billionaire Bollore Hands Reins of Empire to Son Cyrille\". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 26 March 2019. Retrieved 26 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-03-14/billionaire-bollore-hands-over-reins-of-empire-to-son-cyrille","url_text":"\"Billionaire Bollore Hands Reins of Empire to Son Cyrille\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190326204410/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-03-14/billionaire-bollore-hands-over-reins-of-empire-to-son-cyrille","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Move Over Velib, Autolib Is On Its Way\". BikeRadar. 2008-06-30. Archived from the original on 2012-02-14. Retrieved 2012-06-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120214051903/http://www.bikeradar.com/news/article/move-over-velib-autolib-is-on-its-way-17274/","url_text":"\"Move Over Velib, Autolib Is On Its Way\""},{"url":"http://www.bikeradar.com/news/article/move-over-velib-autolib-is-on-its-way-17274","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"EERE News: EERE Network News\". Apps1.eere.energy.gov. Archived from the original on 2011-05-29. Retrieved 2012-06-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110529013518/http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/news/enn.cfm#id_12040","url_text":"\"EERE News: EERE Network News\""},{"url":"http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/news/enn.cfm#id_12040","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Rebecca (2017-06-14). \"Bluecity is expanding its electric car sharing service across London after successful Hammersmith and Fulham pilot\". City A.M. Archived from the original on 2017-08-23. Retrieved 23 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170823204919/http://www.cityam.com/266620/bluecity-expanding-its-electric-car-sharing-service-across","url_text":"\"Bluecity is expanding its electric car sharing service across London after successful Hammersmith and Fulham pilot\""},{"url":"http://www.cityam.com/266620/bluecity-expanding-its-electric-car-sharing-service-across","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"AVEM, Association (28 May 2015). \"Deux Bluebus débarquent à Mulhouse\". Archived from the original on 1 June 2015. Retrieved 1 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.avem.fr/actualite-deux-bluebus-debarquent-a-mulhouse-5689.html","url_text":"\"Deux Bluebus débarquent à Mulhouse\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150601005225/http://www.avem.fr/actualite-deux-bluebus-debarquent-a-mulhouse-5689.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Paris suspends electric bus fleet after fires\". 29 April 2022. Archived from the original on 7 May 2022. Retrieved 7 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20220429-paris-suspends-electric-bus-fleet-after-fires","url_text":"\"Paris suspends electric bus fleet after fires\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220507163246/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20220429-paris-suspends-electric-bus-fleet-after-fires","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Liz Alderman (25 April 2018). \"Vincent Bolloré, French Billionaire, Faces a Rare Corruption Inquiry\". New York Times. Archived from the original on 26 March 2019. Retrieved 26 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/25/business/vincent-bollore-french-billionaire-corruption-inquiry.html","url_text":"\"Vincent Bolloré, French Billionaire, Faces a Rare Corruption Inquiry\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190326212018/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/25/business/vincent-bollore-french-billionaire-corruption-inquiry.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"SPECIAL REPORT: How Vincent Bolloré won control of Ghana's biggest port\". www.africa-confidential.com. Archived from the original on 2021-03-31. Retrieved 2021-04-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.africa-confidential.com/article/id/13322/SPECIAL_REPORT_How_Vincent_Bollor%C3%A9_won_control_of_Ghana%E2%80%99s_biggest_port","url_text":"\"SPECIAL REPORT: How Vincent Bolloré won control of Ghana's biggest port\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210331172930/https://www.africa-confidential.com/article/id/13322/SPECIAL_REPORT_How_Vincent_Bollor%C3%A9_won_control_of_Ghana%E2%80%99s_biggest_port","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"French CEO Bolloré questioned over west Africa corruption allegations\". RFI. 2018-04-24. Archived from the original on 2021-05-06. Retrieved 2021-04-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rfi.fr/en/20180424-bollore-questioned-corruption-togo-guinea","url_text":"\"French CEO Bolloré questioned over west Africa corruption allegations\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210506210659/https://www.rfi.fr/en/20180424-bollore-questioned-corruption-togo-guinea","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"French tycoon Vincent Bolloré detained over suspected Africa corruption\". France 24. 2018-04-24. Archived from the original on 2021-03-08. Retrieved 2021-04-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.france24.com/en/20180424-france-business-africa-tycoon-bollore-togo-guinea-conakry-held-suspected-corruption","url_text":"\"French tycoon Vincent Bolloré detained over suspected Africa corruption\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210308085904/https://www.france24.com/en/20180424-france-business-africa-tycoon-bollore-togo-guinea-conakry-held-suspected-corruption","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ledy, Nephthali Messanh (2021-02-26). \"Bolloré reconnaît avoir payé des dépenses de communication de Faure Gnassingbé\". Financial Afrik (in French). Archived from the original on 2021-04-15. Retrieved 2021-04-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.financialafrik.com/2021/02/26/bollore-reconnait-avoir-paye-des-depenses-de-communication-de-faure-gnassingbe/","url_text":"\"Bolloré reconnaît avoir payé des dépenses de communication de Faure Gnassingbé\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210415030515/https://www.financialafrik.com/2021/02/26/bollore-reconnait-avoir-paye-des-depenses-de-communication-de-faure-gnassingbe/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"How a French billionaire gained control of Ghana's largest port: report\". Face2Face Africa. 2021-03-31. Archived from the original on 2021-03-31. Retrieved 2021-04-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://face2faceafrica.com/article/how-a-french-billionaire-gained-control-of-ghanas-largest-port-report","url_text":"\"How a French billionaire gained control of Ghana's largest port: report\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210331202531/https://face2faceafrica.com/article/how-a-french-billionaire-gained-control-of-ghanas-largest-port-report","url_text":"Archived"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://euronext.com/products/equities/FR0000039299-XPAR","external_links_name":"BOL"},{"Link":"http://www.bollore.com/en","external_links_name":"bollore.com"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bollor%C3%A9&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://www.economist.com/business/2019/05/30/assessing-vincent-bollore","external_links_name":"\"Assessing Vincent Bolloré\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0613","external_links_name":"0013-0613"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201206190637/https://www.economist.com/business/2019/05/30/assessing-vincent-bollore","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/dentsu-aegis-bollore-idUSWEA645620120712","external_links_name":"\"Bollore agrees to sell Aegis stake to Dentsu\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170107095808/http://www.reuters.com/article/dentsu-aegis-bollore-idUSWEA645620120712","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.lefigaro.fr/medias/2012/01/10/04002-20120110ARTFIG00390-la-pub-a-progresse-de-44-dans-la-presse-en-2011.php","external_links_name":"\"La pub a progressé de 4,4 % dans la presse en 2011\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130617072103/http://www.lefigaro.fr/medias/2012/01/10/04002-20120110ARTFIG00390-la-pub-a-progresse-de-44-dans-la-presse-en-2011.php","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.strategies.fr/etudes-tendances/dossiers/208421/207838W/presse-gratuite.html","external_links_name":"\"Dossier presse gratuite\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141019050312/http://www.strategies.fr/etudes-tendances/dossiers/208421/207838W/presse-gratuite.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.sustainableguernsey.info/blog/2011/12/autolib-electric-car-sharing-service-launches-in-paris-france/","external_links_name":"\"Autolib' electric car sharing service launches in Paris, France\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120124030650/http://www.sustainableguernsey.info/blog/2011/12/autolib-electric-car-sharing-service-launches-in-paris-france/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.avem.fr/news?id=2995","external_links_name":"\"Bolloré Bluecar – 1000 immatriculations pour Autolib' et début des livraisons pour les particuliers\""},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-havas-bollore-stake-idUSKBN0ML22F20150326","external_links_name":"\"Bollore sells 22.5 percent Havas stake for $662 million\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151115193107/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/03/26/us-havas-bollore-stake-idUSKBN0ML22F20150326","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-bollore-vivendi-idUSKBN0MT0OO20150402","external_links_name":"\"Bollore raises Vivendi stake again as AGM battle looms\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151006152258/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/04/02/us-bollore-vivendi-idUSKBN0MT0OO20150402","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160624184506/http://www.bollore.com/en-us/activities/portfolio-of-shareholdings","external_links_name":"\"Portfolio of shareholdings - Bolloré\""},{"Link":"http://www.bollore.com/en-us/activities/portfolio-of-shareholdings","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://variety.com/2016/digital/global/vincent-bollore-ups-stake-voting-rights-in-vivendi-1201885211/","external_links_name":"\"Vincent Bolloré Ups Stake, Voting Rights in Vivendi\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181122005426/https://variety.com/2016/digital/global/vincent-bollore-ups-stake-voting-rights-in-vivendi-1201885211/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-03-14/billionaire-bollore-hands-over-reins-of-empire-to-son-cyrille","external_links_name":"\"Billionaire Bollore Hands Reins of Empire to Son Cyrille\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190326204410/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-03-14/billionaire-bollore-hands-over-reins-of-empire-to-son-cyrille","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120214051903/http://www.bikeradar.com/news/article/move-over-velib-autolib-is-on-its-way-17274/","external_links_name":"\"Move Over Velib, Autolib Is On Its Way\""},{"Link":"http://www.bikeradar.com/news/article/move-over-velib-autolib-is-on-its-way-17274","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110529013518/http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/news/enn.cfm#id_12040","external_links_name":"\"EERE News: EERE Network News\""},{"Link":"http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/news/enn.cfm#id_12040","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.pininfarina.com/index/storiaModelli/B0.html","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081005071729/http://www.pininfarina.com/index/storiaModelli/B0.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170823204919/http://www.cityam.com/266620/bluecity-expanding-its-electric-car-sharing-service-across","external_links_name":"\"Bluecity is expanding its electric car sharing service across London after successful Hammersmith and Fulham pilot\""},{"Link":"http://www.cityam.com/266620/bluecity-expanding-its-electric-car-sharing-service-across","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.avem.fr/actualite-deux-bluebus-debarquent-a-mulhouse-5689.html","external_links_name":"\"Deux Bluebus débarquent à Mulhouse\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150601005225/http://www.avem.fr/actualite-deux-bluebus-debarquent-a-mulhouse-5689.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20220429-paris-suspends-electric-bus-fleet-after-fires","external_links_name":"\"Paris suspends electric bus fleet after fires\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220507163246/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20220429-paris-suspends-electric-bus-fleet-after-fires","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/25/business/vincent-bollore-french-billionaire-corruption-inquiry.html","external_links_name":"\"Vincent Bolloré, French Billionaire, Faces a Rare Corruption Inquiry\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190326212018/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/25/business/vincent-bollore-french-billionaire-corruption-inquiry.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.africa-confidential.com/article/id/13322/SPECIAL_REPORT_How_Vincent_Bollor%C3%A9_won_control_of_Ghana%E2%80%99s_biggest_port","external_links_name":"\"SPECIAL REPORT: How Vincent Bolloré won control of Ghana's biggest port\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210331172930/https://www.africa-confidential.com/article/id/13322/SPECIAL_REPORT_How_Vincent_Bollor%C3%A9_won_control_of_Ghana%E2%80%99s_biggest_port","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.rfi.fr/en/20180424-bollore-questioned-corruption-togo-guinea","external_links_name":"\"French CEO Bolloré questioned over west Africa corruption allegations\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210506210659/https://www.rfi.fr/en/20180424-bollore-questioned-corruption-togo-guinea","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.france24.com/en/20180424-france-business-africa-tycoon-bollore-togo-guinea-conakry-held-suspected-corruption","external_links_name":"\"French tycoon Vincent Bolloré detained over suspected Africa corruption\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210308085904/https://www.france24.com/en/20180424-france-business-africa-tycoon-bollore-togo-guinea-conakry-held-suspected-corruption","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.financialafrik.com/2021/02/26/bollore-reconnait-avoir-paye-des-depenses-de-communication-de-faure-gnassingbe/","external_links_name":"\"Bolloré reconnaît avoir payé des dépenses de communication de Faure Gnassingbé\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210415030515/https://www.financialafrik.com/2021/02/26/bollore-reconnait-avoir-paye-des-depenses-de-communication-de-faure-gnassingbe/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://face2faceafrica.com/article/how-a-french-billionaire-gained-control-of-ghanas-largest-port-report","external_links_name":"\"How a French billionaire gained control of Ghana's largest port: report\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210331202531/https://face2faceafrica.com/article/how-a-french-billionaire-gained-control-of-ghanas-largest-port-report","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.bollore.com/","external_links_name":"Bolloré Group"},{"Link":"http://www.bollore-logistics.com/","external_links_name":"Bolloré Logistics"},{"Link":"http://www.bollore-africa-logistics.com/","external_links_name":"Bolloré Africa Logistics"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160526191013/http://www.bollore-africa-logistics.com/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/211835914","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/057694311","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Gehringer	Chris Gehringer	["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Awards and nominations","4 Notable works","5 References"]	American mastering engineer (born 1962) This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Chris Gehringer" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Chris GehringerGehringer in 2023Background informationBorn (1962-05-27) May 27, 1962 (age 62)Teaneck, New Jersey, U.S.Occupation(s)Mastering engineerWebsitesterling-sound.com/engineers/chris-gehringer/Musical artist Chris Gehringer (born May 27, 1962) is an American mastering engineer at Sterling Sound in New Jersey. Gehringer is known for having mastered recordings by popular artists such as AJR, Dua Lipa, Drake, Ed Sheeran, Gwen Stefani, Harry Styles, Lady Gaga, Rihanna, Selena Gomez, Twenty One Pilots, Lana Del Rey, Lil Nas X, Lizzo, and many others. Works engineered by Gehringer span many genres such as pop, R&B, hip hop, and dance. Early life Gehringer was born in Teaneck, New Jersey and raised in Bergen County. After graduating from Pascack Hills High School in Montvale, New Jersey, he attended the Institute of Audio Research. Career Gehringer’s first job in the music industry was at Greene Street Recording. From there, he went on to work as a cutting assistant at Trutone Records. In 1985, Gehringer joined Tom Coyne and Herbie Powers at Frankford-Wayne Mastering and mastered primarily dance and R&B records throughout the 1980s. In 1988, he moved to the Hit Factory, where he worked for twelve years. During his time there, he witnessed the golden age of hip hop, mastering landmark releases by artists such as Naughty By Nature, Mobb Deep, Wu Tang Clan, and PM Dawn. In 1999, Gehringer joined Sterling Sound as a senior mastering engineer. Gehringer received his first Grammy Awards nominations in 2012 in the category of Album of the Year. He was nominated both for his work on Rihanna’s Loud and for his work on Lady Gaga’s Born This Way. Since then, he has been nominated for 20 Grammys and 7 Latin Grammys. In 2022, he won Latin Grammy Awards for Best Engineered Album and Album of the Year for his mastering work on Rosalía's album Motomami. In 2016, he became an official partner of Sterling Sound. Awards and nominations Grammy Awards Year Nominee / work Award Result 2012 Loud Album of the Year Nominated Born This Way Nominated 2013 Some Nights Nominated "Stronger (What Doesn't Kill You)" Record of the Year Nominated "We Are Young" Nominated 2014 "Blurred Lines" Nominated 2016 "Work" Nominated "Stressed Out" Nominated 2019 Dirty Computer Album of the Year Nominated Head Over Heels Best Engineered Album, Non-Classical Nominated 2020 "Truth Hurts" Record of the Year Nominated Norman Fucking Rockwell! Album of the Year Nominated Cuz I Love You Nominated 2021 Future Nostalgia Nominated "Don't Start Now" Record of the Year Nominated 2022 "Montero (Call Me by Your Name)" Nominated Montero Album of the Year Nominated 2024 World Music Radio Nominated "Worship" Record of the Year Nominated Desire, I Want to Turn Into You Best Engineered Album, Non-Classical Nominated Latin Grammy Awards Year Nominee / work Award Result 2008 Eternamiente Best Rock Album by a Duo or Group with Vocal Won 2012 Peligro Album of the Year Nominated 2017 Felices los 4 Record of the Year Nominated 2022 La Fama Nominated Motomami Best Engineered Album Won Album of the Year Won 2023 Despechá Record of the Year Nominated TEC Awards Year Nominee / work Award Result 2011 "F***k You" Record Production/Single Nominated Notable works As adapted from the Career Highlights section of Gehringer's official web page. Naughty by Nature, by Naughty by Nature, 1991 Boomerang: Original Soundtrack Album, by various artists, 1992 Enter the Wu-Tang (36 Chambers), by Wu-Tang Clan, 1993 "Thug Love", by 50 Cent, 1999 Hot Shot, by Shaggy, 2000 Stillmatic, by Nas, 2001 We Sing. We Dance. We Steal Things. by Jason Mraz, 2008 Thank Me Later, by Drake, 2010 Loud, by Rihanna, 2010 Born This Way, by Lady Gaga, 2011 Unapologetic, by Rihanna, 2012 Blurryface, by Twenty One Pilots, 2015 "Be Careful", by Cardi B, 2016 Anti, by Rihanna, 2016 Harry Styles, by Harry Styles, 2017 Masseduction, by St. Vincent, 2017 Good Thing, by Leon Bridges, 2018 Head over Heels, by Chromeo, 2018 Dirty Computer, by Janelle Monáe, 2018 Cuz I Love You, by Lizzo, 2018 Trench by Twenty One Pilots, 2018 Norman Fucking Rockwell!, by Lana Del Rey, 2019 Future Nostalgia, by Dua Lipa, 2019 Glow On, by Turnstile, 2020 "Heat Waves", by Glass Animals, 2021 Scaled and Icy by Twenty One Pilots, 2021 5SOS5, by 5 Seconds of Summer, 2022 "I Ain't Worried", by OneRepublic, 2022 Dance Fever, by Florence and the Machine, 2022 Motomami, by Rosalia, 2022 "Single Soon", by Selena Gomez, 2023 World Music Radio, by Jon Batiste, 2023 Snow Angel, by Reneé Rapp, 2023 So Much (for) Stardust, by Fall Out Boy, 2023 Desire, I Want to Turn Into You, by Caroline Polachek, 2023 References ^ "Chris Gehringer". themanifesto.co. ^ a b c Gehringer, Chris. "Masters Behind the Mix". Atlantic Records via internet archive. Archived from the original on 2016-04-29. Retrieved 12 March 2017. ^ "Sterling Sound Discography \| Discogs". Discogs. ^ Gehringer, Chris. "Engineers". Sterling Sound. ^ Chris, Gehringer. "Chris Gehringer". Sound on Sound. Retrieved 12 March 2017. ^ "Chris Gehringer \| Artist \| GRAMMY.com". www.grammy.com. Retrieved 2024-01-25. ^ "Chris Gehringer \| Artist \| GRAMMY.com". www.latingrammy.com. Retrieved 2024-01-26. ^ Gehringer, Chris. "nominations". legacy.tecawards. ^ "Chris Gehringer \| MASTERING ENGINEER". STERLING SOUND. Retrieved 2023-12-27. Authority control databases: Artists Grammy Awards MusicBrainz	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mastering engineer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastering_engineer"},{"link_name":"Sterling Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterling_Sound"},{"link_name":"AJR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AJR"},{"link_name":"Dua Lipa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dua_Lipa"},{"link_name":"Drake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drake_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Ed Sheeran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Sheeran"},{"link_name":"Gwen Stefani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwen_Stefani"},{"link_name":"Harry Styles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Styles"},{"link_name":"Lady Gaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Gaga"},{"link_name":"Rihanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rihanna"},{"link_name":"Selena Gomez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selena_Gomez"},{"link_name":"Twenty One Pilots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty_One_Pilots"},{"link_name":"Lana Del Rey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lana_Del_Rey"},{"link_name":"Lil Nas X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lil_Nas_X"},{"link_name":"Lizzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizzo"}],"text":"Musical artistChris Gehringer (born May 27, 1962) is an American mastering engineer at Sterling Sound in New Jersey.Gehringer is known for having mastered recordings by popular artists such as AJR, Dua Lipa, Drake, Ed Sheeran, Gwen Stefani, Harry Styles, Lady Gaga, Rihanna, Selena Gomez, Twenty One Pilots, Lana Del Rey, Lil Nas X, Lizzo, and many others. Works engineered by Gehringer span many genres such as pop, R&B, hip hop, and dance.","title":"Chris Gehringer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Teaneck, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teaneck,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Bergen County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergen_County,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Pascack Hills High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascack_Hills_High_School"},{"link_name":"Montvale, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montvale,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Institute of Audio Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Audio_Research"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Gehringer was born in Teaneck, New Jersey and raised in Bergen County. After graduating from Pascack Hills High School in Montvale, New Jersey, he attended the Institute of Audio Research.[1]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-2"},{"link_name":"dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_music"},{"link_name":"R&B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_R%26B"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-2"},{"link_name":"Hit Factory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hit_Factory"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-2"},{"link_name":"golden age of hip hop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_age_hip_hop"},{"link_name":"Naughty By Nature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naughty_By_Nature"},{"link_name":"Mobb Deep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobb_Deep"},{"link_name":"Wu Tang Clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu_Tang_Clan"},{"link_name":"PM Dawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PM_Dawn"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Grammy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Album of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Album_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"Rihanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rihanna"},{"link_name":"Loud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loud_(Rihanna_album)"},{"link_name":"Lady Gaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Gaga"},{"link_name":"Born This Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Born_This_Way_(album)"},{"link_name":"Grammys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Latin Grammys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Grammy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Latin Grammy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Grammy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Best Engineered Album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Grammy_Award_for_Best_Engineered_Album"},{"link_name":"Album of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Grammy_Award_for_Album_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"Rosalía","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosal%C3%ADa"},{"link_name":"Motomami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motomami"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Gehringer’s first job in the music industry was at Greene Street Recording. From there, he went on to work as a cutting assistant at Trutone Records.[2]In 1985, Gehringer joined Tom Coyne and Herbie Powers at Frankford-Wayne Mastering and mastered primarily dance and R&B records throughout the 1980s.[2]In 1988, he moved to the Hit Factory, where he worked for twelve years.[2] During his time there, he witnessed the golden age of hip hop, mastering landmark releases by artists such as Naughty By Nature, Mobb Deep, Wu Tang Clan, and PM Dawn.In 1999, Gehringer joined Sterling Sound as a senior mastering engineer.[3]Gehringer received his first Grammy Awards nominations in 2012 in the category of Album of the Year. He was nominated both for his work on Rihanna’s Loud and for his work on Lady Gaga’s Born This Way. Since then, he has been nominated for 20 Grammys and 7 Latin Grammys. In 2022, he won Latin Grammy Awards for Best Engineered Album and Album of the Year for his mastering work on Rosalía's album Motomami.In 2016, he became an official partner of Sterling Sound.[4][5]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Grammy Awards[6]Latin Grammy Awards[7]TEC Awards","title":"Awards and nominations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Naughty by Nature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naughty_by_Nature_(album)"},{"link_name":"Naughty by Nature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naughty_by_Nature"},{"link_name":"Boomerang: Original Soundtrack Album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boomerang:_Original_Soundtrack_Album"},{"link_name":"Enter the Wu-Tang (36 Chambers)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enter_the_Wu-Tang_(36_Chambers)"},{"link_name":"Wu-Tang Clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu-Tang_Clan"},{"link_name":"Thug Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thug_Love_(song)"},{"link_name":"50 Cent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/50_Cent"},{"link_name":"Hot Shot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Shot_(Shaggy_album)"},{"link_name":"Shaggy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaggy_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Stillmatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stillmatic"},{"link_name":"Nas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nas"},{"link_name":"We Sing. We Dance. We Steal Things.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Sing._We_Dance._We_Steal_Things."},{"link_name":"Jason Mraz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Mraz"},{"link_name":"Thank Me Later","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thank_Me_Later"},{"link_name":"Drake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drake_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Loud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loud_(Rihanna_album)"},{"link_name":"Rihanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rihanna"},{"link_name":"Born This Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Born_This_Way_(album)"},{"link_name":"Lady Gaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Gaga"},{"link_name":"Unapologetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unapologetic"},{"link_name":"Blurryface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blurryface"},{"link_name":"Twenty One Pilots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty_One_Pilots"},{"link_name":"Be Careful","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be_Careful_(Cardi_B_song)"},{"link_name":"Cardi B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardi_B"},{"link_name":"Anti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti_(album)"},{"link_name":"Harry Styles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Styles_(album)"},{"link_name":"Harry Styles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Styles"},{"link_name":"Masseduction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masseduction"},{"link_name":"St. Vincent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Vincent_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Good Thing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Thing_(Leon_Bridges_album)"},{"link_name":"Leon Bridges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Bridges"},{"link_name":"Head over Heels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_over_Heels_(Chromeo_album)"},{"link_name":"Chromeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromeo"},{"link_name":"Dirty Computer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirty_Computer"},{"link_name":"Janelle Monáe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janelle_Mon%C3%A1e"},{"link_name":"Cuz I Love You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuz_I_Love_You"},{"link_name":"Lizzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizzo"},{"link_name":"Trench","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trench_(album)"},{"link_name":"Twenty One Pilots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty_One_Pilots"},{"link_name":"Norman Fucking Rockwell!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Fucking_Rockwell!"},{"link_name":"Lana Del Rey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lana_Del_Rey"},{"link_name":"Future Nostalgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_Nostalgia"},{"link_name":"Dua Lipa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dua_Lipa"},{"link_name":"Glow On","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glow_On"},{"link_name":"Turnstile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turnstile_(band)"},{"link_name":"Heat Waves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_Waves"},{"link_name":"Glass Animals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass_Animals"},{"link_name":"Scaled and Icy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scaled_and_Icy"},{"link_name":"Twenty One Pilots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty_One_Pilots"},{"link_name":"5SOS5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5SOS5"},{"link_name":"5 Seconds of Summer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5_Seconds_of_Summer"},{"link_name":"I Ain't Worried","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Ain%27t_Worried"},{"link_name":"OneRepublic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OneRepublic"},{"link_name":"Dance Fever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_Fever_(album)"},{"link_name":"Florence and the Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence_and_the_Machine"},{"link_name":"Motomami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motomami"},{"link_name":"Rosalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosal%C3%ADa"},{"link_name":"Single Soon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Soon"},{"link_name":"Selena Gomez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selena_Gomez"},{"link_name":"World Music Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Music_Radio"},{"link_name":"Jon Batiste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Batiste"},{"link_name":"Snow Angel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_Angel"},{"link_name":"Reneé Rapp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rene%C3%A9_Rapp"},{"link_name":"So Much (for) Stardust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/So_Much_(for)_Stardust"},{"link_name":"Fall Out Boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_Out_Boy"},{"link_name":"Desire, I Want to Turn Into You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desire,_I_Want_to_Turn_Into_You"},{"link_name":"Caroline Polachek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline_Polachek"}],"text":"As adapted from the Career Highlights section of Gehringer's official web page.[9]Naughty by Nature, by Naughty by Nature, 1991\nBoomerang: Original Soundtrack Album, by various artists, 1992\nEnter the Wu-Tang (36 Chambers), by Wu-Tang Clan, 1993\n\"Thug Love\", by 50 Cent, 1999\nHot Shot, by Shaggy, 2000\nStillmatic, by Nas, 2001\nWe Sing. We Dance. We Steal Things. by Jason Mraz, 2008\nThank Me Later, by Drake, 2010\nLoud, by Rihanna, 2010\nBorn This Way, by Lady Gaga, 2011\nUnapologetic, by Rihanna, 2012\nBlurryface, by Twenty One Pilots, 2015\n\"Be Careful\", by Cardi B, 2016\nAnti, by Rihanna, 2016\nHarry Styles, by Harry Styles, 2017\nMasseduction, by St. Vincent, 2017\nGood Thing, by Leon Bridges, 2018\nHead over Heels, by Chromeo, 2018\nDirty Computer, by Janelle Monáe, 2018\nCuz I Love You, by Lizzo, 2018\nTrench by Twenty One Pilots, 2018\nNorman Fucking Rockwell!, by Lana Del Rey, 2019\nFuture Nostalgia, by Dua Lipa, 2019\nGlow On, by Turnstile, 2020\n\"Heat Waves\", by Glass Animals, 2021\nScaled and Icy by Twenty One Pilots, 2021\n5SOS5, by 5 Seconds of Summer, 2022\n\"I Ain't Worried\", by OneRepublic, 2022\nDance Fever, by Florence and the Machine, 2022\nMotomami, by Rosalia, 2022\n\"Single Soon\", by Selena Gomez, 2023\nWorld Music Radio, by Jon Batiste, 2023\nSnow Angel, by Reneé Rapp, 2023\nSo Much (for) Stardust, by Fall Out Boy, 2023\nDesire, I Want to Turn Into You, by Caroline Polachek, 2023","title":"Notable works"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Chris Gehringer\". themanifesto.co.","urls":[{"url":"https://themanifesto.co/tm-professional-index/2015/chris-gehringer","url_text":"\"Chris Gehringer\""}]},{"reference":"Gehringer, Chris. \"Masters Behind the Mix\". Atlantic Records via internet archive. Archived from the original on 2016-04-29. Retrieved 12 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160429084046/http://www.atlanticrecords.com/posts/masters-behind-mix-behind-scenes-glimpse-music-making-mastering-engineer-chris-gehringer-22031","url_text":"\"Masters Behind the Mix\""},{"url":"http://www.atlanticrecords.com/posts/masters-behind-mix-behind-scenes-glimpse-music-making-mastering-engineer-chris-gehringer-22031","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Sterling Sound Discography \| Discogs\". Discogs.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.discogs.com/label/264060-Sterling-Sound","url_text":"\"Sterling Sound Discography \| Discogs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discogs","url_text":"Discogs"}]},{"reference":"Gehringer, Chris. \"Engineers\". Sterling Sound.","urls":[{"url":"http://sterling-sound.com/engineers/chris-gehringer/#biography","url_text":"\"Engineers\""}]},{"reference":"Chris, Gehringer. \"Chris Gehringer\". Sound on Sound. Retrieved 12 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/jun03/articles/chrisgehringer.asp","url_text":"\"Chris Gehringer\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chris Gehringer \| Artist \| GRAMMY.com\". www.grammy.com. Retrieved 2024-01-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.grammy.com/artists/chris-gehringer/2784","url_text":"\"Chris Gehringer \| Artist \| GRAMMY.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chris Gehringer \| Artist \| GRAMMY.com\". www.latingrammy.com. Retrieved 2024-01-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latingrammy.com/en/artists/chris-gehringer/20468-01","url_text":"\"Chris Gehringer \| Artist \| GRAMMY.com\""}]},{"reference":"Gehringer, Chris. \"nominations\". legacy.tecawards.","urls":[{"url":"http://legacy.tecawards.org/tec/11winners.html","url_text":"\"nominations\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chris Gehringer \| MASTERING ENGINEER\". STERLING SOUND. Retrieved 2023-12-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://sterling-sound.com/engineer/chris-gehringer/","url_text":"\"Chris Gehringer \| MASTERING ENGINEER\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Chris+Gehringer%22","external_links_name":"\"Chris Gehringer\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Chris+Gehringer%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Chris+Gehringer%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Chris+Gehringer%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Chris+Gehringer%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Chris+Gehringer%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://sterling-sound.com/engineers/chris-gehringer/","external_links_name":"sterling-sound.com/engineers/chris-gehringer/"},{"Link":"https://themanifesto.co/tm-professional-index/2015/chris-gehringer","external_links_name":"\"Chris Gehringer\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160429084046/http://www.atlanticrecords.com/posts/masters-behind-mix-behind-scenes-glimpse-music-making-mastering-engineer-chris-gehringer-22031","external_links_name":"\"Masters Behind the Mix\""},{"Link":"http://www.atlanticrecords.com/posts/masters-behind-mix-behind-scenes-glimpse-music-making-mastering-engineer-chris-gehringer-22031","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/label/264060-Sterling-Sound","external_links_name":"\"Sterling Sound Discography \| Discogs\""},{"Link":"http://sterling-sound.com/engineers/chris-gehringer/#biography","external_links_name":"\"Engineers\""},{"Link":"http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/jun03/articles/chrisgehringer.asp","external_links_name":"\"Chris Gehringer\""},{"Link":"https://www.grammy.com/artists/chris-gehringer/2784","external_links_name":"\"Chris Gehringer \| Artist \| GRAMMY.com\""},{"Link":"https://www.latingrammy.com/en/artists/chris-gehringer/20468-01","external_links_name":"\"Chris Gehringer \| Artist \| GRAMMY.com\""},{"Link":"http://legacy.tecawards.org/tec/11winners.html","external_links_name":"\"nominations\""},{"Link":"https://sterling-sound.com/engineer/chris-gehringer/","external_links_name":"\"Chris Gehringer \| MASTERING ENGINEER\""},{"Link":"https://www.grammy.com/artists/chris-gehringer/2784","external_links_name":"Grammy Awards"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/94366895-b6bc-4580-9550-c7221f795eea","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staring_Bay	Staring-baai	[]	Coordinates: 4°5′14″S 122°43′32″E / 4.08722°S 122.72556°E / -4.08722; 122.72556This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Staring-baai" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Staring-baai (Dutch for Staring Bay) is a bay off the southeast peninsula of Sulawesi in Indonesia. It lies slightly southeast of Kendari, the provincial capital of South East Sulawesi, where it opens to the east onto the Banda Sea. During World War II, the bay was a refueling checkpoint for warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy (when the island was generally called Celebes). Sorties out of Staring-baai included the air raids on Darwin, February 19, 1942 and the later Indian Ocean raid against Allied forces and shipping around Ceylon. 4°5′14″S 122°43′32″E / 4.08722°S 122.72556°E / -4.08722; 122.72556 This Southeast Sulawesi location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_language"},{"link_name":"bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay"},{"link_name":"southeast peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Peninsula,_Sulawesi"},{"link_name":"Sulawesi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulawesi"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Kendari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kendari"},{"link_name":"South East Sulawesi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_East_Sulawesi"},{"link_name":"Banda Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banda_Sea"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Imperial Japanese Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy"},{"link_name":"air raids on Darwin, February 19, 1942","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_raids_on_Darwin,_February_19,_1942"},{"link_name":"Indian Ocean raid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Ocean_raid"},{"link_name":"Ceylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka"},{"link_name":"4°5′14″S 122°43′32″E / 4.08722°S 122.72556°E / -4.08722; 122.72556","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Staring-baai&params=4_5_14_S_122_43_32_E_"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_East_Sulawesi_in_Indonesia.svg"},{"link_name":"Southeast Sulawesi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Sulawesi"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Staring-baai&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:SESulawesi-geo-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:SESulawesi-geo-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:SESulawesi-geo-stub"}],"text":"Staring-baai (Dutch for Staring Bay) is a bay off the southeast peninsula of Sulawesi in Indonesia. It lies slightly southeast of Kendari, the provincial capital of South East Sulawesi, where it opens to the east onto the Banda Sea.During World War II, the bay was a refueling checkpoint for warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy (when the island was generally called Celebes). Sorties out of Staring-baai included the air raids on Darwin, February 19, 1942 and the later Indian Ocean raid against Allied forces and shipping around Ceylon.4°5′14″S 122°43′32″E / 4.08722°S 122.72556°E / -4.08722; 122.72556This Southeast Sulawesi location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Staring-baai"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Staring-baai&params=4_5_14_S_122_43_32_E_","external_links_name":"4°5′14″S 122°43′32″E / 4.08722°S 122.72556°E / -4.08722; 122.72556"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Staring-baai%22","external_links_name":"\"Staring-baai\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Staring-baai%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Staring-baai%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Staring-baai%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Staring-baai%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Staring-baai%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Staring-baai&params=4_5_14_S_122_43_32_E_","external_links_name":"4°5′14″S 122°43′32″E / 4.08722°S 122.72556°E / -4.08722; 122.72556"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Staring-baai&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Erich_Deutsch	Otto Erich Deutsch	["1 Life","2 Scholarship","3 Works","4 Films","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]	Austrian musicologist (1883–1967) Otto Erich DeutschBorn(1883-09-05)5 September 1883Vienna, AustriaDied23 November 1967(1967-11-23) (aged 84)Baden bei Wien, AustriaNationalityAustrianOccupationMusicologistKnown forCompiling the first comprehensive catalogue of Franz Schubert's compositions Otto Erich Deutsch (5 September 1883 – 23 November 1967) was an Austrian musicologist. He is known for compiling the first comprehensive catalogue of Franz Schubert's compositions, first published in 1951 in English, with a revised edition published in 1978 in German. It is from this catalogue that the D numbers used to identify Schubert's works derive. Life Deutsch was born in Vienna on 5 September 1883 in a Jewish family. Following his studies of art history and literature in Vienna and Graz, he worked as an assistant at the Department of Art History of the University of Vienna. His specialization was the Biedermeier period, which led naturally to his interest in Schubert, whose life took place during this cultural era. His scholarly career was interrupted by World War I when he served in the Austrian Army. Following the war Deutsch worked for a time as a bookseller. He also shifted his scholarly interests to historical musicology, eventually becoming music librarian, working in the archives of Anthony van Hoboken. In 1938, when Austria was taken over by Nazi Germany in the Anschluss, Deutsch decided to flee the country, as he was a Protestant of Jewish origin. He lived in Cambridge, England, from 1939 to 1951, returning to Vienna after the war. Deutsch was a close friend of music theorist Heinrich Schenker, and of the British musicologist and Schubert scholar Maurice J. E. Brown. Deutsch's grave in the Vienna Central Cemetery Deutsch died in Baden bei Wien on 23 November 1967 at the age of 84. He is interred in an honorary grave of the Vienna Central Cemetery (group 40, no. 12). Scholarship According to David Wyn Jones, Deutsch's work was based on "an abiding belief that historical documents and iconographic evidence constituted the essential ingredients of biographical exposition." Hence, Deutsch composed "documentary biographies" of Schubert, Mozart and Handel; in them, the texts of the old documents are placed in chronological order, strung together with narration and commentary by Deutsch. In these biographies, Deutsch lets the documents speak for themselves, with his supplementary remarks providing clarifications, corrections, and context. Deutsch also prepared conventional scholarly articles on these composers as well as on Joseph Haydn. He also edited and published musical texts, in particular Haydn's output of canons. He was awarded the Austrian Cross of Honour for Science and Art, 1st class in 1959. Works Deutsch Catalogue, first edition 1951 Deutsch, Otto Erich (1955). Handel: A Documentary Biography. New York, W.W. Norton. Deutsch, Otto Erich (1965). Mozart: A Documentary Biography. Stanford: Stanford University Press. (English translation of Deutsch's German original. Eric Blom provided many translations for this work) Deutsch, Otto Erich (1951). Schubert: Thematic Catalogue of all his works in chronological order. Dent. Films D 795 oder Die schöne Müllerin. Otto Erich Deutsch – Ein Leben für die Musik, film by Claus Spahn, ARD 1983, 60 min. See also List of compositions by Franz Schubert List of compositions by Franz Schubert by genre References Notes ^ a b "Otto Deutsch", profile at the University of Vienna ^ a b c d e f g Jones 2009 ^ Federhofer, Hellmut (1985), Heinrich Schenker, nach Tagebüchern und Briefen in der Oswald Jonas Memorial Collection, (Hildesheim: Georg Olms Verlag, ISBN 9783487076423), pp. 97–102. ^ 'About SIUK', The Schubert Institute UK ^ i.e., pictorial ^ "Reply to a parliamentary question" (PDF) (in German). p. 74. Retrieved 18 October 2012. ^ "Review of Handel: A Documentary Biography". Music & Letters. 36 (3): 269–272. July 1955. JSTOR 730975. (subscription required) ^ Library record, Kooperativer Bibliotheksverbund Berlin-Brandenburg Sources Jones, David Wyn (2009). "Deutsch, Otto Erich". In David Wyn Jones (ed.). Oxford Composer Companions: Haydn. Oxford: Oxford University Press. External links Media related to Otto Erich Deutsch at Wikimedia Commons vteFranz SchubertCompositionsBy genre Chamber music Church music Orchestral works (Symphonies) Piano music (piano solo) Sonatas, duos and fantasies Songs and part-songs (song cycles) Stage works Arrangements Copies Doubtful and spurious By year 1810 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 '21 '22 '23 '24 '25 '26 '27 '28 undated Publications Deutsch catalogue opus/Deutsch number concordance 19th century complete edition New Schubert Edition Media Schubertiade Das Dreimäderlhaus (1916 operetta) Schubert at the Piano (1899 painting) 1928 International Columbia Graphophone Competition Schubert's Dream of Spring (1931 film) Gently My Songs Entreat (1933 film) Serenade (1940 film) The Great Awakening (1941 film) It's Only Love (1947 film) La Belle Meunière (1949 film) Franz Schubert (1953 film) Angeli senza paradiso (1970 film) People Eva Badura-Skoda Otto Erich Deutsch Walther Dürr Julius Epstein Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau Max Friedlaender Johann Nepomuk Fuchs Therese Grob Ernst Hilmar Anselm Hüttenbrenner Eusebius Mandyczewski Johann Mayrhofer Elizabeth Norman McKay Gustav Nottebohm Wilhelm Müller Johann Philipp Neumann Brian Newbould Antonio Salieri Franz von Schober Ferdinand Schubert Johann Senn Joseph von Spaun Rita Steblin Johann Michael Vogl Category Audio Portals: Biography Classical music Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Spain France BnF data Germany Israel Finland Belgium United States Sweden Latvia Japan Czech Republic Australia Croatia Netherlands Poland Portugal Vatican Academics CiNii Artists LexM MusicBrainz People Deutsche Biographie Trove Other RISM SNAC IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Austrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary"},{"link_name":"musicologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musicology"},{"link_name":"catalogue of Franz Schubert's compositions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schubert_Thematic_Catalogue"},{"link_name":"Schubert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Schubert"}],"text":"Otto Erich Deutsch (5 September 1883 – 23 November 1967) was an Austrian musicologist. He is known for compiling the first comprehensive catalogue of Franz Schubert's compositions, first published in 1951 in English, with a revised edition published in 1978 in German. It is from this catalogue that the D numbers used to identify Schubert's works derive.","title":"Otto Erich Deutsch"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UV-1"},{"link_name":"Graz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graz"},{"link_name":"University of Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Vienna"},{"link_name":"Biedermeier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biedermeier"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jones-2"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Austrian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Army"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jones-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jones-2"},{"link_name":"Anthony van Hoboken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_van_Hoboken"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jones-2"},{"link_name":"Anschluss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anschluss"},{"link_name":"Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge"},{"link_name":"Heinrich Schenker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Schenker"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Maurice J. E. Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_J._E._Brown"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Otto_Erich_Deutsch_Grabst%C3%A4tte_Wr.Zentralfriedhof_3.Tor,_Gruppe_40,_Nr.12.jpg"},{"link_name":"Baden bei Wien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baden_bei_Wien"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UV-1"},{"link_name":"Vienna Central Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna_Central_Cemetery"}],"text":"Deutsch was born in Vienna on 5 September 1883 in a Jewish family.[1]Following his studies of art history and literature in Vienna and Graz, he worked as an assistant at the Department of Art History of the University of Vienna. His specialization was the Biedermeier period, which led naturally to his interest in Schubert, whose life took place during this cultural era.[2] His scholarly career was interrupted by World War I when he served in the Austrian Army.[2] Following the war Deutsch worked for a time as a bookseller.[2] He also shifted his scholarly interests to historical musicology, eventually becoming music librarian, working in the archives of Anthony van Hoboken.[2] In 1938, when Austria was taken over by Nazi Germany in the Anschluss, Deutsch decided to flee the country, as he was a Protestant of Jewish origin. He lived in Cambridge, England, from 1939 to 1951, returning to Vienna after the war.Deutsch was a close friend of music theorist Heinrich Schenker,[3] and of the British musicologist and Schubert scholar Maurice J. E. Brown.[4]Deutsch's grave in the Vienna Central CemeteryDeutsch died in Baden bei Wien on 23 November 1967 at the age of 84.[1] He is interred in an honorary grave of the Vienna Central Cemetery (group 40, no. 12).","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David Wyn Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Wyn_Jones"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jones-2"},{"link_name":"Mozart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart"},{"link_name":"Handel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel"},{"link_name":"original research?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research"},{"link_name":"Joseph Haydn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Haydn"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jones-2"},{"link_name":"canons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_(music)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jones-2"},{"link_name":"Austrian Cross of Honour for Science and Art, 1st class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Decoration_for_Science_and_Art"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"According to David Wyn Jones, Deutsch's work was based on \"an abiding belief that historical documents and iconographic[5] evidence constituted the essential ingredients of biographical exposition.\"[2] Hence, Deutsch composed \"documentary biographies\" of Schubert, Mozart and Handel; in them, the texts of the old documents are placed in chronological order, strung together with narration and commentary by Deutsch. In these biographies, Deutsch lets the documents speak for themselves, with his supplementary remarks providing clarifications, corrections, and context.[original research?]Deutsch also prepared conventional scholarly articles on these composers as well as on Joseph Haydn.[2] He also edited and published musical texts, in particular Haydn's output of canons.[2]He was awarded the Austrian Cross of Honour for Science and Art, 1st class in 1959.[6]","title":"Scholarship"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Deutschverzeichnis_1951.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Handel: A Documentary Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/handeldocumentar00deut"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Mozart: A Documentary Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/mozartdocumentar0000deut"},{"link_name":"Stanford University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University_Press"},{"link_name":"Eric Blom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Blom"},{"link_name":"Schubert: Thematic Catalogue of all his works in chronological order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schubert_Thematic_Catalogue"},{"link_name":"Dent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._M._Dent"}],"text":"Deutsch Catalogue, first edition 1951Deutsch, Otto Erich (1955). Handel: A Documentary Biography. New York, W.W. Norton.[7]\nDeutsch, Otto Erich (1965). Mozart: A Documentary Biography. Stanford: Stanford University Press. (English translation of Deutsch's German original. Eric Blom provided many translations for this work)\nDeutsch, Otto Erich (1951). Schubert: Thematic Catalogue of all his works in chronological order. Dent.","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Die schöne Müllerin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_sch%C3%B6ne_M%C3%BCllerin"},{"link_name":"Claus Spahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claus_Spahn"},{"link_name":"ARD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARD_(broadcaster)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"D 795 oder Die schöne Müllerin. Otto Erich Deutsch – Ein Leben für die Musik, film by Claus Spahn, ARD 1983, 60 min.[8]","title":"Films"}]	[{"image_text":"Deutsch's grave in the Vienna Central Cemetery","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Otto_Erich_Deutsch_Grabst%C3%A4tte_Wr.Zentralfriedhof_3.Tor%2C_Gruppe_40%2C_Nr.12.jpg/170px-Otto_Erich_Deutsch_Grabst%C3%A4tte_Wr.Zentralfriedhof_3.Tor%2C_Gruppe_40%2C_Nr.12.jpg"},{"image_text":"Deutsch Catalogue, first edition 1951","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Deutschverzeichnis_1951.jpeg/170px-Deutschverzeichnis_1951.jpeg"}]	[{"title":"List of compositions by Franz Schubert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Franz_Schubert"},{"title":"List of compositions by Franz Schubert by genre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Franz_Schubert_by_genre"}]	[{"reference":"Deutsch, Otto Erich (1955). Handel: A Documentary Biography. New York, W.W. Norton.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/handeldocumentar00deut","url_text":"Handel: A Documentary Biography"}]},{"reference":"Deutsch, Otto Erich (1965). Mozart: A Documentary Biography. Stanford: Stanford University Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/mozartdocumentar0000deut","url_text":"Mozart: A Documentary Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University_Press","url_text":"Stanford University Press"}]},{"reference":"Deutsch, Otto Erich (1951). Schubert: Thematic Catalogue of all his works in chronological order. Dent.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schubert_Thematic_Catalogue","url_text":"Schubert: Thematic Catalogue of all his works in chronological order"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._M._Dent","url_text":"Dent"}]},{"reference":"\"Reply to a parliamentary question\" (PDF) (in German). p. 74. Retrieved 18 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.parlament.gv.at/PAKT/VHG/XXIV/AB/AB_10542/imfname_251156.pdf","url_text":"\"Reply to a parliamentary question\""}]},{"reference":"\"Review of Handel: A Documentary Biography\". Music & Letters. 36 (3): 269–272. July 1955. JSTOR 730975.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_%26_Letters","url_text":"Music & Letters"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/730975","url_text":"730975"}]},{"reference":"Jones, David Wyn (2009). \"Deutsch, Otto Erich\". In David Wyn Jones (ed.). Oxford Composer Companions: Haydn. Oxford: Oxford University Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Wyn_Jones","url_text":"Jones, David Wyn"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/handeldocumentar00deut","external_links_name":"Handel: A Documentary Biography"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/mozartdocumentar0000deut","external_links_name":"Mozart: A Documentary Biography"},{"Link":"http://www.univie.ac.at/geschichtegesichtet/2010/o_deutsch.html","external_links_name":"\"Otto Deutsch\""},{"Link":"https://www.schubertinstituteuk.com/about-siuk","external_links_name":"'About SIUK', The Schubert Institute UK"},{"Link":"http://www.parlament.gv.at/PAKT/VHG/XXIV/AB/AB_10542/imfname_251156.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Reply to a parliamentary question\""},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/730975","external_links_name":"730975"},{"Link":"http://portal.kobv.de/uid.do?query=b3kat_BV024015408&index=internal&plv=2","external_links_name":"Library record"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/431/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000109170581","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/76335151","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqVTYvyxVpQ6hyGYvppT3","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90119375","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX905180","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120516293","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120516293","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/118678043","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007260199905171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000207112","external_links_name":"Finland"},{"Link":"https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14046568","external_links_name":"Belgium"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50001787","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://libris.kb.se/ljx00x842019xp3","external_links_name":"Sweden"},{"Link":"https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000069154&P_CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Latvia"},{"Link":"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00437780","external_links_name":"Japan"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000601319&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35035181","external_links_name":"Australia"},{"Link":"http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000308740&local_base=nsk10","external_links_name":"Croatia"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p06799816X","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810679543805606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/105837","external_links_name":"Portugal"},{"Link":"https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/285403","external_links_name":"Vatican"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA02600574?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"},{"Link":"https://www.lexm.uni-hamburg.de/object/lexm_lexmperson_00003417","external_links_name":"LexM"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/2bb5a92b-4965-413f-bb72-40f2c47437d2","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118678043.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/807594","external_links_name":"Trove"},{"Link":"https://rism.online/people/8897","external_links_name":"RISM"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6b85cr0","external_links_name":"SNAC"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/02874277X","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Secord_Legacy_Trail	Laura Secord Legacy Trail	["1 Secord's journey","2 Trail","3 Mural on Welland Canal Trail","4 References","5 External links"]	Laura Secord warns James FitzGibbon of an impending American attack, June 1813 during the War of 1812, by Lorne Kidd Smith, ca. 1920, Library and Archives Canada Laura Secord Legacy Trail is a 32-kilometer (20 mile) trail as a monument to Laura Secord's journey and legacy. It includes the Laura Secord Commemorative Walk that was established in 2013. Secord embarked on a journey in June 1813 during the War of 1812 from the Secord Homestead in Queenston, Niagara-on-the-Lake to deliver a message on 22 June 1813 to Lt. James FitzGibbon at the DeCew House in Thorold, Ontario. Secord's journey Main article: Laura Secord § Secord's walk During the War of 1812, Laura Secord's husband was wounded, yet she left him and their six children to travel to Thorold to spread the word of an impending attack by Americans. She took the journey on 22 June 1813 through the "war-ravaged countryside" to notify Lieutenant James Fitzgibbon of approaching troops from the United States. As a result, British troops and the Kahnawake Mohawk were able to resist the invasion and defeat the Americans during the Battle of Beaver Dams (24 June 1813). Trail Bridge along the trail named after Secord. The trail, located along the CanadaWide Great Trail, can be hiked in five stages along modern sidewalks, footpaths, bridges, and ancient forested trails of Indigenous peoples. A 20–metre pedestrian bridge was built at Twelve Mile Creek and completed by June 22, 2013, the 200-year anniversary of Secord's journey. Interpretive signs are placed along the trail, which is divided into five stages: Laura Secord Homestead to Firemen's Park Firemen's Park to Niagara College Niagara College to the Rodman Hall Art Centre on St. Paul Crescent in St. Catharines Rodman Hall to Rotary Park Rotary Park to DeCew House Caroline McCormick, the three times great granddaughter of Secord, initiated and has been involved in the trail and walk, as well as the Friends of Laura Secord group. She began her efforts in 2010 when she realized that there were no plans to honor Secord in the upcoming bicentennial commemorations of the War of 1812. The trail was reconstructed based upon input from Alun Hughes, a cartographer and historian at Brock University. Students from the geospatial information systems (GIS) program at Niagara College helped map the trails based upon information of Secord's journey supplied by Hughes. A walk is held every June. The trail overlaps with the Bruce Trail in the eastern part of the trail. Mural on Welland Canal Trail Murals along the Welland Canal Trail in Thorold recognize the contributions of Canadians, like Laura Secord. It was created in 2005 by artist Shawn Reimer and volunteers from the community and it is the largest string of murals in the country, totally over 1800 square metres. The mural of Secord depicts her crossing the Twenty Mile Creek, meeting with Native Americans, and informing FitzGibbon of the news. The Welland Trail, a 45 kilometre trail from St Catharines to Port Colborne on Lake Erie, parallels the Welland Canal. References ^ a b c d "Laura Secord Legacy Trail". Ontario Trails Council. Retrieved 2021-05-30. ^ "Home". Friends of Laura Secord. Retrieved 2021-05-30. She remains an iconic figure who, perhaps more than anyone, represents the quiet determination and exceptional resolve of ordinary citizens to preserve and protect the values central to Canadian society that we enjoy today ^ a b c d "Walkabout: Following in the steps of Laura Secord". 2019-06-25. Retrieved 2021-05-30. ^ a b c d e f g "The legacy of a Canadian heroine lives on in Niagara-on-the-Lake". Trans Canada Trail. 2019-06-21. Retrieved 2021-05-30. ^ "Battle of Beaver Dams National Historic Site of Canada". www.pc.gc.ca. Retrieved 2021-05-30. ^ a b "Laura Secord Legacy Trail - Decew Road". Great Canadian Hike. Retrieved 2021-05-30. ^ "Walking Into History along the new Laura Secord Legacy Trail". Retrieved 2021-05-30. ^ a b "Home". www.guidetags.com. Retrieved 2021-05-30. ^ "Welland Canals Parkway Trail". Niagara Cycling Tourism Centre. Retrieved 2021-05-30. External links Turn-by-turn directions for the Laura Secord Legacy Trail, Friends of Laura Secord Legacy Trail Laura Secord Legacy Trail map, Friends of Laura Secord Legacy Trail City of St. CatharinesTransportation Burgoyne Bridge Bruce Trail Garden City Skyway Great Western Railway (defunct) Laura Secord Legacy Trail Niagara, St. Catharines and Toronto Railway (defunct) Ontario Highway 8 Ontario Highway 406 Queen Elizabeth Way St. Catharines station Waterfront Trail Welland Canal Communities Downtown St. Catharines Grantham Township Merritton Port Dalhousie Places Armoury St. Catharines Library British Methodist Episcopal Church Brown Homestead Congregation B'nai Israel Hotel Dieu Shaver Kilt and Clover Lakeside Park Carousel Merritton Tunnel Morningstar Mill Montebello Park Pen Centre Shickluna Shipyard St. Catharines General Hospital Welland House Hotel Education Brock University Denis Morris Catholic High School District School Board of Niagara DSBN Academy Eden High School Governor Simcoe Secondary School Holy Cross Catholic Secondary School Laura Secord Secondary School Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine campus Sir Winston Churchill Secondary School St. Francis Catholic Secondary School Sports Niagara IceDogs Meridian Centre Garden City Arena Complex (defunct) vteBike and hiking trails in CanadaMulti-province Great Divide Trail (AB/BC) International Appalachian Trail (NB/QC/NL) Mantario Trail (MB/ON) Trans Canada Trail (All) Newfoundland and Labrador East Coast Trail Newfoundland T'Railway Nova Scotia Devils Hill Road Trail Greenlink Rotary Park Trail System Louisbourg Lighthouse Trail Musquodoboit Trailway Uisge Ban Falls Trail Wilkie Sugar Loaf trail Prince Edward Island Confederation Trail New Brunswick Fundy Footpath Nepisiguit Mi'gmaq Trail Sentier NB Trail Quebec Cycloparc PPJ P'tit Train du Nord Route Verte Ontario Beltline Trail Bruce Trail Cataraqui Trail Don Mills Trail Iron Horse Trail K&P Rail Trail La Cloche Silhouette Trail Laura Secord Legacy Trail Leaside Spur Trail Martin Goodman Trail Nipissing-North Arm Orienteering Trail North Simcoe Railtrail Oak Ridges Trail Pan Am Path Prescott-Russell Trail Rideau Trail Spencer Creek Trail Spurline Trail The Bentway The Crack (trail) Waterfront Trail West Toronto Railpath Saskatchewan Wascana Trails Alberta Iron Horse Trail Skyline Trail Waskahegan Trail British Columbia Alexander MacKenzie Heritage Trail Chilkoot Trail Galloping Goose Regional Trail Juan de Fuca Marine Trail North Coast Trail Vancouver Island Trail West Coast Trail Wildside Northwest Territories Canol Heritage Trail vteWar of 1812OriginsTheatersCampaignsBattlesInvolvementLeadersAftermathRelated topicsOrigins Chesapeake–Leopard affair Orders in Council (1807) Embargo Act of 1807 Non-Intercourse Act (1809) Macon's Bill Number 2 Tecumseh's War Henry letters War hawks Rule of 1756 Monroe–Pinkney Treaty Little Belt affair Assassination of Spencer Perceval Declaration of war Theaters andcampaigns Northwestern Chesapeake Gulf Major battles Queenston Heights Spur's Defeat Frenchtown Beaver Dams Thames Chateauguay Crysler's Farm Chippawa Lundy's Lane Bladensburg McHenry New Orleans Involvement Illinois Territory Indiana Territory Kentucky North Carolina Ohio Leaders Isaac Brock William Henry Harrison Andrew Jackson James Madison Edward Pakenham Robert Ross Lord Liverpool Winfield Scott Tecumseh Aftermath The Eighth Laura Secord Legacy Trail General Society of the War of 1812 Military Society of the War of 1812 United States Daughters of 1812 War of 1812 Bicentennial Related topics Bibliography "The Bold Canadian" Creek War "The Hunters of Kentucky" Napoleonic Wars Opposition in Britain Opposition in the United States "The Star-Spangled Banner" Timeline of the War of 1812 Category Commons Portals: Canada History	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Laura_Secord_warns_Fitzgibbons,_1813.jpg"},{"link_name":"Laura Secord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Secord"},{"link_name":"James FitzGibbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_FitzGibbon"},{"link_name":"War of 1812","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_1812"},{"link_name":"Lorne Kidd Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorne_Kidd_Smith"},{"link_name":"Library and Archives Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_and_Archives_Canada"},{"link_name":"Laura Secord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Secord"},{"link_name":"War of 1812","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_1812"},{"link_name":"Queenston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queenston"},{"link_name":"Niagara-on-the-Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niagara-on-the-Lake"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ontario_trails_-_LS-1"},{"link_name":"James FitzGibbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_FitzGibbon"},{"link_name":"DeCew House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeCou_House"},{"link_name":"Thorold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorold"},{"link_name":"Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ontario_trails_-_LS-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Laura Secord warns James FitzGibbon of an impending American attack, June 1813 during the War of 1812, by Lorne Kidd Smith, ca. 1920, Library and Archives CanadaLaura Secord Legacy Trail is a 32-kilometer (20 mile) trail as a monument to Laura Secord's journey and legacy. It includes the Laura Secord Commemorative Walk that was established in 2013. Secord embarked on a journey in June 1813 during the War of 1812 from the Secord Homestead in Queenston, Niagara-on-the-Lake[1] to deliver a message on 22 June 1813 to Lt. James FitzGibbon at the DeCew House in Thorold, Ontario.[1][2]","title":"Laura Secord Legacy Trail"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"War of 1812","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_1812"},{"link_name":"Thorold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorold"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Niagara_Now-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TC_-_Legacy-4"},{"link_name":"Kahnawake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahnawake"},{"link_name":"Mohawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohawk_people"},{"link_name":"Battle of Beaver Dams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Beaver_Dams"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TC_-_Legacy-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"During the War of 1812, Laura Secord's husband was wounded, yet she left him and their six children to travel to Thorold to spread the word of an impending attack by Americans.[3] She took the journey on 22 June 1813 through the \"war-ravaged countryside\" to notify Lieutenant James Fitzgibbon of approaching troops from the United States.[4] As a result, British troops and the Kahnawake Mohawk were able to resist the invasion and defeat the Americans during the Battle of Beaver Dams (24 June 1813).[4][5]","title":"Secord's journey"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Laura_Secord_Heritage_Trail_Bridge.jpg"},{"link_name":"CanadaWide Great Trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CanadaWide_Great_Trail"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Niagara_Now-3"},{"link_name":"Indigenous peoples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ontario_trails_-_LS-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GCH-6"},{"link_name":"Twelve Mile Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve_Mile_Creek_(Ontario)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TC_-_Legacy-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GCH-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ontario_trails_-_LS-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Niagara_Now-3"},{"link_name":"Laura Secord Homestead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Secord_Homestead"},{"link_name":"Niagara College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niagara_College"},{"link_name":"St. Catharines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Catharines"},{"link_name":"DeCew House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeCou_House"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Niagara_Now-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TC_-_Legacy-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TC_-_Legacy-4"},{"link_name":"Brock University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brock_University"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TC_-_Legacy-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TC_-_Legacy-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Bridge along the trail named after Secord.The trail, located along the CanadaWide Great Trail,[3] can be hiked in five stages along modern sidewalks, footpaths, bridges, and ancient forested trails of Indigenous peoples.[1][6] A 20–metre pedestrian bridge was built at Twelve Mile Creek and completed by June 22, 2013, the 200-year anniversary of Secord's journey.[4]Interpretive signs are placed along the trail,[6] which is divided into five stages:[1][3]Laura Secord Homestead to Firemen's Park\nFiremen's Park to Niagara College\nNiagara College to the Rodman Hall Art Centre on St. Paul Crescent in St. Catharines\nRodman Hall to Rotary Park\nRotary Park to DeCew HouseCaroline McCormick, the three times great granddaughter of Secord, initiated and has been involved in the trail and walk, as well as the Friends of Laura Secord group.[3][4] She began her efforts in 2010 when she realized that there were no plans to honor Secord in the upcoming bicentennial commemorations of the War of 1812.[4] The trail was reconstructed based upon input from Alun Hughes, a cartographer and historian at Brock University. Students from the geospatial information systems (GIS) program at Niagara College helped map the trails based upon information of Secord's journey supplied by Hughes.[4] A walk is held every June.[4]The trail overlaps with the Bruce Trail in the eastern part of the trail.[7]","title":"Trail"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Welland Canal Trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welland_Canal_Trail"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mural-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mural-8"},{"link_name":"Port Colborne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Colborne"},{"link_name":"Lake Erie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Erie"},{"link_name":"Welland Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welland_Canal"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Murals along the Welland Canal Trail in Thorold recognize the contributions of Canadians, like Laura Secord. It was created in 2005 by artist Shawn Reimer and volunteers from the community and it is the largest string of murals in the country, totally over 1800 square metres.[8] The mural of Secord depicts her crossing the Twenty Mile Creek, meeting with Native Americans, and informing FitzGibbon of the news.[8] The Welland Trail, a 45 kilometre trail from St Catharines to Port Colborne on Lake Erie, parallels the Welland Canal.[9]","title":"Mural on Welland Canal Trail"}]	[{"image_text":"Laura Secord warns James FitzGibbon of an impending American attack, June 1813 during the War of 1812, by Lorne Kidd Smith, ca. 1920, Library and Archives Canada","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Laura_Secord_warns_Fitzgibbons%2C_1813.jpg/220px-Laura_Secord_warns_Fitzgibbons%2C_1813.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bridge along the trail named after Secord.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Laura_Secord_Heritage_Trail_Bridge.jpg/220px-Laura_Secord_Heritage_Trail_Bridge.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Laura Secord Legacy Trail\". Ontario Trails Council. Retrieved 2021-05-30.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ontariotrails.on.ca/trails/view/laura-secord-legacy-trail","url_text":"\"Laura Secord Legacy Trail\""}]},{"reference":"\"Home\". Friends of Laura Secord. Retrieved 2021-05-30. She remains an iconic figure who, perhaps more than anyone, represents the quiet determination and exceptional resolve of ordinary citizens to preserve and protect the values central to Canadian society that we enjoy today","urls":[{"url":"https://www.friendsoflaurasecord.com/","url_text":"\"Home\""}]},{"reference":"\"Walkabout: Following in the steps of Laura Secord\". 2019-06-25. Retrieved 2021-05-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.niagaranow.com/news.phtml/2144-walkabout-following-in-the-steps-of-laura-secord","url_text":"\"Walkabout: Following in the steps of Laura Secord\""}]},{"reference":"\"The legacy of a Canadian heroine lives on in Niagara-on-the-Lake\". Trans Canada Trail. 2019-06-21. Retrieved 2021-05-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://thegreattrail.ca/stories/the-legacy-of-a-canadian-heroine-lives-on-in-niagara-on-the-lake/","url_text":"\"The legacy of a Canadian heroine lives on in Niagara-on-the-Lake\""}]},{"reference":"\"Battle of Beaver Dams National Historic Site of Canada\". www.pc.gc.ca. Retrieved 2021-05-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_nhs_eng.aspx?id=524","url_text":"\"Battle of Beaver Dams National Historic Site of Canada\""}]},{"reference":"\"Laura Secord Legacy Trail - Decew Road\". Great Canadian Hike. Retrieved 2021-05-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://greatcanadianhike.ca/hikes/laura-secord-legacy-trail-decew-rd/","url_text":"\"Laura Secord Legacy Trail - Decew Road\""}]},{"reference":"\"Walking Into History along the new Laura Secord Legacy Trail\". Retrieved 2021-05-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theglobeandmail.com/partners/advexploreontario/walking-into-history-along-the-new-laura-secord-legacy-trail-v13-dh-kp-cm/article18401089/","url_text":"\"Walking Into History along the new Laura Secord Legacy Trail\""}]},{"reference":"\"Home\". www.guidetags.com. Retrieved 2021-05-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.guidetags.com/friends-of-laura-secord/explore/guides/51-laura-secord-mural","url_text":"\"Home\""}]},{"reference":"\"Welland Canals Parkway Trail\". Niagara Cycling Tourism Centre. Retrieved 2021-05-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.niagaracyclingtourism.com/bike-routes/greater-niagara-circle-route/welland-canal-recreation-trail/","url_text":"\"Welland Canals Parkway Trail\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.ontariotrails.on.ca/trails/view/laura-secord-legacy-trail","external_links_name":"\"Laura Secord Legacy Trail\""},{"Link":"https://www.friendsoflaurasecord.com/","external_links_name":"\"Home\""},{"Link":"https://www.niagaranow.com/news.phtml/2144-walkabout-following-in-the-steps-of-laura-secord","external_links_name":"\"Walkabout: Following in the steps of Laura Secord\""},{"Link":"https://thegreattrail.ca/stories/the-legacy-of-a-canadian-heroine-lives-on-in-niagara-on-the-lake/","external_links_name":"\"The legacy of a Canadian heroine lives on in Niagara-on-the-Lake\""},{"Link":"https://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_nhs_eng.aspx?id=524","external_links_name":"\"Battle of Beaver Dams National Historic Site of Canada\""},{"Link":"https://greatcanadianhike.ca/hikes/laura-secord-legacy-trail-decew-rd/","external_links_name":"\"Laura Secord Legacy Trail - Decew Road\""},{"Link":"https://www.theglobeandmail.com/partners/advexploreontario/walking-into-history-along-the-new-laura-secord-legacy-trail-v13-dh-kp-cm/article18401089/","external_links_name":"\"Walking Into History along the new Laura Secord Legacy Trail\""},{"Link":"https://www.guidetags.com/friends-of-laura-secord/explore/guides/51-laura-secord-mural","external_links_name":"\"Home\""},{"Link":"https://www.niagaracyclingtourism.com/bike-routes/greater-niagara-circle-route/welland-canal-recreation-trail/","external_links_name":"\"Welland Canals Parkway Trail\""},{"Link":"https://www.friendsoflaurasecord.com/2019/05/09/lslt-turn-by-turn-web-version/","external_links_name":"Turn-by-turn directions for the Laura Secord Legacy Trail"},{"Link":"https://www.friendsoflaurasecord.com/2018/02/07/about-the-laura-secord-legacy-trail/","external_links_name":"Laura Secord Legacy Trail map"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebingen	Ebingen	["1 History","2 Economy","3 Architecture","3.1 Churches","4 Notable people","5 References"]	Coordinates: 48°13′N 9°02′E / 48.217°N 9.033°E / 48.217; 9.033This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Ebingen" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this message) 1917 2017, seen from Malesfelsen Ebingen is a town in the large district of Albstadt, district Zollernalbkreis, in the German state of Baden-Württemberg. It is located on the river Schmiecha, a left-hand tributary of the Danube, south of Tübingen and west of Ulm. History Ebingen received city rights around 1250 from the Hohenberg ducal family. In 1367 it became a part of the kingdom of Württemberg. In the early 20th century, it was known for manufacturing velvet and velveteen (cotton-velvet), "Manchester" goods, stockings, stays, hats, needles, tools and tanneries. During World War II, the war itself only came on July 11, 1944, with a bombing raid on Ebingen, which killed 65 people and destroyed 37 houses in the city center. On April 18, 1945, the train station became the target of another bombing raid. When an ammunition train was fired upon, the ammunition exploded and devastated the area around the train station. In 1975 Ebingen joined 8 other towns in the area to form the city of Albstadt. Current population is at 18,700, with all of Albstadt having around 45,000 inhabitants. Economy Most of the textiles industry is gone today, leaving some monuments, like Villa Haux. However, one of the world's biggest makers of industrial needles, Groz-Beckert still resides there. Other prominent local companies include Mey (knitwear), Mettler Toledo (weighing systems) and a major part of Assa Abloy security systems (Eff-Eff Brand). Ebingen also hosts the technical and computer science faculties of Albstadt-Sigmaringen University with about 3,000 students (2014). Castle rock and Haux factory Architecture Citizens' tower, ~1500 old warehouses Former velvet factory Haux houses Central square: Schweinweiher, Kurt-Georg-Kiesinger-Platz, Marktstraße Art nouveau Town hall by Martin Elsaesser Churches The main church of Ebingen is St.Martin's church. The choir is late gothic (1473), the tower from 1670. They are integrated in the art nouveau building from 1906. Next to the church is the former hermitage, inhabited from 1344 until 1608 by third order nuns. The smaller Kapellkirche was founded in 1382 „in honor of Our Lady and of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem“. The existing building is from 1490, renewed in 1833. Since the reformation, Ebingen was Protestant. A new Catholic church was not built before 1892 for workers of the then growing industry. St. Joseph church needed to be enlarged in 1912. The evangelic Friedenskirche (peace church) was built in 1931 in New Objectivity style at the outskirt of the town. Urban development let it end up in a commercial area. After World War II, four modern churches were built, for both denominations in new residential areas in the west and east. The Taize Prayer is spoken in the Thomaskirche Martinskirche, main façade hermitage St. Joseph Friedenskirche Heilig-Kreuz (holy cross) Thomas church new and old cemetery chapel BGG Lighthouse (Pentecostal) Notable people Maximilian F. Bonzano (1821–1894), German-born American government official, politician, and physician Kurt Georg Kiesinger (1904–1988), German politician, former German chancellor References ^ "Ebingen" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 8 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 842. ^ a b "Albstadt - Blick zurück: Im Juli 1944 fielen Bomben auf Ebingen – 65 Menschen kamen ums Leben" (in German). Zollern-Alb-Kurier.de. 2019-07-11. ^ Taize Prayer ^ Mehrländer, Andrea (2011). The Germans of Charleston, Richmond and New Orleans During the Civil War Period, 1850-1870: A Study and Research Compendium. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 266–267. ISBN 978-3-11-023688-0. 48°13′N 9°02′E / 48.217°N 9.033°E / 48.217; 9.033 Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Germany Israel United States Geographic Pleiades	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1917_Luftaufnahme_Ebingen_(Albstadt).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ebingen.2-1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Malesfelsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malesfelsen"},{"link_name":"Albstadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albstadt"},{"link_name":"Zollernalbkreis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zollernalbkreis"},{"link_name":"Baden-Württemberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg"},{"link_name":"Schmiecha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schmiecha"},{"link_name":"Danube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danube"},{"link_name":"Tübingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCbingen"},{"link_name":"Ulm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulm"}],"text":"19172017, seen from MalesfelsenEbingen is a town in the large district of Albstadt, district Zollernalbkreis, in the German state of Baden-Württemberg. It is located on the river Schmiecha, a left-hand tributary of the Danube, south of Tübingen and west of Ulm.","title":"Ebingen"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hohenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Hohenberg"},{"link_name":"Württemberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg"},{"link_name":"velvet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velvet"},{"link_name":"velveteen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velveteen"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ZAK-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ZAK-2"},{"link_name":"Albstadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albstadt"},{"link_name":"Albstadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albstadt"}],"text":"Ebingen received city rights around 1250 from the Hohenberg ducal family. In 1367 it became a part of the kingdom of Württemberg. In the early 20th century, it was known for manufacturing velvet and velveteen (cotton-velvet), \"Manchester\" goods, stockings, stays, hats, needles, tools and tanneries.[1] During World War II, the war itself only came on July 11, 1944, with a bombing raid on Ebingen, which killed 65 people and destroyed 37 houses in the city center.[2] On April 18, 1945, the train station became the target of another bombing raid. When an ammunition train was fired upon, the ammunition exploded and devastated the area around the train station.[2] In 1975 Ebingen joined 8 other towns in the area to form the city of Albstadt. Current population is at 18,700, with all of Albstadt having around 45,000 inhabitants.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Villa Haux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_Haux"},{"link_name":"Groz-Beckert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groz-Beckert"},{"link_name":"Mettler Toledo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mettler_Toledo"},{"link_name":"Assa Abloy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assa_Abloy"},{"link_name":"Albstadt-Sigmaringen University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albstadt-Sigmaringen_University&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ebingen_Haux.jpg"}],"text":"Most of the textiles industry is gone today, leaving some monuments, like Villa Haux. However, one of the world's biggest makers of industrial needles, Groz-Beckert still resides there. Other prominent local companies include Mey (knitwear), Mettler Toledo (weighing systems) and a major part of Assa Abloy security systems (Eff-Eff Brand). Ebingen also hosts the technical and computer science faculties of Albstadt-Sigmaringen University with about 3,000 students (2014).Castle rock and Haux factory","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:B%C3%BCrgerturm.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Albstadt_Ebingen_Zehntscheuer_Kornspeicher_2011.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ebingen_Samtfabrik.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ebingen_HauxVillen.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ebingen_Schweinweiher.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kurt-Georg-Kiesinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Georg_Kiesinger"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ebingen_Rathaus_Turm.jpg"},{"link_name":"Martin Elsaesser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Elsaesser"}],"text":"Citizens' tower, ~1500\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\told warehouses\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFormer velvet factory\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHaux houses\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCentral square: Schweinweiher, Kurt-Georg-Kiesinger-Platz, Marktstraße\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tArt nouveau Town hall by Martin Elsaesser","title":"Architecture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hermitage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermitage_(religious_retreat)"},{"link_name":"third order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_order"},{"link_name":"New Objectivity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Objectivity_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"Taize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taize"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ebingen_Martinskirche.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ebingen_Klause.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ebingen_StJosef.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ebingen_Friedenskirche.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ebingen_HlKreuz.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ebingen_Thomaskirche.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ebingen_Friedhof_Kapellen.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ebingen_Lighthouse.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Churches","text":"The main church of Ebingen is St.Martin's church. The choir is late gothic (1473), the tower from 1670. They are integrated in the art nouveau building from 1906.\nNext to the church is the former hermitage, inhabited from 1344 until 1608 by third order nuns.\nThe smaller Kapellkirche was founded in 1382 „in honor of Our Lady and of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem“. The existing building is from 1490, renewed in 1833.\nSince the reformation, Ebingen was Protestant. A new Catholic church was not built before 1892 for workers of the then growing industry. St. Joseph church needed to be enlarged in 1912.\nThe evangelic Friedenskirche (peace church) was built in 1931 in New Objectivity style at the outskirt of the town. Urban development let it end up in a commercial area.\nAfter World War II, four modern churches were built, for both denominations in new residential areas in the west and east.\nThe Taize Prayer is spoken in the Thomaskirche [3]Martinskirche, main façade\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\thermitage\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSt. Joseph\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFriedenskirche\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHeilig-Kreuz (holy cross)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThomas church\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tnew and old cemetery chapel\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBGG Lighthouse (Pentecostal)","title":"Architecture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maximilian F. Bonzano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximilian_F._Bonzano"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mehrlander-4"},{"link_name":"Kurt Georg Kiesinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Georg_Kiesinger"}],"text":"Maximilian F. Bonzano (1821–1894), German-born American government official, politician, and physician[4]\nKurt Georg Kiesinger (1904–1988), German politician, former German chancellor","title":"Notable people"}]	[{"image_text":"1917","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/1917_Luftaufnahme_Ebingen_%28Albstadt%29.jpg/220px-1917_Luftaufnahme_Ebingen_%28Albstadt%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"2017, seen from Malesfelsen","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Ebingen.2-1.jpg/220px-Ebingen.2-1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Castle rock and Haux factory","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Ebingen_Haux.jpg/170px-Ebingen_Haux.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Ebingen\" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 8 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 842.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Ebingen","url_text":"\"Ebingen\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"\"Albstadt - Blick zurück: Im Juli 1944 fielen Bomben auf Ebingen – 65 Menschen kamen ums Leben\" (in German). Zollern-Alb-Kurier.de. 2019-07-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.zak.de/Nachrichten/Blick-zurueck-Im-Juli-1944-fielen-Bomben-auf-Ebingen-65-Menschen-kamen-ums-Leben-136801.html","url_text":"\"Albstadt - Blick zurück: Im Juli 1944 fielen Bomben auf Ebingen – 65 Menschen kamen ums Leben\""}]},{"reference":"Mehrländer, Andrea (2011). The Germans of Charleston, Richmond and New Orleans During the Civil War Period, 1850-1870: A Study and Research Compendium. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 266–267. ISBN 978-3-11-023688-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=n-pPasGor1kC&dq=%22Max.+Bonzano%22&pg=PA266","url_text":"The Germans of Charleston, Richmond and New Orleans During the Civil War Period, 1850-1870: A Study and Research Compendium"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-023688-0","url_text":"978-3-11-023688-0"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ebingen&params=48_13_N_9_02_E_region:DE_type:city","external_links_name":"48°13′N 9°02′E / 48.217°N 9.033°E / 48.217; 9.033"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Ebingen%22","external_links_name":"\"Ebingen\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Ebingen%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Ebingen%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Ebingen%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Ebingen%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Ebingen%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Ebingen","external_links_name":"\"Ebingen\""},{"Link":"https://www.zak.de/Nachrichten/Blick-zurueck-Im-Juli-1944-fielen-Bomben-auf-Ebingen-65-Menschen-kamen-ums-Leben-136801.html","external_links_name":"\"Albstadt - Blick zurück: Im Juli 1944 fielen Bomben auf Ebingen – 65 Menschen kamen ums Leben\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DcAb1JwFpqc&t=337s","external_links_name":"Taize Prayer"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=n-pPasGor1kC&dq=%22Max.+Bonzano%22&pg=PA266","external_links_name":"The Germans of Charleston, Richmond and New Orleans During the Civil War Period, 1850-1870: A Study and Research Compendium"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ebingen&params=48_13_N_9_02_E_region:DE_type:city","external_links_name":"48°13′N 9°02′E / 48.217°N 9.033°E / 48.217; 9.033"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/147263120","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJbRmfrhcBrV3XqdPwkMT3","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4092269-8","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007564990405171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85383128","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/118656","external_links_name":"Pleiades"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L_Peter_Deutsch	L. Peter Deutsch	["1 Contributions to computer science","2 Personal life","3 References","4 External links"]	American computer scientist "Aladdin Enterprises" redirects here. Not to be confused with Aladdin Systems or Aladdin Knowledge Systems. L Peter DeutschBorn (1946-08-07) August 7, 1946 (age 77)Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.Alma materUniversity of California, BerkeleySpouse(s)Barbara J. Grosz (divorced), James R. Hughson (deceased), Michael J. Golub L Peter Deutsch (born Laurence Peter Deutsch on August 7, 1946, in Boston, Massachusetts) is the founder of Aladdin Enterprises and creator of Ghostscript, a free software PostScript and PDF interpreter. Deutsch's other work includes the Smalltalk implementation that inspired Java just-in-time compilation technology about 15 years later. Some stories about him are included in the book Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution. An interview with him is printed in Coders at Work. Contributions to computer science Deutsch wrote the PDP-1 Lisp 1.5 implementation and first REPL, Basic PDP-1 LISP, "while still in short pants" and finished it in 1963, when he was 17 years old. He collaborated with Calvin Mooers on the TRAC programming language and wrote its first implementation, on the PDP-1, in 1964. From 1964 to 1967, during his study at the University of California, Berkeley, he worked with Butler Lampson and Charles P. Thacker on the Berkeley Timesharing System, which became the standard operating system for the SDS 940 mainframe that would later be used by Tymshare, NLS, and Community Memory. Deutsch is the author of several Request for Comments (RFCs), The Eight Fallacies of Distributed Computing, and originated the Deutsch limit adage about visual programming languages. Deutsch received a Ph.D. in computer science from the University of California, Berkeley in 1973, and has previously worked at Xerox PARC and Sun Microsystems. In 1994, he was inducted as a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery. Personal life Deutsch's father was the physicist Martin Deutsch, a professor at MIT. Deutsch changed his legal first name from "Laurence" to "L" on September 12, 2007. His published work and other public references before that time generally use the name L. Peter Deutsch (with a dot after the L). After auditing undergraduate music courses at Stanford University, in January 2009, he entered the postgraduate music program at California State University, East Bay, and was awarded a Master of Arts (M.A.) in March 2011. As of mid-2011, he has had six compositions performed at public concerts, and now generally identifies himself as a composer rather than a software developer or engineer. References ^ "A Conversation with James Gosling", ACM Queue, vol. 2, no. 5, 31 August 2004 ^ The LISP Implementation for the PDP-1 Computer, L. Peter Deutsch and Edmund C Berkeley, March 1964 ^ "TRAC Language: T64". tracfoundation.org. Archived from the original on 8 April 2001. Retrieved 15 January 2022. ^ Mooers, C.N.; Deutsch, L.P. (1965). "TRAC, A Text-Handling Language". Proceeding ACM '65 Proceedings of the 1965 20th national conference. pp. 229–246. doi:10.1145/800197.806048. S2CID 40013081. full text ^ L. Peter Deutsch (June 1973). "An interactive program verifier". University of California, Berkeley. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires \|journal= (help) ^ "Case CIV464587 - In Re: Laurence Deutsch". San Mateo County Civil Court. September 12, 2007. Retrieved April 16, 2011. External links L. Peter Deutsch's PIVOT program verification system (thesis and source code) RFCs authored or co-authored by L. Peter Deutsch: RFC 190, RFC 446, RFC 550, RFC 567, RFC 606, RFC 1950, RFC 1951 and RFC 1952 L. Peter Deutsch in conversation with Stig Hackvän at the Wayback Machine (archived October 13, 2004) L Peter Deutsch's web page related to music, including link to scores and MIDI files vteSmalltalk programming languageSoftwareImplementationsMajor Amber° Dolphin Smalltalk° GemStone/S GNU Smalltalk° Smalltalk/X Squeak° Pharo° VisualAge Smalltalk VisualWorks Dialects F-Script° Little Smalltalk° Newspeak° OMeta/Squeak° Pocket Smalltalk° Self° StepTalk° Strongtalk° Virtual reality platforms Croquet Project° → Open Cobalt° Graphical user interfaces Model–view–controller Morphic AIDA/Web° GemStone/S Moose° Seaside°Workstation Xerox Alto CommunityBusiness Cincom Systems Gemstone IBM Object Arts Xerox PARC PeopleDesigners L. Peter Deutsch Adele Goldberg Dan Ingalls Ted Kaehler Alan Kay Diana Merry David Ungar Scott Wallace Lars Bak Gilad Bracha Urs Hölzle Julian Lombardi Mark P. McCahill Andreas Raab David P. Reed Trygve Reenskaug David Smith Larry Tesler Italics = discontinued ° = Open-source software Book Category Authority control databases Academics Association for Computing Machinery DBLP Artists MusicBrainz Other IdRef This biographical article relating to a computer specialist in the United States is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aladdin Systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aladdin_Systems"},{"link_name":"Aladdin Knowledge Systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aladdin_Knowledge_Systems"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Ghostscript","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghostscript"},{"link_name":"PostScript","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PostScript"},{"link_name":"PDF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDF"},{"link_name":"Smalltalk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smalltalk"},{"link_name":"Java","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(software_platform)"},{"link_name":"just-in-time compilation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just-in-time_compilation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hackers:_Heroes_of_the_Computer_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Coders at Work","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coders_at_Work"}],"text":"\"Aladdin Enterprises\" redirects here. Not to be confused with Aladdin Systems or Aladdin Knowledge Systems.L Peter Deutsch (born Laurence Peter Deutsch on August 7, 1946, in Boston, Massachusetts) is the founder of Aladdin Enterprises and creator of Ghostscript, a free software PostScript and PDF interpreter.Deutsch's other work includes the Smalltalk implementation that inspired Java just-in-time compilation technology about 15 years later.[1]Some stories about him are included in the book Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution. An interview with him is printed in Coders at Work.","title":"L. Peter Deutsch"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"PDP-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDP-1"},{"link_name":"Lisp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisp_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"REPL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/REPL"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Calvin Mooers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Mooers"},{"link_name":"TRAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRAC_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-T64-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trac_paper-4"},{"link_name":"University of California, Berkeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley"},{"link_name":"Butler Lampson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butler_Lampson"},{"link_name":"Charles P. Thacker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_P._Thacker"},{"link_name":"Berkeley Timesharing System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_Timesharing_System"},{"link_name":"operating system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system"},{"link_name":"SDS 940","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SDS_940"},{"link_name":"Tymshare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tymshare"},{"link_name":"NLS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NLS_(computer_system)"},{"link_name":"Community Memory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Memory"},{"link_name":"Request for Comments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Request_for_Comments"},{"link_name":"The Eight Fallacies of Distributed Computing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallacies_of_distributed_computing"},{"link_name":"Deutsch limit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsch_limit"},{"link_name":"visual programming languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_programming_language"},{"link_name":"computer science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_science"},{"link_name":"University of California, Berkeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Xerox PARC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PARC_(company)"},{"link_name":"Sun Microsystems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Microsystems"},{"link_name":"Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Fellows_of_the_Association_for_Computing_Machinery"}],"text":"Deutsch wrote the PDP-1 Lisp 1.5 implementation and first REPL, Basic PDP-1 LISP, \"while still in short pants\" and finished it in 1963, when he was 17 years old.[2] He collaborated with Calvin Mooers on the TRAC programming language and wrote its first implementation, on the PDP-1, in 1964.[3][4]From 1964 to 1967, during his study at the University of California, Berkeley, he worked with Butler Lampson and Charles P. Thacker on the Berkeley Timesharing System, which became the standard operating system for the SDS 940 mainframe that would later be used by Tymshare, NLS, and Community Memory.Deutsch is the author of several Request for Comments (RFCs), The Eight Fallacies of Distributed Computing, and originated the Deutsch limit adage about visual programming languages.Deutsch received a Ph.D. in computer science from the University of California, Berkeley in 1973,[5] and has previously worked at Xerox PARC and Sun Microsystems. In 1994, he was inducted as a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery.","title":"Contributions to computer science"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Martin Deutsch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Deutsch"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Stanford University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University"},{"link_name":"California State University, East Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_University,_East_Bay"},{"link_name":"Master of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Arts"}],"text":"Deutsch's father was the physicist Martin Deutsch, a professor at MIT.Deutsch changed his legal first name from \"Laurence\" to \"L\" on September 12, 2007.[6] His published work and other public references before that time generally use the name L. Peter Deutsch (with a dot after the L).After auditing undergraduate music courses at Stanford University, in January 2009, he entered the postgraduate music program at California State University, East Bay, and was awarded a Master of Arts (M.A.) in March 2011. As of mid-2011, he has had six compositions performed at public concerts, and now generally identifies himself as a composer rather than a software developer or engineer.","title":"Personal life"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"A Conversation with James Gosling\", ACM Queue, vol. 2, no. 5, 31 August 2004","urls":[{"url":"https://queue.acm.org/detail.cfm?id=1017013","url_text":"\"A Conversation with James Gosling\""}]},{"reference":"\"TRAC Language: T64\". tracfoundation.org. Archived from the original on 8 April 2001. Retrieved 15 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20010408052535/http://tracfoundation.org/t64tech.htm","url_text":"\"TRAC Language: T64\""},{"url":"http://tracfoundation.org/t64tech.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Mooers, C.N.; Deutsch, L.P. (1965). \"TRAC, A Text-Handling Language\". Proceeding ACM '65 Proceedings of the 1965 20th national conference. pp. 229–246. doi:10.1145/800197.806048. S2CID 40013081.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Mooers","url_text":"Mooers, C.N."},{"url_text":"Deutsch, L.P."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1145%2F800197.806048","url_text":"10.1145/800197.806048"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:40013081","url_text":"40013081"}]},{"reference":"L. Peter Deutsch (June 1973). \"An interactive program verifier\". University of California, Berkeley.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.softwarepreservation.org/projects/LISP/interlisp_family/#Deutsch_PIVOT_","url_text":"\"An interactive program verifier\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley","url_text":"University of California, Berkeley"}]},{"reference":"\"Case CIV464587 - In Re: Laurence Deutsch\". San Mateo County Civil Court. September 12, 2007. Retrieved April 16, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://openaccess1.sanmateocourt.org/openaccess/CIVIL/civildetails.asp?casenumber=464587&courtcode=A&casetype=CIV&dsn=","url_text":"\"Case CIV464587 - In Re: Laurence Deutsch\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://queue.acm.org/detail.cfm?id=1017013","external_links_name":"\"A Conversation with James Gosling\""},{"Link":"http://s3data.computerhistory.org/pdp-1/DEC.pdp_1.1964.102650371.pdf","external_links_name":"The LISP Implementation for the PDP-1 Computer"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20010408052535/http://tracfoundation.org/t64tech.htm","external_links_name":"\"TRAC Language: T64\""},{"Link":"http://tracfoundation.org/t64tech.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1145%2F800197.806048","external_links_name":"10.1145/800197.806048"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:40013081","external_links_name":"40013081"},{"Link":"http://tracfoundation.org/trac64/handling.htm","external_links_name":"full text"},{"Link":"http://www.softwarepreservation.org/projects/LISP/interlisp_family/#Deutsch_PIVOT_","external_links_name":"\"An interactive program verifier\""},{"Link":"http://openaccess1.sanmateocourt.org/openaccess/CIVIL/civildetails.asp?casenumber=464587&courtcode=A&casetype=CIV&dsn=","external_links_name":"\"Case CIV464587 - In Re: Laurence Deutsch\""},{"Link":"http://www.softwarepreservation.org/projects/LISP/interlisp_family/#Deutsch_PIVOT_","external_links_name":"L. Peter Deutsch's PIVOT program verification system (thesis and source code)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20041013082602/http://devlinux.org/deutsch-interview.html","external_links_name":"L. Peter Deutsch in conversation with Stig Hackvän"},{"Link":"http://www.major2nd.com/users/lpd/music/","external_links_name":"L Peter Deutsch's web page related to music, including link to scores and MIDI files"},{"Link":"https://dl.acm.org/profile/81100238951","external_links_name":"Association for Computing Machinery"},{"Link":"https://dblp.org/pid/d/LPeterDeutsch","external_links_name":"DBLP"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/212b82fe-e0e8-4910-9a1d-8daefef69266","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/175396167","external_links_name":"IdRef"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=L._Peter_Deutsch&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_Party_of_Oleh_Liashko	Radical Party of Oleh Liashko	["1 History","1.1 Ukrainian Radical-Democratic Party","1.2 Radical Party of Oleh Liashko","2 Ideology and stances","3 Party leaders","4 Election results","4.1 Verkhovna Rada","4.2 Presidential elections","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]	Nationalist party in Ukraine For the party that was called the Ukrainian Radical Party and founded in October 1890, see Ukrainian Radical Party. Radical Party of Oleh Liashko Радикальна партія Олега ЛяшкаLeaderOleh LiashkoFounded28 September 2010; 13 years ago (2010-09-28)HeadquartersKyivIdeologyLeft-wing populismUkrainian nationalismEconomic nationalismSoft EuroscepticismPolitical positionLeft-wingColours RedVerkhovna Rada0 / 450Regions582 / 43,122Websiteliashko.uaPolitics of UkrainePolitical partiesElections The Radical Party of Oleh Liashko (Ukrainian: Радикальна партія Олега Ляшка, romanized: Radykal'na partiia Oleha Liashka, RPOL) and formerly known as the Ukrainian Radical-Democratic Party (Ukrainian: Українська демократично-радикальна партія), is a political party in Ukraine that was registered in September 2010. It was primarily known for its radical populism, especially in the 2014 Ukrainian parliamentary election when it gained its largest support. At the 2012 Ukrainian parliamentary election, the party had won 1 seat. The party won 22 seats at the 2014 Ukrainian parliamentary election. In the 2019 Ukrainian parliamentary election it lost all those seats. History Ukrainian Radical-Democratic Party The logo of the Ukrainian Radical-Democratic Party The party was established at the founding congress in Mykolaiv on 18 August 2010 and was then named the Ukrainian Radical-Democratic Party. Under this name, it was registered with the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine on 28 September 2010. At the time, the party was led by Vladyslav Telipko. Radical Party of Oleh Liashko During its third party congress on 8 August 2011, Oleh Liashko was elected the new party leader. The same day, the party changed its name to the Radical Party of Oleh Liashko. At the 2012 Ukrainian parliamentary election, the party won 1.08% of the national votes and 1 constituency (it had competed in 28 constituencies) for its leader Liashko, who did not join a faction in the Verkhovna Rada. The party was most successful in Chernihiv Oblast, where it received 10.69 percent of the vote, finishing fifth. The constituency that Liashko won was also located in Chernihiv Oblast. According to political scientist Tadeusz A. Olszański, in mid-September 2014 the party was "a typical one-man party, centred around Oleh Liashko; its real organisational potential remains a mystery". At the 2014 Ukrainian parliamentary election, the party's list was led by Liashko, with Serhii Melnychuk, commander of the Aidar Battalion, in third place, singer Zlata Ognevich in fourth place and Yurii Shukhevych, son of the military leader of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army Roman Shukhevych, in fifth place. At the election, the party won 22 seats. It received support from rural and regional voters who had previously supported Fatherland. On 21 November 2014, the party became a member of the coalition supporting the second Yatsenyuk government and sent one minister into this government. On 3 June 2015, the parliament stripped the party's MP Serhii Melnychuk of his parliamentary prosecutorial immunity rights as he was accused of forming a criminal gang, abductings and threatening people. The Radical Party left the second Yatsenyuk government coalition on 1 September 2015 in protest over a vote in parliament involving a change to the Ukrainian Constitution that would lead to decentralization and greater powers for areas held by pro-Russian separatists. According to party leader Liashko, the party "can't stay in the coalition after anti-Ukrainian changes to the constitution, initiated by the president, were approved against the will of three parties of the coalition". He was referring to his own party, Self Reliance and Fatherland. In the 2019 Ukrainian parliamentary election the party lost all its parliamentary seats, it gained about 1% too little to clear the 5% election threshold and also did not win an electoral district seat. The party had participated in 65 single-mandate majority electoral districts. In the 2020 Ukrainian local elections 535 people won seats in local councils on behalf of the party, that is about 1.62% of the available seats. Ideology and stances Observers had defined the party as left-wing, with some also describing it as right-wing, or far-right. However, political scientists such as Luke March, Mattia Zulianello, Paul Chaisty as well as Stephen Whitefield classify the party as left-wing, and the 2017 Oxford Handbook of Populism also describes the party as left-wing. The Razumkov Centre also classifies the Radical Party as one with a "clearly leftist profile". Regarding the concerns of the Radical Party's hardline nationalist rhetoric, political analyst Georgy Chizhov argues: "Lyashko can hardly be considered a true nationalist; he does not go deep into the jungle of ideology and completely emasculates the essence of his appeals as glorious traditions of the past." The Radical Party is centered on Liashko, who is known for his populism and highly combative behavior. The party advocates a number of traditional left-wing positions on economics such as lower salary taxes, a ban on agricultural land sale and eliminating the illegal land market, a tenfold increase in budget spending on health and setting up primary health centres in every village and mixes them with strong nationalist sentiments. Anton Shekhovtsov of University College London considers Liashko's party to be similar to populist and nationalist. A similar view is shared by political scientist Mattia Zulianello. Political scientist Tadeusz A. Olszański described the party as liberal-nationalist, pro-European and populist. Liashko and his party combine radically left-wing economical stances with authoritarian and nationalist outlook on society. The party promotes the concept of a state as an active, authoritarian regulator of both the society and economy. The party supports extensive social welfare, protectionism as a way to support domestic industries, generous agricultural grants and implementation of state control on prices. One of the iconic proposals of the party is for the state to pay at least 5.000 hryvnias to every farmer for every cow owned, and to compensate 50% of farming equipment cost. The ideological foundation of the party was described as left social populism with paternalistic qualities; in its program, the party asserts" “The purpose of the Radical Party – a society of equal opportunities and welfare.” Similarly, the party also states the “protection of the disadvantaged” as its overarching goal. The party has promised to purify the country of oligarchs "with a pitchfork". It has proposed higher taxes on products manufactured by oligarchs and a crisis tax on the latter. The party was described as presenting "left-wing, anti-oligarch economic policies previously associated with the Communist Party"; the similarity with the banned Communist Party is also similar because of the Radical Party's oppositional stance towards EU integration. Paul Chaisty and Stephen Whitefield noted that the party "took the same position as voters of right-wing and nationalist parties on the question of EU integration, suggesting no significant realignment of Communist voters in the East". The party wants to re-arm Ukraine with nuclear weapons. The party also advocates an end to the Russo-Ukrainian War by the use of force. Amongst the proposals of the party is to ban Russophile parties such as the Communist Party of Ukraine and the Party of Regions. Despite its anti-Russian positions, the party also supports localism and regional decentralization, arguing for the need to extend the authority of local governments. Party leader Liashko had stressed in May 2011 he had nothing against sexual minorities. In a September 2015 interview with Ukrayinska Pravda, he stated that being an LGBT person "is the choice of each individual. I can not condemn". Polish observers compared the Radical Party of Olesh Liashko to Self-Defence of the Republic of Poland (Polish: Samoobrona Rzeczpospolitej Polski). Samoobrona is a far-left Polish political party that was described as radical, left-wing populist, and agrarian socialist. Two parties share many similarities, such as their staunchly nationalist, agrarian and left-wing populists positions, as well as controversial forms of protest. Party leaders Vladyslav Telipko (2010–2011) Oleh Liashko (2011–present) Election results Results in the 2012 elections Results in the 2014 elections Verkhovna Rada Year Popular vote % of popular vote Overall seats won Seat change Government 2012 221,136 1.08 1 / 450 1 Opposition 2014 1,171,697 7.45 22 / 450 21 Coalition government (until 2015),Opposition (2015−19) 2019 586,294 4.01 0 / 450 22 Extra-parliamentary Presidential elections President of Ukraine Election year Candidate No. of 1st round votes % of 1st round vote No. of 2nd round votes % of 2nd round vote 2014 Oleh Liashko 1,500,377 8.32 2019 Oleh Liashko 1,036,003 5.48 See also Category:Radical Party of Oleh Liashko politicians Self-Defence of the Republic of Poland References ^ a b c d e Політична партія «Радикальна Партія Олега Ляшка» (in Ukrainian). DATA. Retrieved 29 November 2017. ^ Chopa, Viktor (19 July 2017). "Parliamentary elections in Ukraine: single-party majority and other options". Ukrinform. Kyiv. The Radical Party with its left-wing and populist deviation, which has already tired the voters out, faces serious problems. Taking into account Liashko's rating of 5.48% in the presidential election, only the commitment of stable voters to this particular political figure can save all the "radicals" from political non-existence.Ramani, Samuel (5 September 2017). "Interview with Former Aidar Battalion Commander and Ukrainian Rada Member Serhiy Melnychuk on "Myths" About the Aidar Battalion and Ukraine's Future". HuffPost. Even though Melnychuk is now a political independent, he was elected in November 2014 as a representative of the Radical Party of Oleh Lyashko, a left-wing populist party which has considerable appeal in rural Ukraine.Wierschke, Katherina M. (2020). Trends in Post-Soviet Media Consumption: Assessing Media Freedom and Russian Media Influence in Georgia and Ukraine (Thesis). Austin: University of Texas. pp. 80–81. The major political parties consist of: (...) Radical (left-wing populist/nationalist) led by Oleh Lyashko; (...)Chaisty, Paul; Whitefield, Stephen (2018). "Critical Election or Frozen Cleavages? How Voters Chose Parties in the 2014 Ukrainian Parliamentary Election". Electoral Studies. 56 (1): 162. doi:10.1016/j.electstud.2018.08.009. Neither the emergence of a leftist populist party, the Radical Party, which sought to appeal to nationalist voters. ^ Tadeusz A. Olszański (17 September 2014). "Ukraine's political parties at the start of the election campaign". OSW: Centre for Eastern Studies. Retrieved 29 November 2017."Ukraine MP injured in 'assassination attempt'". BBC News. 2017-10-25. Retrieved 2022-08-08."End Of The Orange-Blue Divide: Ukraine Vote May Produce New Political Landscape". RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. Retrieved 2022-08-08. ^ "The political landscape is shifting in Ukraine". Retrieved 17 July 2023. ^ de Borja Lasheras, Francisco (22 December 2016). "Ukraine's rising Euroscepticism". European Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved 26 August 2019. ^ Chaisty, Paul; Whitefield, Stephen (2018). "Critical Election or Frozen Cleavages? How Voters Chose Parties in the 2014 Ukrainian Parliamentary Election". Electoral Studies. 56 (1): 162. doi:10.1016/j.electstud.2018.08.009. Neither the emergence of a leftist populist party, the Radical Party, which sought to appeal to nationalist voters.Rachok, Anatoliy (2018). Yuriy Yakymenko; Valeriya Klymenko; Hanna Pashkova (eds.). "Ukraine on the Eve of the Election Year: Public Demand, Positions of Political Actors, Outline of the New Government (Analytical Report by the Razumkov Centre)" (PDF). National Security & Defence. 3–4 (175–176). Razumkov Centre: 91. The analysis of party programmes in terms of their socio-economic policy made it possible to identify the following parties that may enter the new Parliament: four clearly leftist parties (the Radical Party, For Life, the Opposition Bloc and "Batkivshchyna"), one left-ofcentre ("Svoboda"), one conditionally centrist (Servant of the People) and three right-of-centre parties (the Civic Position, "Samopomich" Union, and Petro Poroshenko Bloc).Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser; Paul Taggart; Paulina Ochoa Espejo; Pierre Ostiguy (26 October 2017). The Oxford Handbook of Populism. Oxford Handbooks. Oxford University Press. p. 291. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198803560.001.0001. ISBN 9780192525376. A feature of the post-Soviet landscape is that radical left-wing quasi-populist forces have been as prevalent (perhaps more so) than those of the right. This is unsurprising, since across Europe, the post-Soviet radical left has become more populist, acting no longer as the vanguard of a (now diminished) proletariat but as the vox populi (e.g. March, 2011). Whereas many left-wing parties retain a strong socialist ideological core, there are other social populists whose populism has become a more systematic element of their ideological appeal. Lyashko (who came third in the 2014 presidential elections) represents a less ideological, but more incendiary, macho, and media-astute populism akin to a "radio shock jock" (e.g. Kozloff, 2015). He supports a folksy, peasant-based populism focusing on anti-corruption and higher taxes on the oligarchs.Zulianello, Mattia (2020). "Varieties of Populist Parties and Party Systems in Europe: From State-of-the-Art to the Application of a Novel Classification Scheme to 66 Parties in 33 Countries". Government and Opposition. 55 (2): 6. doi:10.1017/gov.2019.21. hdl:11368/3001222. ISSN 1477-7053. - Listed as "Left-wing/national-social".Sychova, Viktoriia (2019). "Soviet archetype in interaction authorities fnd political opposition as threat to national security of Ukraine". Public management. 18 (3): 454. doi:10.32689/2617-2224-2019-18-3-444-460. Thus, the representative of the left forces, the leader of the Radical Party Oleg Lyashko, positioning himself as a "people's" president, in essence, hinted at the establishment of an authoritarian regime: "Lyashko will be in Ukraine like Lukashenka in Belarus. Everyone will fly like a thorny broom". ^ "Депутатські фракції і групи VII скликання" (in Ukrainian). "Deputy fractions and Groups". Verkhovna Rada official website. ^ Кандидати, яких обрано депутатами рад. www.cvk.gov.ua (in Ukrainian). 24 January 2020. Retrieved 24 January 2020. ^ "Lyashko: No sponsors, tycoons or deputies on election list of Radical Party". Kyiv Post. 8 August 2012. Retrieved 29 November 2017. ^ "A strong vote for reform: Ukraine after the parliamentary elections". OSW Centre for Eastern Studies. 2014-10-29. Retrieved 2022-06-16. ^ "Party of Regions gets 185 seats in Ukrainian parliament, Batkivschyna 101 - CEC". Interfax-Ukraine. 12 November 2012. Retrieved 29 November 2017. ^ Olena Goncharova; Ian Bateson (29 October 2014). "Poroshenko and Yatsenyuk's parties maneuver for lead role in coalition". Kyiv Post. Retrieved 29 November 2017."New Verkhovna Rada". Kyiv Post. 30 October 2014. Retrieved 29 November 2017. ^ a b "Poroshenko Bloc to have greatest number of seats in parliament". Ukrainian Television and Radio. 8 November 2014. Retrieved 29 November 2017."People's Front 0.33% ahead of Poroshenko Bloc with all ballots counted in Ukraine elections - CEC". Interfax-Ukraine. 8 November 2014. Retrieved 29 November 2017."Poroshenko Bloc to get 132 seats in parliament - CEC". Interfax-Ukraine. 8 November 2014. Retrieved 29 November 2017. ^ a b CEC counts 100 percent of vote in Ukraine's parliamentary elections, Ukrinform (26 July 2019)(in Russian) Results of the extraordinary elections of the People's Deputies of Ukraine 2019, Ukrayinska Pravda (21 July 2019) ^ a b c d Радикальна партія Олега Ляшка (in Ukrainian). RBC Ukraine. Retrieved 29 November 2017. ^ Олег Ляшко офіційно перейменував свою партію (in Ukrainian). 24 News. 14 December 2011. Retrieved 29 November 2017. ^ Радикальна партія Олега Ляшка (in Ukrainian). RBC Ukraine. Retrieved 29 November 2017. ^ (in Ukrainian) Proportional votes Archived 2012-10-30 at the Wayback Machine & Constituency seats Archived 2012-11-05 at the Wayback Machine, Central Election Commission of Ukraine Retrieved 29 November 2017. ^ "National deputies of Ukraine:Oleh Liashko". Verkhovna Rada. Retrieved 29 November 2017. ^ a b Tadeusz A. Olszański (17 September 2014). "Ukraine's political parties at the start of the election campaign". OSW: Centre for Eastern Studies. Retrieved 29 November 2017. ^ "Ukraine Votes On Oct. 26 To Elect New Parliament". Kyiv Post. 24 October 2014. Retrieved 29 November 2017. ^ Tadeusz A. Olszański (29 October 2014), A strong vote for reform: Ukraine after the parliamentary elections, OSW—Centre for Eastern Studies, retrieved 29 November 2017 ^ "Rada supports coalition-proposed government lineup". Interfax-Ukraine. 2 December 2014. Retrieved 29 November 2017."Rada approves new Cabinet with three foreigners". Kyiv Post. 2 December 2014. Retrieved 29 November 2017."Rada voted the new Cabinet" Рада проголосувала новий кабмін. Ukrayinska Pravda (in Ukrainian). 2 December 2014. Retrieved 29 November 2017. ^ "Five political forces sign coalition agreement". Interfax-Ukraine. 21 November 2014. Retrieved 29 November 2017."Ukraine's parliamentary parties initial coalition agreement". Interfax-Ukraine. 21 November 2014. Retrieved 29 November 2017. ^ "Ukrainian Parliament strips two MP's of their immunity from prosecution". Ukraine Today. 3 June 2015. Retrieved 29 November 2017. ^ a b "Ukraine Radical Party Quits Ruling Coalition After Deadly Clash". Bloomberg News. 1 September 2015. Retrieved 29 November 2017. ^ "Departure of nationalists unlikely to break up Ukrainian ruling coalition and will improve likelihood of decentralization". Jane's Information Group. 3 September 2015. Archived from the original on 5 September 2015. Retrieved 15 September 2015. ^ "Електоральна пам'ять". ukr.vote. ^ (in Ukrainian) The CEC showed the top 10 parties that won the most seats in the election, Ukrayinska Pravda (18 November 2020) ^ Beswick, Emma (2016-11-14). "Ukrainian MPs fistfight in parliament...again". Euronews. Retrieved 2022-08-08. ^ Cura, Ali (2016-11-15). "Ukrainian politicians fight in parliament". Anadolu Agency. Retrieved 2022-08-08. ^ Chopa, Viktor (19 July 2017). "Parliamentary elections in Ukraine: single-party majority and other options". Ukrinform. Kyiv. ^ Ramani, Samuel (5 September 2017). "Interview with Former Aidar Battalion Commander and Ukrainian Rada Member Serhiy Melnychuk on "Myths" About the Aidar Battalion and Ukraine's Future". HuffPost. ^ Wierschke, Katherina M. (2020). Trends in Post-Soviet Media Consumption: Assessing Media Freedom and Russian Media Influence in Georgia and Ukraine (Thesis). Austin: University of Texas. pp. 80–81. ^ "Right-wing Radical Party to leave Ukrainian parliamentary coalition". The Globe and Mail. 2015-09-01. Retrieved 2022-08-08. ^ Liubchenkova, Natalia (2019-07-18). "Ukraine parliamentary election: What you need to know". euronews. Retrieved 2022-08-08. ^ Salem, Harriet (2014-10-25). "Ukraine's President Faces Pressure from Radical Pro-War Parties Ahead of Election". Vice. Retrieved 2022-08-08. ^ "Ukraine PM Yatsenyuk Survives No-Confidence Vote In Parliament". RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. Retrieved 2022-08-08. ^ March, Luke (2017). Populism in Post-Soviet States. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 214–231. ISBN 0198803567. ^ Zulianello, Mattia (2020). "Varieties of Populist Parties and Party Systems in Europe: From State-of-the-Art to the Application of a Novel Classification Scheme to 66 Parties in 33 Countries". Government and Opposition. 55 (2): 6. doi:10.1017/gov.2019.21. hdl:11368/3001222. ISSN 1477-7053. - Listed as "Left-wing/national-social". ^ a b Chaisty, Paul; Whitefield, Stephen (2018). "Critical Election or Frozen Cleavages? How Voters Chose Parties in the 2014 Ukrainian Parliamentary Election". Electoral Studies. 56 (1): 158–169. doi:10.1016/j.electstud.2018.08.009. ^ Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser; Paul Taggart; Paulina Ochoa Espejo; Pierre Ostiguy (26 October 2017). The Oxford Handbook of Populism. Oxford Handbooks. Oxford University Press. p. 291. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198803560.001.0001. ISBN 9780192525376. A feature of the post-Soviet landscape is that radical left-wing quasi-populist forces have been as prevalent (perhaps more so) than those of the right. This is unsurprising, since across Europe, the post-Soviet radical left has become more populist, acting no longer as the vanguard of a (now diminished) proletariat but as the vox populi (e.g. March, 2011). Whereas many left-wing parties retain a strong socialist ideological core, there are other social populists whose populism has become a more systematic element of their ideological appeal. Lyashko (who came third in the 2014 presidential elections) represents a less ideological, but more incendiary, macho, and media-astute populism akin to a "radio shock jock" (e.g. Kozloff, 2015). He supports a folksy, peasant-based populism focusing on anti-corruption and higher taxes on the oligarchs. ^ Rachok, Anatoliy (2018). Yuriy Yakymenko; Valeriya Klymenko; Hanna Pashkova (eds.). "Ukraine on the Eve of the Election Year: Public Demand, Positions of Political Actors, Outline of the New Government (Analytical Report by the Razumkov Centre)" (PDF). National Security & Defence. 3–4 (175–176). Razumkov Centre: 91. The analysis of party programmes in terms of their socio-economic policy made it possible to identify the following parties that may enter the new Parliament: four clearly leftist parties (the Radical Party, For Life, the Opposition Bloc and "Batkivshchyna"), one left-ofcentre ("Svoboda"), one conditionally centrist (Servant of the People) and three right-of-centre parties (the Civic Position, "Samopomich" Union, and Petro Poroshenko Bloc). ^ Chizhov, Georgy (2018). Claudia Crawford; Boris Makarenko; Nikolay Petrov (eds.). Populism as a Common Challenge. Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung e.V. ISBN 978-5-8243-2210-1. ^ Noack, Rick (14 August 2014). "Why Ukrainian politicians keep beating each other up". The Washington Post. Retrieved 26 August 2019. ^ Arsenyi Svynarenko (29 August 2014). "Ukraine's political landscape is shifting". Politiikasta.fi. Retrieved 29 November 2017. ^ Kuzio, Taras (26 August 2014). "Ukraine is heading for new parliamentary elections, but the country still lacks real political parties". LSE EUROPP Blog. Retrieved 29 November 2017. ^ a b "The Communist Party May Be on Its Last Legs, But Social Populism is Still Alive". The Ukrainian Week. 23 October 2014. Retrieved 29 November 2017. ^ David M. Herszenhorn (24 October 2014). "With Stunts and Vigilante Escapades, a Populist Gains Ground in Ukraine". The New York Times. Retrieved 29 November 2017. ^ Shekhovtsov, Anton (2014-05-29). "Ukraine's presidential election and the far right". Anton Shekhovtsov's blog. ^ Zulianello, Mattia (2019). "Varieties of Populist Parties and Party Systems in Europe: From State-of-the-Art to the Application of a Novel Classification Scheme to 66 Parties in 33 Countries" (PDF). Government and Opposition: 6. ^ Olszański, Tadeusz A. (17 September 2014). "Ukraine's political parties at the start of the election campaign". Centre for Eastern Studies. ^ Ludwig Gorondi; Tymofii Brik; Lesya Grabova; Kostyantyn Fedorenko; Taras Tarasyuk; Denys Tereshchenko; Romi More; Marta Kobrynovich; Andrii Tiazhkyi. "Between Chávez and Merkel: The political ideology of Ukraine's next president". ^ Manailo-Prikhodko, Renata (2016). "Parliamentary elections 2014 in Ukraine: national and regional dimension" (PDF). Journal of Central and Eastern Europe. Uzhhorod National University: 269. ^ a b "Ukraine election: What to look for". BBC News. 24 October 2014. Retrieved 29 November 2017. ^ Chope, Christopher (17 November 2014). "Observation of the early parliamentary elections in Ukraine (26 October 2014)". Ad hoc Committee of the Bureau. ^ Kuzyshyn, Andrii; Poplavska, Inna (2022). "Peculiarities of Ukraine's population's political identity through the prism of results of electoral preferences". Journal of Geography, Politics and Society. 12 (1): 34-43. ^ "A. Lyashko: each of us a role to play". Ukrainian National News. May 19, 2011. Archived from the original on November 26, 2014. Retrieved May 24, 2014. ^ "З усіх вил: звідки взявся та до чого дійшов Олег Ляшко" (in Russian). "Of all the twisted, and where did what came Oleh Liashko". Ukrayinska Pravda. 18 September 2015. Retrieved 24 March 2019. ^ a b Mucha, Wojciech. Krew i ziemia. O ukraińskiej rewolucji (in Polish). Fronda. p. 171. ISBN 978-83-64095-58-0. ^ Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser; Paul Taggart; Paulina Ochoa Espejo; Pierre Ostiguy (26 October 2017). The Oxford Handbook of Populism. Oxford Handbooks. Oxford University Press. p. 193. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198803560.001.0001. ISBN 9780192525376. ^ Corina Stratulat (2014). "EU integration and party politics in the Balkans" (PDF). EPC Issue Paper. 77: 8. ISSN 1782-494X. ^ Aleksandra Galasińska; Dariusz Galasiński (2010). The Post-Communist Condition: Public and Private Discourses of Transformation. John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 105. ISBN 978-9027206282. ^ Gerrit Voerman ; Dirk Strijker; Ida Terluin (2015). "Contemporary Populism, the Agrarian and the Rural in Central Eastern and Western Europe". In Sarah de Lange (ed.). Rural Protest Groups and Populist Political Parties. Wageningen Academic Publishers. p. 172. doi:10.3920/978-90-8686-807-0. ISBN 9789086862597. External links Media related to Radical Party of Oleh Liashko at Wikimedia Commons Official website (in Ukrainian) vteLeft-wing political parties in UkraineRegistered parties Batkivshchyna Christian Socialists Hromada Justice Party Party of Regions Peasant Party of Ukraine Radical Party of Oleh Liashko Social Democratic Party of Ukraine Social Democratic Party of Ukraine (united) Social Democratic Union Socialist Ukraine Spade Unregistered parties Communist Party of Ukraine Communist Party of the Soviet Union (2001) Union of Communists of Ukraine Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine Social Movement Defunct parties Borotba Communist Party of the Donetsk People's Republic Communist Party of the Soviet Union Communist Party of Ukraine (Soviet Union) Communist Party of Ukraine (renewed) Communist Party of Workers and Peasants Jewish Communist Labour Bund Jewish Communist Party Left Socialist-Revolutionaries Ukrainian Party of Left Socialists-Revolutionaries Moldavian Progressive Party Organization of Marxists Party of Democratic Revival of Ukraine Revolutionary Ukrainian Party Russian Social Democratic Labour Party Socialist Party of Ukraine Ukraine – Forward! Ukrainian Communist Party Ukrainian Party of Communists-Borotbists Ukrainian Party of Socialists-Federalists Ukrainian Party of Socialist Independists Ukrainian Radical Party Ukrainian Party of Socialist-Revolutionaries Ukrainian Peasant Democratic Party Ukrainian Social Democratic Labour Party Ukrainian Social-Democratic League Union of Left Forces United Jewish Socialist Workers Party Workers Party of Ukraine (Marxist–Leninist) Workers Resistance vtePolitical parties in Ukraine (list)Official factions Servant of the People (240) European Solidarity (27) Batkivshchyna (24) Holos (20) For the Future (20) Parliamentary groups Platform for Life and Peace (25) Smart Politics (25, inside SN) Dovira (18) Restoration of Ukraine (18) Justice (11, inside Holos) Parties withoutfaction status Svoboda (1) Self Reliance (1) Andriy Baloha's Team (1) Bila Tserkva Together (1) Parties withregionalrepresentation Servant of the People (305) European Solidarity (283) Opposition Platform — For Life (230) Batkivshchyna (193) For the Future (183) Svoboda (50) Kernes Bloc — Successful Kharkiv (46) Our Land (43) Ukrainian Strategy of Groysman (40) Proposition (35) UDAR (30) Radical Party (27) Dovira (22) Native Home (19) Cherkashchany (18) Bloc Svitlychna Together! (17) Strength and Honor (16) Holos (16) Bloc Vilkul — Ukrainian Perspective (16) Unity of Oleksandr Omelchenko (14) Symchyshyn's Team (13) We Have to Live Here! (13) Agrarian Party (12) Native Zakarpattia (12) Trust the Deeds (11) Community Platform (10) For Tangible Solutions (10) Power of the People (9) Volodymyr Buryak — United (9) Self Reliance (9) Native City (9) United Alternative (9) Party of Hungarians (8) Opposition Bloc (8) Andriy Baloha's Team (7) Ukrainian Galician Party (7) People's Movement of Ukraine (6) Party of Shariy (6) People's Control (6) Volodymyr Saldo Bloc (5) Other parties 5.10 Aktsent Brotherhood Christian Democratic Union Civil Position Conscience of Ukraine Congress of Ukrainian Nationalists Democratic Alliance Democratic Axe Democratic Party DIYA European Party For Ukraine! Hromada Internet Party Justice Party Labour Ukraine Liberal Democratic Party Liberal Party of Ukraine Liberty Motherland Defenders Party Movement of New Forces National Corps New Life New Politics One Rus Our Ukraine Party of Greens Party of Free Democrats Party of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs Party of Pensioners People Bloc People's Democratic Party People's Front People's Party Pirate Party Political Party of Small and Medium-sized Businesses Reasonable Force Republican Christian Party Republican Platform Revival Right Sector Social-Christian Party United Social Democratic Party Solidarity of Women Spade Strong Ukraine Third Ukrainian Republic National-Democratic Association "Ukraine" Ukraine – Forward! Ukraine is Our Home Ukraine United Ukrainian Democratic Alliance for Reform Ukrainian People's Party Ukrainian Republican Party UKROP Union of Communists Volt Ukraine Youth Party Banned Communist Party of Ukraine Communist Party of Ukraine (renewed) Communist Party of Workers and Peasants Russian Bloc Russian Unity 20 March 2022 Derzhava Left Opposition Nashi Opposition Bloc Opposition Platform — For Life Party of Shariy Progressive Socialist Party Socialist Party of Ukraine Socialists Union of Left Forces Volodymyr Saldo Bloc Workers Party of Ukraine (Marxist–Leninist) Party of Regions Politics of Ukraine Politics portal Authority control databases International VIAF National United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ukrainian Radical Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Radical_Party"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Ukrainian"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DATA-1"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_language"},{"link_name":"political party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_party"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DATA-1"},{"link_name":"2014 Ukrainian parliamentary election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Ukrainian_parliamentary_election"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"2012 Ukrainian parliamentary election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Ukrainian_parliamentary_election"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"2014 Ukrainian parliamentary election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Ukrainian_parliamentary_election"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allcountedCECIU81114-13"},{"link_name":"2019 Ukrainian parliamentary election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Ukrainian_parliamentary_election"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RPLawp2748306-14"}],"text":"For the party that was called the Ukrainian Radical Party and founded in October 1890, see Ukrainian Radical Party.The Radical Party of Oleh Liashko (Ukrainian: Радикальна партія Олега Ляшка, romanized: Radykal'na partiia Oleha Liashka, RPOL)[1] and formerly known as the Ukrainian Radical-Democratic Party (Ukrainian: Українська демократично-радикальна партія), is a political party in Ukraine[9] that was registered in September 2010.[1] It was primarily known for its radical populism, especially in the 2014 Ukrainian parliamentary election when it gained its largest support.[10]At the 2012 Ukrainian parliamentary election, the party had won 1 seat.[11] The party won 22 seats at the 2014 Ukrainian parliamentary election.[12][13] In the 2019 Ukrainian parliamentary election it lost all those seats.[14]","title":"Radical Party of Oleh Liashko"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%96%D1%8F.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mykolaiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mykolaiv"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RBK-15"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Justice of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DATA-1"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RBK-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RBK-15"}],"sub_title":"Ukrainian Radical-Democratic Party","text":"The logo of the Ukrainian Radical-Democratic PartyThe party was established at the founding congress in Mykolaiv on 18 August 2010 and was then named the Ukrainian Radical-Democratic Party.[15] Under this name, it was registered with the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine on 28 September 2010.[1][15] At the time, the party was led by Vladyslav Telipko.[15]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oleh Liashko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleh_Liashko"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RBK-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"2012 Ukrainian parliamentary election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Ukrainian_parliamentary_election"},{"link_name":"constituency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constituency"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ukrelct2012resCECU-18"},{"link_name":"Verkhovna Rada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verkhovna_Rada"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Chernihiv Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chernihiv_Oblast"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Olszanski-20"},{"link_name":"2014 Ukrainian parliamentary election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Ukrainian_parliamentary_election"},{"link_name":"Aidar Battalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aidar_Battalion"},{"link_name":"Zlata Ognevich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zlata_Ognevich"},{"link_name":"Yurii Shukhevych","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yurii_Shukhevych"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian Insurgent Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army"},{"link_name":"Roman Shukhevych","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Shukhevych"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allcountedCECIU81114-13"},{"link_name":"Fatherland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-Ukrainian_Union_%22Fatherland%22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Olszanski_AE-22"},{"link_name":"second Yatsenyuk government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Yatsenyuk_government"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FLUYGIU21214-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Constitution"},{"link_name":"decentralization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decentralization"},{"link_name":"pro-Russian separatists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Donbas_(2014%E2%80%932022)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bloomrlc-26"},{"link_name":"anti-Ukrainian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Ukrainian"},{"link_name":"president","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petro_Poroshenko"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bloomrlc-26"},{"link_name":"Self Reliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self_Reliance_(political_party)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"2019 Ukrainian parliamentary election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Ukrainian_parliamentary_election"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RPLawp2748306-14"},{"link_name":"single-mandate majority electoral districts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_districts_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-URK.VOTEPP5-28"},{"link_name":"2020 Ukrainian local elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Ukrainian_local_elections"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-274039TheCECES-29"}],"sub_title":"Radical Party of Oleh Liashko","text":"During its third party congress on 8 August 2011, Oleh Liashko was elected the new party leader.[15] The same day, the party changed its name to the Radical Party of Oleh Liashko.[16]At the 2012 Ukrainian parliamentary election, the party won 1.08% of the national votes and 1 constituency (it had competed in 28 constituencies)[17] for its leader Liashko,[18] who did not join a faction in the Verkhovna Rada.[19] The party was most successful in Chernihiv Oblast, where it received 10.69 percent of the vote, finishing fifth.[citation needed] The constituency that Liashko won was also located in Chernihiv Oblast.[citation needed]According to political scientist Tadeusz A. Olszański, in mid-September 2014 the party was \"a typical one-man party, centred around Oleh Liashko; its real organisational potential remains a mystery\".[20] At the 2014 Ukrainian parliamentary election, the party's list was led by Liashko, with Serhii Melnychuk, commander of the Aidar Battalion, in third place, singer Zlata Ognevich in fourth place and Yurii Shukhevych, son of the military leader of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army Roman Shukhevych, in fifth place.[21] At the election, the party won 22 seats.[13] It received support from rural and regional voters who had previously supported Fatherland.[22]On 21 November 2014, the party became a member of the coalition supporting the second Yatsenyuk government and sent one minister into this government.[23][24]On 3 June 2015, the parliament stripped the party's MP Serhii Melnychuk of his parliamentary prosecutorial immunity rights as he was accused of forming a criminal gang, abductings and threatening people.[25]The Radical Party left the second Yatsenyuk government coalition on 1 September 2015 in protest over a vote in parliament involving a change to the Ukrainian Constitution that would lead to decentralization and greater powers for areas held by pro-Russian separatists.[26] According to party leader Liashko, the party \"can't stay in the coalition after anti-Ukrainian changes to the constitution, initiated by the president, were approved against the will of three parties of the coalition\".[26] He was referring to his own party, Self Reliance and Fatherland.[27]In the 2019 Ukrainian parliamentary election the party lost all its parliamentary seats, \nit gained about 1% too little to clear the 5% election threshold and also did not win an electoral district seat.[14] The party had participated in 65 single-mandate majority electoral districts.[28]In the 2020 Ukrainian local elections 535 people won seats in local councils on behalf of the party, that is about 1.62% of the available seats.[29]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"left-wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left-wing_politics"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"right-wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right-wing_politics"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"far-right","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far-right_politics"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zulianello-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-whitefield-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-handbook-42"},{"link_name":"Razumkov Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razumkov_Centre"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-razumkov_quote-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"populism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Populism"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rick_Noack-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Svynarenko-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kuzio-47"},{"link_name":"salary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salary"},{"link_name":"primary health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_healthcare"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-radppUW-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Anton Shekhovtsov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Shekhovtsov"},{"link_name":"University College London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_College_London"},{"link_name":"populist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Populism"},{"link_name":"nationalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalism"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Tadeusz A. Olszański","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadeusz_A._Olsza%C5%84ski"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"oligarchs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_oligarchs"},{"link_name":"pitchfork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchfork"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBCUE14RPst-55"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-radppUW-48"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-whitefield-41"},{"link_name":"re-arm Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_and_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"nuclear weapons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weapon"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBCUE14RPst-55"},{"link_name":"Russo-Ukrainian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Olszanski-20"},{"link_name":"Communist Party of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Party of Regions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_of_Regions"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"localism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Localism_(politics)"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Ukrayinska Pravda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrayinska_Pravda"},{"link_name":"LGBT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-did_what_came-59"},{"link_name":"Self-Defence of the Republic of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-Defence_of_the_Republic_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_language"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mucha-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"agrarian socialist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrarian_socialism"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mucha-60"}],"text":"Observers had defined the party as left-wing,[30][31][32][33][34] with some also describing it as right-wing,[35][36] or far-right.[37][38] However, political scientists such as Luke March,[39] Mattia Zulianello,[40] Paul Chaisty as well as Stephen Whitefield classify the party as left-wing,[41] and the 2017 Oxford Handbook of Populism also describes the party as left-wing.[42] The Razumkov Centre also classifies the Radical Party as one with a \"clearly leftist profile\".[43] Regarding the concerns of the Radical Party's hardline nationalist rhetoric, political analyst Georgy Chizhov argues: \"Lyashko can hardly be considered a true nationalist; he does not go deep into the jungle of ideology and completely emasculates the essence of his appeals as glorious traditions of the past.\"[44] The Radical Party is centered on Liashko, who is known for his populism and highly combative behavior. The party advocates a number of traditional left-wing positions on economics[45][46][47] such as lower salary taxes, a ban on agricultural land sale and eliminating the illegal land market, a tenfold increase in budget spending on health and setting up primary health centres in every village[48] and mixes them with strong nationalist sentiments.[49] Anton Shekhovtsov of University College London considers Liashko's party to be similar to populist and nationalist.[50] A similar view is shared by political scientist Mattia Zulianello.[51] Political scientist Tadeusz A. Olszański described the party as liberal-nationalist, pro-European and populist.[52]Liashko and his party combine radically left-wing economical stances with authoritarian and nationalist outlook on society. The party promotes the concept of a state as an active, authoritarian regulator of both the society and economy. The party supports extensive social welfare, protectionism as a way to support domestic industries, generous agricultural grants and implementation of state control on prices. One of the iconic proposals of the party is for the state to pay at least 5.000 hryvnias to every farmer for every cow owned, and to compensate 50% of farming equipment cost.[53] The ideological foundation of the party was described as left social populism with paternalistic qualities; in its program, the party asserts\" “The purpose of the Radical Party – a society of equal opportunities and welfare.” Similarly, the party also states the “protection of the disadvantaged” as its overarching goal.[54]The party has promised to purify the country of oligarchs \"with a pitchfork\".[55] It has proposed higher taxes on products manufactured by oligarchs and a crisis tax on the latter.[48] The party was described as presenting \"left-wing, anti-oligarch economic policies previously associated with the Communist Party\"; the similarity with the banned Communist Party is also similar because of the Radical Party's oppositional stance towards EU integration. Paul Chaisty and Stephen Whitefield noted that the party \"took the same position as voters of right-wing and nationalist parties on the question of EU integration, suggesting no significant realignment of Communist voters in the East\".[41]The party wants to re-arm Ukraine with nuclear weapons.[55] The party also advocates an end to the Russo-Ukrainian War by the use of force.[20]Amongst the proposals of the party is to ban Russophile parties such as the Communist Party of Ukraine and the Party of Regions.[56] Despite its anti-Russian positions, the party also supports localism and regional decentralization, arguing for the need to extend the authority of local governments.[57]Party leader Liashko had stressed in May 2011 he had nothing against sexual minorities.[58] In a September 2015 interview with Ukrayinska Pravda, he stated that being an LGBT person \"is the choice of each individual. I can not condemn\".[59]Polish observers compared the Radical Party of Olesh Liashko to Self-Defence of the Republic of Poland (Polish: Samoobrona Rzeczpospolitej Polski).[60] Samoobrona is a far-left[61] Polish political party that was described as radical,[62] left-wing populist,[63] and agrarian socialist.[64] Two parties share many similarities, such as their staunchly nationalist, agrarian and left-wing populists positions, as well as controversial forms of protest.[60]","title":"Ideology and stances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oleh Liashko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleh_Liashko"}],"text":"Vladyslav Telipko (2010–2011)\nOleh Liashko (2011–present)","title":"Party leaders"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ukr_elections_2012_multimandate_oblasts_ol.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B2_%D0%B4%D0%BE_%D0%92%D0%A0_%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B8_2014_(%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%9B%D1%8F%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0).png"}],"text":"Results in the 2012 electionsResults in the 2014 elections","title":"Election results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Verkhovna Rada","title":"Election results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Presidential elections","title":"Election results"}]	[{"image_text":"The logo of the Ukrainian Radical-Democratic Party","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%96%D1%8F.jpg"},{"image_text":"Results in the 2012 elections","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Ukr_elections_2012_multimandate_oblasts_ol.png/220px-Ukr_elections_2012_multimandate_oblasts_ol.png"},{"image_text":"Results in the 2014 elections","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B2_%D0%B4%D0%BE_%D0%92%D0%A0_%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B8_2014_%28%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%9B%D1%8F%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%29.png/220px-%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B2_%D0%B4%D0%BE_%D0%92%D0%A0_%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B8_2014_%28%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%9B%D1%8F%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%29.png"}]	[{"title":"Category:Radical Party of Oleh Liashko politicians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Radical_Party_of_Oleh_Liashko_politicians"},{"title":"Self-Defence of the Republic of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-Defence_of_the_Republic_of_Poland"}]	[{"reference":"Політична партія «Радикальна Партія Олега Ляшка» [Political party «Radical Party of Oleh Liashko»] (in Ukrainian). DATA. Retrieved 29 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://da-ta.com.ua/mon_mainnews/4315.htm","url_text":"Політична партія «Радикальна Партія Олега Ляшка»"}]},{"reference":"Chopa, Viktor (19 July 2017). \"Parliamentary elections in Ukraine: single-party majority and other options\". Ukrinform. Kyiv. The Radical Party with its left-wing and populist deviation, which has already tired the voters out, faces serious problems. Taking into account Liashko's rating of 5.48% in the presidential election, only the commitment of stable voters to this particular political figure can save all the \"radicals\" from political non-existence.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-elections/2743615-parliamentary-elections-in-ukraine-singleparty-majority-and-other-options.html","url_text":"\"Parliamentary elections in Ukraine: single-party majority and other options\""}]},{"reference":"Ramani, Samuel (5 September 2017). \"Interview with Former Aidar Battalion Commander and Ukrainian Rada Member Serhiy Melnychuk on \"Myths\" About the Aidar Battalion and Ukraine's Future\". HuffPost. Even though Melnychuk is now a political independent, he was elected in November 2014 as a representative of the Radical Party of Oleh Lyashko, a left-wing populist party which has considerable appeal in rural Ukraine.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.huffpost.com/entry/interview-with-former-aidar-battalion-commander-and_b_59aee24ee4b0c50640cd625","url_text":"\"Interview with Former Aidar Battalion Commander and Ukrainian Rada Member Serhiy Melnychuk on \"Myths\" About the Aidar Battalion and Ukraine's Future\""}]},{"reference":"Wierschke, Katherina M. (2020). Trends in Post-Soviet Media Consumption: Assessing Media Freedom and Russian Media Influence in Georgia and Ukraine (Thesis). Austin: University of Texas. pp. 80–81. The major political parties consist of: (...) Radical (left-wing populist/nationalist) led by Oleh Lyashko; (...)","urls":[{"url":"https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/5929ce9e-9727-4d57-8792-aa613a3df638/content","url_text":"Trends in Post-Soviet Media Consumption: Assessing Media Freedom and Russian Media Influence in Georgia and Ukraine"}]},{"reference":"Chaisty, Paul; Whitefield, Stephen (2018). \"Critical Election or Frozen Cleavages? How Voters Chose Parties in the 2014 Ukrainian Parliamentary Election\". Electoral Studies. 56 (1): 162. doi:10.1016/j.electstud.2018.08.009. Neither the emergence of a leftist populist party, the Radical Party, which sought to appeal to nationalist voters.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.electstud.2018.08.009","url_text":"10.1016/j.electstud.2018.08.009"}]},{"reference":"Tadeusz A. Olszański (17 September 2014). \"Ukraine's political parties at the start of the election campaign\". OSW: Centre for Eastern Studies. Retrieved 29 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/analyses/2014-09-17/ukraines-political-parties-start-election-campaign","url_text":"\"Ukraine's political parties at the start of the election campaign\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ukraine MP injured in 'assassination attempt'\". BBC News. 2017-10-25. Retrieved 2022-08-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-41755669","url_text":"\"Ukraine MP injured in 'assassination attempt'\""}]},{"reference":"\"End Of The Orange-Blue Divide: Ukraine Vote May Produce New Political Landscape\". RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. Retrieved 2022-08-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rferl.org/a/ukraine-elections-new-political-landscape/26653900.html","url_text":"\"End Of The Orange-Blue Divide: Ukraine Vote May Produce New Political Landscape\""}]},{"reference":"\"The political landscape is shifting in Ukraine\". Retrieved 17 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://politiikasta.fi/en/ukraines-political-landscape-is-shifting-2/","url_text":"\"The political landscape is shifting in Ukraine\""}]},{"reference":"de Borja Lasheras, Francisco (22 December 2016). \"Ukraine's rising Euroscepticism\". European Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved 26 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ecfr.eu/article/commentary_ukraines_rising_euroscepticism_7208","url_text":"\"Ukraine's rising Euroscepticism\""}]},{"reference":"Chaisty, Paul; Whitefield, Stephen (2018). \"Critical Election or Frozen Cleavages? How Voters Chose Parties in the 2014 Ukrainian Parliamentary Election\". Electoral Studies. 56 (1): 162. doi:10.1016/j.electstud.2018.08.009. Neither the emergence of a leftist populist party, the Radical Party, which sought to appeal to nationalist voters.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.electstud.2018.08.009","url_text":"10.1016/j.electstud.2018.08.009"}]},{"reference":"Rachok, Anatoliy (2018). Yuriy Yakymenko; Valeriya Klymenko; Hanna Pashkova (eds.). \"Ukraine on the Eve of the Election Year: Public Demand, Positions of Political Actors, Outline of the New Government (Analytical Report by the Razumkov Centre)\" (PDF). National Security & Defence. 3–4 (175–176). Razumkov Centre: 91. The analysis of party programmes in terms of their socio-economic policy made it possible to identify the following parties that may enter the new Parliament: four clearly leftist parties (the Radical Party, For Life, the Opposition Bloc and \"Batkivshchyna\"), one left-ofcentre (\"Svoboda\"), one conditionally centrist (Servant of the People) and three right-of-centre parties (the Civic Position, \"Samopomich\" Union, and Petro Poroshenko Bloc).","urls":[{"url":"https://razumkov.org.ua/uploads/journal/eng/NSD175-176_2018_eng.pdf","url_text":"\"Ukraine on the Eve of the Election Year: Public Demand, Positions of Political Actors, Outline of the New Government (Analytical Report by the Razumkov Centre)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razumkov_Centre","url_text":"Razumkov Centre"}]},{"reference":"Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser; Paul Taggart; Paulina Ochoa Espejo; Pierre Ostiguy (26 October 2017). The Oxford Handbook of Populism. Oxford Handbooks. Oxford University Press. p. 291. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198803560.001.0001. ISBN 9780192525376. A feature of the post-Soviet landscape is that radical left-wing quasi-populist forces have been as prevalent (perhaps more so) than those of the right. This is unsurprising, since across Europe, the post-Soviet radical left has become more populist, acting no longer as the vanguard of a (now diminished) proletariat but as the vox populi (e.g. March, 2011). Whereas many left-wing parties retain a strong socialist ideological core, there are other social populists whose populism has become a more systematic element of their ideological appeal. Lyashko (who came third in the 2014 presidential elections) represents a less ideological, but more incendiary, macho, and media-astute populism akin to a \"radio shock jock\" (e.g. Kozloff, 2015). He supports a folksy, peasant-based populism focusing on anti-corruption and higher taxes on the oligarchs.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780198803560.001.0001","url_text":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198803560.001.0001"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780192525376","url_text":"9780192525376"}]},{"reference":"Zulianello, Mattia (2020). \"Varieties of Populist Parties and Party Systems in Europe: From State-of-the-Art to the Application of a Novel Classification Scheme to 66 Parties in 33 Countries\". Government and Opposition. 55 (2): 6. doi:10.1017/gov.2019.21. hdl:11368/3001222. ISSN 1477-7053.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fgov.2019.21","url_text":"10.1017/gov.2019.21"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11368%2F3001222","url_text":"11368/3001222"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1477-7053","url_text":"1477-7053"}]},{"reference":"Sychova, Viktoriia (2019). \"Soviet archetype in interaction authorities fnd political opposition as threat to national security of Ukraine\". Public management. 18 (3): 454. doi:10.32689/2617-2224-2019-18-3-444-460. Thus, the representative of the left forces, the leader of the Radical Party Oleg Lyashko, positioning himself as a \"people's\" president, in essence, hinted at the establishment of an authoritarian regime: \"Lyashko will be in Ukraine like Lukashenka in Belarus. Everyone will fly like a thorny broom\".","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.32689%2F2617-2224-2019-18-3-444-460","url_text":"10.32689/2617-2224-2019-18-3-444-460"}]},{"reference":"Кандидати, яких обрано депутатами рад. www.cvk.gov.ua (in Ukrainian). 24 January 2020. Retrieved 24 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cvk.gov.ua/pls/vm2020/pvm002pt001f01=695pt00_t001f01=695.html","url_text":"Кандидати, яких обрано депутатами рад"}]},{"reference":"\"Lyashko: No sponsors, tycoons or deputies on election list of Radical Party\". Kyiv Post. 8 August 2012. Retrieved 29 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kyivpost.com/article/content/ukraine-politics/liashko-no-sponsors-tycoons-or-deputies-on-election-list-of-radical-party-311218.html","url_text":"\"Lyashko: No sponsors, tycoons or deputies on election list of Radical Party\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyiv_Post","url_text":"Kyiv Post"}]},{"reference":"\"A strong vote for reform: Ukraine after the parliamentary elections\". OSW Centre for Eastern Studies. 2014-10-29. Retrieved 2022-06-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/analyses/2014-10-29/a-strong-vote-reform-ukraine-after-parliamentary-elections","url_text":"\"A strong vote for reform: Ukraine after the parliamentary elections\""}]},{"reference":"\"Party of Regions gets 185 seats in Ukrainian parliament, Batkivschyna 101 - CEC\". Interfax-Ukraine. 12 November 2012. Retrieved 29 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/126937.html#.UUzMyKnCus0","url_text":"\"Party of Regions gets 185 seats in Ukrainian parliament, Batkivschyna 101 - CEC\""}]},{"reference":"Olena Goncharova; Ian Bateson (29 October 2014). \"Poroshenko and Yatsenyuk's parties maneuver for lead role in coalition\". Kyiv Post. Retrieved 29 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/poroshenko-and-yatsenyuks-parties-maneuver-for-lead-role-in-coalition-369983.html","url_text":"\"Poroshenko and Yatsenyuk's parties maneuver for lead role in coalition\""}]},{"reference":"\"New Verkhovna Rada\". Kyiv Post. 30 October 2014. Retrieved 29 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kyivpost.com/opinion/editorial/new-verkhovna-rada-370121.html","url_text":"\"New Verkhovna Rada\""}]},{"reference":"\"Poroshenko Bloc to have greatest number of seats in parliament\". Ukrainian Television and Radio. 8 November 2014. Retrieved 29 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-polytics/1726373-poroshenko_bloc_to_have_greatest_number_of_seats_in_parliament_327072.html","url_text":"\"Poroshenko Bloc to have greatest number of seats in parliament\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Television_and_Radio","url_text":"Ukrainian Television and Radio"}]},{"reference":"\"People's Front 0.33% ahead of Poroshenko Bloc with all ballots counted in Ukraine elections - CEC\". Interfax-Ukraine. 8 November 2014. Retrieved 29 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/233404.html","url_text":"\"People's Front 0.33% ahead of Poroshenko Bloc with all ballots counted in Ukraine elections - CEC\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interfax-Ukraine","url_text":"Interfax-Ukraine"}]},{"reference":"\"Poroshenko Bloc to get 132 seats in parliament - CEC\". Interfax-Ukraine. 8 November 2014. Retrieved 29 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/233426.html","url_text":"\"Poroshenko Bloc to get 132 seats in parliament - CEC\""}]},{"reference":"Радикальна партія Олега Ляшка [Radical Party of Oleh Liashko] (in Ukrainian). RBC Ukraine. Retrieved 29 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rbc.ua/ukr/vyboru2012/party/p51","url_text":"Радикальна партія Олега Ляшка"}]},{"reference":"Олег Ляшко офіційно перейменував свою партію [Oleh Liashko officially renamed his party] (in Ukrainian). 24 News. 14 December 2011. Retrieved 29 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://24tv.ua/home/showSingleNews.do?oleg_lyashko_ofitsiyno_pereymenuvav_svoyu_partiyu&objectId=168389","url_text":"Олег Ляшко офіційно перейменував свою партію"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/24_News_(TV_channel)","url_text":"24 News"}]},{"reference":"Радикальна партія Олега Ляшка [Radical Party of Oleh Liashko] (in Ukrainian). RBC Ukraine. Retrieved 29 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://apk.rbc.ua/ukr/vyboru2012/party/p51/okrug","url_text":"Радикальна партія Олега Ляшка"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RBC_Ukraine","url_text":"RBC Ukraine"}]},{"reference":"\"National deputies of Ukraine:Oleh Liashko\". Verkhovna Rada. Retrieved 29 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/site/p_deputat?d_id=8818","url_text":"\"National deputies of Ukraine:Oleh Liashko\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verkhovna_Rada","url_text":"Verkhovna Rada"}]},{"reference":"Tadeusz A. Olszański (17 September 2014). \"Ukraine's political parties at the start of the election campaign\". OSW: Centre for Eastern Studies. Retrieved 29 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/analyses/2014-09-17/ukraines-political-parties-start-election-campaign","url_text":"\"Ukraine's political parties at the start of the election campaign\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ukraine Votes On Oct. 26 To Elect New Parliament\". Kyiv Post. 24 October 2014. Retrieved 29 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/ukraine-votes-on-oct-26-to-elect-new-parliament-369193.html","url_text":"\"Ukraine Votes On Oct. 26 To Elect New Parliament\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyiv_Post","url_text":"Kyiv Post"}]},{"reference":"Tadeusz A. Olszański (29 October 2014), A strong vote for reform: Ukraine after the parliamentary elections, OSW—Centre for Eastern Studies, retrieved 29 November 2017","urls":[{"url":"http://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/analyses/2014-10-29/a-strong-vote-reform-ukraine-after-parliamentary-elections","url_text":"A strong vote for reform: Ukraine after the parliamentary elections"}]},{"reference":"\"Rada supports coalition-proposed government lineup\". Interfax-Ukraine. 2 December 2014. Retrieved 29 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/237576.html","url_text":"\"Rada supports coalition-proposed government lineup\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interfax-Ukraine","url_text":"Interfax-Ukraine"}]},{"reference":"\"Rada approves new Cabinet with three foreigners\". Kyiv Post. 2 December 2014. Retrieved 29 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/rada-approves-new-cabinet-with-three-former-foreigners-in-it-373861.html","url_text":"\"Rada approves new Cabinet with three foreigners\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyiv_Post","url_text":"Kyiv Post"}]},{"reference":"\"Rada voted the new Cabinet\" Рада проголосувала новий кабмін. Ukrayinska Pravda (in Ukrainian). 2 December 2014. Retrieved 29 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2014/12/2/7046214/","url_text":"\"Rada voted the new Cabinet\" Рада проголосувала новий кабмін"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrayinska_Pravda","url_text":"Ukrayinska Pravda"}]},{"reference":"\"Five political forces sign coalition agreement\". Interfax-Ukraine. 21 November 2014. Retrieved 29 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/235649.html","url_text":"\"Five political forces sign coalition agreement\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ukraine's parliamentary parties initial coalition agreement\". Interfax-Ukraine. 21 November 2014. Retrieved 29 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/235527.html","url_text":"\"Ukraine's parliamentary parties initial coalition agreement\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ukrainian Parliament strips two MP's of their immunity from prosecution\". Ukraine Today. 3 June 2015. Retrieved 29 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://uatoday.tv/politics/ukrainian-parliament-strips-kliuyev-and-melnychuk-of-immunity-432245.html","url_text":"\"Ukrainian Parliament strips two MP's of their immunity from prosecution\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine_Today","url_text":"Ukraine Today"}]},{"reference":"\"Ukraine Radical Party Quits Ruling Coalition After Deadly Clash\". Bloomberg News. 1 September 2015. Retrieved 29 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-09-01/ukraine-radical-party-quits-ruling-coalition-after-deadly-clash","url_text":"\"Ukraine Radical Party Quits Ruling Coalition After Deadly Clash\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_News","url_text":"Bloomberg News"}]},{"reference":"\"Departure of nationalists unlikely to break up Ukrainian ruling coalition and will improve likelihood of decentralization\". Jane's Information Group. 3 September 2015. Archived from the original on 5 September 2015. Retrieved 15 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150905224254/http://www.janes.com/article/53993/departure-of-nationalists-unlikely-to-break-up-ukrainian-ruling-coalition-and-will-improve-likelihood-of-decentralisation","url_text":"\"Departure of nationalists unlikely to break up Ukrainian ruling coalition and will improve likelihood of decentralization\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane%27s_Information_Group","url_text":"Jane's Information Group"},{"url":"http://www.janes.com/article/53993/departure-of-nationalists-unlikely-to-break-up-ukrainian-ruling-coalition-and-will-improve-likelihood-of-decentralisation","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Електоральна пам'ять\". ukr.vote.","urls":[{"url":"https://ukr.vote/en/parties/5","url_text":"\"Електоральна пам'ять\""}]},{"reference":"Beswick, Emma (2016-11-14). \"Ukrainian MPs fistfight in parliament...again\". Euronews. Retrieved 2022-08-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.euronews.com/2016/11/14/ukrainian-mps-fist-fight-caught-on-videoagain","url_text":"\"Ukrainian MPs fistfight in parliament...again\""}]},{"reference":"Cura, Ali (2016-11-15). \"Ukrainian politicians fight in parliament\". Anadolu Agency. Retrieved 2022-08-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aa.com.tr/en/europe/ukrainian-politicians-fight-in-parliament/685673","url_text":"\"Ukrainian politicians fight in parliament\""}]},{"reference":"Chopa, Viktor (19 July 2017). \"Parliamentary elections in Ukraine: single-party majority and other options\". Ukrinform. Kyiv.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-elections/2743615-parliamentary-elections-in-ukraine-singleparty-majority-and-other-options.html","url_text":"\"Parliamentary elections in Ukraine: single-party majority and other options\""}]},{"reference":"Ramani, Samuel (5 September 2017). \"Interview with Former Aidar Battalion Commander and Ukrainian Rada Member Serhiy Melnychuk on \"Myths\" About the Aidar Battalion and Ukraine's Future\". HuffPost.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.huffpost.com/entry/interview-with-former-aidar-battalion-commander-and_b_59aee24ee4b0c50640cd625","url_text":"\"Interview with Former Aidar Battalion Commander and Ukrainian Rada Member Serhiy Melnychuk on \"Myths\" About the Aidar Battalion and Ukraine's Future\""}]},{"reference":"Wierschke, Katherina M. (2020). Trends in Post-Soviet Media Consumption: Assessing Media Freedom and Russian Media Influence in Georgia and Ukraine (Thesis). Austin: University of Texas. pp. 80–81.","urls":[{"url":"https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/5929ce9e-9727-4d57-8792-aa613a3df638/content","url_text":"Trends in Post-Soviet Media Consumption: Assessing Media Freedom and Russian Media Influence in Georgia and Ukraine"}]},{"reference":"\"Right-wing Radical Party to leave Ukrainian parliamentary coalition\". The Globe and Mail. 2015-09-01. Retrieved 2022-08-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/over-140-still-hospitalized-after-nationalist-protests-turn-violent-in-ukraine/article26172500/","url_text":"\"Right-wing Radical Party to leave Ukrainian parliamentary coalition\""}]},{"reference":"Liubchenkova, Natalia (2019-07-18). \"Ukraine parliamentary election: What you need to know\". euronews. Retrieved 2022-08-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.euronews.com/2019/07/18/ukraine-parliamentary-election-what-you-need-to-know","url_text":"\"Ukraine parliamentary election: What you need to know\""}]},{"reference":"Salem, Harriet (2014-10-25). \"Ukraine's President Faces Pressure from Radical Pro-War Parties Ahead of Election\". Vice. Retrieved 2022-08-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vice.com/en/article/4388jp/ukraines-president-faces-pressure-from-radical-pro-war-parties-ahead-of-election","url_text":"\"Ukraine's President Faces Pressure from Radical Pro-War Parties Ahead of Election\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ukraine PM Yatsenyuk Survives No-Confidence Vote In Parliament\". RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. Retrieved 2022-08-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rferl.org/a/ukraine-poroshenko-yatsenyuk-shokhin-resign/27555646.html","url_text":"\"Ukraine PM Yatsenyuk Survives No-Confidence Vote In Parliament\""}]},{"reference":"March, Luke (2017). Populism in Post-Soviet States. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 214–231. ISBN 0198803567.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0198803567","url_text":"0198803567"}]},{"reference":"Zulianello, Mattia (2020). \"Varieties of Populist Parties and Party Systems in Europe: From State-of-the-Art to the Application of a Novel Classification Scheme to 66 Parties in 33 Countries\". Government and Opposition. 55 (2): 6. doi:10.1017/gov.2019.21. hdl:11368/3001222. ISSN 1477-7053.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fgov.2019.21","url_text":"10.1017/gov.2019.21"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11368%2F3001222","url_text":"11368/3001222"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1477-7053","url_text":"1477-7053"}]},{"reference":"Chaisty, Paul; Whitefield, Stephen (2018). \"Critical Election or Frozen Cleavages? How Voters Chose Parties in the 2014 Ukrainian Parliamentary Election\". Electoral Studies. 56 (1): 158–169. doi:10.1016/j.electstud.2018.08.009.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.electstud.2018.08.009","url_text":"10.1016/j.electstud.2018.08.009"}]},{"reference":"Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser; Paul Taggart; Paulina Ochoa Espejo; Pierre Ostiguy (26 October 2017). The Oxford Handbook of Populism. Oxford Handbooks. Oxford University Press. p. 291. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198803560.001.0001. ISBN 9780192525376. A feature of the post-Soviet landscape is that radical left-wing quasi-populist forces have been as prevalent (perhaps more so) than those of the right. This is unsurprising, since across Europe, the post-Soviet radical left has become more populist, acting no longer as the vanguard of a (now diminished) proletariat but as the vox populi (e.g. March, 2011). Whereas many left-wing parties retain a strong socialist ideological core, there are other social populists whose populism has become a more systematic element of their ideological appeal. Lyashko (who came third in the 2014 presidential elections) represents a less ideological, but more incendiary, macho, and media-astute populism akin to a \"radio shock jock\" (e.g. Kozloff, 2015). He supports a folksy, peasant-based populism focusing on anti-corruption and higher taxes on the oligarchs.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780198803560.001.0001","url_text":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198803560.001.0001"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780192525376","url_text":"9780192525376"}]},{"reference":"Rachok, Anatoliy (2018). Yuriy Yakymenko; Valeriya Klymenko; Hanna Pashkova (eds.). \"Ukraine on the Eve of the Election Year: Public Demand, Positions of Political Actors, Outline of the New Government (Analytical Report by the Razumkov Centre)\" (PDF). National Security & Defence. 3–4 (175–176). Razumkov Centre: 91. The analysis of party programmes in terms of their socio-economic policy made it possible to identify the following parties that may enter the new Parliament: four clearly leftist parties (the Radical Party, For Life, the Opposition Bloc and \"Batkivshchyna\"), one left-ofcentre (\"Svoboda\"), one conditionally centrist (Servant of the People) and three right-of-centre parties (the Civic Position, \"Samopomich\" Union, and Petro Poroshenko Bloc).","urls":[{"url":"https://razumkov.org.ua/uploads/journal/eng/NSD175-176_2018_eng.pdf","url_text":"\"Ukraine on the Eve of the Election Year: Public Demand, Positions of Political Actors, Outline of the New Government (Analytical Report by the Razumkov Centre)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razumkov_Centre","url_text":"Razumkov Centre"}]},{"reference":"Chizhov, Georgy (2018). Claudia Crawford; Boris Makarenko; Nikolay Petrov (eds.). Populism as a Common Challenge. Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung e.V. ISBN 978-5-8243-2210-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-8243-2210-1","url_text":"978-5-8243-2210-1"}]},{"reference":"Noack, Rick (14 August 2014). \"Why Ukrainian politicians keep beating each other up\". The Washington Post. Retrieved 26 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2014/08/14/why-ukrainian-politicians-keep-beating-each-other-up/","url_text":"\"Why Ukrainian politicians keep beating each other up\""}]},{"reference":"Arsenyi Svynarenko (29 August 2014). \"Ukraine's political landscape is shifting\". Politiikasta.fi. Retrieved 29 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://politiikasta.fi/ukraines-political-landscape-is-shifting/","url_text":"\"Ukraine's political landscape is shifting\""}]},{"reference":"Kuzio, Taras (26 August 2014). \"Ukraine is heading for new parliamentary elections, but the country still lacks real political parties\". LSE EUROPP Blog. Retrieved 29 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taras_Kuzio","url_text":"Kuzio, Taras"},{"url":"http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/europpblog/2014/08/26/ukraine-is-heading-for-new-parliamentary-elections-but-the-country-still-lacks-real-political-parties/","url_text":"\"Ukraine is heading for new parliamentary elections, but the country still lacks real political parties\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Communist Party May Be on Its Last Legs, But Social Populism is Still Alive\". The Ukrainian Week. 23 October 2014. Retrieved 29 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://ukrainianweek.com/Politics/121957","url_text":"\"The Communist Party May Be on Its Last Legs, But Social Populism is Still Alive\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ukrainian_Week","url_text":"The Ukrainian Week"}]},{"reference":"David M. Herszenhorn (24 October 2014). \"With Stunts and Vigilante Escapades, a Populist Gains Ground in Ukraine\". The New York Times. Retrieved 29 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/25/world/europe/with-stunts-and-vigilante-escapades-a-populist-gains-ground-in-ukraine.html?_r=0","url_text":"\"With Stunts and Vigilante Escapades, a Populist Gains Ground in Ukraine\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Shekhovtsov, Anton (2014-05-29). \"Ukraine's presidential election and the far right\". Anton Shekhovtsov's blog.","urls":[{"url":"http://anton-shekhovtsov.blogspot.com/2014/05/ukraines-presidential-election-and-far.html","url_text":"\"Ukraine's presidential election and the far right\""}]},{"reference":"Zulianello, Mattia (2019). \"Varieties of Populist Parties and Party Systems in Europe: From State-of-the-Art to the Application of a Novel Classification Scheme to 66 Parties in 33 Countries\" (PDF). Government and Opposition: 6.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/7CB95AE2CA7274D5F4716EC11708ACD8/S0017257X19000216a.pdf/varieties_of_populist_parties_and_party_systems_in_europe_from_stateoftheart_to_the_application_of_a_novel_classification_scheme_to_66_parties_in_33_countries.pdf","url_text":"\"Varieties of Populist Parties and Party Systems in Europe: From State-of-the-Art to the Application of a Novel Classification Scheme to 66 Parties in 33 Countries\""}]},{"reference":"Olszański, Tadeusz A. [in Polish] (17 September 2014). \"Ukraine's political parties at the start of the election campaign\". Centre for Eastern Studies.","urls":[{"url":"https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadeusz_A._Olsza%C5%84ski","url_text":"Olszański, Tadeusz A."},{"url":"https://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/analyses/2014-09-17/ukraines-political-parties-start-election-campaign","url_text":"\"Ukraine's political parties at the start of the election campaign\""}]},{"reference":"Ludwig Gorondi; Tymofii Brik; Lesya Grabova; Kostyantyn Fedorenko; Taras Tarasyuk; Denys Tereshchenko; Romi More; Marta Kobrynovich; Andrii Tiazhkyi. \"Between Chávez and Merkel: The political ideology of Ukraine's next president\".","urls":[{"url":"https://voxukraine.org//longreads/compass-ideology/index-en.html","url_text":"\"Between Chávez and Merkel: The political ideology of Ukraine's next president\""}]},{"reference":"Manailo-Prikhodko, Renata (2016). \"Parliamentary elections 2014 in Ukraine: national and regional dimension\" (PDF). Journal of Central and Eastern Europe. Uzhhorod National University: 269.","urls":[{"url":"https://jcee.wsgk.com.pl/wp-content/uploads/archive_2016/Manailo-Prikhodko%20R.%205-2016.pdf","url_text":"\"Parliamentary elections 2014 in Ukraine: national and regional dimension\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ukraine election: What to look for\". BBC News. 24 October 2014. Retrieved 29 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/nes/world-europe-29739514","url_text":"\"Ukraine election: What to look for\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"}]},{"reference":"Chope, Christopher (17 November 2014). \"Observation of the early parliamentary elections in Ukraine (26 October 2014)\". Ad hoc Committee of the Bureau.","urls":[{"url":"https://assembly.coe.int/nw/xml/XRef/Xref-XML2HTML-en.asp?fileid=21316&lang=en","url_text":"\"Observation of the early parliamentary elections in Ukraine (26 October 2014)\""}]},{"reference":"Kuzyshyn, Andrii; Poplavska, Inna (2022). \"Peculiarities of Ukraine's population's political identity through the prism of results of electoral preferences\". Journal of Geography, Politics and Society. 12 (1): 34-43.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"A. Lyashko: each of us a role to play\". Ukrainian National News. May 19, 2011. Archived from the original on November 26, 2014. Retrieved May 24, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.unn.com.ua/en/publication/362211-o.lyashko:-kogeen-z-nas-vikonue-svoyu-rol","url_text":"\"A. Lyashko: each of us a role to play\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141126021849/http://www.unn.com.ua/en/publication/362211-o.lyashko:-kogeen-z-nas-vikonue-svoyu-rol","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Mucha, Wojciech. Krew i ziemia. O ukraińskiej rewolucji (in Polish). Fronda. p. 171. ISBN 978-83-64095-58-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-64095-58-0","url_text":"978-83-64095-58-0"}]},{"reference":"Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser; Paul Taggart; Paulina Ochoa Espejo; Pierre Ostiguy (26 October 2017). The Oxford Handbook of Populism. Oxford Handbooks. Oxford University Press. p. 193. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198803560.001.0001. ISBN 9780192525376.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780198803560.001.0001","url_text":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198803560.001.0001"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780192525376","url_text":"9780192525376"}]},{"reference":"Corina Stratulat (2014). \"EU integration and party politics in the Balkans\" (PDF). EPC Issue Paper. 77: 8. ISSN 1782-494X.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/183389/pub_4716_eu_integration_and_party_politics_in_the_balkans.pdf","url_text":"\"EU integration and party politics in the Balkans\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1782-494X","url_text":"1782-494X"}]},{"reference":"Aleksandra Galasińska; Dariusz Galasiński (2010). The Post-Communist Condition: Public and Private Discourses of Transformation. John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 105. ISBN 978-9027206282.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9027206282","url_text":"978-9027206282"}]},{"reference":"Gerrit Voerman [in Dutch]; Dirk Strijker; Ida Terluin (2015). \"Contemporary Populism, the Agrarian and the Rural in Central Eastern and Western Europe\". In Sarah de Lange [in Dutch] (ed.). Rural Protest Groups and Populist Political Parties. Wageningen Academic Publishers. p. 172. doi:10.3920/978-90-8686-807-0. ISBN 9789086862597.","urls":[{"url":"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerrit_Voerman","url_text":"Gerrit Voerman"},{"url":"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_de_Lange","url_text":"Sarah de Lange"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3920%2F978-90-8686-807-0","url_text":"10.3920/978-90-8686-807-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789086862597","url_text":"9789086862597"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://liashko.ua/","external_links_name":"liashko.ua"},{"Link":"http://da-ta.com.ua/mon_mainnews/4315.htm","external_links_name":"Політична партія «Радикальна Партія Олега Ляшка»"},{"Link":"https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-elections/2743615-parliamentary-elections-in-ukraine-singleparty-majority-and-other-options.html","external_links_name":"\"Parliamentary elections in Ukraine: single-party majority and other options\""},{"Link":"https://www.huffpost.com/entry/interview-with-former-aidar-battalion-commander-and_b_59aee24ee4b0c50640cd625","external_links_name":"\"Interview with Former Aidar Battalion Commander and Ukrainian Rada Member Serhiy Melnychuk on \"Myths\" About the Aidar Battalion and Ukraine's Future\""},{"Link":"https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/5929ce9e-9727-4d57-8792-aa613a3df638/content","external_links_name":"Trends in Post-Soviet Media Consumption: Assessing Media Freedom and Russian Media Influence in Georgia and Ukraine"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.electstud.2018.08.009","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.electstud.2018.08.009"},{"Link":"http://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/analyses/2014-09-17/ukraines-political-parties-start-election-campaign","external_links_name":"\"Ukraine's political parties at the start of the election campaign\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-41755669","external_links_name":"\"Ukraine MP injured in 'assassination attempt'\""},{"Link":"https://www.rferl.org/a/ukraine-elections-new-political-landscape/26653900.html","external_links_name":"\"End Of The Orange-Blue Divide: Ukraine Vote May Produce New Political Landscape\""},{"Link":"https://politiikasta.fi/en/ukraines-political-landscape-is-shifting-2/","external_links_name":"\"The political landscape is shifting in Ukraine\""},{"Link":"http://www.ecfr.eu/article/commentary_ukraines_rising_euroscepticism_7208","external_links_name":"\"Ukraine's rising Euroscepticism\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.electstud.2018.08.009","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.electstud.2018.08.009"},{"Link":"https://razumkov.org.ua/uploads/journal/eng/NSD175-176_2018_eng.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Ukraine on the Eve of the Election Year: Public Demand, Positions of Political Actors, Outline of the New Government (Analytical Report by the Razumkov Centre)\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780198803560.001.0001","external_links_name":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198803560.001.0001"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fgov.2019.21","external_links_name":"10.1017/gov.2019.21"},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/11368%2F3001222","external_links_name":"11368/3001222"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1477-7053","external_links_name":"1477-7053"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.32689%2F2617-2224-2019-18-3-444-460","external_links_name":"10.32689/2617-2224-2019-18-3-444-460"},{"Link":"http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/site2/p_fractions","external_links_name":"\"Депутатські фракції і групи VII скликання\""},{"Link":"https://www.cvk.gov.ua/pls/vm2020/pvm002pt001f01=695pt00_t001f01=695.html","external_links_name":"Кандидати, яких обрано депутатами рад"},{"Link":"https://www.kyivpost.com/article/content/ukraine-politics/liashko-no-sponsors-tycoons-or-deputies-on-election-list-of-radical-party-311218.html","external_links_name":"\"Lyashko: No sponsors, tycoons or deputies on election list of Radical Party\""},{"Link":"https://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/analyses/2014-10-29/a-strong-vote-reform-ukraine-after-parliamentary-elections","external_links_name":"\"A strong vote for reform: Ukraine after the parliamentary elections\""},{"Link":"http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/126937.html#.UUzMyKnCus0","external_links_name":"\"Party of Regions gets 185 seats in Ukrainian parliament, Batkivschyna 101 - CEC\""},{"Link":"http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/poroshenko-and-yatsenyuks-parties-maneuver-for-lead-role-in-coalition-369983.html","external_links_name":"\"Poroshenko and Yatsenyuk's parties maneuver for lead role in coalition\""},{"Link":"https://www.kyivpost.com/opinion/editorial/new-verkhovna-rada-370121.html","external_links_name":"\"New Verkhovna Rada\""},{"Link":"https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-polytics/1726373-poroshenko_bloc_to_have_greatest_number_of_seats_in_parliament_327072.html","external_links_name":"\"Poroshenko Bloc to have greatest number of seats in parliament\""},{"Link":"http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/233404.html","external_links_name":"\"People's Front 0.33% ahead of Poroshenko Bloc with all ballots counted in Ukraine elections - CEC\""},{"Link":"http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/233426.html","external_links_name":"\"Poroshenko Bloc to get 132 seats in parliament - CEC\""},{"Link":"https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-elections/2748306-cec-counts-100-percent-of-vote-in-ukraines-parliamentary-elections.html","external_links_name":"CEC counts 100 percent of vote in Ukraine's parliamentary elections"},{"Link":"https://www.pravda.com.ua/rus/articles/2019/07/21/7221526/","external_links_name":"Results of the extraordinary elections of the People's Deputies of Ukraine 2019"},{"Link":"https://www.rbc.ua/ukr/vyboru2012/party/p51","external_links_name":"Радикальна партія Олега Ляшка"},{"Link":"http://24tv.ua/home/showSingleNews.do?oleg_lyashko_ofitsiyno_pereymenuvav_svoyu_partiyu&objectId=168389","external_links_name":"Олег Ляшко офіційно перейменував свою партію"},{"Link":"http://apk.rbc.ua/ukr/vyboru2012/party/p51/okrug","external_links_name":"Радикальна партія Олега Ляшка"},{"Link":"http://www.cvk.gov.ua/vnd2012/wp300pt001f01=900.html","external_links_name":"Proportional votes"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121030190210/http://www.cvk.gov.ua/vnd2012/wp300pt001f01%3D900.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.cvk.gov.ua/vnd2012/wp039pt001f01=900.html","external_links_name":"Constituency seats"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121105073259/http://www.cvk.gov.ua/vnd2012/wp039pt001f01=900.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/site/p_deputat?d_id=8818","external_links_name":"\"National deputies of Ukraine:Oleh Liashko\""},{"Link":"http://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/analyses/2014-09-17/ukraines-political-parties-start-election-campaign","external_links_name":"\"Ukraine's political parties at the start of the election campaign\""},{"Link":"http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/ukraine-votes-on-oct-26-to-elect-new-parliament-369193.html","external_links_name":"\"Ukraine Votes On Oct. 26 To Elect New Parliament\""},{"Link":"http://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/analyses/2014-10-29/a-strong-vote-reform-ukraine-after-parliamentary-elections","external_links_name":"A strong vote for reform: Ukraine after the parliamentary elections"},{"Link":"http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/237576.html","external_links_name":"\"Rada supports coalition-proposed government lineup\""},{"Link":"http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/rada-approves-new-cabinet-with-three-former-foreigners-in-it-373861.html","external_links_name":"\"Rada approves new Cabinet with three foreigners\""},{"Link":"http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2014/12/2/7046214/","external_links_name":"\"Rada voted the new Cabinet\" Рада проголосувала новий кабмін"},{"Link":"http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/235649.html","external_links_name":"\"Five political forces sign coalition agreement\""},{"Link":"http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/235527.html","external_links_name":"\"Ukraine's parliamentary parties initial coalition agreement\""},{"Link":"http://uatoday.tv/politics/ukrainian-parliament-strips-kliuyev-and-melnychuk-of-immunity-432245.html","external_links_name":"\"Ukrainian Parliament strips two MP's of their immunity from prosecution\""},{"Link":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-09-01/ukraine-radical-party-quits-ruling-coalition-after-deadly-clash","external_links_name":"\"Ukraine Radical Party Quits Ruling Coalition After Deadly Clash\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150905224254/http://www.janes.com/article/53993/departure-of-nationalists-unlikely-to-break-up-ukrainian-ruling-coalition-and-will-improve-likelihood-of-decentralisation","external_links_name":"\"Departure of nationalists unlikely to break up Ukrainian ruling coalition and will improve likelihood of decentralization\""},{"Link":"http://www.janes.com/article/53993/departure-of-nationalists-unlikely-to-break-up-ukrainian-ruling-coalition-and-will-improve-likelihood-of-decentralisation","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://ukr.vote/en/parties/5","external_links_name":"\"Електоральна пам'ять\""},{"Link":"https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2020/11/18/7274039/","external_links_name":"The CEC showed the top 10 parties that won the most seats in the election"},{"Link":"https://www.euronews.com/2016/11/14/ukrainian-mps-fist-fight-caught-on-videoagain","external_links_name":"\"Ukrainian MPs fistfight in parliament...again\""},{"Link":"https://www.aa.com.tr/en/europe/ukrainian-politicians-fight-in-parliament/685673","external_links_name":"\"Ukrainian politicians fight in parliament\""},{"Link":"https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-elections/2743615-parliamentary-elections-in-ukraine-singleparty-majority-and-other-options.html","external_links_name":"\"Parliamentary elections in Ukraine: single-party majority and other options\""},{"Link":"https://www.huffpost.com/entry/interview-with-former-aidar-battalion-commander-and_b_59aee24ee4b0c50640cd625","external_links_name":"\"Interview with Former Aidar Battalion Commander and Ukrainian Rada Member Serhiy Melnychuk on \"Myths\" About the Aidar Battalion and Ukraine's Future\""},{"Link":"https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/5929ce9e-9727-4d57-8792-aa613a3df638/content","external_links_name":"Trends in Post-Soviet Media Consumption: Assessing Media Freedom and Russian Media Influence in Georgia and Ukraine"},{"Link":"https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/over-140-still-hospitalized-after-nationalist-protests-turn-violent-in-ukraine/article26172500/","external_links_name":"\"Right-wing Radical Party to leave Ukrainian parliamentary coalition\""},{"Link":"https://www.euronews.com/2019/07/18/ukraine-parliamentary-election-what-you-need-to-know","external_links_name":"\"Ukraine parliamentary election: What you need to know\""},{"Link":"https://www.vice.com/en/article/4388jp/ukraines-president-faces-pressure-from-radical-pro-war-parties-ahead-of-election","external_links_name":"\"Ukraine's President Faces Pressure from Radical Pro-War Parties Ahead of Election\""},{"Link":"https://www.rferl.org/a/ukraine-poroshenko-yatsenyuk-shokhin-resign/27555646.html","external_links_name":"\"Ukraine PM Yatsenyuk Survives No-Confidence Vote In Parliament\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fgov.2019.21","external_links_name":"10.1017/gov.2019.21"},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/11368%2F3001222","external_links_name":"11368/3001222"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1477-7053","external_links_name":"1477-7053"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.electstud.2018.08.009","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.electstud.2018.08.009"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780198803560.001.0001","external_links_name":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198803560.001.0001"},{"Link":"https://razumkov.org.ua/uploads/journal/eng/NSD175-176_2018_eng.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Ukraine on the Eve of the Election Year: Public Demand, Positions of Political Actors, Outline of the New Government (Analytical Report by the Razumkov Centre)\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2014/08/14/why-ukrainian-politicians-keep-beating-each-other-up/","external_links_name":"\"Why Ukrainian politicians keep beating each other up\""},{"Link":"http://politiikasta.fi/ukraines-political-landscape-is-shifting/","external_links_name":"\"Ukraine's political landscape is shifting\""},{"Link":"http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/europpblog/2014/08/26/ukraine-is-heading-for-new-parliamentary-elections-but-the-country-still-lacks-real-political-parties/","external_links_name":"\"Ukraine is heading for new parliamentary elections, but the country still lacks real political parties\""},{"Link":"http://ukrainianweek.com/Politics/121957","external_links_name":"\"The Communist Party May Be on Its Last Legs, But Social Populism is Still Alive\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/25/world/europe/with-stunts-and-vigilante-escapades-a-populist-gains-ground-in-ukraine.html?_r=0","external_links_name":"\"With Stunts and Vigilante Escapades, a Populist Gains Ground in Ukraine\""},{"Link":"http://anton-shekhovtsov.blogspot.com/2014/05/ukraines-presidential-election-and-far.html","external_links_name":"\"Ukraine's presidential election and the far right\""},{"Link":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/7CB95AE2CA7274D5F4716EC11708ACD8/S0017257X19000216a.pdf/varieties_of_populist_parties_and_party_systems_in_europe_from_stateoftheart_to_the_application_of_a_novel_classification_scheme_to_66_parties_in_33_countries.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Varieties of Populist Parties and Party Systems in Europe: From State-of-the-Art to the Application of a Novel Classification Scheme to 66 Parties in 33 Countries\""},{"Link":"https://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/analyses/2014-09-17/ukraines-political-parties-start-election-campaign","external_links_name":"\"Ukraine's political parties at the start of the election campaign\""},{"Link":"https://voxukraine.org//longreads/compass-ideology/index-en.html","external_links_name":"\"Between Chávez and Merkel: The political ideology of Ukraine's next president\""},{"Link":"https://jcee.wsgk.com.pl/wp-content/uploads/archive_2016/Manailo-Prikhodko%20R.%205-2016.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Parliamentary elections 2014 in Ukraine: national and regional dimension\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/nes/world-europe-29739514","external_links_name":"\"Ukraine election: What to look for\""},{"Link":"https://assembly.coe.int/nw/xml/XRef/Xref-XML2HTML-en.asp?fileid=21316&lang=en","external_links_name":"\"Observation of the early parliamentary elections in Ukraine (26 October 2014)\""},{"Link":"http://www.unn.com.ua/en/publication/362211-o.lyashko:-kogeen-z-nas-vikonue-svoyu-rol","external_links_name":"\"A. Lyashko: each of us a role to play\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141126021849/http://www.unn.com.ua/en/publication/362211-o.lyashko:-kogeen-z-nas-vikonue-svoyu-rol","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.pravda.com.ua/articles/2015/09/18/7081809/","external_links_name":"\"З усіх вил: звідки взявся та до чого дійшов Олег Ляшко\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780198803560.001.0001","external_links_name":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198803560.001.0001"},{"Link":"https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/183389/pub_4716_eu_integration_and_party_politics_in_the_balkans.pdf","external_links_name":"\"EU integration and party politics in the Balkans\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1782-494X","external_links_name":"1782-494X"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3920%2F978-90-8686-807-0","external_links_name":"10.3920/978-90-8686-807-0"},{"Link":"http://liashko.ua/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/313486409","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2015002951","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felon_(film)	Felon (film)	["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","4 Reception","5 Home media","6 References","7 External links"]	2008 film directed by Ric Roman Waugh FelonOfficial promotional posterDirected byRic Roman WaughWritten byRic Roman WaughProduced byDan KestonNick PhillipsChristopher WilhemStarringStephen DorffHarold PerrineauMarisol NicholsAnne ArcherJohnny LewisNate ParkerSam ShepardVal KilmerCinematographyDana GonzalesEdited byJonathan ChibnallMusic byGerhard DaumProductioncompanyStage 6 FilmsDistributed bySony Pictures Home EntertainmentRelease date July 18, 2008 (2008-07-18) Running time104 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishBudget$2.9 million Felon is a 2008 American prison film written and directed by Ric Roman Waugh. The film stars Stephen Dorff, Val Kilmer and Harold Perrineau. The film tells the story of the family man who ends up in state prison after he kills an intruder. The story is based on events that took place in the 1990s at the notorious California State Prison, Corcoran. The film was released in the United States on July 18, 2008. Plot Wade Porter is a blue-collar worker living with his fiancée Laura and their son Michael. One night, they hear a burglar in the house while they're sleeping. Wade chases him out of the house and hits him in the head with a baseball bat, unintentionally killing him on his lawn. For attacking an unarmed intruder after he exited the house, he is arrested and charged with murder. At the urging of his public defender, he enters a plea of no contest in exchange for a reduced sentence of three years for involuntary manslaughter. During the bus ride to prison Danny Sampson, leader of the local Aryan Brotherhood, stabs a man and hides the knife with young Aryan member Snowman who is sitting behind Wade. In a moment's panic, Snowman hides the knife under Wade's seat and forces him to deny knowledge of it. As a result, Wade is sent to solitary confinement until the stabbing can be investigated. Lieutenant Jackson interrogates him about the stabbing but he doesn't cooperate with the investigation. Jackson decides to send Wade to the Security Housing Unit (SHU) where he is the commanding officer. John Smith is serving a life sentence at San Quentin State Prison and is transferred to Wade's prison, becoming his cellmate in the SHU. Inmates here are under 23-hour lock-down and not permitted to have visitors for the first three months. Wade discovers the daily hour of yard time consists of inmate fights, on which the officers bet. At different points throughout the film, it's shown that not all of the officers agree with Jackson's methods. In addition to the prison violence, Wade's regular visits with Laura start to take their toll on their relationship. Michael has nightmares after visiting, and the family's finances are running low. After Wade refuses to identify Sampson as the perpetrator of the murder on the bus, Jackson falsely testifies that he was an accessory to the murder, resulting in an additional three years being added to his existing sentence. Laura, under pressure from her mother, breaks off the relationship with Wade through a letter. Broken and enraged, he resorts to fighting the prisoners in exchange for protection from Sampson and the Aryan Brotherhood. Wade and John devise a plan to reveal the truth about the violence in the prison, and possibly get him released. During the next yard time, Wade refuses to kill an inmate after defeating him in a fight. A furious Jackson enters the yard and prepares to attack him, but Smith kills him by severing his femoral artery and throat with a concealed shiv. Another yard officer then shoots Smith, who dies from his wounds. With the help of a retired correctional officer at Smith's former prison, the FBI, and Laura, the corruption of the prison officers is exposed and Wade's additional sentence is commuted. He is released after 15 months in prison and reunited with his family. Cast Stephen Dorff as Wade Porter Marisol Nichols as Laura Porter Vincent Miller as Michael Porter Val Kilmer as John Smith Harold Perrineau as Lieutenant Bill Jackson Greg Serano as Officer Diaz Johnny Lewis as Jake 'Snowman' Nate Parker as Officer James Collins Nick Chinlund as Sergeant Roberts Anne Archer as Maggie Sam Shepard as Gordon Chris Browning as Danny Sampson Jake Walker as Warden Frank Harris The convicted serial killer Clifton Bloomfield was featured in this film as an extra. The production crew were unaware of his crimes until after filming was completed. Production It is set and filmed in Santa Fe, New Mexico in 24 days between October 9 and November 2, 2007. Reception On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 63% based on 24 reviews, with an average rating of 6.45/10. The website's critics consensus reads: "Felon offers a rather hackneyed depiction of prison life, but is held together by a pleasantly complex plot and solid performances from Kilmer and Dorff." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 58 out of 100, based on 10 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". The film had a limited screening in the US. Home media DVD was released in Region 1 in the United States on August 12, 2008, and also Region 2 in the United Kingdom on October 6, 2008, it was distributed by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment. References ^ "Felon (2008) - Starring Stephen Dorff and Val Kilmer - Biggest Movie Box". Archived from the original on 2021-09-06. Retrieved 2021-09-06. ^ a b Holden, Stephen (July 18, 2008). "The Nightmare Disbelief of a Prisoner Under Siege". The New York Times. Retrieved August 20, 2021. ^ https://www.abqjournal.com/16542/840am-convicted-killer-an-extra-in-val-kilmer-movie.html ^ "Felon (2008)". Rotten Tomatoes. Flixster. Retrieved August 12, 2021. ^ "Felon Reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved August 12, 2021. External links Felon at IMDb Official website vteFilms directed by Ric Roman Waugh In the Shadows (2001) Felon (2008) Snitch (2013) Shot Caller (2017) Angel Has Fallen (2019) Greenland (2020) National Champions (2021) Kandahar (2023) Greenland: Migration (TBA)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"prison film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison_film"},{"link_name":"Ric Roman Waugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ric_Roman_Waugh"},{"link_name":"Stephen Dorff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Dorff"},{"link_name":"Val Kilmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val_Kilmer"},{"link_name":"Harold Perrineau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Perrineau"},{"link_name":"state prison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_United_States_state_prisons"},{"link_name":"California State Prison, Corcoran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Prison,_Corcoran"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-2"}],"text":"Felon is a 2008 American prison film written and directed by Ric Roman Waugh. The film stars Stephen Dorff, Val Kilmer and Harold Perrineau. The film tells the story of the family man who ends up in state prison after he kills an intruder. The story is based on events that took place in the 1990s at the notorious California State Prison, Corcoran.[2] The film was released in the United States on July 18, 2008.","title":"Felon (film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"blue-collar worker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue-collar_worker"},{"link_name":"public defender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_defender"},{"link_name":"no contest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_contest"},{"link_name":"involuntary manslaughter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Involuntary_manslaughter"},{"link_name":"Aryan Brotherhood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aryan_Brotherhood"},{"link_name":"Security Housing Unit (SHU)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_Housing_Unit"},{"link_name":"San Quentin State Prison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Quentin_State_Prison"},{"link_name":"falsely testifies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perjury"},{"link_name":"femoral artery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femoral_artery"},{"link_name":"shiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiv_(weapon)"},{"link_name":"FBI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation"},{"link_name":"commuted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commutation_(law)"}],"text":"Wade Porter is a blue-collar worker living with his fiancée Laura and their son Michael. One night, they hear a burglar in the house while they're sleeping. Wade chases him out of the house and hits him in the head with a baseball bat, unintentionally killing him on his lawn. For attacking an unarmed intruder after he exited the house, he is arrested and charged with murder. At the urging of his public defender, he enters a plea of no contest in exchange for a reduced sentence of three years for involuntary manslaughter.During the bus ride to prison Danny Sampson, leader of the local Aryan Brotherhood, stabs a man and hides the knife with young Aryan member Snowman who is sitting behind Wade. In a moment's panic, Snowman hides the knife under Wade's seat and forces him to deny knowledge of it.As a result, Wade is sent to solitary confinement until the stabbing can be investigated. Lieutenant Jackson interrogates him about the stabbing but he doesn't cooperate with the investigation. Jackson decides to send Wade to the Security Housing Unit (SHU) where he is the commanding officer.John Smith is serving a life sentence at San Quentin State Prison and is transferred to Wade's prison, becoming his cellmate in the SHU. Inmates here are under 23-hour lock-down and not permitted to have visitors for the first three months. Wade discovers the daily hour of yard time consists of inmate fights, on which the officers bet. At different points throughout the film, it's shown that not all of the officers agree with Jackson's methods.In addition to the prison violence, Wade's regular visits with Laura start to take their toll on their relationship. Michael has nightmares after visiting, and the family's finances are running low. After Wade refuses to identify Sampson as the perpetrator of the murder on the bus, Jackson falsely testifies that he was an accessory to the murder, resulting in an additional three years being added to his existing sentence.Laura, under pressure from her mother, breaks off the relationship with Wade through a letter. Broken and enraged, he resorts to fighting the prisoners in exchange for protection from Sampson and the Aryan Brotherhood.Wade and John devise a plan to reveal the truth about the violence in the prison, and possibly get him released. During the next yard time, Wade refuses to kill an inmate after defeating him in a fight. A furious Jackson enters the yard and prepares to attack him, but Smith kills him by severing his femoral artery and throat with a concealed shiv. Another yard officer then shoots Smith, who dies from his wounds.With the help of a retired correctional officer at Smith's former prison, the FBI, and Laura, the corruption of the prison officers is exposed and Wade's additional sentence is commuted. He is released after 15 months in prison and reunited with his family.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stephen Dorff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Dorff"},{"link_name":"Marisol Nichols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marisol_Nichols"},{"link_name":"Val Kilmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val_Kilmer"},{"link_name":"Harold Perrineau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Perrineau"},{"link_name":"Greg Serano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Serano"},{"link_name":"Johnny Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Lewis"},{"link_name":"Nate Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nate_Parker"},{"link_name":"Nick Chinlund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Chinlund"},{"link_name":"Anne Archer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Archer"},{"link_name":"Sam Shepard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Shepard"},{"link_name":"Chris Browning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Browning"},{"link_name":"Clifton Bloomfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifton_Bloomfield"},{"link_name":"extra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extra_(acting)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Stephen Dorff as Wade Porter\nMarisol Nichols as Laura Porter\nVincent Miller as Michael Porter\nVal Kilmer as John Smith\nHarold Perrineau as Lieutenant Bill Jackson\nGreg Serano as Officer Diaz\nJohnny Lewis as Jake 'Snowman'\nNate Parker as Officer James Collins\nNick Chinlund as Sergeant Roberts\nAnne Archer as Maggie\nSam Shepard as Gordon\nChris Browning as Danny Sampson\nJake Walker as Warden Frank HarrisThe convicted serial killer Clifton Bloomfield was featured in this film as an extra. The production crew were unaware of his crimes until after filming was completed.[3]","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Santa Fe, New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Fe,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-2"}],"text":"It is set and filmed in Santa Fe, New Mexico in 24 days between October 9 and November 2, 2007.[2]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"review aggregator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Review_aggregator"},{"link_name":"Rotten Tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"weighted average score","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weighted_arithmetic_mean"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 63% based on 24 reviews, with an average rating of 6.45/10. The website's critics consensus reads: \"Felon offers a rather hackneyed depiction of prison life, but is held together by a pleasantly complex plot and solid performances from Kilmer and Dorff.\"[4] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 58 out of 100, based on 10 critics, indicating \"mixed or average reviews\".[5] The film had a limited screening in the US.","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Region 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD_region_code#1"},{"link_name":"Sony Pictures Home Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Pictures_Home_Entertainment"}],"text":"DVD was released in Region 1 in the United States on August 12, 2008, and also Region 2 in the United Kingdom on October 6, 2008, it was distributed by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment.","title":"Home media"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Felon (2008) - Starring Stephen Dorff and Val Kilmer - Biggest Movie Box\". Archived from the original on 2021-09-06. Retrieved 2021-09-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210906002637/https://www.biggestmoviebox.com/movies/1422/felon/","url_text":"\"Felon (2008) - Starring Stephen Dorff and Val Kilmer - Biggest Movie Box\""},{"url":"https://www.biggestmoviebox.com/movies/1422/felon/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Holden, Stephen (July 18, 2008). \"The Nightmare Disbelief of a Prisoner Under Siege\". The New York Times. Retrieved August 20, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Holden","url_text":"Holden, Stephen"},{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/18/movies/18felo.html","url_text":"\"The Nightmare Disbelief of a Prisoner Under Siege\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Felon (2008)\". Rotten Tomatoes. Flixster. Retrieved August 12, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/10010077_felon/","url_text":"\"Felon (2008)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes","url_text":"Rotten Tomatoes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flixster","url_text":"Flixster"}]},{"reference":"\"Felon Reviews\". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved August 12, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/movie/felon","url_text":"\"Felon Reviews\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic","url_text":"Metacritic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Interactive","url_text":"CBS Interactive"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210906002637/https://www.biggestmoviebox.com/movies/1422/felon/","external_links_name":"\"Felon (2008) - Starring Stephen Dorff and Val Kilmer - Biggest Movie Box\""},{"Link":"https://www.biggestmoviebox.com/movies/1422/felon/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/18/movies/18felo.html","external_links_name":"\"The Nightmare Disbelief of a Prisoner Under Siege\""},{"Link":"https://www.abqjournal.com/16542/840am-convicted-killer-an-extra-in-val-kilmer-movie.html","external_links_name":"https://www.abqjournal.com/16542/840am-convicted-killer-an-extra-in-val-kilmer-movie.html"},{"Link":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/10010077_felon/","external_links_name":"\"Felon (2008)\""},{"Link":"https://www.metacritic.com/movie/felon","external_links_name":"\"Felon Reviews\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1117385/","external_links_name":"Felon"},{"Link":"http://www.sonypictures.com/homevideo/felon/","external_links_name":"Official website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Heffron	Richard T. Heffron	["1 References","2 External links"]	American film and television director Richard T. HeffronBorn(1930-10-06)October 6, 1930Chicago, Illinois, United StatesDiedAugust 27, 2007(2007-08-27) (aged 76)Seattle, Washington, United StatesOccupationFilm directorYears active1971–1996 Richard T. Heffron (October 6, 1930 – August 27, 2007) was an American film director. He worked on many television series such as The Rockford Files and films including I Will Fight No More Forever (1975), Futureworld (1976), Foolin' Around (1980), the 1982 Mike Hammer film I, the Jury, Pancho Barnes (1988), and La révolution française (1989). He also directed the six-episode miniseries North and South but did not return to direct its follow-up series in 1986 and 1994. Heffron also produced and directed Night of the Dragon (1965), a propaganda film produced by the US Information Agency and narrated by Charlton Heston about South Viternam. References ^ Eder, Richard (August 14, 1976). "Futureworld (1976) Screen: 'Futureworld':Science-Fiction Robots in Dominant Roles". The New York Times. External links Richard T. Heffron at IMDb vteFilms directed by Richard T. Heffron Fillmore (1972) The Morning After (1974) Newman's Law (1974) The California Kid (1974) I Will Fight No More Forever (1975) Death Scream (1975) Trackdown (1976) Futureworld (1976) Outlaw Blues (1977) Young Joe, the Forgotten Kennedy (1977) True Grit: A Further Adventure (1978) Foolin' Around (1980) I, the Jury (1982) A Killer in the Family (1983) V: The Final Battle (1984) North and South (1985) Samaritan: The Mitch Snyder Story (1986) Pancho Barnes (1988) La Révolution française (1989) Tagget (1991) No Greater Love (1996) Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Spain France BnF data Germany United States Czech Republic Netherlands Poland People Deutsche Biographie Other SNAC IdRef This article about a United States film director born in the 1930s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Rockford Files","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rockford_Files"},{"link_name":"I Will Fight No More Forever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Will_Fight_No_More_Forever"},{"link_name":"Futureworld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futureworld"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FW-1"},{"link_name":"Foolin' Around","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foolin%27_Around"},{"link_name":"Mike Hammer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Hammer_(character)"},{"link_name":"I, the Jury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I,_the_Jury_(1982_film)"},{"link_name":"Pancho Barnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancho_Barnes_(1988_film)"},{"link_name":"La révolution française","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_R%C3%A9volution_fran%C3%A7aise_(film)"},{"link_name":"North and South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_and_South_(miniseries)"},{"link_name":"US Information Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Information_Agency"},{"link_name":"Charlton Heston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlton_Heston"}],"text":"Richard T. Heffron (October 6, 1930 – August 27, 2007) was an American film director.He worked on many television series such as The Rockford Files and films including I Will Fight No More Forever (1975), Futureworld (1976),[1] Foolin' Around (1980), the 1982 Mike Hammer film I, the Jury, Pancho Barnes (1988), and La révolution française (1989). He also directed the six-episode miniseries North and South but did not return to direct its follow-up series in 1986 and 1994.Heffron also produced and directed Night of the Dragon (1965), a propaganda film produced by the US Information Agency and narrated by Charlton Heston about South Viternam.","title":"Richard T. Heffron"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Eder, Richard (August 14, 1976). \"Futureworld (1976) Screen: 'Futureworld':Science-Fiction Robots in Dominant Roles\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9E0DE4D9123CE334BC4C52DFBE66838D669EDE","url_text":"\"Futureworld (1976) Screen: 'Futureworld':Science-Fiction Robots in Dominant Roles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9E0DE4D9123CE334BC4C52DFBE66838D669EDE","external_links_name":"\"Futureworld (1976) Screen: 'Futureworld':Science-Fiction Robots in Dominant Roles\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0373612/","external_links_name":"Richard T. Heffron"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000115605529","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/14806030","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJpJhcRT4cK6XHbhKQGj4q","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/9047744","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1190180","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121371811","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121371811","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/136601510","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr99015998","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0153556&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p074094092","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810555285305606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd136601510.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6s894wf","external_links_name":"SNAC"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/082333424","external_links_name":"IdRef"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_T._Heffron&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Om_Prakash_Upadhyaya	Om Prakash Upadhyaya	["1 Biography","2 References","3 Further reading"]	Om Prakash UpadhyayaBorn02/June/1951Maandal, Bhilwara, Rajasthan, IndiaOccupationAyurveda practitionerSpouseBhanwari deviAwardsPadma Shri Om Prakash Upadhyaya is an Indian Ayurveda practitioner and the vice chancellor of Guru Ravidas Ayurved University. The Government of India honoured him, in 2014, with the award of Padma Shri, the fourth highest civilian award, for his contributions to the fields of medicine. Biography Born in Maandal in the Bhilwara district of Rajasthan, India, Professor Om Prakash Upadhyaya chose academics in Ayurveda as his career. He was the Professor and the Head of the Department at the National Institute of Ayurveda, Jaipur before he was appointed as the Vice Chancellor of Guru Ravidas Ayurved University, Hoshiarpur in July 2011. India portal References ^ "VC". davayurveda.com. 2014. Retrieved 5 November 2014. ^ "Padma 2014". Press Information Bureau, Government of India. 25 January 2014. Retrieved 28 October 2014. ^ a b "Spot News". Spot News. 2014. Retrieved 5 November 2014. Further reading vteRecipients of Padma Shri in Medicine1950s Bir Bhan Bhatia (1954) V. R. Khanolkar (1954) Perakath Verghese Benjamin (1955) Mahesh Prasad Mehray (1955) Murugappa Channaveerappa Modi (1956) Chintaman Govind Pandit (1956) Isaac Santra (1956) Khushdeva Singh (1957) 1960s Hilda Mary Lazarus (1961) George William Gregory Bird (1963) Hakim Abdul Hameed (1965) Jerusha Jhirad (1966) Edith Helen Paull (1967) Amar Prasad Ray (1967) Natteri Veeraraghavan (1967) B. K. Anand (1969) Ram Kumar Caroli (1969) Vulimiri Ramalingaswami (1969) Krishna Gopal Saxena (1969) 1970s Ajit Kumar Basu (1970) Coluthur Gopalan (1970) Perugu Siva Reddy (1970) B. N. B. Rao (1971) Krishnaswami Srinivas Sanjivi (1971) Dorothy Chacko (1972) Thayil John Cherian (1972) Balasubramaniam Ramamurthi (1972) Balu Sankaran (1972) K. N. Udupa (1972) R. Marthanda Varma (1972) Mary Verghese (1972) K. T. Dholakia (1973) M. K. Krishna Menon (1973) J. M. Pahwa (1973) Prakash Narain Tandon (1973) Jamshed Vazifdar (1973) Govindappa Venkataswamy (1973) Mani Kumar Chetri (1974) Nagarur Gopinath (1974) L. S. N. Prasad (1974) Kadiyala Ramachandra (1974) Reuben David (1975) Stanley John (1975) Mary Poonen Lukose (1975) Kadiyala Ramachandra (1975) Durga Deulkar (1976) Lucy Oommen (1977) 1980s Jasbir Singh Bajaj (1981) P. K. Sethi (1981) K. Vardachari Thiruvengadam (1981) C. P. Thakur (1982) Raj Vir Singh Yadav (1982) S. S. Badrinath (1983) Raj Baveja (1983) Shishupal Ram (1983) Purshottam Lal Wahi (1983) B. K. Goyal (1984) Vera Hingorani (1984) K. P. Mathur (1984) N. Balakrishnan Nair (1984) Hariharan Srinivasan (1984) Ramniklal K. Gandhi (1985) Samiran Nundy (1985) Usha Sharma (1985) M. S. Valiathan (1985) Gopal Krishna Vishwakarma (1985) Santosh Kumar Kackar (1986) V. Shanta (1986) Prabhu Dayal Nigam (1987) Daljit Singh (1987) Harbans Singh Wasir (1987) 1990s N. H. Antia (1990) M. G. Deo (1990) P. K. Rajagopalan (1990) M. M. S. Ahuja (1991) Sneh Bhargava (1991) K. M. Cherian (doctor) (1991) G. N. Malviya (1991) Shiela Mehra (1991) S. C. Munshi (1991) M. N. Passey (1991) Jai Pal Singh (1991) Naresh Trehan (1991) Rathin Datta (1992) Khalid Hameed, Baron Hameed (1992) Anil Kohli (1992) Ramesh Kumar (nephrologist) (1992) Usha Kehar Luthra (1992) J. S. Mahashabde (1992) P. V. A. Mohandas (1992) E. T. Neelakandan Mooss (1992) Kameshwar Prasad (1992) Luis Jose De Souza (1992) Amrit Tewari (1992) G. S. Venkataraman (1992) Ranjit Roy Chaudhury (1998) K. A. Abraham (1999) Raj Bothra (1999) Balendu Prakash (1999) Devendra Triguna (1999) P. K. Warrier (1999) 2000s Mahendra Bhandari (2000) Vipin Buckshey (2000) Vaidya Suresh Chaturvedi (2000) Kirpal Singh Chugh (2000) P. K. Dave (2000) Mathew Kalarickal (2000) Kakarla Subba Rao (2000) G. S. Sainani (2000) Immaneni Sathyamurthy (2000) Jyoti Bhushan Banerji (2001) Alaka Deshpande (2001) Sharad Kumar Dixit (2001) Chittoor Mohammed Habeebullah (2001) M. Krishnan Nair (2001) Dasari Prasada Rao (2001) Laishram Nabakishore Singh (2001) Bhupathiraju Somaraju (2001) Suresh H. Advani (2002) Pradeep Chowbey (2002) Vijay Kumar Dada (2002) Prakash Nanalal Kothari (2002) Harsh Mahajan (2002) Vikram Marwah (2002) Atluri Sriman Narayana (2002) Kamaljit Singh Paul (2002) Karimpat Mathangi Ramakrishnan (2002) Gullapalli Nageswara Rao (2002) D. Nageshwar Reddy (2002) Prahlad Kumar Sethi (2002) J. S. Guleria (2003) Narayana Panicker Kochupillai (2003) Rajagopalan Krishnan (2003) Ashok Seth (2003) Vijay Prakash (2003) Sharad Moreshwar Hardikar (2004) S. C. Manchanda (2004) Ashwin Balachand Mehta (2004) S. K. Sama (2004) Rajan Saxena (physician) (2004) Devi Shetty (2004) Gopal Prasad Sinha (2004) G. Bakthavathsalam (2005) Jitendra Mohan Hans (2005) P. N. V. Kurup (2005) Veer Singh Mehta (2005) Lavu Narendranath (2005) Cyrus S. Poonawalla (2005) Sanjeev Bagai (2006) Mohan Kameswaran (2006) Upendra Kaul (2006) Tsering Landol (2006) Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman (2006) Harbhajan Singh Rissam (2006) Kamal Kumar Sethi (2006) Tehemton Erach Udwadia (2006) Harpinder Singh Chawla (2007) Narmada Prasad Gupta (2007) Ashok Kumar Hemal (2007) Atul Kumar (ophthalmologist) (2007) C. N. Manjunath (2007) Anoop Misra (2007) P. Namperumalsamy (2007) Mayilvahanan Natarajan (2007) K. R. Palaniswamy (2007) Mahipal S. Sachdev (2007) B. Paul Thaliath (2007) Sheo Bhagwan Tibrewal (2007) Mohsin Wali (2007) S. N. Arya (2008) Dinesh K. Bhargava (2008) Tony Fernandez (ophthalmologist) (2008) Rakesh Kumar Jain (2008) Raman Kapur (2008) T. P. Lahane (2008) Keiki R. Mehta (2008) M. C. Pant (2008) Arjunan Rajasekaran (2008) Malvika Sabharwal (2008) Indu Bhushan Sinha (2008) Randhir Sud (2008) C. U. Velmurugendran (2008) Kalyan Banerjee (2009) Balswarup Choubey (2009) Saibaba Goud (2009) Yash Gulati (2009) P. R. Krishna Kumar (2009) Arvind Lal (2009) D. S. Rana (2009) Thanikachalam Sadagopan (2009) Ashok K. Vaid (2009) G. Vijayaraghavan (2009) 2010s K. K. Aggarwal (2010) Philip Augustine (2010) Anil Kumar Bhalla (2010) Kodaganur S. Gopinath (2010) Laxmi Chand Gupta (2010) Jalakantapuram Ramaswamy Krishnamoorthy (2010) Vikas Mahatme (2010) B. Ramana Rao (2010) Rabindra Narain Singh (2010) Arvinder Singh Soin (2010) Madanur Ahmed Ali (2011) Pukhraj Bafna (2011) Mansoor Hasan (2011) Indira Hinduja (2011) Shyama Prasad Mandal (2011) Jose Chacko Periappuram (2011) A. Marthanda Pillai (2011) Sivapatham Vittal (2011) Nitya Anand (2012) Mukesh Batra (2012) Mahdi Hasan (2012) Jugal Kishore (2012) V. Mohan (2012) J. Hareendran Nair (2012) Vallalarpuram Sennimalai Natarajan (2012) Jitendra Kumar Singh (2012) Shrinivas S. Vaishya (2012) Sudarshan K. Aggarwal (2013) Rajendra Achyut Badwe (2013) Krishna Chandra Chunekar (2013) Taraprasad Das (2013) T. V. Devarajan (2013) Saroj Chooramani Gopal (2013) Vishwa Kumar Gupta (2013) Pramod Kumar Julka (2013) Gulshan Rai Khatri (2013) Ganesh Kumar Mani (2013) Amit Prabhakar Maydeo (2013) Sundaram Natarajan (2013) C. Venkata S. Ram (2013) Kiritkumar Mansukhlal Acharya (2014) Subrat Kumar Acharya (2014) Balram Bhargava (2014) Indira Chakravarty (2014) Ramakant Krishnaji Deshpande (2014) Pawan Raj Goyal (2014) Rajesh Kumar Grover (2014) Amod Gupta (2014) Daya Kishore Hazra (2014) Thenumgal Poulose Jacob (2014) Shashank R. Joshi (2014) Hakim Syed Khaleefathullah (2014) Milind Vasant Kirtane (2014) Lalit Kumar (2014) Mohan Mishra (2014) Vamsi Mootha (2014) Siddhartha Mukherjee (2014) Nitish Naik (2014) M. Subhadra Nair (2014) Ashok Panagariya (2014) Narendra Kumar Pandey (2014) Sunil Pradhan (2014) Ashok Rajgopal (2014) Kamini A. Rao (2014) Sarbeswar Sahariah (2014) J. S. Titiyal (2014) Om Prakash Upadhyaya (2014) Mahesh Verma (2014) Manjula Anagani (2015) Yogesh Kumar Chawla (2015) Bimola Kumari (2015) Randeep Guleria (2015) K. P. Haridas (2015) Rajesh Kotecha (2015) Alka Kriplani (2015) Harsh Kumar (2015) Dattatreyudu Nori (2015) Tejas Patel (2015) Raghu Ram Pillarisetti (2015) Narendra Prasad (2015) Saumitra Rawat (2015) Yog Raj Sharma (2015) Nikhil Tandon (2015) Hargovind Laxmishanker Trivedi (2015) Gopi Chand Mannam (2016) Praveen Chandra (2016) John Ebnezar (2016) Daljeet Singh Gambhir (2016) A. G. K. Gokhale (2016) Murli Manohar Joshi (2016) Ravi Kant (2016) Shiv Narain Kureel (2016) T. K. Lahiri (2016) Anil Kumari Malhotra (2016) Yarlagadda Nayudamma (2016) Sudhir V. Shah (2016) Ram Harsh Singh (2016) M. V. Padma Srivastava (2016) T. S. Chandrasekar (2016) Harkishan Singh (2017) Suniti Solomon (2017) Bhakti Yadav (2017) Abhay and Rani Bang (2018) Yeshi Dhonden (2018) Lakshmikutty (2018) M. R. Rajagopal (2018) Sanduk Ruit (2018) Ilias Ali (2019) Omesh Kumar Bharti (2019) Mammen Chandy (2019) Sudam Kate (2019) Ravindra and Smita Kolhe (2019) Jagat Ram (2019) Ramaswami Venkataswami (2019) 2020s Yogi Aereon (2020) Padma Bandopadhyay (2020) Sushovan Banerjee (2020) Digambar Behera (2020) Leela Joshi (2020) Arunoday Mondal (2020) Shanti Roy (2020) Gurdip Singh (2020) Sandra Desa Souza (2020) Kushal Konwar Sarma (2020) Ravi Kannan R (2020) Krishna Mohan Pathi (2021) Jitendra Nath Pande (2021) Himmatrao Bawaskar (2022) Prokar Dasgupta (2022) Sunkara Venkata Adinarayana Rao (2022) Lata Desai (2022) Vijaykumar Vinayak Dongre (2022) Dr Narendra Prasad Misra (Posthumous) (2022) Veeraswamy Seshiah (2022) Bhimsen Singhal (2022) Balaji Tambe (Posthumous) (2022) Kamlakar Tripathi (2022) Munishwar Chandar Dawar (2023) Ratan Chandra Kar (2023) Nalini Parthasarathi (2023) Hanumantha Rao Pasupuleti (2023) Manoranjan Sahu (2023) Gopalsamy Veluchamy (2023) Ishwar Chander Verma (2023) This Indian medicine-related biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ayurveda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurveda"},{"link_name":"Guru Ravidas Ayurved University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Ravidas_Ayurved_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VC-1"},{"link_name":"Government of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_India"},{"link_name":"Padma Shri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padma_Shri"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Padma_2014-2"}],"text":"Om Prakash Upadhyaya is an Indian Ayurveda practitioner and the vice chancellor of Guru Ravidas Ayurved University.[1] The Government of India honoured him, in 2014, with the award of Padma Shri, the fourth highest civilian award, for his contributions to the fields of medicine.[2]","title":"Om Prakash Upadhyaya"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bhilwara district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhilwara_district"},{"link_name":"Ayurveda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurveda"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spot_News-3"},{"link_name":"National Institute of Ayurveda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Ayurveda"},{"link_name":"Guru Ravidas Ayurved University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Ravidas_Ayurved_University"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spot_News-3"},{"link_name":"India portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:India"}],"text":"Born in Maandal in the Bhilwara district of Rajasthan, India, Professor Om Prakash Upadhyaya chose academics in Ayurveda as his career.[3] He was the Professor and the Head of the Department at the National Institute of Ayurveda, Jaipur before he was appointed as the Vice Chancellor of Guru Ravidas Ayurved University, Hoshiarpur in July 2011.[3]India portal","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Padma_Shri_Award_Recipients_in_Medicine"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Padma_Shri_Award_Recipients_in_Medicine"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Padma_Shri_Award_Recipients_in_Medicine"},{"link_name":"Padma Shri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padma_Shri"},{"link_name":"Bir Bhan Bhatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bir_Bhan_Bhatia"},{"link_name":"V. R. Khanolkar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V._R._Khanolkar"},{"link_name":"Perakath Verghese Benjamin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perakath_Verghese_Benjamin"},{"link_name":"Mahesh Prasad Mehray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahesh_Prasad_Mehray"},{"link_name":"Murugappa Channaveerappa Modi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murugappa_Channaveerappa_Modi"},{"link_name":"Chintaman Govind Pandit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chintaman_Govind_Pandit"},{"link_name":"Isaac Santra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Santra"},{"link_name":"Khushdeva Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khushdeva_Singh"},{"link_name":"Hilda Mary Lazarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilda_Mary_Lazarus"},{"link_name":"George William Gregory Bird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_William_Gregory_Bird"},{"link_name":"Hakim Abdul Hameed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakim_Abdul_Hameed"},{"link_name":"Jerusha Jhirad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusha_Jhirad"},{"link_name":"Edith Helen Paull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Helen_Paull"},{"link_name":"Amar Prasad Ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amar_Prasad_Ray"},{"link_name":"Natteri Veeraraghavan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natteri_Veeraraghavan"},{"link_name":"B. K. Anand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._K._Anand"},{"link_name":"Ram Kumar Caroli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram_Kumar_Caroli"},{"link_name":"Vulimiri Ramalingaswami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulimiri_Ramalingaswami"},{"link_name":"Krishna Gopal Saxena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna_Gopal_Saxena"},{"link_name":"Ajit Kumar Basu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajit_Kumar_Basu"},{"link_name":"Coluthur Gopalan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coluthur_Gopalan"},{"link_name":"Perugu Siva Reddy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perugu_Siva_Reddy"},{"link_name":"B. N. B. Rao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._N._B._Rao"},{"link_name":"Krishnaswami Srinivas Sanjivi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishnaswami_Srinivas_Sanjivi"},{"link_name":"Dorothy Chacko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Chacko"},{"link_name":"Thayil John Cherian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thayil_John_Cherian"},{"link_name":"Balasubramaniam Ramamurthi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balasubramaniam_Ramamurthi"},{"link_name":"Balu Sankaran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balu_Sankaran"},{"link_name":"K. N. Udupa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._N._Udupa"},{"link_name":"R. Marthanda Varma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._Marthanda_Varma"},{"link_name":"Mary Verghese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Verghese"},{"link_name":"K. T. Dholakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._T._Dholakia"},{"link_name":"M. K. Krishna Menon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._K._Krishna_Menon"},{"link_name":"J. M. Pahwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._M._Pahwa"},{"link_name":"Prakash Narain Tandon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prakash_Narain_Tandon"},{"link_name":"Jamshed Vazifdar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamshed_Vazifdar"},{"link_name":"Govindappa Venkataswamy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Govindappa_Venkataswamy"},{"link_name":"Mani Kumar Chetri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mani_Kumar_Chetri"},{"link_name":"Nagarur Gopinath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagarur_Gopinath"},{"link_name":"L. S. N. Prasad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._S._N._Prasad"},{"link_name":"Kadiyala Ramachandra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadiyala_Ramachandra"},{"link_name":"Reuben David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuben_David"},{"link_name":"Stanley John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_John"},{"link_name":"Mary Poonen Lukose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Poonen_Lukose"},{"link_name":"Kadiyala Ramachandra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadiyala_Ramachandra"},{"link_name":"Durga Deulkar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durga_Deulkar"},{"link_name":"Lucy Oommen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy_Oommen"},{"link_name":"Jasbir Singh Bajaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasbir_Singh_Bajaj"},{"link_name":"P. K. Sethi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._K._Sethi"},{"link_name":"K. Vardachari Thiruvengadam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._Vardachari_Thiruvengadam"},{"link_name":"C. P. Thakur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._P._Thakur"},{"link_name":"Raj Vir Singh Yadav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raj_Vir_Singh_Yadav"},{"link_name":"S. S. Badrinath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._S._Badrinath"},{"link_name":"Raj Baveja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raj_Baveja"},{"link_name":"Shishupal Ram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shishupal_Ram"},{"link_name":"Purshottam Lal Wahi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purshottam_Lal_Wahi"},{"link_name":"B. K. Goyal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._K._Goyal"},{"link_name":"Vera Hingorani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vera_Hingorani"},{"link_name":"K. P. Mathur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._P._Mathur"},{"link_name":"N. Balakrishnan Nair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N._Balakrishnan_Nair"},{"link_name":"Hariharan Srinivasan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hariharan_Srinivasan"},{"link_name":"Ramniklal K. Gandhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramniklal_K._Gandhi"},{"link_name":"Samiran Nundy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samiran_Nundy"},{"link_name":"Usha Sharma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usha_Sharma"},{"link_name":"M. S. Valiathan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._S._Valiathan"},{"link_name":"Gopal Krishna Vishwakarma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gopal_Krishna_Vishwakarma"},{"link_name":"Santosh Kumar Kackar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santosh_Kumar_Kackar"},{"link_name":"V. Shanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V._Shanta"},{"link_name":"Prabhu Dayal Nigam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prabhu_Dayal_Nigam"},{"link_name":"Daljit Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daljit_Singh_(ophthalmologist)"},{"link_name":"Harbans Singh Wasir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbans_Singh_Wasir"},{"link_name":"N. H. Antia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N._H._Antia"},{"link_name":"M. G. Deo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._G._Deo"},{"link_name":"P. K. Rajagopalan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._K._Rajagopalan"},{"link_name":"M. M. S. Ahuja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._M._S._Ahuja"},{"link_name":"Sneh Bhargava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sneh_Bhargava"},{"link_name":"K. M. Cherian (doctor)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._M._Cherian_(doctor)"},{"link_name":"G. N. Malviya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._N._Malviya"},{"link_name":"Shiela Mehra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiela_Mehra"},{"link_name":"S. C. Munshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._C._Munshi"},{"link_name":"M. N. Passey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._N._Passey"},{"link_name":"Jai Pal Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jai_Pal_Singh"},{"link_name":"Naresh Trehan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naresh_Trehan"},{"link_name":"Rathin Datta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rathin_Datta"},{"link_name":"Khalid Hameed, Baron Hameed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalid_Hameed,_Baron_Hameed"},{"link_name":"Anil Kohli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anil_Kohli"},{"link_name":"Ramesh Kumar (nephrologist)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramesh_Kumar_(nephrologist)"},{"link_name":"Usha Kehar Luthra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usha_Kehar_Luthra"},{"link_name":"J. S. Mahashabde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._S._Mahashabde"},{"link_name":"P. V. A. Mohandas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._V._A._Mohandas"},{"link_name":"E. T. Neelakandan Mooss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._T._Neelakandan_Mooss"},{"link_name":"Kameshwar Prasad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kameshwar_Prasad"},{"link_name":"Luis Jose De Souza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Jose_De_Souza"},{"link_name":"Amrit Tewari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amrit_Tewari"},{"link_name":"G. S. Venkataraman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._S._Venkataraman"},{"link_name":"Ranjit Roy Chaudhury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranjit_Roy_Chaudhury"},{"link_name":"K. A. Abraham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._A._Abraham"},{"link_name":"Raj Bothra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raj_Bothra"},{"link_name":"Balendu Prakash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balendu_Prakash"},{"link_name":"Devendra Triguna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devendra_Triguna"},{"link_name":"P. K. Warrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._K._Warrier"},{"link_name":"Mahendra Bhandari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahendra_Bhandari"},{"link_name":"Vipin Buckshey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vipin_Buckshey"},{"link_name":"Vaidya Suresh Chaturvedi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaidya_Suresh_Chaturvedi"},{"link_name":"Kirpal Singh Chugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirpal_Singh_Chugh"},{"link_name":"P. K. Dave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._K._Dave"},{"link_name":"Mathew Kalarickal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathew_Kalarickal"},{"link_name":"Kakarla Subba Rao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakarla_Subba_Rao"},{"link_name":"G. S. Sainani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._S._Sainani"},{"link_name":"Immaneni Sathyamurthy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immaneni_Sathyamurthy"},{"link_name":"Jyoti Bhushan Banerji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jyoti_Bhushan_Banerji"},{"link_name":"Alaka Deshpande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaka_Deshpande"},{"link_name":"Sharad Kumar Dixit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharad_Kumar_Dixit"},{"link_name":"Chittoor Mohammed Habeebullah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chittoor_Mohammed_Habeebullah"},{"link_name":"M. Krishnan Nair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._Krishnan_Nair_(doctor)"},{"link_name":"Dasari Prasada Rao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dasari_Prasada_Rao"},{"link_name":"Laishram Nabakishore Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laishram_Nabakishore_Singh"},{"link_name":"Bhupathiraju Somaraju","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhupathiraju_Somaraju"},{"link_name":"Suresh H. Advani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suresh_H._Advani"},{"link_name":"Pradeep Chowbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pradeep_Chowbey"},{"link_name":"Vijay Kumar Dada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijay_Kumar_Dada"},{"link_name":"Prakash Nanalal Kothari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prakash_Nanalal_Kothari"},{"link_name":"Harsh Mahajan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harsh_Mahajan_(radiologist)"},{"link_name":"Vikram Marwah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikram_Marwah"},{"link_name":"Atluri Sriman Narayana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atluri_Sriman_Narayana"},{"link_name":"Kamaljit Singh Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamaljit_Singh_Paul"},{"link_name":"Karimpat Mathangi Ramakrishnan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karimpat_Mathangi_Ramakrishnan"},{"link_name":"Gullapalli Nageswara Rao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gullapalli_Nageswara_Rao"},{"link_name":"D. Nageshwar Reddy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D._Nageshwar_Reddy"},{"link_name":"Prahlad Kumar Sethi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prahlad_Kumar_Sethi"},{"link_name":"J. S. Guleria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._S._Guleria"},{"link_name":"Narayana Panicker Kochupillai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narayana_Panicker_Kochupillai"},{"link_name":"Rajagopalan Krishnan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajagopalan_Krishnan"},{"link_name":"Ashok Seth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashok_Seth"},{"link_name":"Vijay Prakash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijay_Prakash_(gastroenterologist)"},{"link_name":"Sharad Moreshwar Hardikar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharad_Moreshwar_Hardikar"},{"link_name":"S. C. Manchanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._C._Manchanda"},{"link_name":"Ashwin Balachand Mehta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashwin_Balachand_Mehta"},{"link_name":"S. K. Sama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._K._Sama"},{"link_name":"Rajan Saxena (physician)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajan_Saxena_(physician)"},{"link_name":"Devi Shetty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devi_Shetty"},{"link_name":"Gopal Prasad Sinha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gopal_Prasad_Sinha"},{"link_name":"G. Bakthavathsalam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._Bakthavathsalam"},{"link_name":"Jitendra Mohan Hans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jitendra_Mohan_Hans"},{"link_name":"P. N. V. Kurup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._N._V._Kurup"},{"link_name":"Veer Singh Mehta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veer_Singh_Mehta"},{"link_name":"Lavu Narendranath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavu_Narendranath"},{"link_name":"Cyrus S. Poonawalla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrus_S._Poonawalla"},{"link_name":"Sanjeev Bagai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanjeev_Bagai"},{"link_name":"Mohan Kameswaran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohan_Kameswaran"},{"link_name":"Upendra Kaul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upendra_Kaul"},{"link_name":"Tsering Landol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsering_Landol"},{"link_name":"Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakim_Syed_Zillur_Rahman"},{"link_name":"Harbhajan Singh Rissam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbhajan_Singh_Rissam"},{"link_name":"Kamal Kumar Sethi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamal_Kumar_Sethi"},{"link_name":"Tehemton Erach Udwadia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehemton_Erach_Udwadia"},{"link_name":"Harpinder Singh Chawla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harpinder_Singh_Chawla"},{"link_name":"Narmada Prasad Gupta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narmada_Prasad_Gupta"},{"link_name":"Ashok Kumar Hemal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashok_Kumar_Hemal"},{"link_name":"Atul Kumar (ophthalmologist)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atul_Kumar_(ophthalmologist)"},{"link_name":"C. N. Manjunath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._N._Manjunath"},{"link_name":"Anoop Misra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anoop_Misra"},{"link_name":"P. Namperumalsamy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._Namperumalsamy"},{"link_name":"Mayilvahanan Natarajan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayilvahanan_Natarajan"},{"link_name":"K. R. Palaniswamy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._R._Palaniswamy"},{"link_name":"Mahipal S. Sachdev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahipal_S._Sachdev"},{"link_name":"B. Paul Thaliath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._Paul_Thaliath"},{"link_name":"Sheo Bhagwan Tibrewal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheo_Bhagwan_Tibrewal"},{"link_name":"Mohsin Wali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohsin_Wali"},{"link_name":"S. N. Arya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._N._Arya"},{"link_name":"Dinesh K. Bhargava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinesh_K._Bhargava"},{"link_name":"Tony Fernandez (ophthalmologist)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Fernandez_(ophthalmologist)"},{"link_name":"Rakesh Kumar Jain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakesh_Kumar_Jain"},{"link_name":"Raman Kapur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raman_Kapur"},{"link_name":"T. P. Lahane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._P._Lahane"},{"link_name":"Keiki R. Mehta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keiki_R._Mehta"},{"link_name":"M. C. Pant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._C._Pant"},{"link_name":"Arjunan Rajasekaran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arjunan_Rajasekaran"},{"link_name":"Malvika Sabharwal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malvika_Sabharwal"},{"link_name":"Indu Bhushan Sinha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indu_Bhushan_Sinha"},{"link_name":"Randhir Sud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randhir_Sud"},{"link_name":"C. U. Velmurugendran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._U._Velmurugendran"},{"link_name":"Kalyan Banerjee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalyan_Banerjee_(homoeopath)"},{"link_name":"Balswarup Choubey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balswarup_Choubey"},{"link_name":"Saibaba Goud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saibaba_Goud"},{"link_name":"Yash Gulati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yash_Gulati"},{"link_name":"P. R. Krishna Kumar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._R._Krishna_Kumar"},{"link_name":"Arvind Lal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arvind_Lal"},{"link_name":"D. S. Rana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D._S._Rana"},{"link_name":"Thanikachalam Sadagopan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thanikachalam_Sadagopan"},{"link_name":"Ashok K. Vaid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashok_K._Vaid"},{"link_name":"G. Vijayaraghavan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._Vijayaraghavan"},{"link_name":"K. K. Aggarwal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._K._Aggarwal_(cardiologist)"},{"link_name":"Philip Augustine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Augustine"},{"link_name":"Anil Kumar Bhalla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anil_Kumar_Bhalla"},{"link_name":"Kodaganur S. Gopinath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodaganur_S._Gopinath"},{"link_name":"Laxmi Chand Gupta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laxmi_Chand_Gupta"},{"link_name":"Jalakantapuram Ramaswamy Krishnamoorthy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalakantapuram_Ramaswamy_Krishnamoorthy"},{"link_name":"Vikas Mahatme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikas_Mahatme"},{"link_name":"B. Ramana Rao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._Ramana_Rao"},{"link_name":"Rabindra Narain Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindra_Narain_Singh"},{"link_name":"Arvinder Singh Soin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arvinder_Singh_Soin"},{"link_name":"Madanur Ahmed Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madanur_Ahmed_Ali"},{"link_name":"Pukhraj Bafna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pukhraj_Bafna"},{"link_name":"Mansoor Hasan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansoor_Hasan"},{"link_name":"Indira Hinduja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Hinduja"},{"link_name":"Shyama Prasad Mandal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shyama_Prasad_Mandal"},{"link_name":"Jose Chacko Periappuram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jose_Chacko_Periappuram"},{"link_name":"A. Marthanda Pillai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._Marthanda_Pillai"},{"link_name":"Sivapatham Vittal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sivapatham_Vittal"},{"link_name":"Nitya Anand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitya_Anand"},{"link_name":"Mukesh Batra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukesh_Batra"},{"link_name":"Mahdi Hasan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahdi_Hasan"},{"link_name":"Jugal Kishore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugal_Kishore_(physician)"},{"link_name":"V. Mohan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V._Mohan"},{"link_name":"J. Hareendran Nair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Hareendran_Nair"},{"link_name":"Vallalarpuram Sennimalai Natarajan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vallalarpuram_Sennimalai_Natarajan"},{"link_name":"Jitendra Kumar Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jitendra_Kumar_Singh"},{"link_name":"Shrinivas S. Vaishya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrinivas_S._Vaishya"},{"link_name":"Sudarshan K. Aggarwal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudarshan_K._Aggarwal"},{"link_name":"Rajendra Achyut Badwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajendra_Achyut_Badwe"},{"link_name":"Krishna Chandra Chunekar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna_Chandra_Chunekar"},{"link_name":"Taraprasad Das","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraprasad_Das"},{"link_name":"T. V. Devarajan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._V._Devarajan"},{"link_name":"Saroj Chooramani Gopal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saroj_Chooramani_Gopal"},{"link_name":"Vishwa Kumar Gupta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishwa_Kumar_Gupta"},{"link_name":"Pramod Kumar Julka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pramod_Kumar_Julka"},{"link_name":"Gulshan Rai Khatri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulshan_Rai_Khatri"},{"link_name":"Ganesh Kumar Mani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganesh_Kumar_Mani"},{"link_name":"Amit Prabhakar Maydeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amit_Prabhakar_Maydeo"},{"link_name":"Sundaram Natarajan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundaram_Natarajan"},{"link_name":"C. Venkata S. Ram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._Venkata_S._Ram"},{"link_name":"Kiritkumar Mansukhlal Acharya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiritkumar_Mansukhlal_Acharya"},{"link_name":"Subrat Kumar Acharya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subrat_Kumar_Acharya"},{"link_name":"Balram Bhargava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balram_Bhargava"},{"link_name":"Indira Chakravarty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Chakravarty"},{"link_name":"Ramakant Krishnaji Deshpande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramakant_Krishnaji_Deshpande"},{"link_name":"Pawan Raj Goyal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawan_Raj_Goyal"},{"link_name":"Rajesh Kumar Grover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajesh_Kumar_Grover"},{"link_name":"Amod Gupta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amod_Gupta"},{"link_name":"Daya Kishore Hazra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daya_Kishore_Hazra"},{"link_name":"Thenumgal Poulose Jacob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thenumgal_Poulose_Jacob"},{"link_name":"Shashank R. Joshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shashank_R._Joshi"},{"link_name":"Hakim Syed Khaleefathullah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakim_Syed_Khaleefathullah"},{"link_name":"Milind Vasant Kirtane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milind_Vasant_Kirtane"},{"link_name":"Lalit Kumar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalit_Kumar"},{"link_name":"Mohan Mishra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohan_Mishra"},{"link_name":"Vamsi Mootha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vamsi_Mootha"},{"link_name":"Siddhartha Mukherjee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddhartha_Mukherjee"},{"link_name":"Nitish Naik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitish_Naik"},{"link_name":"M. Subhadra Nair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._Subhadra_Nair"},{"link_name":"Ashok Panagariya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashok_Panagariya"},{"link_name":"Narendra Kumar Pandey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narendra_Kumar_Pandey"},{"link_name":"Sunil Pradhan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunil_Pradhan"},{"link_name":"Ashok Rajgopal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashok_Rajgopal"},{"link_name":"Kamini A. Rao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamini_A._Rao"},{"link_name":"Sarbeswar Sahariah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarbeswar_Sahariah"},{"link_name":"J. S. Titiyal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._S._Titiyal"},{"link_name":"Om Prakash Upadhyaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Mahesh Verma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahesh_Verma"},{"link_name":"Manjula Anagani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manjula_Anagani"},{"link_name":"Yogesh Kumar Chawla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yogesh_Kumar_Chawla"},{"link_name":"Bimola Kumari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bimola_Kumari"},{"link_name":"Randeep Guleria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randeep_Guleria"},{"link_name":"K. P. Haridas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._P._Haridas"},{"link_name":"Rajesh Kotecha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajesh_Kotecha"},{"link_name":"Alka Kriplani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alka_Kriplani"},{"link_name":"Harsh Kumar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harsh_Kumar"},{"link_name":"Dattatreyudu Nori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dattatreyudu_Nori"},{"link_name":"Tejas Patel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tejas_Patel"},{"link_name":"Raghu Ram Pillarisetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raghu_Ram_Pillarisetti"},{"link_name":"Narendra Prasad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narendra_Prasad_(surgeon)"},{"link_name":"Yog Raj Sharma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yog_Raj_Sharma"},{"link_name":"Nikhil Tandon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikhil_Tandon"},{"link_name":"Hargovind Laxmishanker Trivedi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hargovind_Laxmishanker_Trivedi"},{"link_name":"Gopi Chand Mannam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gopi_Chand_Mannam"},{"link_name":"Praveen Chandra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praveen_Chandra"},{"link_name":"John Ebnezar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ebnezar"},{"link_name":"Daljeet Singh Gambhir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daljeet_Singh_Gambhir"},{"link_name":"A. G. K. Gokhale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._G._K._Gokhale"},{"link_name":"Murli Manohar Joshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murli_Manohar_Joshi"},{"link_name":"Ravi Kant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravi_Kant_(surgeon)"},{"link_name":"Shiv Narain Kureel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiv_Narain_Kureel"},{"link_name":"T. K. Lahiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._K._Lahiri"},{"link_name":"Anil Kumari Malhotra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anil_Kumari_Malhotra"},{"link_name":"Yarlagadda Nayudamma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarlagadda_Nayudamma"},{"link_name":"Sudhir V. Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudhir_V._Shah"},{"link_name":"Ram Harsh Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram_Harsh_Singh"},{"link_name":"M. V. Padma Srivastava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._V._Padma_Srivastava"},{"link_name":"T. S. Chandrasekar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._S._Chandrasekar"},{"link_name":"Harkishan Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harkishan_Singh"},{"link_name":"Suniti Solomon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suniti_Solomon"},{"link_name":"Bhakti Yadav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhakti_Yadav"},{"link_name":"Abhay and Rani Bang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhay_and_Rani_Bang"},{"link_name":"Yeshi Dhonden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeshi_Dhonden"},{"link_name":"Lakshmikutty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshmikutty"},{"link_name":"M. R. Rajagopal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._R._Rajagopal"},{"link_name":"Sanduk Ruit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanduk_Ruit"},{"link_name":"Ilias Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilias_Ali_(surgeon)"},{"link_name":"Omesh Kumar Bharti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omesh_Kumar_Bharti"},{"link_name":"Mammen Chandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammen_Chandy"},{"link_name":"Sudam Kate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudam_Kate"},{"link_name":"Ravindra and Smita Kolhe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravindra_and_Smita_Kolhe"},{"link_name":"Jagat Ram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagat_Ram"},{"link_name":"Ramaswami Venkataswami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramaswami_Venkataswami"},{"link_name":"Yogi Aereon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yogi_Aereon"},{"link_name":"Padma Bandopadhyay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padma_Bandopadhyay"},{"link_name":"Sushovan Banerjee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sushovan_Banerjee"},{"link_name":"Digambar Behera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digambar_Behera"},{"link_name":"Leela Joshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leela_Joshi"},{"link_name":"Arunoday Mondal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arunoday_Mondal"},{"link_name":"Shanti Roy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanti_Roy"},{"link_name":"Gurdip Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurdip_Singh_(professor)"},{"link_name":"Sandra Desa Souza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandra_Desa_Souza"},{"link_name":"Kushal Konwar Sarma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kushal_Konwar_Sarma"},{"link_name":"Ravi Kannan R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravi_Kannan_R"},{"link_name":"Krishna Mohan Pathi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna_Mohan_Pathi"},{"link_name":"Jitendra Nath Pande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jitendra_Nath_Pande"},{"link_name":"Himmatrao Bawaskar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himmatrao_Bawaskar"},{"link_name":"Prokar Dasgupta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prokar_Dasgupta"},{"link_name":"Sunkara Venkata Adinarayana Rao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunkara_Venkata_Adinarayana_Rao"},{"link_name":"Lata Desai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lata_Desai"},{"link_name":"Vijaykumar Vinayak Dongre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijaykumar_Vinayak_Dongre"},{"link_name":"Dr Narendra Prasad Misra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr_Narendra_Prasad_Misra"},{"link_name":"Veeraswamy Seshiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veeraswamy_Seshiah"},{"link_name":"Munishwar Chandar Dawar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munishwar_Chandar_Dawar"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_India.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crystal_Clear_app_Login_Manager_2.png"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Om_Prakash_Upadhyaya&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:India-med-bio-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:India-med-bio-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:India-med-bio-stub"}],"text":"vteRecipients of Padma Shri in Medicine1950s\nBir Bhan Bhatia (1954)\nV. R. Khanolkar (1954)\nPerakath Verghese Benjamin (1955)\nMahesh Prasad Mehray (1955)\nMurugappa Channaveerappa Modi (1956)\nChintaman Govind Pandit (1956)\nIsaac Santra (1956)\nKhushdeva Singh (1957)\n1960s\nHilda Mary Lazarus (1961)\nGeorge William Gregory Bird (1963)\nHakim Abdul Hameed (1965)\nJerusha Jhirad (1966)\nEdith Helen Paull (1967)\nAmar Prasad Ray (1967)\nNatteri Veeraraghavan (1967)\nB. K. Anand (1969)\nRam Kumar Caroli (1969)\nVulimiri Ramalingaswami (1969)\nKrishna Gopal Saxena (1969)\n1970s\nAjit Kumar Basu (1970)\nColuthur Gopalan (1970)\nPerugu Siva Reddy (1970)\nB. N. B. Rao (1971)\nKrishnaswami Srinivas Sanjivi (1971)\nDorothy Chacko (1972)\nThayil John Cherian (1972)\nBalasubramaniam Ramamurthi (1972)\nBalu Sankaran (1972)\nK. N. Udupa (1972)\nR. Marthanda Varma (1972)\nMary Verghese (1972)\nK. T. Dholakia (1973)\nM. K. Krishna Menon (1973)\nJ. M. Pahwa (1973)\nPrakash Narain Tandon (1973)\nJamshed Vazifdar (1973)\nGovindappa Venkataswamy (1973)\nMani Kumar Chetri (1974)\nNagarur Gopinath (1974)\nL. S. N. Prasad (1974)\nKadiyala Ramachandra (1974)\nReuben David (1975)\nStanley John (1975)\nMary Poonen Lukose (1975)\nKadiyala Ramachandra (1975)\nDurga Deulkar (1976)\nLucy Oommen (1977)\n1980s\nJasbir Singh Bajaj (1981)\nP. K. Sethi (1981)\nK. Vardachari Thiruvengadam (1981)\nC. P. Thakur (1982)\nRaj Vir Singh Yadav (1982)\nS. S. Badrinath (1983)\nRaj Baveja (1983)\nShishupal Ram (1983)\nPurshottam Lal Wahi (1983)\nB. K. Goyal (1984)\nVera Hingorani (1984)\nK. P. Mathur (1984)\nN. Balakrishnan Nair (1984)\nHariharan Srinivasan (1984)\nRamniklal K. Gandhi (1985)\nSamiran Nundy (1985)\nUsha Sharma (1985)\nM. S. Valiathan (1985)\nGopal Krishna Vishwakarma (1985)\nSantosh Kumar Kackar (1986)\nV. Shanta (1986)\nPrabhu Dayal Nigam (1987)\nDaljit Singh (1987)\nHarbans Singh Wasir (1987)\n1990s\nN. H. Antia (1990)\nM. G. Deo (1990)\nP. K. Rajagopalan (1990)\nM. M. S. Ahuja (1991)\nSneh Bhargava (1991)\nK. M. Cherian (doctor) (1991)\nG. N. Malviya (1991)\nShiela Mehra (1991)\nS. C. Munshi (1991)\nM. N. Passey (1991)\nJai Pal Singh (1991)\nNaresh Trehan (1991)\nRathin Datta (1992)\nKhalid Hameed, Baron Hameed (1992)\nAnil Kohli (1992)\nRamesh Kumar (nephrologist) (1992)\nUsha Kehar Luthra (1992)\nJ. S. Mahashabde (1992)\nP. V. A. Mohandas (1992)\nE. T. Neelakandan Mooss (1992)\nKameshwar Prasad (1992)\nLuis Jose De Souza (1992)\nAmrit Tewari (1992)\nG. S. Venkataraman (1992)\nRanjit Roy Chaudhury (1998)\nK. A. Abraham (1999)\nRaj Bothra (1999)\nBalendu Prakash (1999)\nDevendra Triguna (1999)\nP. K. Warrier (1999)\n2000s\nMahendra Bhandari (2000)\nVipin Buckshey (2000)\nVaidya Suresh Chaturvedi (2000)\nKirpal Singh Chugh (2000)\nP. K. Dave (2000)\nMathew Kalarickal (2000)\nKakarla Subba Rao (2000)\nG. S. Sainani (2000)\nImmaneni Sathyamurthy (2000)\nJyoti Bhushan Banerji (2001)\nAlaka Deshpande (2001)\nSharad Kumar Dixit (2001)\nChittoor Mohammed Habeebullah (2001)\nM. Krishnan Nair (2001)\nDasari Prasada Rao (2001)\nLaishram Nabakishore Singh (2001)\nBhupathiraju Somaraju (2001)\nSuresh H. Advani (2002)\nPradeep Chowbey (2002)\nVijay Kumar Dada (2002)\nPrakash Nanalal Kothari (2002)\nHarsh Mahajan (2002)\nVikram Marwah (2002)\nAtluri Sriman Narayana (2002)\nKamaljit Singh Paul (2002)\nKarimpat Mathangi Ramakrishnan (2002)\nGullapalli Nageswara Rao (2002)\nD. Nageshwar Reddy (2002)\nPrahlad Kumar Sethi (2002)\nJ. S. Guleria (2003)\nNarayana Panicker Kochupillai (2003)\nRajagopalan Krishnan (2003)\nAshok Seth (2003)\nVijay Prakash (2003)\nSharad Moreshwar Hardikar (2004)\nS. C. Manchanda (2004)\nAshwin Balachand Mehta (2004)\nS. K. Sama (2004)\nRajan Saxena (physician) (2004)\nDevi Shetty (2004)\nGopal Prasad Sinha (2004)\nG. Bakthavathsalam (2005)\nJitendra Mohan Hans (2005)\nP. N. V. Kurup (2005)\nVeer Singh Mehta (2005)\nLavu Narendranath (2005)\nCyrus S. Poonawalla (2005)\nSanjeev Bagai (2006)\nMohan Kameswaran (2006)\nUpendra Kaul (2006)\nTsering Landol (2006)\nHakim Syed Zillur Rahman (2006)\nHarbhajan Singh Rissam (2006)\nKamal Kumar Sethi (2006)\nTehemton Erach Udwadia (2006)\nHarpinder Singh Chawla (2007)\nNarmada Prasad Gupta (2007)\nAshok Kumar Hemal (2007)\nAtul Kumar (ophthalmologist) (2007)\nC. N. Manjunath (2007)\nAnoop Misra (2007)\nP. Namperumalsamy (2007)\nMayilvahanan Natarajan (2007)\nK. R. Palaniswamy (2007)\nMahipal S. Sachdev (2007)\nB. Paul Thaliath (2007)\nSheo Bhagwan Tibrewal (2007)\nMohsin Wali (2007)\nS. N. Arya (2008)\nDinesh K. Bhargava (2008)\nTony Fernandez (ophthalmologist) (2008)\nRakesh Kumar Jain (2008)\nRaman Kapur (2008)\nT. P. Lahane (2008)\nKeiki R. Mehta (2008)\nM. C. Pant (2008)\nArjunan Rajasekaran (2008)\nMalvika Sabharwal (2008)\nIndu Bhushan Sinha (2008)\nRandhir Sud (2008)\nC. U. Velmurugendran (2008)\nKalyan Banerjee (2009)\nBalswarup Choubey (2009)\nSaibaba Goud (2009)\nYash Gulati (2009)\nP. R. Krishna Kumar (2009)\nArvind Lal (2009)\nD. S. Rana (2009)\nThanikachalam Sadagopan (2009)\nAshok K. Vaid (2009)\nG. Vijayaraghavan (2009)\n2010s\nK. K. Aggarwal (2010)\nPhilip Augustine (2010)\nAnil Kumar Bhalla (2010)\nKodaganur S. Gopinath (2010)\nLaxmi Chand Gupta (2010)\nJalakantapuram Ramaswamy Krishnamoorthy (2010)\nVikas Mahatme (2010)\nB. Ramana Rao (2010)\nRabindra Narain Singh (2010)\nArvinder Singh Soin (2010)\nMadanur Ahmed Ali (2011)\nPukhraj Bafna (2011)\nMansoor Hasan (2011)\nIndira Hinduja (2011)\nShyama Prasad Mandal (2011)\nJose Chacko Periappuram (2011)\nA. Marthanda Pillai (2011)\nSivapatham Vittal (2011)\nNitya Anand (2012)\nMukesh Batra (2012)\nMahdi Hasan (2012)\nJugal Kishore (2012)\nV. Mohan (2012)\nJ. Hareendran Nair (2012)\nVallalarpuram Sennimalai Natarajan (2012)\nJitendra Kumar Singh (2012)\nShrinivas S. Vaishya (2012)\nSudarshan K. Aggarwal (2013)\nRajendra Achyut Badwe (2013)\nKrishna Chandra Chunekar (2013)\nTaraprasad Das (2013)\nT. V. Devarajan (2013)\nSaroj Chooramani Gopal (2013)\nVishwa Kumar Gupta (2013)\nPramod Kumar Julka (2013)\nGulshan Rai Khatri (2013)\nGanesh Kumar Mani (2013)\nAmit Prabhakar Maydeo (2013)\nSundaram Natarajan (2013)\nC. Venkata S. Ram (2013)\nKiritkumar Mansukhlal Acharya (2014)\nSubrat Kumar Acharya (2014)\nBalram Bhargava (2014)\nIndira Chakravarty (2014)\nRamakant Krishnaji Deshpande (2014)\nPawan Raj Goyal (2014)\nRajesh Kumar Grover (2014)\nAmod Gupta (2014)\nDaya Kishore Hazra (2014)\nThenumgal Poulose Jacob (2014)\nShashank R. Joshi (2014)\nHakim Syed Khaleefathullah (2014)\nMilind Vasant Kirtane (2014)\nLalit Kumar (2014)\nMohan Mishra (2014)\nVamsi Mootha (2014)\nSiddhartha Mukherjee (2014)\nNitish Naik (2014)\nM. Subhadra Nair (2014)\nAshok Panagariya (2014)\nNarendra Kumar Pandey (2014)\nSunil Pradhan (2014)\nAshok Rajgopal (2014)\nKamini A. Rao (2014)\nSarbeswar Sahariah (2014)\nJ. S. Titiyal (2014)\nOm Prakash Upadhyaya (2014)\nMahesh Verma (2014)\nManjula Anagani (2015)\nYogesh Kumar Chawla (2015)\nBimola Kumari (2015)\nRandeep Guleria (2015)\nK. P. Haridas (2015)\nRajesh Kotecha (2015)\nAlka Kriplani (2015)\nHarsh Kumar (2015)\nDattatreyudu Nori (2015)\nTejas Patel (2015)\nRaghu Ram Pillarisetti (2015)\nNarendra Prasad (2015)\nSaumitra Rawat (2015)\nYog Raj Sharma (2015)\nNikhil Tandon (2015)\nHargovind Laxmishanker Trivedi (2015)\nGopi Chand Mannam (2016)\nPraveen Chandra (2016)\nJohn Ebnezar (2016)\nDaljeet Singh Gambhir (2016)\nA. G. K. Gokhale (2016)\nMurli Manohar Joshi (2016)\nRavi Kant (2016)\nShiv Narain Kureel (2016)\nT. K. Lahiri (2016)\nAnil Kumari Malhotra (2016)\nYarlagadda Nayudamma (2016)\nSudhir V. Shah (2016)\nRam Harsh Singh (2016)\nM. V. Padma Srivastava (2016)\nT. S. Chandrasekar (2016)\nHarkishan Singh (2017)\nSuniti Solomon (2017)\nBhakti Yadav (2017)\nAbhay and Rani Bang (2018)\nYeshi Dhonden (2018)\nLakshmikutty (2018)\nM. R. Rajagopal (2018)\nSanduk Ruit (2018)\nIlias Ali (2019)\nOmesh Kumar Bharti (2019)\nMammen Chandy (2019)\nSudam Kate (2019)\nRavindra and Smita Kolhe (2019)\nJagat Ram (2019)\nRamaswami Venkataswami (2019)\n2020s\nYogi Aereon (2020)\nPadma Bandopadhyay (2020)\nSushovan Banerjee (2020)\nDigambar Behera (2020)\nLeela Joshi (2020)\nArunoday Mondal (2020)\nShanti Roy (2020)\nGurdip Singh (2020)\nSandra Desa Souza (2020)\nKushal Konwar Sarma (2020)\nRavi Kannan R (2020)\nKrishna Mohan Pathi (2021)\nJitendra Nath Pande (2021)\nHimmatrao Bawaskar (2022)\nProkar Dasgupta (2022)\nSunkara Venkata Adinarayana Rao (2022)\nLata Desai (2022)\nVijaykumar Vinayak Dongre (2022)\nDr Narendra Prasad Misra (Posthumous) (2022)\nVeeraswamy Seshiah (2022)\nBhimsen Singhal (2022)\nBalaji Tambe (Posthumous) (2022)\nKamlakar Tripathi (2022)\nMunishwar Chandar Dawar (2023)\nRatan Chandra Kar (2023)\nNalini Parthasarathi (2023)\nHanumantha Rao Pasupuleti (2023)\nManoranjan Sahu (2023)\nGopalsamy Veluchamy (2023)\nIshwar Chander Verma (2023)This Indian medicine-related biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Further reading"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"VC\". davayurveda.com. 2014. Retrieved 5 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.davayurveda.com/affiliations.php","url_text":"\"VC\""}]},{"reference":"\"Padma 2014\". Press Information Bureau, Government of India. 25 January 2014. Retrieved 28 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=102735","url_text":"\"Padma 2014\""}]},{"reference":"\"Spot News\". Spot News. 2014. Retrieved 5 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://spotnewsindia.com/2014/01/28/vc-ayurvedic-university-dr-om-prakash-upadhyay-padam-shree-award/","url_text":"\"Spot News\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.davayurveda.com/affiliations.php","external_links_name":"\"VC\""},{"Link":"http://www.pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=102735","external_links_name":"\"Padma 2014\""},{"Link":"http://spotnewsindia.com/2014/01/28/vc-ayurvedic-university-dr-om-prakash-upadhyay-padam-shree-award/","external_links_name":"\"Spot News\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Om_Prakash_Upadhyaya&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_Pipeline_System-II	Baltic Pipeline System-II	["1 History","2 Route","3 Technical description","4 References","5 External links"]	Baltic Pipeline System-IILocationCountryRussiaProvinceBryansk OblastSmolensk OblastTver OblastNovgorod OblastLeningrad OblastFromUnechaPasses throughSmolenskToUst-LugaKirishiRuns alongsideLuga RiverGeneral informationTypeCrude oilOperatorTransneftConstruction started2009Commissioned2011Technical informationLength1,170 km (730 mi)Maximum discharge50 million tons per yearNo. of pumping stations8 The Baltic Pipeline System-2 (BPS-2, Russian: Балтийская трубопроводная система 2, БТС-2) is a second trunk line of the Baltic Pipeline System. The pipeline is constructed and operated by Russian oil pipeline company Transneft. The BPS-2 was completed in 2011 and began to function in late March 2012. History The project was proposed after an oil transit dispute between Russia and Belarus at the beginning of January 2007, and was approved by the Russian government on 21 May 2007. Although in April 2008 Russia's Ministry of Industry and Energy submitted a negative profitability report regarding the pipeline, Russia opted to develop its own infrastructure for exporting hydrocarbons, bypassing former Soviet transit countries. The main goal of the pipeline is to protect Russia and its partners from the transit countries' possible decisions to raise tariffs or siphon off hydrocarbons. On 1 December 2008 Prime Minister Vladimir Putin signed a resolution ordering construction. The construction started on 10 June 2009. Construction was completed in October 2011. The opening of export terminal at Ust-Luga was postponed until 2012 due to damage by landslips. Route The 1,170-kilometre (730 mi) long pipeline system runs from the Unecha junction of the Druzhba pipeline near the Russia–Belarus border to the Ust-Luga terminal on the Gulf of Finland. The length of the pipeline from Unecha to Ust-Luga is 998 kilometres (620 mi) and the length of the branch line to Kirishi oil refinery is 172 kilometres (107 mi). The pipeline passes Bryansk, Smolensk, Tver, Novgorod, and Leningrad regions. Technical description vteBaltic Pipeline System-II Legend Gulf of Finland Tanker's cargo Luga River lines to Europe Oil-pumping station # 9 Petroleum store (Ust-Luga) Ust-Luga Sea port R-35 road To Kotly To Keikino To Petrodvorets To Ivangorod To Veimarn To Gdov R-42 road To Osmino To Veimarn To Partizanskaya To Prujitsy Luga River R-39 road Oil-pumping station # 8 M-20 highway To Luga To St. Petersburg Luga River R-41 road To Luga To Lubań Oil-pumping station Nevskaya Pipe-end oil-pumping station (Kirishi) Oil-pumping station Pes Kinef To Volkhov To Kirishi Volkhov River Pipeline Bridge N-33 road To St. Petersburg To Pestovo Tigoda River Leningrad Oblast Novgorod Oblast To Volkhov To Chudovo M-10 ( E105) To St. Petersburg To Moscow To St. Petersburg To Veliky Novgorod Kerest River To Dno To St. Petersburg R-47 road To Luga To Veliky Novgorod To Luga To Veliky Novgorod Luga River Oil-pumping station # 7 (Menusha) R-52 road To Utorgosh To Shimsk To Soltsi To Veliky Novgorod Shelon River A-116 highway To Dno To Staraya Russa Polist River Porusia River Oil-pumping station # 6 (Lopastino) To Kholm To Staraya Russa Lovat River R-51 road Pola River Novgorod Oblast Tver Oblast To Velikiye Luki To Bologoye Oil-pumping station Oil-pumping station (Borisovo) (Velikiye Luki) Oil-pumping station # 5 (Andreapol) Daugava River To Velikiye Luki To Rzhev M-9 highway To Velikiye Luki To Moscow Mezha River Tver Oblast Smolensk Oblast Dubovitsy Oil-pumping station # 4 To Bely Ozerniy R-136 road To Smolensk To Roslavl M-1 highway To Vyazma To Smolensk To Sukhinichi Dnieper River To Smolensk To Roslavl 230 km Oil-pumping station # 3 To Smolensk To Roslavl Sozh River A-141 highway To Mstsislaw To Pochinok Belarus R-96 road To Krychaw To Roslavl Iput River Sosonki Oil-pumping station # 2 Smolensk Oblast Bryansk Oblast Iput River Voronitsa River Oil-pumping station #1 Belarus (Unecha) To Kastyukovitchy Oil-pumping station To Mikhalki (Desna) (Mazyr) Druzhba pipeline The initial capacity of the pipeline at the first stage is 10 million tons of oil per year, which will be upgraded to 50 million tons during the second stage. Of this, 12 million tons will be transported to Ust-Luga and 12 million tons to Kirishi refinery. Diameter of the pipeline will vary between 1,020 and 1,067 millimetres (40 and 42 in). The construction cost is estimated at US$4 billion. The second stage is expected to be completed by December 2013. The pipeline will have eight pumping stations. During the first stage, two new pumping stations were built, and two pumping stations (in Unecha and Andreapol) were renovated. During the second stage, four new pumping stations will be added, and the pumping station No.7 will be equipped with a tank farm with a capacity of 80,000 cubic metres (2,800,000 cu ft). In addition, the oil terminal in Ust-Luga was built. References ^ a b c d "Official page of project" (in Russian). Transneft. Archived from the original on 2009-07-26. Retrieved 2009-09-20. ^ "Transneft Launches Construction of 2nd Stage of Baltic Pipeline". Turkish Weekly. RIA Novosti. 2009-06-10. Archived from the original on 2012-03-20. Retrieved 2009-11-09. ^ Groszkowski, Jakub (2012-04-18). "Czech concerns over the future of the Druzhba oil pipeline". CE Weekly. Centre for Eastern Studies. Archived from the original on 2012-05-11. Retrieved 2012-04-20. ^ Geropoulos, Kostis (2007-05-26). "BPS-2 to redirect oil volumes from Druzhba pipeline". New Europe. Archived from the original on 2007-10-16. Retrieved 2007-12-29. ^ "Russia Pipeline Extends Reach" (PDF). Iran Daily. 2008-05-24. Retrieved 2008-06-08. ^ a b "Putin Clears New Baltic Pipeline to Cut Oil Transit". Downstream Today. AFX News Limited. 2008-12-01. Retrieved 2008-12-05. ^ a b "Russia builds Baltic oil pipeline to bypass Belarus". EurActiv. 2009-06-11. Archived from the original on 19 June 2009. Retrieved 2009-06-30. ^ Stolyarov, Gleb; Zhdannikov, Dmitry; Pinchuk, Denis (2011-11-25). "Exclusive - Russia delays damaged Ust-Luga oil port launch". Reuters. Retrieved 2011-11-25. ^ "Map of pipeline on builder cite" (in Russian). Transneft. Archived from the original on 2011-02-08. Retrieved 2009-09-20. ^ Astakhova, Olesya (2011-10-20). "Russia cuts Baltic Belarus by-pass oil flow plan". Reuters. Retrieved 2011-11-25. ^ a b Konończuk, Wojciech (2009-06-17). "The construction of the BPS-2 oil pipeline starts" (PDF). EastWeek (172). Centre for Eastern Studies. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-08-16. Retrieved 2009-06-30. External links Russia portalEnergy portal Official website (in Russian) vtePipeline systems of Russia by year of launchNatural gas pipelines Saratov–Moscow pipeline (1946) Central Asia–Center (1960–1988) Northern Lights (1975–1994) Urengoy–Pomary–Uzhhorod pipeline (1983) Yamal–Europe pipeline (1997) Blue Stream (2003) Dzuarikau–Tskhinvali pipeline (2009) Baku–Novo Filya pipeline (2010) Bovanenkovo–Ukhta (2011) Nord Stream 1 (2011–2012) Nord Stream 2 (suspended) Sakhalin–Khabarovsk–Vladivostok pipeline (2011–2012) South Stream (cancelled) Power of Siberia (2019) TurkStream (2020) Altai gas pipeline (proposed) Petroleum (oil) pipelines Grozny–Tuapse oil pipeline (1928) Tikhoretsk–Tuapse pipeline (1962) Druzhba pipeline (1964) Uzen–Atyrau–Samara pipeline (1971) Baku–Novorossiysk pipeline (1997) Baltic Pipeline System (2001) Caspian Pipeline Consortium (2004) Eastern Siberia–Pacific Ocean oil pipeline (2010) Baltic Pipeline System-II (2012–2013) Murmansk Pipeline (proposed) Other pipelines Ammonia: Togliatti–Odessa pipeline (1981)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Baltic Pipeline System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_Pipeline_System"},{"link_name":"Transneft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transneft"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-turkish-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-osw180412-3"}],"text":"The Baltic Pipeline System-2 (BPS-2, Russian: Балтийская трубопроводная система 2, БТС-2) is a second trunk line of the Baltic Pipeline System. The pipeline is constructed and operated by Russian oil pipeline company Transneft.[2] The BPS-2 was completed in 2011 and began to function in late March 2012.[3]","title":"Baltic Pipeline System-II"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"oil transit dispute between Russia and Belarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Russia%E2%80%93Belarus_energy_dispute"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-neurope-4"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Industry and Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Energy_(Russia)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iran-5"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Putin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Putin"},{"link_name":"resolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Government_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-downstream011208-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-euractiv110609-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reuters251111-8"}],"text":"The project was proposed after an oil transit dispute between Russia and Belarus at the beginning of January 2007, and was approved by the Russian government on 21 May 2007.[4]Although in April 2008 Russia's Ministry of Industry and Energy submitted a negative profitability report regarding the pipeline, Russia opted to develop its own infrastructure for exporting hydrocarbons, bypassing former Soviet transit countries. The main\ngoal of the pipeline is to protect Russia and its partners from the transit countries' possible decisions to raise tariffs or siphon off hydrocarbons.[5] On 1 December 2008 Prime Minister Vladimir Putin signed a resolution ordering construction.[6]The construction started on 10 June 2009.[7] Construction was completed in October 2011. The opening of export terminal at Ust-Luga was postponed until 2012 due to damage by landslips.[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Unecha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unecha"},{"link_name":"Druzhba pipeline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druzhba_pipeline"},{"link_name":"Ust-Luga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ust-Luga"},{"link_name":"Gulf of Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Finland"},{"link_name":"Kirishi oil refinery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinef"},{"link_name":"Bryansk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryansk_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Smolensk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smolensk_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Tver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tver_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Novgorod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novgorod_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Leningrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leningrad_Oblast"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Map-9"}],"text":"The 1,170-kilometre (730 mi) long pipeline system runs from the Unecha junction of the Druzhba pipeline near the Russia–Belarus border to the Ust-Luga terminal on the Gulf of Finland. The length of the pipeline from Unecha to Ust-Luga is 998 kilometres (620 mi) and the length of the branch line to Kirishi oil refinery is 172 kilometres (107 mi). The pipeline passes Bryansk, Smolensk, Tver, Novgorod, and Leningrad regions.[9]","title":"Route"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonne"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Official_page-1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reuters201011-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eastweek172-11"},{"link_name":"Kirishi refinery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinef"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Official_page-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-euractiv110609-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-downstream011208-6"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eastweek172-11"},{"link_name":"tank farm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_depot"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Official_page-1"}],"text":"The initial capacity of the pipeline at the first stage is 10 million tons of oil per year, which will be upgraded to 50 million tons during the second stage.[1][10][11] Of this, 12 million tons will be transported to Ust-Luga and 12 million tons to Kirishi refinery. Diameter of the pipeline will vary between 1,020 and 1,067 millimetres (40 and 42 in).[1]The construction cost is estimated at US$4 billion.[7] The second stage is expected to be completed by December 2013.[6][11]The pipeline will have eight pumping stations. During the first stage, two new pumping stations were built, and two pumping stations (in Unecha and Andreapol) were renovated. During the second stage, four new pumping stations will be added, and the pumping station No.7 will be equipped with a tank farm with a capacity of 80,000 cubic metres (2,800,000 cu ft). In addition, the oil terminal in Ust-Luga was built.[1]","title":"Technical description"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Official page of project\" (in Russian). Transneft. Archived from the original on 2009-07-26. Retrieved 2009-09-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090726173752/http://www.transneft.ru/projects/project/?zpID=8115","url_text":"\"Official page of project\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transneft","url_text":"Transneft"},{"url":"http://www.transneft.ru/projects/project/?zpID=8115","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Transneft Launches Construction of 2nd Stage of Baltic Pipeline\". Turkish Weekly. RIA Novosti. 2009-06-10. Archived from the original on 2012-03-20. Retrieved 2009-11-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120320005214/http://www.turkishweekly.net/news/80389/transneft-launches-construction-of-2nd-stage-of-baltic-pipeline.html","url_text":"\"Transneft Launches Construction of 2nd Stage of Baltic Pipeline\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIA_Novosti","url_text":"RIA Novosti"},{"url":"http://www.turkishweekly.net/news/80389/transneft-launches-construction-of-2nd-stage-of-baltic-pipeline.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Groszkowski, Jakub (2012-04-18). \"Czech concerns over the future of the Druzhba oil pipeline\". CE Weekly. Centre for Eastern Studies. Archived from the original on 2012-05-11. Retrieved 2012-04-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120511122408/http://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/ceweekly/2012-04-18/czech-concerns-over-future-druzhba-oil-pipeline","url_text":"\"Czech concerns over the future of the Druzhba oil pipeline\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_for_Eastern_Studies","url_text":"Centre for Eastern Studies"},{"url":"http://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/ceweekly/2012-04-18/czech-concerns-over-future-druzhba-oil-pipeline","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Geropoulos, Kostis (2007-05-26). \"BPS-2 to redirect oil volumes from Druzhba pipeline\". New Europe. Archived from the original on 2007-10-16. Retrieved 2007-12-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071016151733/http://www.neurope.eu/articles/74317.php","url_text":"\"BPS-2 to redirect oil volumes from Druzhba pipeline\""},{"url":"http://www.neurope.eu/articles/74317.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Russia Pipeline Extends Reach\" (PDF). Iran Daily. 2008-05-24. Retrieved 2008-06-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nitc.co.ir/iran-daily/1387/3134/pdf/i7.pdf","url_text":"\"Russia Pipeline Extends Reach\""}]},{"reference":"\"Putin Clears New Baltic Pipeline to Cut Oil Transit\". Downstream Today. AFX News Limited. 2008-12-01. Retrieved 2008-12-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://downstreamtoday.com/news/article.aspx?a_id=14008","url_text":"\"Putin Clears New Baltic Pipeline to Cut Oil Transit\""}]},{"reference":"\"Russia builds Baltic oil pipeline to bypass Belarus\". EurActiv. 2009-06-11. Archived from the original on 19 June 2009. Retrieved 2009-06-30.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.euractiv.com/en/energy/russia-builds-baltic-oil-pipeline-bypass-belarus/article-183101?Ref=RSS","url_text":"\"Russia builds Baltic oil pipeline to bypass Belarus\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090619075747/http://www.euractiv.com/en/energy/russia-builds-baltic-oil-pipeline-bypass-belarus/article-183101?Ref=RSS","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Stolyarov, Gleb; Zhdannikov, Dmitry; Pinchuk, Denis (2011-11-25). \"Exclusive - Russia delays damaged Ust-Luga oil port launch\". Reuters. Retrieved 2011-11-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-russia-ust-luga-idUKTRE7AO1A720111125","url_text":"\"Exclusive - Russia delays damaged Ust-Luga oil port launch\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters","url_text":"Reuters"}]},{"reference":"\"Map of pipeline on builder cite\" (in Russian). Transneft. Archived from the original on 2011-02-08. Retrieved 2009-09-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110208191816/http://www.transneft.ru/objectdata/WebPageImpl/3658/74.gif","url_text":"\"Map of pipeline on builder cite\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transneft","url_text":"Transneft"},{"url":"http://www.transneft.ru/objectdata/WebPageImpl/3658/74.gif","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Astakhova, Olesya (2011-10-20). \"Russia cuts Baltic Belarus by-pass oil flow plan\". Reuters. Retrieved 2011-11-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://uk.reuters.com/article/russia-baltic-oil-idUKL5E7LK20V20111020","url_text":"\"Russia cuts Baltic Belarus by-pass oil flow plan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters","url_text":"Reuters"}]},{"reference":"Konończuk, Wojciech (2009-06-17). \"The construction of the BPS-2 oil pipeline starts\" (PDF). EastWeek (172). Centre for Eastern Studies. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-08-16. Retrieved 2009-06-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090816023203/http://osw.waw.pl/files/EastWeek_172.pdf","url_text":"\"The construction of the BPS-2 oil pipeline starts\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_for_Eastern_Studies","url_text":"Centre for Eastern Studies"},{"url":"http://osw.waw.pl/files/EastWeek_172.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090726173752/http://www.transneft.ru/projects/project/?zpID=8115","external_links_name":"\"Official page of project\""},{"Link":"http://www.transneft.ru/projects/project/?zpID=8115","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120320005214/http://www.turkishweekly.net/news/80389/transneft-launches-construction-of-2nd-stage-of-baltic-pipeline.html","external_links_name":"\"Transneft Launches Construction of 2nd Stage of Baltic Pipeline\""},{"Link":"http://www.turkishweekly.net/news/80389/transneft-launches-construction-of-2nd-stage-of-baltic-pipeline.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120511122408/http://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/ceweekly/2012-04-18/czech-concerns-over-future-druzhba-oil-pipeline","external_links_name":"\"Czech concerns over the future of the Druzhba oil pipeline\""},{"Link":"http://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/ceweekly/2012-04-18/czech-concerns-over-future-druzhba-oil-pipeline","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071016151733/http://www.neurope.eu/articles/74317.php","external_links_name":"\"BPS-2 to redirect oil volumes from Druzhba pipeline\""},{"Link":"http://www.neurope.eu/articles/74317.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.nitc.co.ir/iran-daily/1387/3134/pdf/i7.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Russia Pipeline Extends Reach\""},{"Link":"http://downstreamtoday.com/news/article.aspx?a_id=14008","external_links_name":"\"Putin Clears New Baltic Pipeline to Cut Oil Transit\""},{"Link":"http://www.euractiv.com/en/energy/russia-builds-baltic-oil-pipeline-bypass-belarus/article-183101?Ref=RSS","external_links_name":"\"Russia builds Baltic oil pipeline to bypass Belarus\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090619075747/http://www.euractiv.com/en/energy/russia-builds-baltic-oil-pipeline-bypass-belarus/article-183101?Ref=RSS","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-russia-ust-luga-idUKTRE7AO1A720111125","external_links_name":"\"Exclusive - Russia delays damaged Ust-Luga oil port launch\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110208191816/http://www.transneft.ru/objectdata/WebPageImpl/3658/74.gif","external_links_name":"\"Map of pipeline on builder cite\""},{"Link":"http://www.transneft.ru/objectdata/WebPageImpl/3658/74.gif","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://uk.reuters.com/article/russia-baltic-oil-idUKL5E7LK20V20111020","external_links_name":"\"Russia cuts Baltic Belarus by-pass oil flow plan\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090816023203/http://osw.waw.pl/files/EastWeek_172.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The construction of the BPS-2 oil pipeline starts\""},{"Link":"http://osw.waw.pl/files/EastWeek_172.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090726173752/http://www.transneft.ru/projects/project/?zpID=8115","external_links_name":"Official website (in Russian)"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Kulchynska	Olga Kulchynska	["1 Early life","2 Education","3 Career","4 Awards","5 References"]	Ukrainian soprano opera singer Olga Serhiivna Kulchynska (Ukrainian: Ольга Сергіївна Кульчинська) (July 12, 1990, Rivne, Rivne Oblast, Ukraine) is a Ukrainian soprano opera singer. Early life Olga Kulchynska was born into a family of musicians. Her grandfather, Yaroslav Kulchynskyi, is an Honored Artist of Ukraine and a singer in the Rivne Philharmonic. Her grandmother Hanna was a contralto, her mother Alina is a cellist, and her father Serhiy is a pianist and worked as the artistic director of the Rivne Philharmonic. Both Olga and her sister Khrystyna became involved with music from an early age; Khrystyna is now a cellist. Education At the age of five, Kulchynska began studying at a music school, learning piano and singing in the children's choir. She did not enjoy performing as a pianist as much as she enjoyed singing, and by the time she was thirteen, she had begun to dream of singing solo and had already received her first solo singing lessons from her grandfather, who was teaching at the Rivne Institute of Culture. Kulchynska later entered the Rivne Music School in the theoretical faculty, as there was no vocal faculty. As a third-year student, she then transferred to the R. Glier Kyiv Institute of Music and graduated as a theorist. She then entered the vocal faculty of the Pyotr Tchaikovsky National Music Academy of Ukraine, studying with Mariia Stefiuk. In 2011, Kulchynska studied with Dmitry Hvorostovsky in a master class held by the National Philharmonic of Ukraine as part of the "Descents to Heaven" festival. Career Kulchynska pursued her passion for theater, rather than solely chamber performances, and was accepted to the Youth Program of the Bolshoi Theater in Moscow. After a year of studies with the program, she was designated the third soloist for the part of Marfa in The Tsar's Bride; three days before the first performance, Kulchynska was chosen to sing the premier. She became a full-time soloist for the theater (from 2014 to 2017) and was the first performer to do so after having only one year of studies with the program. Kulchynska has performed at Opernhaus Zürich, the Gran Teatre del Liceu in Barcelona, Bayerische Staatsoper in Munich, Opera Bastille in Paris, and the Metropolitan Opera in New York, as well as many other notable theaters across Europe. Awards 2011 — Grand Prix at the Ivan Alchevsky International Singing Competition in Kharkiv 2012 — Third prize at the VI Bulbul International Vocalist Competition 2012 — First prize at the Mykola Lysenko International Music Competition in Kyiv 2015 — First prize at the Francisco Viñas International Vocal Competition in Barcelona 2016 — Third prize at the International Singer Competition "Operalia" Competition in Guadalajara (Mexico) References ^ a b c Zaxid.net. ""Якщо ти знаєш свої можливості, просто співай"". ZAXID.NET (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 2022-09-11. ^ a b Светлана, 28 12 2016Автор записи (2016-12-28). "Ольга Кульчинская". musicseasons (in Russian). Retrieved 2022-09-11.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ "About". www.olgakulchynska.com. Retrieved 2022-09-11. ^ "La ucraniana Olga Kulchynska gana el concurso Francesc Viñas". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 2015-01-24. Retrieved 2022-09-11. ^ "Operalia \| Winners". Retrieved 2022-09-11. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States Artists MusicBrainz This article needs additional or more specific categories. Please help out by adding categories to it so that it can be listed with similar articles. (October 2022)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rivne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivne"},{"link_name":"Rivne Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivne_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"soprano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soprano"},{"link_name":"opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera"}],"text":"Olga Serhiivna Kulchynska (Ukrainian: Ольга Сергіївна Кульчинська) (July 12, 1990, Rivne, Rivne Oblast, Ukraine) is a Ukrainian soprano opera singer.","title":"Olga Kulchynska"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Honored Artist of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merited_Artist_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"Olga Kulchynska was born into a family of musicians. Her grandfather, Yaroslav Kulchynskyi, is an Honored Artist of Ukraine and a singer in the Rivne Philharmonic. Her grandmother Hanna was a contralto, her mother Alina is a cellist, and her father Serhiy is a pianist and worked as the artistic director of the Rivne Philharmonic. Both Olga and her sister Khrystyna became involved with music from an early age; Khrystyna is now a cellist.[1]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"R. Glier Kyiv Institute of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._Glier_Kyiv_Institute_of_Music"},{"link_name":"Pyotr Tchaikovsky National Music Academy of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyiv_Conservatory"},{"link_name":"Mariia Stefiuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariia_Stefiuk"},{"link_name":"Dmitry Hvorostovsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitri_Hvorostovsky"},{"link_name":"National Philharmonic of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Philharmonic_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"}],"text":"At the age of five, Kulchynska began studying at a music school, learning piano and singing in the children's choir. She did not enjoy performing as a pianist as much as she enjoyed singing, and by the time she was thirteen, she had begun to dream of singing solo and had already received her first solo singing lessons from her grandfather, who was teaching at the Rivne Institute of Culture.[1]Kulchynska later entered the Rivne Music School in the theoretical faculty, as there was no vocal faculty. As a third-year student, she then transferred to the R. Glier Kyiv Institute of Music and graduated as a theorist.She then entered the vocal faculty of the Pyotr Tchaikovsky National Music Academy of Ukraine, studying with Mariia Stefiuk. In 2011, Kulchynska studied with Dmitry Hvorostovsky in a master class held by the National Philharmonic of Ukraine as part of the \"Descents to Heaven\" festival.[2]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bolshoi Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolshoi_Theatre"},{"link_name":"The Tsar's Bride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tsar%27s_Bride_(opera)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"Opernhaus Zürich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich_Opera_House"},{"link_name":"Gran Teatre del Liceu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liceu"},{"link_name":"Bayerische Staatsoper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavarian_State_Opera"},{"link_name":"Opera Bastille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra_Bastille"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Opera"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Kulchynska pursued her passion for theater, rather than solely chamber performances, and was accepted to the Youth Program of the Bolshoi Theater in Moscow. After a year of studies with the program, she was designated the third soloist for the part of Marfa in The Tsar's Bride; three days before the first performance, Kulchynska was chosen to sing the premier. She became a full-time soloist for the theater (from 2014 to 2017) and was the first performer to do so after having only one year of studies with the program.[2]Kulchynska has performed at Opernhaus Zürich, the Gran Teatre del Liceu in Barcelona, Bayerische Staatsoper in Munich, Opera Bastille in Paris, and the Metropolitan Opera in New York, as well as many other notable theaters across Europe.[3]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mykola Lysenko International Music Competition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mykola_Lysenko_International_Music_Competition"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Operalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operalia"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"2011 — Grand Prix at the Ivan Alchevsky International Singing Competition in Kharkiv\n2012 — Third prize at the VI Bulbul International Vocalist Competition\n2012 — First prize at the Mykola Lysenko International Music Competition in Kyiv[1]\n2015 — First prize at the Francisco Viñas International Vocal Competition in Barcelona[4]\n2016 — Third prize at the International Singer Competition \"Operalia\" Competition in Guadalajara (Mexico)[5]","title":"Awards"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Zaxid.net. \"\"Якщо ти знаєш свої можливості, просто співай\"\". ZAXID.NET (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 2022-09-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://zaxid.net/yakshho_ti_znayesh_svoyi_mozhlivosti_prosto_spivay_n1509126","url_text":"\"\"Якщо ти знаєш свої можливості, просто співай\"\""}]},{"reference":"Светлана, 28 12 2016Автор записи (2016-12-28). \"Ольга Кульчинская\". musicseasons (in Russian). Retrieved 2022-09-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://musicseasons.org/olga-kulchinskaya/","url_text":"\"Ольга Кульчинская\""}]},{"reference":"\"About\". www.olgakulchynska.com. Retrieved 2022-09-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.olgakulchynska.com/about","url_text":"\"About\""}]},{"reference":"\"La ucraniana Olga Kulchynska gana el concurso Francesc Viñas\". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 2015-01-24. Retrieved 2022-09-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lavanguardia.com/cultura/20150124/54424769316/la-soprano-ucraniana-olga-kulchynska-gana-concurso-de-canto-francisco-vinas.html","url_text":"\"La ucraniana Olga Kulchynska gana el concurso Francesc Viñas\""}]},{"reference":"\"Operalia \| Winners\". Retrieved 2022-09-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.operaliacompetition.org/winners/","url_text":"\"Operalia \| Winners\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://zaxid.net/yakshho_ti_znayesh_svoyi_mozhlivosti_prosto_spivay_n1509126","external_links_name":"\"\"Якщо ти знаєш свої можливості, просто співай\"\""},{"Link":"https://musicseasons.org/olga-kulchinskaya/","external_links_name":"\"Ольга Кульчинская\""},{"Link":"https://www.olgakulchynska.com/about","external_links_name":"\"About\""},{"Link":"https://www.lavanguardia.com/cultura/20150124/54424769316/la-soprano-ucraniana-olga-kulchynska-gana-concurso-de-canto-francisco-vinas.html","external_links_name":"\"La ucraniana Olga Kulchynska gana el concurso Francesc Viñas\""},{"Link":"https://www.operaliacompetition.org/winners/","external_links_name":"\"Operalia \| Winners\""},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000464403431","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/72146462692327772093","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJvtcVVJkkWJx7r4yqp773","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1100359273","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2017001849","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/ce6c27eb-347d-433c-ae25-03afec03f463","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olga_Kulchynska&action=edit","external_links_name":"help out"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecomuseum	Ecomuseum	["1 Development","2 Definition from the European Network of Ecomuseums","3 The 2016 Milan Cooperation Charter","4 The DROPS Platform","5 See also","6 References","7 External links","7.1 Further details","7.2 Related websites","7.3 Examples"]	Museum focused on the identity of a place This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Ecomuseum" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2007) (Learn how and when to remove this message) An ecomuseum is a museum focused on the identity of a place, largely based on local participation and aiming to enhance the welfare and development of local communities. Ecomuseums originated in France, the concept being developed by Georges Henri Rivière and Hugues de Varine, who coined the term ‘ecomusée’ in 1971. The term "éco" is a shortened form for "écologie", but it refers especially to a new idea of holistic interpretation of cultural heritage, in opposition to the focus on specific items and objects, performed by traditional museums. There are presently about 300 operating ecomuseums in the world; about 200 are in Europe, mainly in France, Italy, Spain, and Poland. Development In the 1960s and ‘70s, a new kind of museum, known as ecomuseums, emerged throughout Europe, predominately in France. Based on belief that museums and communities should be related to the whole of life, ecomuseums focused on integrating the family home with other aspects of a community. Similar beliefs during this period helped generate neighborhood museums in the United States and Mexico. Examples include the Anacostia Community Museum in Washington, D.C., and the Casa del Museo in suburban Mexico City which served as the prototype for hundreds of ‘museos comunitarios’ throughout Mexico. Although organized independently of each other, many of these museums were influenced by the philosophy of Georges Henri Rivière (1897–1985), the French museologist who felt museums should reflect the natural heritage as well as the local culture and distinctiveness of place. Often created in response to external forces that held the potential for bringing radical change to an area, such as gentrification, an ecomuseum's overarching purpose was to develop a strong sense of common identity. Thus ecomuseums established a new role for museums as mediator in the process of cultural transition and the development of communities. In 1971, during the 9th triennial Conference of the International Council of Museums (ICOM) held in Grenoble, France under the theme: The museum in the service of man: today and tomorrow, Hugues de Varine, then Secretary General of ICOM, part of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), coined the name “ecomuseums” (“ecomusée” in French). By adding "eco," meaning "home" in Greek, de Varine’s term eco-museum reflected the emerging concept of a “home-museum” or a “territory-museum.” In 1985, the entire issue of Museum International Quarterly, the UNESCO periodical, was devoted to the ecomuseum concept. Titled “Images of the Ecomuseum,” the journal opened with Georges Henri Rivière’s article, “Evolutive definition of the ecomuseum,” followed by Hugues de Varine’s editorial, “The word Ecomuseum and beyond." Hugues de Varine compared museums and ecomuseums in the following equations: Museum = building + collections + visitors and Ecomuseums = territory + heritage + community. This means that the three essential dimensions of a museum are radically transformed so that - the museum building is enlarged to include the whole area where the community lives, - the ecomuseum collections include all of the cultural heritage found in the area, and - visitors are replaced by community members who become actors in the ecomuseum’s development. Thus, ecomuseums differ from mainstream museums in significant ways: First by creating a new sense of place. An ecomuseum consists of a specific geographic area, either rural or urban. It is not just a building that displays valued items even though communities often have a facility or defined space that serves as an information and activities center. For example, the Écomusée du fier monde in Montreal’s Centre-Sud has converted a large former public bath to hold its exhibitions and other cultural or community activities and to house ecomuseum offices. The second way ecomuseums differed from traditional museums is in the role of the people who live in the area and share a common culture. Residents define the community’s collections, not outside experts, and take responsibility for their care. Collections include intangible heritage such as traditional lifestyles, local skills and oral history, shared experiences and values, as well as tangible heritage such as important sites and buildings and archival materials. Usually collections are not gathered together inside a museum building but held in situ. Community members learn the proper ways of taking care of objects and ways for developing schematic exhibitions and activities through various workshops and internship opportunities. The ecomuseum concept was promoted in North America through the efforts of René Rivard, a Canadian museologist, and Pierre Mayrand, a professor at the University of Quebec in Montreal who helped the people of 12 villages located in a remote area of south-eastern Quebec to create the Haute-Beauce Ecomuseum. In 1984, in Haute-Beauce (Beauce, Quebec), Rivard and Mayrand hosted the first international gathering of ecomuseologists. More than fifty ecomuseum curators and field-staff from France, Germany, Mexico, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United States participated in the conference. The meeting resulted in the founding of the International Movement for New Museology or MINOM (Movement International pour une NOuvelle Museologie). (See also New Museology. In subsequent years these gatherings were repeated in France, Norway, Portugal and Spain. In 1991, following a five-year educational program guided by the Smithsonian Institution’s Center for Museum Studies, along with René Rivard, Shayne del Cohen and other consultants, the first ecomuseum in the United States opened at the Ak-Chin Indian Community in Maricopa, Arizona. Called Him Dak (translated from O’odham as ‘Our Way’), the museum became a community education center that prompted the study of Ak-Chin prehistoric presence in the Sonora Desert and of their endeavors to develop in this arid environment. The ecomuseum phenomenon has grown dramatically over the years, with no one ecomuseum model but rather an entire philosophy that has been adapted and molded for use in a variety of situations. Many museologists have sought to define the distinctive features of ecomuseums, listing their characteristics. As many more ecomuseums are established across the world the idea has been growing and the changes in the approach towards the philosophy are reflected in the reactions of the communities involved. In recent time particular significance is the rise in ecomuseology in India, China, Taiwan, Japan, Thailand, Vietnam and Cambodia, with significant increase in Italy, Poland, the Czech Republic and Turkey. Ecomuseums are an important medium through which a community can take control of its heritage and enable new approaches to make meaning out of conserving its local distinctiveness. Definition from the European Network of Ecomuseums An Ecomuseum is a dynamic way in which communities preserve, interpret, and manage their heritage for a sustainable development. An Ecomuseum is based on a community agreement. — Declaration of Intent of the Long Net Workshop, Trento (Italy), May 2004 Dynamic way means to go beyond the formal aspect of an ecomuseum, beyond a simple set course, designed on paper; it is about designing real actions, able to change our society and improve our landscape. Community means a group with: General involvement; Shared responsibilities; Interchangeable roles: public officers, representatives, volunteers and other local actors are all playing a vital role in an ecomuseum. Community involvement does not mean that local administrations, a unique historical heritage of European democracy, are irrelevant. On the contrary their role, to be effective, must involve people, going beyond the narrow circle of “authorized personnel”. Preservation, interpretation and management means that reading and communicating heritage values, providing new interpretations of it and raising its profile, are part of the day-to-day activity for ecomuseums. Heritage is very close to Place as a notion, including history of inhabitants and things, what is visible and what it is not, tangibles and intangibles, memories and future. Sustainable development is a central issue for ecomuseums and it implies also to increase the value of a place instead of diminishing it. Evidence from best practices identifies in this process two key elements: place-based development, as previously described, and the improvement of local networks, where ecomuseums have to play a key role as catalysts of social capital development. Agreement means a mutual consent, implying reciprocal commitments between local players. The Polish national meeting, once more, put forward the idea of “voluntary meeting of people”. The 2016 Milan Cooperation Charter In 2016 inside the 24th ICOM General Conference "Museums and cultural landscape" of Milan, the first Forum of ecomuseums and community museums took place. The goals of the forum were to share experiences, questions and difficulties that ecomuseums face; to share their future projects; to envisage any prospect of exchange or collaboration with the visitors. During the Forum "it was proposed to establish an International Platform for exchanges and experience sharing", and "decided to create a permanent international Working Group to keep watch and make proposals on the theme territory-heritage-landscape." In the early 2017 on the basis of ideas, issues and debates raised by participants during the Forum a common vision was drawn and a provisional “Milan Cooperation Charter” was adopted. The DROPS Platform In the early 2017 the world platform for exchange and experience sharing between ecomuseums and community museums was published. The platform called DROPS aims at “connecting all national Ecomuseums and Community Museums and their networks, existing or to be established, and all other heritage and landscape NGOs, in a virtual and interactive space” and at the “production of a multilingual documentary and a bibliographic pool of resources on ecomuseology and its best practices”. See also Cultural landscape Ecotourism List of ecomuseums Patrick Geddes, Francophile and visionnaire Ecomuseums and Community Museums References ^ Marie-Odile de Bary, André Desvalles, Françoise Wasserman (editors), 1994, Vagues: une anthologie de la nouvelle muséologie, Mâcon; Savigny-le Temple (77), Editions W ; M.N.E.S. ^ Peter Davis, 1999, Ecomuseums: a sense of place, Leicester University Press. ^ Perrier-Latour, Clémence (2005-12-08). "WEB LINKS and BIBLIOGRAPHY on ECOMUSEUMS". International Council of Museums. Archived from the original on 2006-02-09. Retrieved 2023-03-23. ^ See Andrea Hauenschild, 1998, Claims and Reality of New Museology: Case Studies in Canada, the United States and Mexico. Center for Museum Studies, Smithsonian Institution, 1990; https://www.worldcat.org/title/claims-and-reality-of-new-museology-case-studies-in-canada-the-united-states-and-mexico/oclc/41984525; https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000016103. ^ Raymond de la Rocha Mille, Museums without Walls: The Museology of Georges Henri Rivière, available at https://www.academia.edu/7555749/Museums without Walls the Museology of Georges Henri Riviere. ^ See René Rivard, “Opening up the Museum,” The Sourcebook (American Association of Museums Annual Meeting, Chicago, IL, 11 May 1990), pp. 27-47. ^ "The museum in the service of man: Today and tomorrow. The museum's educational and cultural role : The papers from the Ninth General Conference of ICOM". ^ Museum Vol 37. No. 148, 1985. ^ Hugues de Varine, L’initiative communautaire: recherche et experimentation. Ed W. 1991, in Philosophies de l’écomusée par Joelle Le Maroc, 1992 https://www.persee.fr/doc/pumus 1164-5385 no. 2 1 1228 t1 0173 0000 1. In more recent definitions, ecomuseums are defined by what they do rather than by what they are. See Coveney Peter and Roger Highfield,1995, Frontiers of Complexity, Faber & Faber, New York-London, (p. 17) on the difference between form and matter in complex evaluation, and Gerard Corsane, Peter Davis, Sarah Elliott, Maurizio Maggi, Donatella Murtas & Sally Rogers, Ecomuseum Performance in Piemonte and Liguria, Italy: The Significance of Capital, International Journal of Heritage Studies, Vol. 13, No. 3, May 2007, pp. 224–239 for an applied example. ^ Ecomuseum Official website ^ René Rivard, “Opening up the Museum,” The Sourcebook (American Association of Museums Annual Meeting, Chicago, IL, 11 May 1990), pp. 27-47. ^ https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/8/12/1310; http://www.minom-icom.net/. ^ Shayne del Cohen, Our story Inc., Northern Nevada African American Firefighter Museum. 2022; https://www.ourstoryinc.com/northern-nevada-african-american-firefighter-museum. ^ Nancy J. Fuller, “The Museum as a Vehicle for Community Empowerment,” in Museums and Communities, The Politics of Public Culture (SI Press 1992), pp. 327-365. ^ For a synthetic view on ecomuseum definitions, see: Gerard Corsane, Peter Davis, Sarah Elliott, Maurizio Maggi, Donatella Murtas & Sally Rogers, Ecomuseum Evaluation: Experiences in Piemonte and Liguria, Italy, International Journal of Heritage Studies, Vol. 13, No. 2, March 2007, pp. 101–116. ^ Porter, Hilary. "ecomuseums.com". ^ Porter, Hilary (July 3, 2017). Ecomuseums: A study of how agents gain socio-cultural capital through participation within Flodden 1513 Ecomuseum (PDF). ^ Riva, Raffaella (2017). Ecomuseums and cultural landscapes. State of the art and future prospects. Santarcangelo di Romagna, Italy: Maggioli. ISBN 9788891624963. ^ Santo, R. D., Baldi, N., Duca, A. D. and Rossi, A. (2017), The Strategic Manifesto of Italian Ecomuseums. Museum, 69: 86–95. doi:10.1111/muse.12153 External links Further details Declaration of Intent 2016 Milan cooperation Charter “Ecomuseums and cultural landscape” Strategic document of Italian ecomuseums Santo, R. D., Baldi, N., Duca, A. D. and Rossi, A. (2017), The Strategic Manifesto of Italian Ecomuseums. Museum, 69: 86–95. doi:10.1111/muse.12153 What does "ecomuseum" mean for the contemporary museology (PDF) Ecomuseums: A study of how agents gain socio-cultural capital through participation within Flodden 1513 Ecomuseum Related websites World platform for ecomuseums and community museums IOL (Interactions On Line) Ecomuseums.com (Ecomuseum Studies & Discussions) FEMS (Fédération écomusées, France) Examples #Ecoamgueddfa Cymru/Wales (UK) Flodden 1513 Ecomuseum (UK) Cateran Ecomuseum (Scotland) Ceumannan – Staffin Ecomuseum (Scotland) Ecoamgueddfa Ecomuseum (Wales) Kalyna Country (Canada) Melbourne's Living Museum of the West (Australia) Ecomuseu do Matadouro (Brazil) Ecomusée du Bois-du-Luc Archived 2001-07-18 at the Wayback Machine (Belgium) Suojia Miao people ecomuseum (China) Ak-Chin ecomuseum (USA) Ecomusée Creusot-Montceau (France) Ekomuseum Bergslagen (Sweden) Toten Økomuseum (Norway) Ecomuseo del Casentino (Italy) Ecomuseo dei Terrazzamenti (Italy) Søhøjlandets Økomuseum (Denmark) Karaganda Ecological Museum (Kazakhstan) Kuća o batani - Casa della batana (Croatia) Ecomusée d'Alsace Archived 2010-05-07 at the Wayback Machine (France) Ecomusée d'Alsace (German website, France) Ecomuseo del Paesaggio di Parabiago (Italy) Ecomuseo Adda di Leonardo (Italy) Vjosa/ Aoos Ecomuseum (Greece, Albania) vteEnvironmental humanitiesArt Crop art Environmental art Environmental sculpture Land art Landscape painting Photography conservation landscape nature wildlife Sculpture trail Site-specific art Sustainable art Culture Cultural ecology Cultural landscape Ecolinguistics Ecological anthropology Ecosemiotics Environmental anthropology Ethnoecology Traditional ecological knowledge Literature Ecocomposition Ecocriticism Ecopoetry Geocriticism Nature writing Outdoor literature Philosophy Aesthetics of nature Critical realism Deep ecology Ecofeminism Ecophenomenology Ecosophy Environmental ethics Environmental justice Environmental philosophy Predation problem Social ecology Religion Ecotheology Environmental theology Religion and environmentalism Spiritual ecology Stewardship Other Anthrozoology Ecomusicology Environmental communication Environmental education adult arts-based Environmental history Environmental interpretation Environmental journalism Environmental law Outdoor education Psychogeography Thematic interpretation Related Animal studies Bioethics Biophilia hypothesis Do it yourself (ethic) Natural history (museums) Popular science Property theory (common property) Sexecology Science, technology and society science studies Simple living Slow food Spirit of place Sustainability studies Applied Arts and Crafts movement Acoustic ecology Biomimicry Ecological design Ecomuseum Educational trail Environmental design Landscape architecture assessment planning Nature center New Urbanism Sustainable architecture Sustainable design Sustainable fashion Themed walk Environment portal Category Commons Journals Degrees Authority control databases: National France BnF data Israel United States Japan Czech Republic	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum"},{"link_name":"local communities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_community"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Georges Henri Rivière","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Henri_Rivi%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"Hugues de Varine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugues_de_Varine"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"cultural heritage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_heritage"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"An ecomuseum is a museum focused on the identity of a place, largely based on local participation and aiming to enhance the welfare and development of local communities. Ecomuseums originated in France, the concept being developed by Georges Henri Rivière and Hugues de Varine, who coined the term ‘ecomusée’ in 1971.[1] The term \"éco\" is a shortened form for \"écologie\", but it refers especially to a new idea of holistic interpretation of cultural heritage, in opposition to the focus on specific items and objects, performed by traditional museums.[2]There are presently[when?] about 300 operating ecomuseums in the world; about 200 are in Europe, mainly in France, Italy, Spain, and Poland.[citation needed][3]","title":"Ecomuseum"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anacostia Community Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anacostia_Community_Museum"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Georges Henri Rivière (1897–1985)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georges_Henri_Rivi%C3%A8re_(1897%E2%80%931985)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"gentrification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentrification"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"International Council of Museums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Council_of_Museums"},{"link_name":"Hugues de Varine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hugues_de_Varine&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"(UNESCO)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=(UNESCO)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Écomusée du fier monde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89comus%C3%A9e_du_fier_monde"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"in situ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_situ"},{"link_name":"Pierre Mayrand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Mayrand&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Beauce, Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beauce,_Quebec"},{"link_name":"New Museology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Museology&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Ak-Chin Indian Community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ak-Chin_Indian_Community"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"In the 1960s and ‘70s, a new kind of museum, known as ecomuseums, emerged throughout Europe, predominately in France. Based on belief that museums and communities should be related to the whole of life, ecomuseums focused on integrating the family home with other aspects of a community. Similar beliefs during this period helped generate neighborhood museums in the United States and Mexico. Examples include the Anacostia Community Museum in Washington, D.C., and the Casa del Museo in suburban Mexico City which served as the prototype for hundreds of ‘museos comunitarios’ throughout Mexico.[4]Although organized independently of each other, many of these museums were influenced by the philosophy of Georges Henri Rivière (1897–1985), the French museologist who felt museums should reflect the natural heritage as well as the local culture and distinctiveness of place.[5]Often created in response to external forces that held the potential for bringing radical change to an area, such as gentrification, an ecomuseum's overarching purpose was to develop a strong sense of common identity. Thus ecomuseums established a new role for museums as mediator in the process of cultural transition and the development of communities.[6]In 1971, during the 9th triennial Conference of the International Council of Museums (ICOM) held in Grenoble, France under the theme: The museum in the service of man: today and tomorrow, Hugues de Varine, then Secretary General of ICOM, part of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), coined the name “ecomuseums” (“ecomusée” in French). By adding \"eco,\" meaning \"home\" in Greek, de Varine’s term eco-museum reflected the emerging concept of a “home-museum” or a “territory-museum.”[7]In 1985, the entire issue of Museum International Quarterly, the UNESCO periodical, was devoted to the ecomuseum concept. Titled “Images of the Ecomuseum,” the journal opened with Georges Henri Rivière’s article, “Evolutive definition of the ecomuseum,” followed by Hugues de Varine’s editorial, “The word Ecomuseum and beyond.\"[8]Hugues de Varine compared museums and ecomuseums in the following equations:Museum = building + collections + visitors and Ecomuseums = territory + heritage + community.This means that the three essential dimensions of a museum are radically transformed so that- the museum building is enlarged to include the whole area where the community lives,- the ecomuseum collections include all of the cultural heritage found in the area, and- visitors are replaced by community members who become actors in the ecomuseum’s development.[9]Thus, ecomuseums differ from mainstream museums in significant ways:First by creating a new sense of place. An ecomuseum consists of a specific geographic area, either rural or urban. It is not just a building that displays valued items even though communities often have a facility or defined space that serves as an information and activities center. For example, the Écomusée du fier monde in Montreal’s Centre-Sud has converted a large former public bath to hold its exhibitions and other cultural or community activities and to house ecomuseum offices.[10]The second way ecomuseums differed from traditional museums is in the role of the people who live in the area and share a common culture. Residents define the community’s collections, not outside experts, and take responsibility for their care.Collections include intangible heritage such as traditional lifestyles, local skills and oral history, shared experiences and values, as well as tangible heritage such as important sites and buildings and archival materials. Usually collections are not gathered together inside a museum building but held in situ. Community members learn the proper ways of taking care of objects and ways for developing schematic exhibitions and activities through various workshops and internship opportunities.The ecomuseum concept was promoted in North America through the efforts of René Rivard, a Canadian museologist, and Pierre Mayrand, a professor at the University of Quebec in Montreal who helped the people of 12 villages located in a remote area of south-eastern Quebec to create the Haute-Beauce Ecomuseum.[11]In 1984, in Haute-Beauce (Beauce, Quebec), Rivard and Mayrand hosted the first international gathering of ecomuseologists. More than fifty ecomuseum curators and field-staff from France, Germany, Mexico, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United States participated in the conference. The meeting resulted in the founding of the International Movement for New Museology or MINOM (Movement International pour une NOuvelle Museologie). (See also New Museology. In subsequent years these gatherings were repeated in France, Norway, Portugal and Spain.[12]In 1991, following a five-year educational program guided by the Smithsonian Institution’s Center for Museum Studies, along with René Rivard, Shayne del Cohen and other consultants, the first ecomuseum in the United States opened at the Ak-Chin Indian Community in Maricopa, Arizona.[13] Called Him Dak (translated from O’odham as ‘Our Way’), the museum became a community education center that prompted the study of Ak-Chin prehistoric presence in the Sonora Desert and of their endeavors to develop in this arid environment.[14]The ecomuseum phenomenon has grown dramatically over the years, with no one ecomuseum model but rather an entire philosophy that has been adapted and molded for use in a variety of situations. Many museologists have sought to define the distinctive features of ecomuseums, listing their characteristics.[15] As many more ecomuseums are established across the world the idea has been growing and the changes in the approach towards the philosophy are reflected in the reactions of the communities involved. In recent time particular significance is the rise in ecomuseology in India, China, Taiwan, Japan, Thailand, Vietnam and Cambodia, with significant increase in Italy, Poland, the Czech Republic and Turkey.Ecomuseums are an important medium through which a community can take control of its heritage and enable new approaches to make meaning out of conserving its local distinctiveness.[16]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"An Ecomuseum is a dynamic way in which communities preserve, interpret, and manage their heritage for a sustainable development. An Ecomuseum is based on a community agreement.[17]— Declaration of Intent of the Long Net Workshop, Trento (Italy), May 2004Dynamic way means to go beyond the formal aspect of an ecomuseum, beyond a simple set course, designed on paper; it is about designing real actions, able to change our society and improve our landscape. Community means a group with:General involvement;\nShared responsibilities;\nInterchangeable roles: public officers, representatives, volunteers and other local actors are all playing a vital role in an ecomuseum.Community involvement does not mean that local administrations, a unique historical heritage of European democracy, are irrelevant. On the contrary their role, to be effective, must involve people, going beyond the narrow circle of “authorized personnel”.Preservation, interpretation and management means that reading and communicating heritage values, providing new \ninterpretations of it and raising its profile, are part of the day-to-day activity for ecomuseums. Heritage is very close to Place as a notion, including history of inhabitants and things, what is visible and what it is not, tangibles and intangibles, memories and future.Sustainable development is a central issue for ecomuseums and it implies also to increase the value of a place instead of diminishing it. Evidence from best practices identifies in this process two key elements: place-based development, as previously described, and the improvement of local networks, where ecomuseums have to play a key role as catalysts of social capital development.Agreement means a mutual consent, implying reciprocal commitments between local players. The Polish national meeting, once more, put forward the idea of “voluntary meeting of people”.","title":"Definition from the European Network of Ecomuseums"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"“Milan Cooperation Charter”","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ecomusei.eu/?page_id=1038"}],"text":"In 2016 inside the 24th ICOM General Conference \"Museums and cultural landscape\" of Milan, the first Forum of ecomuseums and community museums took place.[18] The goals of the forum were to share experiences, questions and difficulties that ecomuseums face; to share their future projects; to envisage any prospect of exchange or collaboration with the visitors. During the Forum \"it was proposed to establish an International Platform for exchanges and experience sharing\", and \"decided to create a permanent international Working Group to keep watch and make proposals on the theme territory-heritage-landscape.\"\nIn the early 2017 on the basis of ideas, issues and debates raised by participants during the Forum a common vision was drawn and a provisional “Milan Cooperation Charter” was adopted.","title":"The 2016 Milan Cooperation Charter"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DROPS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//sites.google.com/view/drops-platform/home"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"In the early 2017 the world platform for exchange and experience sharing between ecomuseums and community museums was published. The platform called DROPS aims at “connecting all national Ecomuseums and Community Museums and their networks, existing or to be established, and all other heritage and landscape NGOs, in a virtual and interactive space” and at the “production of a multilingual documentary and a bibliographic pool of resources on ecomuseology and its best practices”.[19]","title":"The DROPS Platform"}]	[]	[{"title":"Cultural landscape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_landscape"},{"title":"Ecotourism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecotourism"},{"title":"List of ecomuseums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Ecomuseums"},{"title":"Patrick Geddes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Geddes"},{"title":"Ecomuseums and Community Museums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ecomuseums.com/"}]	[{"reference":"Perrier-Latour, Clémence (2005-12-08). \"WEB LINKS and BIBLIOGRAPHY on ECOMUSEUMS\". International Council of Museums. Archived from the original on 2006-02-09. Retrieved 2023-03-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060209051240/http://icom.museum:80/ecomuseums_links.html","url_text":"\"WEB LINKS and BIBLIOGRAPHY on ECOMUSEUMS\""},{"url":"http://icom.museum/ecomuseums_links.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The museum in the service of man: Today and tomorrow. The museum's educational and cultural role : The papers from the Ninth General Conference of ICOM\".","urls":[{"url":"https://icom.museum/en/ressource/the-museum-in-the-service-of-man-today-and-tomorrow-the-museums-educational-and-cultural-role-the-papers-from-the-ninth-general-conference-of-icom-2/","url_text":"\"The museum in the service of man: Today and tomorrow. The museum's educational and cultural role : The papers from the Ninth General Conference of ICOM\""}]},{"reference":"Porter, Hilary. \"ecomuseums.com\".","urls":[{"url":"https://ecomuseums.com/","url_text":"\"ecomuseums.com\""}]},{"reference":"Porter, Hilary (July 3, 2017). Ecomuseums: A study of how agents gain socio-cultural capital through participation within Flodden 1513 Ecomuseum (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ubvu.vu.nl/pub/fulltext/scripties/13_2575417_0.pdf","url_text":"Ecomuseums: A study of how agents gain socio-cultural capital through participation within Flodden 1513 Ecomuseum"}]},{"reference":"Riva, Raffaella (2017). Ecomuseums and cultural landscapes. State of the art and future prospects. Santarcangelo di Romagna, Italy: Maggioli. ISBN 9788891624963.","urls":[{"url":"https://re.public.polimi.it/handle/11311/1041602","url_text":"Ecomuseums and cultural landscapes. State of the art and future prospects"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788891624963","url_text":"9788891624963"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Ecomuseum%22","external_links_name":"\"Ecomuseum\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Ecomuseum%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Ecomuseum%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Ecomuseum%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Ecomuseum%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Ecomuseum%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.ecomusei.eu/?page_id=1038","external_links_name":"“Milan Cooperation Charter”"},{"Link":"https://sites.google.com/view/drops-platform/home","external_links_name":"DROPS"},{"Link":"https://ecomuseums.com/","external_links_name":"Ecomuseums and Community Museums"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060209051240/http://icom.museum:80/ecomuseums_links.html","external_links_name":"\"WEB LINKS and BIBLIOGRAPHY on ECOMUSEUMS\""},{"Link":"http://icom.museum/ecomuseums_links.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/title/claims-and-reality-of-new-museology-case-studies-in-canada-the-united-states-and-mexico/oclc/41984525","external_links_name":"https://www.worldcat.org/title/claims-and-reality-of-new-museology-case-studies-in-canada-the-united-states-and-mexico/oclc/41984525"},{"Link":"https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000016103","external_links_name":"https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000016103"},{"Link":"https://www.academia.edu/7555749/Museums","external_links_name":"https://www.academia.edu/7555749/Museums"},{"Link":"https://icom.museum/en/ressource/the-museum-in-the-service-of-man-today-and-tomorrow-the-museums-educational-and-cultural-role-the-papers-from-the-ninth-general-conference-of-icom-2/","external_links_name":"\"The museum in the service of man: Today and tomorrow. The museum's educational and cultural role : The papers from the Ninth General Conference of ICOM\""},{"Link":"https://www.persee.fr/doc/pumus","external_links_name":"https://www.persee.fr/doc/pumus"},{"Link":"https://dev.ecomusee.qu.ca/","external_links_name":"Ecomuseum Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/8/12/1310","external_links_name":"https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/8/12/1310"},{"Link":"http://www.minom-icom.net/","external_links_name":"http://www.minom-icom.net/"},{"Link":"https://www.ourstoryinc.com/northern-nevada-african-american-firefighter-museum","external_links_name":"https://www.ourstoryinc.com/northern-nevada-african-american-firefighter-museum"},{"Link":"https://ecomuseums.com/","external_links_name":"\"ecomuseums.com\""},{"Link":"http://www.ubvu.vu.nl/pub/fulltext/scripties/13_2575417_0.pdf","external_links_name":"Ecomuseums: A study of how agents gain socio-cultural capital through participation within Flodden 1513 Ecomuseum"},{"Link":"https://re.public.polimi.it/handle/11311/1041602","external_links_name":"Ecomuseums and cultural landscapes. State of the art and future prospects"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070927211908/http://www.osservatorioecomusei.net/PDF/UK/intentiUK.pdf","external_links_name":"Declaration of Intent"},{"Link":"http://www.ecomusei.eu/ecomusei/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Carta-di-cooperazione-3-Jan-2017.pdf","external_links_name":"2016 Milan cooperation Charter “Ecomuseums and cultural landscape”"},{"Link":"http://www.ecomusei.eu/ecomusei/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Strategic-document.pdf","external_links_name":"Strategic document of Italian ecomuseums"},{"Link":"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/muse.12153/pdf","external_links_name":"Santo, R. D., Baldi, N., Duca, A. D. and Rossi, A. (2017), The Strategic Manifesto of Italian Ecomuseums. Museum, 69: 86–95. doi:10.1111/muse.12153"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070927211847/http://www.osservatorioecomusei.net/PDF/UK/definizioneUK.pdf","external_links_name":"What does \"ecomuseum\" mean for the contemporary museology (PDF)"},{"Link":"http://www.ubvu.vu.nl/pub/fulltext/scripties/13_2575417_0.pdf","external_links_name":"Ecomuseums: A study of how agents gain socio-cultural capital through participation within Flodden 1513 Ecomuseum"},{"Link":"https://sites.google.com/view/drops-platform/home","external_links_name":"World platform for ecomuseums and community museums"},{"Link":"http://www.interactions-online.com/","external_links_name":"IOL (Interactions On Line)"},{"Link":"https://ecomuseums.com/","external_links_name":"Ecomuseums.com (Ecomuseum Studies & Discussions)"},{"Link":"http://www.fems.asso.fr/","external_links_name":"FEMS (Fédération écomusées, France)"},{"Link":"http://www.ecoamgueddfa.org/","external_links_name":"#Ecoamgueddfa"},{"Link":"http://www.flodden1513.com/","external_links_name":"Flodden 1513 Ecomuseum"},{"Link":"https://www.cateranecomuseum.co.uk/","external_links_name":"Cateran Ecomuseum (Scotland)"},{"Link":"http://www.skyecomuseum.co.uk/","external_links_name":"Ceumannan – Staffin Ecomuseum"},{"Link":"http://www.english.ecoamgueddfa.org/","external_links_name":"Ecoamgueddfa Ecomuseum"},{"Link":"http://www.livingmuseum.org.au/","external_links_name":"Melbourne's Living Museum of the West"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060116064314/http://www.quarteirao.com.br/","external_links_name":"Ecomuseu do Matadouro"},{"Link":"http://www.ecomuseeboisduluc.be/","external_links_name":"Ecomusée du Bois-du-Luc"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20010718132900/http://www.ecomuseeboisduluc.be/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20051221035241/http://www.chinaguizhou.gov.cn/scenes02/11.htm","external_links_name":"Suojia Miao people ecomuseum"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050930153735/http://www.azcama.com/museums/akchin.htm","external_links_name":"Ak-Chin ecomuseum"},{"Link":"http://www.ecomusee-creusot-montceau.fr/","external_links_name":"Ecomusée Creusot-Montceau"},{"Link":"http://www.ekomuseum.se/","external_links_name":"Ekomuseum Bergslagen"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070702224850/http://www.totenmuseet.no/","external_links_name":"Toten Økomuseum"},{"Link":"http://www.ecomuseo.casentino.toscana.it/","external_links_name":"Ecomuseo del Casentino"},{"Link":"http://www.ecomuseodeiterrazzamenti.it/","external_links_name":"Ecomuseo dei Terrazzamenti"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061013193117/http://www.ecomuseum.dk/","external_links_name":"Søhøjlandets Økomuseum"},{"Link":"http://www.ecomuseum.kz/","external_links_name":"Karaganda Ecological Museum"},{"Link":"http://www.batana.org/","external_links_name":"Kuća o batani - Casa della batana"},{"Link":"http://www.ecomusee-alsace.fr/","external_links_name":"Ecomusée d'Alsace"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100507170302/http://www.ecomusee-alsace.fr/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://eco-museum.org/","external_links_name":"Ecomusée d'Alsace"},{"Link":"http://ecomuseo.comune.parabiago.mi.it/ecomuseo/ECOMUSEO.htm","external_links_name":"Ecomuseo del Paesaggio di Parabiago"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180105233650/http://addadileonardo.com/","external_links_name":"Ecomuseo Adda di Leonardo"},{"Link":"http://www.ecomuseum.eu/","external_links_name":"Aoos Ecomuseum"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119860092","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119860092","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007401000405171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh99001066","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/01088341","external_links_name":"Japan"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph679704&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mrgavan	Mrgavan	["1 References"]	Coordinates: 39°57′58″N 44°32′00″E / 39.96611°N 44.53333°E / 39.96611; 44.5333339°57′58″N 44°32′00″E / 39.96611°N 44.53333°E / 39.96611; 44.53333 Place in Ararat, ArmeniaMrgavan ՄրգավանMrgavan municipalityMrgavanShow map of ArmeniaMrgavanShow map of AraratCoordinates: 39°57′58″N 44°32′00″E / 39.96611°N 44.53333°E / 39.96611; 44.53333CountryArmeniaProvinceAraratMunicipalityArtashatPopulation (2008) • Total1,860Time zoneUTC+4 Mrgavan (Armenian: Մրգավան) is a village in the Artashat Municipality of the Ararat Province of Armenia. References Mrgavan at GEOnet Names Server World Gazeteer: Armenia – World-Gazetteer.com Report of the results of the 2001 Armenian Census, Statistical Committee of Armenia vte Ararat ProvinceCapital: ArtashatUrban settlements Ararat Artashat Masis Vedi Ararat Municipality Ararat (village) Armash Avshar Tigranashen Lanjar Noyakert Paruyr Sevak Surenavan Urtsalanj Vardashat Yeraskh Zangakatun Artashat Municipality Abovyan Araksavan Arevshat Aygepat Aygestan Aygezard Azatavan Baghramyan Bardzrashen Berdik Berkanush Burastan Byuravan Dalar Deghdzut Dimitrov Ditak Dvin Getazat Hnaberd Hovtashen Jrashen Kaghtsrashen Kakavaberd Kanachut Lanjazat Masis (village) Mkhchyan Mrganush Mrgavan Mrgavet Narek Norashen Nshavan Shahumyan Vardashen Verin Artashat Vostan Masis Municipality Arbat Arevabuyr Argavand Ayntap Azatashen Darakert Darbnik Dashtavan Geghanist Getapnya Ghukasavan Hayanist Hovtashat Jrahovit Khachpar Marmarashen Nizami Nor Kharberd Nor Kyurin Norabats Noramarg Ranchpar Sayat-Nova Sipanik Sis Zorak Vedi Municipality Aralez Aygavan Dashtakar Ginevet Goravan Lanjanist Lusarat Lusashogh Nor Kyank Nor Ughi Pokr Vedi Shaghap Sisavan Taperakan Urtsadzor Vanashen Vosketap Yeghegnavan Verin Dvin Municipality Verin Dvin This article about a location in Ararat Province, Armenia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"39°57′58″N 44°32′00″E / 39.96611°N 44.53333°E / 39.96611; 44.53333","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mrgavan&params=39_57_58_N_44_32_00_E_"},{"link_name":"Armenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_language"},{"link_name":"Artashat Municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artashat_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Ararat Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ararat_Province"},{"link_name":"Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia"}],"text":"39°57′58″N 44°32′00″E / 39.96611°N 44.53333°E / 39.96611; 44.53333Place in Ararat, ArmeniaMrgavan (Armenian: Մրգավան) is a village in the Artashat Municipality of the Ararat Province of Armenia.","title":"Mrgavan"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mrgavan&params=39_57_58_N_44_32_00_E_","external_links_name":"39°57′58″N 44°32′00″E / 39.96611°N 44.53333°E / 39.96611; 44.53333"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mrgavan&params=39_57_58_N_44_32_00_E_","external_links_name":"39°57′58″N 44°32′00″E / 39.96611°N 44.53333°E / 39.96611; 44.53333"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mrgavan&params=39_57_58_N_44_32_00_E_region:AM_type:city(1860)","external_links_name":"39°57′58″N 44°32′00″E / 39.96611°N 44.53333°E / 39.96611; 44.53333"},{"Link":"http://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/detaillinksearch.asp?G_NAME=32FA881E6C563774E0440003BA962ED3&Diacritics=DC","external_links_name":"Mrgavan"},{"Link":"http://world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&des=wg&geo=-17&srt=npan&col=abcdefghinoq&msz=1500&pt=c&va=x","external_links_name":"World Gazeteer: Armenia"},{"Link":"https://armstat.am/file/doc/97.pdf","external_links_name":"Report of the results of the 2001 Armenian Census"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mrgavan&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Johnson_High_School_(North_Carolina)	North Johnston High School	["1 Community","2 References","3 External links"]	Coordinates: 35°34′15″N 78°11′02″W / 35.5709°N 78.1838°W / 35.5709; -78.1838Public school in Kenly, North Carolina, United StatesNorth Johnston High SchoolAddress5915 US Hwy 301 NKenly, North Carolina 27542United StatesCoordinates35°34′15″N 78°11′02″W / 35.5709°N 78.1838°W / 35.5709; -78.1838InformationTypePublicFounded1965 (59 years ago) (1965)School districtJohnston County School DistrictCEEB code342010PrincipalBen WilliamsFaculty54.56 (FTE)Grades9–12Enrollment764 (2019-20)Student to teacher ratio14.00Color(s)Red and grey MascotPanther North Johnston High School is a public high school in Kenly, North Carolina. Community North Johnston High School serves an area composed of several small communities and towns: Glendale-Chapel, Kenly, Micro, and Pine Level. These communities had their own local schools until the consolidated North Johnston High School opened in 1965. References ^ a b c "North Johnston High". National Center for Education Statistics. Retrieved September 7, 2021. External links North Johnston High School web site Authority control databases: Geographic NCES	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"high school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_school"},{"link_name":"Kenly, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenly,_North_Carolina"}],"text":"Public school in Kenly, North Carolina, United StatesNorth Johnston High School is a public high school in Kenly, North Carolina.","title":"North Johnston High School"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Glendale-Chapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glendale-Chapel,_North_Carolina&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kenly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenly,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Micro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Pine Level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pine_Level,_Johnston_County,_North_Carolina"}],"text":"North Johnston High School serves an area composed of several small communities and towns: Glendale-Chapel, Kenly, Micro, and Pine Level. These communities had their own local schools until the consolidated North Johnston High School opened in 1965.","title":"Community"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"North Johnston High\". National Center for Education Statistics. Retrieved September 7, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://nces.ed.gov/ccd/schoolsearch/school_detail.asp?Search=1&DistrictID=3702370&SchoolPageNum=2&ID=370237001021","url_text":"\"North Johnston High\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=North_Johnston_High_School&params=35.5709_N_78.1838_W_region:US-NC_type:edu","external_links_name":"35°34′15″N 78°11′02″W / 35.5709°N 78.1838°W / 35.5709; -78.1838"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=North_Johnston_High_School&params=35.5709_N_78.1838_W_region:US-NC_type:edu","external_links_name":"35°34′15″N 78°11′02″W / 35.5709°N 78.1838°W / 35.5709; -78.1838"},{"Link":"https://nces.ed.gov/ccd/schoolsearch/school_detail.asp?Search=1&DistrictID=3702370&SchoolPageNum=2&ID=370237001021","external_links_name":"\"North Johnston High\""},{"Link":"http://www.johnston.k12.nc.us/education/school/school.php?sectiondetailid=6224&sc_id=1177650290&PHPSESSID=9b9ddf2fb18f57a500fd7ad333143065","external_links_name":"North Johnston High School web site"},{"Link":"https://nces.ed.gov/ccd/schoolsearch/school_detail.asp?ID=370237001021","external_links_name":"NCES"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GAERS	GAERS	["1 History","2 Development of two strains","3 Effects of antiepileptic drugs","4 Initiation of spike and wave discharges","5 Epileptogenesis","6 Genetic transmission and chromosomal mapping","7 References"]	Animal model of absence epilepsy This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article may be in need of reorganization to comply with Wikipedia's layout guidelines. Please help by editing the article to make improvements to the overall structure. (February 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (February 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The GAERS or Genetic Absence Epilepsy Rat from Strasbourg is a recognized animal model of absence epilepsy, a typical childhood form of epilepsy characterized by recurrent loss of contact and concomitant pattern on the electroencephalogram called "spike-and-wave" discharges. It was first characterized in Strasbourg, France, in the 1980s and since then has been used by different international research groups to understand the mechanisms underlying absence seizures and their ontogeny, using different techniques. History In the 1980s the research group of Marguerite Vergnes at Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) in Strasbourg, France, reported the spontaneous occurrence of spike-and-wave discharges (SWD) evocative of absence seizures in Wistar rats during cortical electroencephalographic (EE) recordings. These seizures were recorded on both sides of the brain, lasted about 20 seconds and occurred when the animals were quiet. Importantly, SWDs were always associated with a typical "arrest" of the rats' behavior with twitching of the vibrissae. In addition, drugs used in the clinic to stop absence seizures (ethosuccimide, valproate) suppressed SWDs in these rats, whereas those that aggravate these seizures in patients (carbamazepine, phenytoine), increased rats' seizures. EEG of spike and wave discharges Development of two strains These initial observations led to the development of two breeding colonies: (i) a fully inbred strain of rats, with 100% of animals displaying the EEG and behavioral characteristics of absence seizures, derived from an outbred Wistar colony and called the Genetic Absence Epilepsy Rats from Strasbourg (GAERS) (ii) a strain of non epileptic control animals selected from the same initial breeding colony of Wistar rats and called the Non Epileptic Control or NEC. Since then, the GAERS has been recognized as a very predictive model for absence epilepsy, along with the WAG/Rij rat model. The colony, initially developed in Strasbourg, is maintained at the University of Grenoble Alpes, under Inserm licence and the supervision of Antoine Depaulis. Effects of antiepileptic drugs The reactivity of GAERS to antiepileptic drugs is unique since it perfectly matches with the effects of these drugs in patients with typical absence epilepsy The following table summarizes the effects of the different antiepileptic drugs used in the clinic that were tested on GAERS: Antiepileptic drugs Effect on human patients with absence epilepsy Effects on GAERS Refs Valproate Suppression Suppression Ethosuximide Suppression Suppression Trimetadione Suppression Suppression Levetiracetam Suppression Suppression Lamotrigine Suppression Suppression Carbamazepine Aggravation Aggravation Phenytoine Aggravation Aggravation Vigabatrin Aggravation Aggravation Tiagabine Aggravation Aggravation Pregabalin No effect No effect Initiation of spike and wave discharges Using different methodologies (EEG, local field potentials, intracellular electrophysiology, functional MRI) it was demonstrated that spike-and-waves discharges are initiated in the somatosensory cortex in GAERS, more precisely in the area that codes for information from the vibrissae (barrel cortex). Using intracellular electrophysiological recordings of the different layers of the somatosensory cortex, it was found that pyramidal cell of the deep layer (L5/6) initiate the spikes Epileptogenesis In GAERS, absence epilepsy develops during the cortical maturation, i.e., the first 3–4 weeks after birth. Abnormal oscillations are EEG recorded in GAERS at postnatal day (P) 15. They progressively evolve into bonafide Spike-and-wave discharges up to P25-30, simultaneously with an increase of the intrinsic excitability of pyramidal neurons in deep layers as well as an increase of synchronization. Genetic transmission and chromosomal mapping In GAERS x NEC F1 generation, more than 95% of the animals showed SWDs after six months, suggesting a dominant transmission. Similar SWDs were recorded in males and females, indicating that the transmission is autosomal. Inter-individual variability suggested that the inheritance of SWDs is not due to a single gene locus and/or that environmental effects might play a role. This mode of inheritance was confirmed in F2 (F1 x F1) and backcross (F1 x control) generations. When F2 population was generated by breeding GAERS with Brown Norway rats, a polygenic inheritance of SWD-related phenotypes was shown and three quantitative trait loci were identified that could control different variables of SWDs (e.g., frequency, amplitude, duration). In this study, the age of the animals was found to be a major factor influencing the detection of genetic linkage to the various components of the SWDs. The development of two inbred strains from the same initial colony has appeared as a very powerful tool to study the possible mutations involved in a genetically complex idiopathic epilepsy. A functional mutation in the Cacna1h gene encoding the Cav3.2 low-voltage activated Ca2+ channel, a T-type calcium channel, was found using the two strains. In addition, the effect is due to a gain-of-function splice variant mutation, and is semi-dominant, explaining about 20% of the phenotypic variance in the cross. In heterologous expression studies, it was shown that the GAERS splice variant allele on Cav3.2 conferred faster recovery from channel inactivation and greater charge transference during high-frequency bursts. This is in agreement with a previous study that showed a selective increase in the T-type conductance in GAERS nRT neurons. It is also in line with the role of the low voltage activated Ca2+ channel in thalamic burst firing and genetic data in human patients. References ^ Vergnes, M., Marescaux, C., Micheletti, G., Reis, J., Depaulis, A., Rumbach, L., Warter, J.M., 1982. Spontaneous paroxysmal electroclinical patterns in rat: a model of generalized non-convulsive epilepsy. Neuroscience Letters 33, 97–101. ^ Micheletti, G., Vergnes, M., Marescaux, C., Reis, J., Depaulis, A., Rumbach, L., Warter, J.M., 1985. Antiepileptic drug evaluation in a new animal model: spontaneous petit mal epilepsy in the rat. Arzneimittelforschung 35, 483–485 ^ Marescaux, C., Vergnes, M., Depaulis, A., 1992. Genetic absence epilepsy in rats from Strasbourg--a review. Journal of Neural Transmission - Supplement 35, 37–69 ^ Danober, L., Deransart, C., Depaulis, A., Vergnes, M., Marescaux, C., 1998. Pathophysiological mechanisms of genetic absence epilepsy in the rat. Prog. Neurobiol. 55, 27–57 ^ Depaulis, A., van Luijtelaar, G., 2005. Genetic models of absence epilepsy in the rat, in: Pitkänen, A., Schwartzkroin, P., Moshe, S. (Eds.), Models of Seizures and Epilepsy. Oxford: Elsevier Academic, Amsterdam, pp. 233–248. ^ Depaulis, A., David, O., Charpier, S., 2016. The genetic absence epilepsy rat from Strasbourg as a model to decipher the neuronal and network mechanisms of generalized idiopathic epilepsies. Journal of Neuroscience Methods 260, 159-174. ^ Marescaux, C., Vergnes, M., Depaulis, A., 1992. Genetic absence epilepsy in rats from Strasbourg--a review. Journal of Neural Transmission - Supplement 35, 37–69 ^ Danober, L., Deransart, C., Depaulis, A., Vergnes, M., Marescaux, C., 1998. Pathophysiological mechanisms of genetic absence epilepsy in the rat. Prog. Neurobiol. 55, 27–57 ^ Micheletti, G., Vergnes, M., Marescaux, C., Reis, J., Depaulis, A., Rumbach, L., Warter, J.M., 1985. Antiepileptic drug evaluation in a new animal model: spontaneous petit mal epilepsy in the rat. Arzneimittelforschung 35, 483–485. ^ Micheletti, G., Vergnes, M., Marescaux, C., Reis, J., Depaulis, A., Rumbach, L., Warter, J.M., 1985. Antiepileptic drug evaluation in a new animal model: spontaneous petit mal epilepsy in the rat. Arzneimittelforschung 35, 483–485. ^ Micheletti, G., Vergnes, M., Marescaux, C., Reis, J., Depaulis, A., Rumbach, L., Warter, J.M., 1985. Antiepileptic drug evaluation in a new animal model: spontaneous petit mal epilepsy in the rat. Arzneimittelforschung 35, 483–485. ^ Gower, A.J., Hirsch, E., Boehrer, A., Noyer, M., Marescaux, C., 1995. Effects of levetiracetam, a novel antiepileptic drug, on convulsant activity in two genetic rat models of epilepsy. Epilepsy Research 22, 207–213. ^ Augusto Grinspan, Evaluación de la eficacia de la lamotrigine en agudo en las GAERS, PhD dissertation, Buenos aires, 1995 ^ Micheletti, G., Vergnes, M., Marescaux, C., Reis, J., Depaulis, A., Rumbach, L., Warter, J.M., 1985. Antiepileptic drug evaluation in a new animal model: spontaneous petit mal epilepsy in the rat. Arzneimittelforschung 35, 483–485. ^ Micheletti, G., Vergnes, M., Marescaux, C., Reis, J., Depaulis, A., Rumbach, L., Warter, J.M., 1985. Antiepileptic drug evaluation in a new animal model: spontaneous petit mal epilepsy in the rat. Arzneimittelforschung 35, 483–485. ^ Liu, Z., Seiler, N., Marescaux, C., Depaulis, A., Vergnes, M., 1990. Potentiation of gamma-vinyl GABA (vigabatrin) effects by glycine. European Journal of Pharmacology 182, 109–115. ^ Danober, L., Deransart, C., Depaulis, A., Vergnes, M., Marescaux, C., 1998. Pathophysiological mechanisms of genetic absence epilepsy in the rat. Prog. Neurobiol. 55, 27–57 ^ Vartanian, M.G., Radulovic, L.L., Kinsora, J.J., Serpa, K.A., Vergnes, M., Bertram, E., Taylor, C.P., 2006. Activity profile of pregabalin in rodent models of epilepsy and ataxia. Epilepsy Research 68, 189–205. ^ Depaulis, A., David, O., Charpier, S., 2016. The genetic absence epilepsy rat from Strasbourg as a model to decipher the neuronal and network mechanisms of generalized idiopathic epilepsies. Journal of Neuroscience Methods 260, 159-174. ^ Polack, P.-O. et al. Deep layer somatosensory cortical neurons initiate spike-and-wave discharges in a genetic model of absence seizures. The Journal of Neuroscience 27, 6590–6599 (2007). ^ Jarre, G. et al. Building Up Absence Seizures in the Somatosensory Cortex: From Network to Cellular Epileptogenic Processes. Cerebral Cortex 27, 4607–4623 (2017) ^ Marescaux, C., Vergnes, M., Depaulis, A., 1992. Genetic absence epilepsy in rats from Strasbourg--a review. Journal of Neural Transmission - Supplement 35, 37–69. ^ Rudolf, G., Bihoreau, M.T., Godfrey, R.F., Wilder, S.P., Cox, R.D., Lathrop, M., Marescaux, C., Gauguier, D., 2004. Polygenic control of idiopathic generalized epilepsy phenotypes in the genetic absence rats from Strasbourg (GAERS). Epilepsia 45, 301–308. ^ Powell, K.L., Cain, S.M., Ng, C., Sirdesai, S., David, L.S., Kyi, M., Garcia, E., Tyson, J.R., Reid, C.A., Bahlo, M., Foote, S.J., Snutch, T.P., O'Brien, T.J., 2009. A Cav3.2 T-Type Calcium Channel Point Mutation Has Splice-Variant-Specific Effects on Function and Segregates with Seizure Expression in a Polygenic Rat Model of Absence Epilepsy. Journal of Neuroscience 29, 371–380. ^ Tsakiridou, E., Bertollini, L., deCurtis, M., Avanzini, G., Pape, H.C., 1995. Selective increase in T-Type calcium conductance of reticular thalamic neurons in a rat model of absence epilepsy. Journal of Neuroscience 15, 3110–3117. ^ Hughes, J.R., 2009. Epilepsy & Behavior. 15, 404–412.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"absence epilepsy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absence_seizure"},{"link_name":"epilepsy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epilepsy"},{"link_name":"Strasbourg, France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strasbourg"},{"link_name":"ontogeny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontogeny"}],"text":"The GAERS or Genetic Absence Epilepsy Rat from Strasbourg is a recognized animal model of absence epilepsy, a typical childhood form of epilepsy characterized by recurrent loss of contact and concomitant pattern on the electroencephalogram called \"spike-and-wave\" discharges. It was first characterized in Strasbourg, France, in the 1980s and since then has been used by different international research groups to understand the mechanisms underlying absence seizures and their ontogeny, using different techniques.","title":"GAERS"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"INSERM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Institute_of_Health_and_Medical_Research"},{"link_name":"spike-and-wave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spike-and-wave"},{"link_name":"electroencephalographic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroencephalography"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"valproate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valproate"},{"link_name":"carbamazepine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbamazepine"},{"link_name":"phenytoine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenytoin"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EEG_d%C3%A9charges_de_pointe-ondes.jpg"}],"text":"In the 1980s the research group of Marguerite Vergnes at Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) in Strasbourg, France, reported the spontaneous occurrence of spike-and-wave discharges (SWD) evocative of absence seizures in Wistar rats during cortical electroencephalographic (EE) recordings.[1] These seizures were recorded on both sides of the brain, lasted about 20 seconds and occurred when the animals were quiet. Importantly, SWDs were always associated with a typical \"arrest\" of the rats' behavior with twitching of the vibrissae. In addition, drugs used in the clinic to stop absence seizures (ethosuccimide, valproate) suppressed SWDs in these rats, whereas those that aggravate these seizures in patients (carbamazepine, phenytoine), increased rats' seizures.[2]EEG of spike and wave discharges","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"absence epilepsy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absence_seizure"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"These initial observations led to the development of two breeding colonies:[3][4] \n(i) a fully inbred strain of rats, with 100% of animals displaying the EEG and behavioral characteristics of absence seizures, derived from an outbred Wistar colony and called the Genetic Absence Epilepsy Rats from Strasbourg (GAERS) \n(ii) a strain of non epileptic control animals selected from the same initial breeding colony of Wistar rats and called the Non Epileptic Control or NEC.\nSince then, the GAERS has been recognized as a very predictive model for absence epilepsy, along with the WAG/Rij rat model.[5]\nThe colony, initially developed in Strasbourg, is maintained at the University of Grenoble Alpes, under Inserm licence and the supervision of Antoine Depaulis.[6]","title":"Development of two strains"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"antiepileptic drugs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticonvulsant"}],"text":"The reactivity of GAERS to antiepileptic drugs is unique since it perfectly matches with the effects of these drugs in patients with typical absence epilepsy[7][8]The following table summarizes the effects of the different antiepileptic drugs used in the clinic that were tested on GAERS:","title":"Effects of antiepileptic drugs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"Using different methodologies (EEG, local field potentials, intracellular electrophysiology, functional MRI) it was demonstrated that spike-and-waves discharges are initiated in the somatosensory cortex in GAERS, more precisely in the area that codes for information from the vibrissae (barrel cortex).[19] Using intracellular electrophysiological recordings of the different layers of the somatosensory cortex, it was found that pyramidal cell of the deep layer (L5/6) initiate the spikes [20]","title":"Initiation of spike and wave discharges"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pyramidal neurons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyramidal_neurons"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"In GAERS, absence epilepsy develops during the cortical maturation, i.e., the first 3–4 weeks after birth. Abnormal oscillations are EEG recorded in GAERS at postnatal day (P) 15. They progressively evolve into bonafide Spike-and-wave discharges up to P25-30, simultaneously with an increase of the intrinsic excitability of pyramidal neurons in deep layers as well as an increase of synchronization.[21]","title":"Epileptogenesis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"T-type calcium channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-type_calcium_channel"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"In GAERS x NEC F1 generation, more than 95% of the animals showed SWDs after six months, suggesting a dominant transmission. Similar SWDs were recorded in males and females, indicating that the transmission is autosomal. Inter-individual variability suggested that the inheritance of SWDs is not due to a single gene locus and/or that environmental effects might play a role. This mode of inheritance was confirmed in F2 (F1 x F1) and backcross (F1 x control) generations.[22] When F2 population was generated by breeding GAERS with Brown Norway rats, a polygenic inheritance of SWD-related phenotypes was shown and three quantitative trait loci were identified that could control different variables of SWDs (e.g., frequency, amplitude, duration). In this study, the age of the animals was found to be a major factor influencing the detection of genetic linkage to the various components of the SWDs.[23] \nThe development of two inbred strains from the same initial colony has appeared as a very powerful tool to study the possible mutations involved in a genetically complex idiopathic epilepsy. A functional mutation in the Cacna1h gene encoding the Cav3.2 low-voltage activated Ca2+ channel, a T-type calcium channel, was found using the two strains.[24] In addition, the effect is due to a gain-of-function splice variant mutation, and is semi-dominant, explaining about 20% of the phenotypic variance in the cross. In heterologous expression studies, it was shown that the GAERS splice variant allele on Cav3.2 conferred faster recovery from channel inactivation and greater charge transference during high-frequency bursts. This is in agreement with a previous study that showed a selective increase in the T-type conductance in GAERS nRT neurons.[25] It is also in line with the role of the low voltage activated Ca2+ channel in thalamic burst firing and genetic data in human patients.[26]","title":"Genetic transmission and chromosomal mapping"}]	[{"image_text":"EEG of spike and wave discharges","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/EEG_d%C3%A9charges_de_pointe-ondes.jpg/220px-EEG_d%C3%A9charges_de_pointe-ondes.jpg"}]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GAERS&action=edit","external_links_name":"editing the article"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GAERS&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Bachem	Erich Bachem	["1 Eriba caravans","2 Publications","3 References","4 Bibliography","5 External links"]	German engineer Erich Bachem and Hanna Reitsch in 1938. Erich Bachem (12 August 1906, in Mülheim an der Ruhr – 25 March 1960) was a German engineer. In the 1930s Erich Bachem designed the Aero-Sport camping trailer built from plywood by the glider company Wolf Hirth in Kirchheim unter Teck. Until 1942 Bachem served as technical director for the aircraft manufacturer Fieseler. In February 1942 he founded Bachem-Werke GmbH, a supplier of spare parts for the aircraft industry, in Waldsee, Baden-Württemberg. In 1944, he designed for the SS the vertical take-off manned rocket plane Bachem Ba 349 Natter. The only manned test flight on 1 March 1945 ended with pilot Lothar Sieber being killed. In 1947/48 Erich Bachem left Germany through Denmark and Sweden in order to settle in Argentina. Possibly he wished to escape US agents who planned to send him to the USA with Wernher von Braun's group as part of Operation Overcast. In Argentina, among other things, he constructed a factory for guitars with interchangeable bottoms. In 1952 Bachem returned to Germany to become technical director for the company of his father-in-law Heinrich Wilhelm Schwarz, Ruhrthaler Maschinenfabrik Schwarz & Dyckerhoff GmbH, in Mülheim. There he developed the modern streamlined mine locomotive Ruhrthaler Vollsicht along with various other pieces of mining machinery and long-distance diesel locomotives. He occupied this position until his untimely death. Eriba caravans Early Eriba Puck caravan From 1957, together with Erwin Hymer at Hymer, he designed caravans sold as Eriba (Erich Bachem, or possibly Erika Bachem after his wife) with names like Puck, Pan, Triton, Troll and the very rare, large Titan and Odin models. These were designed for light weight, the smallest Puck being able to be towed by a VW Beetle or NSU Prinz. Despite this light weight, they were unusually well constructed with a steel tube internal frame and an insulated aluminium skin over this, at a time when most caravans were still made of plywood. The basic design continues in production today, over 60 years later, and original caravans are sought after. They are still distinguished by their 'pop top', a section of the fibreglass roof that raises to provide extra headroom, with a canvas cover between. When lowered for towing, this reduces the overall height and wind resistance of the trailer. Publications Die Praxis des Leistungs-Segelfliegens. Berlin: Volckmann 1932, 2. Auflage 1936 Das Problem des Schnellstfluges. Stuttgart: Franckh 1933 Beitrag in: Probleme aus der astronautischen Grundlagenforschung, hrsg. v. Heinz H. Koelle, 1952 References ^ Sharp (2019), pp. 40–47. Bibliography Gooden, Brett. Natter: Manned Missile of the Third Reich: Historic Step to Human Spaceflight. Rundle Mall, Australia: Brett Gooden, 2019. ISBN 978-0646-81213-7 Sharp, Dan (2019). Spitfires Over Berlin. Mortons Media Group. pp. 40–47. ISBN 978-1911658047. Nachrufartikel in: Wissenschaftliche Gesellschaft für Luft- und Raumfahrt: Jahrbuch, Jg. 1960, S. 479 Volker Hammermeister, Die Legende lebt, in: Caravaning, Heft 2/2007, S. 12f (auch online External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Erich Bachem. Erich Bachem at astronautix.com Eriba France Abfangjagdflugzeug Bachem Ba 349 "Natter" U.S. Intelligence Report Photos Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Norway Germany Netherlands Poland People Deutsche Biographie	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gro%C3%9Fflugtag_Kassel-Waldau_1938-3.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hanna Reitsch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanna_Reitsch"},{"link_name":"Mülheim an der Ruhr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BClheim_an_der_Ruhr"},{"link_name":"trailer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailer_(vehicle)"},{"link_name":"glider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glider_aircraft"},{"link_name":"Wolf Hirth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf_Hirth"},{"link_name":"Kirchheim unter Teck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirchheim_unter_Teck"},{"link_name":"Fieseler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fieseler"},{"link_name":"Waldsee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Waldsee"},{"link_name":"Baden-Württemberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg"},{"link_name":"SS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schutzstaffel"},{"link_name":"rocket plane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocket_plane"},{"link_name":"Bachem Ba 349","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachem_Ba_349"},{"link_name":"Lothar Sieber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lothar_Sieber"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharp201940%E2%80%9347-1"},{"link_name":"Operation Overcast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Overcast"},{"link_name":"Mülheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BClheim"}],"text":"Erich Bachem and Hanna Reitsch in 1938.Erich Bachem (12 August 1906, in Mülheim an der Ruhr – 25 March 1960) was a German engineer.In the 1930s Erich Bachem designed the Aero-Sport camping trailer built from plywood by the glider company Wolf Hirth in Kirchheim unter Teck. Until 1942 Bachem served as technical director for the aircraft manufacturer Fieseler. In February 1942 he founded Bachem-Werke GmbH, a supplier of spare parts for the aircraft industry, in Waldsee, Baden-Württemberg.In 1944, he designed for the SS the vertical take-off manned rocket plane Bachem Ba 349 Natter. The only manned test flight on 1 March 1945 ended with pilot Lothar Sieber being killed.[1]In 1947/48 Erich Bachem left Germany through Denmark and Sweden in order to settle in Argentina. Possibly he wished to escape US agents who planned to send him to the USA with Wernher von Braun's group as part of Operation Overcast. In Argentina, among other things, he constructed a factory for guitars with interchangeable bottoms.In 1952 Bachem returned to Germany to become technical director for the company of his father-in-law Heinrich Wilhelm Schwarz, Ruhrthaler Maschinenfabrik Schwarz & Dyckerhoff GmbH, in Mülheim. There he developed the modern streamlined mine locomotive Ruhrthaler Vollsicht along with various other pieces of mining machinery and long-distance diesel locomotives. He occupied this position until his untimely death.","title":"Erich Bachem"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eriba_and_Volkswagen_Combi.jpg"},{"link_name":"Erwin Hymer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erwin_Hymer"},{"link_name":"Hymer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hymer"},{"link_name":"caravans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caravan_(trailer)"},{"link_name":"Eriba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eriba&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Puck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puck_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Pan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_(god)"},{"link_name":"Triton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triton_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Troll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troll"},{"link_name":"Titan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titans"},{"link_name":"Odin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odin"},{"link_name":"VW Beetle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VW_Beetle"},{"link_name":"NSU Prinz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSU_Prinz"}],"text":"Early Eriba Puck caravanFrom 1957, together with Erwin Hymer at Hymer, he designed caravans sold as Eriba (Erich Bachem, or possibly Erika Bachem after his wife) with names like Puck, Pan, Triton, Troll and the very rare, large Titan and Odin models. These were designed for light weight, the smallest Puck being able to be towed by a VW Beetle or NSU Prinz. Despite this light weight, they were unusually well constructed with a steel tube internal frame and an insulated aluminium skin over this, at a time when most caravans were still made of plywood. The basic design continues in production today, over 60 years later, and original caravans are sought after. They are still distinguished by their 'pop top', a section of the fibreglass roof that raises to provide extra headroom, with a canvas cover between. When lowered for towing, this reduces the overall height and wind resistance of the trailer.","title":"Eriba caravans"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Heinz H. Koelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinz_H._Koelle&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Die Praxis des Leistungs-Segelfliegens. Berlin: Volckmann 1932, 2. Auflage 1936\nDas Problem des Schnellstfluges. Stuttgart: Franckh 1933\nBeitrag in: Probleme aus der astronautischen Grundlagenforschung, hrsg. v. Heinz H. Koelle, 1952","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0646-81213-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0646-81213-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1911658047","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1911658047"},{"link_name":"Wissenschaftliche Gesellschaft für Luft- und Raumfahrt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wissenschaftliche_Gesellschaft_f%C3%BCr_Luft-_und_Raumfahrt&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.caravaning.de/50jahrehymer-eriba_dielegendelebt.92265.htm"},{"link_name":"permanent dead link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot"}],"text":"Gooden, Brett. Natter: Manned Missile of the Third Reich: Historic Step to Human Spaceflight. Rundle Mall, Australia: Brett Gooden, 2019. ISBN 978-0646-81213-7\nSharp, Dan (2019). Spitfires Over Berlin. Mortons Media Group. pp. 40–47. ISBN 978-1911658047.\nNachrufartikel in: Wissenschaftliche Gesellschaft für Luft- und Raumfahrt: Jahrbuch, Jg. 1960, S. 479\nVolker Hammermeister, Die Legende lebt, in: Caravaning, Heft 2/2007, S. 12f (auch online[permanent dead link]","title":"Bibliography"}]	[{"image_text":"Erich Bachem and Hanna Reitsch in 1938.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Gro%C3%9Fflugtag_Kassel-Waldau_1938-3.jpg/220px-Gro%C3%9Fflugtag_Kassel-Waldau_1938-3.jpg"},{"image_text":"Early Eriba Puck caravan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Eriba_and_Volkswagen_Combi.jpg/220px-Eriba_and_Volkswagen_Combi.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Sharp, Dan (2019). Spitfires Over Berlin. Mortons Media Group. pp. 40–47. ISBN 978-1911658047.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1911658047","url_text":"978-1911658047"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.caravaning.de/50jahrehymer-eriba_dielegendelebt.92265.htm","external_links_name":"online"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090105095334/http://www.astronautix.com/astros/bachem.htm","external_links_name":"Erich Bachem at astronautix.com"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070812152248/http://www.hymer.com/index.php?navi=305&kategorie=249","external_links_name":"Eriba France"},{"Link":"http://www.kheichhorn.de/html/body_natter.html","external_links_name":"Abfangjagdflugzeug Bachem Ba 349 \"Natter\""},{"Link":"http://www.lonesentry.com/features/f36_natter-bachem-ba349.html","external_links_name":"U.S. Intelligence Report Photos"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000018331909","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/20659708","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/3054356","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/125979398","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p30672023X","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810614464305606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd125979398.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WMRO	WMRO	["1 Programming","2 History","2.1 WMRO's last days of operation","3 References","4 External links"]	Radio station in Gallatin, Tennessee (1963–2019) WMROGallatin, TennesseeFrequency1560 kHzBrandingMagic 1560ProgrammingFormatDefunct (formerly Adult contemporary)OwnershipOwnerTimothy Scott Bailey (Classic Broadcasting, Inc.)HistoryFirst air dateApril 1, 1963Last air dateAugust 31, 2019Former call signsWSTH (1962, CP)WLVN (1962–1964)WWGM (1964–1993)Technical informationFacility ID11749ClassDPower1,000 watts (day)3 watts (night)Transmitter coordinates36°24′03″N 86°27′03″W / 36.40083°N 86.45083°W / 36.40083; -86.45083 WMRO (1560 AM, "Magic 1560") was a radio station licensed to and serving Gallatin, Tennessee. The station was locally owned by Scott, Leslie, and Sandra Bailey of Classic Broadcasting, Inc. The station's studios and transmitter facilities were located a half–mile north of downtown Gallatin. Programming The station was last branded as "Magic 1560" and aired the satellite-fed adult contemporary music format from Cumulus Media. On Sundays, church services, religious programs, Sunday afternoon gospel music, and local programming focusing on Gallatin area were aired. On September 12, 2014, the station changed its format from hot adult contemporary to a mainstream adult contemporary format. History The Second Thursday Corporation received the construction permit for a new AM radio station in Nashville in 1962. Originally assigned the call letters WSTH. However, the station signedon with the new call sign of WLVN signed on April 1, 1963, as "The Nashville Sound", focusing entirely on recordings made in the city. WLVN relaunched as full-service WWGM on September 25, 1964. The station broadcast with 10,000 watts during the daytime only, with a three tower directional pattern. Originally, the WWGM call sign stood for the Wonderful World of Good Music. Later on after a format change, the call sign stood for the Wonderful World of Gospel Music. After nearly four years of operation as WWGM, the station filed for bankruptcy in 1968. Crawford Broadcasting bought the station at auction for $105,000 later that year—though it did not become the licensee until 1970—and said that if the equipment manufacturers that WWGM owed money would not make arrangements with it, the group would build a new facility. Second Thursday also held a construction permit for an FM station on 92.9 MHz, sold separately, that was finally built in 1976 as WZEZ, now WJXA. In September 1986, Dean A. Crawford Broadcasting Co. reached an agreement to sell WWGM to Lindsey Christian Broadcasting Company, consisting of Faye and her husband Rudy Lindsey. The deal was approved by the FCC on November 25, 1986, and the transaction was consummated on December 16, 1986. Throughout this era, the station was identified as a religious-oriented radio station, playing "traditional Christian music and programs." In April 1993, Lindsey Christian Broadcasting Company reached an agreement to sell WWGM's license to Classic Broadcasting, Inc. The contract agreement to transfer the WWGM License was signed by Lindsey Christian Broadcasting's vice president, Faye Lindsey and Classic Broadcasting's President, William E. "Bill" Bailey. The deal was approved by the FCC on October 25, 1993, and the transaction was consummated on October 28, 1993. The new owners of WWGM, Classic Broadcasting, William E. "Bill" Bailey, Sandra Bailey, and Scott Bailey had the FCC change the call letters to WMRO on November 9, 1993 and a Construction Permit was fIled to relocate the station to Gallatin, TN. The new site was the former site of 1130 WAMG, Gallatin (now WYXE). The WMRO call letter sign had previously belonged to a station in Aurora, Illinois, for the previous 30 years (see below). Today, that station's call sign is WBIG, and still continues to serving the Aurora, Illinois area. On Saturday, February 19, 1994, with its new call sign of WMRO, the station signed on at 8 AM and began playing an oldies music format. Little Richard, Elvis Presley, The Beatles, Bobby Darin, The Spinners, Rolling Stones, and The Turtles were among some of the artist played. There was a slight mix of disco music like the Bee Gees, Donna Summer, and Abba were played as well. Scott Bailey, then part-owner of WMRO, signed on the station, and was the first DJ to hit the air that morning. William "Bill" and Sandra Bailey are the parents of Scott Bailey. All three were owners of WMRO. Former WQQK 92Q Program Director Jay Dubard got with the Baileys and gave WMRO its station moniker name, Magic 1560. On April 1, 2006, the station flipped to a Hot Adult Contemporary music format because of the area's changing demographics as a Nashville bedroom community and another station in the county switching to an oldies format. The last oldies song played was "Wooly Bully" from Sam the Sham and the Pharaohs. The first song played with WMRO's new hot adult contemporary format was “Let Love In” by the Goo Goo Dolls. Owner/General Manager Scott Bailey made the format change that day at 5 PM. Despite a format change, WMRO retained its well-known moniker name, Magic 1560, but adding a new slogan, "Today's Best Hits". In December 2006, majority control of Classic Broadcasting was transferred from William E. "Bill" Bailey to Timothy Scott Bailey. On February 7, 2007, William E. "Bill" Bailey died. Bill was Scott's father and Sandra's husband. However, with Scott Bailey as President and General Manager, with Leslie Bailey, (Scott's wife) Vice President, and Sandra Bailey (Scott's mother) Secretary, the three pushed on to keep WMRO, Magic 1560 going with serving the community and its Hot Adult Contemporary Music Format (Current Top 40 for Adults) and the station gained popularity in the Gallatin/Sumner County Community with a new audience. Scott Bailey was quoted by saying they were playing a music format that just wasn't done on AM Radio. A few area broadcasters who liked the previous oldies format mock Scott Bailey for WMRO's format change, but other broadcasters in the area praised Scott, Leslie, and Sandra Bailey for playing more of a "Hot Adult Contemporary" Hit Music format. One was Jack Williams, former owner of competitor WHIN Radio in Gallatin. Jack Williams was very supportive of the format change. In fact, Jack Williams is family related to Scott, Leslie, and Sandra Bailey. In 2007, WMRO also aired a weekly program called "Music Business Radio", produced at the studios of WRLT (Lightning 100) in Nashville, that promotes local bands, artist and writers. Lightning 100 DJ Dan Buckley worked with WMRO Owner/General Manager Scott Bailey to air Music Business Radio on WMRO to a reach much larger audience. On September 12, 2014 at 10 AM, the station changed format from Hot Adult Contemporary to Mainstream AC. WMRO kept its moniker name, slogan, and logo, "Magic 1560, Today's Best Hits" with its format change. The first song played on WMRO's new Mainstream AC Format was "I Love Rock-n-Roll" by Joan Jett and The Blackhearts. Before buying WMRO, Scott Bailey was an air personality known as "Scott the Rock" at Nashville's WVOL (1470 AM) and WQQK (92.1 FM) known as 92Q, with a love for its Urban Contemporary Format. He did "short stints" at 103.3 WKDF, 880 WMDB, 88.1 WFSK in Nashville; 1270 WQKR, Portland, Tennessee; and 1570 WLBQ Morgantown, Kentucky. Scott Bailey began his radio career at WRVU-FM 91.1 at Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee, as a "Non Student" Volunteer in 1981, then to 88.5 WVCP at Volunteer State College taking radio courses from instructor Howard Esparvnik, at the same time working in the Commercial Radio Business in the Nashville Market. In January 2020, and after years of owning and operating WMRO, Scott Bailey retired from Terrestrial Radio after a bit over 40 years. On January 8, 2020, long-time Sunday afternoon DJ on WMRO, Wayne Akins, had died after an extended illness. Wayne Akins had previously been a Sunday Afternoon Gospel Music DJ at another area local AM station, but found his home at 1560 WMRO where he remained a very important asset to the station. Wayne Akins was from Westmoreland, TN. WMRO's last days of operation In the fall of 2018, the land and studio building on which WMRO's tower was located was sold by Classic Broadcasting. Classic Broadcasting could not pay the bank lein Citizens Bank of Lafayette, Tennessee had on the land and building only. Classic Broadcasting, under then President and General Manager, William E. "Bill" Bailey purchased the building, property and tower site on November 13, 1991, through an IRS auction. It was the former site of 1130 WAMG (now WYXE). In 2018, the bank allowed Classic Broadcasting to sell the property and building only to pay off the lein. Classic Broadcasting (Scott, Leslie, and Sandra Bailey) sold the building and land to a private individual. During this time, Classic Broadcasting's Consultant Engineer, James A. (Jim) Turvaville filed and applied for WMRO to have "Special Temporary Authority" to operate at 200 watts as a daytime–only station with a long wire antenna from Scott and Leslie Bailey's home. In a letter dated August 31, 2019, Scott Bailey returned WMRO's license to the FCC; the FCC cancelled the station's license on August 28, 2019. During the last two hours WMRO was on, Scott Bailey dropped the Adult Contemporary Format, went live playing classic rock with classic R&B of the 70s and 80s. The last song played on WMRO according to Scott Bailey was "Slow Ride" by Foghat. After the song ended, he shut the transmitter off. References ^ a b "Call Sign History". CDBS Public Access Database. FCC Media Bureau. November 9, 1993. Retrieved March 29, 2012. ^ a b "Hall of Fame". Vol State College Radio. Retrieved November 26, 2011. ^ "WLVN To Open With 'Town and Country' Format". March 24, 1963. Retrieved September 9, 2019. ^ "New Radio Station, WWGM, To Debut". The Tennessean. September 20, 1964. Retrieved September 9, 2019. ^ "WWGM Files In Bankruptcy; Receiver Set". The Tennessean. April 18, 1968. Retrieved September 7, 2019. ^ a b "WWGM May Build New Unit". The Tennessean. July 6, 1968. Retrieved September 9, 2019. ^ a b "Application Search Details (BAL-19860916FV)". FCC Media Bureau. December 16, 1986. Retrieved March 29, 2012. ^ "FCC Record, Volume 5, No. 14, Pages 3902 to 4380, July 2 - July 13, 1990". July 1990. ^ a b "Application Search Details (BAPL-19930422EB)". FCC Media Bureau. October 28, 1993. Retrieved March 29, 2012. ^ Young, Linda (December 24, 1989). "Aurora Mourns Loss of WMRO". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved July 2, 2012. ^ "Application Search Details (BTC-20061016ADZ)". FCC Media Bureau. December 28, 2006. Retrieved March 29, 2012. ^ WMRO's CDBS entry; retrieved September 4, 2019. External links FCC Station Search Details: DWMRO (Facility ID: 11749) FCC History Cards for WMRO (covering 1960–1979 as WSTH / WLVN / WWGM) vteRadio stations in the Nashville metropolitan area (Tennessee)By AM frequency 560 650 760 790 830 880 900 980 1160 1200 1240 1300 1360 1380 1430 1450 1470 1490 1510 By SW frequency 5.085/9.475 3.215/6.115/15.825 4.84/13.845 5.935/7.49/9.35/12.16 5.89/9.98 By FM frequency 88.1 88.3 88.5 88.7 89.1 89.5 89.9 90.3 91.1 91.7 92.1 92.9 93.7 94.1 94.5 95.5 96.3 97.1 97.9 98.9 99.7 100.1 101.1 102.5 102.9 103.3 104.5 104.9 105.1 105.9 106.7 107.5 LPFM 101.5 107.1 Translators 89.9 90.7 92.3 92.5 93.3 94.9 95.9 97.5 98.3 99.3 100.5 101.9 W270AF W270BK 102.1 103.9 104.9 106.3 107.1 107.9 NOAA Weather Radiofrequency 162.475 162.525 162.55 Digital radioby frequency & subchannel 88.5-1 88.5-2 89.5-1 89.5-2 89.5-3 90.3-1 90.3-2 92.1-1 97.1-1 97.1-2 97.1-3 97.1-4 97.9-1 97.9-2 97.9-3 101.1-1 102.5-1 102.5-2 102.5-3 102.9-1 102.9-2 102.9-3 104.5-1 104.5-2 104.5-3 105.9-1 105.9-2 106.7-1 107.5-1 By call sign KIG79 W210CD W214BQ W222BZ W223BV W227DC W235BW W240CA W248BQ W252CM W257BX W263AI W270AF W270BK W271AB W280FN W285FB W292ED W296DE W300DO WANT WAYM WAYW WBOZ WBUZ HD2 HD3 WCJK WCOR WCRT WECV WENO WFCM-FM WFCN WFFH WFFI WFSK-FM WGFX HD2 HD3 WGNS WHEW WHPY-FM WJXA WJZM WKDA WKDF WLAC WLVU HD2 HD3 HD4 WMDB WMOT HD2 HD3 WMTS-FM WNAH WNFN WNG631 WNQM WNRQ HD2 WNSR WNTC WNVL WNXP WPLN-FM HD2 WPRT-FM HD2 HD3 WQQK WQZQ WRFN-LP WRLT WRVW WSIX-FM HD2 HD3 WSM WSM-FM WTWW WUBT WVCP HD2 WVOL WWCR WWTN WXK63 WXNA-LP WYFN WYGI Defunct W4XA WCRT-FM1 (98.7 FM) WMRO (1560 AM) WRVU W47NV/WSM-FM Radio stations in Middle Tennessee Clarksville-Hopkinsville Cookeville Nashville Tullahoma-Manchester Other nearby regions Bowling Green Chattanooga Florence-Muscle Shoals Huntsville Jackson and Northwest Tennessee See also List of radio stations in Tennessee vteAdult Contemporary radio stations in the state of TennesseeStations WALI – Dayton WBNT-FM – Oneida WCDT - Winchester WCLE-FM – Calhoun WCMT-FM – South Fulton WDEF-FM – Chattanooga WEGR - Arlington/Memphis WFTZ – Manchester WHHM-FM – Henderson/Jackson WJXA – Nashville WJXB-FM – Knoxville WLQK – Livingston/Cookeville WLVS-FM - Clifton WLZK – Paris WMXV – Saint Joseph WNWS - Brownsville WRVR – Memphis WSEV-FM – Gatlinburg WTFM – Kingsport WTRZ – Spencer WYDL- Middletown WYGO - Madisonville See also adult contemporary classic hits college country news/talk NPR oldies religious rock sports top 40 urban other radio stations in Tennessee	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AM_broadcasting"},{"link_name":"radio station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_station"},{"link_name":"Gallatin, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallatin,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vhof-2"}],"text":"WMRO (1560 AM, \"Magic 1560\") was a radio station licensed to and serving Gallatin, Tennessee. The station was locally owned by Scott, Leslie, and Sandra Bailey of Classic Broadcasting, Inc.[2] The station's studios and transmitter facilities were located a half–mile north of downtown Gallatin.","title":"WMRO"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"adult contemporary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_contemporary"}],"text":"The station was last branded as \"Magic 1560\" and aired the satellite-fed adult contemporary music format from Cumulus Media. On Sundays, church services, religious programs, Sunday afternoon gospel music, and local programming focusing on Gallatin area were aired. On September 12, 2014, the station changed its format from hot adult contemporary to a mainstream adult contemporary format.","title":"Programming"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unit-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unit-6"},{"link_name":"WZEZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WJXA"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fc86-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fc86-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fc93-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fc93-9"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fcc1-1"},{"link_name":"Aurora, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ct891224-10"},{"link_name":"oldies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldies"},{"link_name":"bedroom community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedroom_community"},{"link_name":"Wooly Bully","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wooly_Bully"},{"link_name":"Sam the Sham and the Pharaohs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_the_Sham"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fcc16adz-11"},{"link_name":"WVOL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WVOL"},{"link_name":"WQQK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WQQK"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vhof-2"}],"text":"The Second Thursday Corporation received the construction permit for a new AM radio station in Nashville in 1962. Originally assigned the call letters WSTH. However, the station signedon with the new call sign of WLVN signed on April 1, 1963, as \"The Nashville Sound\", focusing entirely on recordings made in the city.[3] WLVN relaunched as full-service WWGM on September 25, 1964.[4] The station broadcast with 10,000 watts during the daytime only, with a three tower directional pattern. Originally, the WWGM call sign stood for the Wonderful World of Good Music. Later on after a format change, the call sign stood for the Wonderful World of Gospel Music.After nearly four years of operation as WWGM, the station filed for bankruptcy in 1968.[5] Crawford Broadcasting bought the station at auction for $105,000 later that year—though it did not become the licensee until 1970—and said that if the equipment manufacturers that WWGM owed money would not make arrangements with it, the group would build a new facility.[6] Second Thursday also held a construction permit for an FM station on 92.9 MHz, sold separately,[6] that was finally built in 1976 as WZEZ, now WJXA.In September 1986, Dean A. Crawford Broadcasting Co. reached an agreement to sell WWGM to Lindsey Christian Broadcasting Company, consisting of Faye and her husband Rudy Lindsey.[7] The deal was approved by the FCC on November 25, 1986, and the transaction was consummated on December 16, 1986.[7] Throughout this era, the station was identified as a religious-oriented radio station, playing \"traditional Christian music and programs.\"[8]\nIn April 1993, Lindsey Christian Broadcasting Company reached an agreement to sell WWGM's license to Classic Broadcasting, Inc.[9] The contract agreement to transfer the WWGM License was signed by Lindsey Christian Broadcasting's vice president, Faye Lindsey and Classic Broadcasting's President, William E. \"Bill\" Bailey. The deal was approved by the FCC on October 25, 1993, and the transaction was consummated on October 28, 1993.[9]The new owners of WWGM, Classic Broadcasting, William E. \"Bill\" Bailey, Sandra Bailey, and Scott Bailey had the FCC change the call letters to WMRO on November 9, 1993[1] and a Construction Permit was fIled to relocate the station to Gallatin, TN. The new site was the former site of 1130 WAMG, Gallatin (now WYXE).The WMRO call letter sign had previously belonged to a station in Aurora, Illinois, for the previous 30 years (see below).[10] Today, that station's call sign is WBIG, and still continues to serving the Aurora, Illinois area.On Saturday, February 19, 1994, with its new call sign of WMRO, the station signed on at 8 AM and began playing an oldies music format. Little Richard, Elvis Presley, The Beatles, Bobby Darin, The Spinners, Rolling Stones, and The Turtles were among some of the artist played. There was a slight mix of disco music like the Bee Gees, Donna Summer, and Abba were played as well. Scott Bailey, then part-owner of WMRO, signed on the station, and was the first DJ to hit the air that morning. William \"Bill\" and Sandra Bailey are the parents of Scott Bailey. All three were owners of WMRO. Former WQQK 92Q Program Director Jay Dubard got with the Baileys and gave WMRO its station moniker name, Magic 1560.On April 1, 2006, the station flipped to a Hot Adult Contemporary music format because of the area's changing demographics as a Nashville bedroom community and another station in the county switching to an oldies format. The last oldies song played was \"Wooly Bully\" from Sam the Sham and the Pharaohs. The first song played with WMRO's new hot adult contemporary format was “Let Love In” by the Goo Goo Dolls. Owner/General Manager Scott Bailey made the format change that day at 5 PM. Despite a format change, WMRO retained its well-known moniker name, Magic 1560, but adding a new slogan, \"Today's Best Hits\".In December 2006, majority control of Classic Broadcasting was transferred from William E. \"Bill\" Bailey to Timothy Scott Bailey.[11] On February 7, 2007, William E. \"Bill\" Bailey died. Bill was Scott's father and Sandra's husband.However, with Scott Bailey as President and General Manager, with Leslie Bailey, (Scott's wife) Vice President, and Sandra Bailey (Scott's mother) Secretary, the three pushed on to keep WMRO, Magic 1560 going with serving the community and its Hot Adult Contemporary Music Format (Current Top 40 for Adults) and the station gained popularity in the Gallatin/Sumner County Community with a new audience. Scott Bailey was quoted by saying they were playing a music format that just wasn't done on AM Radio. A few area broadcasters who liked the previous oldies format mock Scott Bailey for WMRO's format change, but other broadcasters in the area praised Scott, Leslie, and Sandra Bailey for playing more of a \"Hot Adult Contemporary\" Hit Music format. One was Jack Williams, former owner of competitor WHIN Radio in Gallatin. Jack Williams was very supportive of the format change. In fact, Jack Williams is family related to Scott, Leslie, and Sandra Bailey.In 2007, WMRO also aired a weekly program called \"Music Business Radio\", produced at the studios of WRLT (Lightning 100) in Nashville, that promotes local bands, artist and writers. Lightning 100 DJ Dan Buckley worked with WMRO Owner/General Manager Scott Bailey to air Music Business Radio on WMRO to a reach much larger audience.On September 12, 2014 at 10 AM, the station changed format from Hot Adult Contemporary to Mainstream AC. WMRO kept its moniker name, slogan, and logo, \"Magic 1560, Today's Best Hits\" with its format change. The first song played on WMRO's new Mainstream AC Format was \"I Love Rock-n-Roll\" by Joan Jett and The Blackhearts.Before buying WMRO, Scott Bailey was an air personality known as \"Scott the Rock\" at Nashville's WVOL (1470 AM) and WQQK (92.1 FM)[2] known as 92Q, with a love for its Urban Contemporary Format. He did \"short stints\" at 103.3 WKDF, 880 WMDB, 88.1 WFSK in Nashville; 1270 WQKR, Portland, Tennessee; and 1570 WLBQ Morgantown, Kentucky. Scott Bailey began his radio career at WRVU-FM 91.1 at Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee, as a \"Non Student\" Volunteer in 1981, then to 88.5 WVCP at Volunteer State College taking radio courses from instructor Howard Esparvnik, at the same time working in the Commercial Radio Business in the Nashville Market. In January 2020, and after years of owning and operating WMRO, Scott Bailey retired from Terrestrial Radio after a bit over 40 years.On January 8, 2020, long-time Sunday afternoon DJ on WMRO, Wayne Akins, had died after an extended illness. Wayne Akins had previously been a Sunday Afternoon Gospel Music DJ at another area local AM station, but found his home at 1560 WMRO where he remained a very important asset to the station. Wayne Akins was from Westmoreland, TN.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"WYXE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WYXE"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"WMRO's last days of operation","text":"In the fall of 2018, the land and studio building on which WMRO's tower was located was sold by Classic Broadcasting. Classic Broadcasting could not pay the bank lein Citizens Bank of Lafayette, Tennessee had on the land and building only. Classic Broadcasting, under then President and General Manager, William E. \"Bill\" Bailey purchased the building, property and tower site on November 13, 1991, through an IRS auction. It was the former site of 1130 WAMG (now WYXE). In 2018, the bank allowed Classic Broadcasting to sell the property and building only to pay off the lein. Classic Broadcasting (Scott, Leslie, and Sandra Bailey) sold the building and land to a private individual. During this time, Classic Broadcasting's Consultant Engineer, James A. (Jim) Turvaville filed and applied for WMRO to have \"Special Temporary Authority\" to operate at 200 watts as a daytime–only station with a long wire antenna from Scott and Leslie Bailey's home. In a letter dated August 31, 2019, Scott Bailey returned WMRO's license to the FCC; the FCC cancelled the station's license on August 28, 2019.[12] During the last two hours WMRO was on, Scott Bailey dropped the Adult Contemporary Format, went live playing classic rock with classic R&B of the 70s and 80s. The last song played on WMRO according to Scott Bailey was \"Slow Ride\" by Foghat. After the song ended, he shut the transmitter off.","title":"History"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Call Sign History\". CDBS Public Access Database. FCC Media Bureau. November 9, 1993. Retrieved March 29, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://licensing.fcc.gov/cgi-bin/ws.exe/prod/cdbs/pubacc/prod/call_hist.pl?Facility_id=11749&Callsign=DWMRO","url_text":"\"Call Sign History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hall of Fame\". Vol State College Radio. Retrieved November 26, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www2.volstate.edu/wvcp/HallOfFame.htm","url_text":"\"Hall of Fame\""}]},{"reference":"\"WLVN To Open With 'Town and Country' Format\". March 24, 1963. Retrieved September 9, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/35773539/","url_text":"\"WLVN To Open With 'Town and Country' Format\""}]},{"reference":"\"New Radio Station, WWGM, To Debut\". The Tennessean. September 20, 1964. Retrieved September 9, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/35773483/","url_text":"\"New Radio Station, WWGM, To Debut\""}]},{"reference":"\"WWGM Files In Bankruptcy; Receiver Set\". The Tennessean. April 18, 1968. Retrieved September 7, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/35773574/","url_text":"\"WWGM Files In Bankruptcy; Receiver Set\""}]},{"reference":"\"WWGM May Build New Unit\". The Tennessean. July 6, 1968. Retrieved September 9, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/35773592/","url_text":"\"WWGM May Build New Unit\""}]},{"reference":"\"Application Search Details (BAL-19860916FV)\". FCC Media Bureau. December 16, 1986. Retrieved March 29, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://licensing.fcc.gov/cgi-bin/ws.exe/prod/cdbs/pubacc/prod/app_det.pl?Application_id=92211","url_text":"\"Application Search Details (BAL-19860916FV)\""}]},{"reference":"\"FCC Record, Volume 5, No. 14, Pages 3902 to 4380, July 2 - July 13, 1990\". July 1990.","urls":[{"url":"https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1662/m1/90/","url_text":"\"FCC Record, Volume 5, No. 14, Pages 3902 to 4380, July 2 - July 13, 1990\""}]},{"reference":"\"Application Search Details (BAPL-19930422EB)\". FCC Media Bureau. October 28, 1993. Retrieved March 29, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://licensing.fcc.gov/cgi-bin/ws.exe/prod/cdbs/pubacc/prod/app_det.pl?Application_id=185645","url_text":"\"Application Search Details (BAPL-19930422EB)\""}]},{"reference":"Young, Linda (December 24, 1989). \"Aurora Mourns Loss of WMRO\". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved July 2, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1989-12-24/sports/8903210205_1_station-beasley-broadcasting-east-aurora","url_text":"\"Aurora Mourns Loss of WMRO\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tribune","url_text":"Chicago Tribune"}]},{"reference":"\"Application Search Details (BTC-20061016ADZ)\". FCC Media Bureau. December 28, 2006. Retrieved March 29, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://licensing.fcc.gov/cgi-bin/ws.exe/prod/cdbs/pubacc/prod/app_det.pl?Application_id=1157830","url_text":"\"Application Search Details (BTC-20061016ADZ)\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=WMRO&params=36_24_03_N_86_27_03_W_","external_links_name":"36°24′03″N 86°27′03″W / 36.40083°N 86.45083°W / 36.40083; -86.45083"},{"Link":"http://licensing.fcc.gov/cgi-bin/ws.exe/prod/cdbs/pubacc/prod/call_hist.pl?Facility_id=11749&Callsign=DWMRO","external_links_name":"\"Call Sign History\""},{"Link":"http://www2.volstate.edu/wvcp/HallOfFame.htm","external_links_name":"\"Hall of Fame\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/35773539/","external_links_name":"\"WLVN To Open With 'Town and Country' Format\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/35773483/","external_links_name":"\"New Radio Station, WWGM, To Debut\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/35773574/","external_links_name":"\"WWGM Files In Bankruptcy; Receiver Set\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/35773592/","external_links_name":"\"WWGM May Build New Unit\""},{"Link":"http://licensing.fcc.gov/cgi-bin/ws.exe/prod/cdbs/pubacc/prod/app_det.pl?Application_id=92211","external_links_name":"\"Application Search Details (BAL-19860916FV)\""},{"Link":"https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1662/m1/90/","external_links_name":"\"FCC Record, Volume 5, No. 14, Pages 3902 to 4380, July 2 - July 13, 1990\""},{"Link":"http://licensing.fcc.gov/cgi-bin/ws.exe/prod/cdbs/pubacc/prod/app_det.pl?Application_id=185645","external_links_name":"\"Application Search Details (BAPL-19930422EB)\""},{"Link":"http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1989-12-24/sports/8903210205_1_station-beasley-broadcasting-east-aurora","external_links_name":"\"Aurora Mourns Loss of WMRO\""},{"Link":"http://licensing.fcc.gov/cgi-bin/ws.exe/prod/cdbs/pubacc/prod/app_det.pl?Application_id=1157830","external_links_name":"\"Application Search Details (BTC-20061016ADZ)\""},{"Link":"https://licensing.fcc.gov/cgi-bin/ws.exe/prod/cdbs/pubacc/prod/sta_det.pl?Facility_id=11749","external_links_name":"WMRO's CDBS entry; retrieved September 4, 2019."},{"Link":"https://licensing.fcc.gov/cgi-bin/ws.exe/prod/cdbs/pubacc/prod/sta_det.pl?Facility_id=11749","external_links_name":"FCC Station Search Details: DWMRO"},{"Link":"https://licensing.fcc.gov/cgi-bin/prod/cdbs/forms/prod/getimportletter_exh.cgi?import_letter_id=68864","external_links_name":"FCC History Cards for WMRO"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresno_County_Courthouse	Fresno County Courthouse	["1 Gallery","2 References","3 External links"]	Coordinates: 36°44′11″N 119°47′21″W / 36.7364°N 119.7891°W / 36.7364; -119.7891Courthouse in Fresno, CaliforniaFresno County CourthouseAlternative namesFresno Main CourthouseGeneral informationTypeCourthouseArchitectural styleNew FormalismLocation1100 Van Ness Avenue Fresno, CaliforniaCoordinates36°44′11″N 119°47′21″W / 36.7364°N 119.7891°W / 36.7364; -119.7891Completed1966OwnerCounty of FresnoManagementCounty of FresnoHeightRoof200 ft (61 m)Technical detailsFloor count82 below groundLifts/elevators5Design and constructionArchitect(s)WALTER WAGNER & PARTNERS, who were Paul Harris, Project Architect, James Blayney, Paul Schoenwald, Will Thomas, and Harry BodeReferences The Fresno County Courthouse is an 8-story, 200-foot-tall (61 m) high-rise building at 1100 Van Ness Avenue in downtown Fresno, California that serves as the main location for the Fresno County Superior Court. Construction was completed on the building in 1966 on the site of, and replacing, the previous neo-classical style courthouse that was built in 1875. Architectural historian David Gebhardt said of the loss of the old courthouse to the current one, "insipid." The courthouse is connected to the Fresno County Jail underground through a system of tunnels providing easy and safe transportation of inmates. A $113 million seismic retrofit was scheduled to be completed in 2015. The V-LINE bus stops here, providing connections to Visalia six times daily Gallery An early drawing of the old 1885 Fresno County Courthouse The Old Fresno Courthouse from 1956 References ^ "Emporis building ID 127095". Emporis. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016. ^ "Fresno County Courthouse". SkyscraperPage. ^ Fresno County Courthouse at Structurae ^ "Old Fresno County Courthouse". Emporis. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016. ^ "The Life and Death of Buildings". Princeton University Art Museum. Archived from the original on 13 January 2013. Retrieved 21 October 2012. ^ Carl Nolte (13 April 2002). "58 California icons: Every county courthouse has a tale to tell". The San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 21 October 2012. ^ "An Assessment of Staffing at the Fresno County Detention". ^ "Correctional Facility Information" (PDF). ^ "Fresno County Jail System Assessment". ^ Office of Court Construction and Management (2012). "Fresno County Courthouse Renovation". Administrative Office of the Courts. Retrieved 21 October 2012. ^ https://ridevline.com/schedule/ External links The Superior Court of California, County of Fresno official website The Original Fresno County Courthouse	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storey"},{"link_name":"high-rise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-rise"},{"link_name":"Fresno, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresno,_California"},{"link_name":"Fresno County Superior Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresno_County_Superior_Court"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Fresno County Jail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresno_County_Jail"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"V-LINE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visalia_Transit"},{"link_name":"Visalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visalia"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Courthouse in Fresno, CaliforniaThe Fresno County Courthouse is an 8-story, 200-foot-tall (61 m) high-rise building at 1100 Van Ness Avenue in downtown Fresno, California that serves as the main location for the Fresno County Superior Court.Construction was completed on the building in 1966 on the site of, and replacing, the previous neo-classical style courthouse that was built in 1875.[4][5] Architectural historian David Gebhardt said of the loss of the old courthouse to the current one, \"insipid.\"[6]The courthouse is connected to the Fresno County Jail underground through a system of tunnels providing easy and safe transportation of inmates.[7][8][9]A $113 million seismic retrofit was scheduled to be completed in 2015.[10]The V-LINE bus stops here, providing connections to Visalia six times daily [11]","title":"Fresno County Courthouse"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fresno_County_Courthouse_(1885).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fresno_County_Courthouse.jpg"}],"text":"An early drawing of the old 1885 Fresno County CourthouseThe Old Fresno Courthouse from 1956","title":"Gallery"}]	[{"image_text":"An early drawing of the old 1885 Fresno County Courthouse","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Fresno_County_Courthouse_%281885%29.jpg/110px-Fresno_County_Courthouse_%281885%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Old Fresno Courthouse from 1956","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Fresno_County_Courthouse.jpg/80px-Fresno_County_Courthouse.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Emporis building ID 127095\". Emporis. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160307043304/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/127095","url_text":"\"Emporis building ID 127095\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emporis","url_text":"Emporis"},{"url":"https://www.emporis.com/buildings/127095","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Fresno County Courthouse\". SkyscraperPage.","urls":[{"url":"https://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=24578","url_text":"\"Fresno County Courthouse\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SkyscraperPage","url_text":"SkyscraperPage"}]},{"reference":"\"Old Fresno County Courthouse\". Emporis. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160307024621/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/341857","url_text":"\"Old Fresno County Courthouse\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emporis","url_text":"Emporis"},{"url":"https://www.emporis.com/buildings/341857","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Life and Death of Buildings\". Princeton University Art Museum. Archived from the original on 13 January 2013. Retrieved 21 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130113112224/http://puam.princeton.edu/lifeanddeathofbuildings/section/introduction/fresnocountycourthous","url_text":"\"The Life and Death of Buildings\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University_Art_Museum","url_text":"Princeton University Art Museum"},{"url":"http://puam.princeton.edu/lifeanddeathofbuildings/section/introduction/fresnocountycourthous","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Carl Nolte (13 April 2002). \"58 California icons: Every county courthouse has a tale to tell\". The San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 21 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Nolte","url_text":"Carl Nolte"},{"url":"http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/58-California-icons-Every-county-courthouse-has-2851760.php#photo-2227864","url_text":"\"58 California icons: Every county courthouse has a tale to tell\""}]},{"reference":"\"An Assessment of Staffing at the Fresno County Detention\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.co.fresno.ca.us/home/showdocument?id=17030","url_text":"\"An Assessment of Staffing at the Fresno County Detention\""}]},{"reference":"\"Correctional Facility Information\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"http://www2.co.fresno.ca.us/0440/BidDocuments/952-5194/952-5194%20Exhibit%20A.pdf","url_text":"\"Correctional Facility Information\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fresno County Jail System Assessment\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.co.fresno.ca.us/home/showdocument?id=13233","url_text":"\"Fresno County Jail System Assessment\""}]},{"reference":"Office of Court Construction and Management (2012). \"Fresno County Courthouse Renovation\". Administrative Office of the Courts. Retrieved 21 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.courts.ca.gov/facilities-fresno-renovate.htm#tab3449","url_text":"\"Fresno County Courthouse Renovation\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Fresno_County_Courthouse&params=36.7364_N_119.7891_W_region:US-CA_type:landmark","external_links_name":"36°44′11″N 119°47′21″W / 36.7364°N 119.7891°W / 36.7364; -119.7891"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Fresno_County_Courthouse&params=36.7364_N_119.7891_W_region:US-CA_type:landmark","external_links_name":"36°44′11″N 119°47′21″W / 36.7364°N 119.7891°W / 36.7364; -119.7891"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160307043304/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/127095","external_links_name":"\"Emporis building ID 127095\""},{"Link":"https://www.emporis.com/buildings/127095","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=24578","external_links_name":"\"Fresno County Courthouse\""},{"Link":"https://structurae.net/structures/data/index.cfm?ID=20048802","external_links_name":"Fresno County Courthouse"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160307024621/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/341857","external_links_name":"\"Old Fresno County Courthouse\""},{"Link":"https://www.emporis.com/buildings/341857","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130113112224/http://puam.princeton.edu/lifeanddeathofbuildings/section/introduction/fresnocountycourthous","external_links_name":"\"The Life and Death of Buildings\""},{"Link":"http://puam.princeton.edu/lifeanddeathofbuildings/section/introduction/fresnocountycourthous","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/58-California-icons-Every-county-courthouse-has-2851760.php#photo-2227864","external_links_name":"\"58 California icons: Every county courthouse has a tale to tell\""},{"Link":"https://www.co.fresno.ca.us/home/showdocument?id=17030","external_links_name":"\"An Assessment of Staffing at the Fresno County Detention\""},{"Link":"http://www2.co.fresno.ca.us/0440/BidDocuments/952-5194/952-5194%20Exhibit%20A.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Correctional Facility Information\""},{"Link":"https://www.co.fresno.ca.us/home/showdocument?id=13233","external_links_name":"\"Fresno County Jail System Assessment\""},{"Link":"http://www.courts.ca.gov/facilities-fresno-renovate.htm#tab3449","external_links_name":"\"Fresno County Courthouse Renovation\""},{"Link":"https://ridevline.com/schedule/","external_links_name":"https://ridevline.com/schedule/"},{"Link":"http://www.fresno.courts.ca.gov/","external_links_name":"The Superior Court of California, County of Fresno official website"},{"Link":"https://www.pediment.com/blogs/news/the-original-fresno-county-courthouse","external_links_name":"The Original Fresno County Courthouse"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_in_a_cell	Doctor in a cell	["1 Pioneering work","2 First steps towards realization of the vision","3 DNA computers capable of simple logical deductions","4 ‘User-friendly’ DNA computers","5 DNA computers via computing bacteria","6 References"]	By combining computer science and molecular biology, researchers have put forth the concept of a programmable biological computer that navigates the human body, diagnosing diseases and administering treatments, termed a “Doctor in a cell”. Pioneering work The concept was first presented in 1998 by Ehud Shapiro from the Weizmann Institute as a conceptual design for an autonomous, programmable molecular Turing machine, realized at the time as a mechanical device, and a vision of how such machines can cause a revolution in medicine. The vision suggested that smart drugs, made of autonomous molecular computing devices, programmed with medical knowledge, could supplant present day drugs by analyzing the molecular state of their environment (input) based on programmed medical knowledge (program), and if deemed necessary release a drug molecule in response (output). First steps towards realization of the vision To realize this vision, Shapiro set a wet lab at Weizmann and was joined by Kobi Benenson. Within a few years Benenson, Shapiro and colleagues have made pioneering steps towards realizing this vision: (1) A molecular implementation of a programmable autonomous automaton in which the input was encoded as a DNA molecule, “software” (automaton transition rules) was encoded by short DNA molecules and the “hardware” was made of made DNA processing enzymes. (2) A simplified implementation of an automaton in which the DNA input molecule is used as fuel (3) A stochastic molecular automata in which transition probabilities can be programmed by varying the concentration of “software” molecules, specifically the relative concentrations of molecules encoding competing transition rules. And (4) Extending the stochastic automaton with input and output mechanisms, allowing it to interact with the environment in a pre-programmed way, and release a specific drug molecule for cancer upon detecting expression levels of mRNA characteristic of a specific cancer. These biomolecular computers were demonstrated in a test tube, wherein a number of cancer markers were pre-mixed to emulate different marker combinations. Biomolecular computers identified the presence of cancer markers (Simultaneously and independently identifying small-cell lung cancer markers and prostate cancer markers). The computer, equipped with medical knowledge, analysed the situation, diagnosed the type of cancer and then released the appropriate drug. DNA computers capable of simple logical deductions In 2009, Shapiro and PhD student Tom Ran presented the prototype of an autonomous programmable molecular system, based on the manipulation of DNA strands, which is capable of performing simple logical deductions. This prototype is the first simple programming language implemented on molecular-scale. Introduced into the body, this system has immense potential to accurately target specific cell types and administer the appropriate treatment, as it can perform millions of calculations at the same time and ‘think’ logically. Prof Shapiro’s team aims to make these computers perform highly complex actions and answer complicated questions, following a logical model first proposed by Aristotle over 2000 years ago. The biomolecular computers are extremely small: three trillion computers can fit into a single drop of water. If the computers were given the rule ‘All men are mortal’ and the fact ‘Socrates is a man’, they would answer ‘Socrates is mortal’. Multiple rules and facts were tested by the team and the biomolecular computers answered them correctly each time. ‘User-friendly’ DNA computers The team has also found a way to make these microscopic computing devices ‘user-friendly’ by creating a compiler – a program for bridging between a high-level computer programming language and DNA computing code. They sought to develop a hybrid in silico/in vitro system that supports the creation and execution of molecular logic programs in a similar way to electronic computers, enabling anyone who knows how to operate an electronic computer, with absolutely no background in molecular biology, to operate a biomolecular computer. DNA computers via computing bacteria In 2012, Prof. Ehud Shapiro and Dr. Tom Ran have succeeded in creating a genetic device that operates independently in bacterial cells. The device has been programmed to identify certain parameters and mount an appropriate response. The device searches for transcription factors - proteins that control the expression of genes in the cell. A malfunction of these molecules can disrupt gene expression. In cancer cells, for example, the transcription factors regulating cell growth and division do not function properly, leading to increased cell division and the formation of a tumor. The device, composed of a DNA sequence inserted into a bacterium, performs a "roll call" of transcription factors. If the results match pre-programmed parameters, it responds by creating a protein that emits a green light—supplying a visible sign of a "positive" diagnosis. In follow-up research, the scientists plan to replace the light-emitting protein with one that will affect the cell's fate, for example, a protein that can cause the cell to commit suicide. In this manner, the device will cause only "positively" diagnosed cells to self-destruct. Following the success of the study in bacterial cells, the researchers are planning to test ways of recruiting such bacteria as an efficient system to be conveniently inserted into the human body for medical purposes (which shouldn't be problematic given our natural Microbiome; recent research reveals there are already 10 times more bacterial cells in the human body than human cells, that share our body space in a symbiotic fashion). Yet another research goal is to operate a similar system inside human cells, which are much more complex than bacteria. References ^ Shapiro E., 1999 A mechanical Turing machine: blueprint for a biomolecular computer. In Paper presented at the Proc. 5th Int. Meeting on DNA-based Computers, 14–15 June 1999. Providence, RI: AMS Press. ^ Shapiro, Ehud. "A mechanical Turing machine: blueprint for a biomolecular computer." Interface Focus 2.4 (2012): 497-503. ^ K., Benenson, T., Paz-Elitzur, R., Adar, E., Keinan, Z., Livneh and E. Shapiro. (2001) Programmable and autonomous computing machine made of biomolecules. Nature 414, 430-434. ^ Benenson Y, Adar R, Paz-Elizur T, Livneh Z, Shapiro E, (2003) DNA molecule provides a computing machine with both data and fuel, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. ^ Adar R., Benenson Y., Linshiz G., Rozner A, Tishby N. and Shapiro E. (2004) Stochastic computing with biomolecular automata. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 101, 9960-65. ^ Yaakov Benenson, Binyamin Gil ,Uri Ben-Dor, Rivka Adar & Ehud Shapiro, (2004), An autonomous molecular computer for logical control of gene expression, Nature, 429, 423-429 ^ Tom Ran, Shai Kaplan & Ehud Shapiro, (2009), Molecular implementation of simple logic programs, Nature Nanotechnology, August, 2009. ^ Tom Ran, Yehonatan Douek, Lilach Milo, Ehud Shapiro. A programmable NOR-based device for transcription profile analysis. Scientific Reports, 2012.	[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Doctor in a cell"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Turing machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turing_machine"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The concept was first presented in 1998 by Ehud Shapiro from the Weizmann Institute as a conceptual design for an autonomous, programmable molecular Turing machine, realized at the time as a mechanical device, and a vision of how such machines can cause a revolution in medicine.[1]The vision suggested that smart drugs, made of autonomous molecular computing devices, programmed with medical knowledge, could supplant present day drugs by analyzing the molecular state of their environment (input) based on programmed medical knowledge (program), and if deemed necessary release a drug molecule in response (output).[2]","title":"Pioneering work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"automaton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automaton"},{"link_name":"DNA molecule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_molecule"},{"link_name":"software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software"},{"link_name":"DNA molecules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_molecule"},{"link_name":"hardware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardware_(computer)"},{"link_name":"enzymes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzymes"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"stochastic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stochastic"},{"link_name":"automata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automata"},{"link_name":"probabilities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probabilities"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer"},{"link_name":"mRNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRNA"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer"},{"link_name":"small-cell lung cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small-cell_lung_cancer"},{"link_name":"prostate cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostate_cancer"},{"link_name":"cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer"}],"text":"To realize this vision, Shapiro set a wet lab at Weizmann and was joined by Kobi Benenson. Within a few years Benenson, Shapiro and colleagues have made pioneering steps towards realizing this vision: (1) A molecular implementation of a programmable autonomous automaton in which the input was encoded as a DNA molecule, “software” (automaton transition rules) was encoded by short DNA molecules and the “hardware” was made of made DNA processing enzymes.[3] (2) A simplified implementation of an automaton in which the DNA input molecule is used as fuel[4] (3) A stochastic molecular automata in which transition probabilities can be programmed by varying the concentration of “software” molecules, specifically the relative concentrations of molecules encoding competing transition rules.[5] And (4) Extending the stochastic automaton with input and output mechanisms, allowing it to interact with the environment in a pre-programmed way, and release a specific drug molecule for cancer upon detecting expression levels of mRNA characteristic of a specific cancer.[6] These biomolecular computers were demonstrated in a test tube, wherein a number of cancer markers were pre-mixed to emulate different marker combinations. Biomolecular computers identified the presence of cancer markers (Simultaneously and independently identifying small-cell lung cancer markers and prostate cancer markers). The computer, equipped with medical knowledge, analysed the situation, diagnosed the type of cancer and then released the appropriate drug.","title":"First steps towards realization of the vision"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DNA strands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA"},{"link_name":"logical deductions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_deduction"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"programming language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_language"}],"text":"In 2009, Shapiro and PhD student Tom Ran presented the prototype of an autonomous programmable molecular system, based on the manipulation of DNA strands, which is capable of performing simple logical deductions.[7] This prototype is the first simple programming language implemented on molecular-scale. Introduced into the body, this system has immense potential to accurately target specific cell types and administer the appropriate treatment, as it can perform millions of calculations at the same time and ‘think’ logically. Prof Shapiro’s team aims to make these computers perform highly complex actions and answer complicated questions, following a logical model first proposed by Aristotle over 2000 years ago. The biomolecular computers are extremely small: three trillion computers can fit into a single drop of water. If the computers were given the rule ‘All men are mortal’ and the fact ‘Socrates is a man’, they would answer ‘Socrates is mortal’. Multiple rules and facts were tested by the team and the biomolecular computers answered them correctly each time.","title":"DNA computers capable of simple logical deductions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"user-friendly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User-friendly"},{"link_name":"compiler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compiler"},{"link_name":"high-level computer programming language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-level_programming_language"},{"link_name":"in silico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_silico"},{"link_name":"in vitro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_vitro"},{"link_name":"execution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Execution_(computing)"},{"link_name":"molecular biology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_biology"}],"text":"The team has also found a way to make these microscopic computing devices ‘user-friendly’ by creating a compiler – a program for bridging between a high-level computer programming language and DNA computing code. They sought to develop a hybrid in silico/in vitro system that supports the creation and execution of molecular logic programs in a similar way to electronic computers, enabling anyone who knows how to operate an electronic computer, with absolutely no background in molecular biology, to operate a biomolecular computer.","title":"‘User-friendly’ DNA computers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"genetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics"},{"link_name":"bacterial cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"transcription factors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_factors"},{"link_name":"proteins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteins"},{"link_name":"expression of genes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expression_of_genes"},{"link_name":"gene expression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_expression"},{"link_name":"cancer cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer_cells"},{"link_name":"transcription factors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_factors"},{"link_name":"cell growth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_growth"},{"link_name":"division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_division"},{"link_name":"tumor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumor"},{"link_name":"bacterium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterium"},{"link_name":"roll call","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/roll_call"},{"link_name":"transcription factors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_factors"},{"link_name":"green light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_fluorescent_protein"},{"link_name":"light-emitting protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_fluorescent_protein"},{"link_name":"Microbiome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbiome"},{"link_name":"symbiotic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbiotic"}],"text":"In 2012, Prof. Ehud Shapiro and Dr. Tom Ran have succeeded in creating a genetic device that operates independently in bacterial cells.[8] The device has been programmed to identify certain parameters and mount an appropriate response. The device searches for transcription factors - proteins that control the expression of genes in the cell. A malfunction of these molecules can disrupt gene expression. In cancer cells, for example, the transcription factors regulating cell growth and division do not function properly, leading to increased cell division and the formation of a tumor. The device, composed of a DNA sequence inserted into a bacterium, performs a \"roll call\" of transcription factors. If the results match pre-programmed parameters, it responds by creating a protein that emits a green light—supplying a visible sign of a \"positive\" diagnosis. In follow-up research, the scientists plan to replace the light-emitting protein with one that will affect the cell's fate, for example, a protein that can cause the cell to commit suicide. In this manner, the device will cause only \"positively\" diagnosed cells to self-destruct. Following the success of the study in bacterial cells, the researchers are planning to test ways of recruiting such bacteria as an efficient system to be conveniently inserted into the human body for medical purposes (which shouldn't be problematic given our natural Microbiome; recent research reveals there are already 10 times more bacterial cells in the human body than human cells, that share our body space in a symbiotic fashion). Yet another research goal is to operate a similar system inside human cells, which are much more complex than bacteria.","title":"DNA computers via computing bacteria"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v414/n6862/abs/414430a0.html","external_links_name":"Programmable and autonomous computing machine made of biomolecules"},{"Link":"http://www.pnas.org/content/100/5/2191.short","external_links_name":"DNA molecule provides a computing machine with both data and fuel"},{"Link":"http://www.pnas.org/content/101/27/9960.full","external_links_name":"Stochastic computing with biomolecular automata"},{"Link":"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v429/n6990/abs/nature02551.html","external_links_name":"An autonomous molecular computer for logical control of gene expression"},{"Link":"http://www.nature.com/nnano/journal/v4/n10/abs/nnano.2009.203.html","external_links_name":"Molecular implementation of simple logic programs"},{"Link":"http://www.nature.com/srep/2012/120907/srep00641/full/srep00641.html?WT.ec_id=SREP-631-20121001","external_links_name":"A programmable NOR-based device for transcription profile analysis"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepidoptera_Indica	Lepidoptera Indica	["1 History","2 Volumes","3 Commentaries and analyses","4 References","5 External links"]	Cover of volume 1 Lepidoptera Indica was a 10 volume work on the butterflies of the Indian region that was begun in 1890 and completed in 1913. It was published by Lovell Reeve and Co. of London. It has been considered the magnum opus of its author, Frederic Moore, assistant curator at the museum of the East India Company. Frederic Moore described a number of new species through this publication. Moore was a splitter, known for careless creation of synonyms, sometimes placing the same species in more than one genus. History Dedication The series was based on a large collection of butterflies that were under the care of the curator of the Asiatic Museum, Dr Thomas Horsfield. The museum was closed in 1879 and the collection was transferred to the British Museum. Moore in his preface defined the Indian region as being roughly bounded by the Himalayan mountains in the north, Suleiman and Hala mountains in the northwest, Ceylon to the South and Burma in the East and including the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Moore however died before the work could be completed and the work was then taken over by Colonel Charles Swinhoe, brother of Robert Swinhoe and one of the founders of the Bombay Natural History Society. The butterfly collections that were described in this work, many of which were previously undescribed had been made by additions from numerous correspondents and collectors in the Civil and Military services from across India. The first catalogue of these collections was prepared by Arthur Grote in 1857-1859. Grote also took notes on the life histories, making use of a Munshi Zynulabdin, a local artist. Moore also noted the contributions of Sir Walter Elliot from the Madras region, S. Nevill(e) Ward for notes from the Malabar coast, W. S. Atkinson, A.E. Russell, Colonel A.M. Lang (Oudh, Kashmir, Simla), Captain T. Hutton (Mussoorie), Captain H. L. de la Chaumette (Lucknow), C. Horne, Dr Francis Day, W. Forsyth Hunter, Major J. Le Mesurier, Major-Gen. G. Ramsay, Lt.-Col. H H G Godwin-Austin (sic), Captain R. Bayne Reed, W. B Farr, G. H. Wilkinson, Dr. A. Leith, Dr. J. Shortt, Capt. H. B. Hellard, W C Hewitson for material from the Atkinson collection, J. O Westwood for material collected by R. Hunter at Saugor, J. Anderson, James Wood-Mason, Rev. J. H. Hocking (Dharamsala), Mrs. F. A. de Roepstorff (for collections from the Andaman and Nicobar Islands made by her husband who was killed in 1883), A. Lindsay, G.A.J. Rothney, Colonel C. Swinhoe, Major J.W. Yerbury, Lionel de Niceville, H J Elwes, Hon. L. W. de Rothschild, G F Hampson (Nilgiris). Moore also thanks W F Kirby and A G Butler of the British Museum for nomenclature and bibliographic help. He also thanks private collectors including W L Distant, Godman and Salvin, H. Druce, Henley Grose-Smith and J.J. Weir, J H Leech and P. Crowley. Cover of volume 8 The delineation and lithography for the first few volumes was done mainly by Moore's son F. C. Moore but later made use of other artists including John Nugent Fitch and E. C. Knight. Volumes Illustration of Papilio crino from volume 6 Volume 1 (1890–1892) Nymphalidae (Euploeinae and Satyrinae) Volume 2 (1893–1896) Nymphalidae (Elymniinae, Amathusiinae, Nymphalinae) Volume 3 (1896–1899) Nymphalidae (Nymphalinae continued) Volume 4 (1899–1900) Nymphalide (Nymphalinae continued) Volume 5 (1901–1903) Nymphalidae, Riodinidae, Papilionidae Volume 6 (1903–1905) Family Papilionidae & Pieridae Moore died in 1907 and from volume 7, the work was taken over by Colonel Charles Swinhoe Volume 7 (1905–1910) Subfamily Pierinae & Lycaenidae By the 8th volume, there were photographs of the genitalia of some species. Volume 8 (1910–1911) Lycaenidae Volume 9 (1911–1912) Lycaenidae (continued), Hesperiidae Volume 10 (1912–1913) Hesperiidae Commentaries and analyses Moore was a splitter and did not follow the concept of subspecies for polytypic forms. Moore often created multiple genera for members of the same species, often in the same volume, leading to difficulties for early taxonomists to establish priority. The treatment was much improved after Swinhoe took over. James Cecil Mottram and his colleagues analyzed the statistical distributions of the extent and colours of butterflies, making use of the plates from Lepidoptera Indica. References ^ Sherborn, C. Davies (1894). "The dates of Moore's 'Lepidoptera Indica.'". Journal of Natural History. Series 6. 14 (84): 464–465. doi:10.1080/00222939408677837. ^ Moore, F. (1882). "List of the Lepidoptera collected by the Rev. J. H. Hocking, chiefly in the Kangra District, N.W. Himalaya 5 with Descriptions of new Genera and Species.- Part I." Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 50 (1): 234–263. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1882.tb02739.x. ^ Kloss, C. Boden (1903). In the Andamans and Nicobars. London: John Murray. p. 96. ^ Moore, Frederic (1890). "Preface". Lepidoptera Indica. Volume 1. L. Reeve and Co. London. ^ Swinhoe, C (1911). Lepidoptera Indica. Volume 8. L. Reeve and Co., London. ^ Cowan CF (1975) Horsfield, Moore, and the Catalogues of the East India Company Museum. Journal of the Society for the Bibliography of Natural History 7, 273–284. ^ Vane-Wright, Richard I.; Gaonkar, Harish (2006). "The Arhopala butterflies described by Fabricius: A. centaurus is from Java, A. democritus from Phuket (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)". Entomological Science. 9 (3): 295–311. doi:10.1111/j.1479-8298.2006.00175.x. S2CID 84169819. ^ Mottram, J. C.; Green, F. W. Edridge (1918). "Some aspects of animal colouration from the point of view of colour vision". Science Progress. 13 (50): 253–264. ISSN 2059-495X. JSTOR 43431790. ^ Mottram, J. C.; Green, F. W. Edridge (1918). "Some aspects of animal colouration from the point of view of colour vision". Science Progress. 13 (49): 65–78. ISSN 2059-495X. JSTOR 43426502. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lepidoptera Indica. Lepidoptera Indica. Scanned volumes at Internet Archive 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Lepidoptera Indica scanned volumes from Biodiversity Heritage Library	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lovell Reeve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovell_Augustus_Reeve"},{"link_name":"Frederic Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederic_Moore"},{"link_name":"splitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumpers_and_splitters"}],"text":"Lepidoptera Indica was a 10 volume work on the butterflies of the Indian region that was begun in 1890 and completed in 1913. It was published by Lovell Reeve and Co. of London. It has been considered the magnum opus of its author, Frederic Moore, assistant curator at the museum of the East India Company. Frederic Moore described a number of new species through this publication. Moore was a splitter, known for careless creation of synonyms, sometimes placing the same species in more than one genus.","title":"Lepidoptera Indica"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LepIndicaDedication.jpg"},{"link_name":"Thomas Horsfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Horsfield"},{"link_name":"Charles Swinhoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Swinhoe"},{"link_name":"Robert Swinhoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Swinhoe"},{"link_name":"Bombay Natural History Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombay_Natural_History_Society"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Arthur Grote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Grote"},{"link_name":"Walter Elliot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Elliot_(ICS)"},{"link_name":"S. Nevill(e) Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samuel_Neville_Ward&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"W. S. Atkinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Stephen_Atkinson"},{"link_name":"Francis Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Day"},{"link_name":"H H G Godwin-Austin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Haversham_Godwin-Austen"},{"link_name":"J. Shortt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Shortt"},{"link_name":"W C Hewitson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Chapman_Hewitson"},{"link_name":"J. O Westwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Obadiah_Westwood"},{"link_name":"James Wood-Mason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Wood-Mason"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"F. A. de Roepstorff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederik_Adolph_de_Roepstorff"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"G.A.J. Rothney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Alexander_James_Rothney&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"C. Swinhoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Swinhoe"},{"link_name":"J.W. Yerbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_William_Yerbury"},{"link_name":"Lionel de Niceville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_de_Niceville"},{"link_name":"H J Elwes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_John_Elwes"},{"link_name":"L. W. de Rothschild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Rothschild,_2nd_Baron_Rothschild"},{"link_name":"G F Hampson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Hampson"},{"link_name":"W F Kirby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Forsell_Kirby"},{"link_name":"A G Butler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Gardiner_Butler"},{"link_name":"W L Distant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Lucas_Distant"},{"link_name":"Godman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_DuCane_Godman"},{"link_name":"Salvin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osbert_Salvin"},{"link_name":"H. Druce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Druce"},{"link_name":"Henley Grose-Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henley_Grose-Smith"},{"link_name":"J.J. Weir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Jenner_Weir"},{"link_name":"J H Leech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Henry_Leech"},{"link_name":"P. Crowley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Crowley_(entomologist)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LepIndicaVol8cover.jpg"},{"link_name":"John Nugent Fitch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Nugent_Fitch"},{"link_name":"E. C. Knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._C._Knight_(illustrator)"}],"text":"DedicationThe series was based on a large collection of butterflies that were under the care of the curator of the Asiatic Museum, Dr Thomas Horsfield. The museum was closed in 1879 and the collection was transferred to the British Museum. Moore in his preface defined the Indian region as being roughly bounded by the Himalayan mountains in the north, Suleiman and Hala mountains in the northwest, Ceylon to the South and Burma in the East and including the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Moore however died before the work could be completed and the work was then taken over by Colonel Charles Swinhoe, brother of Robert Swinhoe and one of the founders of the Bombay Natural History Society.The butterfly collections that were described in this work, many of which were previously undescribed[1] had been made by additions from numerous correspondents and collectors in the Civil and Military services from across India. The first catalogue of these collections was prepared by Arthur Grote in 1857-1859. Grote also took notes on the life histories, making use of a Munshi Zynulabdin, a local artist. Moore also noted the contributions of Sir Walter Elliot from the Madras region, S. Nevill(e) Ward for notes from the Malabar coast, W. S. Atkinson, A.E. Russell, Colonel A.M. Lang (Oudh, Kashmir, Simla), Captain T. Hutton (Mussoorie), Captain H. L. de la Chaumette (Lucknow), C. Horne, Dr Francis Day, W. Forsyth Hunter, Major J. Le Mesurier, Major-Gen. G. Ramsay, Lt.-Col. H H G Godwin-Austin (sic), Captain R. Bayne Reed, W. B Farr, G. H. Wilkinson, Dr. A. Leith, Dr. J. Shortt, Capt. H. B. Hellard, W C Hewitson for material from the Atkinson collection, J. O Westwood for material collected by R. Hunter at Saugor, J. Anderson, James Wood-Mason, Rev. J. H. Hocking (Dharamsala),[2] Mrs. F. A. de Roepstorff (for collections from the Andaman and Nicobar Islands made by her husband who was killed in 1883[3]), A. Lindsay, G.A.J. Rothney, Colonel C. Swinhoe, Major J.W. Yerbury, Lionel de Niceville, H J Elwes, Hon. L. W. de Rothschild, G F Hampson (Nilgiris). Moore also thanks W F Kirby and A G Butler of the British Museum for nomenclature and bibliographic help. He also thanks private collectors including W L Distant, Godman and Salvin, H. Druce, Henley Grose-Smith and J.J. Weir, J H Leech and P. Crowley.[4]Cover of volume 8The delineation and lithography for the first few volumes was done mainly by Moore's son F. C. Moore but later made use of other artists including John Nugent Fitch and E. C. Knight.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PapilioCrinoM_493.jpg"},{"link_name":"Charles Swinhoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Swinhoe"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Illustration of Papilio crino from volume 6Volume 1 (1890–1892) Nymphalidae (Euploeinae and Satyrinae)\nVolume 2 (1893–1896) Nymphalidae (Elymniinae, Amathusiinae, Nymphalinae)\nVolume 3 (1896–1899) Nymphalidae (Nymphalinae continued)\nVolume 4 (1899–1900) Nymphalide (Nymphalinae continued)\nVolume 5 (1901–1903) Nymphalidae, Riodinidae, Papilionidae\nVolume 6 (1903–1905) Family Papilionidae & PieridaeMoore died in 1907 and from volume 7, the work was taken over by Colonel Charles SwinhoeVolume 7 (1905–1910) Subfamily Pierinae & LycaenidaeBy the 8th volume, there were photographs of the genitalia of some species.[5]Volume 8 (1910–1911) Lycaenidae\nVolume 9 (1911–1912) Lycaenidae (continued), Hesperiidae\nVolume 10 (1912–1913) Hesperiidae","title":"Volumes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"James Cecil Mottram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cecil_Mottram"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Moore was a splitter and did not follow the concept of subspecies for polytypic forms. Moore often created multiple genera for members of the same species, often in the same volume, leading to difficulties for early taxonomists to establish priority. The treatment was much improved after Swinhoe took over.[6][7]James Cecil Mottram and his colleagues analyzed the statistical distributions of the extent and colours of butterflies, making use of the plates from Lepidoptera Indica.[8][9]","title":"Commentaries and analyses"}]	[{"image_text":"Cover of volume 1","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/LepIndicaVol1Cover.jpg/170px-LepIndicaVol1Cover.jpg"},{"image_text":"Dedication","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/LepIndicaDedication.jpg/220px-LepIndicaDedication.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cover of volume 8","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/LepIndicaVol8cover.jpg/170px-LepIndicaVol8cover.jpg"},{"image_text":"Illustration of Papilio crino from volume 6","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/PapilioCrinoM_493.jpg/220px-PapilioCrinoM_493.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Sherborn, C. Davies (1894). \"The dates of Moore's 'Lepidoptera Indica.'\". Journal of Natural History. Series 6. 14 (84): 464–465. doi:10.1080/00222939408677837.","urls":[{"url":"https://zenodo.org/record/1430323","url_text":"\"The dates of Moore's 'Lepidoptera Indica.'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00222939408677837","url_text":"10.1080/00222939408677837"}]},{"reference":"Moore, F. (1882). \"List of the Lepidoptera collected by the Rev. J. H. Hocking, chiefly in the Kangra District, N.W. Himalaya 5 with Descriptions of new Genera and Species.- Part I.\" Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 50 (1): 234–263. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1882.tb02739.x.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/28678568","url_text":"\"List of the Lepidoptera collected by the Rev. J. H. Hocking, chiefly in the Kangra District, N.W. Himalaya 5 with Descriptions of new Genera and Species.- Part I.\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1096-3642.1882.tb02739.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1096-3642.1882.tb02739.x"}]},{"reference":"Kloss, C. Boden (1903). In the Andamans and Nicobars. London: John Murray. p. 96.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/inandamansnicoba00klos#page/96/mode/2up","url_text":"In the Andamans and Nicobars"}]},{"reference":"Moore, Frederic (1890). \"Preface\". Lepidoptera Indica. Volume 1. L. Reeve and Co. London.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/lepidopteraindic01moor#page/n13/mode/1up","url_text":"\"Preface\""}]},{"reference":"Swinhoe, C (1911). Lepidoptera Indica. Volume 8. L. Reeve and Co., London.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/lepidopteraindic08moor#page/4/mode/2up","url_text":"Lepidoptera Indica. Volume 8"}]},{"reference":"Vane-Wright, Richard I.; Gaonkar, Harish (2006). \"The Arhopala butterflies described by Fabricius: A. centaurus is from Java, A. democritus from Phuket (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)\". Entomological Science. 9 (3): 295–311. doi:10.1111/j.1479-8298.2006.00175.x. S2CID 84169819.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1479-8298.2006.00175.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1479-8298.2006.00175.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:84169819","url_text":"84169819"}]},{"reference":"Mottram, J. C.; Green, F. W. Edridge (1918). \"Some aspects of animal colouration from the point of view of colour vision\". Science Progress. 13 (50): 253–264. ISSN 2059-495X. JSTOR 43431790.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/43431790","url_text":"\"Some aspects of animal colouration from the point of view of colour vision\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2059-495X","url_text":"2059-495X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/43431790","url_text":"43431790"}]},{"reference":"Mottram, J. C.; Green, F. W. Edridge (1918). \"Some aspects of animal colouration from the point of view of colour vision\". Science Progress. 13 (49): 65–78. ISSN 2059-495X. JSTOR 43426502.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/43426502","url_text":"\"Some aspects of animal colouration from the point of view of colour vision\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2059-495X","url_text":"2059-495X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/43426502","url_text":"43426502"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://zenodo.org/record/1430323","external_links_name":"\"The dates of Moore's 'Lepidoptera Indica.'\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00222939408677837","external_links_name":"10.1080/00222939408677837"},{"Link":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/28678568","external_links_name":"\"List of the Lepidoptera collected by the Rev. J. H. Hocking, chiefly in the Kangra District, N.W. Himalaya 5 with Descriptions of new Genera and Species.- Part I.\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1096-3642.1882.tb02739.x","external_links_name":"10.1111/j.1096-3642.1882.tb02739.x"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/inandamansnicoba00klos#page/96/mode/2up","external_links_name":"In the Andamans and Nicobars"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/lepidopteraindic01moor#page/n13/mode/1up","external_links_name":"\"Preface\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/lepidopteraindic08moor#page/4/mode/2up","external_links_name":"Lepidoptera Indica. Volume 8"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1479-8298.2006.00175.x","external_links_name":"10.1111/j.1479-8298.2006.00175.x"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:84169819","external_links_name":"84169819"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/43431790","external_links_name":"\"Some aspects of animal colouration from the point of view of colour vision\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2059-495X","external_links_name":"2059-495X"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/43431790","external_links_name":"43431790"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/43426502","external_links_name":"\"Some aspects of animal colouration from the point of view of colour vision\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2059-495X","external_links_name":"2059-495X"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/43426502","external_links_name":"43426502"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/lepidopteraindic01moor","external_links_name":"1"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/lepidopteraindic002moor","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/lepidopteraindic003moor","external_links_name":"3"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/lepidopteraindic04moor","external_links_name":"4"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/lepidopteraindic05moor","external_links_name":"5"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/lepidopteraindic06moor","external_links_name":"6"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/lepidopteraindic07moor","external_links_name":"7"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/lepidopteraindic08moor","external_links_name":"8"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/lepidopteraindic09moor","external_links_name":"9"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/lepidopteraindic10moor","external_links_name":"10"},{"Link":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/51750#","external_links_name":"scanned volumes"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Joachim_Lauck	Hans Joachim Lauck	["1 Life","2 Award","3 References"]	Hans-Joachim LauckBorn27 September 1937Freyburg (Umstrut), Saxony-Anhalt, GermanyOccupationPoliticianPolitical partySED Hans-Joachim Lauck (born Freyburg (Unstrut) 27 September 1937) was a Minister for Heavy Plant and Machinery Construction in the German Democratic Republic. Life Lauck was born into a working-class family a small town in a wine-producing region in central Germany, some 63 km (40 miles) to the west of Leipzig. By the time he left school the war had ended and the region in which he lived had become first the Soviet occupation zone in what remained of Germany and then, formally founded in October 1949, the Soviet sponsored German Democratic Republic. He undertook a training as a pipe-fitter between 1951 and 1955 in the "VEB (People owned business) Metal Production and Rolling Mill" at Merseburg. He was also, from 1951 up till 1964 a member of the FDJ, which was in effect the youth wing of East Germany's ruling SED (party). A further period of study at the Engineering Academy for Steel Production and Rolling at Riesa followed between 1955 and 1958, leading to a degree in Steel rolling mill Engineering. Between 1958 and 1963 Lauck worked at the "VEB William Florin Steel and rolling mill" facility at Hennigsdorf, first as Assistant to the Production Director and then as Head of Production. He undertook further study by correspondence course from 1962 till 1968 with the Freiberg Mining Academy. In 1963, now aged 25, Hans-Joachim Lauck joined the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED / Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands) which since its controversial creation in April 1946 had become the ruling party, as part of a return to one-party government within this Soviet sponsored version of Germany. As a party member Lauck continued to work in the country's strategically and industrially important steel production sector. From 1963 till 1969 he was Chief Officer, Department Head and Production Director at the "VVB ("United people's owned businesses") steel production and rolling mill" at Berlin. After this he worked as Production Director at the "VEB Quality and Carbon Steel Combine Hennigsdorf", a short distance outside Berlin. From 1970 till 1979 Lauck was the Director of the Brandenburg Steel production and rolling Mill, and from 1979 till 1986 General Director of the Brandenburg Quality and Carbon Steel Combine. In 1975/76 Lauck was a student at the Party Central Committee's "Karl Marx" Academy, which adumbrated a more openly political career for him. In 1985 he received an engineering doctorate from the Freiberg Mining Academy. Also during this period he served in the Party Leadership Team in Brandenburg, and was, for a number of years, a municipal councilor in Brandenburg. A move into national government came in July 1986 when Hans-Joachim Lauck was appointed Minister for Heavy Plant and Machinery Construction in succession to Rolf Kersten. The country's constitution by now asserted the leading role of The Party, so that in some ways it was the primary task of government ministers simply to carry out party policy, though at the higher levels the same individuals were often in positions of power and influence in both institutions, making the distinction relatively unimportant. There were approximately fifteen government ministers covering departments with areas of responsibility not dissimilar from their western equivalents. Additionally, however, under the New Economic System of Planning and Direction (Neues Ökonomisches System der Planung und Leitung) established (formally) in 1961, there were a further (approximately) fifteen ministers with responsibility for individual industry sectors. Lauck was one of these. In November 1986 he joined the country's Council of Ministers. On 15 January 1990 he became the Minister for Mechanical Engineering in succession to Karl Grünheid in the government of Hans Modrow, remaining in office till the change of government that came about following the country's first and last free national election in April 1990. He was not one of those who had participated in the election, and during the run up to reunification the government no longer employed fifteen junior ministers with responsibility for individual industry sectors: however, Launck continued to work in the Economics Ministry as a deputy departmental director under the government of Lothar de Maizière, which continued in office till the formal reunification of Germany in October 1990. Award 1987 Patriotic Order of Merit References ^ a b c d e Helmut Müller-Enbergs. "Lauck, Hans-Joachim * 27.9.1937 Minister für Schwermaschinen- u. Anlagenbau". Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur: Biographische Datenbanken. Retrieved 4 February 2015. ^ Freiberg in Saxony where there was (and is) a small Mining Academy is not to be confused with Freyburg (Unstrut) in Saxony-Anhalt where Lauck was born. The two are approximately 160km/100 miles apart. ^ Minister für Schwermaschinen- und Anlagenbau ^ Neues Deutschland 28 November 1986. Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Freyburg (Unstrut)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freyburg,_Germany"},{"link_name":"German Democratic Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Democratic_Republic"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BiographischeDatenbankenH-JK-1"}],"text":"Hans-Joachim Lauck (born Freyburg (Unstrut) 27 September 1937) was a Minister for Heavy Plant and Machinery Construction in the German Democratic Republic.[1]","title":"Hans Joachim Lauck"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"wine-producing region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotk%C3%A4ppchen-Mumm_Sektkellereien"},{"link_name":"Leipzig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig"},{"link_name":"war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"Soviet occupation zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_occupation_zone"},{"link_name":"Soviet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Military_Administration_in_Germany"},{"link_name":"sponsored","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_of_Soviet_Forces_in_Germany"},{"link_name":"German Democratic Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Democratic_Republic"},{"link_name":"VEB (People owned business)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkseigener_Betrieb"},{"link_name":"Merseburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merseburg"},{"link_name":"FDJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freie_Deutsche_Jugend"},{"link_name":"SED (party)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Unity_Party_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"Riesa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riesa"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BiographischeDatenbankenH-JK-1"},{"link_name":"VEB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkseigener_Betrieb"},{"link_name":"Hennigsdorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hennigsdorf"},{"link_name":"Freiberg Mining Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freiberg_University_of_Mining_and_Technology"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED / Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Unity_Party_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"controversial creation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merger_of_the_KPD_and_SPD_into_the_Socialist_Unity_Party_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"one-","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-party_state"},{"link_name":"party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Unity_Party_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"sponsored","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_of_Soviet_Forces_in_Germany"},{"link_name":"version of Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Democratic_Republic"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BiographischeDatenbankenH-JK-1"},{"link_name":"\"VVB (\"United people's owned businesses\")","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vereinigung_Volkseigener_Betriebe"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"\"VEB Quality and Carbon Steel Combine Hennigsdorf\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stahl-_und_Walzwerk_Hennigsdorf"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BiographischeDatenbankenH-JK-1"},{"link_name":"Freiberg Mining Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freiberg_University_of_Mining_and_Technology"},{"link_name":"Brandenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandenburg_an_der_Havel"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BiographischeDatenbankenH-JK-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Rolf Kersten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolf_Kersten"},{"link_name":"The Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Unity_Party_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"New Economic System of Planning and Direction (Neues Ökonomisches System der Planung und Leitung)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Economic_System"},{"link_name":"Council of Ministers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_the_GDR"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Karl Grünheid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Gr%C3%BCnheid"},{"link_name":"Hans Modrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Modrow"},{"link_name":"national election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_East_German_general_election"},{"link_name":"Lothar de Maizière","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lothar_de_Maizi%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"reunification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_reunification"}],"text":"Lauck was born into a working-class family a small town in a wine-producing region in central Germany, some 63 km (40 miles) to the west of Leipzig. By the time he left school the war had ended and the region in which he lived had become first the Soviet occupation zone in what remained of Germany and then, formally founded in October 1949, the Soviet sponsored German Democratic Republic. He undertook a training as a pipe-fitter between 1951 and 1955 in the \"VEB (People owned business) Metal Production and Rolling Mill\" at Merseburg. He was also, from 1951 up till 1964 a member of the FDJ, which was in effect the youth wing of East Germany's ruling SED (party). A further period of study at the Engineering Academy for Steel Production and Rolling at Riesa followed between 1955 and 1958, leading to a degree in Steel rolling mill Engineering.[1]Between 1958 and 1963 Lauck worked at the \"VEB William Florin Steel and rolling mill\" facility at Hennigsdorf, first as Assistant to the Production Director and then as Head of Production. He undertook further study by correspondence course from 1962 till 1968 with the Freiberg Mining Academy.[2] In 1963, now aged 25, Hans-Joachim Lauck joined the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED / Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands) which since its controversial creation in April 1946 had become the ruling party, as part of a return to one-party government within this Soviet sponsored version of Germany.[1]As a party member Lauck continued to work in the country's strategically and industrially important steel production sector. From 1963 till 1969 he was Chief Officer, Department Head and Production Director at the \"VVB (\"United people's owned businesses\") steel production and rolling mill\" at Berlin. After this he worked as Production Director at the \"VEB Quality and Carbon Steel Combine Hennigsdorf\", a short distance outside Berlin. From 1970 till 1979 Lauck was the Director of the Brandenburg Steel production and rolling Mill, and from 1979 till 1986 General Director of the Brandenburg Quality and Carbon Steel Combine.[1] In 1975/76 Lauck was a student at the Party Central Committee's \"Karl Marx\" Academy, which adumbrated a more openly political career for him. In 1985 he received an engineering doctorate from the Freiberg Mining Academy. Also during this period he served in the Party Leadership Team in Brandenburg, and was, for a number of years, a municipal councilor in Brandenburg.A move into national government came in July 1986 when Hans-Joachim Lauck was appointed Minister for Heavy Plant and Machinery Construction[1][3] in succession to Rolf Kersten. The country's constitution by now asserted the leading role of The Party, so that in some ways it was the primary task of government ministers simply to carry out party policy, though at the higher levels the same individuals were often in positions of power and influence in both institutions, making the distinction relatively unimportant. There were approximately fifteen government ministers covering departments with areas of responsibility not dissimilar from their western equivalents. Additionally, however, under the New Economic System of Planning and Direction (Neues Ökonomisches System der Planung und Leitung) established (formally) in 1961, there were a further (approximately) fifteen ministers with responsibility for individual industry sectors. Lauck was one of these. In November 1986 he joined the country's Council of Ministers.[4] On 15 January 1990 he became the Minister for Mechanical Engineering in succession to Karl Grünheid in the government of Hans Modrow, remaining in office till the change of government that came about following the country's first and last free national election in April 1990. He was not one of those who had participated in the election, and during the run up to reunification the government no longer employed fifteen junior ministers with responsibility for individual industry sectors: however, Launck continued to work in the Economics Ministry as a deputy departmental director under the government of Lothar de Maizière, which continued in office till the formal reunification of Germany in October 1990.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Patriotic Order of Merit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriotic_Order_of_Merit"}],"text":"1987 Patriotic Order of Merit","title":"Award"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Helmut Müller-Enbergs. \"Lauck, Hans-Joachim * 27.9.1937 Minister für Schwermaschinen- u. Anlagenbau\". Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur: Biographische Datenbanken. Retrieved 4 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_M%C3%BCller-Enbergs","url_text":"Helmut Müller-Enbergs"},{"url":"http://www.bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de/wer-war-wer-in-der-ddr-%2363%3B-1424.html?ID=2032","url_text":"\"Lauck, Hans-Joachim * 27.9.1937 Minister für Schwermaschinen- u. Anlagenbau\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de/wer-war-wer-in-der-ddr-%2363%3B-1424.html?ID=2032","external_links_name":"\"Lauck, Hans-Joachim * 27.9.1937 Minister für Schwermaschinen- u. Anlagenbau\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/7037149416770589730000","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1131258916","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2017113236","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rikki_and_the_Last_Days_of_Earth	Rikki and the Last Days of Earth	["1 History","2 Legacy","3 Discography","3.1 Studio albums","3.2 Singles","4 References","5 External links"]	British punk group Rikki and the Last Days of EarthBackground informationAlso known asRikki And The Last Days on Earth (early), Rikki And The Last DaysOriginEnglandGenresPunk rock, new wave, synthpop, post-punkYears active1976–c. 1978LabelsDJMPast membersRikki SylvanValac Van Der VeeneAndy PrinceNik WeissHugh Inge-Innes Lillingston Rikki and the Last Days of Earth (formerly Rikki and the Last Days on Earth) were an early British punk group. They were chronicled in Henrik Poulsen's book 77: The Year of Punk and New Wave. Billboard credited them with paving the way for 1980s new romantic acts. History The band was formed in November 1976 by vocalist Rikki Sylvan (whose real name was Nicholas Condron) and guitarist Valac Van Der Veene, joined shortly afterwards by keyboardist Nik Weiss, bassist Andy Prince (also called Andy Prinz) and drummer Nigel Bartle. In May 1977, Bartle was replaced by Hugh Inge-Innes Lillingston. The band were managed by Frank Case. Although the band seemed to be working class (a stereotypical characteristic for punk musicians), they had a middle-class (or even upper-class) upbringing. Sylvan lived in Kensington and went to public school, Prince lived with his parents in Addlestone and Weiss went to public school. The son of a lieutenant commander, Inge-Innes Lillingstone lived in Thorpe Hall, near Tamworth, and attended Eton School. The band's official live concert debut was at The Man in the Moon in Chelsea on 28 May 1977. A single called Oundle RocSoc, containing early versions of "City of the Damned" and "Dorian Gray") was recorded at Tin Pan Alley Studio and released in May 1977. In the late summer of 1977, the band signed with DJM Records, and a new, re-recorded version of "City of the Damned" was released as a single in November. In January 1978, the band released the single "Loaded", backed with a cover of the Rolling Stones' song "Street Fighting Man"). That May, "Twilight Jack" was recorded as an acetate but never released commercially. Shortly afterwards, they released their excellent 4 Minute Warning album, which according to one critic was "roundly ignored". While the band were recording a second album at the CBS studio in London, they were dropped by DJM and split up shortly afterward. Their records generally received bad reviews in the British press. Later, Sylvan mixed Gary Numan's albums Replicas (with Numan's previous band Tubeway Army) and The Pleasure Principle. He also released a solo album, The Silent Hours, and then formed a band called 3AM with Steve Wilkin (guitar) and Derek Quinton (drums), both ex-members of Neo. Van Der Veene became a journalist, interviewing new wave icons. Prince joined Random Hold, but also worked with his ex-bandmate Sylvan in the 1980s. Legacy According to AllMusic: "When the history of the new wave finally started to get written, Rikki and the Last Days of Earth were conspicuous by their absence. No one remembered; nobody cared. Yet without them, a lot of what is now taken for granted about the early '80s might never have occurred". Discography Studio albums 4 Minute Warning (May 1978, DJM Records) Singles Oundle RocSoc (May 1977, self-released) (One Sided, No Picture Sleeve) "City of the Damned" (November 1977, (DJM Records) With Picture Sleeve "Loaded" (January 1978, (DJM Records) With Picture Sleeve "Twilight Jack" (May 1978, DJM Records) (Acetate Only, NO General Release) "Tokyo" (September 1978, DJM Records) Credited to Rikki Sylvan & The Last Days (Picture Sleeve) References ^ "Footnote Archives: Last Days paved the way for '80s romantic acts". Billboard. 24 April 2008. Retrieved 17 April 2011. ^ a b c d Thompson, Dave. Ricky and the Last Days of Earth at AllMusic ^ "Spit and beer". Tamworth Herald. Tamworth, UK. 10 March 1978. Retrieved 17 April 2011. ^ "Rikki & The Last Days of Earth debut 7". mrpibbs.com. Retrieved 17 April 2011. ^ Robbins, Ira. "Rikki and the Last Days of Earth". Trouser Press. Retrieved 17 April 2011. ^ "Rikki & The Last Days On Earth - UK Punk Rock - Discography". punk77.co.uk. Retrieved 17 April 2011. External links punk77.co.uk - discography titsymina - discography Authority control databases International VIAF National United States Artists MusicBrainz	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_rock"},{"link_name":"Henrik Poulsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/77:_The_Year_of_Punk_and_New_Wave"},{"link_name":"77: The Year of Punk and New Wave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/77:_The_Year_of_Punk_and_New_Wave"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"new romantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_romantic"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Rikki and the Last Days of Earth (formerly Rikki and the Last Days on Earth) were an early British punk group. They were chronicled in Henrik Poulsen's book 77: The Year of Punk and New Wave. Billboard credited them with paving the way for 1980s new romantic acts.[1]","title":"Rikki and the Last Days of Earth"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AllMusic-2"},{"link_name":"Kensington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kensington"},{"link_name":"Addlestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addlestone"},{"link_name":"Tamworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamworth,_Staffordshire"},{"link_name":"Eton School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eton_School"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Chelsea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea,_London"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AllMusic-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"DJM Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJM_Records"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AllMusic-2"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stones"},{"link_name":"Street Fighting Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_Fighting_Man"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Gary Numan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Numan"},{"link_name":"Replicas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replicas_(album)"},{"link_name":"Tubeway Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubeway_Army"},{"link_name":"The Pleasure Principle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pleasure_Principle_(Gary_Numan_album)"},{"link_name":"Neo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo_(UK_band)"},{"link_name":"Random Hold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_Hold"}],"text":"The band was formed in November 1976 by vocalist Rikki Sylvan (whose real name was Nicholas Condron) and guitarist Valac Van Der Veene, joined shortly afterwards by keyboardist Nik Weiss, bassist Andy Prince (also called Andy Prinz) and drummer Nigel Bartle. In May 1977, Bartle was replaced by Hugh Inge-Innes Lillingston.[2] The band were managed by Frank Case.Although the band seemed to be working class (a stereotypical characteristic for punk musicians), they had a middle-class (or even upper-class) upbringing. Sylvan lived in Kensington and went to public school, Prince lived with his parents in Addlestone and Weiss went to public school. The son of a lieutenant commander, Inge-Innes Lillingstone lived in Thorpe Hall, near Tamworth, and attended Eton School.[3]The band's official live concert debut was at The Man in the Moon in Chelsea on 28 May 1977.[2]A single called Oundle RocSoc, containing early versions of \"City of the Damned\" and \"Dorian Gray\") was recorded at Tin Pan Alley Studio and released in May 1977.[4] In the late summer of 1977, the band signed with DJM Records, and a new, re-recorded version of \"City of the Damned\" was released as a single in November.[2]In January 1978, the band released the single \"Loaded\", backed with a cover of the Rolling Stones' song \"Street Fighting Man\"). That May, \"Twilight Jack\" was recorded as an acetate but never released commercially. Shortly afterwards, they released their excellent 4 Minute Warning album, which according to one critic was \"roundly ignored\".[5] While the band were recording a second album at the CBS studio in London, they were dropped by DJM and split up shortly afterward. Their records generally received bad reviews in the British press.[6]Later, Sylvan mixed Gary Numan's albums Replicas (with Numan's previous band Tubeway Army) and The Pleasure Principle. He also released a solo album, The Silent Hours, and then formed a band called 3AM with Steve Wilkin (guitar) and Derek Quinton (drums), both ex-members of Neo. Van Der Veene became a journalist, interviewing new wave icons. Prince joined Random Hold, but also worked with his ex-bandmate Sylvan in the 1980s.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AllMusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AllMusic-2"}],"text":"According to AllMusic: \"When the history of the new wave finally started to get written, Rikki and the Last Days of Earth were conspicuous by their absence. No one remembered; nobody cared. Yet without them, a lot of what is now taken for granted about the early '80s might never have occurred\".[2]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Studio albums","text":"4 Minute Warning (May 1978, DJM Records)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Singles","text":"Oundle RocSoc (May 1977, self-released) (One Sided, No Picture Sleeve)\n\"City of the Damned\" (November 1977, (DJM Records) With Picture Sleeve\n\"Loaded\" (January 1978, (DJM Records) With Picture Sleeve\n\"Twilight Jack\" (May 1978, DJM Records) (Acetate Only, NO General Release)\n\"Tokyo\" (September 1978, DJM Records) Credited to Rikki Sylvan & The Last Days (Picture Sleeve)","title":"Discography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Footnote Archives: Last Days paved the way for '80s romantic acts\". Billboard. 24 April 2008. Retrieved 17 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.goldminemag.com/article/footnote-archives-last-days-paved-the-way-for-80s-romantic-acts","url_text":"\"Footnote Archives: Last Days paved the way for '80s romantic acts\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"Spit and beer\". Tamworth Herald. Tamworth, UK. 10 March 1978. Retrieved 17 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tamworthbands.com/rikkiandthelastdaysofearth/index.htm","url_text":"\"Spit and beer\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamworth_Herald","url_text":"Tamworth Herald"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamworth,_Staffordshire","url_text":"Tamworth"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK","url_text":"UK"}]},{"reference":"\"Rikki & The Last Days of Earth debut 7\". mrpibbs.com. Retrieved 17 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mrpibbs.com/kuro/oddity/oddity10.htm","url_text":"\"Rikki & The Last Days of Earth debut 7\""}]},{"reference":"Robbins, Ira. \"Rikki and the Last Days of Earth\". Trouser Press. Retrieved 17 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.trouserpress.com/entry.php?a=rikki_and_the_last_days_of_earth","url_text":"\"Rikki and the Last Days of Earth\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trouser_Press","url_text":"Trouser Press"}]},{"reference":"\"Rikki & The Last Days On Earth - UK Punk Rock - Discography\". punk77.co.uk. Retrieved 17 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.punk77.co.uk/groups/rikki2.htm","url_text":"\"Rikki & The Last Days On Earth - UK Punk Rock - Discography\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.goldminemag.com/article/footnote-archives-last-days-paved-the-way-for-80s-romantic-acts","external_links_name":"\"Footnote Archives: Last Days paved the way for '80s romantic acts\""},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/p20180","external_links_name":"Ricky and the Last Days of Earth"},{"Link":"http://www.tamworthbands.com/rikkiandthelastdaysofearth/index.htm","external_links_name":"\"Spit and beer\""},{"Link":"http://www.mrpibbs.com/kuro/oddity/oddity10.htm","external_links_name":"\"Rikki & The Last Days of Earth debut 7\""},{"Link":"http://www.trouserpress.com/entry.php?a=rikki_and_the_last_days_of_earth","external_links_name":"\"Rikki and the Last Days of Earth\""},{"Link":"http://www.punk77.co.uk/groups/rikki2.htm","external_links_name":"\"Rikki & The Last Days On Earth - UK Punk Rock - Discography\""},{"Link":"http://www.punk77.co.uk/groups/rikki.htm","external_links_name":"punk77.co.uk"},{"Link":"http://members.fortunecity.com/titsymina/rev/rev.htm","external_links_name":"titsymina"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/317284977","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2015102460","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/3496b8b4-74d1-4b29-9923-8737d89338fe","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_(1972_film)	Richard (film)	["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 External links"]	1972 American filmRichardDirected byHarry HurwitzLorees YerbyWritten byBertrand CastelliHarry HurwitzLorees YerbyProduced byBertrand CastelliLorees YerbyStarringJohn CarradineVivian BlaineMickey RooneyCinematographyVictor PetrashevicEdited byEmil HavivProductioncompanyAurora City GroupDistributed byBillingsRelease date July 31, 1972 (1972-07-31) Running time83 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglish Richard is a 1972 film co-directed by Harry Hurwitz and Lorees Yerby. The film was notable as it was a lampoon of President Richard Nixon before the Watergate scandal. Plot In order to earn his wings, a Guardian Angel (Rooney) comes down from heaven to train Richard (Dixon) to be President of the United States. He wins the 1968 presidential election, which was, in reality, sponsored by a group of Irishmen on a bet. Cast Mickey Rooney as Guardian Angel Imogene Bliss as Mother Marvin Braverman as Hardhat John Carradine as Plastic Surgeon Richard M. Dixon as Richard (spoof of 37th President Richard M. Nixon Paul Ford as Washington, D.C. Doctor Kevin McCarthy as another Washington, D.C. Doctor Vivian Blaine External links Richard at IMDb Richard at AllMovie vteFilms directed by Harry Hurwitz The Projectionist (1971) Chaplinesque, My Life and Hard Times (1972) Richard (1972) Fairy Tales (1978) Auditions (1978) Nocturna: Granddaughter of Dracula (1979) The Comeback Trail (1982) Safari 3000 (1982) The Rosebud Beach Hotel (1984) That's Adequate (1989) Fleshtone (1994) vteRichard Nixon 37th President of the United States (1969–1974) 36th Vice President of the United States (1953–1961) U.S. Senator from California (1950–1953) U.S. Representative for CA–12 (1947–1950) Pre-presidency Checkers speech Vice presidency 1958 motorcade attack Kitchen Debate Operation 40 Presidency(timeline) Transition First inauguration Second inauguration "Bring Us Together" Silent majority 1970 Lincoln Memorial visit State of the Union Address 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 VP confirmation of Gerald Ford Wilson desk Judicial appointments Supreme Court controversies Executive Orders Presidential Proclamations Foreign policy International trips Nixon Doctrine Vietnam War Cambodian bombing Paris Peace Accords "Peace with Honor" Vietnamization Cold War period Linkage policy Tar Baby Option 1972 visit to China Shanghai Communiqué 1973 Chilean coup d'état Détente 1972 Moscow Summit Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty SALT I Treaty Prevention of Nuclear War Agreement Threshold Test Ban Treaty Operation CHAOS Space exploration Domestic policy Family Assistance Plan Revised Philadelphia Plan Minority Business Development Agency Native American policy Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act Education Amendments of 1972 Federal Supplemental Educational Opportunity Grants Title IX Rehabilitation Act of 1973 Equal Educational Opportunities Act of 1974 Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972 National Cancer Act of 1971 End Stage Renal Disease Program Supplemental Security Income Health Maintenance Organization Act of 1973 Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act Shafer Commission War on Drugs Drug Enforcement Administration Cannabis policy Federal Contested Elections Act Federal Election Campaign Act 1970 VRA Amendments District of Columbia Home Rule Act Legislative Reorganization Act of 1970 Congressional Research Service Economic policy Bank Secrecy Act Fair Credit Reporting Act National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Urban Mass Transportation Act of 1970 Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1973 Nixon shock Economic Stabilization Act of 1970 Smithsonian Agreement Occupational Safety and Health Act National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Occupational Safety and Health Administration Permissible exposure limit U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission Consumer Product Safety Act Lead-Based Paint Poisoning Prevention Act Poison Prevention Packaging Act of 1970 Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act Securities Investor Protection Act Securities Investor Protection Corporation Tax Reform Act of 1969 Alternative minimum tax Revenue Act of 1971 Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974 Agricultural Act of 1970 Farm Credit Act of 1971 Consolidated Farm and Rural Development Act of 1972 Agriculture and Consumer Protection Act of 1973 Federal Energy Administration Emergency Petroleum Allocation Act Emergency Daylight Saving Time Energy Conservation Act Trans-Alaska Pipeline Authorization Act Environmentalpolicy Council on Environmental Quality Environmental Quality Improvement Act National Environmental Policy Act Environmental Protection Agency Clean Air Amendments of 1970 Clean Water Act Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act National Ambient Air Quality Standards National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants New Source Performance Standards Noise Control Act Reorganization Plan No. 3 of 1970 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Coastal Zone Management Act Coastal Zone Management Program Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement Marine Mammal Protection Act Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act of 1972 Endangered Species Act of 1969 Endangered Species Act of 1973 Oil Pollution Act of 1973 Water Resources Development Act of 1974 Watergate Timeline Operation Sandwedge Operation Gemstone Saturday Night Massacre CRP White House Plumbers Watergate Seven Enemies List list of opponents White House tapes United States v. Nixon (1974) Senate Watergate Committee impeachment process "I am not a crook" Resignation Pardon Life andpolitics Richard Nixon Foundation Presidential Library and Museum Birthplace and boyhood home "Last press conference" Florida White House "La Casa Pacifica" Nixon Center Nixon v. General Services Administration (1977) Nixon v. Fitzgerald (1982) Death and state funeral Books Six Crises (1962) Bibliography ElectionsU.S. House 1946 1948 U.S. Senate 1950 Vice Presidential 1952 campaign selection convention election transition 1956 campaign convention election Presidential 1960 campaign primaries running mate selection convention debates election Kennedy transition 1968 campaign primaries running mate selection convention election 1972 campaign primaries convention election Gubernatorial 1962 Popularculture "Nixon goes to China" Millhouse (1971 film) An Evening with Richard Nixon (1972 play) Richard (1972 film) Another Nice Mess (1972 film) Four More Years (1972 film) Impeach the President (1973 song) The Werewolf of Washington (1973 film) White House Madness (1975 film) All the President's Men (1976 film) The Public Burning (1977 novel) Washington: Behind Closed Doors (1977 miniseries) Secret Honor (1984 film) Nixon in China (1987 opera) The Final Days (1989 film) Nixon (1995 film) Elvis Meets Nixon (1997 film) Futurama (1999 TV series) Dick (1999 film) Nixon's China Game (2000 film) Dark Side of the Moon (2002 film) The Assassination of Richard Nixon (2004 film) Frost–Nixon interviews (2006 play, 2008 film) Black Dynamite (2009 film) "The Impossible Astronaut" (2011 TV episode) Our Nixon (2013 film) X-Men: Days of Future Past (2014 film) Crooked (2015 novel) Elvis & Nixon (2016 film) The Post (2017 film) Watergate (2019 board game) U.S. postage stamp Related Presidential Recordings and Materials Preservation Act Presidential Townhouse Richard Nixon mask Staff Jack Brennan (aide de camp) Murray Chotiner (early campaign manager) Manolo Sanchez (valet) Rose Mary Woods (secretary) Family Thelma "Pat" Ryan Nixon (wife) Tricia Nixon Cox (daughter) Julie Nixon Eisenhower (daughter) Christopher Nixon Cox (grandson) Jennie Eisenhower (granddaughter) Francis A. Nixon (father) Hannah Milhous Nixon (mother) Donald Nixon (brother) Edward Nixon (brother) ← Lyndon B. Johnson Gerald Ford → ← Alben W. Barkley Lyndon B. Johnson → Category This film article about a 1970s comedy film is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article related to an American film of the 1970s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harry Hurwitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Hurwitz"},{"link_name":"Richard Nixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon"},{"link_name":"Watergate scandal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watergate_scandal"}],"text":"Richard is a 1972 film co-directed by Harry Hurwitz and Lorees Yerby. The film was notable as it was a lampoon of President Richard Nixon before the Watergate scandal.","title":"Richard (film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Guardian Angel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardian_Angel"},{"link_name":"President of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"}],"text":"In order to earn his wings, a Guardian Angel (Rooney) comes down from heaven to train Richard (Dixon) to be President of the United States. He wins the 1968 presidential election, which was, in reality, sponsored by a group of Irishmen on a bet.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mickey Rooney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mickey_Rooney"},{"link_name":"John Carradine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Carradine"},{"link_name":"Richard M. Nixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_M._Nixon"},{"link_name":"Paul Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Ford"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"Kevin McCarthy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_McCarthy_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"Vivian Blaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivian_Blaine"}],"text":"Mickey Rooney as Guardian Angel\nImogene Bliss as Mother\nMarvin Braverman as Hardhat\nJohn Carradine as Plastic Surgeon\nRichard M. Dixon as Richard (spoof of 37th President Richard M. Nixon\nPaul Ford as Washington, D.C. Doctor\nKevin McCarthy as another Washington, D.C. Doctor\nVivian Blaine","title":"Cast"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0069180/","external_links_name":"Richard"},{"Link":"https://www.allmovie.com/movie/v107806","external_links_name":"Richard"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_(film)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_(film)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasi_language	Lasi dialect (Sindhi)	["1 Loanwords","2 Orthography","3 References"]	Dialect of Sindhi spoken in Pakistan LasiلاسيNative toPakistanRegionBalochistan (Las Bela)EthnicitySindhi LasiNative speakers15,000 (2020)Language familyIndo-European Indo-IranianIndo-AryanNorthwesternSindhicSindhiLasiWriting systemArabic script (Naskh, Nastaliq)Language codesISO 639-3lssGlottologlasi1242 Lasi, or Lassi, also called Kohistani (Sindhi: لاسي) is a dialect of the Sindhi language spoken on the western frontier of Sindh and Balochistan in Pakistan. It is spoken by the Sindhi Lasi people of Lasbela, Hub and Gwadar in Balochistan, and Lasi is also spoken in the Kohistan region of Karachi, Thatta and Jamshoro districts of Sindh. Loanwords Lasi is known to use loanwords from other languages, primarily from Persian as well as Balochi. Orthography Lasi uses the same orthography as Sindhi except an extra letter, ۏ, which has been added to the Balochi Standard Alphabet. Many educated Lasi speakers use the Latin alphabet in an effort to romanise the language. References ^ Lasi at Ethnologue (27th ed., 2024) ^ "ScriptSource - Lasi written with Arabic script, Naskh variant". ^ Handbook of comparative and historical Indo-European linguistics ; Volume 1. Berlin Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. 2017. p. 433. ISBN 9783110393248. The five major dialects of Sindhi are Vicholi, Lari, Lasi, Thari, and Kachhi. Four dialects are spoken within the borders of Sindh itself. Siraiki, in Upper Sindh, is not to be confused with the Punjabi language of the same name. Vicholi, considered the standard dialect, is spoken in central Sindh, while Lari is the dialect in southern Sindh. Lasi is spoken on the western frontier of Sindh and in Balochistan. The Sindhi spoken in the Thar desert of the Jaisalmer district of Rajasthan is called Thari. In Gujarat, Kachhi is spoken along the Rann of Kutch and in the Kathiawar peninsula. ^ Austin, Peter (2008). One thousand languages: living, endangered, and lost. Berkeley (Calif.): University of California press. p. 126. ISBN 9780520255609. Sindhi has six major dialects: Siraiki (Seraiki), Vicholi, Lari, Lasi, Thari (Thareli) and Katchhi (Kachchhi). However, other sources consider at least Katchhi to be a separate language. In addition, the name Siraiki is used to describe a different language variety, sometimes listed as a separate language and sometimes as a dialect of Punjabi. ^ "Linguistic Survey of India". dsal.uchicago.edu. p. 9. Retrieved 2023-06-15. two other dialects, Lasi and Kachchhi, have to be added to the list ^ a b Veesar, Zahid Ali; Aliani, Asadullah; Roonjho, Zafrullah (2020). "SUBSTITUTION OF IMPLOSIVES WITH ENGLISH LOANWORDS IN LASI". Pakistan Journal of Society, Education and Language. ^ "BALUCHISTAN i. Geography, History and Ethnography (cont.)". Encyclopedia Iranica. 2010. ^ Aliani, Asad Ullah; Ali, Zahid; Khan, Sami Ullah (2022). "English Loanwords Adaptation and Substitution Process in Lasi". University of Chitral Journal of Linguistics and Literature. This article about Indo-Aryan languages is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sindhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhi_language"},{"link_name":"Sindhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhi_language"},{"link_name":"Sindh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindh"},{"link_name":"Balochistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balochistan,_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Sindhi Lasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasi_people"},{"link_name":"Lasbela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasbela_District"},{"link_name":"Hub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hub_District"},{"link_name":"Gwadar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwadar_District"},{"link_name":"Balochistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balochistan,_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Kohistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirthar_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Karachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi_Division"},{"link_name":"Thatta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thatta_District"},{"link_name":"Jamshoro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamshoro_District"},{"link_name":"Sindh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindh"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LS-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Lasi, or Lassi, also called Kohistani (Sindhi: لاسي) is a dialect of the Sindhi language spoken on the western frontier of Sindh and Balochistan in Pakistan.[3][4][5] It is spoken by the Sindhi Lasi people of Lasbela, Hub and Gwadar in Balochistan, and Lasi is also spoken in the Kohistan region of Karachi, Thatta and Jamshoro districts of Sindh.[6][7]","title":"Lasi dialect (Sindhi)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"Balochi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balochi_language"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LS-6"}],"text":"Lasi is known to use loanwords from other languages, primarily from Persian as well as Balochi.[6]","title":"Loanwords"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ۏ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8F"},{"link_name":"Balochi Standard Alphabet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balochi_Standard_Alphabet"},{"link_name":"Latin alphabet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_alphabet"},{"link_name":"romanise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanisation"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Lasi uses the same orthography as Sindhi except an extra letter, ۏ, which has been added to the Balochi Standard Alphabet. Many educated Lasi speakers use the Latin alphabet in an effort to romanise the language.[8]","title":"Orthography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"ScriptSource - Lasi written with Arabic script, Naskh variant\".","urls":[{"url":"https://scriptsource.org/cms/scripts/page.php?item_id=wrSys_detail&key=lss-Arab","url_text":"\"ScriptSource - Lasi written with Arabic script, Naskh variant\""}]},{"reference":"Handbook of comparative and historical Indo-European linguistics ; Volume 1. Berlin Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. 2017. p. 433. ISBN 9783110393248. The five major dialects of Sindhi are Vicholi, Lari, Lasi, Thari, and Kachhi. Four dialects are spoken within the borders of Sindh itself. Siraiki, in Upper Sindh, is not to be confused with the Punjabi language of the same name. Vicholi, considered the standard dialect, is spoken in central Sindh, while Lari is the dialect in southern Sindh. Lasi is spoken on the western frontier of Sindh and in Balochistan. The Sindhi spoken in the Thar desert of the Jaisalmer district of Rajasthan is called Thari. In Gujarat, Kachhi is spoken along the Rann of Kutch and in the Kathiawar peninsula.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110393248","url_text":"9783110393248"}]},{"reference":"Austin, Peter (2008). One thousand languages: living, endangered, and lost. Berkeley (Calif.): University of California press. p. 126. ISBN 9780520255609. Sindhi has six major dialects: Siraiki (Seraiki), Vicholi, Lari, Lasi, Thari (Thareli) and Katchhi (Kachchhi). However, other sources consider at least Katchhi to be a separate language. In addition, the name Siraiki is used to describe a different language variety, sometimes listed as a separate language and sometimes as a dialect of Punjabi.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520255609","url_text":"9780520255609"}]},{"reference":"\"Linguistic Survey of India\". dsal.uchicago.edu. p. 9. Retrieved 2023-06-15. two other dialects, Lasi and Kachchhi, have to be added to the list","urls":[{"url":"https://dsal.uchicago.edu/books/lsi/lsi.php?volume=8-1&pages=600#page/24/mode/1up","url_text":"\"Linguistic Survey of India\""}]},{"reference":"Veesar, Zahid Ali; Aliani, Asadullah; Roonjho, Zafrullah (2020). \"SUBSTITUTION OF IMPLOSIVES WITH ENGLISH LOANWORDS IN LASI\". Pakistan Journal of Society, Education and Language.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/360206034","url_text":"\"SUBSTITUTION OF IMPLOSIVES WITH ENGLISH LOANWORDS IN LASI\""}]},{"reference":"\"BALUCHISTAN i. Geography, History and Ethnography (cont.)\". Encyclopedia Iranica. 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://iranicaonline.org/articles/baluchistan-ia","url_text":"\"BALUCHISTAN i. Geography, History and Ethnography (cont.)\""}]},{"reference":"Aliani, Asad Ullah; Ali, Zahid; Khan, Sami Ullah (2022). \"English Loanwords Adaptation and Substitution Process in Lasi\". University of Chitral Journal of Linguistics and Literature.","urls":[]}]	[{"Link":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/lasi1242","external_links_name":"lasi1242"},{"Link":"https://www.ethnologue.com/language/lss","external_links_name":"Lasi"},{"Link":"https://scriptsource.org/cms/scripts/page.php?item_id=wrSys_detail&key=lss-Arab","external_links_name":"\"ScriptSource - Lasi written with Arabic script, Naskh variant\""},{"Link":"https://dsal.uchicago.edu/books/lsi/lsi.php?volume=8-1&pages=600#page/24/mode/1up","external_links_name":"\"Linguistic Survey of India\""},{"Link":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/360206034","external_links_name":"\"SUBSTITUTION OF IMPLOSIVES WITH ENGLISH LOANWORDS IN LASI\""},{"Link":"https://iranicaonline.org/articles/baluchistan-ia","external_links_name":"\"BALUCHISTAN i. Geography, History and Ethnography (cont.)\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lasi_dialect_(Sindhi)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BCrstenberg-Heiligenberg	Fürstenberg-Heiligenberg	["1 Counts of Fürstenberg-Heiligenberg (1559–1664)","2 Princes of Fürstenberg-Heiligenberg (1664–1716)","3 References","4 Bibliography"]	This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Fürstenberg-Heiligenberg" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Fürstenberg-Heiligenberg coat of arms Fürstenberg-Heiligenberg was a county and later a principality in southern Baden-Württemberg, Germany, located in the historical territory of Heiligenberg. It was created as a partition of Fürstenberg-Baar in 1559, and it suffered one partition between itself and Fürstenberg-Donaueschingen in 1617. When Herman Egon of Fürstenberg-Heiligenberg was elevated to the estate of imperial princes (Reichsfürstenstand) in 1664, Fürstenberg-Heiligenberg was raised to a principality and existed as an imperially immediate territory. It inherited Fürstenberg-Donaueschingen in 1698, but following the extinction of its branch in 1716, it was inherited by Fürstenberg-Fürstenberg. Counts of Fürstenberg-Heiligenberg (1559–1664) Joachim, 1559–1598 Frederick IV, 1598–1617 William II, 1617–1618 Egon VIII, 1618–1635 Co-rulers: Ernst Egon, 1635–1652 Ferdinand Frederick Egon, 1635–1662 Herman Egon, 1635–1664 Princes of Fürstenberg-Heiligenberg (1664–1716) Herman Egon, 1664–1674 Anton Egon, 1674–1716 Herman Egon's two surviving brothers, Francis Egon and Wilhelm Egon, were also titular Princes of Fürstenberg-Heiligenberg, but they never ruled the principality. References ^ Ersch, p. 493 ^ Ersch, pp. 493–495 ^ Ersch, pp. 495–497 Bibliography Ersch, Johann Samuel (1850). "Fürstenberg". Allgemeine Encyklopädie der Wissenschaften und Künste in alphabetischer Folge (in German). Vol. 51. Leipzig: Brockhaus. This Baden-Württemberg location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This German history article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blason_fam_de_Maison_von_und_zu_F%C3%BCrstenberg_2.svg"},{"link_name":"county","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County"},{"link_name":"principality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality"},{"link_name":"Baden-Württemberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Heiligenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heiligenberg"},{"link_name":"Fürstenberg-Baar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BCrstenberg-Baar"},{"link_name":"Fürstenberg-Donaueschingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BCrstenberg-Donaueschingen"},{"link_name":"Herman Egon of Fürstenberg-Heiligenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_Egon,_Prince_of_F%C3%BCrstenberg-Heiligenberg"},{"link_name":"estate of imperial princes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estate_of_imperial_princes"},{"link_name":"imperially immediate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_immediacy"},{"link_name":"Fürstenberg-Fürstenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BCrstenberg-F%C3%BCrstenberg"}],"text":"Fürstenberg-Heiligenberg coat of armsFürstenberg-Heiligenberg was a county and later a principality in southern Baden-Württemberg, Germany, located in the historical territory of Heiligenberg. It was created as a partition of Fürstenberg-Baar in 1559, and it suffered one partition between itself and Fürstenberg-Donaueschingen in 1617.When Herman Egon of Fürstenberg-Heiligenberg was elevated to the estate of imperial princes (Reichsfürstenstand) in 1664, Fürstenberg-Heiligenberg was raised to a principality and existed as an imperially immediate territory. It inherited Fürstenberg-Donaueschingen in 1698, but following the extinction of its branch in 1716, it was inherited by Fürstenberg-Fürstenberg.","title":"Fürstenberg-Heiligenberg"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joachim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_of_F%C3%BCrstenberg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Frederick IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_IV_of_F%C3%BCrstenberg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Egon VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egon_VIII_of_F%C3%BCrstenberg-Heiligenberg"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Herman Egon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_Egon,_Prince_of_F%C3%BCrstenberg"}],"text":"Joachim, 1559–1598[1]\nFrederick IV, 1598–1617[2]\nWilliam II, 1617–1618\nEgon VIII, 1618–1635[3]\nCo-rulers:\nErnst Egon, 1635–1652\nFerdinand Frederick Egon, 1635–1662\nHerman Egon, 1635–1664","title":"Counts of Fürstenberg-Heiligenberg (1559–1664)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Herman Egon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_Egon,_Prince_of_F%C3%BCrstenberg-Heiligenberg"},{"link_name":"Anton Egon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Egon,_Prince_of_F%C3%BCrstenberg-Heiligenberg"},{"link_name":"Francis Egon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Egon_of_F%C3%BCrstenberg"},{"link_name":"Wilhelm Egon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Egon_von_F%C3%BCrstenberg"}],"text":"Herman Egon, 1664–1674\nAnton Egon, 1674–1716Herman Egon's two surviving brothers, Francis Egon and Wilhelm Egon, were also titular Princes of Fürstenberg-Heiligenberg, but they never ruled the principality.","title":"Princes of Fürstenberg-Heiligenberg (1664–1716)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Fürstenberg\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=VDlYAAAAYAAJ&dq=%22Kasimir+von+Leyen%22&pg=PA495"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg"},{"link_name":"Baden-Württemberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=F%C3%BCrstenberg-Heiligenberg&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:BadenW%C3%BCrttemberg-geo-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:BadenW%C3%BCrttemberg-geo-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:BadenW%C3%BCrttemberg-geo-stub"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Germany.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hourglass_drawing.svg"},{"link_name":"German history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=F%C3%BCrstenberg-Heiligenberg&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Germany-hist-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Germany-hist-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Germany-hist-stub"}],"text":"Ersch, Johann Samuel (1850). \"Fürstenberg\". Allgemeine Encyklopädie der Wissenschaften und Künste in alphabetischer Folge (in German). Vol. 51. Leipzig: Brockhaus.This Baden-Württemberg location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vteThis German history article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Bibliography"}]	[{"image_text":"Fürstenberg-Heiligenberg coat of arms","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Blason_fam_de_Maison_von_und_zu_F%C3%BCrstenberg_2.svg/200px-Blason_fam_de_Maison_von_und_zu_F%C3%BCrstenberg_2.svg.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"Ersch, Johann Samuel (1850). \"Fürstenberg\". Allgemeine Encyklopädie der Wissenschaften und Künste in alphabetischer Folge (in German). Vol. 51. Leipzig: Brockhaus.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VDlYAAAAYAAJ&dq=%22Kasimir+von+Leyen%22&pg=PA495","url_text":"\"Fürstenberg\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22F%C3%BCrstenberg-Heiligenberg%22","external_links_name":"\"Fürstenberg-Heiligenberg\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22F%C3%BCrstenberg-Heiligenberg%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22F%C3%BCrstenberg-Heiligenberg%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22F%C3%BCrstenberg-Heiligenberg%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22F%C3%BCrstenberg-Heiligenberg%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22F%C3%BCrstenberg-Heiligenberg%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VDlYAAAAYAAJ&dq=%22Kasimir+von+Leyen%22&pg=PA495","external_links_name":"\"Fürstenberg\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=F%C3%BCrstenberg-Heiligenberg&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=F%C3%BCrstenberg-Heiligenberg&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codette	Codette	["1 History","2 Demographics","3 See also","4 References"]	Coordinates: 53°16′44″N 104°01′33″W / 53.27889°N 104.02583°W / 53.27889; -104.02583Village in Saskatchewan, CanadaCodetteVillageVillage of CodetteCodetteLocation of Codette in SaskatchewanShow map of SaskatchewanCodetteCodette (Canada)Show map of CanadaCoordinates: 53°09′52″N 104°00′48″W / 53.164407°N 104.013320°W / 53.164407; -104.013320Country CanadaProvince SaskatchewanRegionEast-centralCensus division14Rural MunicipalityNipawin No. 487Government • TypeMunicipal • Governing bodyCodette Village Council • MayorKyle Kotelko • AdministratorVacantArea • Land0.37 km2 (0.14 sq mi)Population (2016) • Total198 • Density539.2/km2 (1,397/sq mi)Time zoneUTC-6 (CST)Postal codeS0E 0P0Area code306Highways Hwy 35 Hwy 789 Codette (2016 population: 198) is a village in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan within the Rural Municipality of Nipawin No. 487 and Census Division No. 14. The village is located 10 km south of Nipawin at the junction of Highway 35 and Highway 789. History Codette incorporated as a village on March 9, 1929. The community shares its name with nearby Codette Lake, a reservoir on the Saskatchewan River, blocked by the Francois Finlay Dam. Demographics Population history(1981–2016)YearPop.±%1981236— 1986270+14.4%1991293+8.5%1996278−5.1%2001237−14.7%2006221−6.8%2011205−7.2%2016198−3.4%Source: Statistics Canada via Saskatchewan Bureau of Statistics In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Codette had a population of 180 living in 95 of its 105 total private dwellings, a change of -9.1% from its 2016 population of 198. With a land area of 0.41 km2 (0.16 sq mi), it had a population density of 439.0/km2 (1,137.1/sq mi) in 2021. In the 2016 Census of Population, the Village of Codette recorded a population of 198 living in 103 of its 105 total private dwellings, a -3.5% change from its 2011 population of 205. With a land area of 0.37 km2 (0.14 sq mi), it had a population density of 535.1/km2 (1,386.0/sq mi) in 2016. See also List of communities in Saskatchewan Villages of Saskatchewan References ^ "Urban Municipality Incorporations". Saskatchewan Ministry of Government Relations. Archived from the original on October 15, 2014. Retrieved June 1, 2020. ^ "Saskatchewan Census Population" (PDF). Saskatchewan Bureau of Statistics. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 24, 2015. Retrieved May 31, 2020. ^ "Saskatchewan Census Population". Saskatchewan Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved May 31, 2020. ^ "Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories, census divisions and census subdivisions (municipalities), Saskatchewan". Statistics Canada. February 9, 2022. Retrieved April 1, 2022. ^ "Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, and census subdivisions (municipalities), 2016 and 2011 censuses – 100% data (Saskatchewan)". Statistics Canada. February 8, 2017. Retrieved May 30, 2020. vteSubdivisions of SaskatchewanSubdivisions Regions Census divisions SARM divisions Municipalities Rural municipalities Communities Cities Towns Villages Resort villages Hamlets Indian reserves Ghost towns Cities Estevan Flin Flon (part) Humboldt Lloydminster (part) Martensville Meadow Lake Melfort Melville Moose Jaw North Battleford Prince Albert Regina Saskatoon Swift Current Warman Weyburn Yorkton Villages Abbey Abernethy Albertville Alida Alvena Annaheim Archerwill Arran Atwater Avonlea Aylesbury Aylsham Bangor Beatty Beechy Belle Plaine Bethune Bjorkdale Bladworth Borden Bracken Bradwell Briercrest Brock Broderick Brownlee Buchanan Buena Vista Bulyea Cadillac Calder Canwood Carievale Caronport Ceylon Chamberlain Chaplin Christopher Lake Clavet Climax Coderre Codette Coleville Conquest Consul Craven Creelman Dafoe Debden Denholm Denzil Dilke Dinsmore Disley Dodsland Dorintosh Drake Drinkwater Dubuc Duff Duval Dysart Earl Grey Ebenezer Edam Edenwold Elbow Elfros Endeavour Englefeld Ernfold Eyebrow Fairlight Fenwood Fillmore Findlater Flaxcombe Forget Fosston Fox Valley Frobisher Frontier Gainsborough Gerald Glaslyn Glen Ewen Glenavon Glenside Golden Prairie Goodeve Goodsoil Goodwater Grayson Halbrite Harris Hawarden Hazenmore Hazlet Heward Hodgeville Holdfast Hubbard Hyas Invermay Jansen Kelliher Kenaston Kendal Kennedy Kenosee Lake Killaly Kincaid Kinley Kisbey Krydor Laird Lake Lenore Lancer Landis Lang Leask Lebret Leoville Leross Liberty Limerick Lintlaw Lipton Loon Lake Loreburn Love Lucky Lake MacNutt Macoun Macrorie Major Makwa Mankota Manor Marcelin Marengo Margo Markinch Marquis Marsden Maryfield Maymont McLean McTaggart Meacham Meath Park Medstead Mendham Meota Mervin Middle Lake Milden Minton Mistatim Montmartre Mortlach Muenster Neilburg Netherhill Neudorf Neville North Portal Odessa Osage Paddockwood Pangman Paradise Hill Parkside Paynton Pelly Pennant Perdue Pierceland Pilger Pleasantdale Plenty Plunkett Prelate Prud'homme Punnichy Quill Lake Quinton Rama Rhein Richard Richmound Ridgedale Riverhurst Roche Percee Ruddell Rush Lake Sceptre Sedley Semans Senlac Shamrock Sheho Shell Lake Silton Simpson Smeaton Smiley Spalding Speers Spy Hill St. Benedict St. Gregor St. Louis Stenen Stewart Valley Stockholm Storthoaks Strongfield Success Tantallon Tessier Theodore Togo Tompkins Torquay Tramping Lake Tugaske Tuxford Val Marie Valparaiso Vanguard Vanscoy Vibank Viscount Waldeck Waldron Waseca Webb Weekes Weirdale Weldon White Fox Wilcox Windthorst Wiseton Wood Mountain Yarbo Young Zelma Zenon Park Topics Culture Economy First Nations Geography Government History Regions Tourist attractions Category Canada portal WikiProject vteDivision No. 14, SaskatchewanCities Melfort Towns Arborfield Carrot River Choiceland Hudson Bay Kelvington Naicam Nipawin Porcupine Plain Rose Valley Star City Tisdale Villages Archerwill Aylsham Bjorkdale Codette Fosston Love Mistatim Pleasantdale Ridgedale Smeaton Spalding Valparaiso Weekes White Fox Zenon Park Resort villages Tobin Lake Rural municipalities Kelvington 366 Ponass Lake 367 Spalding 368 Hudson Bay 394 Porcupine 395 Barrier Valley 397 Pleasantdale 398 Bjorkdale 426 Tisdale 427 Star City 428 Arborfield 456 Connaught 457 Willow Creek 458 Moose Range 486 Nipawin 487 Torch River 488 First Nations Kinistin Opaskwayak Red Earth Shoal Lake Yellow Quill Indian reserves Carrot River 29A Kinistin 91 Opaskwayak Cree Nation 27A Red Earth 29 Shoal Lake 28A Yellow Quill 90 90-18 Unincorporatedcommunities See also: Municipalities in Saskatchewan Census divisions of Saskatchewan Saskatchewan Association of Rural Municipalities 53°16′44″N 104°01′33″W / 53.27889°N 104.02583°W / 53.27889; -104.02583 This Saskatchewan location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2016 population","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_2016_Census"},{"link_name":"village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village"},{"link_name":"Canadian province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Saskatchewan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saskatchewan"},{"link_name":"Rural Municipality of Nipawin No. 487","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural_Municipality_of_Nipawin_No._487"},{"link_name":"Census Division No. 14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_No._14,_Saskatchewan"},{"link_name":"Nipawin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nipawin"},{"link_name":"Highway 35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saskatchewan_Highway_35"},{"link_name":"Highway 789","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saskatchewan_Highway_789"}],"text":"Village in Saskatchewan, CanadaCodette (2016 population: 198) is a village in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan within the Rural Municipality of Nipawin No. 487 and Census Division No. 14. The village is located 10 km south of Nipawin at the junction of Highway 35 and Highway 789.","title":"Codette"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Incorporation-1"},{"link_name":"Codette Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codette_Lake"},{"link_name":"reservoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reservoir"},{"link_name":"Saskatchewan River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saskatchewan_River"},{"link_name":"Francois Finlay Dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nipawin_Hydroelectric_Station"}],"text":"Codette incorporated as a village on March 9, 1929.[1] The community shares its name with nearby Codette Lake, a reservoir on the Saskatchewan River, blocked by the Francois Finlay Dam.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Canadian_Census"},{"link_name":"2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_Canadian_Census"},{"link_name":"2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Canadian_Census"},{"link_name":"2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Canadian_Census"},{"link_name":"2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Canadian_Census"},{"link_name":"Statistics Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_Canada"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Censuses81-06-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Censuses86-16-3"},{"link_name":"2021 Census of Population","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Canadian_census"},{"link_name":"Statistics Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_Canada"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2021census-4"},{"link_name":"2016 Census of Population","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Canadian_census"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2016censusSKmunis-5"}],"text":"Population history(1981–2016)YearPop.±%1981236— 1986270+14.4%1991293+8.5%1996278−5.1%2001237−14.7%2006221−6.8%2011205−7.2%2016198−3.4%Source: Statistics Canada via Saskatchewan Bureau of Statistics[2][3]In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Codette had a population of 180 living in 95 of its 105 total private dwellings, a change of -9.1% from its 2016 population of 198. With a land area of 0.41 km2 (0.16 sq mi), it had a population density of 439.0/km2 (1,137.1/sq mi) in 2021.[4]In the 2016 Census of Population, the Village of Codette recorded a population of 198 living in 103 of its 105 total private dwellings, a -3.5% change from its 2011 population of 205. With a land area of 0.37 km2 (0.14 sq mi), it had a population density of 535.1/km2 (1,386.0/sq mi) in 2016.[5]","title":"Demographics"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of communities in Saskatchewan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_communities_in_Saskatchewan"},{"title":"Villages of Saskatchewan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villages_of_Saskatchewan"}]	[{"reference":"\"Urban Municipality Incorporations\". Saskatchewan Ministry of Government Relations. Archived from the original on October 15, 2014. Retrieved June 1, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141015042810/http://municipal.gov.sk.ca/Municipal-History/Urban-Incorporated-Dates","url_text":"\"Urban Municipality Incorporations\""},{"url":"http://municipal.gov.sk.ca/Municipal-History/Urban-Incorporated-Dates","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Saskatchewan Census Population\" (PDF). Saskatchewan Bureau of Statistics. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 24, 2015. Retrieved May 31, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150924105944/http://www.stats.gov.sk.ca/stats/population/SaskCensusPopulation8106.pdf","url_text":"\"Saskatchewan Census Population\""},{"url":"http://www.stats.gov.sk.ca/stats/population/SaskCensusPopulation8106.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Saskatchewan Census Population\". Saskatchewan Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved May 31, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://publications.saskatchewan.ca/api/v1/products/86690/formats/100724/download","url_text":"\"Saskatchewan Census Population\""}]},{"reference":"\"Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories, census divisions and census subdivisions (municipalities), Saskatchewan\". Statistics Canada. February 9, 2022. Retrieved April 1, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810000203&geocode=A000247","url_text":"\"Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories, census divisions and census subdivisions (municipalities), Saskatchewan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_Canada","url_text":"Statistics Canada"}]},{"reference":"\"Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, and census subdivisions (municipalities), 2016 and 2011 censuses – 100% data (Saskatchewan)\". Statistics Canada. February 8, 2017. Retrieved May 30, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/pd-pl/Table.cfm?Lang=Eng&T=302&SR=1&S=86&O=A&RPP=9999&PR=47","url_text":"\"Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, and census subdivisions (municipalities), 2016 and 2011 censuses – 100% data (Saskatchewan)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_Canada","url_text":"Statistics Canada"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Codette&params=53_16_44_N_104_01_33_W_region:CA_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki","external_links_name":"53°16′44″N 104°01′33″W / 53.27889°N 104.02583°W / 53.27889; -104.02583"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Codette&params=53.164407_N_104.01332_W_region:CA-SK_type:city(198)","external_links_name":"53°09′52″N 104°00′48″W / 53.164407°N 104.013320°W / 53.164407; -104.013320"},{"Link":"http://www.mds.gov.sk.ca/apps/Pub/MDS/muniDetails.aspx?cat=3&mun=1907","external_links_name":"Codette Village Council"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141015042810/http://municipal.gov.sk.ca/Municipal-History/Urban-Incorporated-Dates","external_links_name":"\"Urban Municipality Incorporations\""},{"Link":"http://municipal.gov.sk.ca/Municipal-History/Urban-Incorporated-Dates","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150924105944/http://www.stats.gov.sk.ca/stats/population/SaskCensusPopulation8106.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Saskatchewan Census Population\""},{"Link":"http://www.stats.gov.sk.ca/stats/population/SaskCensusPopulation8106.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://publications.saskatchewan.ca/api/v1/products/86690/formats/100724/download","external_links_name":"\"Saskatchewan Census Population\""},{"Link":"https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810000203&geocode=A000247","external_links_name":"\"Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories, census divisions and census subdivisions (municipalities), Saskatchewan\""},{"Link":"https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/pd-pl/Table.cfm?Lang=Eng&T=302&SR=1&S=86&O=A&RPP=9999&PR=47","external_links_name":"\"Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, and census subdivisions (municipalities), 2016 and 2011 censuses – 100% data (Saskatchewan)\""},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Codette&params=53_16_44_N_104_01_33_W_region:CA_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki","external_links_name":"53°16′44″N 104°01′33″W / 53.27889°N 104.02583°W / 53.27889; -104.02583"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Codette&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Holden	List of One Life to Live characters (1980s)	["1 Austin Buchanan","2 Drew Buchanan","3 Olympia Buchanan","4 Cassie Callison","4.1 Storylines","5 Laurel Chapin","6 Ted Clayton","7 Wade Coleman","8 Rob Coronal","9 Mari Lynn Dennison","9.1 Character history","10 Tom Dennison","11 Renée Divine Buchanan","12 Rafe Garretson","13 Sammi Garretson","14 Roger Gordon","15 Megan Gordon","15.1 Character history","16 Sarah Gordon","16.1 Character history","17 Lee Halpern","18 Andy Harrison","18.1 Character history","19 Al Holden","20 Steve Holden","20.1 Character history","21 Dante Medina","22 Debra Medina","23 Julia Medina","24 Connie O'Neill","25 Didi O'Neill","26 Harry O'Neill","26.1 Character history","27 Joy O'Neill","28 Pete O'Neill","28.1 Character history","29 Delilah Ralston","30 Euphemia Ralston","31 David Renaldi","32 C.J. Roberts","33 Maria Roberts","33.1 Storylines","34 Jon Russell","35 Judith Russell Sanders","35.1 Character history","36 Charles Sanders","36.1 Character history","37 Elizabeth Sanders","38 Jamie Sanders","38.1 Character history","39 Kate Sanders","39.1 Character history","40 Pamela Stuart","41 Courtney Wright","42 References","43 Notes"]	This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in-universe style. Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective. (October 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This is a list of characters from the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live that began their run between the beginning of 1980 and the end of 1989. This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources. Austin Buchanan Austin BuchananOne Life to Live characterPortrayed byDavid GautreauxDuration1989–1990First appearanceMarch 20, 1989 (March 20, 1989)Last appearanceApril 3, 1990 (April 3, 1990)ClassificationFormer, regularCreated byS. Michael SchnesselIntroduced byPaul RauchIn-universe informationFamilyBuchananParentsPike BuchananJeanette BuchananAunts and unclesAsa BuchananJeannie Buchanan GarretsonFirst cousinsClint BuchananBo BuchananBen DavidsonRafe Garretson Austin Buchanan is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. The fraternal nephew of Asa Buchanan, the role was played by actor David Gautreaux from March 1989 until the character's onscreen death in August of that year. Gautreaux briefly reappeared in March 1990. This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (April 2013) Drew Buchanan Drew BuchananOne Life to Live characterPortrayed byKeith Bogart (1988–89)Victor Browne (1996–97)Sam Ball (1998)(and child actors)Duration 1983–85 1988–89 1996–98 First appearanceSeptember 23, 1983 (September 23, 1983)Last appearanceSeptember 16, 1998 (September 16, 1998)ClassificationFormer, regularCreated byJohn William CorringtonJoyce Hooper CorringtonIntroduced byJean ArleyIn-universe informationOccupationOfficer for the Llanview Police DepartmentFamilyBuchananParentsBo BuchananBecky Lee HuntHalf-brothersDavid Vickers BuchananMatthew BuchananHalf-sistersRachel Gannon (step)GrandparentsAsa BuchananOlympia BuchananAunts and unclesClint BuchananBen DavidsonNieces and nephewsDrew Buchanan IIDavid's unnamed childFirst cousinsCord RobertsKevin Buchanan (adoptive)Joey Buchanan(adoptive)Rex BalsomJessica BuchananNatalie Buchanan Drew Buchanan is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. The son of Bo Buchanan and Becky Lee Abbott, he was conceived during a one-night stand between the two when Bo cheated on his then-fiancée Delilah Ralston. Upon the realization of her pregnancy with Drew, Becky Lee accepts the marriage proposal of Delilah's brother, Drew Ralston, to legitimize the pregnancy. The morning of Becky and Drew's wedding, Drew Ralston is killed. Asa Buchanan, assuming the child to be the illegitimate child of his son Bo, offered to marry Becky Lee to give the child the surname "Buchanan." The child is born to Becky Lee Buchanan on the episode first run on September 23, 1983, and Becky Lee later leaves Llanview with new husband Jesse Wilde and infant Drew Buchanan in tow in 1985. A SORAS, teenaged Drew returns to Llanview in 1988 for the funeral of Bo's then-wife and his stepmother, Didi O'Neill, leaving shortly thereafter in 1989. Drew returns as the bitter estranged son of Bo in 1996, influenced by his mother's torrid feelings toward the Buchanan family. A charming and troubled young man, he engages in romantic liaisons with some women in Llanview before leaving again in 1997. In 1998, a reformed Drew, freshly graduated from the police academy, returns to Llanview to repair his broken relationship with his father, and is hired by Bo as an officer for the Llanview Police Department. Months later, he is shot and killed in the line of duty by Barbara Graham while trying to stop her from shooting Kevin Buchanan. Olympia Buchanan Olympia BuchananOne Life to Live characterPortrayed byTaina Elg (1980–82)Catherine Hickland (2008)Duration1980–82, 2008First appearanceAugust 1980 (August 1980)Last appearanceJuly 2008 (July 2008)ClassificationFormer, recurringCreated bySam HallPeggy O'SheaIntroduced byJoseph StuartIn-universe informationOther namesOlympia Bonard (maiden name)Nicole BonardOccupationHousewifeSiblingsNicole BonardHusbandAsa Buchanan (until 1982)ChildrenClint BuchananBo BuchananStepchildrenBen DavidsonGrandchildrenCord RobertsDavid Vickers BuchananKevin Buchanan (adoptive)Joey Buchanan (adoptive)Rex BalsomJessica BuchananNatalie BuchananDrew BuchananMatthew Buchanan Olympia Buchanan (maiden name Bonard) is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. The first wife of Asa Buchanan and mother of Bo and Clint, the role was played by Taina Elg from August 1980 through Olympia's onscreen death in early January 1982. She was first seen in Paris as "Nichole Bernard" when Pat Ashley and Bo Buchanan were there on vacation, but ended up the prisoner of ex-husband Asa in the creepy mansion "Moorecliffe" where Asa's nephew Rafe Garretson took care of her. Olympia managed to escape several times, interrupting Asa and Samantha Vernon's wedding celebration. It was at this masked ball that she shot Asa and in a struggle with Samantha fell over a balcony mortally wounding herself. On her deathbed, she revealed to Bo that his real father was Yancy Ralston, although this was later to be proven a lie. It was later revealed that Olympia truly loved Asa and her sons Clint and Bo but that Asa's unfaithfulness and corrupt ways had driven her to madness. This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2013) Cassie Callison Cassie CallisonOne Life to Live characterPortrayed byCusi Cram (1981–1983)Ava Haddad (1983–1986, 1990)Holly Gagnier (1986–1988)Laura Koffman (1991–2010)Duration 1981–1988 1990–1999 2001–2004 2010 First appearanceAugust 1981 (August 1981)Last appearanceMarch 1, 2010 (March 1, 2010)ClassificationPast; regularCreated bySam HallPeggy O'SheaIntroduced byJoseph StuartPaul Rauch (1990)Gary Tomlin (2001)Frank Valentini (2010)In-universe informationOccupationFormer Reporter for The BannerFamilyCramerParentsDavid ReynoldsDorian CramerAdoptive parentsHerb CallisonSiblingsAdriana CramerLangston Wilde (adoptive)SpouseRob Coronal (1985–86)Bo Buchanan (1991)Andrew Carpenter (1993–97)Kevin Buchanan (1998–99)ChildrenWilliam Sloan Carpenter (stillborn)Adoptive childrenRiver CarpenterGrandparentsSam ReynoldsMs. HowardLou CramerSonya CramerAuntsAddie CramerMelinda CramerFirst cousinsBlair CramerKelly CramerPaul Cramer Cassie Callison (formerly Coronal, Buchanan, and Carpenter) is a fictional character on the American ABC daytime drama One Life to Live. She is the daughter of Dr. Dorian Cramer Lord and musician David "David Renaldi" Reynolds, and adopted by former stepfather and attorney Herb Callison. The role was portrayed for the longest duration by actress Laura Koffman. Storylines In 1981, a young girl named Cassie Reynolds appeared and soon revealed herself as Dorian's daughter. Dorian had been in medical school when she had given birth to Cassie, whose father David Renaldi had run off with her. The mother and daughter reunited, and Dorian's husband Herb Callison adopted Cassie. In 1985, Cassie became engaged to Rob Coronal, but by 1986 their marriage had ended in divorce. Dorian left Llanview in 1987 (and became the U.S. Ambassador to Mendorra) after discovering that Cassie was having an affair with Dorian's boyfriend, private detective Jon Russell. Cassie and Jon's relationship later fizzled as she reunited with ex-husband Rob. Cassie lives with a returned Melinda in Dorian's penthouse, but leaves town in 1988. Dorian returns in 1989, followed by Cassie in 1991. Much to Dorian's chagrin, Cassie becomes involved with Bo Buchanan; Dorian's machinations (and a failed attempt to kill Cassie by Bo's insane ex, Alex Olanov) do not stop the couple from marrying. Immediately after the wedding, however, Bo's presumed-dead wife Sarah Gordon appears, very much alive. An anguished Bo chooses to stay with Cassie, but their marriage later falls apart after Cassie realizes Bo is still in love with Sarah. In 1993, Cassie marries the Reverend Andrew Carpenter; she later miscarries their son, William. She finds an abandoned baby in the manger outside St. James Church. Beth, the mother of Cassie's foundling, appears but soon dies; her last wish is for Cassie and Andrew to adopt baby River. After baby William's death, Cassie and Andrew's marriage was never quite the same. Prior to their adopting River, Cassie suffered a mental breakdown, and Andrew nearly fell into an affair with close friend Marty Saybrooke. The Carpenters' marriage seemed to be getting back on even footing as they focused on raising their new son River, but when Cassie went back to work as a journalist at The Banner in 1997, she began a tempestuous working relationship with rival reporter Kevin Buchanan, one that slowly blossomed into mutual passion. Cassie broke her wedding vows and began an affair with Kevin, ruining her marriage and her reputation, even losing custody of River in the ensuing divorce and custody battle. Kevin and Cassie were deeply in love, however, and Kevin risked his life to save Cassie from the inferno that burnt down the Cramer homestead in Canton, Ohio. Meanwhile, Cassie's long-lost father, David Renaldi, returned to Llanview, stricken with ALS, to reconnect with his daughter and new grandson. Wounded in the fire in Canton, Kevin became enamoured of his hospital nurse, Barbara Graham, who developed an obsessive fixation on Kevin after their brief affair went sour. Turning murderous, Barbara attempted to kill Cassie, who she believed stood in the way of her future with Kevin. On September 15, 1998, Barbara lured Cassie to the docks in the warehouse district of Llanview and attempted to gun her down; instead, she murdered Drew Buchanan and gravely injured Cassie, leaving her paralyzed and using a wheelchair. Eventually, Cassie discovered that Barbara was the shooter, and her rage and fury left her mind once again unhinged. Cassie turned the tables on Barbara, blackmailing her with knowledge of her crime, forcing Barbara to participate in her wedding to Kevin and become Cassie's personal nurse. As Cassie slowly regained the use of her legs, she hid the truth from her friends and family. Finally, Cassie dragged Barbara to a bell tower at gunpoint, attempting to force her to jump to her death. Kevin and Andrew arrived just in time to stop Cassie. Cassie was institutionalized, and Barbara was arrested. When Kevin and the family visited Cassie, they discovered she had suffered a full psychotic break, believing she was still happily married to Andrew. Andrew and Kevin both attempted to break through to her, to little avail. Cassie's mother, Dorian, had never approved of Cassie and Kevin's relationship, and in early 1999 decided to send Cassie to Switzerland for further treatment. Kevin fought her every step of the way, even stowing away on the private plane bound for Switzerland to try one last time to get through to his wife. In a brief moment of lucidity, Cassie begged Kevin to let her go. Heartbroken, Kevin returned to Llanview and agreed to have his marriage annulled. Cassie had makes a series of recurring appearances. In the years since Cassie's departure to Switzerland, it was revealed that she was slowly recovering, and eventually River was even sent out of the country to spend time with his mother. Cassie herself finally reappeared in December 2001, as a guest at Todd and Blair's wedding. Cassie explained that she was almost fully recovered and living in Switzerland, and shared a somewhat awkward reunion with her cousin Kelly, who had since gone on to marry Kevin herself. Fully recovered, Cassie next returned a year later in November 2002, rushing to Blair's aid after she was apparently attacked by mob hitmen. Cassie believed Blair had been rendered catatonic, and was tasked to take her out of the country. In reality, Todd and Blair had used Cassie to lure away her supposed assailants with the help of a body double, while Blair hid out at Todd's penthouse. While back in town for Blair, Cassie also recounted her harrowing experiences with Mitch Laurence for Viki and Bo. Nothing could have prepared her for the shock of her life when she returned the following March to see Dorian, only to discover that her mother was marrying the resurrected Mitch - the man who had tried to rape Cassie. Cassie and Blair watched in shock and disgust as Dorian and Mitch took their unholy vows, and gained control of the Lord fortune. Cassie did not yet realize that Dorian was conning Mitch in the hopes of winning his trust and destroying him. Dorian haltingly tried to explain things to her daughter, but Cassie left town in disgust for her new home in Savannah. Later that year, on Mother's Day, Cassie and Dorian made peace after Cassie discovered Dorian and Blair's efforts to murder Mitch. Meanwhile, a now teenaged River came home from Savannah to spend time with his father and grandmother. During this visit, Cassie also painfully reunited with Kevin and Kelly. In the fall of 2003, Cassie was part of the Cramers' competition to win "Aunt Betsy's" inheritance, but was immediately disqualified due to her own "lapses in judgment" with Andrew and Kevin. In 2004, Cassie returned, furious about River's relationship with Adriana Colon, his newfound "aunt". She and Adriana eventually made peace, and Cassie returned to Savannah, where she resides to this day. Dorian calls Cassie to warn her about a returned Mitch on February 15, 2010. She then returns to Llanview with her ex-husband, Andrew, in tow and reveals that Melinda has died. Following a short reunion with her mother, sisters and, cousins Cassie returns to Savannah. When Bo and Nora remarry, it is revealed that Andrew travelled back with her, to visit River. Laurel Chapin Laurel Chapin WolekOne Life to Live characterPortrayed byJanice LyndeDuration1984–86First appearanceJanuary 1984 (January 1984)Last appearanceMarch 1986 (March 1986)ClassificationFormer, regularCreated bySam HallPeggy O'SheaIntroduced byJean ArleyIn-universe informationOther namesLaurel Chapin (maiden name)SpouseLarry Wolek (1985–86)ChildrenRob Coronal Laurel Chapin Wolek is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. Actress Janice Lynde appeared in the role from November 1983 until the character's death in November 1985. She came on as the mistress of mobster Alex Coronal and mother of his son, Rob. Laurel fell in love with Dr.Larry Wolek whom she eventually married. During that time, their happiness was threatened by a psychopath named Tracy James. When Larry's old enemy, Dr. Ivan Kipling, came back from the dead, Laurel, in fear of being stalked by him, drove her car off the road, causing her death. This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (April 2013) Ted Clayton Ted ClaytonOne Life to Live characterPortrayed byKeith Charles (1980–81)Mark Goddard (1981)Duration1980–81First appearanceMay 1980 (May 1980)Last appearanceNovember 1981 (November 1981)ClassificationFormer, regularCreated bySam HallPeggy O'SheaIntroduced byJoseph StuartIn-universe informationOther namesTom ClarksonOccupationCon manSpouseIrene Manning (1960s–1981?)StepchildrenTina Lord Ted Clayton is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. The role was originated on the series by actor Keith Charles in May 1980, a role he played through 1981. The role was assumed in 1981 by Mark Goddard, playing Ted until he is killed onscreen by police Lt. Ed Hall (Al Freeman, Jr.) in November 1981. This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (April 2013) Wade Coleman Wade ColemanOne Life to Live characterPortrayed byDoug WertDuration1987–89First appearanceJune 1987 (June 1987)Last appearanceJune 22, 1989 (June 22, 1989)ClassificationFormer, regularCreated byPeggy O'SheaIntroduced byPaul RauchIn-universe informationSpouseMari Lynn Dennison (1988—) Wade Coleman is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime serial One Life to Live. The role was played by actor Doug Wert debuted June 1987, appearing continually until June 22, 1989. Wade was a troubled young man who reformed with the help of Mari Lynn Dennison. He was the son of Roberta Coleman, a former cellmate of Dorian's. This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (April 2013) Rob Coronal Rob CoronalOne Life to Live characterPortrayed byTed Marcoux (1984–86)Mark Arnold (1987–89)Duration1984–89First appearanceAugust 1984 (August 1984)Last appearanceApril 4, 1989 (April 4, 1989)ClassificationFormer, regularCreated byPeggy O'SheaIntroduced byPaul RauchIn-universe informationParentsAlex CrownSpouseCassie Callison (1985–86)Joanna Leighton (1986–8?)GrandparentsLeo CoronalFirst cousinsMarco DaneMario CorelliGaribaldi Corelli Rob Coronal is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. The role was originated from August 1984 until 1986 by Ted Marcoux. Actor Mark Arnold assumed the role in August 1987, playing Mark through the character's last appearance in 1989. Rob was the illegitimate son of Laurel Chapin and Alex Coronal and eventually married Cassie Cramer. After their divorce, they would briefly date again, but he also would become involved with her aunt, Melinda Cramer. This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (May 2013) Mari Lynn Dennison Mari Lynn DennisonOne Life to Live characterPortrayed byTammy AmersonDuration1986–89First appearanceAugust 15, 1986 (August 15, 1986)Last appearanceDecember 7, 1989 (December 7, 1989)ClassificationFormer, regularCreated byPeggy O'SheaIntroduced byPaul RauchIn-universe informationOccupationActressFamilyRileyParentsTom DennisonCarol HarperSpouseWade Coleman (1988—)Aunts and unclesJoe RileyEileen RileyFirst cousinsTim SiegelJulie SiegelMegan Craig RileyKevin Riley BuchananJoey Riley Buchanan Mari Lynn Dennison Coleman is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. The role was played by actress Tammy Amerson from August 15, 1986, through December 7, 1989. Character history Arriving in fictional Llanview in August 1986, Mari Lynn is soon seduced into becoming a disciple of cult leader Mitch Laurence. Ultimately, she breaks free of the cult and marries Wade Coleman onscreen June 9, 1988. She later becomes a star of the fictional soap opera (within a soap opera) Fraternity Row alongside Megan Gordon, leaving town in July 1989. This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (April 2013) Tom Dennison Tom DennisonOne Life to Live characterPortrayed byLee PattersonDuration1986–88First appearanceAugust 15, 1986 (August 15, 1986)Last appearance1988 (1988)ClassificationFormer, regularCreated byPeggy O'SheaIntroduced byPaul RauchIn-universe informationOccupationBusinessmanFamilyRileyAdoptive parentsMr. and Mrs. DennisonSiblingsEileen RileyJoe RileySpouseCarol Harper (pre-1986–88?)ChildrenMari Lynn DennisonNieces and nephewsTim SiegelJulie SiegelMegan Craig RileyKevin Riley BuchananJoey Riley Buchanan Actor Lee Patterson returned to the ABC Daytime serial One Life to Live and fictional Llanview in the role of widower Thomas "Tom" Dennison with his daughter Mari Lynn in August 1986. Everyone in town — especially Victoria "Viki" Lord Buchanan (Erika Slezak) — are shocked at his near-exact resemblance to the late Joe Riley (Patterson), Viki's first on-screen husband and father to her first two children. It is ultimately revealed that Tom is Joe's long-lost twin put up for adoption at birth. Tom and Viki engage in a brief affair before he leaves town in 1988. Lee Halpern, a former prostitute for Renée Divine (Patricia Elliott) and now a business partner of Max Holden (James DePaiva), arrives in Llanview in 1987 and turns out to be Carol Harper Dennison, Tom's presumed-dead wife. Her awkward reunion with her daughter is cut short when Lee is accidentally shot to death by Mari Lynn in 1988. Renée Divine Buchanan Renée Divine BuchananOne Life to Live characterPortrayed byPhyllis Newman (1987–88)Patricia Elliott (1988–2011)Loyita Chapel (2008)Duration1987–2011First appearance1987 (1987)Last appearanceAugust 24, 2011 (August 24, 2011)ClassificationFormer, regularCreated byS. Michael SchnesselIntroduced byPaul RauchIn-universe informationOther namesJean RappaportOccupationOwner of The Palace Hotel Former MadamSpouseAsa Buchanan (1988–92, 1999–2001, 2004–07)ChildrenBen DavidsonStepchildrenClint BuchananBo BuchananGrandchildrenMatthew Buchanan (step)David Vickers Buchanan (step)Jessica Buchanan (step)Natalie Buchanan (step)Joey Buchanan (step)Kevin Buchanan (step)Cord Roberts (step)Rex Balsom (step) Renée Divine Buchanan is a fictional character from the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. The role was portrayed by Phyllis Newman from 1987 to 1988 and Patricia Elliott from February 1988 through 2011. Elliott was taken off contract in November 2003 and her screen time became increasingly infrequent. Renée arrives in Llanview in 1987 as the former employer of Lee Halpern, secretly once a prostitute at Renée's Strip Club in Georgia. She soon runs into Asa Buchanan, her old flame; they rekindle their romance and marry on November 30, 1988, in a double wedding with Asa's grandson Cord Roberts, who remarries ex-wife Tina Lord. Mobster Carlo Hesser—another of Renée's exes—appears in Chesnut Hills in 1990. Asa and Renée divorce in 1992 when Asa discovers old love letters that Carlo had sent Renée, but Asa and Renée eventually wed again on May 18, 1999. It is revealed that Renée had conceived a son by Asa when they had been involved in their youth, and had put the boy up for adoption. Max Holden poses as the missing heir, but Asa and Renée's real son turns out to be Ben Davidson, adoptive brother of Sam Rappaport and love interest of Asa's former daughter-in-law Victoria "Viki" Lord Carpenter. Asa and Renée divorce in 2001. Renée and Asa remarry for the last time on February 14, 2004. The marriage ends with Asa's offscreen death on August 16, 2007. Afterwards, Renée is seldom seen, but resides in Llanview running the Palace Hotel. On August 23 and 24, 2011, Renée is seen at Asa's gravesite alongside his son, Bo Buchanan, in honor of the fourth anniversary of Asa's death. Rafe Garretson Rafe GarretsonOne Life to Live characterPortrayed byKen MeekerDuration1980–91First appearanceFebruary 1980 (February 1980)Last appearance1991 (1991)ClassificationFormer; regularCreated byGordon RussellSam HallIntroduced byJoseph StuartIn-universe informationFamilyBuchananParentsMiguel GarretsonStepmotherJeannie Buchanan GarretsonWifeSamantha Vernon (1984)Delilah Ralston (1986–)ChildrenSammi GarretsonUnclesAsa BuchananPike BuchananFirst cousinsClint BuchananBo BuchananBen DavidsonAustin Buchanan Rafe Garretson is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera on One Life to Live originated by Ken Meeker in February 1980. Meekler continued in the role until his last appearance on the series in 1991. Rafe was the nephew of wealthy Asa Buchannan and was utilized by his uncle to take care of Asa's presumed dead wife Olympia. After Asa's marriage to Samantha Vernon came to an end, Rafe fell in love with her and they were married. When a pregnant Samantha was shot and ended up brain dead, Delilah Ralston took on her embryo, eventually giving birth to a daughter, Sammi. Delilah and Rafe fell in love and were married, but after she was kidnapped by the Sanders family, he was left alone until she turned up a year later. They were still married when Delilah left to pursue a singing career in 1989, and Rafe eventually left Llanview too two years later. This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2013) Sammi Garretson Sammi GarretsonOne Life to Live characterPortrayed byDanielle Harris (1985–1989)(and others)Duration1985–89First appearanceMay 16, 1985 (May 16, 1985)Last appearanceDecember 20, 1989 (December 20, 1989)ClassificationFormer, recurringCreated byPeggy O'SheaIntroduced byPaul RauchIn-universe informationFamilyBuchananParentsRafe GarretsonSamantha VernonDelilah Ralston (legal)GrandparentsMiguel GarretsonJeannie Buchanan GarretsonWill VernonNaomi VernonAunts and unclesBrad VernonFirst cousinsKristine Karr Samantha "Sammi" Garretson is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera on One Life to Live. The character was considered a "miracle child," extracted as an embryo from the womb of her recently deceased mother Samantha Vernon and implanted in a family friend Delilah Ralston, whom her father Rafe later married. First appearing onscreen at birth May 16, 1985, the character was soon SORASed to a six-year-old at the introduction of child actor Danielle Harris to the role, and last appeared in 1989. Roger Gordon Roger GordonOne Life to Live characterPortrayed byLarry PineDuration1988–92First appearanceNovember 1988 (November 1988)Last appearance1992 (1992)ClassificationFormer, regularCreated byS. Michael SchnesselIntroduced byPaul RauchIn-universe informationOccupationArcheologistSpouseVictoria Lord (pre-1968)Carrie Gordon (post-1968)ChildrenMegan GordonSarah GordonAnna Gordon Roger Gordon is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. The role was played by actor Larry Pine from its debut in 1988 through 1992. Roger Gordon, an archaeologist, arrived on the scene determined to convince both his daughters to move away from Llanview with him. Just as he and Sarah were about to leave town (after having convinced Megan to follow them to California), Roger overheard news that Viki had found the long-lost daughter she had spent months searching for, and changed his plans, refusing to leave town. Roger knew that the 'long-lost daughter' was a fraud - because Megan was the real missing Lord heir. As a child, Roger Gordon's family participated in Victor Lord's disastrous, secret 'Eterna' project (in which a small underground city was created under Llantano Mountain). Against the wishes of the Eterna citizens themselves, they were sealed off from the outside world and abandoned to die. Roger's parents managed to break their teenaged son out of imprisonment. Once outside, Roger met and fell in love with a then-teenaged Victoria Lord. The teens married, made love, and Viki became pregnant with Roger's child. But Victor intervened, and instigated an accident that turned Viki into her alter ego Niki Smith for many months. Niki ran away to New York City and carried her baby to full term. Just as she was about to give birth, Victor tracked her down and forced her to return to Llanview with him. A very young Larry Wolek (still in med school at the time) delivered the baby, and Niki reverted to Viki immediately afterward. Victor hushed up the whole incident (including hiring a hypnotist to erase Viki's memory of the incident) and gave the baby to Roger. Roger later married Carrie Gordon, and the two passed Megan off as their own child (Carrie was the birth mother of Sarah & Anna. She was already divorced from Roger when he arrived in Llanview. Carrie appeared only rarely.) Roger confessed to Viki that Megan was their daughter. Megan was initially less than thrilled to hear the news (she and Viki did not get along), but then developed a close rapport with Viki and the Buchanan family (especially Viki's other daughter Jessica). Both Roger and Viki began to feel their old teenaged passions rekindling, even though Viki was married to Clint at the time. However, Roger eventually realized he could never have what he once had with Viki, so he left town and allowed Viki to get on with her life. Megan Gordon Megan GordonOne Life to Live characterPortrayed byJessica TuckDuration 1988–93 1999 2004 2012 First appearanceJuly 1988 (July 1988)Last appearanceJanuary 9, 2012 (January 9, 2012)ClassificationFormer; regularCreated byS. Michael SchnesselIntroduced byPaul RauchIn-universe informationOther namesMegan Gordon (maiden name)Ruby Bright (alternate personality)OccupationActressFamilyLordParentsRoger GordonVictoria LordStepfatherClint BuchananStepmotherCarrie GordonHalf-brothersKevin BuchananJoey BuchananHalf-sistersSarah GordonAnna GordonNatalie BuchananJessica BuchananSpouseJake Harrison (1991–92)GrandparentsVictor LordEugenia Randolph LordAunts and unclesTony LordMeredith LordTina LordTodd ManningVictor Lord, Jr.Nieces and nephewsDuke BuchananMegan BuchananBree BrennanRyder FordLiam McBainFirst cousinsBrian KendallDaniel WolekC. J. RobertsSarah RobertsStarr ManningDanielle ManningJack ManningSam Manning Megan Gordon Harrison is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. The role was originated in 1988 by actress Jessica Tuck, who regularly appeared until February 1992. Tuck returned for guest appearances in 1993, 1999, 2004, and 2012. Character history Larry Wolek tries to talk Viki out of attending her high school reunion in 1988; it is soon revealed that Viki had left school and had a baby — delivered by Larry. Viki's father Victor had sent her to a hypnotist, who had wiped away all memories of the experience. Viki is determined to find her daughter; meeting Roger Gordon ultimately brings Viki's memories flooding back in 1989. Roger and Viki had fallen in love, but his apparent death had shocked Viki into reverting into Niki Smith; Niki had been in control during the pregnancy, with Viki re-emerging briefly during childbirth. One of Roger's daughters is Viki's child; unfortunately, it is not sweet family friend Sarah, but her self-absorbed sister Megan Gordon — despised by Viki since Megan's appearance in Llanview in 1988. Megan, a soap opera star and major diva, has a passionate romance with Max Holden and feuds with rival actress Summer Skye while working on Bo Buchanan's soap Fraternity Row. Later, Megan softens towards Viki and develops a close relationship with her mother, then settles down with dashing international man of mystery Jake Harrison, her true love. But love cannot save Megan from the ravages of lupus, which takes her life on February 7, 1992. Surrounded by friends and family, Megan dies in Jake's arms, and later appears as a blithe spirit to help Jake and her loved ones through troubled times. Megan appears as a vision to her sister Jessica Buchanan in 1999 when she miscarries her baby, Megan Buchanan, who is named after her. Megan makes a spiritual visitation to Viki in 2004, and helps her mother cope with the loss of her husband Ben Davidson. In 2008, when Victoria goes to Heaven again after a car crash, her granddaughter Megan reveals that she works with her aunt Megan, who is currently absent due to being at a network meeting. On January 9, 2012, Megan appears to Viki during her third trip to Heaven. This time Megan tries to guide and convince her mother to cross over into the afterlife, after Viki continually comments how she is so tired. However, as Viki and Megan approach Heaven's gates, Clint goes running up from Hell, declares his love for her and states how they have conquered the odds before, and that can do so again. Clint's words prove stronger than Megan's as Viki ultimately chooses to give life another chance with Clint and is revived by paramedics, as Megan smiles on happily. Sarah Gordon Sarah Gordon BuchananOne Life to Live characterPortrayed byJensen Buchanan (1987–90)Grace Phillips (1991–93)Duration1987–1993First appearanceNovember 17, 1987 (November 17, 1987)Last appearanceMarch 15, 1993 (March 15, 1993)ClassificationFormer, regularCreated byS. Michael SchnesselIntroduced byPaul RauchIn-universe informationOccupationTherapistParentsRoger GordonCarrie GordonSistersAnna GordonHalf-sistersMegan GordonSpouseBo Buchanan (1990–1992) Sarah Gordon Buchanan is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera, One Life to Live. The role was originated by actress Jensen Buchanan in 1987, a role she played until September 24, 1990. Buchanan made a voiceover appearance on October 22, 1990, when the character was presumed dead. Grace Phillips stepped into the role in 1991, playing the character through 1993. Character history Sarah, nicknamed "Paradise" by Bo, was the first member of the Gordon family to arrive in Llanview. While she was only on the show for a short time, she was a part of many memorable storylines, including Mendorra and Badderly Island. Born off-screen in 1965 to Roger and Carrie Gordon, Sarah grew up as the second of three daughters and came to Llanview in October 1987. As a therapist specializing in training newly-blind people to live without their sight, Sarah became a counsellor to Clint Buchanan, who had been blinded by a gunshot wound to the head. Early on, Sarah stated that her desire to help the blind was inspired by working with her sister Anna (never seen) who was blind from birth and died young. Sarah started out as Tina Lord's rival for Cord Roberts' affection, but Sarah and Cord never progressed far in their relationship. She later met the love of her life, Bo Buchanan, on the set of Fraternity Row, where she was working as a consultant. Though the two were deeply in love with each other, they often found themselves in dangerous situations that threatened their future. In 1989, Bo was sentenced to time in prison after being found guilty of killing Alicia Grande. Believing that Bo was being framed by his cousin Austin Buchanan, Sarah set out to get the truth and exonerate Bo by seducing Austin (who was obsessed with her) and tricking him into telling her the truth. Her plan, which was successful, had dire consequences. After discovering the tape recorder that Sarah was hiding under her blouse, Austin forced her to have sex in Asa's garage. Bo was ultimately set free thanks to the recorded confession, but Sarah's relationship with Bo suffered because she refused to tell him the truth about the rape; she was terrified that Bo would never be able to love her the same way again if he found out that she had been violated by Austin. Unfortunately, Sarah was not able to keep the truth from Bo when she discovered that she was pregnant with Austin's baby. Always supportive, Bo stood by Sarah as she struggled with the decision to terminate the pregnancy or not. Ultimately she never had to make a choice because she suffered a miscarriage. Despite the drama resulting from Austin's rampage, Bo and Sarah's relationship blossomed and the two became engaged. Their plan was to marry on Valentine's Day 1990, but Sarah was once again swept up into trouble when she was summoned to the kingdom of Mendorra to work with the future king, Prince Raymond, who was progressively losing his sight. Accompanied by Megan and Ambassador to Mendorra, Dorian Lord, Sarah walked right into a trap set by Raymond's scheming brother Roland. In an effort to steal the throne from his brother, Roland kidnapped Megan and Dorian to force Sarah into a marriage with his brother. Because Sarah was a commoner, Raymond would have to abdicate the throne, making Roland next in line. Little did Roland suspect that Bo and his nephew Cord were on their way to Mendorra to save Sarah, Megan and Dorian after Sarah subtly signalled her fiancé that something was wrong during a live television broadcast. Unbeknownst to Roland, Bo took Raymond's place at the altar and married Sarah in a lavish royal wedding, thwarting his plans to become king. With Raymond's help, Bo, Sarah, and Megan were finally able to escape from Mendorra, but only after Raymond was forced to shoot and kill his brother near the Austrian/Mendorran border. A little over a month later, on March 21, Bo and Sarah were legally married in a small ceremony held at Llanfair. Soon after, Bo planned a location shoot for a prime time Fraternity Row movie and after looking at several exotic locations, he settled on Badderly, an island off the coast of Canada that was home to a deserted four-star resort. It seemed like the perfect location with private beaches and a large estate, but he was not the only one who had his eyes set on the secluded island resort. Johnny Dee, Carlo Hesser's lawyer and secret son, had arranged a meeting on Badderly with Frank "Whitey" Whitehead, one of Carlo's rivals, and several other top mob bosses to forge an uneasy peace with one another and discuss their plans to flood Llanview with drugs, which were being manufactured on the island. What Johnny had not counted on was Bo ending up with Whitey's invitation to the meeting. Because no one knew what the real Whitey looked liked (he always avoided having his picture taken), Bo was easily mistaken for the reclusive Whitehead by Johnny and his guests and welcomed into the soiree. To make matters worse, Sarah, Megan, Cord, Lucky Lippmann and Spring Skye also ended up on the island, each one taking on a new persona to pose as Whitey's entourage. Sarah, using a fake Texas accent and donning a curly blond wig, found herself constantly having to run interference for Bo after Hesser's daughter, Charlotte, set her sights on seducing him. It was not until Jake Harrison arrived on Badderly days later that Charlotte forgot all about "Whitey" and shifted her focus to Jake. After several more days on the island and a few mishaps later (Megan nearly drowning and Sarah almost dying in a pit of quicksand), Bo and his crew finally discovered the secret location of the drug manufacturing lab and were able to destroy the operation and bring down Johnny and his men. Thinking that the entire ordeal was over, everyone returned to Llanview to get back to their lives. Sarah became a witness to the drug-trafficking activities of Carlo Hesser, who kidnapped her, and was thought to have killed her. Sarah turned up alive, just as Bo was about to marry Cassie Callison. Sarah and Bo divorced, but reconciled, all during a time in which Sarah was a major suspect in the first murder investigation of Carlo Hesser. Tragically, Sarah was killed on November 25, 1992, when the car she was riding in with Bo was run off of Llantano Bridge by a truck on the night before their wedding. Their car landed in the water and Sarah, who was not wearing her seat belt, died shortly after impact while Bo sustained only minor injuries. Lee Halpern Lee HalpernOne Life to Live characterPortrayed byJanet ZarishDuration 1987–88 2008–09 First appearance1987 (1987)Last appearanceFebruary 3, 2009 (February 3, 2009)ClassificationFormer, recurringIntroduced byPaul RauchFrank Valentini (2008)In-universe informationOther namesCarol Harper (maiden name)Carol Harper DennisonJanet KetringOccupationProstitute Registered nurseSpouseTom Dennison (pre-1986–88)Charles Sanders (1987)ChildrenMari Lynn Dennison Lee Halpern (originally Carol Harper; formerly Dennison) is a fictional character from the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. The role was first played by Janet Zarish from 1987 until 1988, then again from April 2, 2008, until November 11, 2008, and January 12, 2009 until February 3, 2009. In 2008, the character assumes the alias Janet Ketring. Lee Halpern arrives in Llanview in 1987 as a former prostitute for Renee Divine and now business partner of Max Holden. She marries Charles Sanders, former US Ambassador to the European principality of Mendorra, during a drunken night in Las Vegas, and he dies of a heart attack on their wedding night. It is soon revealed that Lee is in fact Carol Harper Dennison, the presumed-dead wife of Tom Dennison and mother to Tom's daughter, Mari Lynn. The revelation of Carol's past as a prostitute had ended her marriage to Tom, and she had subsequently chosen to fake her death. Lee's awkward reunion with her daughter is cut short when it appears that Lee is accidentally shot to death by Mari Lynn in 1988. In April 2008, private nurse Janet Ketring appears in Llanview, helping Lee Ramsey care for a bedridden and amnesiac Marty Saybrooke. Ramsey is killed and Todd Manning secretly takes custody of Marty, who all of Llanview believes had been killed in an explosion in December 2007. Todd coerces Janet to continue tending to Marty under his employ. For the sum of $1 million, Janet also agrees to keep Marty's existence a secret. Neither Marty nor Janet are aware that Todd had raped Marty over a decade before. Seeking absolution for his crimes against Marty at any cost, Todd lies about their relationship as well as the existence of Marty's son. During a conversation with Todd, Janet reveals that she is estranged from her loved ones and claims she is "dead to them." Llanview Police Detective John McBain discovers that Janet is, in fact, Lee Halpern. He uses this information to try to pressure Janet into revealing that her mystery patient is, as he now suspects, the presumed-dead Marty. Janet is horrified to hear from John that Todd had raped Marty and is keeping her from her son. Janet confronts Todd, who also knows her true identity and threatens to expose her unless she continues to keep his secret. He soon forces her to assist him in his intended kidnapping of his unborn grandchild. Todd calls off the plan, but his mentally ill niece Jessica Buchanan switches her own stillborn baby girl with the new-born daughter of Todd's daughter Starr Manning. With Starr's baby believed dead, Janet leaves Llanview on November 11, 2008, but reappears on Renee Buchanan's doorstep on January 9, 2009, desperate for sanctuary. Janet fears prosecution and Todd's wrath, but soon agrees to cooperate with the authorities. Todd catches her wearing a wire, but Janet is kept in protective custody. Todd publishes an exposé on Janet in his newspaper, The Sun, to sabotage her credibility before the upcoming trial. Terrified that one of the people she had conned will come after her, Janet escapes police custody. Todd discovers Janet stabbed to death on his living room floor on January 30, 2009. Believing that Todd is innocent but realizing that he would be blamed, Téa confesses to the police that she had stabbed Janet in self defense, and Janet's body is taken away. Powell Lord III later confesses to the murder, as part of his plan to punish anyone who has hurt Marty and punish Todd. Andy Harrison Andy HarrisonOne Life to Live characterPortrayed byBronwen Booth (1989–91)Wendee Pratt (1994–97)Duration 1989–91 1994–97 First appearanceOctober 5, 1989 (October 5, 1989)Last appearanceAugust 4, 1997 (August 4, 1997)ClassificationFormer, regularCreated byS. Michael SchnesselIntroduced byPaul Rauch (1989)Linda Gottlieb (1994)In-universe informationOther namesAndy GuthrieAndy VegaParentsBaxter HarrisonPatricia HoldenHalf-brothersJake HarrisonMax HoldenSteve HoldenSpouseHunter Guthrie (1991–9?)Antonio Vega (1997–2000)Nieces and nephewsAl HoldenSteven Holden, Jr.Frankie HoldenLeslie Holden Andrea "Andy" Harrison (formerly Guthrie and Vega) is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. The role was originated by Bronwen Booth from October 5, 1989, through 1991. Wendee Pratt assumed the role upon its reappearance onscreen on September 13, 1994, playing the character through 1997. Character history Max Holden's sister Andrea arrives in fictional Llanview in August 1989 with news of their mother Patricia's death; Max and Andy's volatile relationship eventually cooled before she left town in 1991 after marrying Hunter Guthrie. She would return in 1994 (divorced from the abusive Hunter) as a police officer, and become involved with fellow officer and ex-con Antonio Vega, who she had a whirlwind romance with, before marrying him and leaving again for Berkeley, California, in 1997. Years later, Andy and Antonio's marriage ended when Andy cheated on him with her partner on the police force. Al Holden Al HoldenOne Life to Live characterPortrayed by Kirk and Robert Raisch (1988–90) Ryan and Sean Buckley (1990–91) Evan Bonifant (1991–93) Michael Roman (1993–94) Eddie Karr (1994) Jason Alexander Fischer (1994–97) Michael Tipps (2001) Nathaniel Marston (2001–04) Duration 1987–97 2001–04 First appearanceApril 30, 1987 (April 30, 1987)Last appearanceFebruary 16, 2004 (February 16, 2004)ClassificationFormer; regularCreated byPeggy O'SheaIntroduced byPaul Rauch (1987)Gary Tomlin (2001)In-universe informationOther namesAlbert RobertsAlonzo BuchananParentsMax HoldenGabrielle MedinaSiblingsFrankie HoldenLeslie HoldenGrandparentsWingate HoldenPatricia HoldenDante MedinaJulia WheatonAunts and unclesSteve HoldenAndy HarrisonDebra MedinaFirst cousinsSteven Holden, Jr. Alonzo "Al" Holden is a fictional character on the American soap opera, One Life to Live. Originally introduced in April 1987, Al was first featured as a regular character in 2001 played by Michael Tipps from March through November 2001. Nathaniel Marston assumed the role from December 4, 2001, until Al’s onscreen death on September 22, 2003, and as Al's spirit through his last appearance on February 14, 2004. Marston immediately began playing the role of Michael McBain, whose body Al's spirit inhabited, thereafter in 2004. This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (May 2013) Steve Holden Steve HoldenOne Life to Live characterPortrayed byRuss AndersonDuration1987–89First appearanceMarch 1987 (March 1987)Last appearanceApril 27, 1989 (April 27, 1989)ClassificationFormer, regularCreated byPeggy O'SheaIntroduced byPaul RauchIn-universe informationParentsWingate HoldenPatricia HoldenSiblingsMax HoldenAndy HarrisonSpouseGabrielle Medina (1988)ChildrenSteven Holden, Jr.Nieces and nephewsAl HoldenFrankie HoldenLeslie Holden Steven "Steve" Holden, Sr. is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. The role was played by Russ Anderson from March 1987 through the character's onscreen death November 30, 1988. Character history Max Holden's brother Steve Holden arrives in fictional Llanview in March 1987 and soon begins a relationship with and marries Max's first love, Gabrielle Medina. Gabrielle's perpetual feeling for Max doom their relationship and they divorce. In 1988, at the double wedding of Cord Roberts to Tina Lord and Asa Buchanan to Renée Divine, Steve notices a bomb in a wedding cake and throws himself on it to protect his fiancée Brenda McGillis. Brenda gives birth Steve's child, his namesake, in 1989. Dante Medina Dante MedinaOne Life to Live characterPortrayed byHenry DarrowDuration1987ClassificationFormer, regularCreated byPeggy O'SheaIntroduced byPaul RauchIn-universe informationOccupationDrug kingpinSpouseJulia Wheaton (?–1987)ChildrenGabrielle MedinaDebra MedinaGrandchildrenAl Holden Dante Medina is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. The role was played by actor Henry Darrow for months in 1987. This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (May 2013) Debra Medina Debra MedinaOne Life to Live characterPortrayed byLucinda FisherDuration1989–90First appearanceAugust 16, 1989 (August 16, 1989)Last appearanceMay 11, 1990 (May 11, 1990)ClassificationPast; regularCreated byS. Michael SchnesselIntroduced byPaul RauchIn-universe informationParentsDante MedinaJulia WheatonSistersGabrielle MedinaNephewsAl Holden Debra Medina is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. The role was played by Lucinda Fisher from August 1989 through May 1990. This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (May 2013) Julia Medina Julia MedinaOne Life to Live characterPortrayed byLinda ThorsonDuration1989–92First appearanceAugust 16, 1989 (August 16, 1989)Last appearanceJune 1992 (June 1992)ClassificationFormer, regularCreated byS. Michael SchnesselIntroduced byPaul RauchIn-universe informationSpouseDante Medina (until 1987)ChildrenGabrielle MedinaDebra MedinaGrandchildrenAl Holden Julia Medina (formerly Wheaton) is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. The role was played by actress Linda Thorson from July 1989 through June 1992. Julia originally came to town to aid her daughter Gabrielle and remained after she left town. Julia was revealed to be the accidental killer of DuAnn Demerest, the blackmailing housekeeper of Victoria Lord Buchanan, and was paralyzed for a time after being in a coma. Connie O'Neill Connie O'NeillOne Life to Live characterPortrayed byElizabeth Keifer (1984–85, 1988)Terry Donahoe (1985–86)Duration 1984–86 1988 First appearanceApril 1984 (April 1984)Last appearance1988 (1988)ClassificationFormer, regularCreated bySam HallPeggy O'SheaIntroduced byPaul RauchIn-universe informationParentsHarry O'NeillKathleen O'NeillSiblingsJoy O'NeillDidi O'NeillSpouseBrad Vernon (1986–88)Aunts and unclesPete O'Neill Constance Kathleen "Connie" O'Neill (formerly Vernon) is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime serial One Life to Live. The role was originated by actress Elizabeth Keifer from April 1984 until 1985, reappearing briefly in 1988. Terry Donahoe assumed the role from August 1985 until September 1986. This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (April 2013) Didi O'Neill Didi O'Neill BuchananOne Life to Live characterPortrayed byBarbara TreutelaarDuration1984–88First appearanceApril 1984 (April 1984)Last appearanceSeptember 3, 1988 (September 3, 1988)ClassificationFormer; regularCreated bySam HallPeggy O'SheaIntroduced byPaul RauchIn-universe informationOccupationFactory workerParentsHarry O'NeillKathleen O'NeillSiblingsConnie O'NeillJoy O'NeillSpouseBo Buchanan (1986–88)Aunts and unclesPete O'Neill Deidra Cecilia "Didi" O'Neill Buchanan is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. The role was portrayed by actress Barbara Treutelaar from April 1984 until the character's on-screen death on September 3, 1988. This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (April 2013) Harry O'Neill Harry O'NeillOne Life to Live characterPortrayed byArlen Dean Snyder (1984)Frank Converse (1984–85)Duration1984–85First appearanceApril 1984 (April 1984)Last appearanceJuly 1985 (July 1985)ClassificationFormer, regularCreated bySam HallPeggy O'SheaIntroduced byPaul RauchIn-universe informationOccupationFactory workerSiblingsPete O'NeillSpouseKathleen O'Neill (pre-1984)ChildrenConnie O'NeillDidi O'NeillJoy O'Neill Harry O'Neill is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime serial One Life to Live. The role was originated by Arlen Dean Snyder in April 1984. Frank Converse assumed the role in October 1984 through the character's onscreen death in July 1985. Character history Factory worker Harry O'Neill is introduced in April 1984 when he is about to lose his job at the Lord-Manning plant joint-owned by Victoria Lord Buchanan and her husband Clint Buchanan when they consider closing it for financial reasons. Harry soon engages in romance with Niki Smith, a personality symptom of Victoria's multiple personality disorder. The relationship ends when Harry is murdered in 1985 by con man Mitch Laurence, who had intended to kill Clint and frame Viki. Joy O'Neill Joy O'NeillOne Life to Live characterPortrayed byKristen Vigard (1984–85)Julie Ann Johnson (1985–86; 1988)Duration1984–86; 1988First appearanceApril 1984 (April 1984)Last appearance1988 (1988)ClassificationFormer, regularCreated bySam HallPeggy O'SheaIntroduced byPaul RauchIn-universe informationParentsHarry O'NeillKathleen O'NeillSiblingsDidi O'NeillConnie O'NeillAunts and unclesPete O'Neill Joy O'Neill is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime serial One Life to Live. The role was originated by actress Kristen Vigard from April 1984 until 1985. Julie Ann Johnson assumed the role from 1985 until the character left town in 1986. Johnson returned for a brief appearance in September 1988. This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (April 2013) Pete O'Neill Pete O'NeillOne Life to Live characterPortrayed byJames O'SullivanDuration1985–87; 1988First appearanceJuly 1985 (July 1985)Last appearance1988 (1988)ClassificationFormer, regularCreated byPeggy O'SheaIntroduced byPaul RauchIn-universe informationOccupationLawyerSiblingsHarry O'NeillSpousePamela Stuart (1987–2009)ChildrenConnie O'NeillDidi O'NeillJoy O'Neill Pete O'Neill is fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. The role was played by James O'Sullivan from July 1985 until 1987, with a brief return in September 1988. Character history Arriving in the wake of the death of his brother Harry, Pete O'Neill arrives in fictional Llanview in 1985 to support his family in their grief. A lawyer, he soon defends Tina Lord when she is accused of killing Harry, believing her alibi. Pete later falls for the ex-wife of business tycoon Asa Buchanan, Pamela Stuart, leaving town with her for her home island of Malakeva in 1987. Delilah Ralston Delilah Ralston GarretsonOne Life to Live characterPortrayed byShelly BurchDuration 1982–89 2001 First appearanceJanuary 1982 (January 1982)Last appearanceNovember 19, 2001 (November 19, 2001)ClassificationFormer, regularCreated bySam HallPeggy O'SheaIntroduced byJoseph StuartCrossoverappearancesAll My ChildrenIn-universe informationOccupationOwner of Designs by DelilahParentsEuphemia RalstonSpouseAsa Buchanan (1983)Bo Buchanan (1983)Rafe Garretson (1987—)Adoptive childrenSammi GarretsonAunts and unclesTwyla RalstonLamarr RalstonYancey RalstonFirst cousinsDrew Ralston Delilah Ralston Garretson (formerly Buchanan) is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. The role was portrayed by actress Shelly Burch from January 1982 until December 20, 1989. Burch briefly reprised the role in November 2001. She first came to Llanview, believing that Bo Buchannan was her cousin and married the wealthy Asa whose late wife Olympia had lied about Bo not being Asa's son. Delilah's scheming mother, Euphemia, knew the truth, and having vowed revenge on Asa for destroying her family, kept the secret. Asa and Delilah eventually divorced and she married Bo, but her constant lying caused him to leave her shortly into their marriage and fall in love with Didi O'Neill. Delilah showed she had a heart when the pregnant Samantha Garretson suddenly became brain dead and Delilah agreed to have Samantha's embryo transplanted into her. She eventually married her widower Rafe Garretson (Asa's nephew!) but was kidnapped by Elizabeth Sanders and her cohort Lord Henry Leighton as part of revenge against Asa. Delilah was eventually discovered (along with Bo) and reunited with Rafe. However, she left town to pursue a modeling career, only returning for one of Asa's several "fake" funerals. This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (May 2013) Euphemia Ralston Euphemia RalstonOne Life to Live characterPortrayed byGrayson Hall (1982–83)Duration1982–83First appearanceJuly 1982 (July 1982)Last appearanceApril 1983 (April 1983)ClassificationFormer, regularCreated bySam HallPeggy O'SheaIntroduced byJoseph StuartIn-universe informationSiblingsYancy RalstonChildrenDelilah RalstonOther relativesDrew Ralston, nephew; Twyla Ralston, cousin; Blanche Ralston, sister-in-law. Euphemia Ralston is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime serial One Life to Live. The role was played by actress Grayson Hall from July 1982-April 1983. She was introduced as Euphemia Ralston Massey (although daughter Delilah used Euphemia's maiden name), the once wealthy owner of a Southern estate and now down on her luck because of a vendetta against her family by Asa Buchanan. In July 1982, Bo Buchanan, believing that Euphemia's late brother Yancy was his father, visited her, and Euphemia immediately began to put into motion a plot of revenge against Asa. She sent her nephew Drew to Llanview to ingratiate himself with Bo, and when she learned that her daughter Delilah had shown up to meet Bo, immediately went there for an extended visit. Asa, referring to Euphemia as "that witch in a turban", made a play for Delilah who had fallen in love with her own supposed cousin, Bo. To set her plans into motion, Euphemia encouraged Delilah to accept Asa's marriage proposal. Shortly afterwards, Asa was believed to have been killed in a boat explosion, but had survived, and hid out at his own funeral. Euphemia's somewhat eccentric cousin Twyla arrived and threatened Euphemia's plans with the knowledge that Yancy was sterile, and this was confirmed when Yancy's widow Blanche showed up. Cousin Twyla spilt the beans that Euphemia had known the truth all along, and Delilah ordered her mother to leave town. This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (April 2013) David Renaldi David RenaldiOne Life to Live characterPortrayed byMichael Zaslow (1983-84; 1985-86; 1998)Vincent Baggetta (1984)Duration 1983–86 1998 First appearanceMay 1983 (May 1983)Last appearanceDecember 1, 1998 (December 1, 1998)ClassificationFormer, regularCreated byHenry SlesarIntroduced byJoseph Stuart (1983)Jill Farren Phelps (1998)In-universe informationOther namesDavid Reynolds (legal name)OccupationPianistSpyParentsSam ReynoldsMs. HowardSpouseJenny Wolek (1984–97)ChildrenCassie Reynolds David "David Renaldi" Reynolds is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. The role was originated by actor Michael Zaslow in May 1983 through August 1984. The role was recast with Vincent Baggetta until the character was written out three months later, followed by Zaslow returning for limited runs between 1985 and 1986. Zaslow reprised the role suffering from Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (a fate mirrored for the character) onscreen in May 1998, appearing onscreen in the role until shortly before his death from the disease in December of that year. Born as David Reynolds, he was a composer and conductor who used the name David Renaldi professionally. He came to Llanview hired to conduct the orchestra, and became friends with Viki Buchanan. He and Dr. Dorian Callison had known each other before either came to Llanview, as he was, in fact, the father of Cassie Callison. He fell in love with Jenny Wolek Siegel Vernon, R. N., in a Romeo and Juliet type romance. Jenny and David married and left Llanview to move to Switzerland. This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (April 2013) C.J. Roberts C.J. RobertsOne Life to Live characterPortrayed byTyler Noyes (1992–97)(and other child actors)Duration 1988–97 First appearance1988Last appearance1997 (1997)ClassificationFormer, recurringCreated byPeggy O'SheaIntroduced byPaul RauchIn-universe informationOccupationU. S. Navy SEALFamilyLordBuchananParentsCord Roberts Tina LordSistersSarah RobertsGrandparentsClint Buchanan Maria Roberts Victor Lord Irene ManningAunts and unclesRex Balsom Natalie Buchanan Kevin Buchanan (adoptive) Joey Buchanan (adoptive) Jessica Buchanan Victoria Lord Meredith Lord Tony Lord Todd Manning Victor Lord, Jr.First cousinsKevin Buchanan Joey Buchanan Megan Gordon Natalie Buchanan Jessica Buchanan Brian Kendall Starr Manning Danielle Manning Jack Manning Sam Manning Duke Buchanan (adoptive)Shane Balsom Liam McBain Bree Brennan Ryder Ford Clinton James "C.J." Roberts is a fictional character from the original ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. The character is first shown on-screen in April 1987 and was portrayed by child actors, most notably Tyler Noyes from 1992 to 1997. Cord Roberts happily marries social climber and heiress, Tina Lord in April 1986. In 1987, Cord's mother, Maria Roberts does not approve of the relationship and convinces Max Holden to take Tina to Argentina where she soon discovers she is pregnant. Meanwhile, Cord marries Kate Sanders. Cord follows Tina to Argentina where Max and Tina have gotten mixed up with crime lord, Carlo Hesser and his drug ring. Carlo sends Tina over a waterfall in a raft; Tina and her unborn child are presumed dead. Tina survives and meets up with Gabrielle Medina, Max's former lover and convinces her that she and Max are now married. Gabrielle gives her and Max's new-born son to Tina so they can raise him. Tina returns to Llanview with baby Al, named after Cord's late step-father. Maria soon learns about Al's true identity and blackmails Tina into divorcing Cord in July 1987. In 1988, it is learned that Tina's real son did not die, but was being cared for in the Argentinean jungle under the name "Milagro". Max's enemies later kidnap the infant and place him in an Italian convent; Tina must pose as nun to get him back. Cord and Tina later name him Clinton James, after Cord's biological father, Clint Buchanan. After Tina and Cord's divorce in January 1990, C.J. and Tina move to San Diego. In February 1991, C.J. becomes a big brother to Sarah Victoria. When Cord is presumed dead in 1992, C.J. and Sarah become attached to their mother's new boyfriend, Cain Rogan. Cord returns in 1993, suffering from post traumatic stress syndrome. Tina marries Cain in 1994 and leaves town, leaving Cord to raise the kids. She returns in July 1994 and rededicates her life to raising C.J. and Sarah. Convicted rapist Todd Manning escapes from prison, but saves the lives of C.J., Sarah, and their cousin Jessica Buchanan. A man named David Vickers comes to town, claiming to be Tina's long lost brother; soon Tina joins forces with imposter David to unsuccessfully try to swindle the massive inheritance from her and Viki's real brother, Todd Manning. Ultimately, Tina moves to Baltimore with C.J. and Sarah in June 1996, the three returning briefly in 1997 to say good bye to Cord as he leaves for London. In February 2003, Sarah, now going by the nickname "Flash," comes to town searching for her brother C.J.. Sarah reveals that Tina's parenting forced C.J. and Sarah to run away from home. It is soon discovered that C.J. has joined the U. S. Navy and was deploying to the Indian Ocean. Later that year, Al Holden, the baby that C.J. was switched with as a child, dies at the age of 22, which revises their birth year to 1981. Tina calls C.J. on the day his parents tie the knot for the fourth time in 2011. Maria Roberts Maria RobertsOne Life to Live characterPortrayed byBarBara Luna (1986–88) Melissa Archer (2008)Duration 1986–88 2008 First appearanceMay 1986 (May 1986)Last appearance2008 (2008)ClassificationFormer; recurringCreated byPeggy O'SheaIntroduced byPaul RauchIn-universe informationOther namesMaria Vasquez (maiden name)ParentsMr VasquezRosa VasquezSiblingsGeorge VasquezHusbandAl Roberts (1968–86)SonsCord RobertsGrandchildrenC. J. RobertsSarah RobertsGrandparentsCody VasquezMay McGillis Maria Roberts (maiden name Vasquez) is a fictional character on the ABC soap opera One Life to Live. Maria was portrayed by BarBara Luna from May 1986 until the character's onscreen death in 1987. Melissa Archer briefly played the role in a July 2008 storyline that took several characters back in time to the show's inception year of 1968. Maria is the mother of long-running character Cord Roberts. Storylines History revisited during the show's 40th anniversary episodes in 2008, around the series inception in 1968, Maria Vasquez becomes pregnant with the love child of Clint Buchanan. Clint's father, Asa, uncovered the pregnancy before Clint was told. Because Maria was of Mexican heritage, Asa condescended Maria and refused to allow her to marry Clint (as Clint may have characteristically done). Asa pressured Maria into abandoning Clint without ever telling him about the baby. Maria married the sturdy, reliable ranch hand Al Roberts instead, and gave birth to a boy named Cordero "Cord" Roberts. The Roberts family lived in El Paso, Texas. Al was a good husband and father, even though he knew Cord was not truly his son. Cord grew up believing that Al was his father. Maria however nursed a bitter grudge against Asa and spent her life pining for Clint. In 1986, when Cord expressed an interest in photography, Maria attempted to send Clint a telegram asking him to provide Cord a job at The Banner. Tina was in the midst of a bitter feud with Clint at the time. She intercepted the request and snooped about in El Paso, hoping to get some dirt on him. Cord met and quickly fell for Tina Clayton, and followed her back to Llanview. Tina reciprocated his interest, but had no intention of marrying a blue collar cowboy like Cord...until she discovered that he was Clint's biological son, and potential heir to the Buchanan estate. After learning that, she wasted no time marrying him. Maria viewed Tina as a gold-digging tramp and became bitter enemies with her. Al Roberts died of a heart attack. With no-one keeping her in El Paso, Maria relocated to Llanview to be near her son. By then, she had grown strong enough to hold her own against Asa's threats. Eventually she confessed to both Clint and Cord that they were father and son, and Clint welcomed Cord into the Buchanan family. Maria wheedled her way into both Clint and Viki's lives, pretending to be just an 'old friend' to Clint. But she secretly conspired to break up their marriage. Maria had two overwhelming desires - to win Clint's love once again, and to break up Tina and Cord. Maria brought Tom Dennison to Llanview, hoping Viki would leave Clint for him. That failed to happen. Later, Maria discovered before anyone else that Allison Perkins had kidnapped Viki's newborn baby Jessica. Maria secretly helped Allison return the baby, but arranged to make it look as if Viki had become Niki Smith again and kidnapped her own baby. Her shenanigans were ultimately discovered, and Clint railed against her for her evil deeds. Going completely off the deep end, Maria attempted to poison Viki, and frame Tina for the crime, only to become tainted by the fatal poison herself and die. Jon Russell Jon RussellOne Life to Live characterPortrayed byJohn MartinDuration 1986–89 1991–92 First appearanceDecember 1986 (December 1986)Last appearance1992 (1992)ClassificationFormer, regularCreated byPeggy O'SheaIntroduced byPaul RauchCrossoverappearancesGeneral HospitalIn-universe informationOccupationPrivate investigator, LawyerSiblingsJudith RussellNieces and nephewsKate SandersJamie SandersGeoff McGrath Jon Russell is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. The role was played by actor John Martin from December 1986 through December 27, 1989, and from March 19, 1991 until 1992. Jon Russell was romantically involved with Dorian Lord, her daughter Cassie Callison who was a partner with him in the private eye business, and Audrey Ames, an actress on the fictional Fraternity Row. He defended Gabrielle Medina Holden in 1989 when she was charged with the baby switching crime of Michael Grande's baby Garrick Grande and Brenda McGillis' baby Steven Holden McGillis. He also served as a producer for "Fraternity Row" while Bo Buchanan was wrongly sentenced to prison for killing Alicia Grande. Jon is also the brother of Judith Russell Sanders This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (April 2013) Judith Russell Sanders Judith Russell SandersOne Life to Live characterPortrayed byLouise SorelDuration1986–87First appearanceDecember 1986 (December 1986)Last appearance1987 (1987)ClassificationFormer, regularCreated byPeggy O'SheaIntroduced byPaul RauchIn-universe informationOther namesJudith SandersOccupationLawyerSiblingsJon RussellSpouseCharles Sanders (?–1987)ChildrenKate SandersJamie SandersStepchildrenGeoff McGrath Judith Russell (formerly Sanders) is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. The role appeared and was played by actress Louise Sorel from August 1986 through November 1987. Character history Judith Russell Sanders first arrives in fictional Llanview in August 1986 as the D.A. in Dorian Lord's murder trial for Mitch Lawrence. Her husband Charles Sanders, the former ambassador from Mendora, arrives soon thereafter hoping to mend their crumbling marriage, as did their children Jamie and Kate. It is established that the Sanders family has lived in Llanview for years. Judith was a free-spirited idealistic lawyer who never truly fit into the conservative, aristocratic lifestyle maintained by Charles, whose mother, Elizabeth, felt prejudiced against Judith because she was Jewish. The two eventually divorce but remained friends, and Judith even made amends with Elizabeth. Judith engages in an affair with fellow attorney Herb Callison (Dorian's ex-husband) before leaving Llanview after in 1987 after ex-husband Charles dies and Kate's marriage to Cord ended upon Tina Lord's return from the dead. Charles Sanders Charles SandersOne Life to Live characterPortrayed byPeter BrownDuration1986–87First appearanceDecember 1986 (December 1986)Last appearance1987 (1987)ClassificationFormer, regularCreated byPeggy O'SheaIntroduced byPaul RauchIn-universe informationOccupationAmbassador to MendorraParentsCharles Sanders, Jr.Elizabeth SandersSpouseJudith Russell (?–1987)Lee Halpern (1987)ChildrenKate SandersJamie SandersGeoff McGrath Charles Sanders III is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. The role appeared and was originated by actor Michael Billington for one episode and then played by actor Peter Brown from September 1986 through September 1987. Character history Charles Sanders arrives in fictional Llanview soon after his wife Judtih in September 1986 to save their marriage. Unfortunately, the two could not resolve their differences over issues with their children and his mother Elizabeth's feelings of anti-Semitism towards her, and divorced. Judith subsequently has an affair with Herb Callison, while Charles romanced Dr.Dorian Lord as part of a money-making scheme. When Dorian realizes Charles is using her, she turns the tables on him by revealing that he had had an affair with a member of Mendorra's royal family. Charles is replaced as ambassador by Dorian herself. Later, Charles eloped with businesswoman Lee Halpern during a drunken night in Las Vegas, and died of a heart attack on their wedding night in 1987. Elizabeth Sanders Elizabeth SandersOne Life to Live characterPortrayed byLois KibbeeDuration1986–89First appearanceDecember 1986 (December 1986)Last appearanceSeptember 21, 1989 (September 21, 1989)ClassificationFormer, regularCreated byPeggy O'SheaIntroduced byPaul RauchIn-universe informationOccupationOwner and CEO of Sanders EnterprisesChildrenCharles SandersGrandchildrenKate SandersJamie SandersGeoff McGrath Elizabeth Sanders is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. The role was played by actress Lois Kibbee from December 1986 through September 1988, returning briefly on April 13, 1989, and later from July 10 to 1989. Elizabeth was a powerful business woman who ran Sanders Chemicals. She disapproved of son Charles' marriage to the Jewish Judith Sanders and initially objected to the romance of granddaughter Kate and Cord Roberts. When Charles and Judith divorced, Elizabeth tried to pair him with Dorian who later took over Charles' former position as ambassador to Mendora. She was aghast when he took up with former hooker Lee Halpern and married her right before he died of a heart attack. Elizabeth vowed revenge on the Buchannan family after Cord broke up with Kate to return to Tina and Asa took control of Sanders chemicals. She was imprisoned after scheming to destroy the Buchannans through kidnapping and murder. The following spring, she was visited in prison by an information-seeking Clint. Later that summer, she escaped from prison with the help of her grandson Jamie. After they were captured, Elizabeth was brought to see Asa thanks to Bo's insistence that he see her, but Asa refused to accept her apologies for crimes against his family. Elizabeth was freed thanks to Bo's testimony on her behalf as to preventing Jamie and his co-hort Ursula Blackwell from electrocuting Tina and left town after revealing that she had a terminal illness. Jamie Sanders Jamie SandersOne Life to Live characterPortrayed byMark PhilpotDuration1986–89First appearanceDecember 1986 (December 1986)Last appearanceAugust 28, 1989 (August 28, 1989)ClassificationFormer, regularCreated byPeggy O'SheaIntroduced byPaul RauchIn-universe informationOccupationCrack manufacturerParentsCharles SandersJudith RussellSiblingsKate SandersGeoff McGrathGrandparentsElizabeth SandersAunts and unclesJon Russell Jamie Sanders is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. The role appeared and was played by actor Mark Philpot from December 1986 until 1989. Character history Jamie is introduced as the mean-spirited foil of a brother to gentle Kate Sanders in December 1986. He plays on his mother Judith's sympathies to bail him out of one dilemma after another. Eventually, Jamie's criminal behaviour (including running a crack cocaine factory with drug lord Dante Medina, killing a fellow cocaine dealer, and kidnapping Cassie Callison) caught up with him and he was sent to Statesville Prison for a life sentence. Even in jail, he was a menace: he threatened Tina when she was wrongly imprisoned for the murder of Maria Roberts, broke out and shot Clint Buchanan, and led a widescale prison riot with paternal grandmother Elizabeth when last seen in 1989. Kate Sanders Kate SandersOne Life to Live characterPortrayed byMarcia CrossDuration1986–88First appearanceDecember 1986 (December 1986)Last appearanceJanuary 1988 (January 1988)ClassificationFormer; regularCreated byPeggy O'SheaIntroduced byPaul RauchIn-universe informationOccupationAnthropologistParentsCharles SandersJudith RussellSiblingsJamie SandersGeoff McGrathSpouseCord Roberts (invalid; 1987)GrandparentsElizabeth SandersAunts and unclesJon Russell Kathryn "Kate" Sanders is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. The role appeared and was played by Marcia Cross from December 1986 through January 1988. Character history Kate is an anthropologist with a taste for adventure when introduced in December 1986, falling in love with Cord Roberts (then married to Tina Lord). When Tina was believed to be dead, Kate accepted Cord's proposal. But just as their wedding ceremony was coming to an end, Tina abruptly burst into the chapel — very much alive and carrying a baby she claimed to be Cord's son (who was actually the son of Gabrielle Medina and Max Holden). While Cord sought a divorce from Tina, Kate became entangled with Patrick London, her ex-fiancé, who stooped to insane measures to break up Cord and Kate. He did not need to bother though; as Kate came to realize Cord loved Tina, she broke up with him and left Llanview. Pamela Stuart Pamela StuartOne Life to Live characterPortrayed byChristine JonesDuration 1985–88 2001 2008–09 First appearanceNovember 1985Last appearanceOctober 19, 2009Created byPeggy O'SheaIntroduced byPaul Rauch (1985) Gary Tomlin (2001)Frank Valentini (2008)In-universe informationSiblingsHarlan OliverSpouseAsa Buchanan (1986–87) Pete O'Neill (1987–2009) Pamela Reed Stuart Buchanan O'Neill is a fictional character from the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. Christine Jones portrayed the character, first from 1986 to 1987, then in 1988, October 2001, January 18 – 21, 2008, April 9–10, 2008, June 3, 2008 and October 19, 2009. Pamela is one of Asa Buchanan's many ex-wives. In 1985, Tina Lord discovers that Asa has been leading a double life for years; on the tropical island of Malakeva, he is known as Jeb Stuart, and has been married to a kindly woman named Pamela for a decade. Tina tells Pamela that her husband is not a sea captain, as she believes, but actually a millionaire with a family in Llanview. Noting that Asa and Pamela's marriage is not legal, Tina convinces Pamela to pretend she is dying to manipulate Asa into marrying her for real. He does on January 20, 1986, and Pamela springs from her "deathbed" and confronts him. Arriving in Llanview to live as Mrs. Asa Buchanan, Pamela is at first a thorn in his side. As Asa realizes he wants her to be his wife, she demands a divorce — and half of his fortune. Their marriage ends in 1987; Pamela marries lawyer Pete O'Neill, and they leave town that year to return to Malakeva. The following year, Pamela comes back for the funeral of Pete's niece, Didi. Pamela was the manager of the Palace Hotel which Asa owned and later turned over to his next wife, Renee Divine. Asa fakes his death in 2001, framing his wife Gabrielle Medina and her lover Max Holden; Pamela and all of Asa's other living ex-wives appear for the funeral. Ex-wife Alex Olanov finds Asa in hiding on his private island, St. Blaze's, and he is ultimately dragged back to Llanview. Pamela returns to Llanview on January 18, 2008, at the invitation of Asa's son Bo Buchanan, and attends the Buchanan Enterprises board meeting to weigh in on the possibility that Jared Banks is the illegitimate son of Asa, who had died on August 16, 2007. Bo had determined that Asa had been with Pamela around the time of Jared's conception; Pamela confirms that Asa had never met Jared's mother Valerie Banks. To the shock of everyone assembled, Pamela reveals that Valerie had in fact been her sister; Pamela then drops the bombshell that she is actually Jared's biological mother. Afraid of losing Asa's love by bringing a child into the relationship, Pamela had asked Valerie to secretly adopt Asa's son. Pamela declares him the Buchanan heir; after the board meeting lets out, however, Pamela returns to meet with Jared alone. It is revealed that Pamela has lied to the Buchanans and is merely going along with Jared's scheme; Pamela is not really Jared's mother. Jared had not been aware that Pamela was going to appear at the meeting or lie for him, but Pamela explains that it was the least she could do "after everything my brother" — a violent abuser named Harlan Oliver who dated Jared's mother after Charlie left the Banks household — "did to you and your family." Pamela wishes Jared good luck with the company. Pamela is summoned back to Llanview by Natalie Buchanan on April 9, 2008; Jared has admitted his true identity to Natalie, who wants to know why Pamela lied to the Buchanans. Pamela relates Jared's troubled childhood, and explains that she had only wanted to help him. Pamela appears again on June 3, 2008, making a surprise appearance at the Buchanan Enterprises shareholders' meeting. Reluctant and saddened, she confirms Dorian Lord's reveal that Jared is not really Asa's son. On October 19, 2009, Natalie and John McBain find Pamela's corpse at the Buchanan cabin. Courtney Wright Courtney WrightOne Life to Live characterPortrayed byPhylicia Ayers-AllenDuration1983–84First appearance1983 (1983)Last appearance1984 (1984)ClassificationFormer, regularCreated byJean ArleyIntroduced byJoseph StuartIn-universe informationOccupationPublicist for Buchanan Enterprises Courtney Wright is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime serial One Life to Live. The role was played by actress Phylicia Rashād (credited as "Phylicia Ayers") from 1983 until 1984, when she left the series to accept the role of Claire Huxtable on the NBC sitcom The Cosby Show. This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (April 2013) References ^ a b c d e f g h Waggett, Gerard J. (November 1997). "One Life to Live". The Soap Opera Encyclopedia. Harper Paperbacks. pp. 163–188. ISBN 0-06-101157-6. ^ a b c d Schemering, Christopher (September 1985). "One Life to Live". The Soap Opera Encyclopedia. pp. 158–166. ISBN 0-345-32459-5. ^ "One Life to Live recap (1981, Part 4)". ABC.com. Archived from the original on April 23, 2008. Retrieved April 23, 2008. ^ "One Life to Live recaps (1987, Part 2)". ABC.com (Internet Archive). Archived from the original on April 23, 2008. Retrieved April 23, 2008. ^ "ABC.com: One Life To Live". Archived from the original on December 6, 2004. Retrieved August 28, 2023. ^ "Comings and Goings". Soap Opera Digest. Vol. 28, No. 47). November 25, 2003. p. 15. ^ Lipton, Brian Scott. "Viva Vita!". TheaterMania. theatermaina.com. Retrieved December 15, 2012. ^ "Danielle Harris Biography - Yahoo! Movies". Movies.yahoo.com. Retrieved 2012-09-25. ^ Harris, Mark (January 31, 1992). "Death of a soap queen". Entertainment Weekly. Time Inc. Retrieved October 22, 2017. ^ Linda Gottlieb (Executive producer); Michael Malone and Josh Griffith (Head writers) (February 7, 1992). One Life to Live. Season 24. ABC. ^ "More Big OLTL Returns!". 31 October 2011. ^ "Erika Slezak Goes to Heaven One Last Time on One Life to Live". 5 January 2012. ^ Linda Gottlieb (Executive producer); Michael Malone and Josh Griffith (Head writers) (November 25, 1992). One Life to Live. Season 25. ABC. ^ a b c "Who is Lee Halpern?". SOAPnet. soapnet.go.com. Retrieved December 26, 2012. ^ a b Gore, Scotty (December 23, 2008). "More 'Life' For Familiar Faces". Soap Opera Network. soapoperanetwork.com. Retrieved December 26, 2012. ^ "Five Things That Happened On September 3 In Soap History". Soap Opera Digest. Retrieved 30 July 2023. ^ "One Life to Live recaps (1985, Part 3) - ABC.com". Archived from the original on 2004-06-25. ^ a b "One Life to Live recaps (1985, Part 4) - ABC.com". ^ a b c "Comings and Goings: Christine Jones (Pamela Stuart)". Soap Opera Digest. Vol. 33, No. 2: 14. January 8, 2008. Asa's fifth wife ... last appeared in 2001 when Pamela came to Llanview to 'mourn' Asa's fake death. ^ "Comings and Goings: Christine Jones (Pamela Stuart)". Soap Opera Digest. Vol. 33, No. 4: 20. January 22, 2008. ^ "Comings and Goings: Christine Jones (Pamela Stuart)". Soap Opera Digest. Vol. 33, No. 16: 18. April 15, 2008. ^ "Revolving Door: Christine Jones (Pamela Stuart)". Soap Opera Weekly. Vol. 19, No. 16: 3. April 15, 2008. ^ "Comings and Goings: Christine Jones (Pamela Stuart)". Soap Opera Digest. Vol. 33, No. 24: 15. June 10, 2008. ^ Gareffa, Peter M.; Evory, Ann (1988). Contemporary Newsmakers. Farmington Hills, Michigan: Gale Research. pp. 289–91. ^ Riggs, Thomas (2004). Contemporary Theatre, Film and Television. Vol. 55. Farmington Hills, Michigan: Gale Research. p. 238. ISBN 0787670987. ^ Blaney, Retta (2003). Working on the Inside: The Spiritual Life Through the Eyes of Actors. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 60. ISBN 0742533190. Notes ^ At the time of Irene's first appearance in 1978, she dies on-screen, leaving Ted apparently widowed. With the series retconning of the character in 2011, the legal end of the marriage could be either when Irene "dies" for the first time in 1978 or when Ted dies on-screen in 1981. ^ The character appears alive in 2008 after her supposed on-screen death in 1988, dying again in 2009. ^ In the October 13, 2008 episode, John McBain reiterates that Lee/Janet faked her death in 1988. ^ Christine Jones was mistakenly credited as "Pamela Stewart" onscreen on January 18 and January 25, 2008. ^ The February 1, 2008 episode included a flashback that reveals that Jared and Valerie had been abused by some of her boyfriends after Charlie had left the Banks household, and in the February 15, 2008 episode Jared confirms that one of the abusers had been Pamela's brother. vteOne Life to Live(1968–2013)CharactersLord family Victor Lord Victoria Lord Meredith Lord Tina Lord Tony Lord Todd Manning Richard Abbott Wolek family Larry Wolek Vince Wolek Anna Wolek Daniel Wolek Jenny Wolek Karen Wolek Cramer family Dorian Cramer Lord Blair Cramer Kelly Cramer Adriana Cramer Paul Cramer Buchanan family Asa Buchanan Clint Buchanan Bo Buchanan Cord Roberts Matthew Buchanan David Vickers Rex Balsom Other Nash Brennan and Jessica Buchanan Todd Manning and Blair Cramer Roxy Balsom Jared Banks Jessica Buchanan Joey Buchanan Kevin Buchanan Natalie Buchanan Nora Buchanan Nash Brennan Skye Chandler Margaret Cochran Cathy Craig Jim Craig Rae Cummings Marco Dane Ben Davidson Téa Delgado Echo DiSavoy Billy Douglas Destiny Evans Greg Evans Shaun Evans Oliver Fish Robert Ford Hank Gannon Rachel Gannon Carla Gray Sadie Gray Ed Hall Josh Hall Carlo Hesser Max Holden Jeffrey King Mitch Laurence Brody Lovett Danielle Manning Irene Manning Jack Manning Starr Manning John McBain Michael McBain Gabrielle Medina Gigi Morasco Shane Morasco Alex Olanov Allison Perkins Lindsay Rappaport Ross Rayburn Riley family Eileen Riley Siegel Joe Riley Sarah Roberts Talia Sahid Marty Saybrooke Cole Thornhart Mark Toland Cristian Vega Brad Vernon Marcie Walsh McBain Aubrey Wentworth Cutter Wentworth Lists Full character list 1960s–1970s characters 1980s characters 1990s characters 2000s characters 2010s characters Senior cast Erika Slezak Michael Storm Robert S. Woods Philip Carey Patricia Elliott Robin Strasser Peter Bartlett Hillary B. Smith Kassie DePaiva ExecutivesExecutive producers Doris Quinlan (1968–1977) Joseph Stuart (1977–1983) Jean Arley (1983–84) Paul Rauch (1984–1991) Linda Gottlieb (1991–1994) Susan Bedsow Horgan (1994–1996) Maxine Levinson (1996–1997) Jill Farren Phelps (1997–2001) Gary Tomlin (2001–2002) Frank Valentini (2003–2012) Jennifer Pepperman (2013) Head writers Agnes Nixon (creator) Lorraine Broderick Ron Carlivati Craig Carlson John William Corrington Joyce Hooper Corrington Brian Frons Josh Griffith Sam Hall Dena Higley Susan Bedsow Horgan Claire Labine Matthew Labine Leah Laiman Pamela K. Long Michael Malone Megan McTavish Peggy O'Shea Jean Passanante Thom Racina Gordon Russell S. Michael Schnessel Henry Slesar Peggy Sloane Gary Tomlin Frank Valentini Christopher Whitesell Storylines 1968–1979 1980–1989 1990–1999 2000–2013 Todd Manning and Marty Saybrooke rape storylines Related Llanview Cast members Crew members ABC Daytime Prospect Park Category	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ABC Daytime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_Daytime"},{"link_name":"soap opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soap_opera"},{"link_name":"One Life to Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live"},{"link_name":"dynamic list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists#Dynamic_lists"},{"link_name":"adding missing items","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/List_of_One_Life_to_Live_characters_(1980s)"},{"link_name":"reliable sources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources"}],"text":"This is a list of characters from the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live that began their run between the beginning of 1980 and the end of 1989.This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.","title":"List of One Life to Live characters (1980s)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ABC Daytime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_Daytime"},{"link_name":"One Life to Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live"},{"link_name":"Asa Buchanan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asa_Buchanan"},{"link_name":"David Gautreaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Gautreaux"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1997_Encyc-1"}],"text":"Austin Buchanan is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. The fraternal nephew of Asa Buchanan, the role was played by actor David Gautreaux from March 1989 until the character's onscreen death in August of that year. Gautreaux briefly reappeared in March 1990.[1]","title":"Austin Buchanan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ABC Daytime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_Daytime"},{"link_name":"One Life to Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live"},{"link_name":"Bo Buchanan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo_Buchanan"},{"link_name":"Becky Lee Abbott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Becky_Lee_Abbott"},{"link_name":"Asa Buchanan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asa_Buchanan"},{"link_name":"SORAS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SORAS"},{"link_name":"Didi O'Neill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didi_O%27Neill"},{"link_name":"Barbara Graham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Graham_(One_Life_to_Live)"}],"text":"Drew Buchanan is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. The son of Bo Buchanan and Becky Lee Abbott, he was conceived during a one-night stand between the two when Bo cheated on his then-fiancée Delilah Ralston. Upon the realization of her pregnancy with Drew, Becky Lee accepts the marriage proposal of Delilah's brother, Drew Ralston, to legitimize the pregnancy. The morning of Becky and Drew's wedding, Drew Ralston is killed. Asa Buchanan, assuming the child to be the illegitimate child of his son Bo, offered to marry Becky Lee to give the child the surname \"Buchanan.\" The child is born to Becky Lee Buchanan on the episode first run on September 23, 1983, and Becky Lee later leaves Llanview with new husband Jesse Wilde and infant Drew Buchanan in tow in 1985. A SORAS, teenaged Drew returns to Llanview in 1988 for the funeral of Bo's then-wife and his stepmother, Didi O'Neill, leaving shortly thereafter in 1989. Drew returns as the bitter estranged son of Bo in 1996, influenced by his mother's torrid feelings toward the Buchanan family. A charming and troubled young man, he engages in romantic liaisons with some women in Llanview before leaving again in 1997. In 1998, a reformed Drew, freshly graduated from the police academy, returns to Llanview to repair his broken relationship with his father, and is hired by Bo as an officer for the Llanview Police Department. Months later, he is shot and killed in the line of duty by Barbara Graham while trying to stop her from shooting Kevin Buchanan.","title":"Drew Buchanan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ABC Daytime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_Daytime"},{"link_name":"One Life to Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live"},{"link_name":"Asa Buchanan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asa_Buchanan"},{"link_name":"Taina Elg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taina_Elg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1997_Encyc-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1985_Encyc-2"}],"text":"Olympia Buchanan (maiden name Bonard) is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. The first wife of Asa Buchanan and mother of Bo and Clint, the role was played by Taina Elg from August 1980 through Olympia's onscreen death in early January 1982.[1][2] She was first seen in Paris as \"Nichole Bernard\" when Pat Ashley and Bo Buchanan were there on vacation, but ended up the prisoner of ex-husband Asa in the creepy mansion \"Moorecliffe\" where Asa's nephew Rafe Garretson took care of her. Olympia managed to escape several times, interrupting Asa and Samantha Vernon's wedding celebration. It was at this masked ball that she shot Asa and in a struggle with Samantha fell over a balcony mortally wounding herself. On her deathbed, she revealed to Bo that his real father was Yancy Ralston, although this was later to be proven a lie. It was later revealed that Olympia truly loved Asa and her sons Clint and Bo but that Asa's unfaithfulness and corrupt ways had driven her to madness.","title":"Olympia Buchanan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"daytime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daytime_television"},{"link_name":"drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama"},{"link_name":"One Life to Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live"},{"link_name":"Dorian Cramer Lord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorian_Lord"},{"link_name":"David \"David Renaldi\" Reynolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Renaldi"},{"link_name":"Herb Callison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herb_Callison"},{"link_name":"Laura Koffman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Koffman"}],"text":"Cassie Callison (formerly Coronal, Buchanan, and Carpenter) is a fictional character on the American ABC daytime drama One Life to Live. She is the daughter of Dr. Dorian Cramer Lord and musician David \"David Renaldi\" Reynolds, and adopted by former stepfather and attorney Herb Callison. The role was portrayed for the longest duration by actress Laura Koffman.","title":"Cassie Callison"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David Renaldi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Renaldi"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABC_1981-4-3"},{"link_name":"Herb Callison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herb_Callison"},{"link_name":"Rob Coronal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Coronal"},{"link_name":"Mendorra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendorra"},{"link_name":"Jon Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Russell_(One_Life_to_Live)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OLTL_1987-2-4"},{"link_name":"Melinda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melinda_Cramer"},{"link_name":"Bo Buchanan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo_Buchanan"},{"link_name":"Alex Olanov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Olanov"},{"link_name":"Sarah Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Gordon_(One_Life_to_Live)"},{"link_name":"Andrew Carpenter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Carpenter_(One_Life_to_Live)"},{"link_name":"River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Carpenter"},{"link_name":"Marty Saybrooke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marty_Saybrooke"},{"link_name":"Kevin Buchanan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Buchanan"},{"link_name":"Cramer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cramer_family_(One_Life_to_Live)"},{"link_name":"Canton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio"},{"link_name":"ALS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amyotrophic_lateral_sclerosis"},{"link_name":"Barbara Graham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Graham_(One_Life_to_Live)"},{"link_name":"warehouse district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warehouse_district"},{"link_name":"Drew Buchanan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drew_Buchanan"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Todd and Blair's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_and_Blair_Manning"},{"link_name":"Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Cramer"},{"link_name":"Mitch Laurence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitch_Laurence"},{"link_name":"Viki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Lord"},{"link_name":"Savannah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savannah,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Mother's Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother%27s_Day"},{"link_name":"Adriana Colon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriana_Cramer"}],"sub_title":"Storylines","text":"In 1981, a young girl named Cassie Reynolds appeared and soon revealed herself as Dorian's daughter. Dorian had been in medical school when she had given birth to Cassie, whose father David Renaldi had run off with her.[3] The mother and daughter reunited, and Dorian's husband Herb Callison adopted Cassie. In 1985, Cassie became engaged to Rob Coronal, but by 1986 their marriage had ended in divorce. Dorian left Llanview in 1987 (and became the U.S. Ambassador to Mendorra) after discovering that Cassie was having an affair with Dorian's boyfriend, private detective Jon Russell.[4] Cassie and Jon's relationship later fizzled as she reunited with ex-husband Rob.Cassie lives with a returned Melinda in Dorian's penthouse, but leaves town in 1988. Dorian returns in 1989, followed by Cassie in 1991.Much to Dorian's chagrin, Cassie becomes involved with Bo Buchanan; Dorian's machinations (and a failed attempt to kill Cassie by Bo's insane ex, Alex Olanov) do not stop the couple from marrying. Immediately after the wedding, however, Bo's presumed-dead wife Sarah Gordon appears, very much alive. An anguished Bo chooses to stay with Cassie, but their marriage later falls apart after Cassie realizes Bo is still in love with Sarah.In 1993, Cassie marries the Reverend Andrew Carpenter; she later miscarries their son, William. She finds an abandoned baby in the manger outside St. James Church. Beth, the mother of Cassie's foundling, appears but soon dies; her last wish is for Cassie and Andrew to adopt baby River.After baby William's death, Cassie and Andrew's marriage was never quite the same. Prior to their adopting River, Cassie suffered a mental breakdown, and Andrew nearly fell into an affair with close friend Marty Saybrooke. The Carpenters' marriage seemed to be getting back on even footing as they focused on raising their new son River, but when Cassie went back to work as a journalist at The Banner in 1997, she began a tempestuous working relationship with rival reporter Kevin Buchanan, one that slowly blossomed into mutual passion. Cassie broke her wedding vows and began an affair with Kevin, ruining her marriage and her reputation, even losing custody of River in the ensuing divorce and custody battle. Kevin and Cassie were deeply in love, however, and Kevin risked his life to save Cassie from the inferno that burnt down the Cramer homestead in Canton, Ohio. Meanwhile, Cassie's long-lost father, David Renaldi, returned to Llanview, stricken with ALS, to reconnect with his daughter and new grandson.Wounded in the fire in Canton, Kevin became enamoured of his hospital nurse, Barbara Graham, who developed an obsessive fixation on Kevin after their brief affair went sour. Turning murderous, Barbara attempted to kill Cassie, who she believed stood in the way of her future with Kevin. On September 15, 1998, Barbara lured Cassie to the docks in the warehouse district of Llanview and attempted to gun her down; instead, she murdered Drew Buchanan and gravely injured Cassie, leaving her paralyzed and using a wheelchair. Eventually, Cassie discovered that Barbara was the shooter, and her rage and fury left her mind once again unhinged. Cassie turned the tables on Barbara, blackmailing her with knowledge of her crime, forcing Barbara to participate in her wedding to Kevin and become Cassie's personal nurse. As Cassie slowly regained the use of her legs, she hid the truth from her friends and family. Finally, Cassie dragged Barbara to a bell tower at gunpoint, attempting to force her to jump to her death. Kevin and Andrew arrived just in time to stop Cassie. Cassie was institutionalized, and Barbara was arrested.When Kevin and the family visited Cassie, they discovered she had suffered a full psychotic break, believing she was still happily married to Andrew. Andrew and Kevin both attempted to break through to her, to little avail. Cassie's mother, Dorian, had never approved of Cassie and Kevin's relationship, and in early 1999 decided to send Cassie to Switzerland for further treatment. Kevin fought her every step of the way, even stowing away on the private plane bound for Switzerland to try one last time to get through to his wife. In a brief moment of lucidity, Cassie begged Kevin to let her go. Heartbroken, Kevin returned to Llanview and agreed to have his marriage annulled. Cassie had makes a series of recurring appearances. In the years since Cassie's departure to Switzerland, it was revealed that she was slowly recovering, and eventually River was even sent out of the country to spend time with his mother. Cassie herself finally reappeared in December 2001, as a guest at Todd and Blair's wedding. Cassie explained that she was almost fully recovered and living in Switzerland, and shared a somewhat awkward reunion with her cousin Kelly, who had since gone on to marry Kevin herself.Fully recovered, Cassie next returned a year later in November 2002, rushing to Blair's aid after she was apparently attacked by mob hitmen. Cassie believed Blair had been rendered catatonic, and was tasked to take her out of the country. In reality, Todd and Blair had used Cassie to lure away her supposed assailants with the help of a body double, while Blair hid out at Todd's penthouse.While back in town for Blair, Cassie also recounted her harrowing experiences with Mitch Laurence for Viki and Bo. Nothing could have prepared her for the shock of her life when she returned the following March to see Dorian, only to discover that her mother was marrying the resurrected Mitch - the man who had tried to rape Cassie. Cassie and Blair watched in shock and disgust as Dorian and Mitch took their unholy vows, and gained control of the Lord fortune. Cassie did not yet realize that Dorian was conning Mitch in the hopes of winning his trust and destroying him. Dorian haltingly tried to explain things to her daughter, but Cassie left town in disgust for her new home in Savannah. Later that year, on Mother's Day, Cassie and Dorian made peace after Cassie discovered Dorian and Blair's efforts to murder Mitch. Meanwhile, a now teenaged River came home from Savannah to spend time with his father and grandmother. During this visit, Cassie also painfully reunited with Kevin and Kelly.In the fall of 2003, Cassie was part of the Cramers' competition to win \"Aunt Betsy's\" inheritance, but was immediately disqualified due to her own \"lapses in judgment\" with Andrew and Kevin. In 2004, Cassie returned, furious about River's relationship with Adriana Colon, his newfound \"aunt\". She and Adriana eventually made peace, and Cassie returned to Savannah, where she resides to this day. Dorian calls Cassie to warn her about a returned Mitch on February 15, 2010. She then returns to Llanview with her ex-husband, Andrew, in tow and reveals that Melinda has died. Following a short reunion with her mother, sisters and, cousins Cassie returns to Savannah. When Bo and Nora remarry, it is revealed that Andrew travelled back with her, to visit River.","title":"Cassie Callison"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ABC Daytime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_Daytime"},{"link_name":"One Life to Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live"},{"link_name":"Janice Lynde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janice_Lynde"}],"text":"Laurel Chapin Wolek is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. Actress Janice Lynde appeared in the role from November 1983 until the character's death in November 1985. She came on as the mistress of mobster Alex Coronal and mother of his son, Rob. Laurel fell in love with Dr.Larry Wolek whom she eventually married. During that time, their happiness was threatened by a psychopath named Tracy James. When Larry's old enemy, Dr. Ivan Kipling, came back from the dead, Laurel, in fear of being stalked by him, drove her car off the road, causing her death.","title":"Laurel Chapin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ABC Daytime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_Daytime"},{"link_name":"One Life to Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live"},{"link_name":"Keith Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Charles_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Mark Goddard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Goddard"},{"link_name":"Ed Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Hall_(One_Life_to_Live)"},{"link_name":"Al Freeman, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Freeman,_Jr."}],"text":"Ted Clayton is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. The role was originated on the series by actor Keith Charles in May 1980, a role he played through 1981. The role was assumed in 1981 by Mark Goddard, playing Ted until he is killed onscreen by police Lt. Ed Hall (Al Freeman, Jr.) in November 1981.","title":"Ted Clayton"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ABC Daytime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_Daytime"},{"link_name":"One Life to Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live"}],"text":"Wade Coleman is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime serial One Life to Live. The role was played by actor Doug Wert debuted June 1987, appearing continually until June 22, 1989. Wade was a troubled young man who reformed with the help of Mari Lynn Dennison. He was the son of Roberta Coleman, a former cellmate of Dorian's.","title":"Wade Coleman"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ABC Daytime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_Daytime"},{"link_name":"One Life to Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live"},{"link_name":"Mark Arnold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Arnold_(actor)"}],"text":"Rob Coronal is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. The role was originated from August 1984 until 1986 by Ted Marcoux. Actor Mark Arnold assumed the role in August 1987, playing Mark through the character's last appearance in 1989. Rob was the illegitimate son of Laurel Chapin and Alex Coronal and eventually married Cassie Cramer. After their divorce, they would briefly date again, but he also would become involved with her aunt, Melinda Cramer.","title":"Rob Coronal"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ABC Daytime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_Daytime"},{"link_name":"One Life to Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live"}],"text":"Mari Lynn Dennison Coleman is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. The role was played by actress Tammy Amerson from August 15, 1986, through December 7, 1989.","title":"Mari Lynn Dennison"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Llanview","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llanview"},{"link_name":"Mitch Laurence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitch_Laurence"},{"link_name":"Wade Coleman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wade_Coleman"},{"link_name":"soap opera (within a soap opera)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Story_within_a_story"},{"link_name":"Megan Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megan_Gordon"}],"sub_title":"Character history","text":"Arriving in fictional Llanview in August 1986, Mari Lynn is soon seduced into becoming a disciple of cult leader Mitch Laurence. Ultimately, she breaks free of the cult and marries Wade Coleman onscreen June 9, 1988. She later becomes a star of the fictional soap opera (within a soap opera) Fraternity Row alongside Megan Gordon, leaving town in July 1989.","title":"Mari Lynn Dennison"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lee Patterson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Patterson"},{"link_name":"ABC Daytime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_Daytime"},{"link_name":"Llanview","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llanview"},{"link_name":"Mari Lynn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari_Lynn_Dennison"},{"link_name":"Victoria \"Viki\" Lord Buchanan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Lord"},{"link_name":"Erika Slezak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erika_Slezak"},{"link_name":"Joe Riley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Riley_(One_Life_to_Live)"},{"link_name":"Lee Halpern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Halpern"},{"link_name":"Renée Divine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9e_Divine"},{"link_name":"Patricia Elliott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricia_Elliott"},{"link_name":"Max Holden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Holden_(One_Life_to_Live)"},{"link_name":"James DePaiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_DePaiva"}],"text":"Actor Lee Patterson returned to the ABC Daytime serial One Life to Live and fictional Llanview in the role of widower Thomas \"Tom\" Dennison with his daughter Mari Lynn in August 1986. Everyone in town — especially Victoria \"Viki\" Lord Buchanan (Erika Slezak) — are shocked at his near-exact resemblance to the late Joe Riley (Patterson), Viki's first on-screen husband and father to her first two children. It is ultimately revealed that Tom is Joe's long-lost twin put up for adoption at birth. Tom and Viki engage in a brief affair before he leaves town in 1988.Lee Halpern, a former prostitute for Renée Divine (Patricia Elliott) and now a business partner of Max Holden (James DePaiva), arrives in Llanview in 1987 and turns out to be Carol Harper Dennison, Tom's presumed-dead wife. Her awkward reunion with her daughter is cut short when Lee is accidentally shot to death by Mari Lynn in 1988.","title":"Tom Dennison"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ABC Daytime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_Daytime"},{"link_name":"soap opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soap_opera"},{"link_name":"One Life to Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live"},{"link_name":"Phyllis Newman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyllis_Newman"},{"link_name":"Patricia Elliott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricia_Elliott"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Llanview","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llanview,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Lee Halpern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Halpern"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(US_state)"},{"link_name":"Asa Buchanan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asa_Buchanan"},{"link_name":"Cord Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cord_Roberts"},{"link_name":"Tina Lord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tina_Lord"},{"link_name":"Carlo Hesser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Hesser"},{"link_name":"Max Holden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Holden_(One_Life_to_Live)"},{"link_name":"Ben Davidson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Davidson_(One_Life_to_Live)"},{"link_name":"Sam Rappaport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Rappaport_(One_Life_to_Live)"},{"link_name":"Victoria \"Viki\" Lord Carpenter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Lord"},{"link_name":"Bo Buchanan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo_Buchanan"}],"text":"Renée Divine Buchanan is a fictional character from the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. The role was portrayed by Phyllis Newman from 1987 to 1988 and Patricia Elliott from February 1988 through 2011.[5] Elliott was taken off contract in November 2003 and her screen time became increasingly infrequent.[6][7]Renée arrives in Llanview in 1987 as the former employer of Lee Halpern, secretly once a prostitute at Renée's Strip Club in Georgia. She soon runs into Asa Buchanan, her old flame; they rekindle their romance and marry on November 30, 1988, in a double wedding with Asa's grandson Cord Roberts, who remarries ex-wife Tina Lord.Mobster Carlo Hesser—another of Renée's exes—appears in Chesnut Hills in 1990. Asa and Renée divorce in 1992 when Asa discovers old love letters that Carlo had sent Renée, but Asa and Renée eventually wed again on May 18, 1999. It is revealed that Renée had conceived a son by Asa when they had been involved in their youth, and had put the boy up for adoption. Max Holden poses as the missing heir, but Asa and Renée's real son turns out to be Ben Davidson, adoptive brother of Sam Rappaport and love interest of Asa's former daughter-in-law Victoria \"Viki\" Lord Carpenter. Asa and Renée divorce in 2001.Renée and Asa remarry for the last time on February 14, 2004. The marriage ends with Asa's offscreen death on August 16, 2007. Afterwards, Renée is seldom seen, but resides in Llanview running the Palace Hotel. On August 23 and 24, 2011, Renée is seen at Asa's gravesite alongside his son, Bo Buchanan, in honor of the fourth anniversary of Asa's death.","title":"Renée Divine Buchanan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ABC Daytime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_Daytime"},{"link_name":"One Life to Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live"}],"text":"Rafe Garretson is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera on One Life to Live originated by Ken Meeker in February 1980. Meekler continued in the role until his last appearance on the series in 1991. Rafe was the nephew of wealthy Asa Buchannan and was utilized by his uncle to take care of Asa's presumed dead wife Olympia. After Asa's marriage to Samantha Vernon came to an end, Rafe fell in love with her and they were married. When a pregnant Samantha was shot and ended up brain dead, Delilah Ralston took on her embryo, eventually giving birth to a daughter, Sammi. Delilah and Rafe fell in love and were married, but after she was kidnapped by the Sanders family, he was left alone until she turned up a year later. They were still married when Delilah left to pursue a singing career in 1989, and Rafe eventually left Llanview too two years later.","title":"Rafe Garretson"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ABC Daytime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_Daytime"},{"link_name":"One Life to Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Samantha Vernon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samantha_Vernon"},{"link_name":"Delilah Ralston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delilah_Ralston"},{"link_name":"Rafe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafe_Garretson"},{"link_name":"SORASed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soap_Opera_Rapid_Aging_Syndrome"},{"link_name":"Danielle Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danielle_Harris"}],"text":"Samantha \"Sammi\" Garretson is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera on One Life to Live. The character was considered a \"miracle child,\"[8] extracted as an embryo from the womb of her recently deceased mother Samantha Vernon and implanted in a family friend Delilah Ralston, whom her father Rafe later married. First appearing onscreen at birth May 16, 1985, the character was soon SORASed to a six-year-old at the introduction of child actor Danielle Harris to the role, and last appeared in 1989.","title":"Sammi Garretson"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ABC Daytime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_Daytime"},{"link_name":"One Life to Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live"},{"link_name":"Larry Pine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Pine"}],"text":"Roger Gordon is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. The role was played by actor Larry Pine from its debut in 1988 through 1992.Roger Gordon, an archaeologist, arrived on the scene determined to convince both his daughters to move away from Llanview with him. Just as he and Sarah were about to leave town (after having convinced Megan to follow them to California), Roger overheard news that Viki had found the long-lost daughter she had spent months searching for, and changed his plans, refusing to leave town. Roger knew that the 'long-lost daughter' was a fraud - because Megan was the real missing Lord heir.As a child, Roger Gordon's family participated in Victor Lord's disastrous, secret 'Eterna' project (in which a small underground city was created under Llantano Mountain). Against the wishes of the Eterna citizens themselves, they were sealed off from the outside world and abandoned to die. Roger's parents managed to break their teenaged son out of imprisonment. Once outside, Roger met and fell in love with a then-teenaged Victoria Lord. The teens married, made love, and Viki became pregnant with Roger's child. But Victor intervened, and instigated an accident that turned Viki into her alter ego Niki Smith for many months. Niki ran away to New York City and carried her baby to full term. Just as she was about to give birth, Victor tracked her down and forced her to return to Llanview with him. A very young Larry Wolek (still in med school at the time) delivered the baby, and Niki reverted to Viki immediately afterward. Victor hushed up the whole incident (including hiring a hypnotist to erase Viki's memory of the incident) and gave the baby to Roger. Roger later married Carrie Gordon, and the two passed Megan off as their own child (Carrie was the birth mother of Sarah & Anna. She was already divorced from Roger when he arrived in Llanview. Carrie appeared only rarely.)Roger confessed to Viki that Megan was their daughter. Megan was initially less than thrilled to hear the news (she and Viki did not get along), but then developed a close rapport with Viki and the Buchanan family (especially Viki's other daughter Jessica). Both Roger and Viki began to feel their old teenaged passions rekindling, even though Viki was married to Clint at the time. However, Roger eventually realized he could never have what he once had with Viki, so he left town and allowed Viki to get on with her life.","title":"Roger Gordon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ABC Daytime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_Daytime"},{"link_name":"One Life to Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live"},{"link_name":"Jessica Tuck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessica_Tuck"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Megan Gordon Harrison is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. The role was originated in 1988 by actress Jessica Tuck, who regularly appeared until February 1992.[9] Tuck returned for guest appearances in 1993, 1999, 2004, and 2012.","title":"Megan Gordon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Larry Wolek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Wolek"},{"link_name":"Roger Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Gordon_(One_Life_to_Live)"},{"link_name":"Sarah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Gordon_(One_Life_to_Live)"},{"link_name":"soap opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soap_opera"},{"link_name":"Max Holden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Holden_(One_Life_to_Live)"},{"link_name":"Bo Buchanan's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo_Buchanan"},{"link_name":"Jake Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jake_Harrison"},{"link_name":"lupus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemic_lupus_erythematosus"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OLTL020792-12"},{"link_name":"Jessica Buchanan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessica_Buchanan"},{"link_name":"Megan Buchanan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megan_Buchanan"},{"link_name":"Ben Davidson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Davidson_(One_Life_to_Live)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Character history","text":"Larry Wolek tries to talk Viki out of attending her high school reunion in 1988; it is soon revealed that Viki had left school and had a baby — delivered by Larry. Viki's father Victor had sent her to a hypnotist, who had wiped away all memories of the experience. Viki is determined to find her daughter; meeting Roger Gordon ultimately brings Viki's memories flooding back in 1989. Roger and Viki had fallen in love, but his apparent death had shocked Viki into reverting into Niki Smith; Niki had been in control during the pregnancy, with Viki re-emerging briefly during childbirth. One of Roger's daughters is Viki's child; unfortunately, it is not sweet family friend Sarah, but her self-absorbed sister Megan Gordon — despised by Viki since Megan's appearance in Llanview in 1988. Megan, a soap opera star and major diva, has a passionate romance with Max Holden and feuds with rival actress Summer Skye while working on Bo Buchanan's soap Fraternity Row. Later, Megan softens towards Viki and develops a close relationship with her mother, then settles down with dashing international man of mystery Jake Harrison, her true love. But love cannot save Megan from the ravages of lupus, which takes her life on February 7, 1992.[10] Surrounded by friends and family, Megan dies in Jake's arms, and later appears as a blithe spirit to help Jake and her loved ones through troubled times.Megan appears as a vision to her sister Jessica Buchanan in 1999 when she miscarries her baby, Megan Buchanan, who is named after her. Megan makes a spiritual visitation to Viki in 2004, and helps her mother cope with the loss of her husband Ben Davidson. In 2008, when Victoria goes to Heaven again after a car crash, her granddaughter Megan reveals that she works with her aunt Megan, who is currently absent due to being at a network meeting. On January 9, 2012, Megan appears to Viki during her third trip to Heaven. This time Megan tries to guide and convince her mother to cross over into the afterlife, after Viki continually comments how she is so tired. However, as Viki and Megan approach Heaven's gates, Clint goes running up from Hell, declares his love for her and states how they have conquered the odds before, and that can do so again. Clint's words prove stronger than Megan's as Viki ultimately chooses to give life another chance with Clint and is revived by paramedics, as Megan smiles on happily.[11][12]","title":"Megan Gordon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ABC Daytime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_Daytime"},{"link_name":"One Life to Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live"},{"link_name":"Jensen Buchanan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jensen_Buchanan"}],"text":"Sarah Gordon Buchanan is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera, One Life to Live. The role was originated by actress Jensen Buchanan in 1987, a role she played until September 24, 1990. Buchanan made a voiceover appearance on October 22, 1990, when the character was presumed dead. Grace Phillips stepped into the role in 1991, playing the character through 1993.","title":"Sarah Gordon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Clint Buchanan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clint_Buchanan"},{"link_name":"Tina Lord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tina_Lord"},{"link_name":"Cord Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cord_Roberts"},{"link_name":"Dorian Lord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorian_Lord"},{"link_name":"Badderly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live_storylines_(1990%E2%80%931999)#Badderly_Island"},{"link_name":"Carlo Hesser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Hesser"},{"link_name":"Jake Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jake_Harrison"},{"link_name":"Carlo Hesser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Hesser"},{"link_name":"Cassie Callison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassie_Callison"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OLTL112592-15"}],"sub_title":"Character history","text":"Sarah, nicknamed \"Paradise\" by Bo, was the first member of the Gordon family to arrive in Llanview. While she was only on the show for a short time, she was a part of many memorable storylines, including Mendorra and Badderly Island. Born off-screen in 1965 to Roger and Carrie Gordon, Sarah grew up as the second of three daughters and came to Llanview in October 1987. As a therapist specializing in training newly-blind people to live without their sight, Sarah became a counsellor to Clint Buchanan, who had been blinded by a gunshot wound to the head. Early on, Sarah stated that her desire to help the blind was inspired by working with her sister Anna (never seen) who was blind from birth and died young. Sarah started out as Tina Lord's rival for Cord Roberts' affection, but Sarah and Cord never progressed far in their relationship. She later met the love of her life, Bo Buchanan, on the set of Fraternity Row, where she was working as a consultant. Though the two were deeply in love with each other, they often found themselves in dangerous situations that threatened their future. In 1989, Bo was sentenced to time in prison after being found guilty of killing Alicia Grande. Believing that Bo was being framed by his cousin Austin Buchanan, Sarah set out to get the truth and exonerate Bo by seducing Austin (who was obsessed with her) and tricking him into telling her the truth. Her plan, which was successful, had dire consequences. After discovering the tape recorder that Sarah was hiding under her blouse, Austin forced her to have sex in Asa's garage. Bo was ultimately set free thanks to the recorded confession, but Sarah's relationship with Bo suffered because she refused to tell him the truth about the rape; she was terrified that Bo would never be able to love her the same way again if he found out that she had been violated by Austin. Unfortunately, Sarah was not able to keep the truth from Bo when she discovered that she was pregnant with Austin's baby. Always supportive, Bo stood by Sarah as she struggled with the decision to terminate the pregnancy or not. Ultimately she never had to make a choice because she suffered a miscarriage.Despite the drama resulting from Austin's rampage, Bo and Sarah's relationship blossomed and the two became engaged. Their plan was to marry on Valentine's Day 1990, but Sarah was once again swept up into trouble when she was summoned to the kingdom of Mendorra to work with the future king, Prince Raymond, who was progressively losing his sight. Accompanied by Megan and Ambassador to Mendorra, Dorian Lord, Sarah walked right into a trap set by Raymond's scheming brother Roland. In an effort to steal the throne from his brother, Roland kidnapped Megan and Dorian to force Sarah into a marriage with his brother. Because Sarah was a commoner, Raymond would have to abdicate the throne, making Roland next in line. Little did Roland suspect that Bo and his nephew Cord were on their way to Mendorra to save Sarah, Megan and Dorian after Sarah subtly signalled her fiancé that something was wrong during a live television broadcast. Unbeknownst to Roland, Bo took Raymond's place at the altar and married Sarah in a lavish royal wedding, thwarting his plans to become king. With Raymond's help, Bo, Sarah, and Megan were finally able to escape from Mendorra, but only after Raymond was forced to shoot and kill his brother near the Austrian/Mendorran border. A little over a month later, on March 21, Bo and Sarah were legally married in a small ceremony held at Llanfair.Soon after, Bo planned a location shoot for a prime time Fraternity Row movie and after looking at several exotic locations, he settled on Badderly, an island off the coast of Canada that was home to a deserted four-star resort. It seemed like the perfect location with private beaches and a large estate, but he was not the only one who had his eyes set on the secluded island resort. Johnny Dee, Carlo Hesser's lawyer and secret son, had arranged a meeting on Badderly with Frank \"Whitey\" Whitehead, one of Carlo's rivals, and several other top mob bosses to forge an uneasy peace with one another and discuss their plans to flood Llanview with drugs, which were being manufactured on the island. What Johnny had not counted on was Bo ending up with Whitey's invitation to the meeting. Because no one knew what the real Whitey looked liked (he always avoided having his picture taken), Bo was easily mistaken for the reclusive Whitehead by Johnny and his guests and welcomed into the soiree. To make matters worse, Sarah, Megan, Cord, Lucky Lippmann and Spring Skye also ended up on the island, each one taking on a new persona to pose as Whitey's entourage. Sarah, using a fake Texas accent and donning a curly blond wig, found herself constantly having to run interference for Bo after Hesser's daughter, Charlotte, set her sights on seducing him. It was not until Jake Harrison arrived on Badderly days later that Charlotte forgot all about \"Whitey\" and shifted her focus to Jake. After several more days on the island and a few mishaps later (Megan nearly drowning and Sarah almost dying in a pit of quicksand), Bo and his crew finally discovered the secret location of the drug manufacturing lab and were able to destroy the operation and bring down Johnny and his men. Thinking that the entire ordeal was over, everyone returned to Llanview to get back to their lives.Sarah became a witness to the drug-trafficking activities of Carlo Hesser, who kidnapped her, and was thought to have killed her. Sarah turned up alive, just as Bo was about to marry Cassie Callison. Sarah and Bo divorced, but reconciled, all during a time in which Sarah was a major suspect in the first murder investigation of Carlo Hesser. Tragically, Sarah was killed on November 25, 1992, when the car she was riding in with Bo was run off of Llantano Bridge by a truck on the night before their wedding.[13] Their car landed in the water and Sarah, who was not wearing her seat belt, died shortly after impact while Bo sustained only minor injuries.","title":"Sarah Gordon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ABC Daytime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_Daytime"},{"link_name":"soap opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soap_opera"},{"link_name":"One Life to Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live"},{"link_name":"Janet Zarish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Zarish"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lee_SN-16"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lee_SON-17"},{"link_name":"Renee Divine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renee_Divine"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lee_SON-17"},{"link_name":"Max Holden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Holden_(One_Life_to_Live)"},{"link_name":"Charles Sanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Sanders_(One_Life_to_Live)"},{"link_name":"US Ambassador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambassadors_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"European","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"principality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality"},{"link_name":"Mendorra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendorra"},{"link_name":"Tom Dennison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Dennison_(One_Life_to_Live)"},{"link_name":"Mari Lynn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari_Lynn_Dennison"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lee_SN-16"},{"link_name":"[note 3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Lee Ramsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Ramsey"},{"link_name":"amnesiac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesia"},{"link_name":"Marty Saybrooke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marty_Saybrooke"},{"link_name":"Todd Manning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_Manning"},{"link_name":"John McBain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McBain_(One_Life_to_Live)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lee_SN-16"},{"link_name":"Jessica Buchanan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessica_Buchanan"},{"link_name":"stillborn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stillbirth"},{"link_name":"Starr Manning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starr_Manning"},{"link_name":"Renee Buchanan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renee_Buchanan"},{"link_name":"Powell Lord III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powell_Lord_III"}],"text":"Lee Halpern (originally Carol Harper; formerly Dennison) is a fictional character from the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. The role was first played by Janet Zarish from 1987[14] until 1988, then again from April 2, 2008, until November 11, 2008, and January 12, 2009[15] until February 3, 2009. In 2008, the character assumes the alias Janet Ketring.Lee Halpern arrives in Llanview in 1987 as a former prostitute for Renee Divine[15] and now business partner of Max Holden. She marries Charles Sanders, former US Ambassador to the European principality of Mendorra, during a drunken night in Las Vegas, and he dies of a heart attack on their wedding night. It is soon revealed that Lee is in fact Carol Harper Dennison, the presumed-dead wife of Tom Dennison and mother to Tom's daughter, Mari Lynn.[14] The revelation of Carol's past as a prostitute had ended her marriage to Tom, and she had subsequently chosen to fake her death. Lee's awkward reunion with her daughter is cut short when it appears that Lee is accidentally shot to death by Mari Lynn in 1988.[note 3]In April 2008, private nurse Janet Ketring appears in Llanview, helping Lee Ramsey care for a bedridden and amnesiac Marty Saybrooke. Ramsey is killed and Todd Manning secretly takes custody of Marty, who all of Llanview believes had been killed in an explosion in December 2007. Todd coerces Janet to continue tending to Marty under his employ. For the sum of $1 million, Janet also agrees to keep Marty's existence a secret. Neither Marty nor Janet are aware that Todd had raped Marty over a decade before. Seeking absolution for his crimes against Marty at any cost, Todd lies about their relationship as well as the existence of Marty's son. During a conversation with Todd, Janet reveals that she is estranged from her loved ones and claims she is \"dead to them.\" Llanview Police Detective John McBain discovers that Janet is, in fact, Lee Halpern.[14] He uses this information to try to pressure Janet into revealing that her mystery patient is, as he now suspects, the presumed-dead Marty. Janet is horrified to hear from John that Todd had raped Marty and is keeping her from her son. Janet confronts Todd, who also knows her true identity and threatens to expose her unless she continues to keep his secret. He soon forces her to assist him in his intended kidnapping of his unborn grandchild. Todd calls off the plan, but his mentally ill niece Jessica Buchanan switches her own stillborn baby girl with the new-born daughter of Todd's daughter Starr Manning. With Starr's baby believed dead, Janet leaves Llanview on November 11, 2008, but reappears on Renee Buchanan's doorstep on January 9, 2009, desperate for sanctuary. Janet fears prosecution and Todd's wrath, but soon agrees to cooperate with the authorities. Todd catches her wearing a wire, but Janet is kept in protective custody. Todd publishes an exposé on Janet in his newspaper, The Sun, to sabotage her credibility before the upcoming trial. Terrified that one of the people she had conned will come after her, Janet escapes police custody. Todd discovers Janet stabbed to death on his living room floor on January 30, 2009. Believing that Todd is innocent but realizing that he would be blamed, Téa confesses to the police that she had stabbed Janet in self defense, and Janet's body is taken away. Powell Lord III later confesses to the murder, as part of his plan to punish anyone who has hurt Marty and punish Todd.","title":"Lee Halpern"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ABC Daytime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_Daytime"},{"link_name":"One Life to Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live"}],"text":"Andrea \"Andy\" Harrison (formerly Guthrie and Vega) is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. The role was originated by Bronwen Booth from October 5, 1989, through 1991. Wendee Pratt assumed the role upon its reappearance onscreen on September 13, 1994, playing the character through 1997.","title":"Andy Harrison"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Max Holden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Holden_(One_Life_to_Live)"},{"link_name":"Llanview","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llanview"},{"link_name":"Antonio Vega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Vega_(character)"},{"link_name":"Berkeley, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley,_California"}],"sub_title":"Character history","text":"Max Holden's sister Andrea arrives in fictional Llanview in August 1989 with news of their mother Patricia's death; Max and Andy's volatile relationship eventually cooled before she left town in 1991 after marrying Hunter Guthrie. She would return in 1994 (divorced from the abusive Hunter) as a police officer, and become involved with fellow officer and ex-con Antonio Vega, who she had a whirlwind romance with, before marrying him and leaving again for Berkeley, California, in 1997. Years later, Andy and Antonio's marriage ended when Andy cheated on him with her partner on the police force.","title":"Andy Harrison"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"soap opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soap_opera"},{"link_name":"One Life to Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live"},{"link_name":"Nathaniel Marston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel_Marston"},{"link_name":"Michael McBain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_McBain"}],"text":"Alonzo \"Al\" Holden is a fictional character on the American soap opera, One Life to Live. Originally introduced in April 1987, Al was first featured as a regular character in 2001 played by Michael Tipps from March through November 2001. Nathaniel Marston assumed the role from December 4, 2001, until Al’s onscreen death on September 22, 2003, and as Al's spirit through his last appearance on February 14, 2004. Marston immediately began playing the role of Michael McBain, whose body Al's spirit inhabited, thereafter in 2004.","title":"Al Holden"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ABC Daytime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_Daytime"},{"link_name":"One Life to Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live"}],"text":"Steven \"Steve\" Holden, Sr. is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. The role was played by Russ Anderson from March 1987 through the character's onscreen death November 30, 1988.","title":"Steve Holden"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Max Holden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Holden_(One_Life_to_Live)"},{"link_name":"Llanview","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llanview"},{"link_name":"Gabrielle Medina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabrielle_Medina"},{"link_name":"Cord Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cord_Roberts"},{"link_name":"Tina Lord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tina_Lord"},{"link_name":"Asa Buchanan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asa_Buchanan"},{"link_name":"Renée Divine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9e_Divine"},{"link_name":"Brenda McGillis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brenda_McGillis"}],"sub_title":"Character history","text":"Max Holden's brother Steve Holden arrives in fictional Llanview in March 1987 and soon begins a relationship with and marries Max's first love, Gabrielle Medina. Gabrielle's perpetual feeling for Max doom their relationship and they divorce. In 1988, at the double wedding of Cord Roberts to Tina Lord and Asa Buchanan to Renée Divine, Steve notices a bomb in a wedding cake and throws himself on it to protect his fiancée Brenda McGillis. Brenda gives birth Steve's child, his namesake, in 1989.","title":"Steve Holden"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ABC Daytime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_Daytime"},{"link_name":"One Life to Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live"},{"link_name":"Henry Darrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Darrow"}],"text":"Dante Medina is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. The role was played by actor Henry Darrow for months in 1987.","title":"Dante Medina"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ABC Daytime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_Daytime"},{"link_name":"One Life to Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live"}],"text":"Debra Medina is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. The role was played by Lucinda Fisher from August 1989 through May 1990.","title":"Debra Medina"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ABC Daytime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_Daytime"},{"link_name":"One Life to Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live"},{"link_name":"Linda Thorson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Thorson"}],"text":"Julia Medina (formerly Wheaton) is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. The role was played by actress Linda Thorson from July 1989 through June 1992. Julia originally came to town to aid her daughter Gabrielle and remained after she left town. Julia was revealed to be the accidental killer of DuAnn Demerest, the blackmailing housekeeper of Victoria Lord Buchanan, and was paralyzed for a time after being in a coma.","title":"Julia Medina"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ABC Daytime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_Daytime"},{"link_name":"One Life to Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Keifer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Keifer"}],"text":"Constance Kathleen \"Connie\" O'Neill (formerly Vernon) is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime serial One Life to Live. The role was originated by actress Elizabeth Keifer from April 1984 until 1985, reappearing briefly in 1988. Terry Donahoe assumed the role from August 1985 until September 1986.","title":"Connie O'Neill"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ABC Daytime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_Daytime"},{"link_name":"One Life to Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"Deidra Cecilia \"Didi\" O'Neill Buchanan is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. The role was portrayed by actress Barbara Treutelaar from April 1984 until the character's on-screen death on September 3, 1988.[16]","title":"Didi O'Neill"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ABC Daytime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_Daytime"},{"link_name":"One Life to Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live"},{"link_name":"Frank Converse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Converse"}],"text":"Harry O'Neill is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime serial One Life to Live. The role was originated by Arlen Dean Snyder in April 1984. Frank Converse assumed the role in October 1984 through the character's onscreen death in July 1985.","title":"Harry O'Neill"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lord-Manning plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Enterprises"},{"link_name":"Victoria Lord Buchanan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viki_Lord"},{"link_name":"Clint Buchanan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clint_Buchanan"},{"link_name":"multiple personality disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissociative_identity_disorder"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OLTL_1985-3-20"},{"link_name":"Mitch Laurence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitch_Laurence"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OLTL_1985-4-21"}],"sub_title":"Character history","text":"Factory worker Harry O'Neill is introduced in April 1984 when he is about to lose his job at the Lord-Manning plant joint-owned by Victoria Lord Buchanan and her husband Clint Buchanan when they consider closing it for financial reasons. Harry soon engages in romance with Niki Smith, a personality symptom of Victoria's multiple personality disorder.[17] The relationship ends when Harry is murdered in 1985 by con man Mitch Laurence, who had intended to kill Clint and frame Viki.[18]","title":"Harry O'Neill"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ABC Daytime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_Daytime"},{"link_name":"One Life to Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live"},{"link_name":"Kristen Vigard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristen_Vigard"}],"text":"Joy O'Neill is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime serial One Life to Live. The role was originated by actress Kristen Vigard from April 1984 until 1985. Julie Ann Johnson assumed the role from 1985 until the character left town in 1986. Johnson returned for a brief appearance in September 1988.","title":"Joy O'Neill"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ABC Daytime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_Daytime"},{"link_name":"One Life to Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live"}],"text":"Pete O'Neill is fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. The role was played by James O'Sullivan from July 1985 until 1987, with a brief return in September 1988.","title":"Pete O'Neill"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_O%27Neill_(One_Life_to_Live)"},{"link_name":"Llanview","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llanview"},{"link_name":"Tina Lord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tina_Lord"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OLTL_1985-4-21"},{"link_name":"Asa Buchanan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asa_Buchanan"},{"link_name":"Pamela Stuart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamela_Stuart"}],"sub_title":"Character history","text":"Arriving in the wake of the death of his brother Harry, Pete O'Neill arrives in fictional Llanview in 1985 to support his family in their grief. A lawyer, he soon defends Tina Lord when she is accused of killing Harry, believing her alibi.[18] Pete later falls for the ex-wife of business tycoon Asa Buchanan, Pamela Stuart, leaving town with her for her home island of Malakeva in 1987.","title":"Pete O'Neill"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ABC Daytime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_Daytime"},{"link_name":"One Life to Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live"},{"link_name":"Shelly Burch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelly_Burch"}],"text":"Delilah Ralston Garretson (formerly Buchanan) is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. The role was portrayed by actress Shelly Burch from January 1982 until December 20, 1989. Burch briefly reprised the role in November 2001. She first came to Llanview, believing that Bo Buchannan was her cousin and married the wealthy Asa whose late wife Olympia had lied about Bo not being Asa's son. Delilah's scheming mother, Euphemia, knew the truth, and having vowed revenge on Asa for destroying her family, kept the secret. Asa and Delilah eventually divorced and she married Bo, but her constant lying caused him to leave her shortly into their marriage and fall in love with Didi O'Neill. Delilah showed she had a heart when the pregnant Samantha Garretson suddenly became brain dead and Delilah agreed to have Samantha's embryo transplanted into her. She eventually married her widower Rafe Garretson (Asa's nephew!) but was kidnapped by Elizabeth Sanders and her cohort Lord Henry Leighton as part of revenge against Asa. Delilah was eventually discovered (along with Bo) and reunited with Rafe. However, she left town to pursue a modeling career, only returning for one of Asa's several \"fake\" funerals.","title":"Delilah Ralston"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ABC Daytime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_Daytime"},{"link_name":"One Life to Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live"},{"link_name":"Grayson Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grayson_Hall"},{"link_name":"Asa Buchanan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asa_Buchanan"},{"link_name":"Bo Buchanan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo_Buchanan"}],"text":"Euphemia Ralston is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime serial One Life to Live. The role was played by actress Grayson Hall from July 1982-April 1983. She was introduced as Euphemia Ralston Massey (although daughter Delilah used Euphemia's maiden name), the once wealthy owner of a Southern estate and now down on her luck because of a vendetta against her family by Asa Buchanan. In July 1982, Bo Buchanan, believing that Euphemia's late brother Yancy was his father, visited her, and Euphemia immediately began to put into motion a plot of revenge against Asa. She sent her nephew Drew to Llanview to ingratiate himself with Bo, and when she learned that her daughter Delilah had shown up to meet Bo, immediately went there for an extended visit. Asa, referring to Euphemia as \"that witch in a turban\", made a play for Delilah who had fallen in love with her own supposed cousin, Bo. To set her plans into motion, Euphemia encouraged Delilah to accept Asa's marriage proposal. Shortly afterwards, Asa was believed to have been killed in a boat explosion, but had survived, and hid out at his own funeral. Euphemia's somewhat eccentric cousin Twyla arrived and threatened Euphemia's plans with the knowledge that Yancy was sterile, and this was confirmed when Yancy's widow Blanche showed up. Cousin Twyla spilt the beans that Euphemia had known the truth all along, and Delilah ordered her mother to leave town.","title":"Euphemia Ralston"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ABC Daytime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_Daytime"},{"link_name":"One Life to Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live"},{"link_name":"Michael Zaslow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Zaslow"},{"link_name":"Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amyotrophic_lateral_sclerosis"}],"text":"David \"David Renaldi\" Reynolds is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. The role was originated by actor Michael Zaslow in May 1983 through August 1984. The role was recast with Vincent Baggetta until the character was written out three months later, followed by Zaslow returning for limited runs between 1985 and 1986. Zaslow reprised the role suffering from Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (a fate mirrored for the character) onscreen in May 1998, appearing onscreen in the role until shortly before his death from the disease in December of that year.Born as David Reynolds, he was a composer and conductor who used the name David Renaldi professionally. He came to Llanview hired to conduct the orchestra, and became friends with Viki Buchanan. He and Dr. Dorian Callison had known each other before either came to Llanview, as he was, in fact, the father of Cassie Callison. He fell in love with Jenny Wolek Siegel Vernon, R. N., in a Romeo and Juliet type romance. Jenny and David married and left Llanview to move to Switzerland.","title":"David Renaldi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ABC Daytime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_Daytime"},{"link_name":"soap opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soap_opera"},{"link_name":"Cord Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cord_Roberts"},{"link_name":"Tina Lord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tina_Lord"},{"link_name":"Maria Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Roberts"},{"link_name":"Max Holden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Holden_(One_Life_to_Live)"},{"link_name":"Kate Sanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Sanders_(One_Life_to_Live)"},{"link_name":"Carlo Hesser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Hesser"},{"link_name":"Gabrielle Medina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabrielle_Medina"},{"link_name":"Llanview","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llanview"},{"link_name":"Al","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Holden"},{"link_name":"Clint Buchanan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clint_Buchanan"},{"link_name":"San Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego"},{"link_name":"Sarah Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Roberts_(character)"},{"link_name":"Cain Rogan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cain_Rogan"},{"link_name":"post traumatic stress syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_traumatic_stress_syndrome"},{"link_name":"Todd Manning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_Manning"},{"link_name":"Jessica Buchanan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessica_Buchanan"},{"link_name":"David Vickers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Vickers"},{"link_name":"Indian Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Al Holden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Holden"}],"text":"Clinton James \"C.J.\" Roberts is a fictional character from the original ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. The character is first shown on-screen in April 1987 and was portrayed by child actors, most notably Tyler Noyes from 1992 to 1997.Cord Roberts happily marries social climber and heiress, Tina Lord in April 1986. In 1987, Cord's mother, Maria Roberts does not approve of the relationship and convinces Max Holden to take Tina to Argentina where she soon discovers she is pregnant. Meanwhile, Cord marries Kate Sanders. Cord follows Tina to Argentina where Max and Tina have gotten mixed up with crime lord, Carlo Hesser and his drug ring. Carlo sends Tina over a waterfall in a raft; Tina and her unborn child are presumed dead. Tina survives and meets up with Gabrielle Medina, Max's former lover and convinces her that she and Max are now married. Gabrielle gives her and Max's new-born son to Tina so they can raise him. Tina returns to Llanview with baby Al, named after Cord's late step-father. Maria soon learns about Al's true identity and blackmails Tina into divorcing Cord in July 1987.In 1988, it is learned that Tina's real son did not die, but was being cared for in the Argentinean jungle under the name \"Milagro\". Max's enemies later kidnap the infant and place him in an Italian convent; Tina must pose as nun to get him back. Cord and Tina later name him Clinton James, after Cord's biological father, Clint Buchanan. After Tina and Cord's divorce in January 1990, C.J. and Tina move to San Diego.In February 1991, C.J. becomes a big brother to Sarah Victoria. When Cord is presumed dead in 1992, C.J. and Sarah become attached to their mother's new boyfriend, Cain Rogan. Cord returns in 1993, suffering from post traumatic stress syndrome. Tina marries Cain in 1994 and leaves town, leaving Cord to raise the kids. She returns in July 1994 and rededicates her life to raising C.J. and Sarah.Convicted rapist Todd Manning escapes from prison, but saves the lives of C.J., Sarah, and their cousin Jessica Buchanan. A man named David Vickers comes to town, claiming to be Tina's long lost brother; soon Tina joins forces with imposter David to unsuccessfully try to swindle the massive inheritance from her and Viki's real brother, Todd Manning. Ultimately, Tina moves to Baltimore with C.J. and Sarah in June 1996, the three returning briefly in 1997 to say good bye to Cord as he leaves for London.In February 2003, Sarah, now going by the nickname \"Flash,\" comes to town searching for her brother C.J.. Sarah reveals that Tina's parenting forced C.J. and Sarah to run away from home. It is soon discovered that C.J. has joined the U. S. Navy and was deploying to the Indian Ocean. Later that year, Al Holden, the baby that C.J. was switched with as a child, dies at the age of 22, which revises their birth year to 1981. Tina calls C.J. on the day his parents tie the knot for the fourth time in 2011.","title":"C.J. Roberts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"One Life to Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live"},{"link_name":"BarBara Luna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BarBara_Luna"},{"link_name":"Melissa Archer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melissa_Archer"},{"link_name":"1968","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_in_television"},{"link_name":"Cord Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cord_Roberts"}],"text":"Maria Roberts (maiden name Vasquez) is a fictional character on the ABC soap opera One Life to Live. Maria was portrayed by BarBara Luna from May 1986 until the character's onscreen death in 1987. Melissa Archer briefly played the role in a July 2008 storyline that took several characters back in time to the show's inception year of 1968. Maria is the mother of long-running character Cord Roberts.","title":"Maria Roberts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"love child","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/love_child"},{"link_name":"Clint Buchanan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clint_Buchanan"},{"link_name":"Asa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asa_Buchanan"},{"link_name":"Cordero \"Cord\" Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cord_Roberts"},{"link_name":"Tina Clayton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tina_Lord"},{"link_name":"Viki's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Lord"},{"link_name":"Tina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tina_Roberts"},{"link_name":"Allison Perkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allison_Perkins"},{"link_name":"Jessica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessica_Buchanan"},{"link_name":"Niki Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niki_Smith"}],"sub_title":"Storylines","text":"History revisited during the show's 40th anniversary episodes in 2008, around the series inception in 1968, Maria Vasquez becomes pregnant with the love child of Clint Buchanan. Clint's father, Asa, uncovered the pregnancy before Clint was told. Because Maria was of Mexican heritage, Asa condescended Maria and refused to allow her to marry Clint (as Clint may have characteristically done). Asa pressured Maria into abandoning Clint without ever telling him about the baby. Maria married the sturdy, reliable ranch hand Al Roberts instead, and gave birth to a boy named Cordero \"Cord\" Roberts. The Roberts family lived in El Paso, Texas. Al was a good husband and father, even though he knew Cord was not truly his son. Cord grew up believing that Al was his father. Maria however nursed a bitter grudge against Asa and spent her life pining for Clint.In 1986, when Cord expressed an interest in photography, Maria attempted to send Clint a telegram asking him to provide Cord a job at The Banner. Tina was in the midst of a bitter feud with Clint at the time. She intercepted the request and snooped about in El Paso, hoping to get some dirt on him. Cord met and quickly fell for Tina Clayton, and followed her back to Llanview. Tina reciprocated his interest, but had no intention of marrying a blue collar cowboy like Cord...until she discovered that he was Clint's biological son, and potential heir to the Buchanan estate. After learning that, she wasted no time marrying him. Maria viewed Tina as a gold-digging tramp and became bitter enemies with her.Al Roberts died of a heart attack. With no-one keeping her in El Paso, Maria relocated to Llanview to be near her son. By then, she had grown strong enough to hold her own against Asa's threats. Eventually she confessed to both Clint and Cord that they were father and son, and Clint welcomed Cord into the Buchanan family. Maria wheedled her way into both Clint and Viki's lives, pretending to be just an 'old friend' to Clint. But she secretly conspired to break up their marriage. Maria had two overwhelming desires - to win Clint's love once again, and to break up Tina and Cord.Maria brought Tom Dennison to Llanview, hoping Viki would leave Clint for him. That failed to happen. Later, Maria discovered before anyone else that Allison Perkins had kidnapped Viki's newborn baby Jessica. Maria secretly helped Allison return the baby, but arranged to make it look as if Viki had become Niki Smith again and kidnapped her own baby. Her shenanigans were ultimately discovered, and Clint railed against her for her evil deeds. Going completely off the deep end, Maria attempted to poison Viki, and frame Tina for the crime, only to become tainted by the fatal poison herself and die.","title":"Maria Roberts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ABC Daytime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_Daytime"},{"link_name":"One Life to Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live"}],"text":"Jon Russell is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. \nThe role was played by actor John Martin from December 1986 through December 27, 1989, and from March 19, 1991 until 1992.\nJon Russell was romantically involved with Dorian Lord, her daughter Cassie Callison who was a partner with him in the private eye business, and Audrey Ames, an actress on the fictional Fraternity Row. He defended Gabrielle Medina Holden in 1989 when she was charged with the baby switching crime of Michael Grande's baby Garrick Grande and Brenda McGillis' baby Steven Holden McGillis. He also served as a producer for \"Fraternity Row\" while Bo Buchanan was wrongly sentenced to prison for killing Alicia Grande. Jon is also the brother of Judith Russell Sanders","title":"Jon Russell"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ABC Daytime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_Daytime"},{"link_name":"One Life to Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live"},{"link_name":"Louise Sorel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_Sorel"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1997_Encyc-1"}],"text":"Judith Russell (formerly Sanders) is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. The role appeared and was played by actress Louise Sorel from August 1986 through November 1987.[1]","title":"Judith Russell Sanders"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Llanview","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llanview"},{"link_name":"Charles Sanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Sanders_(One_Life_to_Live)"},{"link_name":"Herb Callison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herb_Callison"}],"sub_title":"Character history","text":"Judith Russell Sanders first arrives in fictional Llanview in August 1986 as the D.A. in Dorian Lord's murder trial for Mitch Lawrence. Her husband Charles Sanders, the former ambassador from Mendora, arrives soon thereafter hoping to mend their crumbling marriage, as did their children Jamie and Kate. It is established that the Sanders family has lived in Llanview for years. Judith was a free-spirited idealistic lawyer who never truly fit into the conservative, aristocratic lifestyle maintained by Charles, whose mother, Elizabeth, felt prejudiced against Judith because she was Jewish. The two eventually divorce but remained friends, and Judith even made amends with Elizabeth. Judith engages in an affair with fellow attorney Herb Callison (Dorian's ex-husband) before leaving Llanview after in 1987 after ex-husband Charles dies and Kate's marriage to Cord ended upon Tina Lord's return from the dead.","title":"Judith Russell Sanders"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ABC Daytime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_Daytime"},{"link_name":"One Life to Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live"},{"link_name":"Peter Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Brown_(actor)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1997_Encyc-1"}],"text":"Charles Sanders III is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. The role appeared and was originated by actor Michael Billington for one episode and then played by actor Peter Brown from September 1986 through September 1987.[1]","title":"Charles Sanders"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Llanview","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llanview"},{"link_name":"Judtih","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judith_Russell_(One_Life_to_Live)"},{"link_name":"Herb Callison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herb_Callison"},{"link_name":"Dorian Lord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorian_Lord"},{"link_name":"Lee Halpern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Halpern"},{"link_name":"Las Vegas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas,_Nevada"}],"sub_title":"Character history","text":"Charles Sanders arrives in fictional Llanview soon after his wife Judtih in September 1986 to save their marriage. Unfortunately, the two could not resolve their differences over issues with their children and his mother Elizabeth's feelings of anti-Semitism towards her, and divorced. Judith subsequently has an affair with Herb Callison, while Charles romanced Dr.Dorian Lord as part of a money-making scheme. When Dorian realizes Charles is using her, she turns the tables on him by revealing that he had had an affair with a member of Mendorra's royal family. Charles is replaced as ambassador by Dorian herself. Later, Charles eloped with businesswoman Lee Halpern during a drunken night in Las Vegas, and died of a heart attack on their wedding night in 1987.","title":"Charles Sanders"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ABC Daytime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_Daytime"},{"link_name":"One Life to Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live"},{"link_name":"Lois Kibbee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lois_Kibbee"}],"text":"Elizabeth Sanders is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. The role was played by actress Lois Kibbee from December 1986 through September 1988, returning briefly on April 13, 1989, and later from July 10 to 1989. Elizabeth was a powerful business woman who ran Sanders Chemicals. She disapproved of son Charles' marriage to the Jewish Judith Sanders and initially objected to the romance of granddaughter Kate and Cord Roberts. When Charles and Judith divorced, Elizabeth tried to pair him with Dorian who later took over Charles' former position as ambassador to Mendora. She was aghast when he took up with former hooker Lee Halpern and married her right before he died of a heart attack. Elizabeth vowed revenge on the Buchannan family after Cord broke up with Kate to return to Tina and Asa took control of Sanders chemicals. She was imprisoned after scheming to destroy the Buchannans through kidnapping and murder. The following spring, she was visited in prison by an information-seeking Clint. Later that summer, she escaped from prison with the help of her grandson Jamie. After they were captured, Elizabeth was brought to see Asa thanks to Bo's insistence that he see her, but Asa refused to accept her apologies for crimes against his family. Elizabeth was freed thanks to Bo's testimony on her behalf as to preventing Jamie and his co-hort Ursula Blackwell from electrocuting Tina and left town after revealing that she had a terminal illness.","title":"Elizabeth Sanders"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ABC Daytime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_Daytime"},{"link_name":"One Life to Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1997_Encyc-1"}],"text":"Jamie Sanders is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. The role appeared and was played by actor Mark Philpot from December 1986 until 1989.[1]","title":"Jamie Sanders"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kate Sanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Sanders_(One_Life_to_Live)"},{"link_name":"Judith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judith_Russell_(One_Life_to_Live)"},{"link_name":"crack cocaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crack_cocaine"},{"link_name":"Dante Medina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dante_Medina"},{"link_name":"Cassie Callison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassie_Callison"},{"link_name":"Maria Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Roberts"},{"link_name":"Clint Buchanan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clint_Buchanan"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Sanders_(One_Life_to_Live)"}],"sub_title":"Character history","text":"Jamie is introduced as the mean-spirited foil of a brother to gentle Kate Sanders in December 1986. He plays on his mother Judith's sympathies to bail him out of one dilemma after another. Eventually, Jamie's criminal behaviour (including running a crack cocaine factory with drug lord Dante Medina, killing a fellow cocaine dealer, and kidnapping Cassie Callison) caught up with him and he was sent to Statesville Prison for a life sentence. Even in jail, he was a menace: he threatened Tina when she was wrongly imprisoned for the murder of Maria Roberts, broke out and shot Clint Buchanan, and led a widescale prison riot with paternal grandmother Elizabeth when last seen in 1989.","title":"Jamie Sanders"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ABC Daytime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_Daytime"},{"link_name":"One Life to Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live"},{"link_name":"Marcia Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcia_Cross"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1997_Encyc-1"}],"text":"Kathryn \"Kate\" Sanders is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. The role appeared and was played by Marcia Cross from December 1986 through January 1988.[1]","title":"Kate Sanders"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cord Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cord_Roberts"},{"link_name":"Tina Lord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tina_Lord"},{"link_name":"a baby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Holden"},{"link_name":"Gabrielle Medina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabrielle_Medina"},{"link_name":"Max Holden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Holden_(One_Life_to_Live)"}],"sub_title":"Character history","text":"Kate is an anthropologist with a taste for adventure when introduced in December 1986, falling in love with Cord Roberts (then married to Tina Lord). When Tina was believed to be dead, Kate accepted Cord's proposal. But just as their wedding ceremony was coming to an end, Tina abruptly burst into the chapel — very much alive and carrying a baby she claimed to be Cord's son (who was actually the son of Gabrielle Medina and Max Holden). While Cord sought a divorce from Tina, Kate became entangled with Patrick London, her ex-fiancé, who stooped to insane measures to break up Cord and Kate. He did not need to bother though; as Kate came to realize Cord loved Tina, she broke up with him and left Llanview.","title":"Kate Sanders"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pamela_SOD_33-2-22"},{"link_name":"[note 4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"ABC Daytime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_Daytime"},{"link_name":"One Life to Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live"},{"link_name":"Christine Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christine_Jones_(actress)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1997_Encyc-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1997_Encyc-1"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pamela_SOD_33-2-22"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pamela_SOD_33-2-22"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pamela_SOD_33-4-24"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pamela_SOD_33-16-25"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pamela_SOW_19-16-26"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tina_SOD_33-24-27"},{"link_name":"Asa Buchanan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asa_Buchanan"},{"link_name":"Tina Lord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tina_Lord"},{"link_name":"Llanview","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llanview,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Pete O'Neill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_O%27Neill"},{"link_name":"Renee Divine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renee_Divine"},{"link_name":"Gabrielle Medina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabrielle_Medina"},{"link_name":"Max Holden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Holden_(One_Life_to_Live)"},{"link_name":"Alex Olanov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Olanov"},{"link_name":"Bo Buchanan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo_Buchanan"},{"link_name":"Jared Banks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jared_Banks"},{"link_name":"[note 5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Natalie Buchanan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalie_Buchanan"},{"link_name":"Dorian Lord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorian_Lord"},{"link_name":"John McBain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McBain_(One_Life_to_Live)"}],"text":"Pamela Reed Stuart Buchanan O'Neill[19][note 4] is a fictional character from the ABC Daytime soap opera One Life to Live. Christine Jones portrayed the character, first from 1986 to 1987,[1] then in 1988,[1] October 2001,[19] January 18 – 21, 2008,[19][20] April 9–10, 2008,[21][22] June 3, 2008[23] and October 19, 2009. Pamela is one of Asa Buchanan's many ex-wives.In 1985, Tina Lord discovers that Asa has been leading a double life for years; on the tropical island of Malakeva, he is known as Jeb Stuart, and has been married to a kindly woman named Pamela for a decade. Tina tells Pamela that her husband is not a sea captain, as she believes, but actually a millionaire with a family in Llanview. Noting that Asa and Pamela's marriage is not legal, Tina convinces Pamela to pretend she is dying to manipulate Asa into marrying her for real. He does on January 20, 1986, and Pamela springs from her \"deathbed\" and confronts him. Arriving in Llanview to live as Mrs. Asa Buchanan, Pamela is at first a thorn in his side. As Asa realizes he wants her to be his wife, she demands a divorce — and half of his fortune. Their marriage ends in 1987; Pamela marries lawyer Pete O'Neill, and they leave town that year to return to Malakeva. The following year, Pamela comes back for the funeral of Pete's niece, Didi. Pamela was the manager of the Palace Hotel which Asa owned and later turned over to his next wife, Renee Divine.Asa fakes his death in 2001, framing his wife Gabrielle Medina and her lover Max Holden; Pamela and all of Asa's other living ex-wives appear for the funeral. Ex-wife Alex Olanov finds Asa in hiding on his private island, St. Blaze's, and he is ultimately dragged back to Llanview.Pamela returns to Llanview on January 18, 2008, at the invitation of Asa's son Bo Buchanan, and attends the Buchanan Enterprises board meeting to weigh in on the possibility that Jared Banks is the illegitimate son of Asa, who had died on August 16, 2007. Bo had determined that Asa had been with Pamela around the time of Jared's conception; Pamela confirms that Asa had never met Jared's mother Valerie Banks. To the shock of everyone assembled, Pamela reveals that Valerie had in fact been her sister; Pamela then drops the bombshell that she is actually Jared's biological mother. Afraid of losing Asa's love by bringing a child into the relationship, Pamela had asked Valerie to secretly adopt Asa's son. Pamela declares him the Buchanan heir; after the board meeting lets out, however, Pamela returns to meet with Jared alone. It is revealed that Pamela has lied to the Buchanans and is merely going along with Jared's scheme; Pamela is not really Jared's mother. Jared had not been aware that Pamela was going to appear at the meeting or lie for him, but Pamela explains that it was the least she could do \"after everything my brother\" — a violent abuser named Harlan Oliver who dated Jared's mother after Charlie left the Banks household — \"did to you and your family.\"[note 5] Pamela wishes Jared good luck with the company.Pamela is summoned back to Llanview by Natalie Buchanan on April 9, 2008; Jared has admitted his true identity to Natalie, who wants to know why Pamela lied to the Buchanans. Pamela relates Jared's troubled childhood, and explains that she had only wanted to help him. Pamela appears again on June 3, 2008, making a surprise appearance at the Buchanan Enterprises shareholders' meeting. Reluctant and saddened, she confirms Dorian Lord's reveal that Jared is not really Asa's son. On October 19, 2009, Natalie and John McBain find Pamela's corpse at the Buchanan cabin.","title":"Pamela Stuart"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ABC Daytime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_Daytime"},{"link_name":"One Life to Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live"},{"link_name":"Phylicia Rashād","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylicia_Rash%C4%81d"},{"link_name":"Claire Huxtable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claire_Huxtable"},{"link_name":"NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC"},{"link_name":"The Cosby Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cosby_Show"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1985_Encyc-2"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"text":"Courtney Wright is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime serial One Life to Live. The role was played by actress Phylicia Rashād (credited as \"Phylicia Ayers\") from 1983 until 1984, when she left the series to accept the role of Claire Huxtable on the NBC sitcom The Cosby Show.[2][24][25][26]","title":"Courtney Wright"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"retconning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retroactive_continuity"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"John McBain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McBain_(One_Life_to_Live)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:One_Life_to_Live"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:One_Life_to_Live"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:One_Life_to_Live"},{"link_name":"One Life to Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live"},{"link_name":"Characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:One_Life_to_Live_characters"},{"link_name":"Lord family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_family"},{"link_name":"Victor Lord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Lord"},{"link_name":"Victoria Lord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Lord"},{"link_name":"Meredith Lord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meredith_Lord"},{"link_name":"Tina Lord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tina_Lord"},{"link_name":"Tony Lord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Lord_(One_Life_to_Live)"},{"link_name":"Todd Manning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_Manning"},{"link_name":"Richard Abbott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Abbott_(One_Life_to_Live)"},{"link_name":"Wolek family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolek_family"},{"link_name":"Larry Wolek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Wolek"},{"link_name":"Vince Wolek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vince_Wolek"},{"link_name":"Anna Wolek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Wolek"},{"link_name":"Daniel Wolek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Wolek"},{"link_name":"Jenny Wolek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenny_Wolek"},{"link_name":"Karen Wolek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Wolek"},{"link_name":"Cramer family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cramer_family"},{"link_name":"Dorian Cramer Lord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorian_Lord"},{"link_name":"Blair Cramer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blair_Cramer"},{"link_name":"Kelly Cramer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Cramer"},{"link_name":"Adriana Cramer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriana_Cramer"},{"link_name":"Paul Cramer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Cramer"},{"link_name":"Buchanan family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buchanan_family"},{"link_name":"Asa Buchanan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asa_Buchanan"},{"link_name":"Clint Buchanan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clint_Buchanan"},{"link_name":"Bo Buchanan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo_Buchanan"},{"link_name":"Cord Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cord_Roberts"},{"link_name":"Matthew Buchanan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Buchanan"},{"link_name":"David Vickers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Vickers"},{"link_name":"Rex Balsom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rex_Balsom"},{"link_name":"Nash Brennan and Jessica Buchanan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nash_Brennan_and_Jessica_Buchanan"},{"link_name":"Todd Manning and Blair Cramer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_Manning_and_Blair_Cramer"},{"link_name":"Roxy Balsom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxy_Balsom"},{"link_name":"Jared Banks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jared_Banks"},{"link_name":"Jessica Buchanan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessica_Buchanan"},{"link_name":"Joey Buchanan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joey_Buchanan"},{"link_name":"Kevin Buchanan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Buchanan"},{"link_name":"Natalie Buchanan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalie_Buchanan"},{"link_name":"Nora Buchanan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nora_Buchanan"},{"link_name":"Nash Brennan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nash_Brennan"},{"link_name":"Skye Chandler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skye_Chandler"},{"link_name":"Margaret Cochran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Cochran"},{"link_name":"Cathy Craig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathy_Craig"},{"link_name":"Jim Craig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Craig_(One_Life_to_Live)"},{"link_name":"Rae Cummings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rae_Cummings"},{"link_name":"Marco Dane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Dane"},{"link_name":"Ben Davidson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Davidson_(One_Life_to_Live)"},{"link_name":"Téa Delgado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9a_Delgado"},{"link_name":"Echo DiSavoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echo_DiSavoy"},{"link_name":"Billy Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Douglas_(One_Life_to_Live)"},{"link_name":"Destiny Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destiny_Evans"},{"link_name":"Greg Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Evans_(One_Life_to_Live)"},{"link_name":"Shaun Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaun_Evans_(One_Life_to_Live)"},{"link_name":"Oliver Fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Fish"},{"link_name":"Robert Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Ford_(One_Life_to_Live)"},{"link_name":"Hank Gannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hank_Gannon"},{"link_name":"Rachel Gannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Gannon"},{"link_name":"Carla Gray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carla_Gray"},{"link_name":"Sadie Gray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadie_Gray"},{"link_name":"Ed Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Hall_(One_Life_to_Live)"},{"link_name":"Josh Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Hall_(One_Life_to_Live)"},{"link_name":"Carlo Hesser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Hesser"},{"link_name":"Max Holden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Holden_(One_Life_to_Live)"},{"link_name":"Jeffrey King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_King"},{"link_name":"Mitch Laurence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitch_Laurence"},{"link_name":"Brody Lovett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brody_Lovett"},{"link_name":"Danielle Manning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danielle_Manning"},{"link_name":"Irene Manning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irene_Manning_(One_Life_to_Live)"},{"link_name":"Jack Manning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Manning_(One_Life_to_Live)"},{"link_name":"Starr Manning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starr_Manning"},{"link_name":"John McBain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McBain_(character)"},{"link_name":"Michael McBain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_McBain"},{"link_name":"Gabrielle Medina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabrielle_Medina"},{"link_name":"Gigi Morasco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigi_Morasco"},{"link_name":"Shane Morasco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shane_Morasco"},{"link_name":"Alex Olanov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Olanov"},{"link_name":"Allison Perkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allison_Perkins"},{"link_name":"Lindsay Rappaport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindsay_Rappaport"},{"link_name":"Ross Rayburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Rayburn"},{"link_name":"Riley family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riley_family"},{"link_name":"Eileen Riley Siegel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eileen_Riley_Siegel"},{"link_name":"Joe Riley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Riley_(One_Life_to_Live)"},{"link_name":"Sarah Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Roberts_(One_Life_to_Live)"},{"link_name":"Talia Sahid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talia_Sahid"},{"link_name":"Marty Saybrooke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marty_Saybrooke"},{"link_name":"Cole Thornhart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cole_Thornhart"},{"link_name":"Mark Toland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Toland"},{"link_name":"Cristian Vega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristian_Vega_(One_Life_to_Live)"},{"link_name":"Brad Vernon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Vernon"},{"link_name":"Marcie Walsh McBain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcie_Walsh_McBain"},{"link_name":"Aubrey Wentworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aubrey_Wentworth"},{"link_name":"Cutter Wentworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutter_Wentworth"},{"link_name":"Full character list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_One_Life_to_Live_characters"},{"link_name":"1960s–1970s characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_One_Life_to_Live_characters_(1968%E2%80%931979)"},{"link_name":"1980s characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"1990s characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_One_Life_to_Live_characters_(1990s)"},{"link_name":"2000s characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_One_Life_to_Live_characters_(2000s)"},{"link_name":"2010s characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_One_Life_to_Live_characters_(2010s)"},{"link_name":"Erika Slezak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erika_Slezak"},{"link_name":"Michael Storm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Storm"},{"link_name":"Robert S. Woods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_S._Woods"},{"link_name":"Philip Carey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Carey"},{"link_name":"Patricia Elliott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricia_Elliott"},{"link_name":"Robin Strasser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Strasser"},{"link_name":"Peter Bartlett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Bartlett_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Hillary B. Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillary_B._Smith"},{"link_name":"Kassie DePaiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kassie_DePaiva"},{"link_name":"Paul Rauch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Rauch"},{"link_name":"Linda Gottlieb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Gottlieb"},{"link_name":"Jill Farren Phelps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jill_Farren_Phelps"},{"link_name":"Gary Tomlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Tomlin"},{"link_name":"Frank Valentini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Valentini"},{"link_name":"Jennifer Pepperman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Pepperman"},{"link_name":"Agnes Nixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnes_Nixon"},{"link_name":"Lorraine Broderick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorraine_Broderick"},{"link_name":"Ron Carlivati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Carlivati"},{"link_name":"Craig Carlson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Carlson"},{"link_name":"John William Corrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_William_Corrington"},{"link_name":"Joyce Hooper Corrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joyce_Hooper_Corrington"},{"link_name":"Brian Frons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Frons"},{"link_name":"Josh Griffith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Griffith"},{"link_name":"Sam Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Hall_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Dena Higley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dena_Higley"},{"link_name":"Claire Labine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claire_Labine"},{"link_name":"Matthew Labine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Labine"},{"link_name":"Leah Laiman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leah_Laiman"},{"link_name":"Pamela K. Long","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pam_Long"},{"link_name":"Michael Malone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Malone_(author)"},{"link_name":"Megan McTavish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megan_McTavish"},{"link_name":"Jean Passanante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Passanante"},{"link_name":"Thom Racina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thom_Racina"},{"link_name":"Gordon Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Russell_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Henry Slesar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Slesar"},{"link_name":"Peggy Sloane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peggy_Sloane"},{"link_name":"Gary Tomlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Tomlin"},{"link_name":"Frank Valentini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Valentini"},{"link_name":"Christopher Whitesell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Whitesell"},{"link_name":"1968–1979","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live_storylines_(1968%E2%80%931979)"},{"link_name":"1980–1989","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live_storylines_(1980%E2%80%931989)"},{"link_name":"1990–1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live_storylines_(1990%E2%80%931999)"},{"link_name":"2000–2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live_storylines_(2000%E2%80%932013)"},{"link_name":"Todd Manning and Marty Saybrooke rape storylines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_Manning_and_Marty_Saybrooke_rape_storylines"},{"link_name":"Llanview","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llanview"},{"link_name":"Cast members","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_One_Life_to_Live_cast_members"},{"link_name":"Crew members","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_One_Life_to_Live_crew"},{"link_name":"ABC Daytime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_Daytime"},{"link_name":"Prospect Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prospect_Park_(production_company)"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:One_Life_to_Live"}],"text":"^ At the time of Irene's first appearance in 1978, she dies on-screen, leaving Ted apparently widowed. With the series retconning of the character in 2011, the legal end of the marriage could be either when Irene \"dies\" for the first time in 1978 or when Ted dies on-screen in 1981.\n\n^ The character appears alive in 2008 after her supposed on-screen death in 1988, dying again in 2009.\n\n^ In the October 13, 2008 episode, John McBain reiterates that Lee/Janet faked her death in 1988.\n\n^ Christine Jones was mistakenly credited as \"Pamela Stewart\" onscreen on January 18 and January 25, 2008.\n\n^ The February 1, 2008 episode included a flashback that reveals that Jared and Valerie had been abused by some of her boyfriends after Charlie had left the Banks household, and in the February 15, 2008 episode Jared confirms that one of the abusers had been Pamela's brother.vteOne Life to Live(1968–2013)CharactersLord family\nVictor Lord\nVictoria Lord\nMeredith Lord\nTina Lord\nTony Lord\nTodd Manning\nRichard Abbott\nWolek family\nLarry Wolek\nVince Wolek\nAnna Wolek\nDaniel Wolek\nJenny Wolek\nKaren Wolek\nCramer family\nDorian Cramer Lord\nBlair Cramer\nKelly Cramer\nAdriana Cramer\nPaul Cramer\nBuchanan family\nAsa Buchanan\nClint Buchanan\nBo Buchanan\nCord Roberts\nMatthew Buchanan\nDavid Vickers\nRex Balsom\nOther\nNash Brennan and Jessica Buchanan\nTodd Manning and Blair Cramer\nRoxy Balsom\nJared Banks\nJessica Buchanan\nJoey Buchanan\nKevin Buchanan\nNatalie Buchanan\nNora Buchanan\nNash Brennan\nSkye Chandler\nMargaret Cochran\nCathy Craig\nJim Craig\nRae Cummings\nMarco Dane\nBen Davidson\nTéa Delgado\nEcho DiSavoy\nBilly Douglas\nDestiny Evans\nGreg Evans\nShaun Evans\nOliver Fish\nRobert Ford\nHank Gannon\nRachel Gannon\nCarla Gray\nSadie Gray\nEd Hall\nJosh Hall\nCarlo Hesser\nMax Holden\nJeffrey King\nMitch Laurence\nBrody Lovett\nDanielle Manning\nIrene Manning\nJack Manning\nStarr Manning\nJohn McBain\nMichael McBain\nGabrielle Medina\nGigi Morasco\nShane Morasco\nAlex Olanov\nAllison Perkins\nLindsay Rappaport\nRoss Rayburn\nRiley family\nEileen Riley Siegel\nJoe Riley\nSarah Roberts\nTalia Sahid\nMarty Saybrooke\nCole Thornhart\nMark Toland\nCristian Vega\nBrad Vernon\nMarcie Walsh McBain\nAubrey Wentworth\nCutter Wentworth\nLists\nFull character list\n1960s–1970s characters\n1980s characters\n1990s characters\n2000s characters\n2010s characters\nSenior cast\nErika Slezak\nMichael Storm\nRobert S. Woods\nPhilip Carey\nPatricia Elliott\nRobin Strasser\nPeter Bartlett\nHillary B. Smith\nKassie DePaiva\nExecutivesExecutive producers\nDoris Quinlan (1968–1977)\nJoseph Stuart (1977–1983)\nJean Arley (1983–84)\nPaul Rauch (1984–1991)\nLinda Gottlieb (1991–1994)\nSusan Bedsow Horgan (1994–1996)\nMaxine Levinson (1996–1997)\nJill Farren Phelps (1997–2001)\nGary Tomlin (2001–2002)\nFrank Valentini (2003–2012)\nJennifer Pepperman (2013)\nHead writers\nAgnes Nixon (creator)\nLorraine Broderick\nRon Carlivati\nCraig Carlson\nJohn William Corrington\nJoyce Hooper Corrington\nBrian Frons\nJosh Griffith\nSam Hall\nDena Higley\nSusan Bedsow Horgan\nClaire Labine\nMatthew Labine\nLeah Laiman\nPamela K. Long\nMichael Malone\nMegan McTavish\nPeggy O'Shea\nJean Passanante\nThom Racina\nGordon Russell\nS. Michael Schnessel\nHenry Slesar\nPeggy Sloane\nGary Tomlin\nFrank Valentini\nChristopher Whitesell\nStorylines\n1968–1979\n1980–1989\n1990–1999\n2000–2013\nTodd Manning and Marty Saybrooke rape storylines\nRelated\nLlanview\nCast members\nCrew members\nABC Daytime\nProspect Park\n\n Category","title":"Notes"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Waggett, Gerard J. (November 1997). \"One Life to Live\". The Soap Opera Encyclopedia. Harper Paperbacks. pp. 163–188. ISBN 0-06-101157-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Soap_Opera_Encyclopedia_(Waggett_book)","url_text":"The Soap Opera Encyclopedia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harper_Paperbacks","url_text":"Harper Paperbacks"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/soapoperaencyclo00wagg/page/163","url_text":"163–188"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-101157-6","url_text":"0-06-101157-6"}]},{"reference":"Schemering, Christopher (September 1985). \"One Life to Live\". The Soap Opera Encyclopedia. pp. 158–166. ISBN 0-345-32459-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Schemering","url_text":"Schemering, Christopher"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live","url_text":"One Life to Live"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Soap_Opera_Encyclopedia_(Schemering_book)","url_text":"The Soap Opera Encyclopedia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-345-32459-5","url_text":"0-345-32459-5"}]},{"reference":"\"One Life to Live recap (1981, Part 4)\". ABC.com. Archived from the original on April 23, 2008. Retrieved April 23, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080423061027/http://abc.go.com/daytime/onelifetolive/episodes/1981-82/19813.html","url_text":"\"One Life to Live recap (1981, Part 4)\""},{"url":"http://abc.go.com/daytime/onelifetolive/episodes/1981-82/19813.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"One Life to Live recaps (1987, Part 2)\". ABC.com (Internet Archive). Archived from the original on April 23, 2008. Retrieved April 23, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080423040954/http://abc.go.com/daytime/onelifetolive/episodes/1987-88/19871.html","url_text":"\"One Life to Live recaps (1987, Part 2)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Archive","url_text":"Internet Archive"},{"url":"http://abc.go.com/daytime/onelifetolive/episodes/1987-88/19871.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"ABC.com: One Life To Live\". Archived from the original on December 6, 2004. Retrieved August 28, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20041206143204/http://abc.go.com/daytime/onelifetolive/bios/Patricia_Elliott.html","url_text":"\"ABC.com: One Life To Live\""},{"url":"http://abc.go.com/daytime/onelifetolive/bios/Patricia_Elliott.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Comings and Goings\". Soap Opera Digest. Vol. 28, No. 47). November 25, 2003. p. 15.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soap_Opera_Digest","url_text":"Soap Opera Digest"}]},{"reference":"Lipton, Brian Scott. \"Viva Vita!\". TheaterMania. theatermaina.com. Retrieved December 15, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theatermania.com/new-york-city-theater/news/11-2006/loose-lips_9479.html","url_text":"\"Viva Vita!\""}]},{"reference":"\"Danielle Harris Biography - Yahoo! Movies\". Movies.yahoo.com. Retrieved 2012-09-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://movies.yahoo.com/person/danielle-harris/biography.html","url_text":"\"Danielle Harris Biography - Yahoo! Movies\""}]},{"reference":"Harris, Mark (January 31, 1992). \"Death of a soap queen\". Entertainment Weekly. Time Inc. Retrieved October 22, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://ew.com/article/1992/01/31/death-soap-queen/","url_text":"\"Death of a soap queen\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly","url_text":"Entertainment Weekly"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Inc.","url_text":"Time Inc."}]},{"reference":"Linda Gottlieb (Executive producer); Michael Malone and Josh Griffith (Head writers) (February 7, 1992). One Life to Live. Season 24. ABC.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Gottlieb","url_text":"Linda Gottlieb"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_producer","url_text":"Executive producer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Malone_(author)","url_text":"Michael Malone"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Griffith","url_text":"Josh Griffith"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_writer","url_text":"Head writers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live","url_text":"One Life to Live"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company","url_text":"ABC"}]},{"reference":"\"More Big OLTL Returns!\". 31 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.soapoperadigest.com/content/more-big-oltl-returns","url_text":"\"More Big OLTL Returns!\""}]},{"reference":"\"Erika Slezak Goes to Heaven One Last Time on One Life to Live\". 5 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tvguide.com/News/Erika-Slezak-OLTL-1041253.aspx","url_text":"\"Erika Slezak Goes to Heaven One Last Time on One Life to Live\""}]},{"reference":"Linda Gottlieb (Executive producer); Michael Malone and Josh Griffith (Head writers) (November 25, 1992). One Life to Live. Season 25. ABC.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Gottlieb","url_text":"Linda Gottlieb"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_producer","url_text":"Executive producer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Malone_(author)","url_text":"Michael Malone"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Griffith","url_text":"Josh Griffith"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_writer","url_text":"Head writers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live","url_text":"One Life to Live"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company","url_text":"ABC"}]},{"reference":"\"Who is Lee Halpern?\". SOAPnet. soapnet.go.com. Retrieved December 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://sn.soapnet.go.com/news/article/who-lee-halpern?page=0,1","url_text":"\"Who is Lee Halpern?\""}]},{"reference":"Gore, Scotty (December 23, 2008). \"More 'Life' For Familiar Faces\". Soap Opera Network. soapoperanetwork.com. Retrieved December 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.soapoperanetwork.com/2008/12/more-life-for-familiar-faces","url_text":"\"More 'Life' For Familiar Faces\""}]},{"reference":"\"Five Things That Happened On September 3 In Soap History\". Soap Opera Digest. Retrieved 30 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.soapoperadigest.com/photos/five-things-that-happened-on-september-3-in-soap-history2/","url_text":"\"Five Things That Happened On September 3 In Soap History\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soap_Opera_Digest","url_text":"Soap Opera Digest"}]},{"reference":"\"One Life to Live recaps (1985, Part 3) - ABC.com\". Archived from the original on 2004-06-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040625204525/http://abc.go.com/daytime/onelifetolive/episodes/1985-86/19852.html","url_text":"\"One Life to Live recaps (1985, Part 3) - ABC.com\""},{"url":"http://abc.go.com/daytime/onelifetolive/episodes/1985-86/19852.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"One Life to Live recaps (1985, Part 4) - ABC.com\".","urls":[{"url":"http://abc.go.com/daytime/onelifetolive/episodes/1985-86/19853.html","url_text":"\"One Life to Live recaps (1985, Part 4) - ABC.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"Comings and Goings: Christine Jones (Pamela Stuart)\". Soap Opera Digest. Vol. 33, No. 2: 14. January 8, 2008. Asa's fifth wife ... last appeared in 2001 when Pamela came to Llanview to 'mourn' Asa's fake death.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Comings and Goings: Christine Jones (Pamela Stuart)\". Soap Opera Digest. Vol. 33, No. 4: 20. January 22, 2008.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Comings and Goings: Christine Jones (Pamela Stuart)\". Soap Opera Digest. Vol. 33, No. 16: 18. April 15, 2008.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Revolving Door: Christine Jones (Pamela Stuart)\". Soap Opera Weekly. Vol. 19, No. 16: 3. April 15, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soap_Opera_Weekly","url_text":"Soap Opera Weekly"}]},{"reference":"\"Comings and Goings: Christine Jones (Pamela Stuart)\". Soap Opera Digest. Vol. 33, No. 24: 15. June 10, 2008.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Gareffa, Peter M.; Evory, Ann (1988). Contemporary Newsmakers. Farmington Hills, Michigan: Gale Research. pp. 289–91.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmington_Hills,_Michigan","url_text":"Farmington Hills, Michigan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gale_Research","url_text":"Gale Research"}]},{"reference":"Riggs, Thomas (2004). Contemporary Theatre, Film and Television. Vol. 55. Farmington Hills, Michigan: Gale Research. p. 238. ISBN 0787670987.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmington_Hills,_Michigan","url_text":"Farmington Hills, Michigan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gale_Research","url_text":"Gale Research"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0787670987","url_text":"0787670987"}]},{"reference":"Blaney, Retta (2003). Working on the Inside: The Spiritual Life Through the Eyes of Actors. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 60. ISBN 0742533190.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanham,_Maryland","url_text":"Lanham, Maryland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield","url_text":"Rowman & Littlefield"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0742533190","url_text":"0742533190"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_One_Life_to_Live_characters_(1980s)&action=edit","external_links_name":"help rewrite it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_One_Life_to_Live_characters_(1980s)&action=edit&section=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_One_Life_to_Live_characters_(1980s)&action=edit&section=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_One_Life_to_Live_characters_(1980s)&action=edit&section=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_One_Life_to_Live_characters_(1980s)&action=edit&section=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_One_Life_to_Live_characters_(1980s)&action=edit&section=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_One_Life_to_Live_characters_(1980s)&action=edit&section=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_One_Life_to_Live_characters_(1980s)&action=edit&section=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_One_Life_to_Live_characters_(1980s)&action=edit&section=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_One_Life_to_Live_characters_(1980s)&action=edit&section=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_One_Life_to_Live_characters_(1980s)&action=edit&section=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_One_Life_to_Live_characters_(1980s)&action=edit&section=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_One_Life_to_Live_characters_(1980s)&action=edit&section=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_One_Life_to_Live_characters_(1980s)&action=edit&section=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_One_Life_to_Live_characters_(1980s)&action=edit&section=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_One_Life_to_Live_characters_(1980s)&action=edit&section=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_One_Life_to_Live_characters_(1980s)&action=edit&section=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_One_Life_to_Live_characters_(1980s)&action=edit&section=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_One_Life_to_Live_characters_(1980s)&action=edit&section=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_One_Life_to_Live_characters_(1980s)&action=edit&section=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/soapoperaencyclo00wagg/page/163","external_links_name":"163–188"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080423061027/http://abc.go.com/daytime/onelifetolive/episodes/1981-82/19813.html","external_links_name":"\"One Life to Live recap (1981, Part 4)\""},{"Link":"http://abc.go.com/daytime/onelifetolive/episodes/1981-82/19813.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080423040954/http://abc.go.com/daytime/onelifetolive/episodes/1987-88/19871.html","external_links_name":"\"One Life to Live recaps (1987, Part 2)\""},{"Link":"http://abc.go.com/daytime/onelifetolive/episodes/1987-88/19871.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20041206143204/http://abc.go.com/daytime/onelifetolive/bios/Patricia_Elliott.html","external_links_name":"\"ABC.com: One Life To Live\""},{"Link":"http://abc.go.com/daytime/onelifetolive/bios/Patricia_Elliott.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.theatermania.com/new-york-city-theater/news/11-2006/loose-lips_9479.html","external_links_name":"\"Viva Vita!\""},{"Link":"https://movies.yahoo.com/person/danielle-harris/biography.html","external_links_name":"\"Danielle Harris Biography - Yahoo! Movies\""},{"Link":"http://ew.com/article/1992/01/31/death-soap-queen/","external_links_name":"\"Death of a soap queen\""},{"Link":"http://www.soapoperadigest.com/content/more-big-oltl-returns","external_links_name":"\"More Big OLTL Returns!\""},{"Link":"https://www.tvguide.com/News/Erika-Slezak-OLTL-1041253.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Erika Slezak Goes to Heaven One Last Time on One Life to Live\""},{"Link":"http://sn.soapnet.go.com/news/article/who-lee-halpern?page=0,1","external_links_name":"\"Who is Lee Halpern?\""},{"Link":"http://www.soapoperanetwork.com/2008/12/more-life-for-familiar-faces","external_links_name":"\"More 'Life' For Familiar Faces\""},{"Link":"https://www.soapoperadigest.com/photos/five-things-that-happened-on-september-3-in-soap-history2/","external_links_name":"\"Five Things That Happened On September 3 In Soap History\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040625204525/http://abc.go.com/daytime/onelifetolive/episodes/1985-86/19852.html","external_links_name":"\"One Life to Live recaps (1985, Part 3) - ABC.com\""},{"Link":"http://abc.go.com/daytime/onelifetolive/episodes/1985-86/19852.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://abc.go.com/daytime/onelifetolive/episodes/1985-86/19853.html","external_links_name":"\"One Life to Live recaps (1985, Part 4) - ABC.com\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liechtensteinische_Post	Liechtensteinische Post	["1 External links"]	Liechtensteinische PostCompany typeAktiengesellschaftIndustryPostal serviceFounded2000HeadquartersSchaan, LiechtensteinArea servedLiechtensteinKey peopleHerbert Rüdisser, CEOOwnerGovernment of LiechtensteinWebsitepost.li Liechtensteinische Post AG is the postal service of the Principality of Liechtenstein since 2000. Prior to that, postal service of the principality was managed by Swiss Post from 1 February 1921 until 31 December 1999 upon the signing of a postal treaty signed between the Swiss Confederation and Liechtenstein on 10 November 1920 as part of the customs union between the two states. External links Official site of the Liechtensteinische Post AG (in German) vtePostal administrations of Europe Åland Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina BH Pošta Hrvatska pošta Mostar Pošte Srpske Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Faroe Islands Finland France Georgia Germany Gibraltar Greece Greenland Guernsey Hungary Iceland Ireland Isle of Man Italy Jersey Kosovo Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands North Macedonia Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom Ukraine Russian-occupied territories: Crimea Donetsk & Luhansk regions Vatican City Private postal services of Europe: Bring Citymail Nova Poshta PIN Group UK Mail Authority control databases International VIAF National United States This philatelic article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This Liechtenstein-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"postal service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mail"},{"link_name":"Principality of Liechtenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Liechtenstein"},{"link_name":"Swiss Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Post"},{"link_name":"Swiss Confederation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Confederation"},{"link_name":"customs union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customs_union"}],"text":"Liechtensteinische Post AG is the postal service of the Principality of Liechtenstein since 2000. Prior to that, postal service of the principality was managed by Swiss Post from 1 February 1921 until 31 December 1999 upon the signing of a postal treaty signed between the Swiss Confederation and Liechtenstein on 10 November 1920 as part of the customs union between the two states.","title":"Liechtensteinische Post"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://www.post.li/","external_links_name":"post.li"},{"Link":"http://www.post.li/","external_links_name":"Official site of the Liechtensteinische Post AG"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/142294979","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2009090504","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liechtensteinische_Post&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liechtensteinische_Post&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exchange_siding	Industrial railway	["1 Overview","2 Military railways","3 Gallery","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]	For light industrial railways in Britain in the 19th century, see Tramway (industrial). Two Sydney Coal Railway GP38-2 locomotives leave the Lingan Generating Station after unloading coal in Nova Scotia. An industrial railway is a type of railway (usually private) that is not available for public transportation and is used exclusively to serve a particular industrial, logistics, or military site. In regions of the world influenced by British railway culture and management practices, they are often referred to as tramways (which are distinct from trams or streetcars, a passenger technology). Industrial railways may connect the site to public freight networks through sidings, or may be isolated (sometimes very far away from public rail or surface roads) or located entirely within a served property. Overview Industrial railways were once very common, but with the rise of road transport, their numbers have greatly diminished. An example of an industrial railway would transport bulk goods, for example clay from a quarry or coal from a mine, to an interchange point, called an exchange siding, with a main line railway, onwards from where it would be transported to its final destination. The main reasons for industrial railways are normally for one of two reasons: Onsite shunting and consolidation: part-finished products or goods require movement between different parts of the process site to enable them to be manufactured, or made-ready for shipment. Moving relatively small amounts of goods over short distances is expensive if undertaken by mainline railway operators, who make money for charging for the shipment of goods over long distances in bulk Control of manufacture: Many industrial lines only operate for short periods of time, requiring the shipment of time-sensitive goods to the factory or processing point, over relatively short distances. These are mainly food products, often operating on narrow gauge lines to enable closer access to the originating point Resultantly, most industrial railways are short, usually being only a few miles/kilometers long. While these types of lines most often at some point connect via exchange sidings or transfer sidings to bulk mainline shipping railways, there are notable exceptions which are hundreds of miles long, which include the iron ore-carrying railways in Western Australia, or in China to transport coal, while in Canada there are the Quebec North Shore and Labrador Railway and the Cartier Railway. These lines can be thought of as dedicated shipment routes, where only the products of that industry require shipment between those two points, and hence a dedicated line makes more economic sense with only limited possibility of consolidation of shipment with other industries. See Compagnie de gestion de Matane Industrial railways serve many different industries. In both Australia and Cuba a large number of industrial railways serve the sugarcane industry. In Colorado, the Coors Brewing Company uses its own industrial railway at the brewery both for the delivery of raw materials and for shipping the finished product. Military railways Main article: Military railways Russian spacecraft transported to the launch pad by the Baikonur intra-spaceport railway. Some industrial railways are military in purpose, and serve ammunition dumps or transportation hubs and storage facilities. The world's largest industrial railway serves the Baikonur Cosmodrome, and has been long operated by a military rail unit of the Russian Armed Forces. The railway closely participates in space launches, transporting space vehicles to their immediate launch pads. Gallery An SW1500 hauls NASA equipment cars along the NASA Railroad in Cape Canaveral, Florida. A display of a narrow gauge industrial sand train at Leighton Buzzard Narrow Gauge Railway. An open-cast iron mining industrial railway in Hibbing, Minnesota, circa 1906. Steam-powered logging train in Comandău, Romania. See also British industrial narrow gauge railways British narrow gauge railways British quarrying and mining narrow gauge railways Decauville Forest railway Light railway Mine railway Minimum gauge railway Other railways for the transport of goods Queensland sugar tramways S. D. Warren Paper Mill Short-line railroad Taiwan Sugar Railways References ^ a b Krause, John (1978). American Narrow Gauge. Golden West Books. p. 51. ISBN 0-87095-059-2. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Industrial railways. The Industrial Railway Society (UK) Light Railway Research Society of Australia (AU) vteTransport of hydrocarbon fuelsOil Oil tanker Oil terminal Tank car Tank truck List of oil pipelines LNG and LPG LNG carrier Regasification Liquefaction Gas separation Natural gas storage Black powder in gas pipelines List of natural gas pipelines List of LNG terminals Coal/misc. Industrial railway Intermodal freight transport Syngas Authority control databases: National Germany Latvia Japan	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tramway (industrial)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tramway_(industrial)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lingan_Generating_Station.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sydney Coal Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Coal_Railway"},{"link_name":"GP38-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMD_GP38-2"},{"link_name":"Lingan Generating Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingan_Generating_Station"},{"link_name":"Nova Scotia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway"},{"link_name":"logistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logistics"},{"link_name":"tramways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tramway_(industrial)"},{"link_name":"trams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tram"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"sidings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siding_(rail)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-krause-1"}],"text":"For light industrial railways in Britain in the 19th century, see Tramway (industrial).Two Sydney Coal Railway GP38-2 locomotives leave the Lingan Generating Station after unloading coal in Nova Scotia.An industrial railway is a type of railway (usually private) that is not available for public transportation and is used exclusively to serve a particular industrial, logistics, or military site. In regions of the world influenced by British railway culture and management practices, they are often referred to as tramways (which are distinct from trams or streetcars, a passenger technology).[citation needed] Industrial railways may connect the site to public freight networks through sidings, or may be isolated (sometimes very far away from public rail or surface roads) or located entirely within a served property.[1]","title":"Industrial railway"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"road transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_transport"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-krause-1"},{"link_name":"clay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clay"},{"link_name":"coal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal"},{"link_name":"iron ore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_ore"},{"link_name":"Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Quebec North Shore and Labrador Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_North_Shore_and_Labrador_Railway"},{"link_name":"Cartier Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartier_Railway"},{"link_name":"Compagnie de gestion de Matane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compagnie_de_gestion_de_Matane"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba"},{"link_name":"sugarcane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugarcane"},{"link_name":"Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado"},{"link_name":"Coors Brewing Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coors_Brewing_Company"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Industrial railways were once very common, but with the rise of road transport, their numbers have greatly diminished.[1]An example of an industrial railway would transport bulk goods, for example clay from a quarry or coal from a mine, to an interchange point, called an exchange siding, with a main line railway, onwards from where it would be transported to its final destination.The main reasons for industrial railways are normally for one of two reasons:Onsite shunting and consolidation: part-finished products or goods require movement between different parts of the process site to enable them to be manufactured, or made-ready for shipment. Moving relatively small amounts of goods over short distances is expensive if undertaken by mainline railway operators, who make money for charging for the shipment of goods over long distances in bulk\nControl of manufacture: Many industrial lines only operate for short periods of time, requiring the shipment of time-sensitive goods to the factory or processing point, over relatively short distances. These are mainly food products, often operating on narrow gauge lines to enable closer access to the originating pointResultantly, most industrial railways are short, usually being only a few miles/kilometers long. While these types of lines most often at some point connect via exchange sidings or transfer sidings to bulk mainline shipping railways, there are notable exceptions which are hundreds of miles long, which include the iron ore-carrying railways in Western Australia, or in China to transport coal, while in Canada there are the Quebec North Shore and Labrador Railway and the Cartier Railway. These lines can be thought of as dedicated shipment routes, where only the products of that industry require shipment between those two points, and hence a dedicated line makes more economic sense with only limited possibility of consolidation of shipment with other industries. See Compagnie de gestion de MataneIndustrial railways serve many different industries. In both Australia and Cuba a large number of industrial railways serve the sugarcane industry. In Colorado, the Coors Brewing Company uses its own industrial railway at the brewery both for the delivery of raw materials and for shipping the finished product.[citation needed]","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Soyuz_TMA-11_spacecraft_transported_by_railcar.jpg"},{"link_name":"military","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military"},{"link_name":"ammunition dumps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammunition_dump"},{"link_name":"Baikonur Cosmodrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome"},{"link_name":"military rail unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Railway_Troops"},{"link_name":"Russian Armed Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"space launches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_launch"},{"link_name":"launch pads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Launch_pad"}],"text":"Russian spacecraft transported to the launch pad by the Baikonur intra-spaceport railway.Some industrial railways are military in purpose, and serve ammunition dumps or transportation hubs and storage facilities.\nThe world's largest industrial railway serves the Baikonur Cosmodrome, and has been long operated by a military rail unit of the Russian Armed Forces. The railway closely participates in space launches, transporting space vehicles to their immediate launch pads.","title":"Military railways"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NASA_Railroad_cars_in_front_of_Vehicle_Assembly_Building.jpg"},{"link_name":"SW1500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMD_SW1500"},{"link_name":"NASA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA"},{"link_name":"NASA Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Cape Canaveral, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Canaveral,_Florida"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Industrial_railway_display.jpg"},{"link_name":"narrow gauge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrow_gauge_railway"},{"link_name":"Leighton Buzzard Narrow Gauge Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leighton_Buzzard_Light_Railway"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hibbing_Open-pit_iron_mining_1906.jpg"},{"link_name":"open-cast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-cast_mining"},{"link_name":"Hibbing, Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibbing,_Minnesota"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Comandau_train_cff.jpg"},{"link_name":"Comandău, Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comand%C4%83u"}],"text":"An SW1500 hauls NASA equipment cars along the NASA Railroad in Cape Canaveral, Florida.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA display of a narrow gauge industrial sand train at Leighton Buzzard Narrow Gauge Railway.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAn open-cast iron mining industrial railway in Hibbing, Minnesota, circa 1906.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSteam-powered logging train in Comandău, Romania.","title":"Gallery"}]	[{"image_text":"Two Sydney Coal Railway GP38-2 locomotives leave the Lingan Generating Station after unloading coal in Nova Scotia.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Lingan_Generating_Station.jpg/225px-Lingan_Generating_Station.jpg"},{"image_text":"Russian spacecraft transported to the launch pad by the Baikonur intra-spaceport railway.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Soyuz_TMA-11_spacecraft_transported_by_railcar.jpg/220px-Soyuz_TMA-11_spacecraft_transported_by_railcar.jpg"}]	[{"title":"British industrial narrow gauge railways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_industrial_narrow_gauge_railways"},{"title":"British narrow gauge railways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_narrow_gauge_railways"},{"title":"British quarrying and mining narrow gauge railways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_quarrying_and_mining_narrow_gauge_railways"},{"title":"Decauville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decauville"},{"title":"Forest railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_railway"},{"title":"Light railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_railway"},{"title":"Mine railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mine_railway"},{"title":"Minimum gauge railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum_gauge_railway"},{"title":"Other railways for the transport of goods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_railway#Other_railways_for_the_transport_of_goods"},{"title":"Queensland sugar tramways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Queensland#Sugar_tramways"},{"title":"S. D. Warren Paper Mill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._D._Warren_Paper_Mill"},{"title":"Short-line railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-line_railroad"},{"title":"Taiwan Sugar Railways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_Sugar_Railways"}]	[{"reference":"Krause, John (1978). American Narrow Gauge. Golden West Books. p. 51. ISBN 0-87095-059-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87095-059-2","url_text":"0-87095-059-2"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.irsociety.co.uk/","external_links_name":"The Industrial Railway Society"},{"Link":"http://www.lrrsa.org.au/","external_links_name":"Light Railway Research Society of Australia"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4065564-7","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000218880&P_CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Latvia"},{"Link":"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00570798","external_links_name":"Japan"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%27Neill_(disambiguation)	O'Neill (disambiguation)	["1 People","1.1 Surnames","1.2 Noble titles","2 Places","2.1 Australia","2.2 Canada","2.3 United States","3 Fiction","4 Companies and organizations","5 Law","6 Other","7 See also"]	The O'Neill dynasty is a lineage of Irish Gaelic origin. O'Neill, Ó Néill, O'Neil, O'Neal, or Uí Néill may also refer to: People Surnames Uí Néill, for information on the Ui Neill dynasty O'Neill (surname), including surname origins and information List of people with the surname O'Neill, including O'Neal, O'Neil, and other variations The O'Neill Brothers, an American instrumental duo Noble titles Baron O'Neill, a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom O'Neill baronets, two in the Baronetage of Ireland, and one in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom Viscount O'Neill, a title in the Peerage of Ireland Places Australia O'Neill's Adventureland, an amusement park in Edmondson Park, New South Wales Canada Archbishop M.C. O'Neill High School, Regina, Saskatchewan O'Neill Collegiate and Vocational Institute, Oshawa, Ontario United States O'Neal Island, San Juan Islands of Washington Buckey O'Neill Cabin, a cabin Eugene O'Neill National Historic Site, Danville, California Eugene O'Neill Theater Center, a not-for-profit theater company in Connecticut Eugene O'Neill Theatre, a Broadway theatre O'Neill, Nebraska, a city O'Neill Building, a landmarked former department store in New York City O'Neill Center, an athletic complex at Western Connecticut State University O'Neill Dam, San Luis Creek west of Los Banos, California O'Neill House Office Building, Washington, D.C. O'Neill House Office Building (1947), Washington, D.C.; demolished in 2002 O'Neill Forebay, San Luis Reservoir west of Los Banos, California O'Neill Tunnel, Boston, Massachusetts Thomas P. O'Neill Jr. Federal Building (Boston), Massachusetts Fiction The O'Neill, a 1912 American silent film April O'Neil, a character in the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles franchise Danny O'Neil a character from the 1988 movie 14 Going on 30 Elwood O'Neil, a supporting character and antagonist in Grand Theft Auto V Jack O'Neill, a character in the 1989 American action comedy movie Speed Zone Jack O'Neill, a character in the Stargate franchise Tim O'Neill, a character in the television series seaQuest DSV The Trials of Rosie O'Neill, a 1990s American television series Companies and organizations O'Neill (brand), a surfwear and equipment brand that was started in San Francisco, California O'Neill Sea Odyssey, a non-profit organization in Santa Cruz, California O'Neills, an Irish sportswear company Sandler O'Neill and Partners, a New York City-based investment banking firm O'Neal Steel, Inc., an American metal company Law Dennis O'Neill case, a Welsh child abuse and manslaughter case O'Neill v Phillips, a UK company law case on an action for unfair prejudice Sheff v. O'Neill, a Connecticut Supreme Court case regarding civil rights and the right to education Other Eugene O'Neill Award, a Swedish award for stage actors O'Neill World Cup of Surfing, an annual event at Sunset Beach in Hawaii O'Neill Sebastian Inlet Pro, a surfing event in Florida Tip O'Neill Award, an award given out by the Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame O'Neill ministry, in the Parliament of Northern Ireland 1963–1969 O'Neill cylinder, a proposed style of space habitat USS O'Neill (DE-188), a Cannon-class destroyer escort in the United States Navy See also All pages with titles beginning with O'Neill All pages with titles containing O'Neill OR Ó Néill OR Ó Neill OR O'Neal OR O'Neil OR Ua Néill OR Ua Neill OR Ui Néill OR Uí Néill Justice O'Neill (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title O'Neill.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.	[{"links_in_text":[],"text":"O'Neill, Ó Néill, O'Neil, O'Neal, or Uí Néill may also refer to:","title":"O'Neill (disambiguation)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"People"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Uí Néill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U%C3%AD_N%C3%A9ill"},{"link_name":"O'Neill (surname)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%27Neill_(surname)"},{"link_name":"List of people with the surname O'Neill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_with_the_surname_O%27Neill"},{"link_name":"The O'Neill Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_O%27Neill_Brothers"}],"sub_title":"Surnames","text":"Uí Néill, for information on the Ui Neill dynasty\nO'Neill (surname), including surname origins and information\nList of people with the surname O'Neill, including O'Neal, O'Neil, and other variations\nThe O'Neill Brothers, an American instrumental duo","title":"People"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baron O'Neill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_O%27Neill"},{"link_name":"O'Neill baronets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%27Neill_baronets"},{"link_name":"Viscount O'Neill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscount_O%27Neill"}],"sub_title":"Noble titles","text":"Baron O'Neill, a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom\nO'Neill baronets, two in the Baronetage of Ireland, and one in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom\nViscount O'Neill, a title in the Peerage of Ireland","title":"People"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Places"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"O'Neill's Adventureland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%27Neill%27s_Adventureland"}],"sub_title":"Australia","text":"O'Neill's Adventureland, an amusement park in Edmondson Park, New South Wales","title":"Places"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Archbishop M.C. O'Neill High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_M.C._O%27Neill_High_School"},{"link_name":"O'Neill Collegiate and Vocational Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%27Neill_Collegiate_and_Vocational_Institute"}],"sub_title":"Canada","text":"Archbishop M.C. O'Neill High School, Regina, Saskatchewan\nO'Neill Collegiate and Vocational Institute, Oshawa, Ontario","title":"Places"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"O'Neal Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%27Neal_Island"},{"link_name":"Buckey O'Neill Cabin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckey_O%27Neill_Cabin"},{"link_name":"Eugene O'Neill National Historic Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_O%27Neill_National_Historic_Site"},{"link_name":"Eugene O'Neill Theater Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_O%27Neill_Theater_Center"},{"link_name":"Eugene O'Neill Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_O%27Neill_Theatre"},{"link_name":"O'Neill, Nebraska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%27Neill,_Nebraska"},{"link_name":"O'Neill Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%27Neill_Building"},{"link_name":"O'Neill Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%27Neill_Center"},{"link_name":"O'Neill Dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%27Neill_Dam"},{"link_name":"O'Neill House Office Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%27Neill_House_Office_Building"},{"link_name":"O'Neill House Office Building (1947)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%27Neill_House_Office_Building_(1947)"},{"link_name":"O'Neill Forebay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%27Neill_Forebay"},{"link_name":"O'Neill Tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%27Neill_Tunnel"},{"link_name":"Thomas P. O'Neill Jr. Federal Building (Boston)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_P._O%27Neill_Jr._Federal_Building_(Boston)"}],"sub_title":"United States","text":"O'Neal Island, San Juan Islands of Washington\nBuckey O'Neill Cabin, a cabin\nEugene O'Neill National Historic Site, Danville, California\nEugene O'Neill Theater Center, a not-for-profit theater company in Connecticut\nEugene O'Neill Theatre, a Broadway theatre\nO'Neill, Nebraska, a city\nO'Neill Building, a landmarked former department store in New York City\nO'Neill Center, an athletic complex at Western Connecticut State University\nO'Neill Dam, San Luis Creek west of Los Banos, California\nO'Neill House Office Building, Washington, D.C.\nO'Neill House Office Building (1947), Washington, D.C.; demolished in 2002\nO'Neill Forebay, San Luis Reservoir west of Los Banos, California\nO'Neill Tunnel, Boston, Massachusetts\nThomas P. O'Neill Jr. Federal Building (Boston), Massachusetts","title":"Places"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The O'Neill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_O%27Neill"},{"link_name":"April O'Neil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_O%27Neil"},{"link_name":"14 Going on 30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14_Going_on_30#Cast"},{"link_name":"Grand Theft Auto V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Theft_Auto_V"},{"link_name":"Speed Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_Zone#Cast"},{"link_name":"Jack O'Neill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_O%27Neill"},{"link_name":"character in the television series seaQuest DSV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_main_characters_of_seaQuest_DSV_season_1#Lieutenant_JG_Tim_O'Neill"},{"link_name":"The Trials of Rosie O'Neill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Trials_of_Rosie_O%27Neill"}],"text":"The O'Neill, a 1912 American silent film\nApril O'Neil, a character in the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles franchise\nDanny O'Neil a character from the 1988 movie 14 Going on 30\nElwood O'Neil, a supporting character and antagonist in Grand Theft Auto V\nJack O'Neill, a character in the 1989 American action comedy movie Speed Zone\nJack O'Neill, a character in the Stargate franchise\nTim O'Neill, a character in the television series seaQuest DSV\nThe Trials of Rosie O'Neill, a 1990s American television series","title":"Fiction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"O'Neill (brand)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%27Neill_(brand)"},{"link_name":"O'Neill Sea Odyssey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%27Neill_Sea_Odyssey"},{"link_name":"O'Neills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%27Neills"},{"link_name":"Sandler O'Neill and Partners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandler_O%27Neill_and_Partners"},{"link_name":"O'Neal Steel, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%27Neal_Steel,_Inc."}],"text":"O'Neill (brand), a surfwear and equipment brand that was started in San Francisco, California\nO'Neill Sea Odyssey, a non-profit organization in Santa Cruz, California\nO'Neills, an Irish sportswear company\nSandler O'Neill and Partners, a New York City-based investment banking firm\nO'Neal Steel, Inc., an American metal company","title":"Companies and organizations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dennis O'Neill case","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_O%27Neill_case"},{"link_name":"O'Neill v Phillips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%27Neill_v_Phillips"},{"link_name":"Sheff v. O'Neill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheff_v._O%27Neill"}],"text":"Dennis O'Neill case, a Welsh child abuse and manslaughter case\nO'Neill v Phillips, a UK company law case on an action for unfair prejudice\nSheff v. O'Neill, a Connecticut Supreme Court case regarding civil rights and the right to education","title":"Law"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eugene O'Neill Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_O%27Neill_Award"},{"link_name":"O'Neill World Cup of Surfing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%27Neill_World_Cup_of_Surfing"},{"link_name":"O'Neill Sebastian Inlet Pro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%27Neill_Sebastian_Inlet_Pro"},{"link_name":"Tip O'Neill Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tip_O%27Neill_Award"},{"link_name":"O'Neill ministry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%27Neill_ministry"},{"link_name":"O'Neill cylinder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%27Neill_cylinder"},{"link_name":"USS O'Neill (DE-188)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_O%27Neill_(DE-188)"}],"text":"Eugene O'Neill Award, a Swedish award for stage actors\nO'Neill World Cup of Surfing, an annual event at Sunset Beach in Hawaii\nO'Neill Sebastian Inlet Pro, a surfing event in Florida\nTip O'Neill Award, an award given out by the Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame\nO'Neill ministry, in the Parliament of Northern Ireland 1963–1969\nO'Neill cylinder, a proposed style of space habitat\nUSS O'Neill (DE-188), a Cannon-class destroyer escort in the United States Navy","title":"Other"}]	[]	[{"title":"All pages with titles beginning with O'Neill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/O%27Neill"},{"title":"All pages with titles containing O'Neill OR Ó Néill OR Ó Neill OR O'Neal OR O'Neil OR Ua Néill OR Ua Neill OR Ui Néill OR Uí Néill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/intitle:%22O%27Neill_OR_%C3%93_N%C3%A9ill_OR_%C3%93_Neill_OR_O%27Neal_OR_O%27Neil_OR_Ua_N%C3%A9ill_OR_Ua_Neill_OR_Ui_N%C3%A9ill_OR_U%C3%AD_N%C3%A9ill%22"},{"title":"Justice O'Neill (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_O%27Neill_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"title":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"title":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/O%27Neill_(disambiguation)&namespace=0"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/O%27Neill_(disambiguation)&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_clean	Clean and jerk	["1 Clean","2 Jerk","3 Variants","3.1 Clean","3.2 Jerk","3.3 Single arm","4 World records","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]	Composite of two weightlifting movements This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Clean and jerk" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message) An image series showing the different movements involved in the clean and jerk The clean and jerk is a composite of two weightlifting movements, most often performed with a barbell: the clean and the jerk. During the clean, the lifter moves the barbell from the floor to a racked position across the deltoids, without resting fully on the clavicles. During the jerk, the lifter raises the barbell to a stationary position above the head, finishing with straight arms and legs, and the feet in the same plane as the torso and barbell. Of the several variants of the lift, the most common is the Olympic clean and jerk, which, with the snatch, is included in Olympic weightlifting events. Clean Finishing position of a clean, and starting position of a jerk To execute a clean, a lifter grasps the barbell just outside the legs, typically using a hook grip. Once the barbell is above the knees, the lifter extends explosively, raising the bar as high as possible before quickly dropping into a squat and receiving it in a "racked" position in front of the neck and resting on the shoulders. To complete the clean, the lifter stands, often propelling the bar upward from the shoulders slightly as the erect position is attained and shifting the grip slightly wider and the feet slightly closer together in preparation for the jerk. Jerk Zulfiya Chinshanlo, world champion 2009 in the 53 kg class performing the jerk portion of the lift The jerk begins from the "front rack" position, which is the finishing position of the clean. The lifter dips a few inches by bending the knees, keeping the back vertical, and then explosively extends the knees, propelling the barbell upward off the shoulders, and then quickly dropping underneath the bar by pushing upward with the arms and splitting the legs into a lunge position, one forward and one back. The bar is received overhead on straight arms, and, once stable, the lifter recovers from the split position, bringing the feet back into the same plane as the rest of the body. Variants Clean The power clean, a weight training exercise not used in competition, refers to any variant of the clean in which the lifter does not catch the bar in a full squat position (commonly accepted as thighs parallel to the floor or below). The hang clean begins with the barbell off the ground, hanging from the arms. Both power and hang cleans are considered to be ideal for sports conditioning, as they are both total body exercises that have been known to increase neuromuscular co-ordination and core stability. The continental clean involves lifting the bar from the floor to the final clean position by any method of the lifter's choosing so long as the bar is not upended and does not touch the ground. The bar may be rested on the legs, stomach, or belt. Hands may be removed and replaced. The continental clean plays a special role in strongman training, where the use of an axle bar makes the additional steps of a continental clean necessary. Jerk In the split jerk, the lifter dips down their hips and propels the barbell upward by performing a short jump. The lifter then 'splits' their legs and catches the bar with straight arms above their head. In the power jerk, the lifter performs the same dip and jump movement, but unlike the split jerk, the lifter catches the barbell in a partial squat position. The squat jerk is like the power jerk in how the lifter catches the barbell in a squat position, but unlike the power jerk, the lifter catches the barbell in a full squat position with the barbell locked out above their head. Single arm A single arm is used instead of two. The weight lifted is usually a dumbbell or kettlebell. A barbell can also be used. The movement is broadly similar to the two armed clean and jerk, although there are various changes to the range of movement and posture. As a form of unilateral exercise, a single arm clean and jerk can be beneficial for core strength as the lifter has to work to stabilise the off-centred weight. It can also help to reduce an excessive strength imbalance which has developed between the different sides of the body. For example, in a two armed clean and jerk, there may be a muscle imbalance meaning that the right arm is performing an excessively large amount of the work and the left arm an excessively small amount. By using the single arm style and alternating between each arm, it can be ensured that each arm is performing the same amount of work. World records Source: Men Weight class Name Lift 55 kg Om Yun Chol 166 kg (366 lb) 61 kg Hampton Morris 176 kg (388 lb) 67 kg Pak Jong-ju 188 kg (414 lb) 73 kg Rahmat Erwin Abdullah 201 kg (443 lb) 81 kg Rahmat Erwin Abdullah 209 kg (461 lb) 89 kg Karlos Nasar 223 kg (492 lb) 96 kg Tian Tao 231 kg (509 lb) 102 kg Liu Huanhua 232 kg (511 lb) 109 kg Ruslan Nurudinov 241 kg (531 lb) 109+ kg Lasha Talakhadze 267 kg (589 lb) Women Weight class Name Lift 45 kg World standard 108 kg (238 lb) 49 kg Ri Song-gum 124 kg (273 lb) 55 kg Kang Hyong-yong 130 kg (290 lb) 59 kg Kuo Hsing-chun 140 kg (310 lb) 64 kg Ri Suk 146 kg (322 lb) 71 kg Liao Guifang 153 kg (337 lb) 76 kg Zhang Wangli 156 kg (344 lb) 81 kg Liang Xiaomei 161 kg (355 lb) 87 kg World standard 164 kg (362 lb) 87+ kg Li Wenwen 187 kg (412 lb) See also Clean and press List of World records in weightlifting References ^ Everett, Greg (2012). Olympic weightlifting for sports. : Catalyst Athletics. ISBN 9780980011142. ^ "How to Power Clean like Chinese Olympic Weightlifters". 11 January 2021. ^ "section A21". Official Rulebook of the USAWA (PDF) (8th ed.). Al Myers. 2014. ^ Dawes, Jay. "Unilateral Dumbbell Clean and Jerk". Strength and Conditioning Journal. Retrieved 2 September 2022. ^ dos Medios, Robert (18 September 2007). Power Training: Build Bigger Stronger Muscles Through Performance Based Conditioning. Rodale. p. 10. ISBN 9781605298689. Retrieved 14 September 2022. {{cite book}}: \|website= ignored (help) ^ "Senior Men's World Records". www.iwf.net. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Clean and jerk. vteStrength sports Bodybuilding Grip strength sport Kettlebell lifting Lifting stone Olympic weightlifting Powerlifting Strongman See also: Strength training Weight training Power training Strength athletics Highland games CrossFit Games	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EVD-pesas-056.jpg"},{"link_name":"barbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbell"},{"link_name":"snatch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snatch_(weightlifting)"},{"link_name":"Olympic weightlifting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_weightlifting"}],"text":"An image series showing the different movements involved in the clean and jerkThe clean and jerk is a composite of two weightlifting movements, most often performed with a barbell: the clean and the jerk. During the clean, the lifter moves the barbell from the floor to a racked position across the deltoids, without resting fully on the clavicles. During the jerk, the lifter raises the barbell to a stationary position above the head, finishing with straight arms and legs, and the feet in the same plane as the torso and barbell.Of the several variants of the lift, the most common is the Olympic clean and jerk, which, with the snatch, is included in Olympic weightlifting events.","title":"Clean and jerk"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:J%C3%BCrgen_Spie%C3%9F_(GER).JPG"},{"link_name":"hook grip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hook_grip"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Finishing position of a clean, and starting position of a jerkTo execute a clean, a lifter grasps the barbell just outside the legs, typically using a hook grip. Once the barbell is above the knees, the lifter extends explosively, raising the bar as high as possible before quickly dropping into a squat and receiving it in a \"racked\" position in front of the neck and resting on the shoulders. To complete the clean, the lifter stands, often propelling the bar upward from the shoulders slightly as the erect position is attained and shifting the grip slightly wider and the feet slightly closer together in preparation for the jerk.[1]","title":"Clean"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zulfiya_Chinshanlo_2009.jpg"},{"link_name":"Zulfiya Chinshanlo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zulfiya_Chinshanlo"}],"text":"Zulfiya Chinshanlo, world champion 2009 in the 53 kg class performing the jerk portion of the liftThe jerk begins from the \"front rack\" position, which is the finishing position of the clean. The lifter dips a few inches by bending the knees, keeping the back vertical, and then explosively extends the knees, propelling the barbell upward off the shoulders, and then quickly dropping underneath the bar by pushing upward with the arms and splitting the legs into a lunge position, one forward and one back. The bar is received overhead on straight arms, and, once stable, the lifter recovers from the split position, bringing the feet back into the same plane as the rest of the body.","title":"Jerk"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"weight training","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weight_training"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"full squat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_squat"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"strongman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strongman_(strength_athlete)"},{"link_name":"axle bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Axle_bar&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Clean","text":"The power clean, a weight training exercise not used in competition,[2] refers to any variant of the clean in which the lifter does not catch the bar in a full squat position (commonly accepted as thighs parallel to the floor or below).The hang clean begins with the barbell off the ground, hanging from the arms. Both power and hang cleans are considered to be ideal for sports conditioning, as they are both total body exercises that have been known to increase neuromuscular co-ordination and core stability.The continental clean involves lifting the bar from the floor to the final clean position by any method of the lifter's choosing so long as the bar is not upended and does not touch the ground. The bar may be rested on the legs, stomach, or belt. Hands may be removed and replaced.[3] The continental clean plays a special role in strongman training, where the use of an axle bar makes the additional steps of a continental clean necessary.","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"partial squat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partial_squat"}],"sub_title":"Jerk","text":"In the split jerk, the lifter dips down their hips and propels the barbell upward by performing a short jump. The lifter then 'splits' their legs and catches the bar with straight arms above their head.In the power jerk, the lifter performs the same dip and jump movement, but unlike the split jerk, the lifter catches the barbell in a partial squat position.The squat jerk is like the power jerk in how the lifter catches the barbell in a squat position, but unlike the power jerk, the lifter catches the barbell in a full squat position with the barbell locked out above their head.","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Single arm","text":"A single arm is used instead of two. The weight lifted is usually a dumbbell or kettlebell. A barbell can also be used. The movement is broadly similar to the two armed clean and jerk, although there are various changes to the range of movement and posture.[4] As a form of unilateral exercise, a single arm clean and jerk can be beneficial for core strength as the lifter has to work to stabilise the off-centred weight. It can also help to reduce an excessive strength imbalance which has developed between the different sides of the body. For example, in a two armed clean and jerk, there may be a muscle imbalance meaning that the right arm is performing an excessively large amount of the work and the left arm an excessively small amount. By using the single arm style and alternating between each arm, it can be ensured that each arm is performing the same amount of work.[5]","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Source:[6]MenWomen","title":"World records"}]	[{"image_text":"An image series showing the different movements involved in the clean and jerk","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/EVD-pesas-056.jpg/400px-EVD-pesas-056.jpg"},{"image_text":"Finishing position of a clean, and starting position of a jerk","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/J%C3%BCrgen_Spie%C3%9F_%28GER%29.JPG/220px-J%C3%BCrgen_Spie%C3%9F_%28GER%29.JPG"},{"image_text":"Zulfiya Chinshanlo, world champion 2009 in the 53 kg class performing the jerk portion of the lift","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Zulfiya_Chinshanlo_2009.jpg/220px-Zulfiya_Chinshanlo_2009.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Clean and press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_and_press"},{"title":"List of World records in weightlifting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_records_in_weightlifting"}]	[{"reference":"Everett, Greg (2012). Olympic weightlifting for sports. [Sunnyvale, CA]: Catalyst Athletics. ISBN 9780980011142.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780980011142","url_text":"9780980011142"}]},{"reference":"\"How to Power Clean like Chinese Olympic Weightlifters\". 11 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://chineseweightlifting.com/how-to-power-clean/","url_text":"\"How to Power Clean like Chinese Olympic Weightlifters\""}]},{"reference":"\"section A21\". Official Rulebook of the USAWA (PDF) (8th ed.). Al Myers. 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.usawa.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/RULEBOOK-8th-Edition.pdf","url_text":"Official Rulebook of the USAWA"}]},{"reference":"Dawes, Jay. \"Unilateral Dumbbell Clean and Jerk\". Strength and Conditioning Journal. Retrieved 2 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://journals.lww.com/nsca-scj/fulltext/2017/04000/unilateral_dumbbell_clean_and_jerk.12.aspx","url_text":"\"Unilateral Dumbbell Clean and Jerk\""}]},{"reference":"dos Medios, Robert (18 September 2007). Power Training: Build Bigger Stronger Muscles Through Performance Based Conditioning. Rodale. p. 10. ISBN 9781605298689. Retrieved 14 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WtPX2YNz7ZkC&dq=push+press+unilateral&pg=PA29","url_text":"Power Training: Build Bigger Stronger Muscles Through Performance Based Conditioning"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781605298689","url_text":"9781605298689"}]},{"reference":"\"Senior Men's World Records\". www.iwf.net.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iwf.net/new_bw/results_newbw/world-records-newbw/","url_text":"\"Senior Men's World Records\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Clean+and+jerk%22","external_links_name":"\"Clean and jerk\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Clean+and+jerk%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Clean+and+jerk%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Clean+and+jerk%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Clean+and+jerk%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Clean+and+jerk%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://chineseweightlifting.com/how-to-power-clean/","external_links_name":"\"How to Power Clean like Chinese Olympic Weightlifters\""},{"Link":"http://www.usawa.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/RULEBOOK-8th-Edition.pdf","external_links_name":"Official Rulebook of the USAWA"},{"Link":"https://journals.lww.com/nsca-scj/fulltext/2017/04000/unilateral_dumbbell_clean_and_jerk.12.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Unilateral Dumbbell Clean and Jerk\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WtPX2YNz7ZkC&dq=push+press+unilateral&pg=PA29","external_links_name":"Power Training: Build Bigger Stronger Muscles Through Performance Based Conditioning"},{"Link":"https://www.iwf.net/new_bw/results_newbw/world-records-newbw/","external_links_name":"\"Senior Men's World Records\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Bob_Floyd	Jim Bob Floyd	["1 Education","2 Career","3 Selected discography","4 Selected publications","5 Bibliography","5.1 Notes","5.2 References","6 External links"]	American classical and jazz pianist, music educator JB FloydBornJames Robert Floydaka Jim Bob Floyd (1929-06-02) June 2, 1929 (age 95)Tyler, TexasAvocationConcert pianistCollegiate music educatorIdiomClassicalAvant-gardeExperimentalAcademicPositionsChairman of Keyboard PerformanceUniversity of Miami, Frost School of Music(1981–2013) Chairman of Keyboard PerformanceNorthern Illinois University(1962–1981)Head of the Piano DepartmentSam Houston State University(c. 1962)Chairman of the Fine Arts DivisionUniversity of Corpus Christi(mid 1950s)Piano InstructorUniversity of Kentucky(1949)University of North Texas(1948)Websitewww.jbfloyd.com JB Floyd (né James Robert Floyd; born June 2, 1929) is an American concert pianist (jazz, classical, experimental, avant-garde, and the like), composer, and music pedagogue at the collegiate level. Before retiring in 2013, Floyd spent 64 years as a music educator in higher education, including as chairman of keyboard performance at Northern Illinois University from 1962 to 1981 and chairman of keyboard performance at the University of Miami's Frost School of Music from 1982 to 2013. Floyd is a Yamaha Artist. Education Floyd earned a Bachelor of Music in 1948 and a Master of Music in 1950 from the University of North Texas (College of Music). While at North Texas, he studied piano with Isabel and Silvio Scionti. In the 1950s, at the University of Corpus Christi, Floyd became head of the Department of Music, then Chairman of the Fine Arts Division. In Fall 1949, Floyd joined the music faculty of the University of Kentucky as piano instructor. He also served on the music faculty of Sam Houston State University. Career Floyd, in 1949, was a grand winner of the National Guild of Piano Teachers Young Artist Competition at Town Hall in New York City. The award led to a sponsored solo recital at Town Hall, Wednesday, 8:30 pm, April 9, 1952. Harold C. Schonberg (1915–2003), a music critic for The New York Times, reviewed the performance. Floyd went on to earn a DMA in 1961 from Indiana University's Jacobs School of Music. In 1962, Floyd joined the music faculty at the University of Northern Illinois. In 1981, Floyd joined the faculty at the University of Miami. He taught there for 32 years, retiring as Chair Emeritus in 2013 while serving as Chair of the University of Miami's Department of Keyboard Performance. Selected discography JB Floyd Trio at the Catacombs (jazz). JB Floyd (piano); Fred Atwood (bass); Dave Merrifield (drums); Tony Calzaretta, vocalist. Claremont Records (1966). Claremont Jazz Series CLP–666, Castle Productions, Lake Geneva, Wisconsin. Suitable for Framing. David Rosenboom, JB Floyd, and Trichy Sankaran, A.R.C. Records (1975). OCLC 979580623 (all editions). Vol. 18, CDCM Computer Music Series, The Composer in the Computer Age–III. Centaur Records (1994). OCLC 31869526 (all editions). (Note: CDCM is an acronym for the Consortium to Distribute Computer Music). Vol. 19, CDCM Computer Music Series, The Composer in the Computer Age-IV: A Larry Austin Retrospective, Centaur Records (1995). OCLC 778855783 (all editions). Salvatore Martirano: "O, O, O, O, That Shakespeherian Rag. New World Records (1996). OCLC 162136581 (all editions). A Transporting Transmittance (CD), Mutable Music, label of Thomas Buckner (May 2003); OCLC 166266796 (all editions). In Crossing The Busy Street (CD), Mutable Music (2009); OCLC 457181264. Another Time And Place (CD), Mutable Music (2011); OCLC 773026916 (all editions). Selected publications "Beethoven's Piano Sonata, Op. 111 In Its Historical Perspective" (Master of Music thesis), by James Robert Floyd, University of North Texas, College of Music (1950); OCLC 40814324 "The keyboard music of Pergolesi" (Giovanni Battista Pergolesi) (DMA dissertation), by James Robert Floyd, Indiana University Bloomington, Jacobs School of Music (1961); OCLC 30933844 Bibliography Notes ^ "Pianist, Composer ... " June 5, 2013. ^ Texas Birth Certificate. ^ "Renaissance Man" August 8, 2003. ^ "Classical Pianists". ^ Commencement, North Texas, August 25, 1950. ^ Denton Record-Chronicle, April 27, 1952. ^ "Teachers ..." March 1959. ^ Corpus Christi Times, January 2, 1952. ^ National Guild Page, 1962. ^ Schonberg, April 10, 1952. ^ J.B. Floyd Trio, 1966. ^ Couture. References "Classical Pianists – JB Floyd – Biography". Buena Park, California: Yamaha Corporation of America. Piano Division. n.d. Retrieved March 19, 2021. Commencement, North Texas (August 25, 1950). "James Robert Floyd". Summer Commencement of North Texas State College (program). Denton: University of North Texas. p. 17. Retrieved March 19, 2021 – via University of North Texas Libraries, Digital Library. The Corpus Christi Times; Bynum, Kay (January 2, 1952). "Robert Floyd Is Ready for His Big Recital". Vol. 42, no. 155. p. B1. Retrieved October 3, 2017 – via Newspapers.com. (article provides early biographical information). ISSN 0894-5365. LCCN sn84006195. OCLC 10863206. Couture, François (2003). Transporting Transmittance: Music of J.B. Floyd (album review). AllMusic. Denton Record-Chronicle (April 27, 1952). "N.Y. Newspapers Hail Floyd Debut". Vol. 49, no. 212. p. 2. Retrieved March 22, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. "Floyd studied with Isabel and Silvio Scionti ..." J.B. Floyd Trio (1966). At the Catacombs (LP vinyl record). Lake Geneva, Wisconsin: Castle Productions. Claremont Records. Claremont Jazz Series – CLP–666 – via Discogs release no. 10524085. J.B. Floyd (piano); Fred Atwood (né Fred Connell Atwood; born 1937) (bass); Dave Merrifield (né David Kay Merrifield; born 1937) (drums); Tony Calzaretta (né Anthony John Calzaretta; born 1940), vocalist (Claremont was a label of Vernon Charles Castle; 1928–2008). National Guild Page (September–October 1962). "Robert Floyd to Give Town Hall Recital". American Music Teacher (front matter). 12 (1). Music Teachers National Association: 44. JSTOR 43536575. Retrieved March 22, 2021 – via JSTOR. ISSN 0003-0112. OCLC 494567442. "Pianist, Composer and Educator JB Floyd Retires From Frost School of Music". University of Miami, Frost School of Music, Media, Frost News. June 5, 2013. Archived from the original on June 20, 2017. Originally retrieved October 3, 2017 "Renaissance Man: JB Floyd". Buena Park, California: Yamaha Corporation of America. Piano Division. August 8, 2003. Retrieved October 26, 2011. Schonberg, Harold Charles (April 10, 1952). "Robert Floyd Gives First Recital Here". Amusements. The New York Times (review). Vol. 101, whole no. 34410. p. L37 (column 3 of 8, top). Retrieved March 19, 2021 – via TimesMachine. "Teachers Go to Work". Music Educators Journal. 45 (4). National Association for Music Education: 12. February–March 1959. JSTOR 3389055 – via JSTOR. ISSN 0027-4321 (print). ISSN 1945-0087 (web). LCCN 2006-236975. OCLC 1639434 (all editions). Texas Birth Certificate – "James Robert Floyd" – "Amendment to Certificate of Birth". "Texas Birth Index, 1903–1997". Searching James Robert Floyd → DOB: June 2, 1929 → Place of birth: Tyler, Smith County (database with images). Austin: Texas Department of State Health Services. Retrieved March 19, 2021 – via FamilySearch. Reference ID: 51919; GS film no. 2240970; digital folder no. 4688276; image no. 285 (of 3534); indexing project (batch) no. C06136-3. External links JB Floyd official website Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany United States Artists MusicBrainz Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETexas_Birth_Certificate-2"},{"link_name":"experimental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimental_music"},{"link_name":"Northern Illinois University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Illinois_University"},{"link_name":"University of Miami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Miami"},{"link_name":"Frost School of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frost_School_of_Music"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%22Renaissance_Man%22_August_8,2003-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%22Classical_Pianists%22-4"}],"text":"American classical and jazz pianist, music educatorJB Floyd (né James Robert Floyd; born June 2, 1929)[2] is an American concert pianist (jazz, classical, experimental, avant-garde, and the like), composer, and music pedagogue at the collegiate level. Before retiring in 2013, Floyd spent 64 years as a music educator in higher education, including as chairman of keyboard performance at Northern Illinois University from 1962 to 1981 and chairman of keyboard performance at the University of Miami's Frost School of Music from 1982 to 2013. Floyd is a Yamaha Artist.[3][4]","title":"Jim Bob Floyd"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bachelor of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Music"},{"link_name":"Master of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Music"},{"link_name":"University of North Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_North_Texas"},{"link_name":"College of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_North_Texas_College_of_Music"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECommencement,_North_Texas,_August_25,1950-5"},{"link_name":"Silvio Scionti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvio_Scionti"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Denton_Record-Chronicle,''_April_27,1952-6"},{"link_name":"University of Corpus Christi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Corpus_Christi"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%22Teachers_...%22_March1959-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Corpus_Christi_Times,''_January_2,1952-8"},{"link_name":"University of Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Sam Houston State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Houston_State_University"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Guild_Page,1962-9"}],"text":"Floyd earned a Bachelor of Music in 1948 and a Master of Music in 1950 from the University of North Texas (College of Music).[5] While at North Texas, he studied piano with Isabel and Silvio Scionti.[6] In the 1950s, at the University of Corpus Christi,[7] Floyd became head of the Department of Music, then Chairman of the Fine Arts Division.[8] In Fall 1949, Floyd joined the music faculty of the University of Kentucky as piano instructor. He also served on the music faculty of Sam Houston State University.[9]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Town Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Town_Hall_(New_York_City)"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Harold C. Schonberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_C._Schonberg"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchonberg,_April_10,_1952-10"},{"link_name":"DMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Musical_Arts"},{"link_name":"Indiana University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_University"},{"link_name":"Jacobs School of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobs_School_of_Music"},{"link_name":"University of Northern Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Northern_Illinois"},{"link_name":"University of Miami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frost_School_of_Music"},{"link_name":"Emeritus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emeritus"}],"text":"Floyd, in 1949, was a grand winner of the National Guild of Piano Teachers Young Artist Competition at Town Hall in New York City. The award led to a sponsored solo recital at Town Hall, Wednesday, 8:30 pm, April 9, 1952. Harold C. Schonberg (1915–2003), a music critic for The New York Times, reviewed the performance.[10] Floyd went on to earn a DMA in 1961 from Indiana University's Jacobs School of Music.In 1962, Floyd joined the music faculty at the University of Northern Illinois. In 1981, Floyd joined the faculty at the University of Miami. He taught there for 32 years, retiring as Chair Emeritus in 2013 while serving as Chair of the University of Miami's Department of Keyboard Performance.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lake Geneva, Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Geneva,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ.B._Floyd_Trio,1966-11"},{"link_name":"David Rosenboom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Rosenboom"},{"link_name":"Trichy Sankaran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichy_Sankaran"},{"link_name":"A.R.C. Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aesthetic_Research_Centre"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"979580623 (all editions)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/979580623/editions"},{"link_name":"Centaur Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centaur_Records"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"31869526 (all editions)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/31869526/editions"},{"link_name":"Larry Austin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Austin"},{"link_name":"Centaur Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centaur_Records"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"778855783 (all editions)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/778855783/editions"},{"link_name":"New World Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_World_Records"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"162136581 (all editions)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/162136581/editions"},{"link_name":"Thomas Buckner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Buckner"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"166266796 (all editions)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/166266796/editions"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECouture-12"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"457181264","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/457181264"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"773026916 (all editions)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/773026916/editions"}],"text":"JB Floyd Trio at the Catacombs (jazz). JB Floyd (piano); Fred Atwood (bass); Dave Merrifield (drums); Tony Calzaretta, vocalist. Claremont Records (1966). Claremont Jazz Series CLP–666, Castle Productions, Lake Geneva, Wisconsin.[11]\nSuitable for Framing. David Rosenboom, JB Floyd, and Trichy Sankaran, A.R.C. Records (1975). OCLC 979580623 (all editions).\nVol. 18, CDCM Computer Music Series, The Composer in the Computer Age–III. Centaur Records (1994). OCLC 31869526 (all editions). (Note: CDCM is an acronym for the Consortium to Distribute Computer Music).\nVol. 19, CDCM Computer Music Series, The Composer in the Computer Age-IV: A Larry Austin Retrospective, Centaur Records (1995). OCLC 778855783 (all editions).\nSalvatore Martirano: \"O, O, O, O, That Shakespeherian Rag. New World Records (1996). OCLC 162136581 (all editions).\nA Transporting Transmittance (CD), Mutable Music, label of Thomas Buckner (May 2003); OCLC 166266796 (all editions).[12]\nIn Crossing The Busy Street (CD), Mutable Music (2009); OCLC 457181264.\nAnother Time And Place (CD), Mutable Music (2011); OCLC 773026916 (all editions).","title":"Selected discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Master of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Music"},{"link_name":"University of North Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_North_Texas"},{"link_name":"College of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_North_Texas_College_of_Music"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"40814324","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/40814324"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Battista Pergolesi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Pergolesi"},{"link_name":"DMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Musical_Arts"},{"link_name":"Indiana University Bloomington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_University_Bloomington"},{"link_name":"Jacobs School of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobs_School_of_Music"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"30933844","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/30933844"}],"text":"\"Beethoven's Piano Sonata, Op. 111 In Its Historical Perspective\" (Master of Music thesis), by James Robert Floyd, University of North Texas, College of Music (1950); OCLC 40814324\n\"The keyboard music of Pergolesi\" (Giovanni Battista Pergolesi) (DMA dissertation), by James Robert Floyd, Indiana University Bloomington, Jacobs School of Music (1961); OCLC 30933844","title":"Selected publications"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%22Pianist,_Composer_..._%22_June_5,2013_1-0"},{"link_name":"\"Pianist, Composer ... \" June 5, 2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREF%22Pianist,_Composer_..._%22_June_5,2013"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETexas_Birth_Certificate_2-0"},{"link_name":"Texas Birth Certificate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFTexas_Birth_Certificate"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%22Renaissance_Man%22_August_8,2003_3-0"},{"link_name":"\"Renaissance Man\" August 8, 2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREF%22Renaissance_Man%22_August_8,2003"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%22Classical_Pianists%22_4-0"},{"link_name":"\"Classical Pianists\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREF%22Classical_Pianists%22"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECommencement,_North_Texas,_August_25,1950_5-0"},{"link_name":"Commencement, North Texas, August 25, 1950","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCommencement,_North_Texas,_August_25,1950"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Denton_Record-Chronicle,''_April_27,1952_6-0"},{"link_name":"Denton Record-Chronicle, April 27, 1952","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFDenton_Record-Chronicle,_April_27,1952"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%22Teachers_...%22_March1959_7-0"},{"link_name":"\"Teachers ...\" March 1959","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREF%22Teachers_...%22_March1959"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Corpus_Christi_Times,''_January_2,1952_8-0"},{"link_name":"Corpus Christi Times, January 2, 1952","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCorpus_Christi_Times,_January_2,1952"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENational_Guild_Page,1962_9-0"},{"link_name":"National Guild Page, 1962","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFNational_Guild_Page,1962"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchonberg,_April_10,_1952_10-0"},{"link_name":"Schonberg, April 10, 1952","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSchonberg,_April_10,_1952"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ.B._Floyd_Trio,1966_11-0"},{"link_name":"J.B. Floyd Trio, 1966","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFJ.B._Floyd_Trio,1966"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECouture_12-0"},{"link_name":"Couture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCouture"}],"sub_title":"Notes","text":"^ \"Pianist, Composer ... \" June 5, 2013.\n\n^ Texas Birth Certificate.\n\n^ \"Renaissance Man\" August 8, 2003.\n\n^ \"Classical Pianists\".\n\n^ Commencement, North Texas, August 25, 1950.\n\n^ Denton Record-Chronicle, April 27, 1952.\n\n^ \"Teachers ...\" March 1959.\n\n^ Corpus Christi Times, January 2, 1952.\n\n^ National Guild Page, 1962.\n\n^ Schonberg, April 10, 1952.\n\n^ J.B. Floyd Trio, 1966.\n\n^ Couture.","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Classical Pianists – JB Floyd – Biography\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.yamaha.com/artists/jbfloyd.html"},{"link_name":"Yamaha Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamaha_Corporation"},{"link_name":"\"James Robert Floyd\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc174873/m1/9/"},{"link_name":"Summer Commencement of North Texas State College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc174873/m1/9/"},{"link_name":"University of North Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_North_Texas"},{"link_name":"University of North Texas Libraries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_North_Texas_Libraries"},{"link_name":"The Corpus Christi Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_Christi_Caller-Times"},{"link_name":"\"Robert Floyd Is Ready for His Big Recital\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.newspapers.com/image/20277656/"},{"link_name":"Newspapers.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0894-5365","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0894-5365"},{"link_name":"LCCN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN"},{"link_name":"sn84006195","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84006195/"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10863206","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/10863206"},{"link_name":"Transporting Transmittance: Music of J.B. Floyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.allmusic.com/album/transporting-transmittance-music-of-jb-floyd-r647574/review"},{"link_name":"AllMusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic"},{"link_name":"Denton Record-Chronicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denton_Record-Chronicle"},{"link_name":"\"N.Y. Newspapers Hail Floyd Debut\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.newspapers.com/image/36802254/"},{"link_name":"Newspapers.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com"},{"link_name":"At the Catacombs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.discogs.com/JB-Floyd-At-The-Catacombs/release/10524085"},{"link_name":"LP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LP_record"},{"link_name":"Discogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discogs"},{"link_name":"\"Robert Floyd to Give Town Hall Recital\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/43536575/"},{"link_name":"American Music Teacher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Music_Teacher"},{"link_name":"front matter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front_matter"},{"link_name":"Music Teachers National Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Teachers_National_Association"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"43536575","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/43536575"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0003-0112","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0003-0112"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"494567442","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/494567442"},{"link_name":"\"Pianist, Composer and Educator JB Floyd Retires From Frost School of Music\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20170620041301/http://www.miami.edu/frost/index.php/frost/media/frost_news/pianist_composer_and_educator_jb_floyd_retires_from_frost_school_of_music/"},{"link_name":"University of Miami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Miami"},{"link_name":"Frost School of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frost_School_of_Music"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.miami.edu/frost/index.php/frost/media/frost_news"},{"link_name":"\"Renaissance Man: JB Floyd\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//usa.yamaha.com/news_events/2003/20030808_renaissance-man-jb-floyd_us.html"},{"link_name":"Yamaha Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamaha_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Schonberg, Harold Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Charles_Schonberg"},{"link_name":"\"Robert Floyd Gives First Recital Here\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nyti.ms/3s56y2i"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"TimesMachine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TimesMachine"},{"link_name":"\"Teachers Go to Work\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/3389055"},{"link_name":"Music Educators Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Educators_Journal"},{"link_name":"National Association for Music Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_for_Music_Education"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3389055","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/3389055"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0027-4321","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0027-4321"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1945-0087","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1945-0087"},{"link_name":"LCCN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2006-236975","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.loc.gov/item/2006236975"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1639434 (all editions)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1639434/editions"},{"link_name":"\"Texas Birth Index, 1903–1997\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:VH81-5FH"},{"link_name":"Tyler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyler,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Smith County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Texas Department of State Health Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_State_Health_Services"},{"link_name":"FamilySearch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FamilySearch"},{"link_name":"GS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genealogical_Society_of_Utah"}],"sub_title":"References","text":"\"Classical Pianists – JB Floyd – Biography\". Buena Park, California: Yamaha Corporation of America. Piano Division. n.d. Retrieved March 19, 2021.\nCommencement, North Texas (August 25, 1950). \"James Robert Floyd\". Summer Commencement of North Texas State College (program). Denton: University of North Texas. p. 17. Retrieved March 19, 2021 – via University of North Texas Libraries, Digital Library.\nThe Corpus Christi Times; Bynum, Kay (January 2, 1952). \"Robert Floyd Is Ready for His Big Recital\". Vol. 42, no. 155. p. B1. Retrieved October 3, 2017 – via Newspapers.com. (article provides early biographical information). ISSN 0894-5365. LCCN sn84006195. OCLC 10863206.\nCouture, François (2003). Transporting Transmittance: Music of J.B. Floyd (album review). AllMusic.\nDenton Record-Chronicle (April 27, 1952). \"N.Y. Newspapers Hail Floyd Debut\". Vol. 49, no. 212. p. 2. Retrieved March 22, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. \"Floyd studied with Isabel and Silvio Scionti ...\"\nJ.B. Floyd Trio (1966). At the Catacombs (LP vinyl record). Lake Geneva, Wisconsin: Castle Productions. Claremont Records. Claremont Jazz Series – CLP–666 – via Discogs release no. 10524085. J.B. Floyd (piano); Fred Atwood (né Fred Connell Atwood; born 1937) (bass); Dave Merrifield (né David Kay Merrifield; born 1937) (drums); Tony Calzaretta (né Anthony John Calzaretta; born 1940), vocalist (Claremont was a label of Vernon Charles Castle; 1928–2008).\nNational Guild [of Piano Teachers] Page (September–October 1962). \"Robert Floyd to Give Town Hall Recital\". American Music Teacher (front matter). 12 (1). Music Teachers National Association: 44. JSTOR 43536575. Retrieved March 22, 2021 – via JSTOR. ISSN 0003-0112. OCLC 494567442.\n\"Pianist, Composer and Educator JB Floyd Retires From Frost School of Music\". University of Miami, Frost School of Music, Media, Frost News. June 5, 2013. Archived from the original on June 20, 2017. Originally retrieved October 3, 2017\n\"Renaissance Man: JB Floyd\". Buena Park, California: Yamaha Corporation of America. Piano Division. August 8, 2003. Retrieved October 26, 2011.\nSchonberg, Harold Charles (April 10, 1952). \"Robert Floyd Gives First Recital Here\". Amusements. The New York Times (review). Vol. 101, whole no. 34410. p. L37 (column 3 of 8, top). Retrieved March 19, 2021 – via TimesMachine.\n\"Teachers Go to Work\". Music Educators Journal. 45 (4). National Association for Music Education: 12. February–March 1959. JSTOR 3389055 – via JSTOR. ISSN 0027-4321 (print). ISSN 1945-0087 (web). LCCN 2006-236975. OCLC 1639434 (all editions).\nTexas Birth Certificate – \"James Robert Floyd\" – \"Amendment to Certificate of Birth\". \"Texas Birth Index, 1903–1997\". Searching James Robert Floyd → DOB: June 2, 1929 → Place of birth: Tyler, Smith County (database with images). Austin: Texas Department of State Health Services. Retrieved March 19, 2021 – via FamilySearch. Reference ID: 51919; GS film no. 2240970; digital folder no. 4688276; image no. 285 (of 3534); indexing project (batch) no. C06136-3.","title":"Bibliography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Classical Pianists – JB Floyd – Biography\". Buena Park, California: Yamaha Corporation of America. Piano Division. n.d. Retrieved March 19, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.yamaha.com/artists/jbfloyd.html","url_text":"\"Classical Pianists – JB Floyd – Biography\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamaha_Corporation","url_text":"Yamaha Corporation"}]},{"reference":"Commencement, North Texas (August 25, 1950). \"James Robert Floyd\". Summer Commencement of North Texas State College (program). Denton: University of North Texas. p. 17. Retrieved March 19, 2021 – via University of North Texas Libraries, Digital Library.","urls":[{"url":"https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc174873/m1/9/","url_text":"\"James Robert Floyd\""},{"url":"https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc174873/m1/9/","url_text":"Summer Commencement of North Texas State College"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_North_Texas","url_text":"University of North Texas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_North_Texas_Libraries","url_text":"University of North Texas Libraries"}]},{"reference":"The Corpus Christi Times; Bynum, Kay (January 2, 1952). \"Robert Floyd Is Ready for His Big Recital\". Vol. 42, no. 155. p. B1. Retrieved October 3, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_Christi_Caller-Times","url_text":"The Corpus Christi Times"},{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/20277656/","url_text":"\"Robert Floyd Is Ready for His Big Recital\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"Couture, François (2003). Transporting Transmittance: Music of J.B. Floyd (album review). AllMusic.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/transporting-transmittance-music-of-jb-floyd-r647574/review","url_text":"Transporting Transmittance: Music of J.B. Floyd"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"Denton Record-Chronicle (April 27, 1952). \"N.Y. Newspapers Hail Floyd Debut\". Vol. 49, no. 212. p. 2. Retrieved March 22, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denton_Record-Chronicle","url_text":"Denton Record-Chronicle"},{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/36802254/","url_text":"\"N.Y. Newspapers Hail Floyd Debut\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"J.B. Floyd Trio (1966). At the Catacombs (LP vinyl record). Lake Geneva, Wisconsin: Castle Productions. Claremont Records. Claremont Jazz Series – CLP–666 – via Discogs release no. 10524085.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.discogs.com/JB-Floyd-At-The-Catacombs/release/10524085","url_text":"At the Catacombs"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LP_record","url_text":"LP"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discogs","url_text":"Discogs"}]},{"reference":"National Guild [of Piano Teachers] Page (September–October 1962). \"Robert Floyd to Give Town Hall Recital\". American Music Teacher (front matter). 12 (1). Music Teachers National Association: 44. JSTOR 43536575. Retrieved March 22, 2021 – via JSTOR.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/43536575/","url_text":"\"Robert Floyd to Give Town Hall Recital\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Music_Teacher","url_text":"American Music Teacher"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front_matter","url_text":"front matter"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Teachers_National_Association","url_text":"Music Teachers National Association"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/43536575","url_text":"43536575"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR","url_text":"JSTOR"}]},{"reference":"\"Pianist, Composer and Educator JB Floyd Retires From Frost School of Music\". University of Miami, Frost School of Music, Media, Frost News. June 5, 2013. Archived from the original on June 20, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170620041301/http://www.miami.edu/frost/index.php/frost/media/frost_news/pianist_composer_and_educator_jb_floyd_retires_from_frost_school_of_music/","url_text":"\"Pianist, Composer and Educator JB Floyd Retires From Frost School of Music\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Miami","url_text":"University of Miami"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frost_School_of_Music","url_text":"Frost School of Music"},{"url":"http://www.miami.edu/frost/index.php/frost/media/frost_news","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Renaissance Man: JB Floyd\". Buena Park, California: Yamaha Corporation of America. Piano Division. August 8, 2003. Retrieved October 26, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://usa.yamaha.com/news_events/2003/20030808_renaissance-man-jb-floyd_us.html","url_text":"\"Renaissance Man: JB Floyd\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamaha_Corporation","url_text":"Yamaha Corporation"}]},{"reference":"Schonberg, Harold Charles (April 10, 1952). \"Robert Floyd Gives First Recital Here\". Amusements. The New York Times (review). Vol. 101, whole no. 34410. p. L37 (column 3 of 8, top). Retrieved March 19, 2021 – via TimesMachine.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Charles_Schonberg","url_text":"Schonberg, Harold Charles"},{"url":"https://nyti.ms/3s56y2i","url_text":"\"Robert Floyd Gives First Recital Here\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TimesMachine","url_text":"TimesMachine"}]},{"reference":"\"Teachers Go to Work\". Music Educators Journal. 45 (4). National Association for Music Education: 12. February–March 1959. JSTOR 3389055 – via JSTOR.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3389055","url_text":"\"Teachers Go to Work\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Educators_Journal","url_text":"Music Educators Journal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_for_Music_Education","url_text":"National Association for Music Education"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3389055","url_text":"3389055"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR","url_text":"JSTOR"}]},{"reference":"Texas Birth Certificate – \"James Robert Floyd\" – \"Amendment to Certificate of Birth\". \"Texas Birth Index, 1903–1997\". Searching James Robert Floyd → DOB: June 2, 1929 → Place of birth: Tyler, Smith County (database with images). Austin: Texas Department of State Health Services. Retrieved March 19, 2021 – via FamilySearch.","urls":[{"url":"https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:VH81-5FH","url_text":"\"Texas Birth Index, 1903–1997\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyler,_Texas","url_text":"Tyler"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith_County,_Texas","url_text":"Smith County"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_State_Health_Services","url_text":"Texas Department of State Health Services"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FamilySearch","url_text":"FamilySearch"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.jbfloyd.com/","external_links_name":"www.jbfloyd.com"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/979580623/editions","external_links_name":"979580623 (all editions)"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/31869526/editions","external_links_name":"31869526 (all editions)"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/778855783/editions","external_links_name":"778855783 (all editions)"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/162136581/editions","external_links_name":"162136581 (all editions)"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/166266796/editions","external_links_name":"166266796 (all editions)"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/457181264","external_links_name":"457181264"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/773026916/editions","external_links_name":"773026916 (all editions)"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/40814324","external_links_name":"40814324"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/30933844","external_links_name":"30933844"},{"Link":"https://www.yamaha.com/artists/jbfloyd.html","external_links_name":"\"Classical Pianists – JB Floyd – Biography\""},{"Link":"https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc174873/m1/9/","external_links_name":"\"James Robert Floyd\""},{"Link":"https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc174873/m1/9/","external_links_name":"Summer Commencement of North Texas State College"},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/20277656/","external_links_name":"\"Robert Floyd Is Ready for His Big Recital\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0894-5365","external_links_name":"0894-5365"},{"Link":"https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84006195/","external_links_name":"sn84006195"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/10863206","external_links_name":"10863206"},{"Link":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/transporting-transmittance-music-of-jb-floyd-r647574/review","external_links_name":"Transporting Transmittance: Music of J.B. Floyd"},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/36802254/","external_links_name":"\"N.Y. Newspapers Hail Floyd Debut\""},{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/JB-Floyd-At-The-Catacombs/release/10524085","external_links_name":"At the Catacombs"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/43536575/","external_links_name":"\"Robert Floyd to Give Town Hall Recital\""},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/43536575","external_links_name":"43536575"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0003-0112","external_links_name":"0003-0112"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/494567442","external_links_name":"494567442"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170620041301/http://www.miami.edu/frost/index.php/frost/media/frost_news/pianist_composer_and_educator_jb_floyd_retires_from_frost_school_of_music/","external_links_name":"\"Pianist, Composer and Educator JB Floyd Retires From Frost School of Music\""},{"Link":"http://www.miami.edu/frost/index.php/frost/media/frost_news","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://usa.yamaha.com/news_events/2003/20030808_renaissance-man-jb-floyd_us.html","external_links_name":"\"Renaissance Man: JB Floyd\""},{"Link":"https://nyti.ms/3s56y2i","external_links_name":"\"Robert Floyd Gives First Recital Here\""},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3389055","external_links_name":"\"Teachers Go to Work\""},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3389055","external_links_name":"3389055"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0027-4321","external_links_name":"0027-4321"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1945-0087","external_links_name":"1945-0087"},{"Link":"https://www.loc.gov/item/2006236975","external_links_name":"2006-236975"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1639434/editions","external_links_name":"1639434 (all editions)"},{"Link":"https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:VH81-5FH","external_links_name":"\"Texas Birth Index, 1903–1997\""},{"Link":"http://www.jbfloyd.com/","external_links_name":"JB Floyd official website"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1499585/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000078441894","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/27324468","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJrKVQyJwq6BkqKTxWkdQq","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14646716b","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14646716b","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/124833799","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no91010926","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/3887c73a-9313-4a90-b595-511625f13843","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/160694132","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel_Magnolias_(play)	Steel Magnolias (play)	["1 Synopsis","2 Historical casting","3 Background","4 Production history","4.1 US productions","4.2 UK productions","4.3 International productions","5 Screen adaptations","5.1 Film","5.2 Television","5.3 2012 television film","6 References","7 External links"]	1987 play by Robert Harling Steel MagnoliasWritten byRobert HarlingCharactersShelbyM'LynnOuiserClaireeTruvyAnnelleDate premiered1987Place premieredWPA TheatreNew York CityOriginal languageEnglishGenreDramaComedySettingTruvy's Beauty Spot, Northwest Louisiana, Chinquapin Parish Steel Magnolias is a stage play by American writer Robert Harling, based on his experience with his sister's death. The play is a comedy-drama about the bond among a group of Southern women in northwest Louisiana. The title suggests the "female characters are as delicate as magnolias but as tough as steel". The magnolia specifically references a magnolia tree they are arguing about at the beginning. Synopsis Set in the fictional northwestern Louisiana parish of Chinquapin, the play opens at Truvy's in-home beauty parlor where a group of women regularly gather. They discuss Shelby's upcoming wedding to her fiancé, Jackson. The plot covers events over the next three years relating to Shelby's Type 1 diabetes, and with how the women cope with their conflicts, while remaining friends: Shelby's decision to have a child despite jeopardizing her health, Clairee's friendship with the curmudgeon Ouiser; Annelle's transformation from a shy, anxious newcomer in town to a good-time girl then repentant revival-tent Christian; and Truvy's relationships with the men in her family. Although the main storyline involves Shelby, her mother M'Lynn, and Shelby's medical battles, the group's underlying friendship is prominent throughout the drama. Historical casting Character 1987 WPA Theatre cast 1987 Lortel Theatre cast 1st National Tour cast 1989 West End cast 1989 film cast 2005 Broadway cast 2012 television film cast Shelby Eatenton-Latcherie Blanche Baker Betsy Aidem Tracy Shaffer Joely Richardson Julia Roberts Rebecca Gayheart Condola Rashad M'Lynn Eatenton Rosemary Prinz Barbara Rush Rosemary Harris Sally Field Christine Ebersole Queen Latifah Ouiser Boudreaux Mary Fogarty Carole Cook Jean Boht Shirley MacLaine Marsha Mason Alfre Woodard Clairee Belcher Kate Wilkinson June Lockhart Stephanie Cole Olympia Dukakis Frances Sternhagen Phylicia Rashad Truvy Jones Margo Martindale Maggie Steed Dolly Parton Delta Burke Jill Scott Annelle Dupuy-Desoto Constance Shulman Dawn Hopper Janine Duvitski Daryl Hannah Lily Rabe Adepero Oduye Background The play is based on the family experience of the death of author Robert Harling's sister, Susan Harling-Robinson, in 1985 from diabetic complications after the birth of his namesake nephew and the failure of a family-member-donated kidney. Following the death, a writer friend advised him to write it down to come to terms with the experience. He did but originally as a short story to give his nephew an understanding of the child's deceased mother. It evolved in ten days to a play performed Off-Broadway before being adapted for the Steel Magnolias movie (1989). Harling, maybe based on his short, dry experience in the field of law ("not many laughs in Brown v. Board of Education"), felt it important to include the way the characters used humor and lighthearted conversations to cope with the seriousness of the underlying situations. Harling wanted the audience to have a true representation of what his family endured. Production history US productions The play originally opened Off-Broadway (with one set and an all-female cast although the voice of a male DJ on the radio is intermittent during the play with all male "characters" referenced only through dialogue) at the WPA Theatre, in New York City, on March 28, 1987, with Pamela Berlin as director. The production transferred to the Lucille Lortel Theatre on June 19, 1987, and closed on February 25, 1990 after 1,126 performances. Replacements during the original Off-Broadway run included Anne Pitoniak, Bette Henritze, Rita Gardner, Maeve McGuire, and Stacy Ray. A U.S. national tour was launched in 1989. Marion Ross joined the tour as Clairee late in the run. The play made its Broadway debut in 2005 and opened at the Lyceum Theatre, in previews starting on March 15, and officially opened April 4, and closed on July 31, 2005, after 23 previews and 136 performances, directed by Jason Moore. Guthrie Theater did a production from October 26 to December 15, 2019 directed by Lisa Rothe. UK productions The premiere UK production opened in the West End in March 1989 at the Lyric Theatre, directed by Julia McKenzie. It returned to the West End for a limited engagement at the Westminster Theatre March 30-April 9, 1990, in a production mounted by Rose Bruford College. A tour of the show opened at the Theatre Royal Bath on April 2, 2012, and was scheduled to play at ten theatres including the Richmond Theatre in London during an eleven-week run. It was directed by David Gilmore. International productions Australia: Nicole Kidman made her professional stage debut in the first Australian production as Shelby. The show opened 18 May 1988 in the York Theatre at Sydney’s Seymour Centre and went on to play Melbourne’s Athenaeum Theatre. The cast also included Nancye Hayes, Maggie Dence, Melissa Jaffer, Genevieve Lemon, Pat McDonald, and Peter Snook. In late 2023, the Malanda Theatre Company in Far North Queensland run the show with huge success, and again in August 2024 with Marky Baker Directing and Felicity Huston producing. M'Lynn Eatenton - Jean Thomas Shelby Eatenton - Buckley Watson Truvy Jones - Nicola Salisbury-Faulkner Annelle Dupuy Desoto - Kaitlen Adams Clairee Belcher - Jennifer Musetti Ouiser Boudreaux - Louisa Crossle Ireland: Staged at the Gaiety Theatre, Dublin on September 11–22, 2012, directed by Ben Barnes, and on country-wide tour until October 19 the same year. The cast included Mischa Barton and Anne Charleston. France: Coiffure et Confidences, the French-language adaptation by Didier Caron directed by Dominique Guillo, premiered in Paris at the Théâtre Michel in October 2014. After three successful runs in Paris and multiple nationwide tours, its final performance, attended by Robert Harling, was filmed on June 12, 2017 and released on the French channel C8 a few months later. Cast: Thérèse (Truvy) - Marie-Hélène Lentini / Isabelle Ferron Jeanne (M'Lynn) - Astrid Veillon / Élisabeth Vitali / Anne Richard Magalie (Shelby) - Léa François Agnès (Annelle) - Sandrine Le Berre Claire (Clairee) - Isabelle Tanakil / Isabelle Ferron / Élisabeth Buffet Odette (Ouiser) - Brigitte Faure Japan: Staged by the Haiyuza Theatre Company on November 14–25, 2007, in Tokyo, translated and directed by Hajime Mori. Cast: Mayuko Aoyama as Truvy, Kaoru Inoue as Annelle, Mayumi Katayam as Clairee, Midori Ando as Shelby, Atsuko Kawaguchi as M'Lynn and Minae as Ouiser. Poland: It premiered at the Aleksandra Wegierki Dramatic Theatre in Bialystok on April 14, 1992. Jean Korf was the director and the play was translated by Catherine Peebles and Andrzej Jakimiec. It was organized with help from the Embassy of the United States, Warsaw, especially the Cultural Attache, Bruce Byers. On March 29, 2017, the U.S. Embassy Warsaw held two English-language staged readings at Teatr Polski Arnold Szyfman Theatre in Warsaw as the capstone to its Women's History Month Programming. The production was directed by Deputy Press Attache Stephen E. Dreikorn and featured an all-embassy employee cast consisting of both American and Polish employees. Polish director and actor Andrzej Seweryn spoke before one of the performances and called the Embassy's production a "great initiative". Sweden: Premiered on November 16, 2008 at Vasateatern in Stockholm (with Robert Harling in attendance) titled "Blommor av Stål", it was directed by Emma Bucht and translated by Klas Östergren and Edward af Sillén. The cast: Cecilia Nilsson as Truvy, Pernilla August as M'Lynn, Melinda Kinnaman as Shelby, Suzanne Reuter as Ouiser, Linda Ulvaeus as Annelle and Gunilla Nyroos as Clairee. Screen adaptations Film Main article: Steel Magnolias The play was adapted as a film in 1988 and released in 1989, with a screenplay also by Harling and directed by Herbert Ross. The film was able to expand the story of the play with additional background stories and characters. Julia Roberts was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance as Shelby. Television CBS-TV produced the two-hour Steel Magnolias sitcom pilot in April 1990 in Robert Harling's childhood hometown of Natchitoches, Louisiana. Harling was screenwriter with his script being a continuation of the play and 1989 film following the death of Shelby. Thomas Schlamme directed and cast included: Cindy Williams as M’Lynn, Sally Kirkland as Truvy, Elaine Stritch as Ouiser, Polly Bergen as Clairee, and Sheila McCarthy as Annelle. Ultimately, CBS passed on the series giving the pilot a single airing on August 17, 1990. 2012 television film Main article: Steel Magnolias (2012 film) The play was adapted as a television film in 2012 with an African-American cast set in fictional Chinquapin for a Lifetime TV production filmed in Atlanta, April 2012 (aired October 2012): directed by Kenny Leon and scripted by Sally Robinson. Cast: Queen Latifah as M'Lynn, Jill Scott as Truvy, Alfre Woodard as Ouiser, Phylicia Rashad as Clairee, Adepero Oduye as Annelle, and Condola Rashad as Shelby. References ^ Hollinger, Karen. In The Company of Women: Contemporary Female Friendship Films, U of Minnesota Press, 1998, ISBN 0-8166-3177-8, p. 81 ^ Harling, Robert. Steel Magnolias. New York: Dramatists Play Service, Inc. 1988. ^ a b "Robert Harling, Author of a Hit Comedy Based on a Family Tragedy". People.com. Retrieved January 15, 2018. ^ "What's Up, Robert Harling? Reflections on the 25th Anniversary of Steel Magnolias, Kristin Chenoweth in a Soapdish Musical & More". Broadway.com. Retrieved January 15, 2018. ^ Gussow, Mel. Stage: 'Steel Magnolias,' A Louisiana Story" The New York Times, March 27, 1987 ^ ARKATOV, JANICE (August 8, 1989). "Tracy Shaffer Avoids the Sentiment of a Sugary Role". Retrieved January 15, 2018 – via LA Times. ^ "Role in 'Evening Star' has actress looking forward to more happy days Film: Marion Ross lands a part in a movie, and she's delighted. She thinks she may even win an Oscar". BaltimoreSun.com. Retrieved January 15, 2018. ^ Billington, Michael. "Over-much Southern comfort", Manchester Guardian Weekly, March 19, 1989, p. 26 (Theatre Section) ^ "Steel Magnolias UK Tour \| David Ian Productions". Archived from the original on May 21, 2012. Retrieved April 15, 2012. ^ "AusStage". www.ausstage.edu.au. Retrieved November 22, 2020. ^ "AusStage". www.ausstage.edu.au. Retrieved November 22, 2020. ^ "NICOLE KIDMAN". Tharunka (Kensington, NSW : 1953 - 2010). May 23, 1988. p. 26. Retrieved November 22, 2020. ^ "The Gaiety Theatre - Irish Theatre in Dublin". www.GaietyTheatre.ie. Retrieved January 15, 2018. ^ "Steel Magnolias at The Gaiety Theatre - Elevate PR". www.Elevate.ie. September 27, 2012. Retrieved January 15, 2018. ^ "Steel Magnolias in Ireland at Royal Theatre and Event Centre 2012". BroadwayWorld.com. Retrieved January 15, 2018. ^ OC's Mischa 'Steels' the show Irish Herald. 11 July 2012 ^ Mischa Barton live on Moncrieff tomorrow. Newstalk. 11 July 2012 ^ "Coiffure et Confidences (2016) - Théâtre-Michel". Théâtre-Michel (in French). Retrieved September 25, 2018. ^ "Coiffure & Confidences". www.facebook.com. Retrieved September 25, 2018. ^ "Coiffure & Confidences". www.facebook.com. Retrieved September 25, 2018. ^ accessed October 22, 2017 ^ accessed October 22, 2017 ^ "Women's History Month: U.S. Embassy Produced Steel Magnolias by Robert Harling - U.S. Embassy & Consulate in Poland". USEmbassy.gov. March 30, 2017. Retrieved January 15, 2018. ^ "magnolias_program.pdf" (PDF). USEmbassy.gov. Retrieved January 15, 2018. ^ Victoria Advocate, April 18, 1990 p. 18 ^ "Steel Magnolias: Queen Latifah, Alfre Woodard to Star in Lifetime Version : People.com". Archived from the original on July 6, 2012. ^ "Queen Latifah Joins Lifetime's Remake of 'Steel Magnolias' - TVOvermind". TVOvermind.com. March 20, 2012. Retrieved January 15, 2018. ^ Fisher, Luchina (October 5, 2012). "'Steel Magnolias' Blooms Again with Queen Latifah and All Black Cast". ABCNews.go.com. Retrieved January 15, 2018. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Steel Magnolias (play). Steel Magnolias at the Internet Broadway Database Steel Magnolias at the Internet Off-Broadway Database Brief synopsis and history at dramatists.com	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert Harling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Harling_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Southern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_United_States"},{"link_name":"Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana"},{"link_name":"magnolia tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnolia_tree"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Steel Magnolias is a stage play by American writer Robert Harling, based on his experience with his sister's death. The play is a comedy-drama about the bond among a group of Southern women in northwest Louisiana.The title suggests the \"female characters are as delicate as magnolias but as tough as steel\". The magnolia specifically references a magnolia tree they are arguing about at the beginning.[1]","title":"Steel Magnolias (play)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana"},{"link_name":"parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_parishes_in_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Type 1 diabetes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus_type_1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Set in the fictional northwestern Louisiana parish of Chinquapin, the play opens at Truvy's in-home beauty parlor where a group of women regularly gather. They discuss Shelby's upcoming wedding to her fiancé, Jackson. The plot covers events over the next three years relating to Shelby's Type 1 diabetes, and with how the women cope with their conflicts, while remaining friends: Shelby's decision to have a child despite jeopardizing her health, Clairee's friendship with the curmudgeon Ouiser; Annelle's transformation from a shy, anxious newcomer in town to a good-time girl then repentant revival-tent Christian; and Truvy's relationships with the men in her family. Although the main storyline involves Shelby, her mother M'Lynn, and Shelby's medical battles, the group's underlying friendship is prominent throughout the drama.[2]","title":"Synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Historical casting"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Off-Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Off-Broadway"},{"link_name":"Steel Magnolias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel_Magnolias"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mojo-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Brown v. Board of Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mojo-3"}],"text":"The play is based on the family experience of the death of author Robert Harling's sister, Susan Harling-Robinson, in 1985 from diabetic complications after the birth of his namesake nephew and the failure of a family-member-donated kidney. Following the death, a writer friend advised him to write it down to come to terms with the experience. He did but originally as a short story to give his nephew an understanding of the child's deceased mother. It evolved in ten days to a play performed Off-Broadway before being adapted for the Steel Magnolias movie (1989).[3][4]Harling, maybe based on his short, dry experience in the field of law (\"not many laughs in Brown v. Board of Education\"),[3] felt it important to include the way the characters used humor and lighthearted conversations to cope with the seriousness of the underlying situations. Harling wanted the audience to have a true representation of what his family endured.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Production history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Off-Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Off-Broadway"},{"link_name":"Pamela Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamela_Berlin"},{"link_name":"Lucille Lortel Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucille_Lortel_Theatre"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Anne Pitoniak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Pitoniak"},{"link_name":"Bette Henritze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bette_Henritze"},{"link_name":"Rita Gardner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rita_Gardner"},{"link_name":"Maeve McGuire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maeve_McGuire"},{"link_name":"Marion Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion_Ross"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_theatre"},{"link_name":"Lyceum Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyceum_Theatre_(Broadway)"},{"link_name":"Jason Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Moore_(director)"},{"link_name":"Guthrie Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guthrie_Theater"}],"sub_title":"US productions","text":"The play originally opened Off-Broadway (with one set and an all-female cast although the voice of a male DJ on the radio is intermittent during the play with all male \"characters\" referenced only through dialogue) at the WPA Theatre, in New York City, on March 28, 1987, with Pamela Berlin as director.The production transferred to the Lucille Lortel Theatre on June 19, 1987, and closed on February 25, 1990 after 1,126 performances.[5] Replacements during the original Off-Broadway run included Anne Pitoniak, Bette Henritze, Rita Gardner, Maeve McGuire, and Stacy Ray.A U.S. national tour was launched in 1989. Marion Ross joined the tour as Clairee late in the run.[6][7]The play made its Broadway debut in 2005 and opened at the Lyceum Theatre, in previews starting on March 15, and officially opened April 4, and closed on July 31, 2005, after 23 previews and 136 performances, directed by Jason Moore.Guthrie Theater did a production from October 26 to December 15, 2019 directed by Lisa Rothe.","title":"Production history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"West End","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_End_theatre"},{"link_name":"Lyric Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyric_Theatre_(London)"},{"link_name":"Julia McKenzie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_McKenzie"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Westminster Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Rose Bruford College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_Bruford_College"},{"link_name":"Richmond Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond_Theatre_(London)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"UK productions","text":"The premiere UK production opened in the West End in March 1989 at the Lyric Theatre, directed by Julia McKenzie.[8]It returned to the West End for a limited engagement at the Westminster Theatre March 30-April 9, 1990, in a production mounted by Rose Bruford College.A tour of the show opened at the Theatre Royal Bath on April 2, 2012, and was scheduled to play at ten theatres including the Richmond Theatre in London during an eleven-week run. It was directed by David Gilmore.[9]","title":"Production history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nicole Kidman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicole_Kidman"},{"link_name":"Seymour Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seymour_Centre"},{"link_name":"Athenaeum Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athenaeum_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Nancye Hayes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancye_Hayes"},{"link_name":"Maggie Dence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maggie_Dence"},{"link_name":"Genevieve Lemon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genevieve_Lemon"},{"link_name":"Pat McDonald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_McDonald_(actress)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Gaiety Theatre, Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaiety_Theatre,_Dublin"},{"link_name":"Mischa Barton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mischa_Barton"},{"link_name":"Anne Charleston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Charleston"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"French-language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"C8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C8_(French_TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Marie-Hélène Lentini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie-H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_Lentini"},{"link_name":"Isabelle Ferron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabelle_Ferron"},{"link_name":"Anne Richard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Richard"},{"link_name":"Léa François","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9a_Fran%C3%A7ois"},{"link_name":"Haiyuza Theatre Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiyuza_Theatre_Company"},{"link_name":"Kaoru Inoue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaoru_Inoue"},{"link_name":"Bialystok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bialystok"},{"link_name":"Embassy of the United States, Warsaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embassy_of_the_United_States,_Warsaw"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Warsaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw"},{"link_name":"Andrzej Seweryn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrzej_Seweryn"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Vasateatern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasateatern"},{"link_name":"Stockholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm"},{"link_name":"Klas Östergren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klas_%C3%96stergren"},{"link_name":"Edward af Sillén","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_af_Sill%C3%A9n"},{"link_name":"Cecilia Nilsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecilia_Nilsson_(actress)"},{"link_name":"Pernilla August","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pernilla_August"},{"link_name":"Melinda Kinnaman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melinda_Kinnaman"},{"link_name":"Linda Ulvaeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Ulvaeus"},{"link_name":"Gunilla Nyroos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunilla_Nyroos"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"International productions","text":"Australia:\nNicole Kidman made her professional stage debut in the first Australian production as Shelby. The show opened 18 May 1988 in the York Theatre at Sydney’s Seymour Centre and went on to play Melbourne’s Athenaeum Theatre. The cast also included Nancye Hayes, Maggie Dence, Melissa Jaffer, Genevieve Lemon, Pat McDonald, and Peter Snook.[10][11][12]In late 2023, the Malanda Theatre Company in Far North Queensland run the show with huge success, and again in August 2024 with Marky Baker Directing and Felicity Huston producing.M'Lynn Eatenton - Jean ThomasShelby Eatenton - Buckley WatsonTruvy Jones - Nicola Salisbury-FaulknerAnnelle Dupuy Desoto - Kaitlen AdamsClairee Belcher - Jennifer MusettiOuiser Boudreaux - Louisa CrossleIreland:\nStaged at the Gaiety Theatre, Dublin on September 11–22, 2012, directed by Ben Barnes, and on country-wide tour until October 19 the same year. The cast included Mischa Barton and Anne Charleston.[13][14][15][16][17]France:\nCoiffure et Confidences, the French-language adaptation by Didier Caron directed by Dominique Guillo, premiered in Paris at the Théâtre Michel in October 2014.[18] After three successful runs in Paris and multiple nationwide tours, its final performance, attended by Robert Harling, was filmed on June 12, 2017 and released on the French channel C8 a few months later.[19]Cast:[20]Thérèse (Truvy) - Marie-Hélène Lentini / Isabelle Ferron\nJeanne (M'Lynn) - Astrid Veillon / Élisabeth Vitali / Anne Richard\nMagalie (Shelby) - Léa François\nAgnès (Annelle) - Sandrine Le Berre\nClaire (Clairee) - Isabelle Tanakil / Isabelle Ferron / Élisabeth Buffet\nOdette (Ouiser) - Brigitte FaureJapan:\nStaged by the Haiyuza Theatre Company on November 14–25, 2007, in Tokyo, translated and directed by Hajime Mori. Cast: Mayuko Aoyama as Truvy, Kaoru Inoue as Annelle, Mayumi Katayam as Clairee, Midori Ando as Shelby, Atsuko Kawaguchi as M'Lynn and Minae as Ouiser.Poland:\nIt premiered at the Aleksandra Wegierki Dramatic Theatre in Bialystok on April 14, 1992. Jean Korf was the director and the play was translated by Catherine Peebles and Andrzej Jakimiec. It was organized with help from the Embassy of the United States, Warsaw, especially the Cultural Attache, Bruce Byers.[21][22]On March 29, 2017, the U.S. Embassy Warsaw held two English-language staged readings at Teatr Polski Arnold Szyfman Theatre in Warsaw as the capstone to its Women's History Month Programming. The production was directed by Deputy Press Attache Stephen E. Dreikorn and featured an all-embassy employee cast consisting of both American and Polish employees. Polish director and actor Andrzej Seweryn spoke before one of the performances and called the Embassy's production a \"great initiative\".[23][24]Sweden:\nPremiered on November 16, 2008 at Vasateatern in Stockholm (with Robert Harling in attendance) titled \"Blommor av Stål\", it was directed by Emma Bucht and translated by Klas Östergren and Edward af Sillén. The cast: Cecilia Nilsson as Truvy, Pernilla August as M'Lynn, Melinda Kinnaman as Shelby, Suzanne Reuter as Ouiser, Linda Ulvaeus as Annelle and Gunilla Nyroos as Clairee.[citation needed]","title":"Production history"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Screen adaptations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Herbert Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Ross"},{"link_name":"Julia Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Roberts"},{"link_name":"Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actress"}],"sub_title":"Film","text":"The play was adapted as a film in 1988 and released in 1989, with a screenplay also by Harling and directed by Herbert Ross. The film was able to expand the story of the play with additional background stories and characters. Julia Roberts was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance as Shelby.","title":"Screen adaptations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CBS-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Broadcasting_System"},{"link_name":"sitcom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitcom"},{"link_name":"pilot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_pilot"},{"link_name":"Natchitoches, Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natchitoches,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Thomas Schlamme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Schlamme"},{"link_name":"Cindy Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cindy_Williams"},{"link_name":"Sally Kirkland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sally_Kirkland"},{"link_name":"Elaine Stritch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elaine_Stritch"},{"link_name":"Polly Bergen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polly_Bergen"},{"link_name":"Sheila McCarthy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheila_McCarthy"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"Television","text":"CBS-TV produced the two-hour Steel Magnolias sitcom pilot in April 1990 in Robert Harling's childhood hometown of Natchitoches, Louisiana. Harling was screenwriter with his script being a continuation of the play and 1989 film following the death of Shelby. Thomas Schlamme directed and cast included: Cindy Williams as M’Lynn, Sally Kirkland as Truvy, Elaine Stritch as Ouiser, Polly Bergen as Clairee, and Sheila McCarthy as Annelle. Ultimately, CBS passed on the series giving the pilot a single airing on August 17, 1990.[25]","title":"Screen adaptations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"African-American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American"},{"link_name":"Lifetime TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifetime_(TV_network)"},{"link_name":"Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta"},{"link_name":"Kenny Leon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenny_Leon"},{"link_name":"Queen Latifah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Latifah"},{"link_name":"Jill Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jill_Scott_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Alfre Woodard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfre_Woodard"},{"link_name":"Phylicia Rashad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylicia_Rashad"},{"link_name":"Adepero Oduye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adepero_Oduye"},{"link_name":"Condola Rashad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condola_Rashad"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"2012 television film","text":"The play was adapted as a television film in 2012 with an African-American cast set in fictional Chinquapin for a Lifetime TV production filmed in Atlanta, April 2012 (aired October 2012): directed by Kenny Leon and scripted by Sally Robinson.Cast: Queen Latifah as M'Lynn, Jill Scott as Truvy, Alfre Woodard as Ouiser, Phylicia Rashad as Clairee, Adepero Oduye as Annelle, and Condola Rashad as Shelby.[26][27][28]","title":"Screen adaptations"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Robert Harling, Author of a Hit Comedy Based on a Family Tragedy\". People.com. Retrieved January 15, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20098146,00.html","url_text":"\"Robert Harling, Author of a Hit Comedy Based on a Family Tragedy\""}]},{"reference":"\"What's Up, Robert Harling? Reflections on the 25th Anniversary of Steel Magnolias, Kristin Chenoweth in a Soapdish Musical & More\". Broadway.com. Retrieved January 15, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.broadway.com/buzz/165807/whats-up-robert-harling-reflections-on-the-25th-anniversary-of-steel-magnolias-kristin-chenoweth-in-a-soapdish-musical-more/","url_text":"\"What's Up, Robert Harling? Reflections on the 25th Anniversary of Steel Magnolias, Kristin Chenoweth in a Soapdish Musical & More\""}]},{"reference":"ARKATOV, JANICE (August 8, 1989). \"Tracy Shaffer Avoids the Sentiment of a Sugary Role\". Retrieved January 15, 2018 – via LA Times.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/1989-08-08/entertainment/ca-135_1_tracy-shaffer","url_text":"\"Tracy Shaffer Avoids the Sentiment of a Sugary Role\""}]},{"reference":"\"Role in 'Evening Star' has actress looking forward to more happy days Film: Marion Ross lands a part in a movie, and she's delighted. She thinks she may even win an Oscar\". BaltimoreSun.com. Retrieved January 15, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1997-01-05/news/1997005121_1_marion-ross-steel-magnolias-happy-days","url_text":"\"Role in 'Evening Star' has actress looking forward to more happy days Film: Marion Ross lands a part in a movie, and she's delighted. She thinks she may even win an Oscar\""}]},{"reference":"\"Steel Magnolias UK Tour \| David Ian Productions\". Archived from the original on May 21, 2012. Retrieved April 15, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120521014548/http://www.davidianproductions.com/2011/11/steel-magnolias-uk-tour/","url_text":"\"Steel Magnolias UK Tour \| David Ian Productions\""},{"url":"http://www.davidianproductions.com/2011/11/steel-magnolias-uk-tour/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"AusStage\". www.ausstage.edu.au. Retrieved November 22, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ausstage.edu.au/pages/event/589","url_text":"\"AusStage\""}]},{"reference":"\"AusStage\". www.ausstage.edu.au. Retrieved November 22, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ausstage.edu.au/pages/event/111220","url_text":"\"AusStage\""}]},{"reference":"\"NICOLE KIDMAN\". Tharunka (Kensington, NSW : 1953 - 2010). May 23, 1988. p. 26. Retrieved November 22, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article230427288","url_text":"\"NICOLE KIDMAN\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Gaiety Theatre - Irish Theatre in Dublin\". www.GaietyTheatre.ie. Retrieved January 15, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gaietytheatre.ie/index.php/whats-on-buy-tickets/calendar/steel-magnolias-/435","url_text":"\"The Gaiety Theatre - Irish Theatre in Dublin\""}]},{"reference":"\"Steel Magnolias at The Gaiety Theatre - Elevate PR\". www.Elevate.ie. September 27, 2012. Retrieved January 15, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.elevate.ie/steel-magnolias-at-the-gaiety-theatre/","url_text":"\"Steel Magnolias at The Gaiety Theatre - Elevate PR\""}]},{"reference":"\"Steel Magnolias in Ireland at Royal Theatre and Event Centre 2012\". BroadwayWorld.com. Retrieved January 15, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.broadwayworld.com/ireland/regional/Steel-Magnolias-41522#","url_text":"\"Steel Magnolias in Ireland at Royal Theatre and Event Centre 2012\""}]},{"reference":"\"Coiffure et Confidences (2016) - Théâtre-Michel\". Théâtre-Michel (in French). Retrieved September 25, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theatre-michel.fr/Spectacles/coiffure-et-confidences/","url_text":"\"Coiffure et Confidences (2016) - Théâtre-Michel\""}]},{"reference":"\"Coiffure & Confidences\". www.facebook.com. Retrieved September 25, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/coiffureetconfidences/photos/a.1515888308655110/1929267293983874/?type=3&theater","url_text":"\"Coiffure & Confidences\""}]},{"reference":"\"Coiffure & Confidences\". www.facebook.com. Retrieved September 25, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/coiffureetconfidences/","url_text":"\"Coiffure & Confidences\""}]},{"reference":"\"Women's History Month: U.S. Embassy Produced Steel Magnolias by Robert Harling - U.S. Embassy & Consulate in Poland\". USEmbassy.gov. March 30, 2017. Retrieved January 15, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://pl.usembassy.gov/magnolias/","url_text":"\"Women's History Month: U.S. Embassy Produced Steel Magnolias by Robert Harling - U.S. Embassy & Consulate in Poland\""}]},{"reference":"\"magnolias_program.pdf\" (PDF). USEmbassy.gov. Retrieved January 15, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://pl.usembassy.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2017/03/magnolias_program.pdf","url_text":"\"magnolias_program.pdf\""}]},{"reference":"\"Steel Magnolias: Queen Latifah, Alfre Woodard to Star in Lifetime Version : People.com\". Archived from the original on July 6, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120706175556/http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20609935,00.html","url_text":"\"Steel Magnolias: Queen Latifah, Alfre Woodard to Star in Lifetime Version : People.com\""},{"url":"http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20609935,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Queen Latifah Joins Lifetime's Remake of 'Steel Magnolias' - TVOvermind\". TVOvermind.com. March 20, 2012. Retrieved January 15, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tvovermind.com/tv-movies/queen-latifah-and-phylicia-rashad-join-lifetimes-remake-of-steel-magnolias","url_text":"\"Queen Latifah Joins Lifetime's Remake of 'Steel Magnolias' - TVOvermind\""}]},{"reference":"Fisher, Luchina (October 5, 2012). \"'Steel Magnolias' Blooms Again with Queen Latifah and All Black Cast\". ABCNews.go.com. Retrieved January 15, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://abcnews.go.com/blogs/entertainment/2012/10/steel-magnolias-blooms-again-with-queen-latifah-and-all-black-cast/","url_text":"\"'Steel Magnolias' Blooms Again with Queen Latifah and All Black Cast\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20098146,00.html","external_links_name":"\"Robert Harling, Author of a Hit Comedy Based on a Family Tragedy\""},{"Link":"http://www.broadway.com/buzz/165807/whats-up-robert-harling-reflections-on-the-25th-anniversary-of-steel-magnolias-kristin-chenoweth-in-a-soapdish-musical-more/","external_links_name":"\"What's Up, Robert Harling? Reflections on the 25th Anniversary of Steel Magnolias, Kristin Chenoweth in a Soapdish Musical & More\""},{"Link":"http://www.dramatists.com/cgi-bin/db/single.asp?key=1063","external_links_name":"Stage: 'Steel Magnolias,' A Louisiana Story\""},{"Link":"http://articles.latimes.com/1989-08-08/entertainment/ca-135_1_tracy-shaffer","external_links_name":"\"Tracy Shaffer Avoids the Sentiment of a Sugary Role\""},{"Link":"http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1997-01-05/news/1997005121_1_marion-ross-steel-magnolias-happy-days","external_links_name":"\"Role in 'Evening Star' has actress looking forward to more happy days Film: Marion Ross lands a part in a movie, and she's delighted. She thinks she may even win an Oscar\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120521014548/http://www.davidianproductions.com/2011/11/steel-magnolias-uk-tour/","external_links_name":"\"Steel Magnolias UK Tour \| David Ian Productions\""},{"Link":"http://www.davidianproductions.com/2011/11/steel-magnolias-uk-tour/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.ausstage.edu.au/pages/event/589","external_links_name":"\"AusStage\""},{"Link":"https://www.ausstage.edu.au/pages/event/111220","external_links_name":"\"AusStage\""},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article230427288","external_links_name":"\"NICOLE KIDMAN\""},{"Link":"http://www.gaietytheatre.ie/index.php/whats-on-buy-tickets/calendar/steel-magnolias-/435","external_links_name":"\"The Gaiety Theatre - Irish Theatre in Dublin\""},{"Link":"http://www.elevate.ie/steel-magnolias-at-the-gaiety-theatre/","external_links_name":"\"Steel Magnolias at The Gaiety Theatre - Elevate PR\""},{"Link":"http://www.broadwayworld.com/ireland/regional/Steel-Magnolias-41522#","external_links_name":"\"Steel Magnolias in Ireland at Royal Theatre and Event Centre 2012\""},{"Link":"http://www.herald.ie/entertainment/ocs-mischa-steels-the-show-3165985.html","external_links_name":"OC's Mischa 'Steels' the show Irish Herald. 11 July 2012"},{"Link":"http://www.newstalk.ie/2012/featured-5-slideshow-homepage/mischa-bartons-promotes-new-play-steel-magnolias/","external_links_name":"Mischa Barton live on Moncrieff tomorrow. Newstalk. 11 July 2012"},{"Link":"http://www.theatre-michel.fr/Spectacles/coiffure-et-confidences/","external_links_name":"\"Coiffure et Confidences (2016) - Théâtre-Michel\""},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/coiffureetconfidences/photos/a.1515888308655110/1929267293983874/?type=3&theater","external_links_name":"\"Coiffure & Confidences\""},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/coiffureetconfidences/","external_links_name":"\"Coiffure & Confidences\""},{"Link":"http://www.encyklopediateatru.pl/przedstawienie/22136/stalowe-magnolie","external_links_name":"accessed October 22, 2017"},{"Link":"http://www.e-teatr.pl/pl/programy/2013_12/58811/stalowe_magnolie_teatr_dramatyczny_bialystok_1992.pdf","external_links_name":"accessed October 22, 2017"},{"Link":"https://pl.usembassy.gov/magnolias/","external_links_name":"\"Women's History Month: U.S. Embassy Produced Steel Magnolias by Robert Harling - U.S. Embassy & Consulate in Poland\""},{"Link":"https://pl.usembassy.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2017/03/magnolias_program.pdf","external_links_name":"\"magnolias_program.pdf\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120706175556/http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20609935,00.html","external_links_name":"\"Steel Magnolias: Queen Latifah, Alfre Woodard to Star in Lifetime Version : People.com\""},{"Link":"http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20609935,00.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.tvovermind.com/tv-movies/queen-latifah-and-phylicia-rashad-join-lifetimes-remake-of-steel-magnolias","external_links_name":"\"Queen Latifah Joins Lifetime's Remake of 'Steel Magnolias' - TVOvermind\""},{"Link":"https://abcnews.go.com/blogs/entertainment/2012/10/steel-magnolias-blooms-again-with-queen-latifah-and-all-black-cast/","external_links_name":"\"'Steel Magnolias' Blooms Again with Queen Latifah and All Black Cast\""},{"Link":"https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-production/386798","external_links_name":"Steel Magnolias"},{"Link":"http://www.iobdb.com/Production/551","external_links_name":"Steel Magnolias"},{"Link":"http://www.dramatists.com/cgi-bin/db/single.asp?key=1063","external_links_name":"Brief synopsis and history at dramatists.com"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grini_detention_camp	Grini detention camp	["1 History","2 Prison life","3 Liberation","4 After the war","5 Printed documentation","6 See also","7 References","7.1 Footnotes","7.2 Bibliography","8 External links"]	Coordinates: 59°57′12″N 10°34′57″E / 59.9534°N 10.5825°E / 59.9534; 10.5825Nazi prison camp in Norway Grini detention campConcentration campGrini, sometime between 1941 and 1943Location of Grini detention camp within AkershusShow map of AkershusGrini detention camp (Norway)Show map of NorwayCoordinates59°57′12″N 10°34′57″E / 59.9534°N 10.5825°E / 59.9534; 10.5825Other namesGerman: Polizeihäftlingslager Grini, Norwegian: Grini fangeleirLocationBærum, Akershus, NorwayBuilt byNorwayOperated byNazi GermanyOriginal useConstructed as a women's prisonFirst built1938–1940Operational14 June 1941 – 7 May 1945Liberated byHarry SödermanNotable inmatesList of Grini prisoners Grini prison camp (Norwegian: Grini fangeleir, German: Polizeihäftlingslager Grini) was a Nazi concentration camp in Bærum, Norway, which operated between 1941 and May 1945. Ila Detention and Security Prison is now located here. History Grini was originally built as a women's prison, near an old croft named Ilen (also written Ihlen), on land bought from the Løvenskiold family by the Norwegian state. The construction of a women's prison started in 1938, but despite being more or less finished in 1940, it did not come into use for its original purpose: Nazi Germany's invasion of Norway on 9 April 1940, during World War II, instead precipitated the use of the site for detention by the Nazi regime. At first, the Nazis used the prison to detain Norwegian officers captured during the Norwegian Campaign fighting. This use was discontinued in June 1940, when Norway capitulated. The prison was then used to house Wehrmacht soldiers until a concentration camp was established on 14 June 1941. The first detainees were sent from Ånebyleiren, the use of which was at the same time discontinued. Shortly afterwards, the ranks of prisoners were increased by Soviet troops captured during Operation Barbarossa. The camp was run by Schutzstaffel (SS) and Gestapo personnel, who renamed the camp Polizeihäftlingslager Grini. The name corresponds to a nearby farm and surrounding residential district located a short distance southeast of the camp, but historically the area at Ilen had no connection to Grini farm. At first inmates were detained on the premises of the original prison, but in 1942 an extra barracks had to be built to enlarge capacity. In August 1942, the Veidal Prison Camp was created as a subunit of the camp. Grini was used primarily for Norwegian political prisoners, but the detention of more regular criminals followed. Many were held at Grini before being shipped to camps in Germany; 3,402 people in total passed through the camp en route to camps in Germany itself. Similarly, many teachers who took part in the civil disobedience of 1942 were held at Grini for one day before being taken to Kirkenes via Jørstadmoen. A small number of foreign citizens were also held there. Altogether, 19,247 prisoners passed through Grini, and at most (in February 1945) there were 6,208. Among these were the survivors of Operation Checkmate, a 1943 British commando raid, including their leader, John Godwin, RN. They were subsequently sent to Sachsenhausen concentration camp where they were executed in February 1945. The total number killed at Grini is unknown, though the Gestapo and police often used the area for purposes of torture and at least eight people were executed there. British airborne troops sent by glider to sabotage the Norsk Hydro heavy-water plant during Operation Freshman crashed in Norway due to foul weather. The five uninjured survivors were taken prisoner and held at Grini concentration camp until 18 January 1943, when they were taken to nearby woods, blindfolded and shot in the back of the head by the Gestapo. This was a war crime, in breach of the Geneva Convention. Executions normally took place at Akershus Fortress or Trandumskogen. Camps in other parts of Norway, including Fannrem, Kvænangen and Bardufoss, were organized as part of the Grini system. German forces also maintained a military camp at Huseby, not far from Grini. Prison life See also: list of Grini prisoners Other than guards, the German occupiers devoted few personnel to the camp. Since many politicians, academics and cultural personalities were detained at Grini, a certain level of internal organization was established. Prisoners worked in manufacturing, agriculture and other manual labor. Much of this manual labor took place outside the camp. Some detainees maintained their pre-war specialties, such as literary historian Francis Bull who secretly held several lectures, and managed to publish three books with material written during his three-year stay at Grini. The diet at Grini was poor. After the war, it caused a certain stir in the populace when it was perceived that Nazi prisoners of the liberated Norway were treated better than prisoners of the Nazi regime; among other things the diet in Norwegian prisons was much better. On the other hand, Grini was more hospitable to resistance prisoners than the similar camps in Germany. Liberation Recent parade alignment of prisoners during World War II On 7 May 1945 Harry Söderman, who was in charge of the education of the Norwegian police troops in Sweden, arrived in the camp and ordered commander Zeidler to arrange an assembly, first for the 5,000 male prisoners, and then for the 500 females. The women were released immediately, while the male detainees were asked to stay in the camp for a few days until transport could be arranged, and leadership of the camp was handed over to the prisoners' representatives. Prisoners from Møllergata 19 and Victoria Terrasse were transferred to Grini the same day. After the war After the liberation of Norway in May 1945, the prison was used for Norwegians tried or convicted of treason or collaboration, as a part of the legal purge in Norway after World War II. Since the name "Grini" was now associated with the Norwegian resistance movement, hence seen as heroic, the camp was renamed Ilebu. The new name also reflected the actual location of the camp better. 3,440 people were imprisoned here in July 1945. The conditions in the camp were unhealthy, with beri-beri breaking out in the summer. A guard reported that punitive exercise was used in a harsh way. On 13 October 1945 the National Mobile Police Service conducted a razzia (police raid). During the razzia, prosecutor Lauritz Jenssen Dorenfeldt and the wife of camp commandant Helge Gleditsch were wrongly rounded up in the yard. It was closed in 1951 but reopened in the same year under the name Ila as a "landsfengsel og sikringsanstalt" (national prison and security institution), a prison for criminals serving long-term sentences. Much of the camp, including the barracks, has been torn down. One preserved barracks building today stands at Kadettangen. There is also a museum, the Grini Museum, near today's Ila prison. The preserved barracks was moved back in 2010. Printed documentation Architect Odd Nansen managed to preserve most of his diaries from Grini and Sachsenhausen, and selections from these were issued in 1946 as the three-volume book Fra dag til dag (From Day to Day). Volume one covers the period from January 1942 to August 1942, volume two covers August 1942 to August 1943, and volume three covers Nansen's stay in Sachsenhausen. In 1946 and 1947 the two-volume book Griniboken (The Grini Book) was issued, edited by August Lange and Johan Schreiner, with contributions from several of the detainees. The first volume describes daily life at Grini as it developed over the years, including separate articles on the women's department, on the "Haft" departments (for men and women), and on "Fallskjermen", the department for those who were sentenced to death and awaiting execution. The second volume covers the internal organisation, such as the labor, farm work, and healthcare regimes, in more detail, and also discusses cultural and religious life. The external locations (Kvænangen, Kongsvinger, Bardufoss, and others) are described. There are also chapters on the undercover resistance at Grini, such as the news service, espionage, and the secret finger-signing language which was developed. Børre R. Giertsen's 1946 book Norsk fangeleksikon. Grinifangene (Norwegian Prisoner Encyclopedia: the Grini Prisoners) contains an overview of the German staff at Grini, as well as a chronologically ordered list of the prisoners, starting with the Solvær hostages incarcerated at Åneby 15 March 1941. See also Germany portal List of Nazi-German concentration camps References From Day to Day by Odd Nansen was reprinted in 2016, in English translation; this edition covers the three books published in 1949. Footnotes ^ a b c d Borgen, Per Otto (2006). "Grini fangeleir". Asker og Bærum leksikon (in Norwegian). Drammen: Forlaget for by- og bygdehistorie. pp. 180–181. ISBN 82-91649-10-3. ^ a b c d Henriksen, Petter, ed. (2007). "Grini – tysk fangeleir". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved 29 May 2009. ^ a b c d e f Espeland 2002: p. 110 ^ Nøkleby, Berit (1995). "fengsler-fangeleirer". In Dahl, Hans Fredrik (ed.). Norsk krigsleksikon 1940-45. Oslo: Cappelen. Archived from the original on 4 January 2010. Retrieved 30 May 2009. ^ Giertsen 1946: pp. 9-11 ^ a b Bakken, Tor Chr., ed. (2008). "Grini". Budstikkas store Asker og Bærum-leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget. p. 211. ISBN 978-82-573-1534-4. ^ Happe, Katja, & Maja Peers. 2015. West- und Nordeuropa Juni 1942–1945. Berlin: De Gruyter Oldenbourg, p. 188. ^ a b c "Eitinger-rapporten – del 1". NOU 1998: 12. Alta bataljon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Government of Norway. 2001. Archived from the original on 9 October 2012. Retrieved 17 May 2009. ^ a b c Christensen 1995 ^ Espeland, 2002: p. 110 ^ Helle, Knut (ed.). "Francis Bull". Norsk biografisk leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved 30 May 2009. ^ Hydle 1946: pp. 308–312 ^ Madsen 1946: pp. 389–392 ^ Voksø 1984: p. 525 ^ Eriksen; Halvorsen 1987: pp. 161–164 ^ Söderman 1946: pp. 194–215 ^ Fjørtoft 1987: p. 63 ^ Fjørtoft, 1997: pp. 76–77 ^ Fjørtoft, 1997: pp. 130–132 ^ Baalsrud, Gaute. "Odd Nansen". In Helle, Knut (ed.). Norsk biografisk leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved 2 June 2009. ^ Nansen 1946, volume 1 ^ Nansen 1946, volume 2 ^ Nansen 1946, volume 3 ^ Skodvin, Magne. "August Lange". In Helle, Knut (ed.). Norsk biografisk leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved 2 June 2009. ^ Lange; Schreiner 1946: pp. 1–446 ^ Lange; Schreiner 1947: pp. 1–605 ^ Giertsen 1946: pp. xx–xxx ^ Giertsen 1946: pp. 1–786 Bibliography Christensen, Trygve (1995). Bærum og krigen 1940–1945 (in Norwegian). Bekkestua: Bærum Public Library. ISBN 82-991713-5-0. Eriksen, Knut Einar; Halvorsen, Terje (1987). Frigjøring. Norge i krig (in Norwegian). Vol. 8. Oslo: Aschehoug. Espeland, Gard (2002). Neste stopp... Eiksmarka! Eiksmarka vel 1950–2000 (in Norwegian). Eiksmarka: Eiksmarka vel. ISBN 82-996193-0-0. Fjørtoft, Kjell (1997). Oppgjøret som ikke tok slutt (in Norwegian). Oslo: Gyldendal. p. 63. ISBN 82-05-24493-6. Giertsen, Børre, ed. (1946). "Grinis organisasjon og leirens tyske tjenestemenn". Norsk fangeleksikon. Grinifangene (in Norwegian). Oslo: Cappelen. pp. xx–xxx. Giertsen, Børre R., ed. (1946). "Fangeregister i nummerorden". Norsk fangeleksikon. Grinifangene (in Norwegian). Oslo: Cappelen. pp. 1–786. Hydle, Halvdan (1946). "Siste året". In Lange, August; Schreiner, Johan (eds.). Griniboken (in Norwegian). Vol. 1. Oslo: Gyldendal. Lange, August; Schreiner, Johan, eds. (1946). Griniboken (in Norwegian). Vol. 1. Oslo: Gyldendal. pp. 1–446. Lange, August; Schreiner, Johan, eds. (1947). Griniboken (in Norwegian). Vol. 2. Oslo: Gyldendal. pp. 1–605. Madsen, Ruth (1946). "De to siste årene på kvinneavdelingen". In Lange, August; Schreiner, Johan (eds.). Griniboken (in Norwegian). Vol. 1. Oslo: Gyldendal. Nansen, Odd (1946). Fra dag til dag. Fra 13 januar til 4. august 1942 (in Norwegian). Vol. 1. Oslo: Dreyer. pp. 1–285. Nansen, Odd (1946). Fra dag til dag. Fra 5. august 1942 til 21 august 1943 (in Norwegian). Vol. 2. Oslo: Dreyer. pp. 1–390. Nansen, Odd (1946). Fra dag til dag. Fra 22. august 1943 til 28 april 1945 (in Norwegian). Vol. 3. Oslo: Dreyer. pp. 1–302. Söderman, Harry (1946). Polititroppene i Sverige (in Norwegian). Oslo: Gyldendal. Voksø, Per, ed. (1984). "Slipp fangene løs – det er fred". Krigens Dagbok (in Norwegian). Oslo: Det Beste. p. 525. ISBN 82-7010-166-4. External links Media related to Grini fangeleir at Wikimedia Commons Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany Israel United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Norwegian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_language"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"Nazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazism"},{"link_name":"concentration camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentration_camp"},{"link_name":"Bærum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A6rum"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"May 1945","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victory_in_Europe_Day"},{"link_name":"Ila Detention and Security Prison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ila_Detention_and_Security_Prison"}],"text":"Nazi prison camp in NorwayGrini prison camp (Norwegian: Grini fangeleir, German: Polizeihäftlingslager Grini) was a Nazi concentration camp in Bærum, Norway, which operated between 1941 and May 1945. Ila Detention and Security Prison is now located here.","title":"Grini detention camp"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"croft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croft_(land)"},{"link_name":"Løvenskiold family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B8venskiold_(noble_family)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-asbl-1"},{"link_name":"Nazi Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"invasion of Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Weser%C3%BCbung"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Norwegian Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Campaign"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-snl-2"},{"link_name":"Wehrmacht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wehrmacht"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Espeland_2002:_p._110-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-snl-2"},{"link_name":"Ånebyleiren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85nebyleiren"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Espeland_2002:_p._110-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Operation Barbarossa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Schutzstaffel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schutzstaffel"},{"link_name":"Gestapo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestapo"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-basbl-6"},{"link_name":"nearby farm and surrounding residential district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grini"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Espeland_2002:_p._110-3"},{"link_name":"Veidal Prison Camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veidal_Prison_Camp"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"political prisoners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_prisoner"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-snl-2"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nou-8"},{"link_name":"Kirkenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkenes"},{"link_name":"Jørstadmoen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B8rstadmoen"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Christensen_1995-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nou-8"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Espeland_2002:_p._110-3"},{"link_name":"Operation Checkmate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Checkmate_(commando_raid)"},{"link_name":"John Godwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Godwin_(Royal_Navy_officer)"},{"link_name":"Sachsenhausen concentration camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sachsenhausen_concentration_camp"},{"link_name":"torture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torture"},{"link_name":"Norsk Hydro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norsk_Hydro"},{"link_name":"Operation Freshman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Freshman"},{"link_name":"Gestapo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestapo"},{"link_name":"war crime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_crime"},{"link_name":"Geneva Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva_Convention"},{"link_name":"Executions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Execution_(legal)"},{"link_name":"Akershus Fortress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akershus_Fortress"},{"link_name":"Trandumskogen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trandumskogen"},{"link_name":"Fannrem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fannrem_concentration_camp"},{"link_name":"Kvænangen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kv%C3%A6nangen_concentration_camp"},{"link_name":"Bardufoss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bardufoss_concentration_camp"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nou-8"},{"link_name":"military camp at Huseby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huseby_leir"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Grini was originally built as a women's prison, near an old croft named Ilen (also written Ihlen), on land bought from the Løvenskiold family by the Norwegian state. The construction of a women's prison started in 1938, but despite being more or less finished in 1940, it did not come into use for its original purpose:[1] Nazi Germany's invasion of Norway on 9 April 1940, during World War II, instead precipitated the use of the site for detention by the Nazi regime. At first, the Nazis used the prison to detain Norwegian officers captured during the Norwegian Campaign fighting. This use was discontinued in June 1940, when Norway capitulated.[2] The prison was then used to house Wehrmacht soldiers[3] until a concentration camp was established on 14 June 1941.[2] The first detainees were sent from Ånebyleiren,[3] the use of which was at the same time discontinued.[4] Shortly afterwards, the ranks of prisoners were increased by Soviet troops captured during Operation Barbarossa.[5] The camp was run by Schutzstaffel (SS) and Gestapo personnel,[6] who renamed the camp Polizeihäftlingslager Grini. The name corresponds to a nearby farm and surrounding residential district located a short distance southeast of the camp, but historically the area at Ilen had no connection to Grini farm.[3]At first inmates were detained on the premises of the original prison, but in 1942 an extra barracks had to be built to enlarge capacity. In August 1942, the Veidal Prison Camp was created as a subunit of the camp.[7] Grini was used primarily for Norwegian political prisoners, but the detention of more regular criminals followed. Many were held at Grini before being shipped to camps in Germany;[2] 3,402 people in total passed through the camp en route to camps in Germany itself.[8] Similarly, many teachers who took part in the civil disobedience of 1942 were held at Grini for one day before being taken to Kirkenes via Jørstadmoen.[9] A small number of foreign citizens were also held there. Altogether, 19,247 prisoners passed through Grini,[8] and at most (in February 1945) there were 6,208.[3]Among these were the survivors of Operation Checkmate, a 1943 British commando raid, including their leader, John Godwin, RN. They were subsequently sent to Sachsenhausen concentration camp where they were executed in February 1945.The total number killed at Grini is unknown, though the Gestapo and police often used the area for purposes of torture and at least eight people were executed there. British airborne troops sent by glider to sabotage the Norsk Hydro heavy-water plant during Operation Freshman crashed in Norway due to foul weather. The five uninjured survivors were taken prisoner and held at Grini concentration camp until 18 January 1943, when they were taken to nearby woods, blindfolded and shot in the back of the head by the Gestapo. This was a war crime, in breach of the Geneva Convention. Executions normally took place at Akershus Fortress or Trandumskogen.Camps in other parts of Norway, including Fannrem, Kvænangen and Bardufoss, were organized as part of the Grini system.[8] German forces also maintained a military camp at Huseby, not far from Grini.[10]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"list of Grini prisoners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Grini_prisoners"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-snl-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Espeland_2002:_p._110-3"},{"link_name":"Francis Bull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Bull"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Christensen_1995-9"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-asbl-1"}],"text":"See also: list of Grini prisonersOther than guards, the German occupiers devoted few personnel to the camp. Since many politicians, academics and cultural personalities were detained at Grini, a certain level of internal organization was established. Prisoners worked in manufacturing, agriculture and other manual labor.[2] Much of this manual labor took place outside the camp.[3] Some detainees maintained their pre-war specialties, such as literary historian Francis Bull who secretly held several lectures, and managed to publish three books with material written during his three-year stay at Grini.[11]The diet at Grini was poor. After the war, it caused a certain stir in the populace when it was perceived that Nazi prisoners of the liberated Norway were treated better than prisoners of the Nazi regime; among other things the diet in Norwegian prisons was much better.[9] On the other hand, Grini was more hospitable to resistance prisoners than the similar camps in Germany.[1]","title":"Prison life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Den_siste_appell_p%C3%A5_Grini_fangeleir,_8._mai_1945,_Oslo_Museum,_OB.F12570c_-_Crop.jpg"},{"link_name":"Harry Söderman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S%C3%B6derman"},{"link_name":"Norwegian police troops in Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_police_troops_in_Sweden_during_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Zeidler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Zeidler"},{"link_name":"Møllergata 19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B8llergata_19"},{"link_name":"Victoria Terrasse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Terrasse"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Recent parade alignment of prisoners during World War IIOn 7 May 1945 Harry Söderman, who was in charge of the education of the Norwegian police troops in Sweden, arrived in the camp and ordered commander Zeidler to arrange an assembly, first for the 5,000 male prisoners, and then for the 500 females. The women were released immediately, while the male detainees were asked to stay in the camp for a few days until transport could be arranged, and leadership of the camp was handed over to the prisoners' representatives. Prisoners from Møllergata 19 and Victoria Terrasse were transferred to Grini the same day.[12][13][14][15][16]","title":"Liberation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"legal purge in Norway after World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_purge_in_Norway_after_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Norwegian resistance movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_resistance_movement"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Christensen_1995-9"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-asbl-1"},{"link_name":"beri-beri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beri-beri"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"National Mobile Police Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Mobile_Police_Service_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"razzia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roundup_(history)"},{"link_name":"Lauritz Jenssen Dorenfeldt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauritz_Jenssen_Dorenfeldt_(jurist)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-asbl-1"},{"link_name":"Kadettangen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadettangen"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Espeland_2002:_p._110-3"},{"link_name":"Ila prison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ila_Detention_and_Security_Prison"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-basbl-6"}],"text":"After the liberation of Norway in May 1945, the prison was used for Norwegians tried or convicted of treason or collaboration, as a part of the legal purge in Norway after World War II. Since the name \"Grini\" was now associated with the Norwegian resistance movement, hence seen as heroic,[9] the camp was renamed Ilebu. The new name also reflected the actual location of the camp better. 3,440 people were imprisoned here in July 1945.[1] The conditions in the camp were unhealthy, with beri-beri breaking out in the summer.[17] A guard reported that punitive exercise was used in a harsh way.[18] On 13 October 1945 the National Mobile Police Service conducted a razzia (police raid). During the razzia, prosecutor Lauritz Jenssen Dorenfeldt and the wife of camp commandant Helge Gleditsch were wrongly rounded up in the yard.[19]It was closed in 1951 but reopened in the same year under the name Ila as a \"landsfengsel og sikringsanstalt\" (national prison and security institution), a prison for criminals serving long-term sentences.[1]Much of the camp, including the barracks, has been torn down. One preserved barracks building today stands at Kadettangen.[3] There is also a museum, the Grini Museum, near today's Ila prison.[6] The preserved barracks was moved back in 2010.","title":"After the war"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Odd Nansen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odd_Nansen"},{"link_name":"Sachsenhausen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sachsenhausen_concentration_camp"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nbl-onansen-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"August Lange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Lange"},{"link_name":"Johan Schreiner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Schreiner"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nbl-lange-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Norsk fangeleksikon. Grinifangene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norsk_fangeleksikon._Grinifangene"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"Architect Odd Nansen managed to preserve most of his diaries from Grini and Sachsenhausen, and selections from these were issued in 1946 as the three-volume book Fra dag til dag (From Day to Day).[20] Volume one covers the period from January 1942 to August 1942,[21] volume two covers August 1942 to August 1943,[22] and volume three covers Nansen's stay in Sachsenhausen.[23] In 1946 and 1947 the two-volume book Griniboken (The Grini Book) was issued, edited by August Lange and Johan Schreiner, with contributions from several of the detainees.[24] The first volume describes daily life at Grini as it developed over the years, including separate articles on the women's department, on the \"Haft\" departments (for men and women), and on \"Fallskjermen\", the department for those who were sentenced to death and awaiting execution.[25] The second volume covers the internal organisation, such as the labor, farm work, and healthcare regimes, in more detail, and also discusses cultural and religious life. The external locations (Kvænangen, Kongsvinger, Bardufoss, and others) are described. There are also chapters on the undercover resistance at Grini, such as the news service, espionage, and the secret finger-signing language which was developed.[26] Børre R. Giertsen's 1946 book Norsk fangeleksikon. Grinifangene (Norwegian Prisoner Encyclopedia: the Grini Prisoners) contains an overview of the German staff at Grini,[27] as well as a chronologically ordered list of the prisoners, starting with the Solvær hostages incarcerated at Åneby 15 March 1941.[28]","title":"Printed documentation"}]	[{"image_text":"Recent parade alignment of prisoners during World War II","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Den_siste_appell_p%C3%A5_Grini_fangeleir%2C_8._mai_1945%2C_Oslo_Museum%2C_OB.F12570c_-_Crop.jpg/220px-Den_siste_appell_p%C3%A5_Grini_fangeleir%2C_8._mai_1945%2C_Oslo_Museum%2C_OB.F12570c_-_Crop.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Germany portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Germany"},{"title":"List of Nazi-German concentration camps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nazi-German_concentration_camps"}]	[{"reference":"Borgen, Per Otto (2006). \"Grini fangeleir\". Asker og Bærum leksikon (in Norwegian). Drammen: Forlaget for by- og bygdehistorie. pp. 180–181. ISBN 82-91649-10-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/82-91649-10-3","url_text":"82-91649-10-3"}]},{"reference":"Henriksen, Petter, ed. (2007). \"Grini – tysk fangeleir\". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved 29 May 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.snl.no/Grini/tysk_fangeleir","url_text":"\"Grini – tysk fangeleir\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Store_norske_leksikon","url_text":"Store norske leksikon"}]},{"reference":"Nøkleby, Berit (1995). \"fengsler-fangeleirer\". In Dahl, Hans Fredrik (ed.). Norsk krigsleksikon 1940-45. Oslo: Cappelen. Archived from the original on 4 January 2010. Retrieved 30 May 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berit_N%C3%B8kleby","url_text":"Nøkleby, Berit"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100104054609/http://mediabase1.uib.no/krigslex/f/f2.html#fengsler-fangeleirer","url_text":"\"fengsler-fangeleirer\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Fredrik_Dahl","url_text":"Dahl, Hans Fredrik"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norsk_krigsleksikon_1940-45","url_text":"Norsk krigsleksikon 1940-45"},{"url":"http://mediabase1.uib.no/krigslex/f/f2.html#fengsler-fangeleirer","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bakken, Tor Chr., ed. (2008). \"Grini\". Budstikkas store Asker og Bærum-leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget. p. 211. ISBN 978-82-573-1534-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-82-573-1534-4","url_text":"978-82-573-1534-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Eitinger-rapporten – del 1\". NOU 1998: 12. Alta bataljon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Government of Norway. 2001. Archived from the original on 9 October 2012. Retrieved 17 May 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121009071754/http://www.regjeringen.no/nn/dep/hod/Dokument/NOU-ar/1998/nou-1998-12/26.html?id=375533","url_text":"\"Eitinger-rapporten – del 1\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Official_Report","url_text":"NOU"},{"url":"http://www.regjeringen.no/nn/dep/hod/Dokument/NOU-ar/1998/nou-1998-12/26.html?id=375533","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Helle, Knut (ed.). \"Francis Bull\". Norsk biografisk leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved 30 May 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knut_Helle","url_text":"Helle, Knut"},{"url":"http://www.snl.no/.nbl_biografi/Francis_Bull/utdypning","url_text":"\"Francis Bull\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norsk_biografisk_leksikon","url_text":"Norsk biografisk leksikon"}]},{"reference":"Baalsrud, Gaute. \"Odd Nansen\". In Helle, Knut (ed.). Norsk biografisk leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved 2 June 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.snl.no/.nbl_biografi/Odd_Nansen/utdypning","url_text":"\"Odd Nansen\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knut_Helle","url_text":"Helle, Knut"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norsk_biografisk_leksikon","url_text":"Norsk biografisk leksikon"}]},{"reference":"Skodvin, Magne. \"August Lange\". In Helle, Knut (ed.). Norsk biografisk leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved 2 June 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magne_Skodvin","url_text":"Skodvin, Magne"},{"url":"http://www.snl.no/.nbl_biografi/August_Lange/utdypning","url_text":"\"August Lange\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knut_Helle","url_text":"Helle, Knut"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norsk_biografisk_leksikon","url_text":"Norsk biografisk leksikon"}]},{"reference":"Christensen, Trygve (1995). Bærum og krigen 1940–1945 (in Norwegian). Bekkestua: Bærum Public Library. ISBN 82-991713-5-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/82-991713-5-0","url_text":"82-991713-5-0"}]},{"reference":"Eriksen, Knut Einar; Halvorsen, Terje (1987). Frigjøring. Norge i krig (in Norwegian). Vol. 8. Oslo: Aschehoug.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Espeland, Gard (2002). Neste stopp... Eiksmarka! Eiksmarka vel 1950–2000 (in Norwegian). Eiksmarka: Eiksmarka vel. ISBN 82-996193-0-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/82-996193-0-0","url_text":"82-996193-0-0"}]},{"reference":"Fjørtoft, Kjell (1997). Oppgjøret som ikke tok slutt (in Norwegian). Oslo: Gyldendal. p. 63. ISBN 82-05-24493-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kjell_Fj%C3%B8rtoft","url_text":"Fjørtoft, Kjell"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/82-05-24493-6","url_text":"82-05-24493-6"}]},{"reference":"Giertsen, Børre, ed. (1946). \"Grinis organisasjon og leirens tyske tjenestemenn\". Norsk fangeleksikon. Grinifangene (in Norwegian). Oslo: Cappelen. pp. xx–xxx.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Giertsen, Børre R., ed. (1946). \"Fangeregister i nummerorden\". Norsk fangeleksikon. Grinifangene (in Norwegian). Oslo: Cappelen. pp. 1–786.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norsk_fangeleksikon._Grinifangene","url_text":"Norsk fangeleksikon. Grinifangene"}]},{"reference":"Hydle, Halvdan (1946). \"Siste året\". In Lange, August; Schreiner, Johan (eds.). Griniboken (in Norwegian). Vol. 1. Oslo: Gyldendal.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Lange, August; Schreiner, Johan, eds. (1946). Griniboken (in Norwegian). Vol. 1. Oslo: Gyldendal. pp. 1–446.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Lange","url_text":"Lange, August"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Schreiner","url_text":"Schreiner, Johan"}]},{"reference":"Lange, August; Schreiner, Johan, eds. (1947). Griniboken (in Norwegian). Vol. 2. Oslo: Gyldendal. pp. 1–605.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Madsen, Ruth (1946). \"De to siste årene på kvinneavdelingen\". In Lange, August; Schreiner, Johan (eds.). Griniboken (in Norwegian). Vol. 1. Oslo: Gyldendal.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Nansen, Odd (1946). Fra dag til dag. Fra 13 januar til 4. august 1942 (in Norwegian). Vol. 1. Oslo: Dreyer. pp. 1–285.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odd_Nansen","url_text":"Nansen, Odd"}]},{"reference":"Nansen, Odd (1946). Fra dag til dag. Fra 5. august 1942 til 21 august 1943 (in Norwegian). Vol. 2. Oslo: Dreyer. pp. 1–390.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Nansen, Odd (1946). Fra dag til dag. Fra 22. august 1943 til 28 april 1945 (in Norwegian). Vol. 3. Oslo: Dreyer. pp. 1–302.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Söderman, Harry (1946). Polititroppene i Sverige (in Norwegian). Oslo: Gyldendal.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S%C3%B6derman","url_text":"Söderman, Harry"}]},{"reference":"Voksø, Per, ed. (1984). \"Slipp fangene løs – det er fred\". Krigens Dagbok (in Norwegian). Oslo: Det Beste. p. 525. ISBN 82-7010-166-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_Voks%C3%B8","url_text":"Voksø, Per"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/82-7010-166-4","url_text":"82-7010-166-4"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Grini_detention_camp&params=59.9534_N_10.5825_E_region:NO","external_links_name":"59°57′12″N 10°34′57″E / 59.9534°N 10.5825°E / 59.9534; 10.5825"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Grini_detention_camp&params=59.9534_N_10.5825_E_region:NO","external_links_name":"59°57′12″N 10°34′57″E / 59.9534°N 10.5825°E / 59.9534; 10.5825"},{"Link":"http://www.snl.no/Grini/tysk_fangeleir","external_links_name":"\"Grini – tysk fangeleir\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100104054609/http://mediabase1.uib.no/krigslex/f/f2.html#fengsler-fangeleirer","external_links_name":"\"fengsler-fangeleirer\""},{"Link":"http://mediabase1.uib.no/krigslex/f/f2.html#fengsler-fangeleirer","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121009071754/http://www.regjeringen.no/nn/dep/hod/Dokument/NOU-ar/1998/nou-1998-12/26.html?id=375533","external_links_name":"\"Eitinger-rapporten – del 1\""},{"Link":"http://www.regjeringen.no/nn/dep/hod/Dokument/NOU-ar/1998/nou-1998-12/26.html?id=375533","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.snl.no/.nbl_biografi/Francis_Bull/utdypning","external_links_name":"\"Francis Bull\""},{"Link":"http://www.snl.no/.nbl_biografi/Odd_Nansen/utdypning","external_links_name":"\"Odd Nansen\""},{"Link":"http://www.snl.no/.nbl_biografi/August_Lange/utdypning","external_links_name":"\"August Lange\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/141860014","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4288191-2","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007592111605171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n00145307","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidah	Lidah	["1 References"]	Traditional Malaysian snack food LidahKuih lidah (left) and Bahulu (right).TypeSnack (Kuih)Place of originMalaysiaRegion or statePapar, SabahCreated byBruneian Malay, BajauMain ingredientsWheat flour, powdered milk, sugar, butter, cooking oil Kuih lidah is a traditional kuih for the Bruneian Malay people in Papar in the states of Sabah in Malaysia. References ^ "Sabah's Food Products Break Into Peninsular Markets, Thanks To Fama". Federal Agricultural Marketing Authority (FAMA). Retrieved 4 September 2013. ^ a b c "Aidilfitri bak pesta kuih raya" (in Malay). Kosmo! Online. Retrieved 4 September 2013. vteBruneian cuisineDishesNational dishes Ambuyat Nasi katok Rice dishes Bubur Kelupis Ketupat Lamban Lemang Lontong Nasi campur Nasi goreng Nasi lemak Pulut Punjung Noodle dishes Kway teow goreng Mee goreng Mee kari Mee rebus Soto Other dishes Asam pedas Ayam pansuh Ayam bakar Ayam goreng Belutak Gulai Ikan bakar Ikan goreng Kari Perkasam Rendang Sambal Sambal goreng udang Satay Serunding Tauhu Tempoyak Telur masin SnacksSavoury Cucur Cucur pisang Goyang Jala Karipap Keropok Kue Malaya Martabak Penyaram Pisang goreng Roti john Kuih Bahulu Batik cake Bingka Cincin Jelurut Kochi Gelang Gulung Kuih mor Laddu Lidah Modak Ondeh-ondeh Pais Roti kuning Sapit Tapai Wajid DrinksDrinks Bandung Kopi Milo Teh tarik Teh C Desserts ABC Cendol Cincau vte Malaysian cuisine by ethnicityCommon dishesMalay Asam pedas Ayam bakar Ayam goreng Ayam masak kicap Ayam masak merah Ayam penyet Bubur Bubur asyura Bubur ayam Bubur kacang hijau Bubur lambuk Bubur pedas Bubur pulut hitam Dendeng Gulai Ikan bakar Ikan goreng Kangkung belacan Ketupat Kway teow goreng Laksa Lemang Lontong Mee bakso Mee bandung Muar Mee goreng Mee jawa Mee kari Mee rebus Mee siam Nasi ambeng Nasi campur Nasi dagang Nasi goreng American fried rice Nasi goreng pattaya Nasi kerabu Nasi kuning Nasi lemak Nasi minyak Nasi paprik Nasi tumpang Nasi ulam Otak-otak Pais Pecal Pekasam Pindang Pulot tartal Ramly burger Roti canai Roti Jala Rendang Rojak Rojak bandung Sayur lodeh Sata Satay Satay celup Serundeng Soto Soto ayam Mee soto Sup Soup kambing Sup tulang Tauhu goreng Telur pindang Tongmo Ulam Chinese Bakkwa Bak kut teh Banmian Bean sprouts chicken Beef kway teow Chai tow kway Char kway teow Char siu Chee cheong fun Chwee kueh Claypot chicken rice Curry Mee Duck rice Duck soup noodles Economy rice/Mixed rice Fish ball Fish head bee hoon Hae mee Heong Peng Hokkien mee Kolo mee Kway chap Kway Teow Th'ng Loh bak Lor mee Mee pok Oyster omelette Pan mee Pao Popiah Sar Hor Fun Lou Shee Fun Teochew Porridge Tong sui Wonton mee Tambun biscuit Yee Foo Mee Yong tau foo You char kway Yusheng Zongzi Indian Banana leaf rice Butter chicken Dalcha Puliyodarai Curd rice Chapati Fish molee Dosai Idli Laddu Mee goreng Maggi goreng Mee goreng mamak Mee rebus Mamak Rojak (Rojak Klang) Modak Murtabak Mutton curry Nasi biryani Nasi kandar Korma Pasembur Puri Putu mayam Roti canai Roti tissue Naan Sup kambing Satti Sorru Appam Payasam Upma Paniyaram Pongal Vadai Adhirasam Murukku Bajji Rasam Sambar Papadum Tandoori chicken East Malaysian (Sabah and Sarawak) Ambuyat Bosou Hinava Linatan Linongot Manok pansoh Midin Nasi kombos Nasi laru Nasik aruk Sinalau bakas Tonokon Tuhau Umai Peranakan Acar Asam laksa/Laksa lemak Buah keluak Bubur cha cha Cap cai Kerabu Bihun Perut Ikan Pie tee Pongteh Nyonya Bak Chang Eurasian Shepherd's pie Oxtail stew Chicken chop Devil's curry Semur SnacksCake and pastries Bahulu Batik cake Heong peng Roti bakar (Kaya toast) Sarawak layer cake Keropok, crackers Amplang Lekor Rempeyek Mee Siput Muar Kuih Apam balik Akok Bingka Borasa Cakoi Cincin Cucur Jemput-jemput Penyaram Pisang goreng Dodol Jala Jelurut Karipap Kelupis Kochi Gelang Kue kembang goyang Gulung Laddu Lapis Lidah Makmur Modak Mooncake Ondeh-ondeh Otokon Pais Red peach cake Red tortoise cake Pie tee Pulut inti Pulut panggang Puto Putu bambu/Putu bumbong Putu mangkuk/piring Qasidah Sapit/Gulong/Kapit Seri Muka Soon kueh Tat/Tae Desserts Lamban Punjung Roti tisu Sagu Gula Melaka Tapai Wajid DrinksNon-alcoholic ABC Bandung Cendol Cheng tng Cincau Chrysanthemum tea Ginger tea Ipoh white coffee Kopi Janda pulang Milo Sarsi Soy milk Teh tarik Alcoholic Jaz Lihing Montoku Sikat Tapai Tuak Condiments Acar Kaya Sambal Belacan Budu Cincalok Tempoyak Taucu Tuhau Category: Malaysian cuisine List of Malaysian dishes This Malaysian cuisine-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"kuih","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuih"},{"link_name":"Bruneian Malay people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruneian_Malay_people"},{"link_name":"Papar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papar,_Malaysia"},{"link_name":"states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_and_federal_territories_of_Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Sabah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah"},{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kuih_lidah-2"}],"text":"Kuih lidah is a traditional kuih for the Bruneian Malay people in Papar in the states of Sabah in Malaysia.[2]","title":"Lidah"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Sabah's Food Products Break Into Peninsular Markets, Thanks To Fama\". Federal Agricultural Marketing Authority (FAMA). Retrieved 4 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://web6.bernama.com/client/fama/news.php?id=259178","url_text":"\"Sabah's Food Products Break Into Peninsular Markets, Thanks To Fama\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aidilfitri bak pesta kuih raya\" (in Malay). Kosmo! Online. Retrieved 4 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kosmo.com.my/kosmo/content.asp?y=2013&dt=0803&pub=Kosmo&sec=Rencana_Utama&pg=ru_01.htm","url_text":"\"Aidilfitri bak pesta kuih raya\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://web6.bernama.com/client/fama/news.php?id=259178","external_links_name":"\"Sabah's Food Products Break Into Peninsular Markets, Thanks To Fama\""},{"Link":"http://www.kosmo.com.my/kosmo/content.asp?y=2013&dt=0803&pub=Kosmo&sec=Rencana_Utama&pg=ru_01.htm","external_links_name":"\"Aidilfitri bak pesta kuih raya\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lidah&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burrs_Country_Park_railway_station	Burrs Country Park railway station	["1 References"]	Coordinates: 53°36′39″N 2°18′14″W / 53.6108°N 2.30376°W / 53.6108; -2.30376 This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Burrs Country Park railway station" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Burrs Country ParkStation on heritage railwayL&YR Class 27 52322 passes during the Autumn Steam Gala in October 2017General informationLocationBurrs Country Park, Greater ManchesterEnglandCoordinates53°36′39″N 2°18′14″W / 53.6108°N 2.30376°W / 53.6108; -2.30376Managed byEast Lancashire RailwayPlatforms1HistoryOpened2016 Burrs County Park is the East Lancashire Railway's seventh station. It was opened in October 2016 and since January 2017, has seen regular passenger services. vteLines around Bury Legend Past, present and future Holcombe Brook Greenmount Knowles Level Crossing Halt Tottington Sunny Wood Halt to Rossendale Woolfold Ramsbottom Brandlesholme Road Halt Summerseat Woodhill Road Halt Burrs Country Park Bury Bolton Street Bury Interchange Bury Knowsley Street to Rochdale Lines Radcliffe Black Lane Buckley Wells(proposed) Withins Lane Bradley Fold Ainsworth Road Liverpool and Bury Railwayto Bolton Radcliffe Bridge Radcliffe Ringley Road Whitefield Molyneux Brow Besses o' th' Barn to Salford Prestwich Heaton Park to Manchester References ^ "PICTURES: Flying Scotsman returns to Bury to open new station". Bury Times. Retrieved 21 December 2016. Preceding station Heritage railways Following station Bury Bolton Street East Lancashire Railway Summerseat This article on a railway station in Greater Manchester is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"East Lancashire Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Lancashire_Railway"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Burrs County Park is the East Lancashire Railway's seventh station. It was opened in October 2016[1] and since January 2017, has seen regular passenger services.","title":"Burrs Country Park railway station"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"PICTURES: Flying Scotsman returns to Bury to open new station\". Bury Times. Retrieved 21 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.burytimes.co.uk/news/14802167.Flying_Scotsman_returns_to_Bury_to_open_new_station/","url_text":"\"PICTURES: Flying Scotsman returns to Bury to open new station\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Burrs_Country_Park_railway_station&params=53.6108_N_2.30376_W_region:GB_type:railwaystation","external_links_name":"53°36′39″N 2°18′14″W / 53.6108°N 2.30376°W / 53.6108; -2.30376"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Burrs+Country+Park+railway+station%22","external_links_name":"\"Burrs Country Park railway station\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Burrs+Country+Park+railway+station%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Burrs+Country+Park+railway+station%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Burrs+Country+Park+railway+station%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Burrs+Country+Park+railway+station%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Burrs+Country+Park+railway+station%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Burrs_Country_Park_railway_station&params=53.6108_N_2.30376_W_region:GB_type:railwaystation","external_links_name":"53°36′39″N 2°18′14″W / 53.6108°N 2.30376°W / 53.6108; -2.30376"},{"Link":"http://www.burytimes.co.uk/news/14802167.Flying_Scotsman_returns_to_Bury_to_open_new_station/","external_links_name":"\"PICTURES: Flying Scotsman returns to Bury to open new station\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Burrs_Country_Park_railway_station&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Yawen	Zhang Yawen	["1 Career","2 Achievements","2.1 Olympic Games","2.2 BWF World Championships","2.3 World Cup","2.4 Asian Games","2.5 Asian Championships","2.6 East Asian Games","2.7 World Junior Championships","2.8 Asian Junior Championships","2.9 BWF Superseries","2.10 BWF Grand Prix","2.11 IBF International","3 References","4 External links"]	Chinese badminton player (born 1985) In this Chinese name, the family name is Zhang. Badminton playerZhang Yawen张亚雯Personal informationCountryChinaBorn (1983-03-09) 9 March 1983 (age 41)Chongqing, ChinaHeight1.62 m (5 ft 4 in)Weight58 kg (128 lb)HandednessRightWomen's & mixed doublesHighest ranking3 (WD with Zhang Dan December 2005)1 (WD with Wei Yili August 2007)1 (WD with Zhao Tingting 8 October 2009)1 (XD with Xie Zhongbo June 2006) Medal record Women's badminton Representing China Olympic Games 2008 Beijing Women's doubles World Championships 2009 Hyderabad Women's doubles 2005 Anaheim Mixed doubles 2006 Madrid Women's doubles 2005 Anaheim Women's doubles 2007 Kuala Lumpur Women's doubles 2007 Kuala Lumpur Mixed doubles World Cup 2005 Yiyang Mixed doubles 2005 Yiyang Women's doubles 2006 Yiyang Mixed doubles Sudirman Cup 2007 Glasgow Mixed team 2009 Guangzhou Mixed team Uber Cup 2008 Jakarta Women's team Asian Games 2006 Doha Women's team 2006 Doha Mixed doubles Asian Championships 2001 Manila Women's doubles East Asian Games 2009 Hong Kong Mixed doubles 2009 Hong Kong Women's team World Junior Championships 2000 Guangzhou Girls' doubles 2000 Guangzhou Mixed doubles 2000 Guangzhou Mixed team Asian Junior Championships 1999 Yangon Girls' team 2000 Kyoto Girls' doubles 2000 Kyoto Girls' team 2000 Kyoto Mixed doubles 1999 Yangon Girls' singles 1999 Yangon Girls' doubles BWF profile Zhang Yawen (simplified Chinese: 张亚雯; traditional Chinese: 張亞雯; pinyin: Zhāng Yàwén; born 9 March 1983) is a badminton player from China. Career Zhang has specialized in women's doubles and mixed doubles, earning numerous international titles in both events. At various times she has partnered either Zhang Dan, or Zhao Tingting, or Wei Yili to women's doubles victories at the French (2002, 2007), German (2004), Thailand (2004), Singapore (2005, 2007), Indonesia (2006), China (2008), and Hong Kong (2008) Opens. Prior to 2009 her biggest triumph came with Wei Yili at the prestigious All-England Championships in 2007 where they defeated compatriots Gao Ling and Huang Sui, and Yang Wei and Zhang Jiewen, the two dominant teams of the era, respectively in the semifinals and finals. All of her mixed doubles titles have been earned in partnership with Xie Zhongbo and they include the Badminton World Cup (2005), the China Masters (2006, 2008), and the Hong Kong (2005, 2008), Indonesia (2006), Macau (2007), and Thailand (2008) Opens. Before 2009 Zhang had earned five medals, without yet "striking gold", at the BWF World Championships. At the 2005 tournament she took a bronze in women's doubles with Zhang Dan, and a silver with Xie Zhongbo in mixed doubles behind Indonesia's Lilyana Natsir and Nova Widianto. At the 2006 tournament Zhang and Wei Yili upset Yang Wei and Zhang Jiewen in the semifinals but were beaten in the final by Gao Ling and Huang Sui. Zhang was eliminated in the semifinals of both doubles events at the 2007 edition in Kuala Lumpur. At the 2008 Beijing Olympics she and Wei Yili were ousted from women's doubles gold medal contention in the semifinals by the eventual champions, compatriots Du Jing and Yu Yang. In the playoff for third place they salvaged a bronze medal by defeating Japan's Miyuki Maeda and Satoko Suetsuna. 2009 proved to be Zhang's most successful season. With Zhao Tingting she captured women's doubles titles at the two most prestigious events for individual players outside of the Olympics, the All-England Championships and the BWF World Championships, defeating compatriots Cheng Shu and Zhao Yunlei in the final of each. Achievements Olympic Games Women's doubles Year Venue Partner Opponent Score Result 2008 Beijing University of Technology Gymnasium, Beijing, China Wei Yili Miyuki Maeda Satoko Suetsuna 21–17, 21–10 Bronze BWF World Championships Women's doubles Year Venue Partner Opponent Score Result 2005 Arrowhead Pond, Anaheim, United States Zhang Dan Gao Ling Huang Sui 5–15, 8–15 Bronze 2006 Palacio de Deportes de la Comunidad, Madrid, Spain Wei Yili Gao Ling Huang Sui 21–23, 9–21 Silver 2007 Putra Indoor Stadium, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Wei Yili Yang Wei Zhang Jiewen 21–19, 18–21, 16–21 Bronze 2009 Gachibowli Indoor Stadium, Hyderabad, India Zhao Tingting Cheng Shu Zhao Yunlei 17–21, 21–17, 21–16 Gold Mixed doubles Year Venue Partner Opponent Score Result 2005 Arrowhead Pond, Anaheim, United States Xie Zhongbo Nova Widianto Liliyana Natsir 15–13, 8–15, 2–15 Silver 2007 Putra Indoor Stadium, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Xie Zhongbo Nova Widianto Liliyana Natsir 15–21, 21–15, 20–22 Bronze World Cup Women's doubles Year Venue Partner Opponent Score Result 2005 Olympic Park, Yiyang, China Wei Yili Yang Wei Zhang Jiewen 18–21, 15–21 Silver Mixed doubles Year Venue Partner Opponent Score Result 2005 Olympic Park, Yiyang, China Xie Zhongbo Nova Widianto Liliyana Natsir 21–19, 21–10 Gold 2006 Olympic Park, Yiyang, China Xie Zhongbo Nova Widianto Liliyana Natsir 16–21, 18–21 Silver Asian Games Mixed doubles Year Venue Partner Opponent Score Result 2006 Aspire Hall 3, Doha, Qatar Xie Zhongbo Zheng Bo Gao Ling 16–21, 23–25 Silver Asian Championships Women's doubles Year Venue Partner Opponent Score Result 2001 PhilSports Arena, Manila, Philippines Zhao Tingting Deyana Lomban Vita Marissa 12–15, 15–11, 12–15 Bronze East Asian Games Mixed doubles Year Venue Partner Opponent Score Result 2009 Queen Elizabeth Stadium, Hong Kong Tao Jiaming Zhang Nan Ma Jin 21–15, 21–14 Gold World Junior Championships Girls' doubles Year Venue Partner Opponent Score Result 2000 Tianhe Gymnasium, Guangzhou, China Wei Yili Li Yujia Zhao Tingting 4–7, 7–2, 7–0, 7–1 Gold Mixed doubles Year Venue Partner Opponent Score Result 2000 Tianhe Gymnasium, Guangzhou, China Sang Yang Zheng Bo Wei Yili 7–3, 7–0, 8–6 Gold Asian Junior Championships Girls' singles Year Venue Opponent Score Result 1999 National Indoor Stadium – 1, Yangon, Myanmar Wei Yan 4–11, 1–11 Bronze Girls' doubles Year Venue Partner Opponent Score Result 1999 National Indoor Stadium – 1, Yangon, Myanmar Zhao Tingting Li Yujia Wei Yili 7–15, 10–15 Bronze 2000 Nishiyama Park Gymnasium, Kyoto, Japan Wei Yili Li Yujia Zhao Tingting 15–12, 15–5 Gold Mixed doubles Year Venue Partner Opponent Score Result 2000 Nishiyama Park Gymnasium, Kyoto, Japan Sang Yang Zheng Bo Wei Yili Walkover Silver BWF Superseries The BWF Superseries, which was launched on 14 December 2006 and implemented in 2007, is a series of elite badminton tournaments, sanctioned by the Badminton World Federation (BWF). BWF Superseries levels are Superseries and Superseries Premier. A season of Superseries consists of twelve tournaments around the world that have been introduced since 2011. Successful players are invited to the Superseries Finals, which are held at the end of each year. Women's doubles Year Tournament Partner Opponent Score Result 2007 All England Open Wei Yili Yang Wei Zhang Jiewen 21–16, 8–21, 24–22 Winner 2007 Singapore Open Wei Yili Yang Wei Zhao Tingting 10–21, 21–19, 21–18 Winner 2007 French Open Wei Yili Yu Yang Zhao Tingting 21–10, 21–15 Winner 2007 Hong Kong Open Wei Yili Du Jing Yu Yang 20–22, 21–13, 17–21 Runner-up 2008 Swiss Open Wei Yili Yang Wei Zhang Jiewen 18–21, 24–22, 8–21 Runner-up 2008 China Open Zhao Tingting Chin Eei Hui Wong Pei Tty 21–14, 21–19 Winner 2008 Hong Kong Open Zhao Tingting Cheng Shu Zhao Yunlei 21–14, 21–13 Winner 2009 All England Open Zhao Tingting Cheng Shu Zhao Yunlei 21–13, 21–15 Winner 2009 Singapore Open Zhao Tingting Nitya Krishinda Maheswari Greysia Polii 21–14, 21–13 Winner 2009 Denmark Open Pan Pan Lena Frier Kristiansen Kamilla Rytter Juhl 22–20, 18–21, 21–12 Winner 2009 China Open Tian Qing Du Jing Yu Yang 21–14, 21–14 Winner Mixed doubles Year Tournament Partner Opponent Score Result 2007 French Open Xie Zhongbo Flandy Limpele Vita Marissa 11–21, 15–21 Runner-up 2008 China Masters Xie Zhongbo Nova Widianto Liliyana Natsir 21–17, 21–17 Winner 2008 Hong Kong Open Xie Zhongbo Lee Yong-dae Lee Hyo-jung 21–14, 21–16 Winner 2009 Singapore Open Xie Zhongbo Zheng Bo Ma Jin 21–19, 19–21, 11–21 Runner-up 2009 China Masters Xie Zhongbo Tao Jiaming Wang Xiaoli 21–13, 19–21, 4–8 retired Runner-up 2010 Korea Open Tao Jiaming He Hanbin Yu Yang 15–21, 16–21 Runner-up 2010 Malaysia Open Tao Jiaming Thomas Laybourn Kamilla Rytter Juhl 19–21, 21–18, 21–15 Winner BWF Superseries Finals tournament BWF Superseries Premier tournament BWF Superseries tournament BWF Grand Prix The BWF Grand Prix had two levels, the BWF Grand Prix and Grand Prix Gold. It was a series of badminton tournaments sanctioned by the Badminton World Federation (BWF) which was held from 2007 to 2017. The World Badminton Grand Prix has been sanctioned by the International Badminton Federation from 1983 to 2006. Women's doubles Year Tournament Partner Opponent Score Result 2001 Singapore Open Zhao Tingting Wei Yili Zhang Jiewen 6–8, 3–7, 4–7 Runner-up 2002 Malaysia Open Zhao Tingting Huang Nanyan Yang Wei 5–11, 5–11 Runner-up 2003 Denmark Open Zhang Dan Yang Wei Zhang Jiewen 2–15, 1–15 Runner-up 2004 Thailand Open Zhang Dan Du Jing Yu Yang 15–5, 15–7 Winner 2004 Denmark Open Zhang Dan Wei Yili Zhao Tingting 13–15, 15–12, 7–15 Runner-up 2004 German Open Zhang Dan Wei Yili Zhao Tingting 15–8, 15–12 Winner 2004 Indonesia Open Zhang Dan Yang Wei Zhang Jiewen 10–15, 5–15 Runner-up 2005 Thailand Open Zhang Dan Lee Hyo-jung Lee Kyung-won 15–9, 11–15, 13–15 Runner-up 2005 Singapore Open Zhang Dan Gao Ling Huang Sui 15–13, 15–10 Winner 2006 China Masters Wei Yili Gao Ling Huang Sui 12–21, 21–18, 14–21 Runner-up 2006 Indonesia Open Wei Yili Yang Wei Zhang Jiewen 21–13, 21–13 Winner 2006 Japan Open Wei Yili Gao Ling Huang Sui 15–21, 17–21 Runner-up 2006 China Open Wei Yili Yang Wei Zhang Jiewen 17–21, 7–21 Runner-up Mixed doubles Year Tournament Partner Opponent Score Result 2002 Malaysia Open Wang Wei Nathan Robertson Gail Emms 9–11, 4–11 Runner-up 2005 Hong Kong Open Xie Zhongbo Nathan Robertson Gail Emms 15–8, 15–5 Winner 2006 German Open Xie Zhongbo Zhang Jun Gao Ling 11–15, 12–15 Runner-up 2006 China Masters Xie Zhongbo Zhang Jun Gao Ling 21–16, 10–21, 22–20 Winner 2006 Indonesia Open Xie Zhongbo Nova Widianto Liliyana Natsir 21–19, 21–15 Winner 2006 China Open Xie Zhongbo Xu Chen Zhao Tingting 21–19, 21–5 Winner 2007 Macau Open Xie Zhongbo Fang Chieh-min Cheng Wen-hsing 21–14, 21–16 Winner 2008 Thailand Open Xie Zhongbo He Hanbin Yu Yang 23–25, 21–10, 23–21 Winner BWF Grand Prix Gold tournament BWF & IBF Grand Prix tournament IBF International Women's doubles Year Tournament Partner Opponent Score Result 2001 China Satellite Chen Xiaoli Han Jie Long Ying 15–1, 15–10 Winner 2002 French International Zhao Tingting Wei Yili Zhang Jiewen 1–7, 2–7, 7–5, 7–5, 7–2 Winner Mixed doubles Year Tournament Partner Opponent Score Result 2002 French International Zheng Bo Sang Yang Zhao Tingting 7–0, 7–4, 7–8, 3–7, 8–6 Winner References ^ "BWF World Ranking - August 16 2007". www.internationalbadminton.org. Archived from the original on 19 August 2007. Retrieved 8 April 2021. ^ "BWF World Rankings (8-10-2009)". tournamentsoftware.com. Badminton World Federation. Retrieved 6 April 2021. ^ "谢中博／张亚雯首次排名世界混双第一". sports.sina.com.cn (in Chinese). 9 June 2006. Archived from the original on 7 April 2021. Retrieved 7 April 2021. ^ "Athlete Biography: Zhang Yawen". Beijing 2008. Archived from the original on 17 March 2009. Retrieved 26 April 2018. ^ "BWF Launches Super Series". Badminton Australia. 15 December 2006. Archived from the original on 6 October 2007. ^ "Yonex All England Elevated To BWF Premier Super Series Event". www.ibadmintonstore.com. Archived from the original on 2 October 2013. Retrieved 29 September 2013. External links Zhang Yawen at BWF.tournamentsoftware.com Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Zhang Yawen". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 4 December 2016. vteWorld badminton women's doubles champions 1977: Etsuko Toganoo & Emiko Ueno (JPN) 1978 (WBF): Li Fang & Zhang Ailing (CHN) 1979 (WBF): Suleeporn Jittariyakul & Sirisriro Patama (THA) 1980: Nora Perry & Jane Webster (ENG) 1983: Lin Ying & Wu Dixi (CHN) 1985: Han Aiping & Li Lingwei (CHN) 1987: Guan Weizhen & Lin Ying (CHN) 1989: Guan Weizhen & Lin Ying (CHN) 1991: Guan Weizhen & Nong Qunhua (CHN) 1993: Nong Qunhua & Zhou Lei (CHN) 1995: Gil Young-ah & Jang Hye-ock (KOR) 1997: Ge Fei & Gu Jun (CHN) 1999: Ge Fei & Gu Jun (CHN) 2001: Gao Ling & Huang Sui (CHN) 2003: Gao Ling & Huang Sui (CHN) 2005: Yang Wei & Zhang Jiewen (CHN) 2006: Gao Ling & Huang Sui (CHN) 2007: Yang Wei & Zhang Jiewen (CHN) 2009: Zhang Yawen & Zhao Tingting (CHN) 2010: Du Jing & Yu Yang (CHN) 2011: Wang Xiaoli & Yu Yang (CHN) 2013: Wang Xiaoli & Yu Yang (CHN) 2014: Tian Qing & Zhao Yunlei (CHN) 2015: Tian Qing & Zhao Yunlei (CHN) 2017: Chen Qingchen & Jia Yifan (CHN) 2018: Mayu Matsumoto & Wakana Nagahara (JPN) 2019: Mayu Matsumoto & Wakana Nagahara (JPN) 2021: Chen Qingchen & Jia Yifan (CHN) 2022: Chen Qingchen & Jia Yifan (CHN) 2023: Chen Qingchen & Jia Yifan (CHN) vteUber Cup badminton women's team champions 1957: Lois Alston, Judy Devlin, Susan Devlin, Ethel Marshall, Bea Massman, Margaret Varner (USA) 1960: Judy Devlin, Susan Devlin, Dorothy O'Neil, Margaret Varner (USA) 1963: Tyna Barinaga, Judy Hashman, Caroline Jensen, Dorothy O'Neil, Carlene Starkey, McGregor Stewart (USA) 1966: Hiroe Amano, Kazuko Goto, Noriko Takagi, Tomoko Takahashi, Fumiko Yokoi, Mitsuko Yokoyama (JPN) 1969: Hiroe Amano, Noriko Takagi, Tomoko Takahashi, Hiroe Yuki (JPN) 1972: Machiko Aizawa, Noriko Nakayama, Kaoru Takasaka, Etsuko Takenaka, Hiroe Yuki (JPN) 1975: Utami Dewi, Regina Masli, Minarni, Taty Sumirah, Theresia Widiastuti, Imelda Wiguna (INA) 1978: Saori Kondo, Noriko Nakayama, Mikiko Takada, Atsuko Tokuda, Emiko Ueno, Yoshiko Yonekura, Hiroe Yuki (JPN) 1981: Saori Kondo, Mikiko Takada, Atsuko Tokuda, Yoshiko Yonekura (JPN) 1984: Han Aiping, Li Lingwei, Lin Ying, Qian Ping, Wu Dixi, Wu Jianqiu, Xu Rong, Zhang Ailing (CHN) 1986: Guan Weizhen, Han Aiping, Lao Yujing, Li Lingwei, Lin Ying, Wu Dixi, Wu Jianqiu, Zheng Yuli (CHN) 1988: Gu Jiaming, Guan Weizhen, Han Aiping, Lao Yujing, Li Lingwei, Lin Ying, Shang Fumei, Shi Wen, Zheng Yuli (CHN) 1990: Guan Weizhen, Huang Hua, Lai Caiqin, Nong Qunhua, Shi Fangjing, Shi Xiaohui, Tang Jiuhong, Yao Fen, Zhou Lei (CHN) 1992: Guan Weizhen, Hu Ning, Huang Hua, Lin Yanfen, Nong Qunhua, Tang Jiuhong, Wu Yuhong, Yao Fen, Ye Zhaoying (CHN) 1994: Mia Audina, Finarsih, Yuni Kartika, Eliza Nathanael, Zelin Resiana, Yuliani Santosa, Susi Susanti, Lili Tampi, Rosiana Tendean (INA) 1996: Mia Audina, Lidya Djaelawijaya, Finarsih, Deyana Lomban, Meiluawati, Eliza Nathanael, Zelin Resiana, Yuliani Santosa, Susi Susanti, Lili Tampi (INA) 1998: Dai Yun, Ge Fei, Gong Zhichao, Gu Jun, Han Jingna, Liu Lu, Qian Hong, Qin Yiyuan, Tang Yongshu, Ye Zhaoying (CHN) 2000: Dai Yun, Gao Ling, Ge Fei, Gong Ruina, Gong Zhichao, Gu Jun, Huang Nanyan, Qin Yiyuan, Yang Wei, Ye Zhaoying (CHN) 2002: Dai Yun, Gao Ling, Gong Ruina, Huang Nanyan, Huang Sui, Wei Yili, Yang Wei, Zhang Jiewen, Zhang Ning, Zhou Mi (CHN) 2004: Gao Ling, Gong Ruina, Huang Sui, Wei Yili, Xie Xingfang, Yang Wei, Zhang Jiewen, Zhang Ning, Zhao Tingting, Zhou Mi (CHN) 2006: Du Jing, Gao Ling, Huang Sui, Jiang Yanjiao, Lu Lan, Xie Xingfang, Yang Wei, Yu Yang, Zhang Jiewen, Zhang Ning (CHN) 2008: Gao Ling, Jiang Yanjiao, Lu Lan, Wei Yili, Xie Xingfang, Yang Wei, Zhang Jiewen, Zhang Yawen, Zhao Tingting, Zhu Lin (CHN) 2010: Bae Seung-hee, Bae Yeon-ju, Chang Ye-na, Ha Jung-eun, Jung Kyung-eun, Kim Min-jung, Lee Hyo-jung, Lee Kyung-won, Lee Yun-hwa, Sung Ji-hyun (KOR) 2012: Cheng Shu, Li Xuerui, Pan Pan, Tian Qing, Wang Shixian, Wang Xiaoli, Wang Xin, Wang Yihan, Yu Yang, Zhao Yunlei (CHN) 2014: Bao Yixin, Li Xuerui, Ma Jin, Sun Yu, Tang Jinhua, Tian Qing, Wang Shixian, Wang Xiaoli, Wang Yihan, Zhao Yunlei (CHN) 2016: Chen Qingchen, Li Xuerui, Sun Yu, Tang Jinhua, Tang Yuanting, Tian Qing, Wang Shixian, Wang Yihan, Yu Yang, Zhao Yunlei (CHN) 2018: Yuki Fukushima, Sayaka Hirota, Misaki Matsutomo, Nozomi Okuhara, Sayaka Sato, Ayaka Takahashi, Sayaka Takahashi, Shiho Tanaka, Akane Yamaguchi, Koharu Yonemoto (JPN) 2020: Chen Qingchen, Chen Yufei, Han Yue, He Bingjiao, Huang Dongping, Jia Yifan, Li Wenmei, Liu Xuanxuan, Wang Zhiyi, Xia Yuting, Zheng Yu (CHN) 2022: An Se-young, Baek Ha-na, Jeong Na-eun, Kim Ga-eun, Kim Hye-jeong, Kim So-yeong, Kong Hee-yong, Lee Seo-jin, Lee So-hee, Lee Yu-lim, Shin Seung-chan, Sim Yu-jin (KOR) 2024: Chen Qingchen, Chen Yufei, Han Yue, He Bingjiao, Jia Yifan, Liu Shengshu, Tan Ning, Wang Zhiyi, Zhang Shuxian, Zheng Yu (CHN) vteSudirman Cup badminton mixed team champions 1989: Verawaty Fadjrin, Rudy Gunawan, Eddy Hartono, Eddy Kurniawan, Yanti Kusmiati, Sarwendah Kusumawardhani, Aryono Miranat, Icuk Sugiarto, Susi Susanti, Minarti Timur (INA) 1991: Ahn Jae-chang, Bang Soo-hyun, Chung Myung-hee, Chung So-young, Hwang Hye-young, Kim Hak-kyun, Kim Moon-soo, Lee Gwang-jin, Lee Heung-soon, Lee Sang-bok, Park Joo-bong (KOR) 1993: Bang Soo-hyun, Chung So-young, Gil Young-ah, Kim Hak-kyun, Kim Moon-soo, Lee Heung-soon, Park Joo-bong, Park Sung-woo, Shon Jin-hwan (KOR) 1995: Chen Xingdong, Dong Jiong, Ge Fei, Gu Jun, Huang Zhanzhong, Jiang Xin, Liu Jianjun, Sun Jun, Wang Xiaoyuan, Ye Zhaoying (CHN) 1997: Chen Xingdong, Dong Jiong, Ge Cheng, Ge Fei, Gong Zhichao, Gu Jun, Lin Liwen, Liu Yong, Qin Yiyuan, Tang Yongshu, Tao Xiaoqiang, Sun Jun, Ye Zhaoying, Zhang Wei (CHN) 1999: Dai Yun, Dong Jiong, Ge Fei, Gong Zhichao, Gu Jun, Huang Nanyan, Liu Yong, Sun Jun, Yang Wei, Yu Jinhao, Zhang Jun, Zhang Ning, Zhang Wei (CHN) 2001: Chen Hong, Gao Ling, Gong Zhichao, Huang Nanyan, Huang Sui, Ji Xinpeng, Liu Yong, Yang Wei, Zhang Jun, Zhang Wei, Zhou Mi (CHN) 2003: Jun Jae-youn, Kim Dong-moon, Kim Kyeung-ran, Kim Yong-hyun, Lee Dong-soo, Lee Hyo-jung, Lee Hyun-il, Lee Kyung-won, Park Sung-hwan, Ra Kyung-min, Yim Kyung-jin, Yoo Yong-sung (KOR) 2005: Bao Chunlai, Cai Yun, Chen Qiqiu, Fu Haifeng, Gao Ling, Huang Sui, Lin Dan, Xie Xingfang, Yang Wei, Zhang Jiewen, Zhang Jun, Zhang Ning, Zhao Tingting (CHN) 2007: Cai Yun, Fu Haifeng, Gao Ling, Lin Dan, Wei Yili, Xie Xingfang, Yang Wei, Zhang Ning, Zhang Yawen, Zhao Tingting, Zheng Bo (CHN) 2009: Cai Yun, Du Jing, Fu Haifeng, He Hanbin, Lin Dan, Ma Jin, Pan Pan, Wang Lin, Wang Yihan, Yu Yang, Zhang Yawen, Zheng Bo (CHN) 2011: Cai Yun, Fu Haifeng, Lin Dan, Ma Jin, Tian Qing, Wang Shixian, Wang Xiaoli, Wang Xin, Xu Chen, Yu Yang, Zhao Yunlei (CHN) 2013: Cai Yun, Chen Long, Fu Haifeng, Li Xuerui, Liu Xiaolong, Ma Jin, Qiu Zihan, Wang Xiaoli, Wang Yihan, Xu Chen, Yu Yang, Zhang Nan, Zhao Yunlei (CHN) 2015: Cai Yun, Chai Biao, Chen Long, Fu Haifeng, Hong Wei, Li Xuerui, Lin Dan, Liu Cheng, Ma Jin, Tang Yuanting, Wang Yihan, Xu Chen, Yu Yang, Zhang Nan, Zhao Yunlei (CHN) 2017: Chae Yoo-jung, Chang Ye-na, Choi Sol-gyu, Jeon Hyeok-jin, Jung Kyung-eun, Kim Duk-young, Kim Ha-na, Kim Won-ho, Lee Jang-mi, Lee So-hee, Park Kyung-hoon, Seo Seung-jae, Son Wan-ho, Sung Ji-hyun (KOR) 2019: Chen Long, Chen Qingchen, Chen Yufei, Du Yue, Han Chengkai, Huang Dongping, Huang Yaqiong, Jia Yifan, Li Junhui, Li Yinhui, Liu Yuchen, Shi Yuqi, Wang Yilyu, Zheng Siwei, Zhou Haodong (CHN) 2021: Chen Qingchen, Chen Yufei, Du Yue, Feng Yanzhe, He Bingjiao, He Jiting, Huang Dongping, Jia Yifan, Li Wenmei, Liu Cheng, Lu Guangzu, Shi Yuqi, Tan Qiang, Wang Yilyu, Zheng Yu, Zhou Haodong (CHN) 2023: Chen Qingchen, Chen Yufei, Feng Yanzhe, He Bingjiao, Huang Dongping, Huang Yaqiong, Jia Yifan, Li Shifeng, Liang Weikeng, Liu Yuchen, Ou Xuanyi, Shi Yuqi, Wang Chang, Zhang Shuxian, Zheng Siwei, Zheng Yu (CHN) vteWorld Cup badminton mixed doubles champions 1983: Martin Dew & Gillian Gilks (ENG) 1984: Thomas Kihlström (SWE) & Nora Perry (ENG) 1985: Christian Hadinata & Ivana Lie (INA) 1986: Eddy Hartono & Verawaty Fadjrin (INA) 1987: Wang Pengren & Shi Fangjing (CHN) 1988: Wang Pengren & Shi Fangjing (CHN) 1989: Park Joo-bong & Chung Myung-hee (KOR) 1990: Rudy Gunawan & Rosiana Tendean (INA) 1991: Rudy Gunawan & Rosiana Tendean (INA) 1992: Rudy Gunawan & Rosiana Tendean (INA) 1993: Peter Axelsson (SWE) & Gillian Gowers (ENG) 1994: Thomas Lund (DEN) & Catrine Bengtsson (SWE) 1995: Tri Kusharjanto & Minarti Timur (INA) 1996: Sandiarto & Minarti Timur (INA) 1997: Liu Yong & Ge Fei (CHN) 2005: Xie Zhongbo & Zhang Yawen (CHN) 2006: Nova Widianto & Liliyana Natsir (INA) vteAll England Open badminton women's doubles champions 1899: Meriel Lucas & Mary Graeme (ENG) 1900: Meriel Lucas & Mary Graeme (ENG) 1901: Daisy St. John & E. Moseley (ENG) 1902: Ethel Thomson & Meriel Lucas (ENG) 1903: Mabel Hardy & Dorothea Douglass (ENG) 1904: Ethel Thomson & Meriel Lucas (ENG) 1905: Ethel Thomson & Meriel Lucas (ENG) 1906: Ethel Thomson & Meriel Lucas (ENG) 1907: G. L. Murray & Meriel Lucas (ENG) 1908: G. L. Murray & Meriel Lucas (ENG) 1909: G. L. Murray & Meriel Lucas (ENG) 1910: Muriel Bateman & Meriel Lucas (ENG) 1911: Dorothy Cundall & Alice Gowenlock (ENG) 1912: Dorothy Cundall & Alice Gowenlock (ENG) 1913: Hazel Hogarth & Muriel Bateman (ENG) 1914: Eveline Peterson & Margaret Tragett (ENG) 1920: Lavinia Radeglia & Violet Elton (ENG) 1921: Kathleen McKane & Margaret Stocks (ENG) 1922: Hazel Hogarth & Margaret Tragett (ENG) 1923: Hazel Hogarth & Margaret Tragett (ENG) 1924: Kathleen McKane & Margaret Stocks (ENG) 1925: Hazel Hogarth & Margaret Tragett (ENG) 1926: Violet Elton (ENG) & A. M. Head (IRE) 1927: Hazel Hogarth & Margaret Tragett (ENG) 1928: Marjorie Barrett & Violet Elton (ENG) 1929: Marjorie Barrett & Violet Elton (ENG) 1930: Marjorie Barrett & Violet Elton (ENG) 1931: Marian Horsley & Betty Uber (ENG) 1932: Marjorie Barrett & Leoni Kingsbury (ENG) 1933: Marje Henderson & Thelma Kingsbury (ENG) 1934: Marje Henderson & Thelma Kingsbury (ENG) 1935: Marje Henderson & Thelma Kingsbury (ENG) 1936: Marje Henderson & Thelma Kingsbury (ENG) 1937: Diana Doveton & Betty Uber (ENG) 1938: Diana Doveton & Betty Uber (ENG) 1939: Tonny Ahm & Ruth Dalsgaard (DEN) 1947: Tonny Ahm & Kirsten Thorndahl (DEN) 1948: Tonny Ahm & Kirsten Thorndahl (DEN) 1949: Queenie Allen & Betty Uber (ENG) 1950: Tonny Ahm & Kirsten Thorndahl (DEN) 1951: Tonny Ahm & Kirsten Thorndahl (DEN) 1952: Tonny Ahm & Aase Schiøtt Jacobsen (DEN) 1953: Iris Cooley & June White (ENG) 1954: Judy Devlin & Susan Devlin (USA) 1955: Iris Cooley & June White (ENG) 1956: Judy Devlin & Susan Devlin (USA) 1957: Anni Hammergaard Hansen & Kirsten Thorndahl (DEN) 1958: Margaret Varner (USA) & Heather Ward (ENG) 1959: Iris Rogers & June Timperley (ENG) 1960: Judy Devlin & Susan Devlin (USA) 1961: Judy Hashman (USA) & Sue Peard (IRE) 1962: Judy Hashman (USA) & Tonny Holst-Christensen (DEN) 1963: Judy Hashman (USA) & Sue Peard (IRE) 1964: Karin Jørgensen & Ulla Rasmussen (DEN) 1965: Karin Jørgensen & Ulla Strand (DEN) 1966: Judy Hashman (USA) & Sue Peard (IRE) 1967: Imre Rietveld (NED) & Ulla Strand (DEN) 1968: Retno Kustijah & Minarni (INA) 1969: Margaret Boxall & Susan Whetnall (ENG) 1970: Margaret Boxall & Susan Whetnall (ENG) 1971: Noriko Takagi & Hiroe Yuki (JPN) 1972: Machiko Aizawa & Etsuko Takanaka (JPN) 1973: Machiko Aizawa & Etsuko Takanaka (JPN) 1974: Margaret Beck & Gillian Gilks (ENG) 1975: Machiko Aizawa & Etsuko Takanaka (JPN) 1976: Gillian Gilks & Susan Whetnall (ENG) 1977: Etsuko Toganoo & Emiko Ueno (JPN) 1978: Mikiko Takada & Atsuko Tokuda (JPN) 1979: Imelda Wiguna & Verawaty Wiharjo (INA) 1980: Gillian Gilks & Nora Perry (ENG) 1981: Nora Perry & Jane Webster (ENG) 1982: Lin Ying & Wu Dixi (CHN) 1983: Wu Jianqiu & Xu Rong (CHN) 1984: Lin Ying & Wu Dixi (CHN) 1985: Han Aiping & Li Lingwei (CHN) 1986: Chung Myung-hee & Hwang Hye-young (KOR) 1987: Chung Myung-hee & Hwang Hye-young (KOR) 1988: Chung So-young & Kim Yun-ja (KOR) 1989: Chung Myung-hee & Chung So-young (KOR) 1990: Chung Myung-hee & Hwang Hye-young (KOR) 1991: Chung So-young & Hwang Hye-young (KOR) 1992: Lin Yanfen & Yao Fen (CHN) 1993: Chung So-young & Gil Young-ah (KOR) 1994: Chung So-young & Gil Young-ah (KOR) 1995: Gil Young-ah & Jang Hye-ock (KOR) 1996: Ge Fei & Gu Jun (CHN) 1997: Ge Fei & Gu Jun (CHN) 1998: Ge Fei & Gu Jun (CHN) 1999: Chung Jae-hee & Ra Kyung-min (KOR) 2000: Ge Fei & Gu Jun (CHN) 2001: Gao Ling & Huang Sui (CHN) 2002: Gao Ling & Huang Sui (CHN) 2003: Gao Ling & Huang Sui (CHN) 2004: Gao Ling & Huang Sui (CHN) 2005: Gao Ling & Huang Sui (CHN) 2006: Gao Ling & Huang Sui (CHN) 2007: Wei Yili & Zhang Yawen (CHN) 2008: Lee Hyo-jung & Lee Kyung-won (KOR) 2009: Zhang Yawen & Zhao Tingting (CHN) 2010: Du Jing & Yu Yang (CHN) 2011: Wang Xiaoli & Yu Yang (CHN) 2012: Tian Qing & Zhao Yunlei (CHN) 2013: Wang Xiaoli & Yu Yang (CHN) 2014: Wang Xiaoli & Yu Yang (CHN) 2015: Bao Yixin & Tang Yuanting (CHN) 2016: Misaki Matsutomo & Ayaka Takahashi (JPN) 2017: Chang Ye-na & Lee So-hee (KOR) 2018: Christinna Pedersen & Kamilla Rytter Juhl (DEN) 2019: Chen Qingchen & Jia Yifan (CHN) 2020: Yuki Fukushima & Sayaka Hirota (JPN) 2021: Mayu Matsumoto & Wakana Nagahara (JPN) 2022: Nami Matsuyama & Chiharu Shida (JPN) 2023: Kim So-yeong & Kong Hee-yong (KOR) 2024: Baek Ha-na & Lee So-hee (KOR) vteAsian Games badminton women's team champions 1962: Goei Kiok Nio, Happy Herowati, Corry Kawilarang, Retno Kustijah, Minarni (INA) 1966: Hiroe Amano, Kazuko Goto, Noriko Takagi, Tomoko Takahashi (JPN) 1970: Machiko Aizawa, Mariko Nishio, Etsuko Takenaka, Hiroe Yuki (JPN) 1974: Chen Yuniang, Liang Qiuxia, Lin Youya, Liu Xiaozheng, Qiu Yufang, Zheng Huiming (CHN) 1978: Liang Qiuxia, Liu Xia, Qiu Yufang, Zhang Ailing, Zheng Huiming (CHN) 1982: Li Lingwei, Lin Ying, Wu Dixi, Wu Jianqiu, Xu Rong, Zhang Ailing (CHN) 1986: Gu Jiaming, Guan Weizhen, Han Aiping, Li Lingwei, Lin Ying, Qian Ping, Wu Jianqiu, Zheng Yuli (CHN) 1990: Guan Weizhen, Huang Hua, Lai Caiqin, Nong Qunhua, Shi Fangjing, Tang Jiuhong, Yao Fen, Zhou Lei (CHN) 1994: Bang Soo-hyun, Chung So-young, Gil Young-ah, Jang Hye-ock, Kim Ji-hyun, Lee Heung-soon, Ra Kyung-min, Shim Eun-jung (KOR) 1998: Dai Yun, Ge Fei, Gong Zhichao, Gu Jun, Qin Yiyuan, Tang Yongshu, Ye Zhaoying, Zhang Ning (CHN) 2002: Dai Yun, Gao Ling, Gong Ruina, Huang Nanyan, Huang Sui, Wei Yili, Yang Wei, Zhang Jiewen, Zhang Ning, Zhou Mi (CHN) 2006: Gao Ling, Huang Sui, Xie Xingfang, Yang Wei, Zhang Jiewen, Zhang Ning, Zhang Yawen, Zhu Lin (CHN) 2010: Cheng Shu, Jiang Yanjiao, Lu Lan, Ma Jin, Tian Qing, Wang Shixian, Wang Xiaoli, Wang Xin, Yu Yang, Zhao Yunlei (CHN) 2014: Bao Yixin, Li Xuerui, Liu Xin, Ma Jin, Tian Qing, Wang Shixian, Wang Xiaoli, Wang Yihan, Yu Yang, Zhao Yunlei (CHN) 2018: Yuki Fukushima, Arisa Higashino, Sayaka Hirota, Misaki Matsutomo, Aya Ohori, Nozomi Okuhara, Sayaka Sato, Ayaka Takahashi, Akane Yamaguchi, Koharu Yonemoto (JPN) 2022: An Se-young, Baek Ha-na, Chae Yoo-jung, Jeong Na-eun, Kim Ga-eun, Kim Ga-ram, Kim Hye-jeong, Kim So-yeong, Kong Hee-yong, Lee So-hee (KOR)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_name"},{"link_name":"family name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_surname"},{"link_name":"Zhang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_(surname)"},{"link_name":"simplified Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"traditional Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"badminton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badminton"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"In this Chinese name, the family name is Zhang.Badminton playerZhang Yawen (simplified Chinese: 张亚雯; traditional Chinese: 張亞雯; pinyin: Zhāng Yàwén; born 9 March 1983) is a badminton player from China.[4]","title":"Zhang Yawen"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zhang Dan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Dan_(badminton)"},{"link_name":"Zhao Tingting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhao_Tingting"},{"link_name":"Wei Yili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wei_Yili"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Open_(badminton)"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Open_(badminton)"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand_Open_(badminton)"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore_Open_(badminton)"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia_Open_(badminton)"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Open_(badminton)"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Open_(badminton)"},{"link_name":"All-England Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_England_Open_Badminton_Championships"},{"link_name":"Gao Ling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gao_Ling"},{"link_name":"Huang Sui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huang_Sui"},{"link_name":"Yang Wei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yang_Wei_(badminton)"},{"link_name":"Zhang Jiewen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Jiewen"},{"link_name":"Xie Zhongbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xie_Zhongbo"},{"link_name":"Badminton World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badminton_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"China Masters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Masters"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Open_(badminton)"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia_Open_(badminton)"},{"link_name":"Macau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macau_Open_Badminton_Championships"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand_Open_(badminton)"},{"link_name":"BWF World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BWF_World_Championships"},{"link_name":"2005 tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_IBF_World_Championships"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Lilyana Natsir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lilyana_Natsir"},{"link_name":"Nova Widianto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Widianto"},{"link_name":"2006 tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_IBF_World_Championships"},{"link_name":"2007 edition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_BWF_World_Championships"},{"link_name":"Kuala Lumpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur"},{"link_name":"2008 Beijing Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badminton_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Du Jing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du_Jing"},{"link_name":"Yu Yang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yu_Yang_(badminton)"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Miyuki Maeda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miyuki_Maeda"},{"link_name":"Satoko Suetsuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satoko_Suetsuna"},{"link_name":"All-England Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_England_Open_Badminton_Championships"},{"link_name":"BWF World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_BWF_World_Championships"},{"link_name":"Cheng Shu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheng_Shu"},{"link_name":"Zhao Yunlei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhao_Yunlei"}],"text":"Zhang has specialized in women's doubles and mixed doubles, earning numerous international titles in both events. At various times she has partnered either Zhang Dan, or Zhao Tingting, or Wei Yili to women's doubles victories at the French (2002, 2007), German (2004), Thailand (2004), Singapore (2005, 2007), Indonesia (2006), China (2008), and Hong Kong (2008) Opens. Prior to 2009 her biggest triumph came with Wei Yili at the prestigious All-England Championships in 2007 where they defeated compatriots Gao Ling and Huang Sui, and Yang Wei and Zhang Jiewen, the two dominant teams of the era, respectively in the semifinals and finals. All of her mixed doubles titles have been earned in partnership with Xie Zhongbo and they include the Badminton World Cup (2005), the China Masters (2006, 2008), and the Hong Kong (2005, 2008), Indonesia (2006), Macau (2007), and Thailand (2008) Opens.Before 2009 Zhang had earned five medals, without yet \"striking gold\", at the BWF World Championships. At the 2005 tournament she took a bronze in women's doubles with Zhang Dan, and a silver with Xie Zhongbo in mixed doubles behind Indonesia's Lilyana Natsir and Nova Widianto. At the 2006 tournament Zhang and Wei Yili upset Yang Wei and Zhang Jiewen in the semifinals but were beaten in the final by Gao Ling and Huang Sui. Zhang was eliminated in the semifinals of both doubles events at the 2007 edition in Kuala Lumpur.At the 2008 Beijing Olympics she and Wei Yili were ousted from women's doubles gold medal contention in the semifinals by the eventual champions, compatriots Du Jing and Yu Yang. In the playoff for third place they salvaged a bronze medal by defeating Japan's Miyuki Maeda and Satoko Suetsuna.2009 proved to be Zhang's most successful season. With Zhao Tingting she captured women's doubles titles at the two most prestigious events for individual players outside of the Olympics, the All-England Championships and the BWF World Championships, defeating compatriots Cheng Shu and Zhao Yunlei in the final of each.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Achievements"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Olympic Games","text":"Women's doubles","title":"Achievements"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"BWF World Championships","text":"Women's doublesMixed doubles","title":"Achievements"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"World Cup","text":"Women's doublesMixed doubles","title":"Achievements"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Asian Games","text":"Mixed doubles","title":"Achievements"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Asian Championships","text":"Women's doubles","title":"Achievements"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"East Asian Games","text":"Mixed doubles","title":"Achievements"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"World Junior Championships","text":"Girls' doublesMixed doubles","title":"Achievements"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Asian Junior Championships","text":"Girls' singlesGirls' doublesMixed doubles","title":"Achievements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Badminton World Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badminton_World_Federation"},{"link_name":"Superseries and Superseries Premier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BWF_Superseries"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"BWF Superseries Finals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BWF_Superseries_Finals"},{"link_name":"BWF Superseries Premier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BWF_Superseries"},{"link_name":"BWF Superseries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BWF_Superseries"}],"sub_title":"BWF Superseries","text":"The BWF Superseries, which was launched on 14 December 2006 and implemented in 2007,[5] is a series of elite badminton tournaments, sanctioned by the Badminton World Federation (BWF). BWF Superseries levels are Superseries and Superseries Premier. A season of Superseries consists of twelve tournaments around the world that have been introduced since 2011.[6] Successful players are invited to the Superseries Finals, which are held at the end of each year.Women's doublesMixed doublesBWF Superseries Finals tournament\n BWF Superseries Premier tournament\n BWF Superseries tournament","title":"Achievements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BWF Grand Prix and Grand Prix Gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BWF_Grand_Prix_and_Grand_Prix_Gold"},{"link_name":"Badminton World Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badminton_World_Federation"},{"link_name":"BWF Grand Prix Gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BWF_Grand_Prix_Gold_and_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"BWF & IBF Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BWF_Grand_Prix_Gold_and_Grand_Prix"}],"sub_title":"BWF Grand Prix","text":"The BWF Grand Prix had two levels, the BWF Grand Prix and Grand Prix Gold. It was a series of badminton tournaments sanctioned by the Badminton World Federation (BWF) which was held from 2007 to 2017. The World Badminton Grand Prix has been sanctioned by the International Badminton Federation from 1983 to 2006.Women's doublesMixed doublesBWF Grand Prix Gold tournament\n BWF & IBF Grand Prix tournament","title":"Achievements"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"IBF International","text":"Women's doublesMixed doubles","title":"Achievements"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"BWF World Ranking - August 16 2007\". www.internationalbadminton.org. Archived from the original on 19 August 2007. Retrieved 8 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070819182917/http://www.internationalbadminton.org/WorldRanking.asp","url_text":"\"BWF World Ranking - August 16 2007\""},{"url":"http://www.internationalbadminton.org/WorldRanking.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"BWF World Rankings (8-10-2009)\". tournamentsoftware.com. Badminton World Federation. Retrieved 6 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://bwfcontent.tournamentsoftware.com/ranking/player.aspx?id=1132&player=109291","url_text":"\"BWF World Rankings (8-10-2009)\""}]},{"reference":"\"谢中博／张亚雯首次排名世界混双第一\". sports.sina.com.cn (in Chinese). 9 June 2006. Archived from the original on 7 April 2021. Retrieved 7 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://sports.sina.com.cn/s/2006-06-09/1656883345s.shtml","url_text":"\"谢中博／张亚雯首次排名世界混双第一\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210407185405/https://sports.sina.com.cn/s/2006-06-09/1656883345s.shtml","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Athlete Biography: Zhang Yawen\". Beijing 2008. Archived from the original on 17 March 2009. Retrieved 26 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090317002450/http://results.beijing2008.cn/WRM/ENG/BIO/Athlete/0/237130.shtml","url_text":"\"Athlete Biography: Zhang Yawen\""},{"url":"http://results.beijing2008.cn/WRM/ENG/BIO/Athlete/0/237130.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"BWF Launches Super Series\". Badminton Australia. 15 December 2006. Archived from the original on 6 October 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071006123828/http://www.badminton.org.au/index.php?id=22&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=136&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=2&cHash=26fb36d8a5","url_text":"\"BWF Launches Super Series\""},{"url":"http://www.badminton.org.au/index.php?id=22&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=136&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=2&cHash=26fb36d8a5","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Yonex All England Elevated To BWF Premier Super Series Event\". www.ibadmintonstore.com. Archived from the original on 2 October 2013. Retrieved 29 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131002005757/http://www.ibadmintonstore.com/iBADMINTONstore-News/Yonex-All-England-Elevated-To-BWF-Premier-Super-Se.aspx","url_text":"\"Yonex All England Elevated To BWF Premier Super Series Event\""},{"url":"http://www.ibadmintonstore.com/iBADMINTONstore-News/Yonex-All-England-Elevated-To-BWF-Premier-Super-Se.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. \"Zhang Yawen\". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 4 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Mallon","url_text":"Mallon, Bill"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161204000000/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/zh/zhang-yawen-1.html","url_text":"\"Zhang Yawen\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Reference","url_text":"Sports Reference LLC"},{"url":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/zh/zhang-yawen-1.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://bwf.tournamentsoftware.com/player-profile/F00CEB6D-9E1B-46FA-A6E5-ADDE13DA2850","external_links_name":"BWF profile"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070819182917/http://www.internationalbadminton.org/WorldRanking.asp","external_links_name":"\"BWF World Ranking - August 16 2007\""},{"Link":"http://www.internationalbadminton.org/WorldRanking.asp","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://bwfcontent.tournamentsoftware.com/ranking/player.aspx?id=1132&player=109291","external_links_name":"\"BWF World Rankings (8-10-2009)\""},{"Link":"https://sports.sina.com.cn/s/2006-06-09/1656883345s.shtml","external_links_name":"\"谢中博／张亚雯首次排名世界混双第一\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210407185405/https://sports.sina.com.cn/s/2006-06-09/1656883345s.shtml","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090317002450/http://results.beijing2008.cn/WRM/ENG/BIO/Athlete/0/237130.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Athlete Biography: Zhang Yawen\""},{"Link":"http://results.beijing2008.cn/WRM/ENG/BIO/Athlete/0/237130.shtml","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071006123828/http://www.badminton.org.au/index.php?id=22&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=136&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=2&cHash=26fb36d8a5","external_links_name":"\"BWF Launches Super Series\""},{"Link":"http://www.badminton.org.au/index.php?id=22&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=136&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=2&cHash=26fb36d8a5","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131002005757/http://www.ibadmintonstore.com/iBADMINTONstore-News/Yonex-All-England-Elevated-To-BWF-Premier-Super-Se.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Yonex All England Elevated To BWF Premier Super Series Event\""},{"Link":"http://www.ibadmintonstore.com/iBADMINTONstore-News/Yonex-All-England-Elevated-To-BWF-Premier-Super-Se.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://bwf.tournamentsoftware.com/player-profile/F00CEB6D-9E1B-46FA-A6E5-ADDE13DA2850","external_links_name":"Zhang Yawen"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161204000000/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/zh/zhang-yawen-1.html","external_links_name":"\"Zhang Yawen\""},{"Link":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/zh/zhang-yawen-1.html","external_links_name":"the original"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_River_(disambiguation)	Heart River	["1 See also"]	Heart River may refer to: Rivers Heart River (North Dakota), a river in North Dakota, US Heart River (Wyoming), a river in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, US Heart River (Alberta), a river in north-western Alberta, Canada Place Heart River, Alberta, a settlement in Alberta, Canada See also Bad Heart River, a river in north-western Alberta, Canada Sick Heart River, a novel by Scottish author John Buchan set in Canada Heart (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Heart River.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Heart River (North Dakota)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_River_(North_Dakota)"},{"link_name":"Heart River (Wyoming)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_River_(Wyoming)"},{"link_name":"Heart River (Alberta)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_River_(Alberta)"},{"link_name":"Heart River, Alberta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_River,_Alberta"}],"text":"RiversHeart River (North Dakota), a river in North Dakota, US\nHeart River (Wyoming), a river in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, US\nHeart River (Alberta), a river in north-western Alberta, CanadaPlaceHeart River, Alberta, a settlement in Alberta, Canada","title":"Heart River"}]	[]	[{"title":"Bad Heart River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Heart_River"},{"title":"Sick Heart River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sick_Heart_River"},{"title":"Heart (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"title":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"title":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Heart_River&namespace=0"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Heart_River&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconix_Brand_Group	Iconix Brand Group	["1 History and operations","2 Federal investigations","3 Brands","3.1 Current","3.2 Former brands","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]	American brand management company Not to be confused with Iconix Entertainment or Iconix. Iconix Brand Group Inc.Company typePrivateIndustryTextile, footwearFounded1978; 46 years ago (1978)FounderNeil ColeHeadquartersNew York City, New York, U.S.Area servedWorldwideKey peoplePeter Cuneo(executive chairman)Robert C. Galvin(president & CEO)ProductsClothing, athletic shoesRevenueUS$400 million FY 2011Net income US$80M FY 2011OwnerLancer Capital, LLCNumber of employees120Subsidiaries List Candie's Cannon Mills Ed Hardy Joe Boxer Lee Cooper London Fog Marc Ecko Material Girl Mossimo Mudd Ocean Pacific Pony Rocawear Starter Umbro Zoo York Websitewww.iconixbrand.com Iconix Brand Group is an American brand management company that licenses brands to retailers and manufacturers, primarily in the apparel, footwear and apparel accessory industries. History and operations The company began as Candie's, Inc., whose brand it purchased in 1993. The Bongo brand was bought in 1998, then the Badgley Mischka brand was purchased in 2004. The Joe Boxer and Rampage brands were acquired on July 22, 2005, and September 15, 2005, respectively. In 2006, the company acquired the Mudd, London Fog, Mossimo, and Ocean Pacific brands on April 11, August 29, November 1, and November 6, respectively. The company continued with acquisitions in 2007 with the purchase of Cannon, Danskin, Artful Dodger, and Rocawear brands. On November 15, 2007, Iconix bought the Starter brand from Nike. On October 27, 2009, Iconix paid $109 million for a 51% stake in urban fashion brand Eckō Unltd. It acquired full ownership in May 2013. On June 3, 2010, Iconix and Charles M. Schulz Creative Associates jointly acquired all assets related to the Peanuts comic strip from its longtime owner, United Media, using the property to form a new company, Peanuts Worldwide, which is 80% owned by Iconix and 20% owned by Schulz Associates. Peanuts Worldwide also acquired United Media's licensing arm, which represents licensing for its other properties including Dilbert and Nancy. In 2011, Iconix acquired electronics brand The Sharper Image. In October 2012, Nike Inc. announced that it had signed with Iconix Brand Group to sell the English brand Umbro for US$225 million. The acquisition was completed in December 2012. In 2013, Iconix acquired Lee Cooper from Sun Capital Partners. In February 2013, Iconix acquired control of the Buffalo David Bitton brand in an effort to expand into higher-end brands. Iconix paid Buffalo International ULC $76.5 million in cash for a 51% stake in the brand. In February 2015, Iconix bought the Strawberry Shortcake brand from American Greetings. Also that month, Iconix and Anthony L&S Athletics, LLC acquired intangible assets of Pony along with North American rights to the brand from Symphony Holdings, LLC, with the option to purchase additional markets. A new subsidiary, with 75% and 25% stakes owned by Iconix and Anthony L&S Athletics respectively, would hold the Pony rights. In 2015, several top executives, including founder Neil Cole, resigned following a statement that Iconix was under investigation by the Securities and Exchange Commission. The investigation was triggered by Iconix's 2014 financial statements, after which it received a letter from the SEC. Stock prices fell 24% after Iconix confirmed the investigation. On December 5, 2019, the SEC charged Iconix and three of its former top executives with fraud. The COO, Seth Horowitz, pleaded guilty to the charges, and Iconix agreed to pay a $5.5 million penalty. As of July 2020, the suit against the founder and previous CEO, Neil Cole, is still ongoing. In 2017, Iconix sold Badgley Mischka and The Sharper Image. On May 10, 2017, DHX Media announced that it had acquired the Iconix entertainment division for $345 million. The sale was closed on June 30, 2017, giving DHX rights to the Strawberry Shortcake franchise, and more prominently, the 80% majority stake of Peanuts Worldwide. On October 15, 2018, Iconix announced the hiring of Robert Galvin as CEO. On July 14, 2020, Iconix announced that the company is up for sale. The next year, the company went private, with private equity investor Lancer Capital, LLC purchasing all outstanding shares and delisting it from Nasdaq. Federal investigations After investigations in 2003, Neil Cole and Candie's reached an agreement to settle charges of fraudulent accounting practices brought against it by the Securities and Exchange Commission. Neil Cole agreed to pay $75,000 to settle charges without admitting or denying wrongdoing. In 2019, Cole was again charged with 10 criminal counts, including conspiracy, securities fraud, making false filings with the SEC and conspiracy to destroy records. Iconix agreed to pay a civil penalty of $5.5 million to settle the SEC's claims. Brands Through its history, Iconix has owned a large portfolio of brands, which include: Current Artful Dodger Bongo Buffalo David Bitton Candie's Cannon Mills Charisma Danskin Ed Hardy Eckō Unltd. and Marc Eckō Cut & Sew Fieldcrest Joe Boxer Lee Cooper London Fog Material Girl Modern Amusement Mossimo Mudd Ocean Pacific/OP Pony Rampage Rocawear Royal Velvet Starter Umbro Waverly Zoo York Former brands Pillowtex Truth or Dare Badgley Mischka (2004–17) Peanuts Worldwide (80%; 2010–17); sold in 2017 to DHX Media (now WildBrain) The Sharper Image (2011–17) Strawberry Shortcake acquired in 2015 from American Greetings; sold in 2017 to DHX Media (now WildBrain) See also Phillips Van Heusen Authentic Brands Group References ^ a b Iconix Brand Group Inc. at Bloomberg Businessweek ^ "iconix brand group, inc. - Investor Relations - Press Release". Archived from the original on August 11, 2013. Retrieved November 21, 2016. ^ "Iconix Brand Group Closes Acquisition of Peanuts" (Press release). Retrieved November 21, 2016. ^ "Iconix Forms Peanuts Worldwide". License!. UBM. June 7, 2010. Archived from the original on March 4, 2012. Retrieved November 21, 2016. ^ "Iconix acquires The Sharper Image brand - Home Textiles Today". Retrieved November 21, 2016. ^ "Iconix Brand Buys Nike’s Umbro Soccer Unit for $225 Million" at Bloomberg.com, October 24, 2012 ^ "Iconix Brand Group Completes Acquisition of Umbro from Nike for $225 Million", Fashion Invest website Archived January 29, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, December 4, 2012 ^ "Sun European Partners sells Lee Cooper for $72m". AltAssets Private Equity News. Retrieved November 21, 2016. ^ "Deals of the Day 04/02/13". Reuters UK. February 4, 2013. ^ Atkinson, Claire (February 3, 2015). "Strawberry Shortcake is new 'it' girl for Iconix". Retrieved November 21, 2016. ^ Abel, Katie (February 3, 2015). "Iconix Acquires North American Rights for Pony". Retrieved November 21, 2016. ^ Young, Vicky M.; Borcharot, Debra (January 6, 2016). "Iconix What Went Wrong?". WWD: Women's Wear Daily. 211 (1): 60–64. ISSN 0149-5380. Retrieved August 10, 2017. ^ McCoy, Kevin. "Iconix confirms SEC investigation, shares plunge". USA TODAY. Retrieved September 27, 2018. ^ "SEC Charges Iconix Brand Group and Former Top Executives With Accounting Fraud". ^ "Former Iconix Brand CEO charged with accounting fraud in U.S." Reuters. December 5, 2019. Retrieved December 6, 2019. ^ "Former Chief Executive Officer Of Publicly Traded Brand Management Company Charged With Accounting Fraud And Obstruction Of Justice". justice.gov. December 5, 2019. ^ "Former Iconix CEO Neil Cole Charged With Accounting Fraud". footwearnews.com. December 5, 2019. ^ Badgley Mischka And Titan Industries Buy Trademark Rights From Iconix ^ Iconix Brand Sells Off the Sharper Image ^ "DHX Media Acquires 'Peanuts' in $345 Million Purchase of Iconix". Variety. May 10, 2017. Retrieved May 10, 2017. ^ "Iconix Brand Group, Inc. Announces Hiring Of Robert Galvin As CEO". Iconix. Retrieved October 16, 2018. ^ "Industry Moves: October 2018". Footwear News. October 31, 2018. Retrieved December 6, 2019. ^ "Iconix Brand Group Is Open to Selling Itself as It Looks to Tidy Balance Sheet". footwearnews.com. July 14, 2020. ^ "Iconix Enters into Definitive Agreement to be Acquired in "Go Private" Transaction" (Press release). GlobeNewswire. June 11, 2021. ^ "Candie's Settles SEC Case". The NY Post. May 2003. Retrieved July 24, 2020. ^ "Iconix Brands Ex-CEO Neil Cole Charged by U.S. in Accounting Fraud". Bloomberg. December 5, 2019. Retrieved July 24, 2020. ^ Brands archive on IBG, August 17, 2020 External links Official website vteIconix Brand GroupBrandsCurrent Candie's Cannon Ed Hardy Ecko Unltd. Joe Boxer Lee Cooper London Fog Material Girl Mossimo Mudd Ocean Pacific Pony Rocawear Starter Umbro Zoo York Former Pillowtex Strawberry Shortcake Truth or Dare	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Iconix Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconix_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Iconix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconix_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"brand management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brand_management"},{"link_name":"brands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brand"},{"link_name":"apparel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clothing"},{"link_name":"footwear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Footwear"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Iconix Entertainment or Iconix.Iconix Brand Group is an American brand management company that licenses brands to retailers and manufacturers, primarily in the apparel, footwear and apparel accessory industries.","title":"Iconix Brand Group"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Candie's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candie%27s"},{"link_name":"Badgley Mischka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badgley_Mischka"},{"link_name":"Joe Boxer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Boxer"},{"link_name":"Mudd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudd_Jeans"},{"link_name":"London Fog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Fog_(company)"},{"link_name":"Mossimo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mossimo"},{"link_name":"Ocean Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_Pacific"},{"link_name":"Cannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannon_Mills"},{"link_name":"Rocawear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocawear"},{"link_name":"Starter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starter_Clothing_Line"},{"link_name":"Nike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nike,_Inc."},{"link_name":"Eckō Unltd.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eck%C5%8D_Unltd."},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Charles M. Schulz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_M._Schulz"},{"link_name":"Peanuts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanuts"},{"link_name":"United Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Media"},{"link_name":"Peanuts Worldwide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanuts_Worldwide"},{"link_name":"Dilbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilbert"},{"link_name":"Nancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_(comic_strip)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"The Sharper Image","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sharper_Image"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Nike Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nike_Inc."},{"link_name":"Umbro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbro"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Lee Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Cooper"},{"link_name":"Sun Capital Partners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Capital_Partners"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Strawberry Shortcake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strawberry_Shortcake"},{"link_name":"American Greetings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Greetings"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Pony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pony_International"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Securities and Exchange Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Securities_and_Exchange_Commission"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"DHX Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DHX_Media"},{"link_name":"Strawberry Shortcake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strawberry_Shortcake"},{"link_name":"Peanuts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanuts"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-variety-dhxiconix-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"private equity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_equity"},{"link_name":"outstanding shares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shares_outstanding"},{"link_name":"Nasdaq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasdaq"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"The company began as Candie's, Inc., whose brand it purchased in 1993. The Bongo brand was bought in 1998, then the Badgley Mischka brand was purchased in 2004. The Joe Boxer and Rampage brands were acquired on July 22, 2005, and September 15, 2005, respectively. In 2006, the company acquired the Mudd, London Fog, Mossimo, and Ocean Pacific brands on April 11, August 29, November 1, and November 6, respectively. The company continued with acquisitions in 2007 with the purchase of Cannon, Danskin, Artful Dodger, and Rocawear brands.On November 15, 2007, Iconix bought the Starter brand from Nike.On October 27, 2009, Iconix paid $109 million for a 51% stake in urban fashion brand Eckō Unltd. It acquired full ownership in May 2013.[2]On June 3, 2010, Iconix and Charles M. Schulz Creative Associates jointly acquired all assets related to the Peanuts comic strip from its longtime owner, United Media, using the property to form a new company, Peanuts Worldwide, which is 80% owned by Iconix and 20% owned by Schulz Associates. Peanuts Worldwide also acquired United Media's licensing arm, which represents licensing for its other properties including Dilbert and Nancy.[3][4]In 2011, Iconix acquired electronics brand The Sharper Image.[5] In October 2012, Nike Inc. announced that it had signed with Iconix Brand Group to sell the English brand Umbro for US$225 million.[6] The acquisition was completed in December 2012.[7]In 2013, Iconix acquired Lee Cooper from Sun Capital Partners.[8] In February 2013, Iconix acquired control of the Buffalo David Bitton brand in an effort to expand into higher-end brands. Iconix paid Buffalo International ULC $76.5 million in cash for a 51% stake in the brand.[9]In February 2015, Iconix bought the Strawberry Shortcake brand from American Greetings.[10] Also that month, Iconix and Anthony L&S Athletics, LLC acquired intangible assets of Pony along with North American rights to the brand from Symphony Holdings, LLC, with the option to purchase additional markets. A new subsidiary, with 75% and 25% stakes owned by Iconix and Anthony L&S Athletics respectively, would hold the Pony rights.[11]In 2015, several top executives, including founder Neil Cole, resigned following a statement that Iconix was under investigation by the Securities and Exchange Commission.[12] The investigation was triggered by Iconix's 2014 financial statements, after which it received a letter from the SEC. Stock prices fell 24% after Iconix confirmed the investigation. [13] On December 5, 2019, the SEC charged Iconix and three of its former top executives with fraud. The COO, Seth Horowitz, pleaded guilty to the charges, and Iconix agreed to pay a $5.5 million penalty. As of July 2020, the suit against the founder and previous CEO, Neil Cole, is still ongoing.[14][15][16][17]In 2017, Iconix sold Badgley Mischka and The Sharper Image.[18][19]On May 10, 2017, DHX Media announced that it had acquired the Iconix entertainment division for $345 million. The sale was closed on June 30, 2017, giving DHX rights to the Strawberry Shortcake franchise, and more prominently, the 80% majority stake of Peanuts Worldwide.[20]On October 15, 2018, Iconix announced the hiring of Robert Galvin as CEO.[21][22]On July 14, 2020, Iconix announced that the company is up for sale.[23] The next year, the company went private, with private equity investor Lancer Capital, LLC purchasing all outstanding shares and delisting it from Nasdaq.[24]","title":"History and operations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Candie's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candie%27s"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"After investigations in 2003, Neil Cole and Candie's reached an agreement to settle charges of fraudulent accounting practices brought against it by the Securities and Exchange Commission. Neil Cole agreed to pay $75,000 to settle charges without admitting or denying wrongdoing.[25]In 2019, Cole was again charged with 10 criminal counts, including conspiracy, securities fraud, making false filings with the SEC and conspiracy to destroy records.[26] Iconix agreed to pay a civil penalty of $5.5 million to settle the SEC's claims.","title":"Federal investigations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"Through its history, Iconix has owned a large portfolio of brands, which include:[27]","title":"Brands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Candie's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candie%27s"},{"link_name":"Cannon Mills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannon_Mills"},{"link_name":"Ed Hardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Ed_Hardy"},{"link_name":"Eckō Unltd. and Marc Eckō Cut & Sew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecko_Unltd."},{"link_name":"Joe Boxer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Boxer"},{"link_name":"Lee Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Cooper"},{"link_name":"London Fog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Fog_(company)"},{"link_name":"Material Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna_fashion_brands"},{"link_name":"Mossimo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mossimo"},{"link_name":"Mudd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudd_Jeans"},{"link_name":"Ocean Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_Pacific"},{"link_name":"Pony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pony_International"},{"link_name":"Rocawear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocawear"},{"link_name":"Starter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starter_(clothing_line)"},{"link_name":"Umbro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbro"},{"link_name":"Zoo York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoo_York_(company)"}],"sub_title":"Current","text":"Artful Dodger\nBongo\nBuffalo David Bitton\nCandie's\nCannon Mills\nCharisma\nDanskin\nEd Hardy\nEckō Unltd. and Marc Eckō Cut & Sew\nFieldcrest\nJoe Boxer\nLee Cooper\nLondon Fog\nMaterial Girl\nModern Amusement\nMossimo\nMudd\nOcean Pacific/OP\nPony\nRampage\nRocawear\nRoyal Velvet\nStarter\nUmbro\nWaverly\nZoo York","title":"Brands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pillowtex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pillowtex_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Truth or Dare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth_or_Dare_by_Madonna"},{"link_name":"Badgley Mischka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badgley_Mischka"},{"link_name":"Peanuts Worldwide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanuts"},{"link_name":"DHX Media (now WildBrain)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WildBrain"},{"link_name":"The Sharper Image","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sharper_Image"},{"link_name":"Strawberry Shortcake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strawberry_Shortcake"},{"link_name":"American Greetings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Greetings"}],"sub_title":"Former brands","text":"Pillowtex\nTruth or Dare\nBadgley Mischka (2004–17)\nPeanuts Worldwide (80%; 2010–17); sold in 2017 to DHX Media (now WildBrain)\nThe Sharper Image (2011–17)\nStrawberry Shortcake acquired in 2015 from American Greetings; sold in 2017 to DHX Media (now WildBrain)","title":"Brands"}]	[]	[{"title":"Phillips Van Heusen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PVH_(company)"},{"title":"Authentic Brands Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authentic_Brands_Group"}]	[{"reference":"\"iconix brand group, inc. - Investor Relations - Press Release\". Archived from the original on August 11, 2013. Retrieved November 21, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130811100657/http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=62075&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=1824133&highlight=","url_text":"\"iconix brand group, inc. - Investor Relations - Press Release\""},{"url":"http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=62075&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=1824133&highlight=","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Iconix Brand Group Closes Acquisition of Peanuts\" (Press release). Retrieved November 21, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/iconix-brand-group-closes-acquisition-of-peanuts-95534994.html","url_text":"\"Iconix Brand Group Closes Acquisition of Peanuts\""}]},{"reference":"\"Iconix Forms Peanuts Worldwide\". License!. UBM. June 7, 2010. Archived from the original on March 4, 2012. Retrieved November 21, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120304050742/http://www.licensemag.com/licensemag/Entertainment/Iconix-Forms-Peanuts-Worldwide/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/672956","url_text":"\"Iconix Forms Peanuts Worldwide\""},{"url":"http://www.licensemag.com/licensemag/Entertainment/Iconix-Forms-Peanuts-Worldwide/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/672956","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Iconix acquires The Sharper Image brand - Home Textiles Today\". Retrieved November 21, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hometextilestoday.com/article/544693-Iconix_acquires_The_Sharper_Image_brand.php","url_text":"\"Iconix acquires The Sharper Image brand - Home Textiles Today\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sun European Partners sells Lee Cooper for $72m\". AltAssets Private Equity News. Retrieved November 21, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.altassets.net/private-equity-news/by-news-type/deal-news/sun-european-partners-sells-lee-cooper-for-72m.html","url_text":"\"Sun European Partners sells Lee Cooper for $72m\""}]},{"reference":"\"Deals of the Day 04/02/13\". Reuters UK. February 4, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://uk.reuters.com/article/deals-day-idUKL4N0B43WI20130204","url_text":"\"Deals of the Day 04/02/13\""}]},{"reference":"Atkinson, Claire (February 3, 2015). \"Strawberry Shortcake is new 'it' girl for Iconix\". Retrieved November 21, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://nypost.com/2015/02/03/strawberry-shortcake-is-new-it-girl-for-iconix/","url_text":"\"Strawberry Shortcake is new 'it' girl for Iconix\""}]},{"reference":"Abel, Katie (February 3, 2015). \"Iconix Acquires North American Rights for Pony\". Retrieved November 21, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://footwearnews.com/2015/business/mergers-acquisitions/iconix-acquires-north-american-rights-pony-11079/","url_text":"\"Iconix Acquires North American Rights for Pony\""}]},{"reference":"Young, Vicky M.; Borcharot, Debra (January 6, 2016). \"Iconix What Went Wrong?\". WWD: Women's Wear Daily. 211 (1): 60–64. ISSN 0149-5380. Retrieved August 10, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://wwd.com/business-news/business-features/problems-at-iconix-sec-investigation-neil-cole-10304943/","url_text":"\"Iconix What Went Wrong?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0149-5380","url_text":"0149-5380"}]},{"reference":"McCoy, Kevin. \"Iconix confirms SEC investigation, shares plunge\". USA TODAY. Retrieved September 27, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/2015/12/28/iconix-confirms-sec-investigation-shares-plunge/77968084/","url_text":"\"Iconix confirms SEC investigation, shares plunge\""}]},{"reference":"\"SEC Charges Iconix Brand Group and Former Top Executives With Accounting Fraud\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sec.gov/news/press-release/2019-251/","url_text":"\"SEC Charges Iconix Brand Group and Former Top Executives With Accounting Fraud\""}]},{"reference":"\"Former Iconix Brand CEO charged with accounting fraud in U.S.\" Reuters. December 5, 2019. Retrieved December 6, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iconix-brand-grp-fraud/iconix-brand-former-ceo-charged-with-accounting-fraud-idUSKBN1Y92DK","url_text":"\"Former Iconix Brand CEO charged with accounting fraud in U.S.\""}]},{"reference":"\"Former Chief Executive Officer Of Publicly Traded Brand Management Company Charged With Accounting Fraud And Obstruction Of Justice\". justice.gov. December 5, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.justice.gov/usao-sdny/pr/former-chief-executive-officer-publicly-traded-brand-management-company-charged","url_text":"\"Former Chief Executive Officer Of Publicly Traded Brand Management Company Charged With Accounting Fraud And Obstruction Of Justice\""}]},{"reference":"\"Former Iconix CEO Neil Cole Charged With Accounting Fraud\". footwearnews.com. December 5, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://footwearnews.com/2019/business/legal-news/iconix-ceo-neil-cole-arrested-accounting-fraud-1202884434/","url_text":"\"Former Iconix CEO Neil Cole Charged With Accounting Fraud\""}]},{"reference":"\"DHX Media Acquires 'Peanuts' in $345 Million Purchase of Iconix\". Variety. May 10, 2017. Retrieved May 10, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2017/tv/global/dhx-media-acquires-peanuts-in-345-million-purchase-of-iconix-1202422001/","url_text":"\"DHX Media Acquires 'Peanuts' in $345 Million Purchase of Iconix\""}]},{"reference":"\"Iconix Brand Group, Inc. Announces Hiring Of Robert Galvin As CEO\". Iconix. Retrieved October 16, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=62075&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=2371651","url_text":"\"Iconix Brand Group, Inc. Announces Hiring Of Robert Galvin As CEO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Industry Moves: October 2018\". Footwear News. October 31, 2018. Retrieved December 6, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://footwearnews.com/2018/business/executive-moves/fashion-shoes-executives-hired-fired-october-2018-1202690848/","url_text":"\"Industry Moves: October 2018\""}]},{"reference":"\"Iconix Brand Group Is Open to Selling Itself as It Looks to Tidy Balance Sheet\". footwearnews.com. July 14, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://footwearnews.com/2020/business/mergers-acquisitions/iconix-brand-group-up-for-sale-1203023156/","url_text":"\"Iconix Brand Group Is Open to Selling Itself as It Looks to Tidy Balance Sheet\""}]},{"reference":"\"Iconix Enters into Definitive Agreement to be Acquired in \"Go Private\" Transaction\" (Press release). GlobeNewswire. June 11, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2021/06/11/2245934/0/en/Iconix-Enters-into-Definitive-Agreement-to-be-Acquired-in-Go-Private-Transaction.html","url_text":"\"Iconix Enters into Definitive Agreement to be Acquired in \"Go Private\" Transaction\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GlobeNewswire","url_text":"GlobeNewswire"}]},{"reference":"\"Candie's Settles SEC Case\". The NY Post. May 2003. Retrieved July 24, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://nypost.com/2003/05/01/candies-settles-sec-case/","url_text":"\"Candie's Settles SEC Case\""}]},{"reference":"\"Iconix Brands Ex-CEO Neil Cole Charged by U.S. in Accounting Fraud\". Bloomberg. December 5, 2019. Retrieved July 24, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-12-05/iconix-brands-ex-ceo-cole-charged-by-u-s-in-accounting-fraud","url_text":"\"Iconix Brands Ex-CEO Neil Cole Charged by U.S. in Accounting Fraud\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.iconixbrand.com/","external_links_name":"www.iconixbrand.com"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121120093807/http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/snapshot/snapshot.asp?ticker=ICON","external_links_name":"Iconix Brand Group Inc."},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130811100657/http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=62075&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=1824133&highlight=","external_links_name":"\"iconix brand group, inc. - Investor Relations - Press Release\""},{"Link":"http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=62075&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=1824133&highlight=","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/iconix-brand-group-closes-acquisition-of-peanuts-95534994.html","external_links_name":"\"Iconix Brand Group Closes Acquisition of Peanuts\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120304050742/http://www.licensemag.com/licensemag/Entertainment/Iconix-Forms-Peanuts-Worldwide/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/672956","external_links_name":"\"Iconix Forms Peanuts Worldwide\""},{"Link":"http://www.licensemag.com/licensemag/Entertainment/Iconix-Forms-Peanuts-Worldwide/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/672956","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.hometextilestoday.com/article/544693-Iconix_acquires_The_Sharper_Image_brand.php","external_links_name":"\"Iconix acquires The Sharper Image brand - Home Textiles Today\""},{"Link":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-10-24/iconix-brand-buys-nike-s-umbro-soccer-unit-for-225-million-1-.html","external_links_name":"\"Iconix Brand Buys Nike’s Umbro Soccer Unit for $225 Million\" at Bloomberg.com"},{"Link":"http://www.fashinvest.com/iconix-brand-group-completes-acquisition-umbro-nike-225-million/","external_links_name":"\"Iconix Brand Group Completes Acquisition of Umbro from Nike for $225 Million\", Fashion Invest website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130129115241/http://www.fashinvest.com/iconix-brand-group-completes-acquisition-umbro-nike-225-million/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.altassets.net/private-equity-news/by-news-type/deal-news/sun-european-partners-sells-lee-cooper-for-72m.html","external_links_name":"\"Sun European Partners sells Lee Cooper for $72m\""},{"Link":"http://uk.reuters.com/article/deals-day-idUKL4N0B43WI20130204","external_links_name":"\"Deals of the Day 04/02/13\""},{"Link":"https://nypost.com/2015/02/03/strawberry-shortcake-is-new-it-girl-for-iconix/","external_links_name":"\"Strawberry Shortcake is new 'it' girl for Iconix\""},{"Link":"http://footwearnews.com/2015/business/mergers-acquisitions/iconix-acquires-north-american-rights-pony-11079/","external_links_name":"\"Iconix Acquires North American Rights for Pony\""},{"Link":"http://wwd.com/business-news/business-features/problems-at-iconix-sec-investigation-neil-cole-10304943/","external_links_name":"\"Iconix What Went Wrong?\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0149-5380","external_links_name":"0149-5380"},{"Link":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/2015/12/28/iconix-confirms-sec-investigation-shares-plunge/77968084/","external_links_name":"\"Iconix confirms SEC investigation, shares plunge\""},{"Link":"https://www.sec.gov/news/press-release/2019-251/","external_links_name":"\"SEC Charges Iconix Brand Group and Former Top Executives With Accounting Fraud\""},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iconix-brand-grp-fraud/iconix-brand-former-ceo-charged-with-accounting-fraud-idUSKBN1Y92DK","external_links_name":"\"Former Iconix Brand CEO charged with accounting fraud in U.S.\""},{"Link":"https://www.justice.gov/usao-sdny/pr/former-chief-executive-officer-publicly-traded-brand-management-company-charged","external_links_name":"\"Former Chief Executive Officer Of Publicly Traded Brand Management Company Charged With Accounting Fraud And Obstruction Of Justice\""},{"Link":"https://footwearnews.com/2019/business/legal-news/iconix-ceo-neil-cole-arrested-accounting-fraud-1202884434/","external_links_name":"\"Former Iconix CEO Neil Cole Charged With Accounting Fraud\""},{"Link":"http://footwearnews.com/2016/business/mergers-acquisitions/badgley-mischka-titan-industries-buy-trademark-rights-iconix-198799/","external_links_name":"Badgley Mischka And Titan Industries Buy Trademark Rights From Iconix"},{"Link":"https://www.fool.com/investing/2017/01/11/iconix-brand-axes-the-sharper-image.aspx","external_links_name":"Iconix Brand Sells Off the Sharper Image"},{"Link":"https://variety.com/2017/tv/global/dhx-media-acquires-peanuts-in-345-million-purchase-of-iconix-1202422001/","external_links_name":"\"DHX Media Acquires 'Peanuts' in $345 Million Purchase of Iconix\""},{"Link":"http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=62075&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=2371651","external_links_name":"\"Iconix Brand Group, Inc. Announces Hiring Of Robert Galvin As CEO\""},{"Link":"https://footwearnews.com/2018/business/executive-moves/fashion-shoes-executives-hired-fired-october-2018-1202690848/","external_links_name":"\"Industry Moves: October 2018\""},{"Link":"https://footwearnews.com/2020/business/mergers-acquisitions/iconix-brand-group-up-for-sale-1203023156/","external_links_name":"\"Iconix Brand Group Is Open to Selling Itself as It Looks to Tidy Balance Sheet\""},{"Link":"https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2021/06/11/2245934/0/en/Iconix-Enters-into-Definitive-Agreement-to-be-Acquired-in-Go-Private-Transaction.html","external_links_name":"\"Iconix Enters into Definitive Agreement to be Acquired in \"Go Private\" Transaction\""},{"Link":"https://nypost.com/2003/05/01/candies-settles-sec-case/","external_links_name":"\"Candie's Settles SEC Case\""},{"Link":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-12-05/iconix-brands-ex-ceo-cole-charged-by-u-s-in-accounting-fraud","external_links_name":"\"Iconix Brands Ex-CEO Neil Cole Charged by U.S. in Accounting Fraud\""},{"Link":"https://www.iconixbrand.com/brands/","external_links_name":"Brands archive"},{"Link":"https://www.iconixbrand.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANEC_I	ANEC I	["1 History","2 Variants","3 Survivors","4 Operators","5 Specifications (ANEC I)","6 References","7 External links"]	ANEC I / II ANEC II, G-EBJO, at the Shuttleworth Collection Role ultralight aircraftType of aircraft Manufacturer Air Navigation and Engineering Company Limited Designer W.S. Shackleton First flight 1923 Number built 3 (ANEC I), 1 (ANEC II) The ANEC I and ANEC II were 1920s British single-engine ultralight aircraft designed and built by Air Navigation and Engineering Company Limited at Addlestone Surrey. One was privately constructed in Brisbane, Australia. History The ANEC I and II, designed by W.S Shackleton, were amongst the earliest ultralight aircraft; they were very small, wooden, strut braced high-wing monoplanes. The first ANEC I, registered G-EBHR, first flew at Brooklands on 21 August 1923. It was the first aircraft with an inverted engine, a 696 cc Blackburne Tomtit, to fly in the United Kingdom. The ANEC I was designed to the rules of the 1923 Lympne light aircraft trials, principally an engine capacity limit of 750 cc, and the two aircraft completed that August took part. The main prizes were for fuel economy and the second ANEC I G-EBIL, flown by Jimmy James, shared half of the £1,500 prize with an English Electric Wren for flights of 87.5 miles (141 km) on one gallon (4.54 L) of petrol. He later reached an altitude of 14,000 ft (4,267 m) in it. G-EBIL was evaluated by the Air Ministry in 1924, briefly carrying the RAF serial J7506. Afterwards it was modified with a wingspan greatly reduced from 32 ft to 18 ft 4 in (9.75 m to 5.59 m) and re-engined with a 1,000 cc Anzani engine for entry in the 1925 Lympne August Bank Holiday Races, designated the ANEC IA. Only one more ANEC I was constructed. It was built in Australia by George Beohm, who went on to design the Genairco Biplane, and Horrie Miller. E. W. Beckman, the owner of the aircraft, intended to enter it in the Low-Powered Aeroplane Competition held at Richmond in December 1924, but it was not completed until the following year. The first of the two built in the United Kingdom in 1923, G-EBHR, was exported to Australia in the second half of 1924. The ANEC II was an enlarged version of the ANEC I built for the 1924 Lympne light aircraft trials competition. Following the revised competition rules, it was a two-seater and its more powerful 1,100 cc Anzani inverted V twin-cylinder had the greatest capacity allowed. The wing area was increased by 28% to accommodate the extra weight by a 5 ft 2 in (1.57 m) span extension. It was also longer by almost the same amount. Engine problems kept it from flying in the competition and out of the Grosvenor Trophy race that immediately followed. In 1927 a new owner refitted it with a 32 hp (24 kW) Bristol Cherub III flat twin engine, a larger rudder, and a more conventional undercarriage with larger wheels mounted on a cross axle attached to the lower fuselage with a pair of V-struts. In 1931 another new owner fitted a heavier 30 hp (22 kW) ABC Scorpion engine, another flat twin and, to keep the weight down, reworked it as a single seater. It was in this condition when it was acquired by Richard Shuttleworth in about 1937. Shuttleworth's ANEC II Variants ANEC I – three built ANEC IA – ANEC I with reduced wingspan, one modified. ANEC II – two-seat version, one built Survivors The 1924 ANEC II G-EBJO is owned and operated by The Shuttleworth Collection in the UK and is maintained to an airworthy condition. It underwent restoration to post-Lympne configuration, being completed in 2004, with a single seat, revised undercarriage and fitted with an ABC Scorpion II 30 HP engine. It can be seen flown at Shuttleworth airshows in the summer months, as well as on static display as part of the Collection all year round. Operators Australia: 2 ANEC I aircraft United Kingdom: 1 ANEC I, 1 ANEC II Specifications (ANEC I) ANEC II 3-view drawing from NACA-TM-289 Data from Jane's all the World's Aircraft 1924, British Civil Aviation since 1919 Volume 1General characteristics Crew: 1 Length: 15 ft 7 in (4.75 m) Wingspan: 32 ft 10 in (10.01 m) Height: 3 ft (0.91 m) Wing area: 145 sq ft (13.5 m2) Empty weight: 290 lb (132 kg) Gross weight: 470 lb (213 kg) Powerplant: 1 × Blackburne Tomtit 2-cylinder air-cooled inverted V piston engine, 16 hp (12 kW) Propellers: 2-bladed fixed pitch propeller Performance Maximum speed: 74 mph (119 km/h, 64 kn) Stall speed: 32 mph (51 km/h, 28 kn) Time to altitude: 3,000 ft (910 m) in 8minutes Wing loading: 3.21 lb/sq ft (15.7 kg/m2) Power/mass: 23.2 hp/lb (38.1 kW/kg) Fuel consumption: 60 mpg‑imp (21 km/L) References ^ a b c d e f Jackson, A. J. (1973). British Civil Aviation since 1919 Volume 1 (2nd ed.). London: Putnam. pp. 34–37. ISBN 978-0-370-10006-7. ^ a b c d e Meggs, Keith Raymond (2009). Australian-built Aircraft and the Industry Volume 1. Seymour, Victoria: Finger-Four Publishing. p. 323. ISBN 978-1-920892-77-7. ^ a b c d Sanger, Ray (2008). Bleriot in Britain 1899-1927. Tonbridge, Kent: Air-Britain (Historians) Ltd. p. 159. ISBN 978-0-85130-399-4. ^ a b Ord-Hume, Arthur W.J.G. (2000). British Light Aeroplanes. Peterborough: GMS Enterprises. pp. 226–227. ISBN 978-1-870384-76-6. ^ The Shuttleworth Collection – ANEC II Retrieved: 8 September 2017 ^ Grey, C.G. (1924). Jane's all the World's Aircraft 1924. London: Sampson, Low, Marston & co Ltd. p. 6b. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to ANEC I. British Aircraft Directory ANEC I British Aircraft Directory ANEC II AirTeamImages vteAir Navigation and Engineering Company (ANEC) aircraftManufacturer designations ANEC I ANEC II ANEC III ANEC IV	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Air Navigation and Engineering Company Limited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Navigation_and_Engineering_Company"},{"link_name":"Addlestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addlestone"},{"link_name":"Surrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrey"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jackson-1"},{"link_name":"Brisbane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brisbane"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Meggs-2"}],"text":"The ANEC I and ANEC II were 1920s British single-engine ultralight aircraft designed and built by Air Navigation and Engineering Company Limited at Addlestone Surrey.[1] One was privately constructed in Brisbane, Australia.[2]","title":"ANEC I"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ultralight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultralight_aviation"},{"link_name":"monoplanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoplanes"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jackson-1"},{"link_name":"Brooklands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklands"},{"link_name":"Blackburne Tomtit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackburne_Tomtit"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"1923 Lympne light aircraft trials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lympne_light_aircraft_trials#1923"},{"link_name":"English Electric Wren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Electric_Wren"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jackson-1"},{"link_name":"Air Ministry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Ministry"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sanger-3"},{"link_name":"Anzani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anzani"},{"link_name":"Lympne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lympne_Aerodrome"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jackson-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jackson-1"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"George Beohm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Beohm&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Genairco Biplane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genairco_Biplane"},{"link_name":"Horrie Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horrie_Miller_(aviator)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Meggs-2"},{"link_name":"Richmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAAF_Base_Richmond"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Meggs-2"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Meggs-2"},{"link_name":"1924 Lympne light aircraft trials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lympne_light_aircraft_trials#1924"},{"link_name":"Anzani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anzani"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OH-4"},{"link_name":"Grosvenor Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grosvenor_Trophy"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sanger-3"},{"link_name":"Bristol Cherub III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_Cherub"},{"link_name":"ABC Scorpion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_Scorpion"},{"link_name":"Richard Shuttleworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Ormonde_Shuttleworth"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sanger-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ANECII.JPG"}],"text":"The ANEC I and II, designed by W.S Shackleton, were amongst the earliest ultralight aircraft; they were very small, wooden, strut braced high-wing monoplanes.[1] The first ANEC I, registered G-EBHR, first flew at Brooklands on 21 August 1923. It was the first aircraft with an inverted engine, a 696 cc Blackburne Tomtit, to fly in the United Kingdom. The ANEC I was designed to the rules of the 1923 Lympne light aircraft trials, principally an engine capacity limit of 750 cc, and the two aircraft completed that August took part. The main prizes were for fuel economy and the second ANEC I G-EBIL, flown by Jimmy James, shared half of the £1,500 prize with an English Electric Wren for flights of 87.5 miles (141 km) on one gallon (4.54 L) of petrol. He later reached an altitude of 14,000 ft (4,267 m) in it.[1] G-EBIL was evaluated by the Air Ministry in 1924, briefly carrying the RAF serial J7506.[3] Afterwards it was modified with a wingspan greatly reduced from 32 ft to 18 ft 4 in (9.75 m to 5.59 m) and re-engined with a 1,000 cc Anzani engine for entry in the 1925 Lympne August Bank Holiday Races, designated the ANEC IA.[1]Only one more ANEC I was constructed.[1] It was built in Australia by George Beohm, who went on to design the Genairco Biplane, and Horrie Miller.[2] E. W. Beckman, the owner of the aircraft, intended to enter it in the Low-Powered Aeroplane Competition held at Richmond in December 1924, but it was not completed until the following year.[2] The first of the two built in the United Kingdom in 1923, G-EBHR, was exported to Australia in the second half of 1924.[2]The ANEC II was an enlarged version of the ANEC I built for the 1924 Lympne light aircraft trials competition. Following the revised competition rules, it was a two-seater and its more powerful 1,100 cc Anzani inverted V twin-cylinder had the greatest capacity allowed. The wing area was increased by 28% to accommodate the extra weight by a 5 ft 2 in (1.57 m) span extension. It was also longer by almost the same amount.[4] Engine problems kept it from flying in the competition and out of the Grosvenor Trophy race that immediately followed.[3]In 1927 a new owner refitted it with a 32 hp (24 kW) Bristol Cherub III flat twin engine, a larger rudder, and a more conventional undercarriage with larger wheels mounted on a cross axle attached to the lower fuselage with a pair of V-struts. In 1931 another new owner fitted a heavier 30 hp (22 kW) ABC Scorpion engine, another flat twin and, to keep the weight down, reworked it as a single seater. It was in this condition when it was acquired by Richard Shuttleworth in about 1937.[3]Shuttleworth's ANEC II","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"ANEC I – three built\nANEC IA – ANEC I with reduced wingspan, one modified.\nANEC II – two-seat version, one built","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Shuttleworth Collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shuttleworth_Collection"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The 1924 ANEC II G-EBJO is owned and operated by The Shuttleworth Collection in the UK and is maintained to an airworthy condition. It underwent restoration to post-Lympne configuration, being completed in 2004, with a single seat, revised undercarriage and fitted with an ABC Scorpion II 30 HP engine. It can be seen flown at Shuttleworth airshows in the summer months, as well as on static display as part of the Collection all year round.[5]","title":"Survivors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"}],"text":"Australia: 2 ANEC I aircraft\n United Kingdom: 1 ANEC I, 1 ANEC II","title":"Operators"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ANEC_II_3-view_NACA-TM-289.jpg"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JAWA1924-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jackson-1"},{"link_name":"Blackburne Tomtit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackburne_Tomtit"},{"link_name":"Power/mass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power-to-weight_ratio"}],"text":"ANEC II 3-view drawing from NACA-TM-289Data from Jane's all the World's Aircraft 1924,[6] British Civil Aviation since 1919 Volume 1[1]General characteristicsCrew: 1\nLength: 15 ft 7 in (4.75 m)\nWingspan: 32 ft 10 in (10.01 m)\nHeight: 3 ft (0.91 m)\nWing area: 145 sq ft (13.5 m2)\nEmpty weight: 290 lb (132 kg)\nGross weight: 470 lb (213 kg)\nPowerplant: 1 × Blackburne Tomtit 2-cylinder air-cooled inverted V piston engine, 16 hp (12 kW)\nPropellers: 2-bladed fixed pitch propellerPerformanceMaximum speed: 74 mph (119 km/h, 64 kn)\nStall speed: 32 mph (51 km/h, 28 kn)\nTime to altitude: 3,000 ft (910 m) in 8minutes\nWing loading: 3.21 lb/sq ft (15.7 kg/m2)\nPower/mass: 23.2 hp/lb (38.1 kW/kg)\nFuel consumption: 60 mpg‑imp (21 km/L)","title":"Specifications (ANEC I)"}]	[{"image_text":"Shuttleworth's ANEC II","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/ANECII.JPG/220px-ANECII.JPG"},{"image_text":"ANEC II 3-view drawing from NACA-TM-289","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/ANEC_II_3-view_NACA-TM-289.jpg/220px-ANEC_II_3-view_NACA-TM-289.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Jackson, A. J. (1973). British Civil Aviation since 1919 Volume 1 (2nd ed.). London: Putnam. pp. 34–37. ISBN 978-0-370-10006-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-370-10006-7","url_text":"978-0-370-10006-7"}]},{"reference":"Meggs, Keith Raymond (2009). Australian-built Aircraft and the Industry Volume 1. Seymour, Victoria: Finger-Four Publishing. p. 323. ISBN 978-1-920892-77-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-920892-77-7","url_text":"978-1-920892-77-7"}]},{"reference":"Sanger, Ray (2008). Bleriot in Britain 1899-1927. Tonbridge, Kent: Air-Britain (Historians) Ltd. p. 159. ISBN 978-0-85130-399-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85130-399-4","url_text":"978-0-85130-399-4"}]},{"reference":"Ord-Hume, Arthur W.J.G. (2000). British Light Aeroplanes. Peterborough: GMS Enterprises. pp. 226–227. ISBN 978-1-870384-76-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-870384-76-6","url_text":"978-1-870384-76-6"}]},{"reference":"Grey, C.G. (1924). Jane's all the World's Aircraft 1924. London: Sampson, Low, Marston & co Ltd. p. 6b.","urls":[]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.shuttleworth.org/collection/anec/","external_links_name":"The Shuttleworth Collection – ANEC II"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070210110913/http://www.britishaircraft.co.uk/aircraftpage.php?ID=715","external_links_name":"British Aircraft Directory ANEC I"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070210110923/http://www.britishaircraft.co.uk/aircraftpage.php?ID=716","external_links_name":"British Aircraft Directory ANEC II"},{"Link":"http://www.airteamimages.com/4042.html","external_links_name":"AirTeamImages"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Republic_of_Texas	Foreign relations of the Republic of Texas	["1 Bilateral relations of nations","1.1 Austria","1.2 Belgium","1.3 Denmark","1.4 Federal Republic of Central America","1.5 France","1.6 Great Britain","1.7 Hanseatic Cities","1.8 Mexico","1.9 Netherlands","1.10 Russian Empire","1.11 United States","1.12 Republic of Yucatán","2 Treaties of the Republic of Texas","2.1 Treaties of Velasco","2.2 Treaty of Bird's Fort","2.3 Treaty of Tehuacana Creek","3 See also","4 References","5 Further reading"]	Texan Flag The Republic of Texas was a North American nation from 1836 to 1846; in its short time it established diplomatic relations worldwide, mainly through the cotton trade. Bilateral relations of nations Austria William H. Daingerfield, a representative of Texas, visited Austria in February 1845 and found the people of Vienna to have a favorable impression of the Republic. While in Vienna, Daingerfield received news of Texas' annexation to the United States, and therefore was prohibited to communicate with the Austrian government despite repeated entreaties. The Austrian Empire was well aware of the Republic of Texas; František Ladislav Rieger used the ideals of popular sovereignty in the Texan Constitution to craft a constitution of Austria-Hungary, and many Austrians moved to Texas. In Hungary, the newspaper Vasárnapi Újság , which published extensive information about the Republic, put out a call for ladies to move to Texas. Many Czechs also immigrated to the Republic. Belgium Texas had a consulate in Antwerp. Just five years after Belgian independence, Texas declared independence. Texas exported cotton, corn, and other raw materials to Belgium. Belgium exported iron, tea, beer, and many other products to Texas. Belgium had a legation in Austin, and Texas had an embassy in Brussels. Denmark Denmark was very hesitant to recognize Texas at first, as it deemed its relations with Mexico a priority, and worried that recognition of Texas would violate the 1827 Treaty of Friendship, Trade and Navigation it had signed with Mexico. Denmark, though not extending itself diplomatically, did however go as far as allowing Texan goods into Danish ports but would later put a tariff on all imports from Texas. Aside from the almost one-way trading, relations between the two nations were almost non-existent. Trade between the two nations was minimal, but the Texas did export some cotton and corn to Denmark and its colonies. Denmark may have exported some wheat and finished goods to the Texas republic; however, this cannot be proven. Trade did not last long before Denmark put a tariff on Texan goods. Federal Republic of Central America Main article: Federal Republic of Central America In 1823 Mexico's southernmost provinces seceded from the union forming a Federation of their own, under the name Federal Republic of Central America. Texas seceded in a much different fashion, and for different reasons, but with the same intention of being free from Mexico. Thus the two nations were seen as destined for diplomacy but few missions were ever enacted, due to their differences in religion, language, and ethics. Perhaps Texas' greatest influence over the Federation was the encouragement of nationalism, and in fact the strong feeling of nationalism Texas had was growing in The Central American States, triggering the fragmentation of the Federation into five independent states. Trade and relations between Texas and the former FRCA remained at a minimum, but Guatemala continued relations, and in 1845 was considering opening an embassy in Austin, Texas; however, Texas was annexed by the United States before this was possible. France This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (August 2011) The Hôtel Bataille de Francès, place Vendôme in Paris, housed the Embassy of the Republic of Texas Main article: France – Republic of Texas relations France began the steps toward official recognition of Texas on September 25, 1839. In 1841 the French opened a legation in Austin, and Texas opened an embassy in Paris. A legation is the equivalent of an embassy, but in that era monarchies sent only legations to republics, with embassies only being sent to other monarchies. Great Britain Texas had a consulate in London; Britain had a consulate in Houston. In 1845 Texas was in the process of applying for an embassy in London; the United States annexed Texas before this was possible. The British never intended to open an embassy in Austin. France also considered putting a consulate general in Houston. The British Empire had strong diplomatic relations with Mexico since 1824. When Texas seceded from Mexico, the Mexican government refused to recognize its sovereignty. The British Empire wanted to maintain its diplomacy with Mexico, thus denying recognition of the Republic of Texas. The British went so far as to supply the Mexican Navy with ironclad warships. At the same time, London ports were secretly accepting Texan goods. Of all the reasons for refusal of recognition, none were so important as the practice of slavery, which was outlawed throughout the British Empire but practiced in Texas, thus creating an ethical divide between the two nations, solidifying Britain's stance on the Texas sovereignty issue. The British Empire and the Republic of Texas, regardless of the former's refusal to recognize the latter as independent, imported and exported trade goods. The British allowed more imports than exports, Texan cotton was needed for textile work in England, some of the finished product, which was sold world wide, found its way back to Texas on British ships. Eventually, the British Empire recognized the Republic of Texas in the summer of 1842. Hanseatic Cities From the early to mid 1840s, Texas sought to, and technically did establish diplomatic and trade relations with the three Hanseatic cities of Lübeck, Bremen, and Hamburg, though the trade negotiations were finalized too late to really bear any fruit. The three Hanseatic Republics were each for themselves sovereign city-states, yet linked through a joint foreign policy. They already maintained a consulate in Galveston (later also Indianola), and were Texas' third largest trading partner, after the U.S. and Britain. Negotiations for a Friendship, Commerce, and Navigation Treaty were initiated by the Texan Envoy and Minister to the Netherlands, and commenced in 1841. The treaty foresaw a most favored nation-clause not only between the three city-states and Texas, but also extendable to any state of the German Confederation. Talks were initially held in Hamburg, but later moved to Paris. It took until April 1844 for the treaty to be signed, by which time Lübeck, Hamburg, and Texas foresaw the coming accession of Texas to the U.S., and did not bother ratifying the treaty. Bremen was the only party where the treaty was ratified, coming into effect in December 1844. Mexico Main article: Mexico – Republic of Texas relations Mexico never recognized Texas' independence. Instead the Mexican government considered Texas a rebellious territory still belonging to Mexico. By 1838 Texas had a firm hold on its eastern lands, but the majority of Texas remained under Mexican control. Texas claimed the official southern and western border between the two countries to be the Rio Grande. Mexico considered it a ridiculous compromise to allow even the eastern part of Texas to remain independent. Netherlands It did not take long for the Netherlands to decide to open an embassy in Austin, in mimicry of Belgium. In response, Texas opened an embassy in Amsterdam. France, Belgium, and the Netherlands were the only three European nations to fully and officially recognize Texas as a sovereign nation. A marginal number of Dutch immigrants began to settle in Texas; however, the percentage of Dutch Texans would remain below 3% until after the Civil War and the end of the American Restoration, when Dutch majority towns, such as Nederland, began to pop up across the state. Very few, if any Texans moved to the Netherlands. Texas exported cotton, corn and other raw materials to the Netherlands, the Netherlands exported textiles, chocolate, beer and many other products to Texas. Russian Empire Russia did not commence diplomacy with Mexico until 1890. Attempting to maintain its relations with the US, Russia recognized Texas as an independent state from 1836 until the annexation of Texas by the United States, which Russia also fully supported. Neither Russia nor Texas built an embassy in the other's capital, and it is not known diplomats were sent. Texas exported cotton, and possibly some corn to Russia; however the amount was minute in comparison to that sent to Western Europe. Russia exported nothing to Texas, but did export wheat and grain to the United States, some of which may have been exported to Texas. United States This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (August 2011) Main article: Republic of Texas – United States relations In 1831 the United States opened an legation in Austin. In 1841 the Republic of Texas opened an embassy in Washington, DC. Republic of Yucatán This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (August 2011) Main article: Republic of Texas – Yucatán relations Yucatán had an embassy in Austin, Texas had an embassy in Mérida. Both insurgencies had tried to secede from Mexico, and aided each other in disputes with Mexico. The Yucatán insurgency was unsuccessful. Treaties of the Republic of Texas Treaties of Velasco Main article: Treaties of Velasco The Treaties of Velasco were two documents signed at Velasco, Texas, (which is now Freeport, Texas) on May 14, 1836, between President of Mexico, General Antonio López de Santa Anna, and victorious Texians, in the aftermath of Battle of San Jacinto (April 21, 1836). At the time, Santa Anna was held prisoner and entered into the agreements under duress. The signatories were Interim President David G. Burnet for Texas and General Santa Anna for Mexico. The Treaties were intended, on the part of the Texans, to provide a conclusion of hostilities between the two belligerents and offer the first steps toward the official recognition of the breakaway region's independence. However, there was a public treaty and a secret treaty, and the treaty was never ratified by the Mexican Congress. Moreover, the documents were not even called "treaties" until so characterized by U.S. President James K. Polk in his justifications for war some ten years later, as was pointed out by Congressman Abraham Lincoln in 1848. Treaty of Bird's Fort Main article: Treaty of Bird's Fort The Treaty of Bird’s Fort, or Bird’s Fort Treaty was a peace treaty between the Republic of Texas and some of the Native American tribes of Texas and Oklahoma, signed on September 29, 1843. The treaty was intended to end years of hostilities and warfare between the Native Americans and the white settlers in Texas. The full title of the treaty was “Republic of Texas Treaty with the Indigenous Nations of the Delaware, Chickasaw, Waco, Tawakani, Keechi, Caddo, Anadahkah, Ionie, Biloxi, and Cherokee.” Treaty of Tehuacana Creek Main article: Treaty of Tehuacana Creek The Treaty of Tehuacana Creek (or the Treaty of Peace, Friendship and Commerce) was signed at Tehuacana Creek on October 9, 1844 between representatives from the Republic of Texas and various Native American tribes. The tribes involved in the signing of the treaty were the Comanche, the Keechi, the Waco, Caddo, Anadarko, Ioni, Delaware, Shawnee, Cherokee, Lipan Apache, and Tawakoni tribes. Based on the terms of the treaty, both Native Americans and Texans agreed to cease all hostilities and establish more cooperative political and commercial ties. Texas violated the terms of all treaties. The Cherokee, Delaware, and Shawnee were driven out by unprovoked attacks. The Tonkawa were nearly exterminated. The Lipan were either driven to Mexico or took refuge with the Mexican population. See also United States Ambassador to Texas References ^ Chase, Mary Katherine (1932). Négociations de la république du Texas en Europe, 1837-1845. Paris. p. 159.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) ^ Kann, Robert A. (1964). Das Nationalitätenproblem der Habsburgermonarchie; Geschichte und Ideengehalt der nationalen Bestrebungen vom Vormärz bis zur Auflösung des Reiches im Jahre 1918. Vol. 2. H. Böhlau. p. 315. OCLC 1151738700. ^ Struve, Walter 1935- (1996). Germans & Texans commerce, migration and culture in the days of the Lone Star republic. University of Texas Press. p. 50. ISBN 0-292-77701-9. OCLC 722954907.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ Kökény, Andrea (Fall 2014). "The History of the Texas Republic as Reflected in the Hungarian Press". e-Journal of American Studies in Hungary. 10 (2). ^ "TSHA \| Czechs". www.tshaonline.org. Retrieved 2021-05-13. ^ a b "CONSULAR SERVICE OF THE REPUBLIC OF TEXAS", Handbook of Texas, Texas State Historical Association ^ "Collection of twenty-five treaties between Mexico and other nations made between 1825 and 1856, with an appendix containing another five treaties and documents involving the United States, Mexico and Latin American nations". Antiqurian Booksellers. Archived from the original on 2011-09-28. Retrieved 4 August 2011. ^ Ethel Zivley Ratiler. "Recognition of the Republic of Texas by the United States". Retrieved 4 August 2011. ^ "Europages: Crop services". Archived from the original on 22 January 2013. Retrieved 4 August 2011. ^ "United Provinces of Central America". Encyclopædia Britannica. 21 August 2023. ^ "El Salvador - THE UNITED PROVINCES OF CENTRAL AMERICA". countrystudies.us. ^ a b "The Embassy of the Republic of Texas \| Buildings". Archived from the original on 2011-05-12. Retrieved 2011-08-26. ^ "Texas Annexation Questions and Answers - TSLAC". state.tx.us. ^ "1839TexasNavy". ^ "REPUBLIC OF TEXAS". tshaonline.org. ^ a b "Texas Slavery Project". texasslaveryproject.org. ^ "Focus on Texas History, Bibliography". utexas.edu. ^ a b c Struve, Walter (2014). Germans and Texans: Commerce, Migration, and Culture in the Days of the Lone Star Republic. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press. p. see "Table 3" and two pages up. ISBN 9780292785748. ^ "Convention of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between the Republic of Texas and the Hanseatic Republics of Lübeck, Bremen and Hamburgh". nationoftexas.com. 17 April 1844. Retrieved 29 June 2016. ^ "Dyn.com Parked Domain Page". nlconsulatehouston.org. ^ "GenealogyMagazine.com - dutch". genealogymagazine.com. ^ "Dutch West India Company". sonofthesouth.net. ^ http://gregor.us/relations/russia-republic-of-texas/ ^ "Russia's Foreign Trade and Economic Expansion in the Seventeenth Century". brill.nl. ^ "Texas Legation Records - Texas State Library - TSLAC". state.tx.us. ^ "Texas Navy Association -Home". texasnavy.com. ^ "A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774 - 1875". loc.gov. ^ "Bird's Fort Treaty Ratification Proclamation, 1843". state.tx.us. ^ "Treaty Between The United States and The Republic of Texas - April 11, 1838". Texas Nationalist Movement. Archived from the original on February 3, 2013. Retrieved August 7, 2011. Further reading Anderson, H. Allen. “The Delaware and Shawnee Indians and the Republic of Texas, 1820-1845.” The Southwestern Historical Quarterly, vol. 94, no. 2, 1990, pp. 231–260. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/30241361. Accessed 29 Apr. 2020. J'Nell, L. Pate. Arsenal of Defense: Fort Worth's Military Legacy. Texas A&M University Press, 2011. Muckleroy, Anna. “Indian Policy of the Republic of Texas: Chapter VI. Indian Affairs during Houston's Administration and during Jones's Administration.” The Southwestern Historical Quarterly, vol. 26, no. 3, 1923, pp. 184–206. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/30234860. Accessed 29 Apr. 2020. Pletcher, David M. The Diplomacy of Annexation: Texas, Oregon, and the Mexican War. Columbia: University of Missouri Press 1973. ISBN 0-8262-0135-0 vte Foreign relations of the Republic of TexasBilateral relations Belgium France Mexico United States Yucatán Diplomats of the Republic of Texas Branch T. Archer Barnard E. Bee, Sr. Ashbel Smith Treaties of the Republic of Texas Treaties of Velasco Treaty of Bird's Fort Treaty of Tehuacana Creek vteForeign relations of former countries Chinese Empire Ottoman Empire Mughal Empire Nazi Germany Ryukyu Kingdom Russian Empire Serbia and Montenegro Soviet Union Republic of Texas Tibet Yugoslavia Zanzibar	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Texas.svg"},{"link_name":"Republic of Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Texas"},{"link_name":"North American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America"},{"link_name":"cotton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton"}],"text":"Texan FlagThe Republic of Texas was a North American nation from 1836 to 1846; in its short time it established diplomatic relations worldwide, mainly through the cotton trade.","title":"Foreign relations of the Republic of Texas"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Bilateral relations of nations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William H. Daingerfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_H._Daingerfield"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Empire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"František Ladislav Rieger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franti%C5%A1ek_Ladislav_Rieger"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Vasárnapi Újság","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vas%C3%A1rnapi_%C3%9Ajs%C3%A1g&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"hu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vas%C3%A1rnapi_%C3%9Ajs%C3%A1g_(hetilap,_1834%E2%80%931848)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Austria","text":"William H. Daingerfield, a representative of Texas, visited Austria in February 1845 and found the people of Vienna to have a favorable impression of the Republic. While in Vienna, Daingerfield received news of Texas' annexation to the United States, and therefore was prohibited to communicate with the Austrian government despite repeated entreaties.[1]The Austrian Empire was well aware of the Republic of Texas; František Ladislav Rieger used the ideals of popular sovereignty in the Texan Constitution to craft a constitution of Austria-Hungary,[2] and many Austrians moved to Texas.[3] In Hungary, the newspaper Vasárnapi Újság [hu], which published extensive information about the Republic, put out a call for ladies to move to Texas.[4] Many Czechs also immigrated to the Republic.[5]","title":"Bilateral relations of nations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Antwerp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerp"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-handbook-6"},{"link_name":"cotton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton"},{"link_name":"corn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corn"},{"link_name":"iron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron"},{"link_name":"tea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tea"},{"link_name":"beer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer"},{"link_name":"Austin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Brussels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels"}],"sub_title":"Belgium","text":"Texas had a consulate in Antwerp.[6] Just five years after Belgian independence, Texas declared independence. Texas exported cotton, corn, and other raw materials to Belgium. Belgium exported iron, tea, beer, and many other products to Texas. Belgium had a legation in Austin, and Texas had an embassy in Brussels.","title":"Bilateral relations of nations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"relations with Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Mexico_relations"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FriendshipTreaty-7"},{"link_name":"dubious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement"},{"link_name":"discuss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Foreign_relations_of_the_Republic_of_Texas#Dubious"},{"link_name":"tariff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariff"},{"link_name":"its colonies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_colonial_empire"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Trades-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-agriculture-9"}],"sub_title":"Denmark","text":"Denmark was very hesitant to recognize Texas at first, as it deemed its relations with Mexico a priority, and worried that recognition of Texas would violate the 1827 Treaty of Friendship, Trade and Navigation it had signed with Mexico.[7][dubious – discuss] Denmark, though not extending itself diplomatically, did however go as far as allowing Texan goods into Danish ports but would later put a tariff on all imports from Texas. Aside from the almost one-way trading, relations between the two nations were almost non-existent.Trade between the two nations was minimal, but the Texas did export some cotton and corn to Denmark and its colonies.[8] Denmark may have exported some wheat and finished goods to the Texas republic; however, this cannot be proven.[9] Trade did not last long before Denmark put a tariff on Texan goods.","title":"Bilateral relations of nations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mexico's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Federal Republic of Central America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Central_America"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Federation-10"},{"link_name":"different fashion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Central American States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Central_America"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dissolution-11"},{"link_name":"Austin, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin,_Texas"},{"link_name":"annexed by the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Annexation"}],"sub_title":"Federal Republic of Central America","text":"In 1823 Mexico's southernmost provinces seceded from the union forming a Federation of their own, under the name Federal Republic of Central America.[10] Texas seceded in a much different fashion, and for different reasons, but with the same intention of being free from Mexico. Thus the two nations were seen as destined for diplomacy but few missions were ever enacted, due to their differences in religion, language, and ethics. Perhaps Texas' greatest influence over the Federation was the encouragement of nationalism, and in fact the strong feeling of nationalism Texas had was growing in The Central American States, triggering the fragmentation of the Federation into five independent states.[11] Trade and relations between Texas and the former FRCA remained at a minimum, but Guatemala continued relations, and in 1845 was considering opening an embassy in Austin, Texas; however, Texas was annexed by the United States before this was possible.","title":"Bilateral relations of nations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:H%C3%B4tel_Bataille_de_Franc%C3%A8s.jpg"},{"link_name":"place Vendôme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Place_Vend%C3%B4me"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"opened a legation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Legation"},{"link_name":"Austin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Texas"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris,_France"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-handbook-6"},{"link_name":"legation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legation"}],"sub_title":"France","text":"The Hôtel Bataille de Francès, place Vendôme in Paris, housed the Embassy of the Republic of TexasFrance began the steps toward official recognition of Texas on September 25, 1839. In 1841 the French opened a legation in Austin, and Texas opened an embassy in Paris.[6] A legation is the equivalent of an embassy, but in that era monarchies sent only legations to republics, with embassies only being sent to other monarchies.","title":"Bilateral relations of nations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston,_Texas"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London,_England"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Austin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Embassy-12"},{"link_name":"British Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"seceded from Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Republic of Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Texas"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NoRecognition-13"},{"link_name":"ironclad warships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironclads"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ironclads-14"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London,_England"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SecretTrade-15"},{"link_name":"slavery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Slavery-16"},{"link_name":"British Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire"},{"link_name":"Republic of Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Texas"},{"link_name":"cotton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ImportExport-17"}],"sub_title":"Great Britain","text":"Texas had a consulate in London; Britain had a consulate in Houston. In 1845 Texas was in the process of applying for an embassy in London; the United States annexed Texas before this was possible. The British never intended to open an embassy in Austin.[12] France also considered putting a consulate general in Houston.The British Empire had strong diplomatic relations with Mexico since 1824. When Texas seceded from Mexico, the Mexican government refused to recognize its sovereignty. The British Empire wanted to maintain its diplomacy with Mexico, thus denying recognition of the Republic of Texas.[13] The British went so far as to supply the Mexican Navy with ironclad warships.[14] At the same time, London ports were secretly accepting Texan goods.[15] Of all the reasons for refusal of recognition, none were so important as the practice of slavery, which was outlawed throughout the British Empire but practiced in Texas, thus creating an ethical divide between the two nations, solidifying Britain's stance on the Texas sovereignty issue.[16]The British Empire and the Republic of Texas, regardless of the former's refusal to recognize the latter as independent, imported and exported trade goods. The British allowed more imports than exports, Texan cotton was needed for textile work in England, some of the finished product, which was sold world wide, found its way back to Texas on British ships.[17]Eventually, the British Empire recognized the Republic of Texas in the summer of 1842.","title":"Bilateral relations of nations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hanseatic cities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanseatic_cities"},{"link_name":"Lübeck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck"},{"link_name":"Bremen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremen"},{"link_name":"Hamburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg"},{"link_name":"city-states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City-state"},{"link_name":"Galveston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galveston,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Indianola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianola,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Struve-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Struve-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"most favored nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Most_favoured_nation"},{"link_name":"state of the German Confederation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_of_the_German_Confederation"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Struve-18"}],"sub_title":"Hanseatic Cities","text":"From the early to mid 1840s, Texas sought to, and technically did establish diplomatic and trade relations with the three Hanseatic cities of Lübeck, Bremen, and Hamburg, though the trade negotiations were finalized too late to really bear any fruit. The three Hanseatic Republics were each for themselves sovereign city-states, yet linked through a joint foreign policy. They already maintained a consulate in Galveston (later also Indianola), and were Texas' third largest trading partner, after the U.S. and Britain.[18]Negotiations for a Friendship, Commerce, and Navigation Treaty[18][19] were initiated by the Texan Envoy and Minister to the Netherlands, and commenced in 1841. The treaty foresaw a most favored nation-clause not only between the three city-states and Texas, but also extendable to any state of the German Confederation.[18] Talks were initially held in Hamburg, but later moved to Paris. It took until April 1844 for the treaty to be signed, by which time Lübeck, Hamburg, and Texas foresaw the coming accession of Texas to the U.S., and did not bother ratifying the treaty. Bremen was the only party where the treaty was ratified, coming into effect in December 1844.","title":"Bilateral relations of nations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rio Grande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Grande"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Mexico","text":"Mexico never recognized Texas' independence. Instead the Mexican government considered Texas a rebellious territory still belonging to Mexico. By 1838 Texas had a firm hold on its eastern lands, but the majority of Texas remained under Mexican control. Texas claimed the official southern and western border between the two countries to be the Rio Grande.[citation needed] Mexico considered it a ridiculous compromise to allow even the eastern part of Texas to remain independent.","title":"Bilateral relations of nations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Austin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Amsterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Embassy-12"},{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_people"},{"link_name":"Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"American Restoration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restoration_Movement"},{"link_name":"Nederland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederland,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DutchTexans-21"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Trade-22"}],"sub_title":"Netherlands","text":"It did not take long for the Netherlands to decide to open an embassy in Austin, in mimicry of Belgium. In response, Texas opened an embassy in Amsterdam.[20] France, Belgium, and the Netherlands were the only three European nations to fully and officially recognize Texas as a sovereign nation.[12]A marginal number of Dutch immigrants began to settle in Texas; however, the percentage of Dutch Texans would remain below 3% until after the Civil War and the end of the American Restoration, when Dutch majority towns, such as Nederland, began to pop up across the state.[21] Very few, if any Texans moved to the Netherlands.Texas exported cotton, corn and other raw materials to the Netherlands, the Netherlands exported textiles, chocolate, beer and many other products to Texas.[22]","title":"Bilateral relations of nations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"diplomacy with Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93Russia_relations"},{"link_name":"relations with the US","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire_%E2%80%93_United_States_relations"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RepOTex-23"},{"link_name":"cotton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton"},{"link_name":"corn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corn"},{"link_name":"Western Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Europe"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Slavery-16"},{"link_name":"wheat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheat"},{"link_name":"grain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grain"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-U.S.More-24"}],"sub_title":"Russian Empire","text":"Russia did not commence diplomacy with Mexico until 1890. Attempting to maintain its relations with the US, Russia recognized Texas as an independent state from 1836 until the annexation of Texas by the United States, which Russia also fully supported. Neither Russia nor Texas built an embassy in the other's capital, and it is not known diplomats were sent.[23]Texas exported cotton, and possibly some corn to Russia; however the amount was minute in comparison to that sent to Western Europe.[16] Russia exported nothing to Texas, but did export wheat and grain to the United States,[24] some of which may have been exported to Texas.","title":"Bilateral relations of nations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"opened an legation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_Texas"},{"link_name":"Austin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin,_Texas"},{"link_name":"opened an embassy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Legation"},{"link_name":"Washington, DC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_DC"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Legation-25"}],"sub_title":"United States","text":"In 1831 the United States opened an legation in Austin. In 1841 the Republic of Texas opened an embassy in Washington, DC.[25]","title":"Bilateral relations of nations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Austin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Mérida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9rida,_Mexico"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-texanavy.-26"}],"sub_title":"Republic of Yucatán","text":"Yucatán had an embassy in Austin, Texas had an embassy in Mérida.[26] Both insurgencies had tried to secede from Mexico, and aided each other in disputes with Mexico. The Yucatán insurgency was unsuccessful.","title":"Bilateral relations of nations"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Treaties of the Republic of Texas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Velasco, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velasco,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Freeport, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeport,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Antonio López de Santa Anna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna"},{"link_name":"Texians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texians"},{"link_name":"Battle of San Jacinto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_San_Jacinto"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_Republic_of_Texas"},{"link_name":"David G. Burnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_G._Burnet"},{"link_name":"General Santa Anna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna"},{"link_name":"James K. Polk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_K._Polk"},{"link_name":"Abraham Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"Treaties of Velasco","text":"The Treaties of Velasco were two documents signed at Velasco, Texas, (which is now Freeport, Texas) on May 14, 1836, between President of Mexico, General Antonio López de Santa Anna, and victorious Texians, in the aftermath of Battle of San Jacinto (April 21, 1836). At the time, Santa Anna was held prisoner and entered into the agreements under duress. \nThe signatories were Interim President David G. Burnet for Texas and General Santa Anna for Mexico. The Treaties were intended, on the part of the Texans, to provide a conclusion of hostilities between the two belligerents and offer the first steps toward the official recognition of the breakaway region's independence. However, there was a public treaty and a secret treaty, and the treaty was never ratified by the Mexican Congress. Moreover, the documents were not even called \"treaties\" until so characterized by U.S. President James K. Polk in his justifications for war some ten years later, as was pointed out by Congressman Abraham Lincoln in 1848.[27]","title":"Treaties of the Republic of Texas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"peace treaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_treaty"},{"link_name":"Republic of Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Texas"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-library1-28"},{"link_name":"Delaware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenape"},{"link_name":"Chickasaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chickasaw"},{"link_name":"Waco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waco_people"},{"link_name":"Tawakani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawakani"},{"link_name":"Keechi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kichai_people"},{"link_name":"Caddo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caddo"},{"link_name":"Anadahkah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anadahkah"},{"link_name":"Biloxi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunica-Biloxi"},{"link_name":"Cherokee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherokee"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nationalist-29"}],"sub_title":"Treaty of Bird's Fort","text":"The Treaty of Bird’s Fort, or Bird’s Fort Treaty was a peace treaty between the Republic of Texas and some of the Native American tribes of Texas and Oklahoma, signed on September 29, 1843.[28] The treaty was intended to end years of hostilities and warfare between the Native Americans and the white settlers in Texas. The full title of the treaty was “Republic of Texas Treaty with the Indigenous Nations of the Delaware, Chickasaw, Waco, Tawakani, Keechi, Caddo, Anadahkah, Ionie, Biloxi, and Cherokee.”[29]","title":"Treaties of the Republic of Texas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Republic of Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Texas"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Comanche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comanche"},{"link_name":"Keechi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kichai_people"},{"link_name":"Waco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waco_people"},{"link_name":"Caddo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caddo"},{"link_name":"Anadarko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadaco"},{"link_name":"Delaware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenni_Lenape"},{"link_name":"Shawnee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shawnee"},{"link_name":"Cherokee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherokee"},{"link_name":"Lipan Apache","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipan_Apache_people"},{"link_name":"Tawakoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawakoni"},{"link_name":"Texans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"}],"sub_title":"Treaty of Tehuacana Creek","text":"The Treaty of Tehuacana Creek (or the Treaty of Peace, Friendship and Commerce) was signed at Tehuacana Creek on October 9, 1844 between representatives from the Republic of Texas and various Native American tribes. The tribes involved in the signing of the treaty were the Comanche, the Keechi, the Waco, Caddo, Anadarko, Ioni, Delaware, Shawnee, Cherokee, Lipan Apache, and Tawakoni tribes. Based on the terms of the treaty, both Native Americans and Texans agreed to cease all hostilities and establish more cooperative political and commercial ties. Texas violated the terms of all treaties. The Cherokee, Delaware, and Shawnee were driven out by unprovoked attacks. The Tonkawa were nearly exterminated. The Lipan were either driven to Mexico or took refuge with the Mexican population.","title":"Treaties of the Republic of Texas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8262-0135-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8262-0135-0"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Foreign_relations_of_the_Republic_of_Texas"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Foreign_relations_of_the_Republic_of_Texas"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign_relations_of_the_Republic_of_Texas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Texas"},{"link_name":"Foreign relations of the Republic of Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Belgium"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France%E2%80%93Republic_of_Texas_relations"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93Republic_of_Texas_relations"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Texas%E2%80%93United_States_relations"},{"link_name":"Yucatán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Texas%E2%80%93Yucat%C3%A1n_relations"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_Republic_of_Texas_(1839).svg"},{"link_name":"Diplomats of the Republic of Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomats_of_the_Republic_of_Texas"},{"link_name":"Branch T. Archer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branch_T._Archer"},{"link_name":"Barnard E. Bee, Sr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnard_E._Bee,_Sr."},{"link_name":"Ashbel Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashbel_Smith"},{"link_name":"Treaties of the Republic of Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaties_of_the_Republic_of_Texas"},{"link_name":"Treaties of Velasco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaties_of_Velasco"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Bird's Fort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Bird%27s_Fort"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Tehuacana Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Tehuacana_Creek"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Foreign_relations_of_former_countries"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Foreign_relations_of_former_countries"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign_relations_of_former_countries"},{"link_name":"Foreign relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations"},{"link_name":"former countries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Former_countries"},{"link_name":"Chinese Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_imperial_China"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Mughal Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Mughal_Empire"},{"link_name":"Nazi Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"Ryukyu Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Ryukyu_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Russian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Serbia and Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Republic of Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Tibet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Tibet"},{"link_name":"Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"Zanzibar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Zanzibar"}],"text":"Anderson, H. Allen. “The Delaware and Shawnee Indians and the Republic of Texas, 1820-1845.” The Southwestern Historical Quarterly, vol. 94, no. 2, 1990, pp. 231–260. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/30241361. Accessed 29 Apr. 2020.\nJ'Nell, L. Pate. Arsenal of Defense: Fort Worth's Military Legacy. Texas A&M University Press, 2011.\nMuckleroy, Anna. “Indian Policy of the Republic of Texas: Chapter VI. Indian Affairs during Houston's Administration and during Jones's Administration.” The Southwestern Historical Quarterly, vol. 26, no. 3, 1923, pp. 184–206. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/30234860. Accessed 29 Apr. 2020.\nPletcher, David M. The Diplomacy of Annexation: Texas, Oregon, and the Mexican War. Columbia: University of Missouri Press 1973. ISBN 0-8262-0135-0vte Foreign relations of the Republic of TexasBilateral relations\nBelgium\nFrance\nMexico\nUnited States\nYucatán\nDiplomats of the Republic of Texas\nBranch T. Archer\nBarnard E. Bee, Sr.\nAshbel Smith\nTreaties of the Republic of Texas\nTreaties of Velasco\nTreaty of Bird's Fort\nTreaty of Tehuacana CreekvteForeign relations of former countries\nChinese Empire\nOttoman Empire\nMughal Empire\nNazi Germany\nRyukyu Kingdom\nRussian Empire\nSerbia and Montenegro\nSoviet Union\nRepublic of Texas\nTibet\nYugoslavia\nZanzibar","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Texan Flag","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/220px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png"},{"image_text":"The Hôtel Bataille de Francès, place Vendôme in Paris, housed the Embassy of the Republic of Texas","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/H%C3%B4tel_Bataille_de_Franc%C3%A8s.jpg/220px-H%C3%B4tel_Bataille_de_Franc%C3%A8s.jpg"}]	[{"title":"United States Ambassador to Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_Texas"}]	[{"reference":"Chase, Mary Katherine (1932). Négociations de la république du Texas en Europe, 1837-1845. Paris. p. 159.","urls":[{"url":"https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001958019","url_text":"Négociations de la république du Texas en Europe, 1837-1845"}]},{"reference":"Kann, Robert A. (1964). Das Nationalitätenproblem der Habsburgermonarchie; Geschichte und Ideengehalt der nationalen Bestrebungen vom Vormärz bis zur Auflösung des Reiches im Jahre 1918. Vol. 2. H. Böhlau. p. 315. OCLC 1151738700.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1151738700","url_text":"1151738700"}]},{"reference":"Struve, Walter 1935- (1996). Germans & Texans commerce, migration and culture in the days of the Lone Star republic. University of Texas Press. p. 50. ISBN 0-292-77701-9. OCLC 722954907.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-292-77701-9","url_text":"0-292-77701-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/722954907","url_text":"722954907"}]},{"reference":"Kökény, Andrea (Fall 2014). \"The History of the Texas Republic as Reflected in the Hungarian Press\". e-Journal of American Studies in Hungary. 10 (2).","urls":[{"url":"http://americanaejournal.hu/vol10no2/kokeny","url_text":"\"The History of the Texas Republic as Reflected in the Hungarian Press\""}]},{"reference":"\"TSHA \| Czechs\". www.tshaonline.org. Retrieved 2021-05-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/czechs","url_text":"\"TSHA \| Czechs\""}]},{"reference":"\"CONSULAR SERVICE OF THE REPUBLIC OF TEXAS\", Handbook of Texas, Texas State Historical Association","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/mec02","url_text":"\"CONSULAR SERVICE OF THE REPUBLIC OF TEXAS\""}]},{"reference":"\"Collection of twenty-five treaties between Mexico and other nations made between 1825 and 1856, with an appendix containing another five treaties and documents involving the United States, Mexico and Latin American nations\". Antiqurian Booksellers. Archived from the original on 2011-09-28. Retrieved 4 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110928012728/http://www.abaa.org/books/193828015.html","url_text":"\"Collection of twenty-five treaties between Mexico and other nations made between 1825 and 1856, with an appendix containing another five treaties and documents involving the United States, Mexico and Latin American nations\""},{"url":"http://www.abaa.org/books/193828015.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ethel Zivley Ratiler. \"Recognition of the Republic of Texas by the United States\". Retrieved 4 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://hiddenmysteries.com/xcart/product.php?productid=18637","url_text":"\"Recognition of the Republic of Texas by the United States\""}]},{"reference":"\"Europages: Crop services\". Archived from the original on 22 January 2013. Retrieved 4 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130122104703/http://www.europages.com/business-directory-europe/did-24/hc-21810/cc-DNK/Denmark/Crop-services.html","url_text":"\"Europages: Crop services\""},{"url":"http://www.europages.com/business-directory-europe/did-24/hc-21810/cc-DNK/Denmark/Crop-services.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"United Provinces of Central America\". Encyclopædia Britannica. 21 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/616533/United-Provinces-of-Central-America","url_text":"\"United Provinces of Central America\""}]},{"reference":"\"El Salvador - THE UNITED PROVINCES OF CENTRAL AMERICA\". countrystudies.us.","urls":[{"url":"http://countrystudies.us/el-salvador/5.htm","url_text":"\"El Salvador - THE UNITED PROVINCES OF CENTRAL AMERICA\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Embassy of the Republic of Texas \| Buildings\". Archived from the original on 2011-05-12. Retrieved 2011-08-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110512073141/http://www.lovellslondonlist.com/Buildings/the-embassy-of-the-republic-of-texas.html","url_text":"\"The Embassy of the Republic of Texas \| Buildings\""},{"url":"http://lovellslondonlist.com/Buildings/the-embassy-of-the-republic-of-texas.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Texas Annexation Questions and Answers - TSLAC\". state.tx.us.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tsl.state.tx.us/exhibits/annexation/part3/question4.html","url_text":"\"Texas Annexation Questions and Answers - TSLAC\""}]},{"reference":"\"1839TexasNavy\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.navyandmarine.org/ondeck/1839TexasNavy.htm","url_text":"\"1839TexasNavy\""}]},{"reference":"\"REPUBLIC OF TEXAS\". tshaonline.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/mzr02","url_text":"\"REPUBLIC OF TEXAS\""}]},{"reference":"\"Texas Slavery Project\". texasslaveryproject.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.texasslaveryproject.org/sources/ROTDC/index.php","url_text":"\"Texas Slavery Project\""}]},{"reference":"\"Focus on Texas History, Bibliography\". utexas.edu.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cah.utexas.edu/texashistory/annex/biblio.php?s=6","url_text":"\"Focus on Texas History, Bibliography\""}]},{"reference":"Struve, Walter (2014). Germans and Texans: Commerce, Migration, and Culture in the Days of the Lone Star Republic. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press. p. see \"Table 3\" and two pages up. ISBN 9780292785748.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UJIQAwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Germans and Texans: Commerce, Migration, and Culture in the Days of the Lone Star Republic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780292785748","url_text":"9780292785748"}]},{"reference":"\"Convention of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between the Republic of Texas and the Hanseatic Republics of Lübeck, Bremen and Hamburgh\". nationoftexas.com. 17 April 1844. Retrieved 29 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nationoftexas.com/treaty/hanseatic/","url_text":"\"Convention of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between the Republic of Texas and the Hanseatic Republics of Lübeck, Bremen and Hamburgh\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dyn.com Parked Domain Page\". nlconsulatehouston.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nlconsulatehouston.org/","url_text":"\"Dyn.com Parked Domain Page\""}]},{"reference":"\"GenealogyMagazine.com - dutch\". genealogymagazine.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.genealogymagazine.com/dutch.html","url_text":"\"GenealogyMagazine.com - dutch\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dutch West India Company\". sonofthesouth.net.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sonofthesouth.net/revolutionary-war/world/dutch-esast-india-company.htm","url_text":"\"Dutch West India Company\""}]},{"reference":"\"Russia's Foreign Trade and Economic Expansion in the Seventeenth Century\". brill.nl.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.brill.nl/russias-foreign-trade-and-economic-expansion-seventeenth-century","url_text":"\"Russia's Foreign Trade and Economic Expansion in the Seventeenth Century\""}]},{"reference":"\"Texas Legation Records - Texas State Library - TSLAC\". state.tx.us.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tsl.state.tx.us/news/legation.html","url_text":"\"Texas Legation Records - Texas State Library - TSLAC\""}]},{"reference":"\"Texas Navy Association -Home\". texasnavy.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.texasnavy.com/","url_text":"\"Texas Navy Association -Home\""}]},{"reference":"\"A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774 - 1875\". loc.gov.","urls":[{"url":"http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llcg&fileName=020/llcg020.db&recNum=102","url_text":"\"A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774 - 1875\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bird's Fort Treaty Ratification Proclamation, 1843\". state.tx.us.","urls":[{"url":"http://www2.tsl.state.tx.us/treasures/indians/birds-01.html","url_text":"\"Bird's Fort Treaty Ratification Proclamation, 1843\""}]},{"reference":"\"Treaty Between The United States and The Republic of Texas - April 11, 1838\". Texas Nationalist Movement. Archived from the original on February 3, 2013. Retrieved August 7, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130203155637/http://www.texasnationalist.com/index.php/education/historical-documents/52-treaty-of-birds-fort-september-29-1843","url_text":"\"Treaty Between The United States and The Republic of Texas - April 11, 1838\""},{"url":"http://www.texasnationalist.com/index.php/education/historical-documents/52-treaty-of-birds-fort-september-29-1843","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Foreign_relations_of_the_Republic_of_Texas&action=edit&section=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Foreign_relations_of_the_Republic_of_Texas&action=edit&section=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Foreign_relations_of_the_Republic_of_Texas&action=edit&section=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001958019","external_links_name":"Négociations de la république du Texas en Europe, 1837-1845"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1151738700","external_links_name":"1151738700"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/722954907","external_links_name":"722954907"},{"Link":"http://americanaejournal.hu/vol10no2/kokeny","external_links_name":"\"The History of the Texas Republic as Reflected in the Hungarian Press\""},{"Link":"https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/czechs","external_links_name":"\"TSHA \| Czechs\""},{"Link":"http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/mec02","external_links_name":"\"CONSULAR SERVICE OF THE REPUBLIC OF TEXAS\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110928012728/http://www.abaa.org/books/193828015.html","external_links_name":"\"Collection of twenty-five treaties between Mexico and other nations made between 1825 and 1856, with an appendix containing another five treaties and documents involving the United States, Mexico and Latin American nations\""},{"Link":"http://www.abaa.org/books/193828015.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://hiddenmysteries.com/xcart/product.php?productid=18637","external_links_name":"\"Recognition of the Republic of Texas by the United States\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130122104703/http://www.europages.com/business-directory-europe/did-24/hc-21810/cc-DNK/Denmark/Crop-services.html","external_links_name":"\"Europages: Crop services\""},{"Link":"http://www.europages.com/business-directory-europe/did-24/hc-21810/cc-DNK/Denmark/Crop-services.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/616533/United-Provinces-of-Central-America","external_links_name":"\"United Provinces of Central America\""},{"Link":"http://countrystudies.us/el-salvador/5.htm","external_links_name":"\"El Salvador - THE UNITED PROVINCES OF CENTRAL AMERICA\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110512073141/http://www.lovellslondonlist.com/Buildings/the-embassy-of-the-republic-of-texas.html","external_links_name":"\"The Embassy of the Republic of Texas \| Buildings\""},{"Link":"http://lovellslondonlist.com/Buildings/the-embassy-of-the-republic-of-texas.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.tsl.state.tx.us/exhibits/annexation/part3/question4.html","external_links_name":"\"Texas Annexation Questions and Answers - TSLAC\""},{"Link":"http://www.navyandmarine.org/ondeck/1839TexasNavy.htm","external_links_name":"\"1839TexasNavy\""},{"Link":"http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/mzr02","external_links_name":"\"REPUBLIC OF TEXAS\""},{"Link":"http://www.texasslaveryproject.org/sources/ROTDC/index.php","external_links_name":"\"Texas Slavery Project\""},{"Link":"http://www.cah.utexas.edu/texashistory/annex/biblio.php?s=6","external_links_name":"\"Focus on Texas History, Bibliography\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UJIQAwAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Germans and Texans: Commerce, Migration, and Culture in the Days of the Lone Star Republic"},{"Link":"http://www.nationoftexas.com/treaty/hanseatic/","external_links_name":"\"Convention of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between the Republic of Texas and the Hanseatic Republics of Lübeck, Bremen and Hamburgh\""},{"Link":"http://www.nlconsulatehouston.org/","external_links_name":"\"Dyn.com Parked Domain Page\""},{"Link":"http://www.genealogymagazine.com/dutch.html","external_links_name":"\"GenealogyMagazine.com - dutch\""},{"Link":"http://www.sonofthesouth.net/revolutionary-war/world/dutch-esast-india-company.htm","external_links_name":"\"Dutch West India Company\""},{"Link":"http://gregor.us/relations/russia-republic-of-texas/","external_links_name":"http://gregor.us/relations/russia-republic-of-texas/"},{"Link":"http://www.brill.nl/russias-foreign-trade-and-economic-expansion-seventeenth-century","external_links_name":"\"Russia's Foreign Trade and Economic Expansion in the Seventeenth Century\""},{"Link":"http://www.tsl.state.tx.us/news/legation.html","external_links_name":"\"Texas Legation Records - Texas State Library - TSLAC\""},{"Link":"http://www.texasnavy.com/","external_links_name":"\"Texas Navy Association -Home\""},{"Link":"http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llcg&fileName=020/llcg020.db&recNum=102","external_links_name":"\"A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774 - 1875\""},{"Link":"http://www2.tsl.state.tx.us/treasures/indians/birds-01.html","external_links_name":"\"Bird's Fort Treaty Ratification Proclamation, 1843\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130203155637/http://www.texasnationalist.com/index.php/education/historical-documents/52-treaty-of-birds-fort-september-29-1843","external_links_name":"\"Treaty Between The United States and The Republic of Texas - April 11, 1838\""},{"Link":"http://www.texasnationalist.com/index.php/education/historical-documents/52-treaty-of-birds-fort-september-29-1843","external_links_name":"the original"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorvald_Astrup	Thorvald Astrup	["1 Gallery","2 References"]	Norwegian architect (1876–1940) Thorvald AstrupThorvald AstrupBorn(1876-05-18)18 May 1876Oslo, NorwayDied12 August 1940(1940-08-12) (aged 64)NationalityNorwegianAlma materKristiania Technical School in 1891-92Kristiania Fine Art SchoolTechnische Hochschule CharlottenburgOccupationArchitectYears active1899-1940Known forSåheim Power StationTyssedal Power StationNorsk Hydro administration buildingTinnoset Line and Rjukan Line stationsStyleNeoclassicism, functionalism, jugendstilChildrenHenning AstrupParentHarald AstrupRelativesEivind Astrup (brother)Sigurd Astrup (brother)Henning Astrup (brother) Thorvald Astrup (18 May 1876 – 12 August 1940) was a Norwegian architect, particularly known for industrial architecture. He was born in Kristiania (now Oslo), Norway. He was the son of city captain Harald Astrup and Johanne Emilie Smith. He was a brother of Arctic explorer Eivind Astrup (1871–1895), merchant Sigurd Astrup (1873–1949) and architect Henning Astrup (1864–1896). His sister Hanna (1869–1933) was married to politician Peter Andreas Morell. He was educated at Kristiania Technical School in 1891-92 and Kristiania Fine Art School the following year. He also attended Technische Hochschule Charlottenburg from 1896 to 1897. In 1899 he started to work as an architect with Henrik Nissen and Henrik Bull. In 1901, he opened architectural practice in Kristiania. From 1934, he worked together with his son, architect Henning Thorvaldsson Astrup (1904–83), under the company name Thorvald and Henning Astrup. Astrup specializing in industrial constructions, particularly related to power production and transmission, factories and dams; many monumental installations were built in neoclassical or functionalistic style. These include Såheim Power Station in Rjukan (1916), Tyssedal Power Station (1906), while the administration building for Norsk Hydro in Rjukan is built in jugendstil style. His neoclassical buildings included the Soria Moria cinema in Oslo (1928). Astrup also designed all the railway stations on the Tinnoset Line and Rjukan Line. Gallery Tram station at Tøyen in Oslo Norsk Hydro main building at Rjukan Soria Moria at Voftsgate in Oslo Tyssedal Hydroelectric power plant in Odda Margarinfabrikken in Oslo References ^ Geir Tandberg Steigan. "Thorvald Astrup (1876-1940)". arkitekturhistorie.no. Retrieved August 1, 2017. ^ Susan Barr. "Eivind Astrup". Norsk biografisk leksikon. Retrieved August 1, 2017. ^ Axel Mykleby (20 February 2017). "Henning Astrup". Norsk kunstnerleksikon. Retrieved August 1, 2017. ^ Sprauten, Knut. "Peter Andreas Morell". In Helle, Knut (ed.). Norsk biografisk leksikon. Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved 3 March 2016. ^ Julius Malling, Axel Mykleby (20 February 2017). "Thorvald Astrup". Norsk kunstnerleksikon. Retrieved August 1, 2017. ^ Bjørn Cappelen. "Henning Astrup – 1900-tallet". Store norske leksikon. Retrieved August 1, 2017. ^ See also Norwegian Museum of Hydropower and Industry ^ Payton, Gary & Lepperød, Trond (1995). Rjukanbanen; på sporet av et industrieventyr (in Norwegian). Rjukan: Mana Forlag. p. 203. ^ Åse Moe Torvanger. "Thorvald Astrup". Norsk biografisk leksikon. Retrieved August 1, 2017. ^ "Soria Moria kino". Kulturminnesøk. Retrieved August 1, 2017. Authority control databases: Artists KulturNav This article about a Norwegian architect is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Norwegian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Harald Astrup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harald_Astrup_(born_1831)"},{"link_name":"Eivind Astrup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eivind_Astrup"},{"link_name":"Sigurd Astrup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigurd_Astrup"},{"link_name":"Henning Astrup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henning_Astrup"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Peter Andreas Morell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Andreas_Morell"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Technische Hochschule Charlottenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technische_Hochschule_Charlottenburg"},{"link_name":"Henrik Nissen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_Nissen"},{"link_name":"Henrik Bull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_Bull"},{"link_name":"Henning Thorvaldsson Astrup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henning_Thorvaldsson_Astrup"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"dams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dam"},{"link_name":"neoclassical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture"},{"link_name":"functionalistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functionalism_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"Såheim Power Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A5heim_Power_Station"},{"link_name":"Rjukan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rjukan"},{"link_name":"Tyssedal Power Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyssedal_Power_Station"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Norsk Hydro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norsk_Hydro"},{"link_name":"jugendstil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugendstil"},{"link_name":"Tinnoset Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinnoset_Line"},{"link_name":"Rjukan Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rjukan_Line"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Thorvald Astrup (18 May 1876 – 12 August 1940) was a Norwegian architect, particularly known for industrial architecture.[1]He was born in Kristiania (now Oslo), Norway. He was the son of city captain Harald Astrup and Johanne Emilie Smith. He was a brother of Arctic explorer Eivind Astrup (1871–1895), merchant Sigurd Astrup (1873–1949) and architect Henning Astrup (1864–1896).[2][3]\nHis sister Hanna (1869–1933) was married to politician Peter Andreas Morell.[4]He was educated at Kristiania Technical School in 1891-92 and Kristiania Fine Art School the following year. He also attended Technische Hochschule Charlottenburg from 1896 to 1897. In 1899 he started to work as an architect with Henrik Nissen and Henrik Bull. In 1901, he opened architectural practice in Kristiania. From 1934, he worked together with his son, architect Henning Thorvaldsson Astrup (1904–83), under the company name Thorvald and Henning Astrup.[5][6]Astrup specializing in industrial constructions, particularly related to power production and transmission, factories and dams; many monumental installations were built in neoclassical or functionalistic style. These include Såheim Power Station in Rjukan (1916), Tyssedal Power Station[7] (1906), while the administration building for Norsk Hydro in Rjukan is built in jugendstil style. His neoclassical buildings included the Soria Moria cinema in Oslo (1928). Astrup also designed all the railway stations on the Tinnoset Line and Rjukan Line.[8][9][10]","title":"Thorvald Astrup"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oslo_T%C3%B6yen_Trafostasjon_hovinveien_1_rk_166157_IMG_5512.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Admini_Rjukan.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Soria_Moria,_Voftsgate,_Oslo,_20080416.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tyssedal_Kraftanlegg_exterior.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bk_164098_-_Industrianlegg_-_Margarinfabrikken_Norge_IMG_7293.JPG"}],"text":"Tram station at Tøyen in Oslo\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNorsk Hydro main building at Rjukan\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSoria Moria at Voftsgate in Oslo\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTyssedal Hydroelectric power plant in Odda\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMargarinfabrikken in Oslo","title":"Gallery"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Geir Tandberg Steigan. \"Thorvald Astrup (1876-1940)\". arkitekturhistorie.no. Retrieved August 1, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.arkitekturhistorie.no/arkitekter/norge/astrup.thorvald.html","url_text":"\"Thorvald Astrup (1876-1940)\""}]},{"reference":"Susan Barr. \"Eivind Astrup\". Norsk biografisk leksikon. Retrieved August 1, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://nbl.snl.no/Eivind_Astrup","url_text":"\"Eivind Astrup\""}]},{"reference":"Axel Mykleby (20 February 2017). \"Henning Astrup\". Norsk kunstnerleksikon. Retrieved August 1, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://nkl.snl.no/Henning_Astrup","url_text":"\"Henning Astrup\""}]},{"reference":"Sprauten, Knut. \"Peter Andreas Morell\". In Helle, Knut (ed.). Norsk biografisk leksikon. Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved 3 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://nbl.snl.no/Peter_Andreas_Morell","url_text":"\"Peter Andreas Morell\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knut_Helle","url_text":"Helle, Knut"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norsk_biografisk_leksikon","url_text":"Norsk biografisk leksikon"}]},{"reference":"Julius Malling, Axel Mykleby (20 February 2017). \"Thorvald Astrup\". Norsk kunstnerleksikon. Retrieved August 1, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://nkl.snl.no/Thorvald_Astrup","url_text":"\"Thorvald Astrup\""}]},{"reference":"Bjørn Cappelen. \"Henning Astrup – 1900-tallet\". Store norske leksikon. Retrieved August 1, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://snl.no/Henning_Astrup_-_1900-tallet","url_text":"\"Henning Astrup – 1900-tallet\""}]},{"reference":"Payton, Gary & Lepperød, Trond (1995). Rjukanbanen; på sporet av et industrieventyr (in Norwegian). Rjukan: Mana Forlag. p. 203.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Åse Moe Torvanger. \"Thorvald Astrup\". Norsk biografisk leksikon. Retrieved August 1, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://nbl.snl.no/Thorvald_Astrup","url_text":"\"Thorvald Astrup\""}]},{"reference":"\"Soria Moria kino\". Kulturminnesøk. Retrieved August 1, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://kulturminnesok.no/minne/?queryString=https://data.kulturminne.no/askeladden/lokalitet/165052","url_text":"\"Soria Moria kino\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.arkitekturhistorie.no/arkitekter/norge/astrup.thorvald.html","external_links_name":"\"Thorvald Astrup (1876-1940)\""},{"Link":"https://nbl.snl.no/Eivind_Astrup","external_links_name":"\"Eivind Astrup\""},{"Link":"https://nkl.snl.no/Henning_Astrup","external_links_name":"\"Henning Astrup\""},{"Link":"https://nbl.snl.no/Peter_Andreas_Morell","external_links_name":"\"Peter Andreas Morell\""},{"Link":"https://nkl.snl.no/Thorvald_Astrup","external_links_name":"\"Thorvald Astrup\""},{"Link":"https://snl.no/Henning_Astrup_-_1900-tallet","external_links_name":"\"Henning Astrup – 1900-tallet\""},{"Link":"https://nbl.snl.no/Thorvald_Astrup","external_links_name":"\"Thorvald Astrup\""},{"Link":"https://kulturminnesok.no/minne/?queryString=https://data.kulturminne.no/askeladden/lokalitet/165052","external_links_name":"\"Soria Moria kino\""},{"Link":"http://kulturnav.org/331fef5d-765e-44c7-801b-c936c0f0ade3","external_links_name":"KulturNav"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thorvald_Astrup&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Commissioner_for_Enlargement	European Commissioner for Neighbourhood and Enlargement	["1 Rehn","2 Füle","3 List of commissioners","4 See also","5 External links","6 References"]	Member of the EU Commission This article is part of a series onPolitics of the European Union Member states (27) Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Candidate countries Albania Bosnia and Herzegovina Georgia Moldova Montenegro North Macedonia Serbia Ukraine Accession negotiations suspended countries Turkey Applicant countries Kosovo Special territories Belgium–Germany relations France–Germany relations Germany–Netherlands relations EU 3 Withdrawal from the European Union Treaties and Declarations Schuman Declaration (1950) Treaty of Paris (1951) Europe Declaration (1951) Spaak Report (1956) Treaty of Rome (1957) Euratom Treaty (1957) Merger Treaty (1965) Solemn Declaration (1983) Single European Act (1986) Maastricht Treaty (1992) Treaty of Amsterdam (1997) Treaty of Nice (2001) Berlin Declaration (2007) Treaty of Lisbon (2007) Article 7 Article 50 Opt-outs Treaties of accession 1972, 1979, 1985, 1994, 2003, 2005, 2011 Treaties of succession 1984, 2020 Other treaties Schengen Agreement (1985) European Economic Area Agreement (1992) Abandoned treaties and agreements European Constitution (2004) UK membership renegotiation (2015–2016) Executive institutionsEuropean Council President: Michel (ALDE) Parties List of meetings European Commission Von der Leyen Commission President: Von der Leyen (EPP) Vice Presidents College of Commissioners Civil Service Secretary-General: Juhansone Legislative institutions Legislative procedure Council of the EU Presidency Belgium (January–June 2024) Configurations GAC FAC ECOFIN Eurogroup AGRIFISH EPSCO COMPET TTE ENVI JHA EYC Voting Secretariat Secretary-General: Thérèse Blanchet Directorates-general COREPER European Parliament(Members) President: Metsola Largest groups EPP (Manfred Weber) S&D (Iratxe García) Member of the European Parliament 9th session (2019–2024) Bureau Vice Presidents Quaestor Conference National parliaments Judicial institutionsCourt of Justice of the EU European Court of Justice Members Advocates General Rulings General Court Auditory institutionsEuropean Court of Auditors European Court of Auditors Other auditory bodies Internal Audit Service of the Commission Committee on Budgetary Control of the Parliament Economic and Financial Affairs configuration of the Council Anti-Fraud Office Public Prosecutor's Office European Central Bank President Lagarde ESCB EMU Euro banknotes Euro coins Other bodiesEuropean Investment Bank Group Investment Bank Investment Fund EIB Institute European Stability Mechanism European Stability Mechanism European University Institute European University Institute Unified Patent Court Unified Patent Court Agencies, decentralised independent bodies and joint undertakings Decentralised agencies of the EU Single market agencies CFSP agencies AFSC agencies ESFS European Supervisory Authorities SRM bodies Executive agencies of the EU Euratom agencies Decentralised independent bodies of the EU European Institute of Innovation and Technology European Public Prosecutor's Office Corporate bodies of the EU European Data Protection Board Authority for European Political Parties and European Political Foundations Joint undertakings of the EU of the Euratom Other independent bodies European Data Protection Supervisor European Ombudsman Advisory bodies European Committee of the Regions European Economic and Social Committee Political and Security Committee European Union Military Committee EU/ESA Space Council Inter-institutional bodies Publications Office of the European Union European External Action Service European Personnel Selection Office Anti-Fraud Office European Administrative School EuratomEuratom members Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Associated states Switzerland United Kingdom Nuclear power in the European Union Euratom since 1 January 2021 Economic and Monetary UnionEurozone members Austria Belgium Croatia Cyprus Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Portugal Slovakia Slovenia Spain Eurogroup President Paschal Donohoe Other currencies in use Bulgarian lev Czech koruna Danish krone Hungarian forint Polish złoty Romanian leu Swedish krona ERM II Enlargement of the eurozone Non Euro countries relationship to Euro Bulgaria Czechia Denmark Hungary Poland Sweden Romania Eurozone since 2015 Schengen Area Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Non-EU members Iceland Liechtenstein Norway Switzerland Prüm Convention Schengen Information System Visa Information System Visa policy of the Schengen Area Non-Schengen area EU member states Cyprus Ireland (Opt-out) Schengen Area from January 2023 European Economic AreaEEA members Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia (provisional member) Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Non-EU members Iceland Liechtenstein Norway Topics EEA Joint Committee EEA National Identity cards Microstates and the European Union European Economic Area Elections 1979, 1984, 1989, 19941999, 2004, 2009, 2014, 2019 2024 (last election) European political parties Constituencies Elections in EU member states Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Referendums relating to the EU Law Acquis Primacy (ECJ Case 6/64) Subsidiarity Regulation Directive Decision Recommendation Fundamental Rights Policies and issues Budget Customs Union Free Trade Agreements European Single Market Area of FS&J Policies Agricultural Energy Fisheries Regional Citizenship Passports of the European Union Identity Pro-Europeanism Euroscepticism European banking union European Banking Supervision Single Resolution Mechanism Capital Markets Union European System of Financial Supervision Integration Supranationalism European Federation Multi-speed Europe Enhanced cooperation Foreign relationsHigh Representative Josep Borrell Ext. Action Service Foreign Policy Defence Policy Foreign relations of EU member states Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Argentina–European Union relations Armenia–European Union relations Australia–European Union relations Brazil–European Union relations Canada–European Union relations China–European Union relations European Union–NATO relations Georgia–European Union relations Iceland–European Union relations Kazakhstan–European Union relations Japan–European Union relations Mexico–European Union relations Moldova–European Union relations Norway–European Union relations Russia–European Union relations Switzerland–European Union relations Turkey–European Union relations Ukraine–European Union relations United Kingdom–European Union relations (History) Post-Brexit United Kingdom relations with the European Union Brexit United States–European Union relations Common Travel Area (Ireland) Microstates and the European Union European Union and the United Nations European Union Association Agreement G7 G20 Defunct bodies European Communities (1958–1993) European Coal and Steel Community European Economic Community European Community Western European Union Convention on the Future of Europe European Union portal Other countries vte The Commissioner for Neighbourhood and Enlargement is the member of the European Commission in charge of overseeing the accession process of prospective new member states and relations with those bordering the European Union (EU). The present commissioner, as of December 2019, is Olivér Várhelyi. Currently there are eight candidate countries, namely Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Moldova, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia, Turkey, and Ukraine. Two countries are recognised as potential candidates, namely Georgia and Kosovo. Candidate status was most recently granted to Bosnia and Herzegovina in December 2022, and a so-called "European Perspective" recognising a country as a potential candidate to Georgia in June 2022. Neighbourhood Policy is directed towards the western Balkans, those countries on the EU's eastern borders, often referred to as the Eastern Partnership or the accession trio, and on the coast of the Mediterranean Sea, referred to as the Southern Neighbourhood and often engaged with in the format of the Union for the Mediterranean. Rehn Olli Rehn became a European commissioner in 2004, following the enlargement to 10 new countries. In 2007 he oversaw the accession of Romania and Bulgaria to the European Union. In 2004, candidate status was granted to Croatia. In 2005, candidate status was granted to Macedonia. As commissioner, Rehn was involved with the enlargement to the western Balkans and Turkey, encouraging reform on those countries. 2006 saw the independence of Montenegro and separate accession talks starting with it. In 2007 he welcomed the United Nations proposal on Kosovo by Martti Ahtisaari which advocated for near-independence to the region and separate accession negotiations with the European Union. The then-commissioner had also been involved in the reunification of Cyprus, bringing Northern Cyprus to the European Union. Rehn's head of cabinet was Timo Pesonen and his deputy head was Maria Åsenius. Füle Croatia acceded to the Union in 2013. List of commissioners The enlargement portfolio began to be created out of the regionalised foreign policy posts. In particular the Santer Commission post for relations with central and eastern Europe as those countries began applying to join. The Neighbourhood Policy element was created in 2004 as part of the External Relations portfolio. When that portfolio was absorbed by the High Representative in 2009, Neighbourhood Policy was transferred to Trade and then to Enlargement in 2010 under the Second Barroso Commission. Commissioner Country Period Party Commission Günter Verheugen Germany 1999–2004 PES Prodi Commission Janez Potočnik Slovenia 2004 ALDE Prodi Commission Olli Rehn Finland 2004–2010 ALDE Barroso Commission Štefan Füle Czech Republic 2010–2014 PES Barroso Commission Johannes Hahn Austria 2014–2019 EPP Juncker Commission Olivér Várhelyi Hungary 2019–present EPP Von der Leyen Commission See also Directorate-General for Neighbourhood and Enlargement Negotiations Enlargement of the European Union Foreign relations of the European Union European Union Association Agreement Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area External links The members of the Barosso Commission (2004–2009) website European Neighbourhood Policy and Enlargement Negotiations (DG NEAR) website Rehn warns of 'chaos' in Kosovo if UN plan fails Archived 9 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine References ^ "EU membership, how to join, candidates\| European Union". european-union.europa.eu. Archived from the original on 29 December 2022. Retrieved 25 January 2023. ^ "European Council conclusions, 15 December 2022". European Council. Retrieved 25 January 2023. ^ "European Council conclusions, 23-24 June 2022". European Council. Retrieved 25 January 2023. vte Current portfolios of the European Commission President Vice-Presidents List by country of origin Directorates-General Agriculture Budget and Administration Climate Action Competition International Partnerships Economy Financial Stability, Financial Services and the Capital Markets Union Innovation, Research, Culture, Education and Youth Jobs and Social Rights Energy Neighbourhood and Enlargement Environment, Oceans and Fisheries Health and Food Safety Foreign Affairs and Security Policy Home Affairs Internal Market Crisis Management Justice Equality Cohesion and Reforms Trade Transport Executive Vice Presidents: An Economy that Works for People A Europe Fit for the Digital Age European Green DealVice Presidents: A Stronger Europe in the World Interinstitutional Relations and Foresight Values and Transparency Democracy and Demography Promoting our European Way of Life vteEnlargement and partners of the European UnionPrevious enlargements 1973 (Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom) 1981 (Greece) 1986 (Portugal, Spain) 1995 (Austria, Finland, Sweden) 2004 (Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia) 2007 (Bulgaria, Romania) 2013 (Croatia) Statistics CandidatesNegotiatingScreened Albania status Montenegro status North Macedonia status Serbia status Pre-negotiations Bosnia and Herzegovina status Georgia status relations Moldova status relations Ukraine status relations Suspended negotiations Turkey status relations Potential candidates Kosovo status PartnershipsEastern Partnership Armenia relations Azerbaijan relations Belarus (suspended) relations Northern Dimension Iceland relations Norway relations Russia relations Customs union Andorra relations Monaco relations San Marino relations Free trade agreements Liechtenstein relations Switzerland relations United Kingdom relations Trade and Cooperation Agreement Other geographicallyEuropean countries Kazakhstan relations Vatican City relations Current membership Criteria Withdrawal Brexit vteForeign relations of the European UnionBilateral relationsSee also: Economic relationships with third countriesAfrica Algeria Cape Verde Egypt Libya Morocco South Africa Sudan Tunisia Americas Argentina trade Brazil Canada Cuba Greenland Mexico Peru United States Uruguay Asia Bahrain Bangladesh China India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Lebanon Malaysia Nepal North Korea Pakistan Palestine† Philippines South Korea Syria Taiwan Vietnam Yemen Europe Albania Andorra Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Bosnia and Herzegovina Faroe Islands Georgia Accession negotiations Iceland Kosovo† Liechtenstein Moldova Accession negotiations Monaco Montenegro North Macedonia Northern Cyprus† Norway Russia San Marino Serbia Sovereign Military Order of Malta Switzerland Turkey Accession negotiations Ukraine Accession negotiations United Kingdom Vatican City Oceania Australia Micronesia New Zealand Papua New Guinea Former Yugoslavia General Overseas territories of member states European microstates Largest trading partners Association Agreements Free trade agreements European Union Sanctions †= Disputed state, may not be recognised as an independent state by some or all European Union members. Multilateral relations and initiativesOrganisations Arab League ASEAN Council of Europe ECHR G7 ICC IOC Mercosur NATO UN Initiatives African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States Asia–Europe Meeting CARIFORUM Customs Union Eastern Partnership Energy Community Euro-Latin American Parliamentary Assembly European Common Aviation Area European Economic Area Euro-Mediterranean free trade area Euro-Mediterranean Partnership Euronest Economic Partnership Agreements EU CBRN Risk Mitigation CoE Initiative Neighbourhood Policy Northern Dimension Mediterranean Union Stabilisation and Association Process Administration and policiesForeign and Security Policy Global Strategy Neighbourhood Policy Enlargement Security and Defence Policy Administration Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection Department Directorate-General for International Cooperation and Development External Action Service Foreign Affairs Council High Representative Josep Borrell Parliamentary Foreign Affairs Committee Foreign Policy Instruments Service Diplomatic missions of the EU (ambassadors) / to the EU Special Representatives Funding Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance Global Europe vteCommon Security and Defence Policy of the European UnionLeadership High Representative Director General of the Military Staff/Director of the Military Planning and Conduct Capability Director of the Civilian Planning and Conduct Capability Chairman of the Military Committee European Council Foreign Affairs Council StructureExternal Action Service Command structure on the civilian/military strategic and operational levels (Military Planning and Conduct Capability within the Military Staff, Civilian Planning and Conduct Capability, Joint Support Coordination Cell) Intelligence and Situation Centre (Club de Berne) Crisis Management and Planning Directorate Security & Defence College Agencies Defence Agency Institute for Security Studies Satellite Centre Council preparatory bodies Committee of Permanent Representatives Political and Security Committee Politico-Military Group Military Committee Committee for Civilian Aspects of Crisis Management European Commission bodies Directorate-General for Defence Industry and Space Funding Defence Fund Policies Security Strategy Everything but Arms Annual Review Equipment Galileo navigation system Secure Software-defined Radio (PESCO) Decorations Service medal Medal for Extraordinary Meritorious Service Monitor mission medal Related Permanent Structured Cooperation (PESCO) Headline Goal 2010 Military Erasmus Military Mobility (PESCO) Intelligence School (PESCO) Kortenberg building NATO relations (Berlin Plus agreement, Joint Declaration)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"European Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Commission"},{"link_name":"accession process of prospective new member states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_European_Union"},{"link_name":"relations with those bordering the","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Neighbourhood_Policy"},{"link_name":"Olivér Várhelyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliv%C3%A9r_V%C3%A1rhelyi"},{"link_name":"Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania"},{"link_name":"Bosnia and Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"Moldova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova"},{"link_name":"Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro"},{"link_name":"North Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)"},{"link_name":"Kosovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"western Balkans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkans#Western_Balkans"},{"link_name":"Eastern Partnership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Partnership"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea"},{"link_name":"Union for the Mediterranean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_for_the_Mediterranean"}],"text":"The Commissioner for Neighbourhood and Enlargement is the member of the European Commission in charge of overseeing the accession process of prospective new member states and relations with those bordering the European Union (EU). The present commissioner, as of December 2019, is Olivér Várhelyi.Currently there are eight candidate countries, namely Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Moldova, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia, Turkey, and Ukraine. Two countries are recognised as potential candidates, namely Georgia and Kosovo.[1] Candidate status was most recently granted to Bosnia and Herzegovina in December 2022,[2] and a so-called \"European Perspective\" recognising a country as a potential candidate to Georgia in June 2022.[3] Neighbourhood Policy is directed towards the western Balkans, those countries on the EU's eastern borders, often referred to as the Eastern Partnership or the accession trio, and on the coast of the Mediterranean Sea, referred to as the Southern Neighbourhood and often engaged with in the format of the Union for the Mediterranean.","title":"European Commissioner for Neighbourhood and Enlargement"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Olli Rehn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olli_Rehn"},{"link_name":"European commissioner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Commissioner"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_membership_of_the_European_Union"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_membership_of_the_European_Union"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"western Balkans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkans#Western_Balkans"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro"},{"link_name":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"link_name":"Kosovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo"},{"link_name":"Martti Ahtisaari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martti_Ahtisaari"},{"link_name":"reunification of Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus_problem"},{"link_name":"Northern Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Cyprus"}],"text":"Olli Rehn became a European commissioner in 2004, following the enlargement to 10 new countries. In 2007 he oversaw the accession of Romania and Bulgaria to the European Union. In 2004, candidate status was granted to Croatia. In 2005, candidate status was granted to Macedonia.As commissioner, Rehn was involved with the enlargement to the western Balkans and Turkey, encouraging reform on those countries. 2006 saw the independence of Montenegro and separate accession talks starting with it.In 2007 he welcomed the United Nations proposal on Kosovo by Martti Ahtisaari which advocated for near-independence to the region and separate accession negotiations with the European Union.The then-commissioner had also been involved in the reunification of Cyprus, bringing Northern Cyprus to the European Union. Rehn's head of cabinet was Timo Pesonen and his deputy head was Maria Åsenius.","title":"Rehn"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Croatia acceded to the Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_enlargement_of_the_European_Union"}],"text":"Croatia acceded to the Union in 2013.","title":"Füle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"enlargement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_European_Union"},{"link_name":"Santer Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santer_Commission"},{"link_name":"Barroso Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barroso_Commission"}],"text":"The enlargement portfolio began to be created out of the regionalised foreign policy posts. In particular the Santer Commission post for relations with central and eastern Europe as those countries began applying to join. The Neighbourhood Policy element was created in 2004 as part of the External Relations portfolio. When that portfolio was absorbed by the High Representative in 2009, Neighbourhood Policy was transferred to Trade and then to Enlargement in 2010 under the Second Barroso Commission.","title":"List of commissioners"}]	[{"image_text":"Euratom since 1 January 2021","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Euratom.svg/200px-Euratom.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Eurozone since 2015","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Eurozone.svg/200px-Eurozone.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Schengen Area from January 2023","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Map_of_the_Schengen_Area.svg/200px-Map_of_the_Schengen_Area.svg.png"},{"image_text":"European Economic Area","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/EEA.svg/200px-EEA.svg.png"}]	[{"title":"Directorate-General for Neighbourhood and Enlargement Negotiations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directorate-General_for_Neighbourhood_and_Enlargement_Negotiations"},{"title":"Enlargement of the European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_European_Union"},{"title":"Foreign relations of the European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_European_Union"},{"title":"European Union Association Agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_Association_Agreement"},{"title":"Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_and_Comprehensive_Free_Trade_Area"}]	[{"reference":"\"EU membership, how to join, candidates\| European Union\". european-union.europa.eu. Archived from the original on 29 December 2022. Retrieved 25 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221229112609/https://european-union.europa.eu/principles-countries-history/joining-eu_en","url_text":"\"EU membership, how to join, candidates\| European Union\""},{"url":"https://european-union.europa.eu/principles-countries-history/joining-eu_en","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"European Council conclusions, 15 December 2022\". European Council. Retrieved 25 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2022/12/15/european-council-conclusions-15-december-2022/","url_text":"\"European Council conclusions, 15 December 2022\""}]},{"reference":"\"European Council conclusions, 23-24 June 2022\". European Council. Retrieved 25 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2022/06/24/european-council-conclusions-23-24-june-2022/","url_text":"\"European Council conclusions, 23-24 June 2022\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://ec.europa.eu/archives/commission_2004-2009/index_en.htm","external_links_name":"The members of the Barosso Commission (2004–2009) website"},{"Link":"https://neighbourhood-enlargement.ec.europa.eu/index_en","external_links_name":"European Neighbourhood Policy and Enlargement Negotiations (DG NEAR) website"},{"Link":"https://www.euractiv.com/section/central-europe/news/rehn-warns-of-chaos-in-kosovo-if-un-plan-fails/","external_links_name":"Rehn warns of 'chaos' in Kosovo if UN plan fails"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110609171102/http://www.euractiv.com/en/enlargement/rehn-warns-chaos-kosovo-un-plan-fails/article-162678","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221229112609/https://european-union.europa.eu/principles-countries-history/joining-eu_en","external_links_name":"\"EU membership, how to join, candidates\| European Union\""},{"Link":"https://european-union.europa.eu/principles-countries-history/joining-eu_en","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2022/12/15/european-council-conclusions-15-december-2022/","external_links_name":"\"European Council conclusions, 15 December 2022\""},{"Link":"https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2022/06/24/european-council-conclusions-23-24-june-2022/","external_links_name":"\"European Council conclusions, 23-24 June 2022\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Maranta	Carlo Maranta	["1 Biography","2 References","3 External links and additional sources"]	Italian Roman Catholic prelate Most ReverendCarlo MarantaBishop of TropeaChurchCatholic ChurchDioceseDiocese of TropeaIn office1657–1664PredecessorJuan Lozano (bishop)SuccessorLuis Morales (bishop)OrdersConsecration20 September 1637by Francesco Maria BrancaccioPersonal detailsBorn1583Naples, ItalyDied26 January 1664 (age 80)Tropea, ItalyNationalityItalian Carlo Maranta (1583 – 26 January 1664) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Tropea (1657–1664) and Bishop of Giovinazzo (1637–1657). Biography Carlo Maranta was born in Naples, Italy in 1583. On 7 September 1637, he was appointed during the papacy of Pope Urban VIII as Bishop of Giovinazzo. On 20 September 1637, he was consecrated bishop by Francesco Maria Brancaccio, Cardinal-Priest of Santi XII Apostoli, with Gaetano Cossa, Archbishop of Otranto, and Tommaso Carafa, Bishop Emeritus of Vulturara e Montecorvin, serving as co-consecrators. On 24 March 1657, he was selected as Bishop of Tropea and confirmed by Pope Alexander VII on 24 September 1657. He served as Bishop of Tropea until his death on 26 January 1664. References ^ a b c Gauchat, Patritius (Patrice) (1935). Hierarchia catholica medii et recentioris aevi. Vol. IV. Münster: Libraria Regensbergiana. p. 347. (in Latin) ^ a b Gauchat, Patritius (Patrice) (1935). Hierarchia catholica medii et recentioris aevi. Vol. IV. Münster: Libraria Regensbergiana. p. 212. (in Latin) ^ a b c d e Cheney, David M. "Bishop Carlo Maranta". Catholic-Hierarchy.org. Retrieved June 16, 2018. ^ Chow, Gabriel. "Bishop Carlo Maranta". GCatholic.org. Retrieved June 16, 2018. External links and additional sources Cheney, David M. "Diocese of Giovinazzo e Terlizzi". Catholic-Hierarchy.org. Retrieved June 16, 2018. (for Chronology of Bishops) Chow, Gabriel. "Diocese of Giovinazzo (Italy)". GCatholic.org. Retrieved June 16, 2018. (for Chronology of Bishops) Cheney, David M. "Diocese of Tropea". Catholic-Hierarchy.org. Retrieved June 16, 2018. (for Chronology of Bishops) Chow, Gabriel. "Diocese of Tropea (Italy)". GCatholic.org. Retrieved June 16, 2018. (for Chronology of Bishops) Catholic Church titles Preceded byGiulio Masi Bishop of Giovinazzo 1637–1657 Succeeded byMichelangelo Vaginari Preceded byJuan Lozano (bishop) Bishop of Tropea 1657–1664 Succeeded byLuis Morales (bishop) Portals: Biography Catholicism Italy Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data United States Vatican People Italian People This article about a 17th-century Italian Catholic bishop or archbishop is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bishop of Tropea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Tropea"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HierarchiaIV-Tropea-1"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Giovinazzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Giovinazzo"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HierarchiaIV-Giovinazzo-2"}],"text":"Carlo Maranta (1583 – 26 January 1664) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Tropea (1657–1664)[1] \nand Bishop of Giovinazzo (1637–1657).[2]","title":"Carlo Maranta"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naples"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CathHierCarMar-3"},{"link_name":"Pope Urban VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Urban_VIII"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Giovinazzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Giovinazzo"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HierarchiaIV-Giovinazzo-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CathHierCarMar-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GCathCarMar-4"},{"link_name":"Francesco Maria Brancaccio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Maria_Brancaccio"},{"link_name":"Cardinal-Priest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal-Priest"},{"link_name":"Santi XII Apostoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santi_XII_Apostoli"},{"link_name":"Gaetano Cossa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaetano_Cossa"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Otranto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Otranto"},{"link_name":"Tommaso Carafa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommaso_Carafa"},{"link_name":"Bishop Emeritus of Vulturara e Montecorvin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Vulturara_e_Montecorvino"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CathHierCarMar-3"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Tropea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Tropea"},{"link_name":"Pope Alexander VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VII"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HierarchiaIV-Tropea-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CathHierCarMar-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HierarchiaIV-Tropea-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CathHierCarMar-3"}],"text":"Carlo Maranta was born in Naples, Italy in 1583.[3]\nOn 7 September 1637, he was appointed during the papacy of Pope Urban VIII as Bishop of Giovinazzo.[2][3][4]\nOn 20 September 1637, he was consecrated bishop by Francesco Maria Brancaccio, Cardinal-Priest of Santi XII Apostoli, with Gaetano Cossa, Archbishop of Otranto, and Tommaso Carafa, Bishop Emeritus of Vulturara e Montecorvin, serving as co-consecrators.[3]\nOn 24 March 1657, he was selected as Bishop of Tropea and confirmed by Pope Alexander VII on 24 September 1657.[1][3]\nHe served as Bishop of Tropea until his death on 26 January 1664.[1][3]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Diocese of Giovinazzo e Terlizzi\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dg521.html"},{"link_name":"Catholic-Hierarchy.org","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic-Hierarchy.org"},{"link_name":"[self-published]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:SPS"},{"link_name":"\"Diocese of Giovinazzo (Italy)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/former/giov0.htm"},{"link_name":"[self-published]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:SPS"},{"link_name":"\"Diocese of Tropea\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dt211.html"},{"link_name":"Catholic-Hierarchy.org","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic-Hierarchy.org"},{"link_name":"[self-published]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:SPS"},{"link_name":"\"Diocese of Tropea (Italy)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/former/trop0.htm"},{"link_name":"[self-published]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:SPS"},{"link_name":"Portals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals"},{"link_name":"Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg"},{"link_name":"Catholicism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Catholicism"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Italy"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28555247#identifiers"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/49380442"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqBpBMtBmJfrryGkBVDMP"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13519326b"},{"link_name":"BnF data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13519326b"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n93074651"},{"link_name":"Vatican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/217563"},{"link_name":"Italian People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/carlo-maranta_(Dizionario-Biografico)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:External_Ornaments_of_a_Bishop.svg"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carlo_Maranta&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:17C-Italy-RC-bishop-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:17C-Italy-RC-bishop-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:17C-Italy-RC-bishop-stub"}],"text":"Cheney, David M. \"Diocese of Giovinazzo e Terlizzi\". Catholic-Hierarchy.org. Retrieved June 16, 2018. (for Chronology of Bishops) [self-published]\nChow, Gabriel. \"Diocese of Giovinazzo (Italy)\". GCatholic.org. Retrieved June 16, 2018. (for Chronology of Bishops) [self-published]\nCheney, David M. \"Diocese of Tropea\". Catholic-Hierarchy.org. Retrieved June 16, 2018. (for Chronology of Bishops) [self-published]\nChow, Gabriel. \"Diocese of Tropea (Italy)\". GCatholic.org. Retrieved June 16, 2018. (for Chronology of Bishops) [self-published]Portals: Biography Catholicism ItalyAuthority control databases International\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nFrance\nBnF data\nUnited States\nVatican\nPeople\nItalian PeopleThis article about a 17th-century Italian Catholic bishop or archbishop is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"External links and additional sources"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Gauchat, Patritius (Patrice) (1935). Hierarchia catholica medii et recentioris aevi. Vol. IV. Münster: Libraria Regensbergiana. p. 347.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/hierarchiacathol04eubeuoft#page/346/mode/2up","url_text":"Hierarchia catholica medii et recentioris aevi"}]},{"reference":"Gauchat, Patritius (Patrice) (1935). Hierarchia catholica medii et recentioris aevi. Vol. IV. Münster: Libraria Regensbergiana. p. 212.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/hierarchiacathol04eubeuoft#page/212/mode/2up","url_text":"Hierarchia catholica medii et recentioris aevi"}]},{"reference":"Cheney, David M. \"Bishop Carlo Maranta\". Catholic-Hierarchy.org. Retrieved June 16, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bmarantac.html","url_text":"\"Bishop Carlo Maranta\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic-Hierarchy.org","url_text":"Catholic-Hierarchy.org"}]},{"reference":"Chow, Gabriel. \"Bishop Carlo Maranta\". GCatholic.org. Retrieved June 16, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/former/trop0.htm#40447","url_text":"\"Bishop Carlo Maranta\""}]},{"reference":"Cheney, David M. \"Diocese of Giovinazzo e Terlizzi\". Catholic-Hierarchy.org. Retrieved June 16, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dg521.html","url_text":"\"Diocese of Giovinazzo e Terlizzi\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic-Hierarchy.org","url_text":"Catholic-Hierarchy.org"}]},{"reference":"Chow, Gabriel. \"Diocese of Giovinazzo (Italy)\". GCatholic.org. Retrieved June 16, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/former/giov0.htm","url_text":"\"Diocese of Giovinazzo (Italy)\""}]},{"reference":"Cheney, David M. \"Diocese of Tropea\". Catholic-Hierarchy.org. Retrieved June 16, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dt211.html","url_text":"\"Diocese of Tropea\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic-Hierarchy.org","url_text":"Catholic-Hierarchy.org"}]},{"reference":"Chow, Gabriel. \"Diocese of Tropea (Italy)\". GCatholic.org. Retrieved June 16, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/former/trop0.htm","url_text":"\"Diocese of Tropea (Italy)\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/hierarchiacathol04eubeuoft#page/346/mode/2up","external_links_name":"Hierarchia catholica medii et recentioris aevi"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/hierarchiacathol04eubeuoft#page/212/mode/2up","external_links_name":"Hierarchia catholica medii et recentioris aevi"},{"Link":"http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bmarantac.html","external_links_name":"\"Bishop Carlo Maranta\""},{"Link":"http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/former/trop0.htm#40447","external_links_name":"\"Bishop Carlo Maranta\""},{"Link":"http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dg521.html","external_links_name":"\"Diocese of Giovinazzo e Terlizzi\""},{"Link":"http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/former/giov0.htm","external_links_name":"\"Diocese of Giovinazzo (Italy)\""},{"Link":"http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dt211.html","external_links_name":"\"Diocese of Tropea\""},{"Link":"http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/former/trop0.htm","external_links_name":"\"Diocese of Tropea (Italy)\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/49380442","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqBpBMtBmJfrryGkBVDMP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13519326b","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13519326b","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n93074651","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/217563","external_links_name":"Vatican"},{"Link":"https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/carlo-maranta_(Dizionario-Biografico)","external_links_name":"Italian People"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carlo_Maranta&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grigori_Mints	Grigori Mints	["1 Selected publications","2 References","3 External links"]	Russian mathematician (1939–2014) Grigori MintsBorn(1939-06-07)7 June 1939Leningrad, Russian SFSR, Soviet UnionDied29 May 2014(2014-05-29) (aged 74)Palo Alto, California, USSchoolAnalytic philosophyMain interestsMathematical LogicFoundations of mathematicsProof theoryConstructive mathematics Grigori Mints (June 7, 1939 – May 29, 2014) was a Russian philosopher and mathematician who worked in mathematical logic. He was born in Leningrad, in the Soviet Union (now St. Petersburg, Russia), and received his Ph.D. in 1965 from the Leningrad State University under Nikolai Aleksandrovich Shanin with a thesis entitled "On Predicate and Operator Variants for Building Theories of Constructive Mathematics". In 1990 he received his D.Sc. from Leningrad State University with a thesis entitled "Proof Transformations and Synthesis of Programs". He was a Stanford University professor. Since 1991, Grigori "Grisha" Mints was a professor of philosophy and, by courtesy, of mathematics and of computer science at Stanford University. Before joining Stanford, Mints held research positions at the Steklov Mathematical Institute, Leningrad University, and the Estonian Academy of Sciences. Considered one of the most distinguished logicians in the world, Mints was passionate about the applications of logic to philosophy. His expertise was in proof theory – the analysis of the structure of mathematical reasoning. Mints was elected to the Estonian Academy of Sciences in 2008 and to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2010. Mints was a very active member of the steering committee of the WoLLIC series of workshops on logic and language, after having been a member of the community in several capacities such as invited speaker, PC member, PC chair, Organising Committee chair, guest editor of proceedings and special issue, and steering committee member. Selected publications Mints, G. (2013) Epsilon substitution for first- and second-order predicate logic. "Ann. Pure Appl. Logic" 164(6): 733-739. Mints, G., Olkhovikov, G.V., Urquhart, A. (2013) Failure of interpolation in constant domain intuitionistic logic. "J. Symb. Log." 78(3): 937-950. Mints, G. (2013) ADC Method of Proof Search for Intuitionistic Propositional Natural Deduction. To appear in a "Festsschrift for A. Avron". Mints, G. (2012) Effective Cut-elimination for a Fragment of Modal mu-calculus. "Studia Logica" 100(1-2): 279-287. Mints, G. (2010) Cut-free formulations for a quantified logic of here and there. "Ann. Pure Appl. Logic" 162(3): 237-242. Mints, G. (2008) Cut elimination for a simple formulation of epsilon calculus. "Ann. Pure Appl. Logic" 152(1-3): 148-160. Mints, G. (2006) Notes on constructive negation. in R. Kahle and P. Schroeder-Heister (eds.), "Proof-Theoretic Semantics", special issue of "Synthese", 2006, 148, issue 3, pp. 701–717. Mints, G. (2006) Cut Elimination for a Simple Formulation of PAepsilon. "Electr. Notes Theor. Comput. Sci." 143: 159-169. Mints, G. (2006) S4 is Topologically Complete for (0, 1): a Short Proof. "Logic Journal of the IGPL" 14(1): 63-71. Mints, G. (2006) Cut Elimination for S4C: A Case Study. "Studia Logica" 82(1): 121-132. Mints, G. & Zhang, T. (2005) Propositional logic of continuous transformations in Cantor space. "Arch. Math. Log." 44(6): 783-799. Kremer, Ph. & Mints, G. (2005) Dynamic topological logic. "Ann. Pure Appl. Logic" 131(1-3): 133-158. Mints, G. & Zhang, T. (2005) A proof of topological completeness for S4 in (0, 1). "Ann. Pure Appl. Logic" 133(1-3): 231-245. Tatsuta, M. & Mints, G. (2005) A simple proof of second-order strong normalization with permutative conversions. "Ann. Pure Appl. Logic" 136(1-2): 134-155 Mints, G. & Muskens, R. (eds.) (2003) "Games, Logic, and Constructive Sets". Published by Center for the Study of Language and Information - Lecture Notes (Book 161), 2003. ISBN 978-1575864501 Mints, G. (2001) "A Short Introduction to Intuitionistic Logic" (University Series in Mathematics). Published by Kluwer Academic Publisher, 2001. Mints, G. (1992) "A Short Introduction to Modal Logic". Published by Center for the Study of Language and Information - Lecture Notes (Book 30), 1992. ISBN 978-0937073759 Selected Papers in Proof Theory (North-Holland), August 1992, ISBN 978-0444896193, Studies in Proof Theory series) Mints, G. & Martin-Löf, P. (eds.) (1990) "COLOG-88: International Conference on Computer Logic", Tallinn, USSR, December 12–16, 1988, Proceedings - Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Vol. 417), 1990. ISBN 978-3540523352 References ^ Grigori Mints at the Mathematics Genealogy Project ^ Wakefield, Tanu (June 12, 2014). "Stanford philosophy Professor Grigori Mints, a world-renowned logician, has died at 74". News.stanford.edu. Retrieved August 9, 2014. External links Grigori Mints official website at Stanford University Tributes to Grigori Mints Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Netherlands Poland Academics CiNii DBLP MathSciNet Mathematics Genealogy Project zbMATH Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"philosopher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosopher"},{"link_name":"mathematician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematician"},{"link_name":"mathematical logic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_logic"},{"link_name":"Leningrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leningrad"},{"link_name":"St. Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Petersburg"},{"link_name":"Leningrad State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leningrad_State_University"},{"link_name":"Nikolai Aleksandrovich Shanin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Aleksandrovich_Shanin"},{"link_name":"Leningrad State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leningrad_State_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Stanford University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University"},{"link_name":"professor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professor"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Steklov Mathematical Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steklov_Mathematical_Institute"},{"link_name":"Leningrad University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leningrad_University"},{"link_name":"Estonian Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonian_Academy_of_Sciences"},{"link_name":"proof theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof_theory"},{"link_name":"Estonian Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonian_Academy_of_Sciences"},{"link_name":"American Academy of Arts and Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences"},{"link_name":"WoLLIC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WoLLIC"}],"text":"Grigori Mints (June 7, 1939 – May 29, 2014) was a Russian philosopher and mathematician who worked in mathematical logic.\nHe was born in Leningrad, in the Soviet Union (now St. Petersburg, Russia), and received his Ph.D. in 1965 from the Leningrad State University under Nikolai Aleksandrovich Shanin with a thesis entitled \"On Predicate and Operator Variants for Building Theories of Constructive Mathematics\". In 1990 he received his D.Sc. from Leningrad State University with a thesis entitled \"Proof Transformations and Synthesis of Programs\".[1] He was a Stanford University professor.[2] Since 1991, Grigori \"Grisha\" Mints was a professor of philosophy and, by courtesy, of mathematics and of computer science at Stanford University. Before joining Stanford, Mints held research positions at the Steklov Mathematical Institute, Leningrad University, and the Estonian Academy of Sciences.Considered one of the most distinguished logicians in the world, Mints was passionate about the applications of logic to philosophy. His expertise was in proof theory – the analysis of the structure of mathematical reasoning. Mints was elected to the Estonian Academy of Sciences in 2008 and to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2010.Mints was a very active member of the steering committee of the WoLLIC series of workshops on logic and language, after having been a member of the community in several capacities such as invited speaker, PC member, PC chair, Organising Committee chair, guest editor of proceedings and special issue, and steering committee member.","title":"Grigori Mints"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1575864501","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1575864501"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0937073759","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0937073759"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0444896193","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0444896193"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3540523352","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3540523352"}],"text":"Mints, G. (2013) Epsilon substitution for first- and second-order predicate logic. \"Ann. Pure Appl. Logic\" 164(6): 733-739.\nMints, G., Olkhovikov, G.V., Urquhart, A. (2013) Failure of interpolation in constant domain intuitionistic logic. \"J. Symb. Log.\" 78(3): 937-950.\nMints, G. (2013) ADC Method of Proof Search for Intuitionistic Propositional Natural Deduction. To appear in a \"Festsschrift for A. Avron\".\nMints, G. (2012) Effective Cut-elimination for a Fragment of Modal mu-calculus. \"Studia Logica\" 100(1-2): 279-287.\nMints, G. (2010) Cut-free formulations for a quantified logic of here and there. \"Ann. Pure Appl. Logic\" 162(3): 237-242.\nMints, G. (2008) Cut elimination for a simple formulation of epsilon calculus. \"Ann. Pure Appl. Logic\" 152(1-3): 148-160.\nMints, G. (2006) Notes on constructive negation. in R. Kahle and P. Schroeder-Heister (eds.), \"Proof-Theoretic Semantics\", special issue of \"Synthese\", 2006, 148, issue 3, pp. 701–717.\nMints, G. (2006) Cut Elimination for a Simple Formulation of PAepsilon. \"Electr. Notes Theor. Comput. Sci.\" 143: 159-169.\nMints, G. (2006) S4 is Topologically Complete for (0, 1): a Short Proof. \"Logic Journal of the IGPL\" 14(1): 63-71.\nMints, G. (2006) Cut Elimination for S4C: A Case Study. \"Studia Logica\" 82(1): 121-132.\nMints, G. & Zhang, T. (2005) Propositional logic of continuous transformations in Cantor space. \"Arch. Math. Log.\" 44(6): 783-799.\nKremer, Ph. & Mints, G. (2005) Dynamic topological logic. \"Ann. Pure Appl. Logic\" 131(1-3): 133-158.\nMints, G. & Zhang, T. (2005) A proof of topological completeness for S4 in (0, 1). \"Ann. Pure Appl. Logic\" 133(1-3): 231-245.\nTatsuta, M. & Mints, G. (2005) A simple proof of second-order strong normalization with permutative conversions. \"Ann. Pure Appl. Logic\" 136(1-2): 134-155\nMints, G. & Muskens, R. (eds.) (2003) \"Games, Logic, and Constructive Sets\". Published by Center for the Study of Language and Information - Lecture Notes (Book 161), 2003. ISBN 978-1575864501\nMints, G. (2001) \"A Short Introduction to Intuitionistic Logic\" (University Series in Mathematics). Published by Kluwer Academic Publisher, 2001.\nMints, G. (1992) \"A Short Introduction to Modal Logic\". Published by Center for the Study of Language and Information - Lecture Notes (Book 30), 1992. ISBN 978-0937073759\nSelected Papers in Proof Theory (North-Holland), August 1992, ISBN 978-0444896193, Studies in Proof Theory series)\nMints, G. & Martin-Löf, P. (eds.) (1990) \"COLOG-88: International Conference on Computer Logic\", Tallinn, USSR, December 12–16, 1988, Proceedings - Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Vol. 417), 1990. ISBN 978-3540523352","title":"Selected publications"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Wakefield, Tanu (June 12, 2014). \"Stanford philosophy Professor Grigori Mints, a world-renowned logician, has died at 74\". News.stanford.edu. Retrieved August 9, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.stanford.edu/news/2014/june/grigori-mints-obit-061214.html","url_text":"\"Stanford philosophy Professor Grigori Mints, a world-renowned logician, has died at 74\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=41775","external_links_name":"Grigori Mints"},{"Link":"http://news.stanford.edu/news/2014/june/grigori-mints-obit-061214.html","external_links_name":"\"Stanford philosophy Professor Grigori Mints, a world-renowned logician, has died at 74\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140809121048/http://philosophy.stanford.edu/profile/Grigori+Mints/","external_links_name":"Grigori Mints official website"},{"Link":"http://www.grishamints.net/home/words-from-friends","external_links_name":"Tributes to Grigori Mints"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000435261024","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/266334008","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJvMFgMMHFVJ4rYrVbTbVC","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12369671j","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12369671j","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/172496209","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007441867605171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n84801193","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=mub20191036292&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p07484878X","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810562941705606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA04159790?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"},{"Link":"https://dblp.org/pid/45/4945","external_links_name":"DBLP"},{"Link":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet/MRAuthorID/125280","external_links_name":"MathSciNet"},{"Link":"https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=41775","external_links_name":"Mathematics Genealogy Project"},{"Link":"https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:mints.grigori-efroimovich","external_links_name":"zbMATH"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/068664788","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea_Kidnapped_My_Daughter	Yokota family	["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]	Family known for human rights activism Yokota familyBornShigeru Yokota(1932-11-14)November 14, 1932Sakie Yokota (1936-02-04) February 4, 1936 (age 88)DiedShigeru YokotaJune 5, 2020(2020-06-05) (aged 87)OccupationHuman rights activistsKnown forFounders of the National Association for the Rescue of Japanese Kidnapped by North Korea The Yokota family, husband Shigeru (November 14, 1932 – June 5, 2020) and wife Sakie (born February 4, 1936) along with their twin sons Takuya and Tetsuya founded the Japanese National Association for the Rescue of Japanese Kidnapped by North Korea in 1997. The Association supports the victims of North Korea's abductions of Japanese citizens in the late 1970s and early 1980s. The Yokotas' daughter Megumi was kidnapped in 1977 by North Korean spies; her current whereabouts are unknown. Sakie Yokota once met with U.S. President George W. Bush to talk about demanding sanctions on North Korea and in 2013 she testified about her daughter's abduction. In 2014, the Yokotas met Megumi's Korean daughter. Also in 2014, Sakie Yokota met U.S. President Barack Obama to discuss the case of her daughter and other abductees. The meeting came after a press conference Obama held with then Prime Minister Shinzo Abe. During the meeting, Obama said he was "moved by their tragic experiences." On September 19, 2017, President of the United States Donald Trump, in a speech to the United Nations General Assembly, included Yokota in a series of accusations against the North Korean government, saying, "We know it kidnapped a sweet 13-year-old Japanese girl from a beach in her own country to enslave her as a language tutor for North Korea's spies." On June 5, 2020, Shigeru Yokota died at age 87. He had been hospitalized in Kawasaki for more than two years. On October 24, 2020, former Prime Minister Abe and Prime Minister Yoshihide Suga attended a memorial service for Shigeru, where Suga praised him and said he would "take the lead in making a breakthrough (on the abductees issue), without missing any opportunity." Sakie Yokota wrote a book, North Korea Kidnapped My Daughter, about the issue. See also North Korean abductions of Japanese Abduction: The Megumi Yokota Story Megumi (manga) References ^ a b Eilperin, Juliet (24 April 2014). "Obama meets with relatives of Japanese abducted by North Korea". Washington Post. Retrieved 17 October 2020. ^ "Opinion \| Signals From North Korea". April 11, 2014 – via NYTimes.com. ^ "North Korea abductee meeting praised". March 17, 2014 – via www.bbc.co.uk. ^ "Yokotas still hopeful for reunion on 50th birthday of abducted daughter - AJW by the Asahi Shimbun". Archived from the original on September 15, 2015. Retrieved June 3, 2015. ^ McKirdy, Euan. "Abductee's parents finally meet North Korean granddaughter". CNN. ^ "Elderly Japanese couple meet family of daughter kidnapped by N Korea". ^ "INSIGHT: Meeting with abductee's daughter could propel Tokyo-Pyongyang talks - AJW by the Asahi Shimbun". Archived from the original on October 31, 2014. Retrieved June 3, 2015. ^ "North Korean daughter of Japanese abductee could visit Japan this year". July 1, 2014 – via www.reuters.com. ^ Fackler, Martin (March 16, 2014). "Years After Abduction by North Korea, a Reunion" – via NYTimes.com. ^ "Japanese mother tells of heartbreak years after North Korea abducted 13-year-old daughter". August 29, 2013 – via www.reuters.com. ^ "Trump vows to bring Japanese abductee Yokota home from North Korea". Kyodo News. 1 July 2020. Retrieved 17 October 2020. ^ "Yokota Shigeru, father of abductee, dies at 87". NHK WORLD. ^ "Shigeru Yokota, father of North Korea abductee Megumi, dead at 87". The Japan Times. June 5, 2020. ^ "Memorial held for Shigeru Yokota, father of N. Korea abductee Megumi". The Mainichi. 24 October 2020. Retrieved 25 October 2020. ^ "Suga attends memorial for father of North Korea abductee". The Japan Times. 24 October 2020. Retrieved 25 October 2020. ^ Dym, Jeffrey A. (2014). "Review of North Korea Kidnapped My Daughter". North Korean Review. 10 (2): 99–101. ISSN 1551-2789. External links NARKN website "Parental love versus Kim Jong-il", By Kosuke Takahashi of Asia Times Online, April 28, 2009. This biographical article about a Japanese activist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"National Association for the Rescue of Japanese Kidnapped by North Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_for_the_Rescue_of_Japanese_Kidnapped_by_North_Korea"},{"link_name":"North Korea's abductions of Japanese citizens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korean_abductions_of_Japanese"},{"link_name":"Megumi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megumi_Yokota"},{"link_name":"U.S. President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._President"},{"link_name":"George W. Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush"},{"link_name":"North Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Obama-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Barack Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama"},{"link_name":"Shinzo Abe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinzo_Abe"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Obama-1"},{"link_name":"Donald Trump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump"},{"link_name":"13-year-old Japanese girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megumi_Yokota"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Yoshihide Suga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshihide_Suga"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"The Yokota family, husband Shigeru (November 14, 1932 – June 5, 2020) and wife Sakie (born February 4, 1936) along with their twin sons Takuya and Tetsuya founded the Japanese National Association for the Rescue of Japanese Kidnapped by North Korea in 1997. The Association supports the victims of North Korea's abductions of Japanese citizens in the late 1970s and early 1980s. The Yokotas' daughter Megumi was kidnapped in 1977 by North Korean spies; her current whereabouts are unknown.Sakie Yokota once met with U.S. President George W. Bush to talk about demanding sanctions on North Korea and in 2013 she testified about her daughter's abduction.[1]In 2014, the Yokotas met Megumi's Korean daughter.[2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10] Also in 2014, Sakie Yokota met U.S. President Barack Obama to discuss the case of her daughter and other abductees. The meeting came after a press conference Obama held with then Prime Minister Shinzo Abe. During the meeting, Obama said he was \"moved by their tragic experiences.\"[1]On September 19, 2017, President of the United States Donald Trump, in a speech to the United Nations General Assembly, included Yokota in a series of accusations against the North Korean government, saying, \"We know it kidnapped a sweet 13-year-old Japanese girl from a beach in her own country to enslave her as a language tutor for North Korea's spies.\"[11]On June 5, 2020, Shigeru Yokota died at age 87. He had been hospitalized in Kawasaki for more than two years. [12][13] On October 24, 2020, former Prime Minister Abe and Prime Minister Yoshihide Suga attended a memorial service for Shigeru, where Suga praised him and said he would \"take the lead in making a breakthrough (on the abductees issue), without missing any opportunity.\"[14][15]Sakie Yokota wrote a book, North Korea Kidnapped My Daughter, about the issue.[16]","title":"Yokota family"}]	[]	[{"title":"North Korean abductions of Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korean_abductions_of_Japanese"},{"title":"Abduction: The Megumi Yokota Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abduction:_The_Megumi_Yokota_Story"},{"title":"Megumi (manga)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megumi_(manga)"}]	[{"reference":"Eilperin, Juliet (24 April 2014). \"Obama meets with relatives of Japanese abducted by North Korea\". Washington Post. Retrieved 17 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2014/04/24/obama-meets-with-relatives-of-japanese-abducted-by-north-korea/","url_text":"\"Obama meets with relatives of Japanese abducted by North Korea\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Post","url_text":"Washington Post"}]},{"reference":"\"Opinion \| Signals From North Korea\". April 11, 2014 – via NYTimes.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/12/opinion/signals-from-north-korea.html","url_text":"\"Opinion \| Signals From North Korea\""}]},{"reference":"\"North Korea abductee meeting praised\". March 17, 2014 – via www.bbc.co.uk.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-26607446","url_text":"\"North Korea abductee meeting praised\""}]},{"reference":"\"Yokotas still hopeful for reunion on 50th birthday of abducted daughter - AJW by the Asahi Shimbun\". Archived from the original on September 15, 2015. Retrieved June 3, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150915161744/http://ajw.asahi.com/article/behind_news/politics/AJ201410050024","url_text":"\"Yokotas still hopeful for reunion on 50th birthday of abducted daughter - AJW by the Asahi Shimbun\""},{"url":"http://ajw.asahi.com/article/behind_news/politics/AJ201410050024","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"McKirdy, Euan. \"Abductee's parents finally meet North Korean granddaughter\". CNN.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnn.com/2014/03/17/world/asia/japan-north-korea-abductee-meeting/index.html","url_text":"\"Abductee's parents finally meet North Korean granddaughter\""}]},{"reference":"\"Elderly Japanese couple meet family of daughter kidnapped by N Korea\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/northkorea/10702048/Elderly-Japanese-couple-meet-family-of-daughter-kidnapped-by-N-Korea.html","url_text":"\"Elderly Japanese couple meet family of daughter kidnapped by N Korea\""}]},{"reference":"\"INSIGHT: Meeting with abductee's daughter could propel Tokyo-Pyongyang talks - AJW by the Asahi Shimbun\". Archived from the original on October 31, 2014. Retrieved June 3, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141031134826/http://ajw.asahi.com/article/asia/korean_peninsula/AJ201403170078","url_text":"\"INSIGHT: Meeting with abductee's daughter could propel Tokyo-Pyongyang talks - AJW by the Asahi Shimbun\""},{"url":"http://ajw.asahi.com/article/asia/korean_peninsula/AJ201403170078","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"North Korean daughter of Japanese abductee could visit Japan this year\". July 1, 2014 – via www.reuters.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-japan-northkorea-daughter-idUSKBN0F638G20140701","url_text":"\"North Korean daughter of Japanese abductee could visit Japan this year\""}]},{"reference":"Fackler, Martin (March 16, 2014). \"Years After Abduction by North Korea, a Reunion\" – via NYTimes.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/17/world/asia/parents-of-japanese-woman-kidnapped-by-north-korea-meet-their-granddaughter.html","url_text":"\"Years After Abduction by North Korea, a Reunion\""}]},{"reference":"\"Japanese mother tells of heartbreak years after North Korea abducted 13-year-old daughter\". August 29, 2013 – via www.reuters.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-korea-north-japan-idUSBRE97S09D20130829","url_text":"\"Japanese mother tells of heartbreak years after North Korea abducted 13-year-old daughter\""}]},{"reference":"\"Trump vows to bring Japanese abductee Yokota home from North Korea\". Kyodo News. 1 July 2020. Retrieved 17 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://english.kyodonews.net/news/2020/07/bab2c84a54b2-trump-vows-to-bring-japanese-abductee-yokota-home-from-n-korea.html","url_text":"\"Trump vows to bring Japanese abductee Yokota home from North Korea\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyodo_News","url_text":"Kyodo News"}]},{"reference":"\"Yokota Shigeru, father of abductee, dies at 87\". NHK WORLD.","urls":[{"url":"https://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/en/news/20200605_29/","url_text":"\"Yokota Shigeru, father of abductee, dies at 87\""}]},{"reference":"\"Shigeru Yokota, father of North Korea abductee Megumi, dead at 87\". The Japan Times. June 5, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2020/06/05/national/shigeru-yokota-father-of-north-korea-abductee-megumi-dead-at-87/","url_text":"\"Shigeru Yokota, father of North Korea abductee Megumi, dead at 87\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Japan_Times","url_text":"The Japan Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Memorial held for Shigeru Yokota, father of N. Korea abductee Megumi\". The Mainichi. 24 October 2020. Retrieved 25 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://mainichi.jp/english/articles/20201024/p2g/00m/0na/078000c","url_text":"\"Memorial held for Shigeru Yokota, father of N. Korea abductee Megumi\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mainichi","url_text":"The Mainichi"}]},{"reference":"\"Suga attends memorial for father of North Korea abductee\". The Japan Times. 24 October 2020. Retrieved 25 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2020/10/24/national/yoshihide-suga-north-korea-abductee-shigeru-yokota/","url_text":"\"Suga attends memorial for father of North Korea abductee\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Japan_Times","url_text":"The Japan Times"}]},{"reference":"Dym, Jeffrey A. (2014). \"Review of North Korea Kidnapped My Daughter\". North Korean Review. 10 (2): 99–101. ISSN 1551-2789.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/43908945","url_text":"\"Review of North Korea Kidnapped My Daughter\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1551-2789","url_text":"1551-2789"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2014/04/24/obama-meets-with-relatives-of-japanese-abducted-by-north-korea/","external_links_name":"\"Obama meets with relatives of Japanese abducted by North Korea\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/12/opinion/signals-from-north-korea.html","external_links_name":"\"Opinion \| Signals From North Korea\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-26607446","external_links_name":"\"North Korea abductee meeting praised\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150915161744/http://ajw.asahi.com/article/behind_news/politics/AJ201410050024","external_links_name":"\"Yokotas still hopeful for reunion on 50th birthday of abducted daughter - AJW by the Asahi Shimbun\""},{"Link":"http://ajw.asahi.com/article/behind_news/politics/AJ201410050024","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.cnn.com/2014/03/17/world/asia/japan-north-korea-abductee-meeting/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Abductee's parents finally meet North Korean granddaughter\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/northkorea/10702048/Elderly-Japanese-couple-meet-family-of-daughter-kidnapped-by-N-Korea.html","external_links_name":"\"Elderly Japanese couple meet family of daughter kidnapped by N Korea\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141031134826/http://ajw.asahi.com/article/asia/korean_peninsula/AJ201403170078","external_links_name":"\"INSIGHT: Meeting with abductee's daughter could propel Tokyo-Pyongyang talks - AJW by the Asahi Shimbun\""},{"Link":"http://ajw.asahi.com/article/asia/korean_peninsula/AJ201403170078","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-japan-northkorea-daughter-idUSKBN0F638G20140701","external_links_name":"\"North Korean daughter of Japanese abductee could visit Japan this year\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/17/world/asia/parents-of-japanese-woman-kidnapped-by-north-korea-meet-their-granddaughter.html","external_links_name":"\"Years After Abduction by North Korea, a Reunion\""},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-korea-north-japan-idUSBRE97S09D20130829","external_links_name":"\"Japanese mother tells of heartbreak years after North Korea abducted 13-year-old daughter\""},{"Link":"https://english.kyodonews.net/news/2020/07/bab2c84a54b2-trump-vows-to-bring-japanese-abductee-yokota-home-from-n-korea.html","external_links_name":"\"Trump vows to bring Japanese abductee Yokota home from North Korea\""},{"Link":"https://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/en/news/20200605_29/","external_links_name":"\"Yokota Shigeru, father of abductee, dies at 87\""},{"Link":"https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2020/06/05/national/shigeru-yokota-father-of-north-korea-abductee-megumi-dead-at-87/","external_links_name":"\"Shigeru Yokota, father of North Korea abductee Megumi, dead at 87\""},{"Link":"https://mainichi.jp/english/articles/20201024/p2g/00m/0na/078000c","external_links_name":"\"Memorial held for Shigeru Yokota, father of N. Korea abductee Megumi\""},{"Link":"https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2020/10/24/national/yoshihide-suga-north-korea-abductee-shigeru-yokota/","external_links_name":"\"Suga attends memorial for father of North Korea abductee\""},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/43908945","external_links_name":"\"Review of North Korea Kidnapped My Daughter\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1551-2789","external_links_name":"1551-2789"},{"Link":"http://www.sukuukai.jp/narkn/index.html","external_links_name":"NARKN website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090430050714/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Korea/KD28Dg01.html","external_links_name":"\"Parental love versus Kim Jong-il\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yokota_family&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neucleus	Neucleus	["1 History","1.1 Voluntary student unionism","1.2 Post-VSU return","1.3 New media age","1.4 Magazine closure"]	Student newspaper at the University of New England, Australia This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Neucleus" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) NeucleusTypeStudent newspaperFormatMagazineOwner(s)University of New England Students' AssociationFounded1947LanguageEnglishHeadquartersArmidale, New South WalesWebsitewww.nucleusune.net Neucleus is a student newspaper published at the University of New England in Armidale, New South Wales, Australia. The magazine is produced by the University of New England Students' Association. History Neucleus was established in April 1947. Voluntary student unionism The implementation of voluntary student unionism in 2006 had a significant impact on the viability of student newspapers across Australia, compulsory student union membership fees having been the major source of income for most. Post-VSU return After a period of six years absence, the publication returned in 2013 under the name Nucleus. New media age As of 2018 the Nucleus has taken a new angle and started publishing digitally with a minimisation of print media. The 2017-18 UNESA Board of Directors in conjunction with a former editor, Nicholas McCann, helped to form this new version of the publication. Magazine closure Due to budgetary restrictions and a high turn-over of editors, the magazine ceased publishing. vteAustralian student mediaPublications Arcadia Arena The Ashes Blitz Bound The Bullsheet Catalyst Curieux Dircksey Empire Times Esperanto Farrago Fedpress Flycatcher Framework Getamungstit Grapeshot Grok Honi Soit Hungappa Hyde Interp Lot's Wife Magnus Taurus Metior Neucleus On Dit Opus Pelican Playground Rabelais Scoop SCUM Semper Floreat Swine Tertangala Tharunka Togatus Universe Verse Vertigo Wordly Woroni WSUPnews Yak Radio stationsTerrestrial 2MCE Bathurst 2SER Sydney Adelaide University Student Radio SYN Melbourne UCFM Canberra TUNE! FM Armidale Defunct: SYN Nation Melbourne Wodonga TAFE Radio Online 3SSR Melbourne ACU Wired Canberra JACradio Brisbane Phoenix Radio Ipswich Radio Fodder Melbourne Radio Monash Melbourne Radio Murdoch Perth UniCast Adelaide SURG Sydney Woroni Radio Canberra Television production RMITV Melbourne SYN TV Melbourne This Australian newspaper-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"student newspaper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student_newspaper"},{"link_name":"University of New England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_New_England,_Australia"},{"link_name":"Armidale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armidale,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magazine"},{"link_name":"University of New England Students' Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_New_England_Students%27_Association"}],"text":"Neucleus is a student newspaper published at the University of New England in Armidale, New South Wales, Australia. The magazine is produced by the University of New England Students' Association.","title":"Neucleus"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Neucleus was established in April 1947.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"voluntary student unionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voluntary_student_unionism"},{"link_name":"student union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Students%27_union"}],"sub_title":"Voluntary student unionism","text":"The implementation of voluntary student unionism in 2006 had a significant impact on the viability of student newspapers across Australia, compulsory student union membership fees having been the major source of income for most.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Post-VSU return","text":"After a period of six years absence, the publication returned in 2013 under the name Nucleus.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"New media age","text":"As of 2018 the Nucleus has taken a new angle and started publishing digitally with a minimisation of print media. The 2017-18 UNESA Board of Directors in conjunction with a former editor, Nicholas McCann, helped to form this new version of the publication.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Australian_student_media"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Australian_student_media"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Australian_student_media"},{"link_name":"Publications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_student_publications_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"Blitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arc_@_UNSW_Limited#Blitz"},{"link_name":"Catalyst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalyst_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Empire Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flinders_University#Media"},{"link_name":"Esperanto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto_(student_magazine)"},{"link_name":"Farrago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farrago_(newspaper)"},{"link_name":"Grok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grok_Magazine"},{"link_name":"Honi Soit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honi_Soit"},{"link_name":"Hungappa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungappa"},{"link_name":"Interp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpellator"},{"link_name":"Lot's Wife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lot%27s_Wife_(student_newspaper)"},{"link_name":"Metior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metior"},{"link_name":"Neucleus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"On Dit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_Dit"},{"link_name":"Opus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opus_(University_of_Newcastle_magazine)"},{"link_name":"Pelican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelican_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Rabelais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabelais_Student_Media"},{"link_name":"Semper Floreat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semper_Floreat"},{"link_name":"Tertangala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertangala"},{"link_name":"Tharunka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tharunka"},{"link_name":"Togatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togatus"},{"link_name":"Vertigo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertigo_(UTS)"},{"link_name":"Woroni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woroni"},{"link_name":"WSUPnews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WSUPnews"},{"link_name":"2MCE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2MCE"},{"link_name":"2SER","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2SER"},{"link_name":"Adelaide University Student Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Adelaide#Adelaide_University_Student_Radio"},{"link_name":"SYN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SYN_(radio_station)"},{"link_name":"UCFM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/87.8_UCFM"},{"link_name":"TUNE! FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TUNE!_FM"},{"link_name":"SYN Nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SYN_Nation"},{"link_name":"SURG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SURG"},{"link_name":"Woroni Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woroni#Woroni_Radio"},{"link_name":"RMITV Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RMITV"},{"link_name":"SYN TV Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SYN_Media#SYN_TV"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Newspaper.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Australia.svg"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neucleus&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Australia-newspaper-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Australia-newspaper-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Australia-newspaper-stub"}],"sub_title":"Magazine closure","text":"Due to budgetary restrictions and a high turn-over of editors, the magazine ceased publishing.[when?]vteAustralian student mediaPublications\nArcadia\nArena\nThe Ashes\nBlitz\nBound\nThe Bullsheet\nCatalyst\nCurieux\nDircksey\nEmpire Times\nEsperanto\nFarrago\nFedpress\nFlycatcher\nFramework\nGetamungstit\nGrapeshot\nGrok\nHoni Soit\nHungappa\nHyde\nInterp\nLot's Wife\nMagnus Taurus\nMetior\nNeucleus\nOn Dit\nOpus\nPelican\nPlayground\nRabelais\nScoop\nSCUM\nSemper Floreat\nSwine\nTertangala\nTharunka\nTogatus\nUniverse\nVerse\nVertigo\nWordly\nWoroni\nWSUPnews\nYak\nRadio stationsTerrestrial\n2MCE Bathurst\n2SER Sydney\nAdelaide University Student Radio\nSYN Melbourne\nUCFM Canberra\nTUNE! FM Armidale\nDefunct: SYN Nation Melbourne\nWodonga TAFE Radio\nOnline\n3SSR Melbourne\nACU Wired Canberra\nJACradio Brisbane\nPhoenix Radio Ipswich\nRadio Fodder Melbourne\nRadio Monash Melbourne\nRadio Murdoch Perth\nUniCast Adelaide\nSURG Sydney\nWoroni Radio Canberra\nTelevision production\nRMITV Melbourne\nSYN TV MelbourneThis Australian newspaper-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"History"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Neucleus%22","external_links_name":"\"Neucleus\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Neucleus%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Neucleus%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Neucleus%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Neucleus%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Neucleus%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.nucleusune.net/","external_links_name":"www.nucleusune.net"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neucleus&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.