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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheek_(disambiguation)
Cheek (disambiguation)
["1 Places","2 People","3 Other uses","4 See also"]
Look up cheek, buckle cavity, or jowl in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. The cheek is the area of the face below the eyes and between the nose and the left or right ear. Cheek may also refer to: Places Cheek, Oklahoma, United States Cheek, Texas, United States Cheek Creek, Missouri, United States Cheeks Hill, a hill on Axe Edge Moor, Peak District, England People Cheek (rapper) (born 1981), Finnish rapper Cheek (surname) Mr. Cheeks or Terrance Kelly (born 1971), an American rapper Other uses Cheek (casting), an addition to a casting flask used to produce reentrant angles Cheek, a slang term for the buttocks The Cheek, a British indie pop band See also Cheek to Cheek (disambiguation) Cheekh, a 2019 Pakistani crime-drama television series Cheeks (disambiguation) Cheeky (disambiguation) Chic (disambiguation) Tongue-in-cheek (disambiguation) All pages with titles containing Cheek Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Cheek.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
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[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravil_Sabitov
Ravil Sabitov
["1 Club career","2 Honours","3 European club competitions","4 References"]
Russian footballer Ravil Sabitov Ravil Sabitov in 2008Personal informationFull name Ravil Rufailovich SabitovDate of birth (1968-03-08) 8 March 1968 (age 56)Place of birth Moscow, Soviet UnionHeight 1.79 m (5 ft 10+1⁄2 in)Position(s) DefenderTeam informationCurrent team AFA Olaine (assistant coach)Youth career FC Dynamo MoscowSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)1985–1990 FC Dynamo Moscow 15 (0)1990 FC Dinamo Sukhumi 28 (0)1991–1993 FC Lokomotiv Moscow 70 (1)1994 K.S.V. Waregem 8 (0)1995–1996 FC Dynamo Moscow 19 (2)Total 140 (3)Managerial career1997–1998 FC Khimki (assistant)1998–1999 FC Khimki2000–2001 FC Titan Reutov2001 FC Khimki (assistant)2001–2002 FC Khimki2003–2007 Russia U-192007–2008 FC Torpedo Moscow2009 FC Maccabi Moscow2009–2011 FC Tobol2011–2012 FK Daugava Daugavpils2013–2014 FC Myllypuro2015 FC Sakhalin Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk2015–2016 FC Tekstilshchik Ivanovo2017–2018 FK Jelgava2019 FC Zvezda Perm (consultant)2019 FC Akhmat Grozny (assistant)2020 Riga FC2020–2021 Riga FC (academy)2021–2022 Salaspils2024– AFA Olaine (assistant) *Club domestic league appearances and goals Ravil Rufailovich Sabitov (Russian: Равиль Руфаилович Сабитов; born 8 March 1968) is a Russian professional football coach and a former player. He is an assistant coach with the Latvian club AFA Olaine. Club career As a player, he made his debut in the Soviet Top League in 1989 for FC Dynamo Moscow. Honours Soviet Top League bronze: 1990. Russian Cup winner: 1995. European club competitions UEFA Cup 1993–94 with FC Lokomotiv Moscow: 2 games. UEFA Cup Winners' Cup 1995–96 with FC Dynamo Moscow: 1 game. References ^ "Profile by RFL". Russian Premier League. Retrieved 10 October 2019. ^ Ravil Sabitov at Soccerway ^ Ravil Sabitov at FootballFacts.ru (in Russian) vteFC Khimki – managers Shtapov (1996–97) Bychkov (1998) Sabitov (1998–99) Piskaryov (2000) Papayev (2000) Petrushin (2001) Sabitov (2001–02) Derkach (2002–03) Galyamin (2003) Shevchuk (2004) Tsymbalarc (2004) Yakovenko (2004–05) Kazachyonok (2006–07) Muslin (2007–08) Yushchenkoc (2008) Yuran (2008) Sarsania (2009) Chugainovc (2009) Tarkhanov (2010) Bushmanov (2010) Grigoryan (2011) Dolmatov (2011–12) Tarkhanov (2012) Tetradze (2012) Petrakov (2012–13) Gridin (2013) Tarkhanov (2013) Mukhanov (2013–14) Maminov (2014–15) Khafizov (2015–16) Irkhin (2016–17) Stogov (2017) Irkhin (2017–18) Krasnozhan (2018) Shalimov (2018–19) Talalayev (2019–20) Yuran (2020) Gunko (2020) Cherevchenko (2020–21) Yushchenkoc (2021) Cherevchenko (2021–22) Yuran (2022) Pisarev (2022) Gogniyev (2022–23) Bilyaletdinovc (2023) Talalayev (2023–) (c) = caretaker manager vteFC Torpedo Moscow – managers Bukhteyev (1932–34) Nikitin (1936–37) Bukhteyev (1937–39) Kvashnin (1939–40) Maslov (1945) Selin (1945) Maslov (1946–48) Nikitin (1948–49) Kvashnin (1949–50) Moshkarkin (1951) Rzhevtsev (1951) Maslov (1952–53) Morozov (1953–55) Beskov (1956) Maslov (1957–61) Zharkov (1962) Zolotov (1963) Morozov (1963) Maryenko (1964–66) Morozov (1967) Ivanov (1967–70) Maslov (1971–73) Ivanov (1973–78) Salkov (1979–80) Ivanov (1980–91) Skomorokhov (1991–92) Mironov (1992–94) Petrenkoc (1994) Ivanov (1994–96) Tarkhanov (1997–98) Ivanov (1998) Shevchenko (1999–2002) Petrenko (2002–06) Gosteninc (2006) Yartsev (2007) Dayevc (2007) Sabitov (2007–08) Dayev (2008–09) Pavlov (2010) Chugainov (2010–12) Belov (2012) Ignatyev (2012–13) Kazakov (2013) Savichevc (2013) Borodyuk (2013–14) Savichev (2014) Petrakov (2014–16) Bulatov (2016–17) Kolyvanov (2017–19) Ignashevich (2019–21) Borodyuk (2021–22) Savichev (2022) Talalayev (2022–23) Clotet (2023) Gorlovc (2023) Gorlov (2023) Kononov (2024–) (c) = caretaker manager vteFC Daugava – managers Pašins (2001–02) Grigjans (2003–04) Pogodins (2005) Yuran (2006) Pogodinsc (2006) Kiriakov (2006) Kichiginc (2006) Petrenko (2007) Pogodinsc (2007) Gamula (2007) Zemļinskis (2007–08) Gamula (2008) Kurbatovs (2009) Pogodins (2010) Laptevc (2010) Pogodins (2010) Pertia (2010–11) Pogodinsc (2011) Nazarenko (2011) Sabitov (2011–12) Žavoronkovsc (2012) Tabanov (2012–2013) Demidov (2014) Orbu (2014) Tabanov (2014) (c) = caretaker manager This biographical article related to a Russian association football defender born in the 1960s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selectivity_(circuit_breakers)
Selectivity (circuit breakers)
["1 References"]
Selectivity, also known as circuit breaker discrimination, is the coordination of overcurrent protection devices so that a fault in the installation is cleared by the protection device located immediately upstream of the fault. The purpose of selectivity is to minimize the impact of a failure on the network. Faults in an installation are, for example, overload and short circuit. There are four ways in which selectivity is achieved: Current selectivity: different breaking capacities Time selectivity: time delay before tripping of a breaker Energy based selectivity: analysis of the current waves Zone selective interlocking: communication between the breakers, forwarding a time delay instruction References ^ "Selectivity, Cascading and Coordination Guide" (pdf). Schneider Electric. 2021. p. A-2. Archived from the original on 17 September 2021. Retrieved 18 September 2021. ^ National Fire Protection Association (2017). "Article 100 Definitions". NFPA 70 National Electrical Code. 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, Massachusetts 02169: NFPA. Retrieved October 9, 2023. Coordination, selective (selective coordination): localization of an overcurrent condition to restrict outages to the circuit or equipment affected, accomplished by the selection and installation of overcurrent protective devices and their ratings or settings for the full range of available overcurrents, from overload to the maximum available fault current, and for the full range of overcurrent protective device opening times associated with those overcurrents.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link) ^ Jean-Pierre Nereau (April 2001). "Discrimination with LV power circuit-breakers" (PDF). Schneider Electric. p. 6. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 September 2021. Retrieved 18 September 2021.
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GTL%2B
Gunning transceiver logic
["1 References"]
This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (March 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Gunning transceiver logic (GTL) is a type of logic signaling used to drive electronic backplane buses. It has a voltage swing between 0.4 volts and 1.2 volts—much lower than that used in TTL and CMOS logic—and symmetrical parallel resistive termination. The maximum signaling frequency is specified to be 100 MHz, although some applications use higher frequencies. GTL is defined by JEDEC standard JESD 8-3 (1993) and was invented by William Gunning while working for Xerox at the Palo Alto Research Center. All Intel front-side buses use GTL. As of 2008, GTL in these FSBs has a maximum frequency of 1.6 GHz. The front-side bus of the Intel Pentium Pro, Pentium II and Pentium III microprocessors uses GTL+ (or GTLP) developed by Fairchild Semiconductor, an upgraded version of GTL which has defined slew rates and higher voltage levels. AGTL+ stands for either assisted Gunning transceiver logic or advanced Gunning transceiver logic. These are GTL signaling derivatives used by Intel microprocessors. References ^ Shimpi, Anand Lal (2008), Intel's Atom Architecture "GTLP vs. GTL: A Performance Comparison from a System Perspective" (PDF), AN-1070, Fairchild Semiconductor, December 2000, archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-09-22, retrieved 2008-03-18 "GTL/BTL: A Low-Swing Solution for High-Speed Digital Logic" (PDF), Application Note, Texas Instruments, 1997 JEDEC Standard JESD8-3A, Gunning Transceiver Logic (GTL) Low-Level, High Speed Interface Standard for Digital Integrated Circuits (PDF), JEDEC, May 2007 vteLogic familiesMOS technology PMOS logic NMOS logic Depletion-load NMOS logic (including HMOS) Complementary MOS (CMOS) Pass transistor logic (PTL) Bipolar–CMOS (BiCMOS) Other technologies Diode logic Diode–transistor logic (DTL) Open collector (OC) Direct-coupled transistor logic (DCTL) Emitter-coupled logic (ECL) Gunning transceiver logic (GTL) Integrated injection logic (I2L) Resistor–transistor logic (RTL) Transistor–transistor logic (TTL) Current mode logic / Source-coupled logic (CML/SCL) Types Static Dynamic Domino logic Four-phase logic
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Nero
USS Nero
["1 Service","1.1 Spanish–American War","1.2 Postwar service","1.3 World War I","2 References"]
Collier of the United States Navy This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (September 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) USS Nero prior to World War I History United States NameUSS Nero NamesakeNero Launched8 December 1894 Acquired30 June 1898 Commissioned8 June 1898 Decommissioned12 September 1921 FateSold 29 July 1922 to A. Bercovich and Company, Oakland, California General characteristics TypeCollier Displacement6,360 long tons (6,460 t) Length320 ft (98 m) Beam41 ft (12 m) Draft20 ft (6.1 m) Speed9 kn (17 km/h) Complement80 Armament4 × 6-pounder guns USS Nero (AC–17), a steel steam collier, was launched in 1894 as the steamer Whitgift by J.L. Thompson and Sons, Sunderland, England. The vessel was purchased on 30 June 1898 from McCondray and Co. at San Francisco and commissioned on 8 June 1898. Service Spanish–American War Acquired by the United States Navy for service as a collier and supply ship, Nero was part of the first mobile Fleet Train, organized to meet logistic demands created by far-flung U.S. Naval Operations in the Spanish–American War. Following conversion at Mare Island Navy Yard, the ship departed San Francisco on 23 June 1898 for the Philippines, in company with the monitor Monadnock. Sailing by way of Honolulu and Guam, the collier arrived Manila on 14 August and remained there supporting U.S. forces occupying the Philippines until departing on 4 October on a coaling voyage, steaming to Taku, China and Nagasaki, Japan, before returning to Cavite on 20 November. Nero sailed for home on 1 December and arrived Mare Island on 7 January 1899, where she was placed out of commission. Postwar service Nero recommissioned on 10 April and sailed five days later for the Hawaiian Islands for deep sea soundings, then steamed via Guam to the Philippines arriving Cavite on 4 August. There she coaled various naval vessels until sailing on 9 September for Yokohama to continue deep sea sounding. The collier got under way for the west coast on 24 September, stopping at Guam and Honolulu and arriving Mare Island on 15 February 1900. During this voyage she took a sounding in the area of the Challenger Deep, recording a depth of 5,269 fathoms (31,614 ft; 9,636 m), the greatest depth recorded at that time. She decommissioned on 20 May. Placed in service on 4 October, Nero departed on 23 October from Mare Island on her third voyage to the Far East. Steaming to Yokohama by way of Honolulu from 23 October to 27 November; she then proceeded to Cavite on 12 December to supply American forces putting down the Philippine insurrection. On 9 February 1901, the collier sailed for the United States, taking the long way home by way of Ceylon, Suez, Algiers, Malta, and Gibraltar, and docking at Norfolk on 16 April. The ship departed Norfolk on 11 June on a long coaling voyage down the east coast of South America, returning on 12 December. Two months later, she sailed again for Latin America, this time going around Cape Horn to supply the Pacific outpost of Tutuila, Samoa. Returning to the States on 29 July, Nero underwent overhaul at New York and then sailed on 12 October for a return voyage to the Philippines. Once again steaming through the Mediterranean, the Suez Canal and the Indian Ocean, the well-traveled collier arrived at Cavite on 21 December, where she remained for one month, giving needed logistic support, and then returned the way she had come, putting into Boston on 28 April 1903. Nero sailed on 25 July for the Pacific. Rounding Cape Horn once again, the collier made intermittent stops along the coast of South America and arrived San Francisco on 22 February 1904. She remained in the Pacific, making one voyage to Honolulu and then Kiska in the Aleutians from 14 April to 22 August, then departed Mare Island to return around Cape Horn to Norfolk, arriving on 2 March 1905. Serving as an Atlantic Fleet auxiliary for the next six years, the collier cruised the east coast from Boston to Rio de Janeiro, decommissioning twice for brief periods of upkeep – first from 23 June 1906 to 1 February 1907 and then again from 3 January 1910 to 16 September 1911 – and coaling many ships of the Atlantic Fleet and South American Patrol Force in her valuable service to the fleet. On 1 August 1906 in route from Norfolk to Newport with a load of coal she ran aground on the south side of Long Island, New York, in dense fog. She was refloated later by tugs. She ran aground on Brenton's Reef after leaving Newport, Rhode Island 1 July 1909. Refloated 2 August by the Arbuckle Wrecking Company and taken to Newport for temporary repairs before being towed to the Brooklyn Navy Yard 21–22 December for permanent repairs. On 21 October, the collier departed Norfolk to return to the Pacific. Steaming once more around Cape Horn, she arrived San Diego on 29 January 1912 and the next month began supply operations off Mexico. Following a voyage to the North Pacific from 20 May to 23 November, visiting various ports in Alaska and the Aleutians, Nero continued cruising the eastern Pacific, making two brief trips to Pearl Harbor from 5 February to 6 March 1913 and 31 March to 8 May, until decommissioning on 31 July 1913 at Puget Sound Navy Yard. World War I Nero was once again placed in full service on 29 April 1914 and, three days later, resumed her logistic operations, cruising from Bremerton to La Paz. Assigned to the Pacific Fleet on 5 June 1915, the collier continued her operations on into 1917. On 19 July, she departed San Francisco for New York, to meet the demand for auxiliaries in the Atlantic due to the increasing scope of U.S. naval operations in World War I. Passing through the Panama Canal on 2 August, Nero arrived Norfolk on the 18th. She sailed for Europe via the Azores on 11 September and shortly after her arrival at Queenstown, Ireland on 13 October, was assigned to duty with the newly formed Naval Overseas Transportation Service. Based at Cardiff, Wales, Nero began operations with the Army's Cross Channel Service, transporting coal from English ports to France until 25 February 1919, subject to German submarine attacks and the hazardous English Channel weather. She then sailed for Norfolk, arriving on 17 March. After unloading, the collier proceeded to New York on 22 April, and then cruised the east coast for the next month, carrying cargo to New England and Middle Atlantic ports until arriving Charlestown on 22 May for extensive overhaul. There she remained for over a year, undergoing complete repair and alteration. On 14 August 1920, she sailed to Hampton Roads to load cargo and then steamed to the Caribbean to coal U.S. naval vessels at Guantanamo Bay and Santo Domingo, returning to Norfolk on 28 September. Nero departed Norfolk for the last time on 5 December 1920 to return to the Pacific and her homeport of San Francisco. Proceeding by way of the Panama Canal, the veteran collier arrived Mare Island on 7 February 1921. She departed on her last voyage the next day, steaming first to Pearl Harbor and then to Tutuila. On her return to Pearl Harbor, she was called to aid Colonel and Mrs. Meng, who were living on the remote, uninhabited Palmyra Atoll, manning a copra plantation. The couple's supplies had nearly run out, and they were in desperate need of food and clothing to continue their work. Nero stopped and gave assistance, before returning (by way of Pearl Harbor) to San Francisco, on 6 June 1921. Nero decommissioned on 12 September 1921. In February 1922, Nero was sold for scrap to Philip C. Lowry of San Francisco, California, for $10,125. References ^ Theberge, A. (24 March 2009). "Thirty Years of Discovering the Mariana Trench". Hydro International. Retrieved 31 July 2010. ^ "Annual report of the United States Life Saving Service, Year ending June 30, 1907". University of Michigan. Retrieved 12 November 2019. ^ "Collier Nero Saved by Compressed Air". The New York Times. 3 August 1909. p. 2. Retrieved 14 November 2021. ^ "Reactions: The salving and repair of the USS Nero". Goldschmidt Thermit. 1908. Retrieved 15 November 2020 – via Google books. ^ "Mengs Short of Food on Palmyra". The Garden Island Newspaper. 4 October 1921. ^ "Obselete U.S. Ships Sold at Low Marks". Petaluma, California: The Petaluma Argus-Courier. 28 February 1922. p. 8. Retrieved 17 June 2019. ^ "USS Nero (1898-1922, later AC-17). Previously S.S. Whitgift (British Freighter, 1895)". Imbilio.org. Retrieved 15 November 2020.  This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"collier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collier_(ship)"},{"link_name":"steamer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steamship"},{"link_name":"J.L. Thompson and Sons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.L._Thompson_and_Sons"},{"link_name":"Sunderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunderland,_Tyne_and_Wear"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"commissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_commissioning"}],"text":"USS Nero (AC–17), a steel steam collier, was launched in 1894 as the steamer Whitgift by J.L. Thompson and Sons, Sunderland, England. The vessel was purchased on 30 June 1898 from McCondray and Co. at San Francisco and commissioned on 8 June 1898.","title":"USS Nero"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"supply ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxiliary_ship"},{"link_name":"Spanish–American War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War"},{"link_name":"Mare Island Navy Yard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare_Island_Navy_Yard"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"monitor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monitor_(warship)"},{"link_name":"Monadnock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Monadnock_(BM-3)"},{"link_name":"Honolulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu"},{"link_name":"Guam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guam"},{"link_name":"Manila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila"},{"link_name":"Taku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianjin"},{"link_name":"Nagasaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagasaki"},{"link_name":"Cavite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Station_Sangley_Point"}],"sub_title":"Spanish–American War","text":"Acquired by the United States Navy for service as a collier and supply ship, Nero was part of the first mobile Fleet Train, organized to meet logistic demands created by far-flung U.S. Naval Operations in the Spanish–American War. Following conversion at Mare Island Navy Yard, the ship departed San Francisco on 23 June 1898 for the Philippines, in company with the monitor Monadnock. Sailing by way of Honolulu and Guam, the collier arrived Manila on 14 August and remained there supporting U.S. forces occupying the Philippines until departing on 4 October on a coaling voyage, steaming to Taku, China and Nagasaki, Japan, before returning to Cavite on 20 November.Nero sailed for home on 1 December and arrived Mare Island on 7 January 1899, where she was placed out of commission.","title":"Service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hawaiian Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_Islands"},{"link_name":"Yokohama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokohama"},{"link_name":"Challenger Deep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Challenger_Deep"},{"link_name":"fathoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fathom"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Theberge-1"},{"link_name":"the Philippine insurrection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War"},{"link_name":"Ceylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceylon"},{"link_name":"Suez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez"},{"link_name":"Algiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algiers"},{"link_name":"Malta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta"},{"link_name":"Gibraltar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar"},{"link_name":"Norfolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Cape Horn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Horn"},{"link_name":"Tutuila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutuila"},{"link_name":"Samoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Navy_Yard"},{"link_name":"Suez Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Canal"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"Kiska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiska"},{"link_name":"Aleutians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleutians"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Fleet_Forces_Command"},{"link_name":"auxiliary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxiliaries"},{"link_name":"Rio de Janeiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro"},{"link_name":"South American Patrol Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_American_Patrol_Force&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Long Island, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Brenton's Reef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brenton%27s_Reef"},{"link_name":"Newport, Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport,_Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"Arbuckle Wrecking Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbuckle_Wrecking_Company"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn Navy Yard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Navy_Yard"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"San Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego"},{"link_name":"Pearl Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Harbor"},{"link_name":"Puget Sound Navy Yard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puget_Sound_Navy_Yard"}],"sub_title":"Postwar service","text":"Nero recommissioned on 10 April and sailed five days later for the Hawaiian Islands for deep sea soundings, then steamed via Guam to the Philippines arriving Cavite on 4 August. There she coaled various naval vessels until sailing on 9 September for Yokohama to continue deep sea sounding. The collier got under way for the west coast on 24 September, stopping at Guam and Honolulu and arriving Mare Island on 15 February 1900. During this voyage she took a sounding in the area of the Challenger Deep, recording a depth of 5,269 fathoms (31,614 ft; 9,636 m), the greatest depth recorded at that time.[1] She decommissioned on 20 May.Placed in service on 4 October, Nero departed on 23 October from Mare Island on her third voyage to the Far East. Steaming to Yokohama by way of Honolulu from 23 October to 27 November; she then proceeded to Cavite on 12 December to supply American forces putting down the Philippine insurrection. On 9 February 1901, the collier sailed for the United States, taking the long way home by way of Ceylon, Suez, Algiers, Malta, and Gibraltar, and docking at Norfolk on 16 April. The ship departed Norfolk on 11 June on a long coaling voyage down the east coast of South America, returning on 12 December. Two months later, she sailed again for Latin America, this time going around Cape Horn to supply the Pacific outpost of Tutuila, Samoa. Returning to the States on 29 July, Nero underwent overhaul at New York and then sailed on 12 October for a return voyage to the Philippines. Once again steaming through the Mediterranean, the Suez Canal and the Indian Ocean, the well-traveled collier arrived at Cavite on 21 December, where she remained for one month, giving needed logistic support, and then returned the way she had come, putting into Boston on 28 April 1903.Nero sailed on 25 July for the Pacific. Rounding Cape Horn once again, the collier made intermittent stops along the coast of South America and arrived San Francisco on 22 February 1904. She remained in the Pacific, making one voyage to Honolulu and then Kiska in the Aleutians from 14 April to 22 August, then departed Mare Island to return around Cape Horn to Norfolk, arriving on 2 March 1905.Serving as an Atlantic Fleet auxiliary for the next six years, the collier cruised the east coast from Boston to Rio de Janeiro, decommissioning twice for brief periods of upkeep – first from 23 June 1906 to 1 February 1907 and then again from 3 January 1910 to 16 September 1911 – and coaling many ships of the Atlantic Fleet and South American Patrol Force in her valuable service to the fleet. On 1 August 1906 in route from Norfolk to Newport with a load of coal she ran aground on the south side of Long Island, New York, in dense fog. She was refloated later by tugs.[2] She ran aground on Brenton's Reef after leaving Newport, Rhode Island 1 July 1909. Refloated 2 August by the Arbuckle Wrecking Company and taken to Newport for temporary repairs before being towed to the Brooklyn Navy Yard 21–22 December for permanent repairs.[3][4] On 21 October, the collier departed Norfolk to return to the Pacific. Steaming once more around Cape Horn, she arrived San Diego on 29 January 1912 and the next month began supply operations off Mexico. Following a voyage to the North Pacific from 20 May to 23 November, visiting various ports in Alaska and the Aleutians, Nero continued cruising the eastern Pacific, making two brief trips to Pearl Harbor from 5 February to 6 March 1913 and 31 March to 8 May, until decommissioning on 31 July 1913 at Puget Sound Navy Yard.","title":"Service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bremerton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremerton"},{"link_name":"La Paz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Paz,_Baja_California_Sur"},{"link_name":"Pacific Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Pacific_Fleet"},{"link_name":"Atlantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Azores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azores"},{"link_name":"Queenstown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobh"},{"link_name":"Naval Overseas Transportation Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Overseas_Transportation_Service"},{"link_name":"Cardiff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff"},{"link_name":"submarine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine"},{"link_name":"English Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Channel"},{"link_name":"New England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England"},{"link_name":"Charlestown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Navy_Yard"},{"link_name":"Hampton Roads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampton_Roads"},{"link_name":"Guantanamo Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_Naval_Base"},{"link_name":"Santo Domingo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santo_Domingo"},{"link_name":"copra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copra"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"San Francisco, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco,_California"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"World War I","text":"Nero was once again placed in full service on 29 April 1914 and, three days later, resumed her logistic operations, cruising from Bremerton to La Paz. Assigned to the Pacific Fleet on 5 June 1915, the collier continued her operations on into 1917. On 19 July, she departed San Francisco for New York, to meet the demand for auxiliaries in the Atlantic due to the increasing scope of U.S. naval operations in World War I. Passing through the Panama Canal on 2 August, Nero arrived Norfolk on the 18th. She sailed for Europe via the Azores on 11 September and shortly after her arrival at Queenstown, Ireland on 13 October, was assigned to duty with the newly formed Naval Overseas Transportation Service.Based at Cardiff, Wales, Nero began operations with the Army's Cross Channel Service, transporting coal from English ports to France until 25 February 1919, subject to German submarine attacks and the hazardous English Channel weather. She then sailed for Norfolk, arriving on 17 March. After unloading, the collier proceeded to New York on 22 April, and then cruised the east coast for the next month, carrying cargo to New England and Middle Atlantic ports until arriving Charlestown on 22 May for extensive overhaul. There she remained for over a year, undergoing complete repair and alteration. On 14 August 1920, she sailed to Hampton Roads to load cargo and then steamed to the Caribbean to coal U.S. naval vessels at Guantanamo Bay and Santo Domingo, returning to Norfolk on 28 September.Nero departed Norfolk for the last time on 5 December 1920 to return to the Pacific and her homeport of San Francisco. Proceeding by way of the Panama Canal, the veteran collier arrived Mare Island on 7 February 1921. She departed on her last voyage the next day, steaming first to Pearl Harbor and then to Tutuila. On her return to Pearl Harbor, she was called to aid Colonel and Mrs. Meng, who were living on the remote, uninhabited Palmyra Atoll, manning a copra plantation. The couple's supplies had nearly run out, and they were in desperate need of food and clothing to continue their work. Nero stopped and gave assistance, before returning (by way of Pearl Harbor) to San Francisco, on 6 June 1921.[5]Nero decommissioned on 12 September 1921. In February 1922, Nero was sold for scrap to Philip C. Lowry of San Francisco, California, for $10,125.[6][7]","title":"Service"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_McAllister
Craig McAllister
["1 Career","1.1 Non-League","1.2 Exeter City","1.3 Return to non-League","2 Style of play","3 Personal life","4 Career statistics","5 Honours","6 References","7 External links"]
Scottish association football player Craig McAllister McAllister in 2011Personal informationFull name Craig McAllisterDate of birth (1980-06-28) 28 June 1980 (age 43)Place of birth Glasgow, ScotlandHeight 6 ft 1 in (1.85 m)Position(s) StrikerSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)2001–2002 Eastleigh 2002–2004 Basingstoke Town 97 (54)2004–2005 Stevenage Borough 6 (0)2004–2005 → Gravesend & Northfleet (loan) 5 (2)2005 → Eastleigh (loan) 15 (6)2005–2007 Woking 83 (23)2007–2008 Grays Athletic 9 (1)2007–2008 → Rushden & Diamonds (loan) 9 (1)2008 Oxford United 17 (2)2008–2010 Exeter City 34 (7)2009 → Barnet (loan) 5 (0)2010 → Rotherham United (loan) 8 (0)2010–2011 Crawley Town 41 (12)2011–2012 Newport County 25 (0)2012 → Luton Town (loan) 14 (1)2012–2015 Eastleigh 116 (40)2015–2017 Sutton United 34 (8)2016 → Eastbourne Borough (loan) 5 (1)2017–2018 Eastleigh 39 (3)2018 Gosport Borough 10 (4)2018 Blackfield & Langley 12 (7)2018–2019 Gosport Borough 2019–2020 Alresford Town 2020–2021 Lymington Town 2021–2022 Baffins Milton Rovers 2022 Lymington Town Managerial career2018–2019 Gosport Borough (player-manager) *Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 19:45, 27 August 2018 (UTC) Craig McAllister (born 28 June 1980) is a Scottish former professional footballer. McAllister started his career with Eastleigh as a youth player. He moved to Basingstoke Town towards the end of 2001–02, making his debut in March 2002. McAllister spent three seasons there, making 113 appearances, scoring 66 goals before moving up the national league system to Conference National club Stevenage Borough where he made 10 appearances, having loan spells at Gravesend & Northfleet and Eastleigh in 2004–05. He joined Woking in 2005, spending two full seasons there, and making over 100 appearances. He had a short spell with Grays Athletic, being sent out on loan to Rushden & Diamonds and then another short spell at Oxford United, all during 2007–08. After leaving Oxford in 2008, he took a step up to the Football League for the first time in his career, signing for Exeter City. He went on to score seven goals in his first season, but was loaned out to Barnet and Rotherham United in his second and was eventually released by the club in May 2010. McAllister then dropped back down to non-League football, joining Crawley Town where he played at Old Trafford; his team was defeated 1–0 by Manchester United in their FA Cup fifth round tie. He rejected a new contract from Crawley at the end of the 2010–11, subsequently joining Newport County. McAllister won his first major honour in 2011, helping Crawley Town win the Conference Premier for the first time in their history. He has also won the Conference South title with Eastleigh in 2014 and the National League South title with Sutton United in 2016. Career Non-League Born in Glasgow, McAllister began his career in non-League football with Eastleigh in 2001. He signed for Isthmian League Premier Division club Basingstoke Town in March 2002 following a successful trial and scored on his debut in a 1–1 draw at home to Hampton & Richmond Borough. McAllister finished 2001–02 with three goals from 10 appearances. He scored on his first appearance of 2002–03 against Aylesbury United on the opening day of the season, which finished as a 2–2 draw. McAllister scored a hat-trick in a 3–1 win at home to Bishop's Stortford on 9 November 2002, and this was followed up with a hat-trick in the following match, a 3–0 win away to Braintree Town. He finished 2002–03 with 35 goals from 48 appearances. McAllister's success continued into 2003–04, during which he scored another 28 goals in 55 appearances. This success earned him a trial with Queens Park Rangers in the First Division, just one level below the Premier League, and later went on trial with Second Division club Luton Town. After scoring 66 times in 113 appearances for Basingstoke Town, McAllister moved to the Conference National outfit Stevenage Borough on a bosman transfer in May 2004. He debuted after being introduced as a 33rd-minute substitute in a 1–0 victory at home to Crawley Town on 16 October 2004. McAllister struggled to force his way into the first-team, and was loaned to fellow Conference National club Gravesend & Northfleet on 14 December, debuting four days later in a 1–0 defeat away to Hereford United. He went on to score his first goal for Gravesend & Northfleet after just two minutes in a 1–1 draw away to Crawley Town on 26 December, and this was followed up with a goal in the following match, a 2–2 draw at home to Accrington Stanley. McAllister completed the loan spell with two goals from five appearances, before rejoining his former club Eastleigh on loan until the end of 2004–05. Before the start of 2005–06, McAllister signed for Conference National club Woking on a permanent deal. He debuted on the opening day of the season, starting in a 2–1 defeat away to Kidderminster Harriers. McAllister finished his debut season with 13 goals, eight of which came in the league. He scored his first brace for Woking on 1 September 2006 in a 3–2 win away to Forest Green Rovers. McAllister signed a two-year contract with Grays Athletic in May 2007. After making his debut on the opening day of 2007–08 in a 0–0 draw away to Torquay United, McAllister made a further eight appearances and scored one goal in a 2–1 win away to Droylsden on 1 September 2007, before he was loaned to league rivals Rushden & Diamonds on 11 October. He debuted a day later in a 2–1 defeat at home to Forest Green Rovers before being recalled by Grays on 12 November, having scored once in five appearances. McAllister returned to Rushden on loan on 21 November until January 2008 and made a further nine appearances. Upon his return to Grays, McAllister signed for fellow Conference Premier club Oxford United on 4 January 2008 on a contract until the end of the 2007–08. He scored on his debut a day later in a 4–0 win at home to Altrincham, but suffered a hamstring injury after 28 minutes in the following match, a 1–0 defeat at home to Weymouth. McAllister returned to the team for a 1–0 victory at home to Droylsden on 16 February, and finished the season with 17 appearances and two goals for Oxford. Exeter City McAllister made the step up to the Football League by signing for newly promoted League Two club Exeter City in the summer of 2008. He debuted in the League Cup first round against Southampton on 12 August 2008, which finished as a 3–1 defeat. His first goal came with the equaliser against Lincoln City on 6 December, which finished as a 2–1 victory, and this was followed up with two goals in a 4–1 win at home to Rochdale on 20 December. McAllister scored twice against Dagenham & Redbridge on 20 January 2009 to give Exeter a 2–1 victory. He finished his first season at Exeter with seven goals from 32 appearances, as they finished second in League Two and therefore won promotion into League One. After only making five appearances for Exeter in 2009–10, McAllister joined Barnet on loan in November 2009. He debuted in a 1–1 draw at home to AFC Bournemouth on 1 December 2009 and completed the loan spell with five appearances. McAllister returned to Exeter in January 2010, but was unable to force his way into the first-team, and signed a one-month emergency loan deal with Rotherham United on 11 March 2010. He made his debut for Rotherham two days later in their 1–0 win away to Dagenham & Redbridge and completed the loan spell with eight appearances. Upon his return to Exeter, McAllister was one of nine players released by the club at the end of the season. Return to non-League McAllister playing for Crawley Town in 2011 Following his release from Exeter City, McAllister moved back to non-League, signing for Conference Premier outfit Crawley Town on a one-year contract in June 2010. He debuted on the opening day of 2010–11 in a 1–0 defeat at home to Grimsby Town and scored his first goal for Crawley ten days later with the second goal in a 2–1 win over newly promoted Bath City. McAllister went on to score two goals in the following match, a 3–0 victory away to Hayes & Yeading United. He started in Crawley's FA Cup fifth-round tie against Manchester United at Old Trafford on 19 February 2011, which finished as a 1–0 defeat. At the end of the season, after Crawley won the Conference Premier title and therefore promotion into the Football League, McAllister was released after he rejected a new deal. McAllister signed for Newport County in May 2011, deciding to stay in non-League football. He signed for Newport after their manager, Anthony Hudson, had earlier stated "We are on the verge of two massive additions to the squad, who will take the club in the direction that we want to go." He debuted on the opening day of 2011–12 in a 3–2 defeat away to Kettering Town. McAllister was transfer listed by manager Justin Edinburgh in January 2012 after failing to find the net in 25 league appearances for Newport. He was loaned to Conference Premier rivals Luton Town on 18 January until the end of 2011–12. McAllister debuted on 25 January in a 0–0 draw at home to Mansfield Town and scored his first goal for Luton with the third goal in a 3–0 victory at home to Ebbsfleet United on 17 April. Luton finished fifth in the Conference Premier, and McAllister was introduced as a substitute in both legs of the play-off semi-final against Wrexham, which Luton won 3–2 on aggregate. He was introduced as a substitute again in the 2012 Conference Premier play-off final at Wembley Stadium, in which Luton lost 2–1 to York City, and completed the loan spell with 17 appearances and one goal. McAllister rejoined Conference South club Eastleigh on a two-year contract on 26 June 2012. His first appearance after his return came on the opening day of 2012–13 in a 3–0 defeat away to Boreham Wood and scored his first goal three days later in a 1–1 draw at home to former club Basingstoke Town. McAllister went on to score in Eastleigh's following three matches and extended his goalscoring run to four consecutive matches. He rediscovered his goalscoring form during the final month of the league season, scoring nine goals in eight appearances, during which he netted two successive hat-tricks and finished the season with 17 goals from 38 league appearances. Eastleigh finished fourth in the Conference South, and McAllister played in both legs of the play-off semi-final defeat to Dover Athletic, losing 4–2 in a penalty shoot-out, after the tie finished 3–3 on aggregate. McAllister made 41 appearances and scored 15 goals in 2013–14, as Eastleigh won the Conference South title and therefore promotion into the Conference Premier. He made 48 appearances and scored 11 goals during Eastleigh's first season in the Conference Premier, including both legs of the play-off semi-final defeat to Grimsby Town, losing 5–1 on aggregate, after they finished fourth in the table. McAllister was released by Eastleigh after the end of the season. McAllister signed for National League South club Sutton United prior to the start of 2015–16. He debuted on the opening day of the season in a 2–0 defeat at home to Maidstone United. McAllister scored his first goal for Sutton on 5 September 2015 in a 2–2 draw at home to Concord Rangers, and this was followed up with a goal in the following match, a 1–0 victory at home to Gosport Borough. He finished the season with eight goals from 30 appearances, as Sutton won the National League South title and therefore promotion into the National League, but missed the latter part of the season due to injury. McAllister was loaned to National League South club Eastbourne Borough in September 2016 on a one-month loan. He debuted in a 4–0 victory at home to Oxford City on 3 September 2016 and completed the loan spell with one goal from five appearances. McAllister made his first appearance of 2016–17 for Sutton on 4 October in a 3–1 defeat away to Dover Athletic and scored his first goal in the following match, a 4–1 victory at home to former club Woking, in which he scored a header to make the score 4–0. He made 16 appearances and scored two goals for Sutton in 2016–17. McAllister re-signed for Eastleigh on 17 February 2017 on a contract until the end of 2016–17. He made his fourth debut a day later in a 2–0 defeat at home to Tranmere Rovers. On 11 January 2018, McAllister signed for Southern League Premier Division club Gosport Borough as player-coach, after leaving Eastleigh by mutual consent. After scoring four goals from 10 appearances for Gosport, McAllister signed for Blackfield & Langley of the Wessex League Premier Division, scoring twice on his debut on 10 March in a 3–0 home win over AFC Portchester. He finished the season playing for both Blackfield & Langley and Gosport Borough, making a further three appearances, scoring once for Gosport, to help them avoid relegation from the Southern League Premier Division. McAllister made 13 appearances and scored seven goals for Blackfield & Langley, as the club won the Wessex League Premier Division title. On 26 June 2018, McAllister was appointed player-manager of Gosport Borough. He signed for Alresford Town for the 2019–20 campaign of the Wessex League Premier Division. During 2020 he signed for Lymington Town. In December 2021 he moved to Baffins Milton Rovers. He returned to Lymington in May 2022. Style of play McAllister plays as a striker, he is "an explosive front man", and is described as a "target man" because of his height. His time at Basingstoke Town was described as "prolific" due to the number of goals he scored. While at Exeter City, manager Paul Tisdale described him as "excellent", and said that McAllister and fellow Exeter City striker Richard Logan had a good partnership together after McAllister scored a hat-trick for the reserve team. After signing for Luton Town on loan in January 2012, manager Gary Brabin described McAllister as "adaptable in any role...he works hard, he's strong and he chips in with his fair share of goals." Personal life After his move to Oxford United in January 2008, he stated that the reason for the move was so that he could be closer to his family home in Southampton. On his arrival at Exeter City in July 2008, he moved into a house with fellow Exeter forward, Ben Watson. McAllister stated that it would make a huge difference living near the training ground, instead of travelling long distances to get to training and matches. They parted company on 1 May 2019. Craig McAllister has two children, Jessica Graci McAllister who was born October 2011 and Charlie Anthony McAllister who was born November 2013. Craig McAllister spouse is Lynsey Rogers Career statistics McAllister playing for Eastleigh in 2017 As of end of 2017–18 season Appearances and goals by club, season and competition Club Season League FA Cup League Cup Other Total Division Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Basingstoke Town 2001–02 Isthmian League Premier Division 10 3 0 0 — 0 0 10 3 2002–03 Isthmian League Premier Division 42 31 1 0 — 5 4 48 35 2003–04 Isthmian League Premier Division 45 20 1 1 — 9 7 55 28 Total 97 54 2 1 — 14 11 113 66 Stevenage Borough 2004–05 Conference National 6 0 3 1 — 1 0 10 1 Gravesend & Northfleet (loan) 2004–05 Conference National 5 2 — — — 5 2 Eastleigh (loan) 2004–05 Isthmian League Premier Division 15 6 — — — 15 6 Woking 2005–06 Conference National 39 8 4 1 — 11 4 54 13 2006–07 Conference National 44 15 2 1 — 1 1 47 17 Total 83 23 6 2 — 12 5 101 30 Grays Athletic 2007–08 Conference Premier 9 1 — — — 9 1 Rushden & Diamonds (loan) 2007–08 Conference Premier 9 1 3 0 — 2 0 14 1 Oxford United 2007–08 Conference Premier 17 2 — — — 17 2 Exeter City 2008–09 League Two 30 7 0 0 1 0 1 0 32 7 2009–10 League One 4 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 5 0 Total 34 7 0 0 2 0 1 0 37 7 Barnet (loan) 2009–10 League Two 5 0 — — — 5 0 Rotherham United (loan) 2009–10 League Two 8 0 — — — 8 0 Crawley Town 2010–11 Conference Premier 41 12 7 2 — 2 1 50 15 Newport County 2011–12 Conference Premier 25 0 2 1 — 2 1 29 2 Luton Town (loan) 2011–12 Conference Premier 14 1 — — 3 0 17 1 Eastleigh 2012–13 Conference South 38 17 2 1 — 5 0 45 18 2013–14 Conference South 36 13 1 0 — 4 2 41 15 2014–15 Conference Premier 42 10 3 1 — 3 0 48 11 Total 116 40 6 2 — 12 2 134 44 Sutton United 2015–16 National League South 22 7 4 1 — 4 0 30 8 2016–17 National League 12 1 0 0 — 4 1 16 2 Total 34 8 4 1 — 8 1 46 10 Eastbourne Borough (loan) 2016–17 National League South 5 1 2 0 — 0 — 7 1 Eastleigh 2016–17 National League 15 1 — — — 15 1 2017–18 National League 24 2 1 0 — 0 0 25 2 Total 39 3 1 0 — 0 0 40 3 Gosport Borough 2017–18 Southern League Premier Division 10 4 — — — 10 4 Blackfield & Langley 2017–18 Wessex League Premier Division 12 7 — — 1 0 13 7 Gosport Borough 2017–18 Southern League Premier Division 3 1 — — — 3 1 Career total 587 173 36 10 2 0 58 21 683 204 ^ Two appearances and two goals in Hampshire Senior Cup, two appearances and one goal in FA Trophy, one appearance and one goal in Isthmian League Cup ^ Three appearances and four goals in Hampshire Senior Cup, two appearances in Isthmian League Cup, three appearances and two goals in FA Trophy, one appearance and one goal in Isthmian League play-offs ^ a b c d e f g Appearance(s) in FA Trophy ^ One appearance in FA Trophy, one in Conference League Cup ^ Appearance in Football League Trophy ^ Appearances in Conference Premier play-offs ^ One appearance in FA Trophy, two in Hampshire Senior Cup, two in Conference South play-offs ^ One appearance in FA Trophy, two in Conference Premier play-offs ^ Appearance in Wessex League Cup Honours Crawley Town Conference Premier: 2010–11 Eastleigh Conference South: 2013–14 Sutton United National League South: 2015–16 Blackfield & Langley Wessex League Premier Division: 2017–18 References ^ a b c d Hugman, Barry J., ed. (2010). The PFA Footballers' Who's Who 2010–11. Edinburgh: Mainstream Publishing. p. 261. ISBN 978-1-84596-601-0. ^ "The team: Craig McAllister". Eastleigh F.C. Retrieved 21 February 2017. ^ a b c "Players: Craig McAllister". Basingstoke Town F.C. Archived from the original on 10 August 2011. Retrieved 21 February 2017. ^ a b c "Craig McAllister appearances: 2001/02 appearances". Basingstoke Town F.C. Archived from the original on 24 January 2016. ^ a b c d "Craig McAllister appearances: 2002/03 appearances". Basingstoke Town F.C. Archived from the original on 24 January 2016. ^ a b "Craig McAllister appearances: 2003/04 appearances". Basingstoke Town F.C. Archived from the original on 24 January 2016. ^ Wigmore, Simon (28 January 2003). "McAllister goes on trial to QPR". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 21 February 2017. ^ "Foyewa fails to impress Luton". BBC Sport. 20 February 2003. Retrieved 21 February 2017. ^ "Trio sign for Stevenage". BBC Sport. 17 May 2004. Retrieved 21 February 2017. ^ a b c "Stevenage player: Craig McAllister profile". BoroGuide. Retrieved 21 February 2017. ^ "McAllister in Fleet loan switch". BBC Sport. 14 December 2004. Retrieved 21 February 2017. ^ a b c d e "Player details: Season 2004–2005: Craig McAllister". SoccerFactsUK. Archived from the original on 31 August 2016. Retrieved 21 February 2017. ^ "Woking capture striker McAllister". BBC Sport. 14 July 2005. Retrieved 21 February 2017. ^ "Kidderminster 2–1 Woking". BBC Sport. 13 August 2005. Retrieved 27 May 2011. ^ a b "Season 2005/2006". Sportbox. Retrieved 28 May 2011. ^ "Forest Green 2–3 Woking". BBC Sport. 1 September 2006. Retrieved 27 May 2011. ^ "Grays snap up Woking's McAllister". BBC Sport. 17 May 2007. Retrieved 21 February 2017. ^ a b Williams, Mike; Williams, Tony, eds. (2008). Non-League Club Directory 2009. Tony Williams Publications. pp. 78–79. ISBN 978-1-869833-59-6. ^ a b c d e f "Craig McAllister". Rushden & Diamonds F.C. 12 August 2012. Retrieved 21 February 2017 – via RDFC1992. ^ "Rushden & D 1–2 Forest Green". BBC Sport. 12 October 2007. Retrieved 21 February 2017. ^ "Rushden sign striker McAllister". BBC Sport. 21 November 2007. Retrieved 21 February 2017. ^ Edwards, Mark (4 January 2008). "Football: Double delight for Patterson". Oxford Mail. Retrieved 21 February 2017. ^ Murray, Jon (5 January 2008). "Oxford Utd 4, Altrincham 0 (05/08)". Oxford Mail. Retrieved 21 February 2017. ^ Murray, Jon (8 January 2008). "Oxford Utd 0, Weymouth 1 (08/01)". Oxford Mail. Retrieved 21 February 2017. ^ Murray, Jon (16 February 2008). "Oxford Utd 1, Droylsden 0 (16/02)". Oxford Mail. Retrieved 21 February 2017. ^ a b Williams; Williams (eds.). Non-League Club Directory 2009. pp. 118–119. ^ a b "Craig is off the mark and raring to show his worth". Express & Echo. Exeter. 25 July 2008. Retrieved 21 February 2017. ^ a b c d "Games played by Craig McAllister in 2008/2009". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 21 February 2017. ^ "Dag & Red 1–2 Exeter". BBC Sport. 20 January 2009. Retrieved 28 May 2011. ^ "Exeter City 2008–2009: Table: Final table". Statto Organisation. Archived from the original on 22 February 2017. Retrieved 21 February 2017. ^ a b c d e f g "Games played by Craig McAllister in 2009/2010". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 21 February 2017. ^ "Exeter's McAllister in Barnet loan move". Vital Exeter City. 28 November 2009. Archived from the original on 5 October 2011. Retrieved 23 August 2011. ^ "Tisdale tells Big Mac to press his claims for a place in the City side". Express & Echo. Exeter. 5 January 2010. Retrieved 21 February 2017. ^ "Rotherham sign Exeter striker Craig McAllister on loan". BBC Sport. 11 March 2010. Retrieved 27 May 2011. ^ "Exeter City release nine players". BBC Sport. 14 May 2010. Retrieved 15 May 2010. ^ "Ex-City striker signs deal to join Crawley next term". Western Morning News. Plymouth. 29 June 2010. Retrieved 21 February 2017. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w "C. McAllister". Soccerway. Perform Group. Retrieved 7 May 2018. ^ McNulty, Phil (19 February 2011). "Man Utd 1–0 Crawley Town". BBC Sport. Retrieved 27 May 2011. ^ "Craig McAllister rejects Crawley Town deal". BBC Sport. 13 May 2011. Retrieved 27 May 2011. ^ "Newport County snap up striker Craig McAllister". BBC Sport. 27 May 2011. Retrieved 21 February 2017. ^ "Hudson set to add to squad". Football Conference. 27 May 2011. Archived from the original on 19 March 2012. ^ Pearlman, Michael (6 January 2012). "Exiles first team trio up for sale". South Wales Argus. Newport. Retrieved 21 February 2017. ^ a b "Luton Town sign Newport County's Craig McAllister on loan". BBC Sport. 18 January 2012. Retrieved 21 February 2017. ^ "Luton Town 2011–2012: Table: Final table". Statto Organisation. Archived from the original on 22 February 2017. Retrieved 21 February 2017. ^ Osborne, Chris (3 May 2012). "Luton 2–0 Wrexham". BBC Sport. Retrieved 21 February 2017. ^ "Wrexham 2–1 Luton (2–3 on agg)". BBC Sport. 7 May 2012. Retrieved 21 February 2017. ^ Maiden, Phil (20 May 2012). "Luton Town 1–2 York City". BBC Sport. Retrieved 21 February 2017. ^ "Return of the Mac at Eastleigh". Southern Daily Echo. Southampton. 27 June 2012. Retrieved 21 February 2017. ^ "Eastleigh 2012–2013: Table: Final table". Statto Organisation. Archived from the original on 22 February 2017. Retrieved 21 February 2017. ^ a b c d e f "Player profiles: Craig McAllister". Aylesbury United F.C. Retrieved 7 May 2018. ^ a b Boyman, John (19 April 2014). "Report – Eastleigh 2–1 Basingstoke Town". Southern Daily Echo. Southampton. Retrieved 21 February 2017. ^ "Eastleigh 1–2 Grimsby Town". BBC Sport. 30 April 2015. Retrieved 21 February 2017. ^ "Grimsby Town 3–0 Eastleigh (5–1 agg)". BBC Sport. 3 May 2015. Retrieved 21 February 2017. ^ "Eastleigh 2014–2015: Table: Final table". Statto Organisation. Archived from the original on 22 February 2017. Retrieved 21 February 2017. ^ "McAllister and Howard on the way out as Eastleigh reveal retained/released list". Southern Daily Echo. Southampton. 7 May 2015. Retrieved 21 February 2017. ^ "McAllister joins Beckwith at Sutton United". Southern Daily Echo. Southampton. 1 June 2015. Retrieved 21 February 2017. ^ a b Ashton, Tim (23 April 2016). "Champions – Sutton United win the National League South title". Sutton Guardian. Retrieved 21 February 2017. ^ Ashton, Tim (22 July 2016). "Sutton United: McAllister desperate to play his part". Sutton Guardian. Retrieved 21 February 2017. ^ "Borough swoop for Sutton duo McAllister and Cooper". Eastbourne Herald. 3 September 2016. Retrieved 26 September 2016. ^ "Sutton United 4–1 Woking". BBC Sport. 8 October 2016. Retrieved 8 October 2016. ^ Gee, Wendy (17 February 2017). "It's Friday, it's Macca's back! McAllister is back at Eastleigh". Southern Daily Echo. Southampton. Retrieved 21 February 2017. ^ Gee, Wendy (19 February 2017). "Returning Eastleigh targetman Craig McAllister says: "Regardless of how it comes, we have to start winning games"". Southern Daily Echo. Southampton. Retrieved 21 February 2017. ^ Gee, Wendy (12 January 2018). "Gosport Borough swoop for Eastleigh frontman Craig McAllister". Southern Daily Echo. Southampton. Retrieved 13 January 2018. ^ a b c d "The team: Craig McAllister: 2017/18 season". Gosport Borough F.C. Retrieved 7 May 2018 – via Pitchero. ^ a b Ricketts, Kevin (24 February 2018). "More misery for Borough with Stratford defeat". The News. Portsmouth. Retrieved 7 May 2018. ^ "Royals' promotion bid derailed at Gang Warily". The News. Portsmouth. 10 March 2018. Retrieved 7 May 2018. ^ a b c "St Neots Town FC 0:4 Gosport Borough". St Neots Town F.C. 28 April 2018. Archived from the original on 7 May 2018. Retrieved 7 May 2018. ^ Pilmoor, Ellie (28 April 2018). "Gosport Borough win secures place in division". The News. Portsmouth. Retrieved 7 May 2018. ^ a b "Sydenhams Football League: 2017–18: Premier Division: Results: Blackfield & Langley". The Football Association. Retrieved 7 May 2018. ^ a b Gee, Wendy (5 May 2018). "Blackfield seal title with 1–1 draw at Brockenhurst". Southern Daily Echo. Southampton. Retrieved 7 May 2018. ^ Miller, Josh (26 June 2018). "McAllister takes charge and recruits Tubbs". Gosport Borough FC. Retrieved 26 June 2018. ^ "Gosport goals legend Justin still bangs in for fun". Portsmouth News. 13 September 2019. Retrieved 17 September 2019. ^ "How former Exeter City, Eastleigh, Crawley striker and one-time Gosport Borough player-manager Craig McAllister can strengthen Baffins Milton Rovers' Wessex Premier title push". The News. 2 January 2022. ^ "Veterans Green and McAllister sign on for Lymo as Hurst also returns". Daily Echo. 16 May 2022. ^ "Exeter City striker Mac sees red to land a ban". Express & Echo. Exeter. 27 August 2008. Retrieved 21 February 2017. ^ a b "Tisdale could go for a Big Mac tomorrow". Express & Echo. Exeter. 16 January 2009. Retrieved 21 February 2017. ^ "Gosport part company with player-manager Craig McAllister and former Pompey striker Matt Tubbs". The News. 1 May 2019. Retrieved 17 July 2019. ^ Williams, Mike; Williams, Tony, eds. (2007). Non-League Club Directory 2008. Kingsbridge: Tony Williams Publications. pp. 170–171. ISBN 978-1-869833-57-2. ^ "Farnborough 1–2 Eastleigh". Eastleigh F.C. 22 September 2012. Retrieved 21 February 2017."Gloucester City 1–0 Eastleigh". Eastleigh F.C. 7 October 2012. Retrieved 21 February 2017."Eastleigh 1–4 Hayes & Yeading United". Eastleigh F.C. 10 November 2012. Retrieved 21 February 2017."Fleet Spurs 1–5 Eastleigh". Aylesbury United F.C. 4 December 2012. Retrieved 21 February 2017."AFC Bournemouth 2–2 Eastleigh". Eastleigh F.C. 29 January 2013. Retrieved 21 February 2017. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Craig McAllister. Craig McAllister profile at the Gosport Borough F.C. website Craig McAllister at Soccerbase
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Basingstoke Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basingstoke_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"2001–02","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001%E2%80%9302_Isthmian_League#Premier_Division"},{"link_name":"national league system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_league_system"},{"link_name":"Conference National","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_League_(division)"},{"link_name":"Stevenage Borough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevenage_F.C."},{"link_name":"Gravesend & Northfleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebbsfleet_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Woking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woking_F.C."},{"link_name":"Grays Athletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grays_Athletic_F.C."},{"link_name":"Rushden & Diamonds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rushden_%26_Diamonds_F.C."},{"link_name":"Oxford United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"2007–08","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_Football_Conference#Conference_Premier"},{"link_name":"Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Exeter City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exeter_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"Barnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnet_F.C."},{"link_name":"Rotherham United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotherham_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"non-League football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-League_football"},{"link_name":"Crawley Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crawley_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"Old Trafford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Trafford"},{"link_name":"Manchester United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"FA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"2010–11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_Crawley_Town_F.C._season"},{"link_name":"Newport County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport_County_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"Conference Premier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_League_(division)"},{"link_name":"Conference South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_League_South"},{"link_name":"National League South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_League_South"},{"link_name":"Sutton United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutton_United_F.C."}],"text":"Scottish association football playerCraig McAllister (born 28 June 1980) is a Scottish former professional footballer.McAllister started his career with Eastleigh as a youth player. He moved to Basingstoke Town towards the end of 2001–02, making his debut in March 2002. McAllister spent three seasons there, making 113 appearances, scoring 66 goals before moving up the national league system to Conference National club Stevenage Borough where he made 10 appearances, having loan spells at Gravesend & Northfleet and Eastleigh in 2004–05. He joined Woking in 2005, spending two full seasons there, and making over 100 appearances. He had a short spell with Grays Athletic, being sent out on loan to Rushden & Diamonds and then another short spell at Oxford United, all during 2007–08. After leaving Oxford in 2008, he took a step up to the Football League for the first time in his career, signing for Exeter City. He went on to score seven goals in his first season, but was loaned out to Barnet and Rotherham United in his second and was eventually released by the club in May 2010. McAllister then dropped back down to non-League football, joining Crawley Town where he played at Old Trafford; his team was defeated 1–0 by Manchester United in their FA Cup fifth round tie. He rejected a new contract from Crawley at the end of the 2010–11, subsequently joining Newport County.McAllister won his first major honour in 2011, helping Crawley Town win the Conference Premier for the first time in their history. He has also won the Conference South title with Eastleigh in 2014 and the National League South title with Sutton United in 2016.","title":"Craig McAllister"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hugman1011-1"},{"link_name":"non-League football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-League_football"},{"link_name":"Eastleigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastleigh_F.C."},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Isthmian League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isthmian_League"},{"link_name":"Basingstoke Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basingstoke_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"trial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trial_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Hampton & Richmond Borough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampton_%26_Richmond_Borough_F.C."},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Players:_Craig_McAllister-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Basingstoke0102-4"},{"link_name":"2001–02","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001%E2%80%9302_Isthmian_League#Premier_Division"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Basingstoke0102-4"},{"link_name":"2002–03","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002%E2%80%9303_Isthmian_League#Premier_Division"},{"link_name":"Aylesbury United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aylesbury_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Basingstoke0203-5"},{"link_name":"hat-trick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hat-trick"},{"link_name":"Bishop's Stortford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop%27s_Stortford_F.C."},{"link_name":"Braintree Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braintree_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Basingstoke0203-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Basingstoke0203-5"},{"link_name":"2003–04","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003%E2%80%9304_Isthmian_League#Premier_Division"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Basingstoke0304-6"},{"link_name":"Queens Park Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queens_Park_Rangers_F.C."},{"link_name":"First Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_First_Division"},{"link_name":"Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_League"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Second Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Second_Division"},{"link_name":"Luton Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luton_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Conference National","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_League_(division)"},{"link_name":"Stevenage Borough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevenage_F.C."},{"link_name":"bosman transfer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosman_transfer"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Players:_Craig_McAllister-3"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"substitute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substitute_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Crawley Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crawley_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stevenage0405-10"},{"link_name":"first-team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_team_(association_football)#F"},{"link_name":"loaned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loan_(sports)"},{"link_name":"Gravesend & Northfleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebbsfleet_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Hereford United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereford_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFUK0405-12"},{"link_name":"Accrington Stanley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accrington_Stanley_F.C."},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFUK0405-12"},{"link_name":"2004–05","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004%E2%80%9305_Isthmian_League#Premier_Division"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFUK0405-12"},{"link_name":"2005–06","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005%E2%80%9306_Football_Conference#Conference_National"},{"link_name":"Woking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woking_F.C."},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Kidderminster Harriers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidderminster_Harriers_F.C."},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Season_2005/2006-15"},{"link_name":"Forest Green Rovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_Green_Rovers_F.C."},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Grays Athletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grays_Athletic_F.C."},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"2007–08","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_Football_Conference#Conference_Premier"},{"link_name":"Torquay United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torquay_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Droylsden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droylsden_F.C."},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NLCD2009Grays-18"},{"link_name":"Rushden & Diamonds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rushden_%26_Diamonds_F.C."},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RDFC1992-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RDFC1992-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RDFC1992-19"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Conference Premier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_League_(division)"},{"link_name":"Oxford United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Altrincham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altrincham_F.C."},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Weymouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weymouth_F.C."},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NLCD2009Oxford-26"}],"sub_title":"Non-League","text":"Born in Glasgow,[1] McAllister began his career in non-League football with Eastleigh in 2001.[2] He signed for Isthmian League Premier Division club Basingstoke Town in March 2002 following a successful trial and scored on his debut in a 1–1 draw at home to Hampton & Richmond Borough.[3][4] McAllister finished 2001–02 with three goals from 10 appearances.[4] He scored on his first appearance of 2002–03 against Aylesbury United on the opening day of the season, which finished as a 2–2 draw.[5] McAllister scored a hat-trick in a 3–1 win at home to Bishop's Stortford on 9 November 2002, and this was followed up with a hat-trick in the following match, a 3–0 win away to Braintree Town.[5] He finished 2002–03 with 35 goals from 48 appearances.[5] McAllister's success continued into 2003–04, during which he scored another 28 goals in 55 appearances.[6] This success earned him a trial with Queens Park Rangers in the First Division, just one level below the Premier League,[7] and later went on trial with Second Division club Luton Town.[8]After scoring 66 times in 113 appearances for Basingstoke Town, McAllister moved to the Conference National outfit Stevenage Borough on a bosman transfer in May 2004.[3][9] He debuted after being introduced as a 33rd-minute substitute in a 1–0 victory at home to Crawley Town on 16 October 2004.[10] McAllister struggled to force his way into the first-team, and was loaned to fellow Conference National club Gravesend & Northfleet on 14 December,[11] debuting four days later in a 1–0 defeat away to Hereford United.[12] He went on to score his first goal for Gravesend & Northfleet after just two minutes in a 1–1 draw away to Crawley Town on 26 December, and this was followed up with a goal in the following match, a 2–2 draw at home to Accrington Stanley.[12] McAllister completed the loan spell with two goals from five appearances, before rejoining his former club Eastleigh on loan until the end of 2004–05.[12]Before the start of 2005–06, McAllister signed for Conference National club Woking on a permanent deal.[13] He debuted on the opening day of the season, starting in a 2–1 defeat away to Kidderminster Harriers.[14] McAllister finished his debut season with 13 goals, eight of which came in the league.[15] He scored his first brace for Woking on 1 September 2006 in a 3–2 win away to Forest Green Rovers.[16] McAllister signed a two-year contract with Grays Athletic in May 2007.[17] After making his debut on the opening day of 2007–08 in a 0–0 draw away to Torquay United, McAllister made a further eight appearances and scored one goal in a 2–1 win away to Droylsden on 1 September 2007,[18] before he was loaned to league rivals Rushden & Diamonds on 11 October.[19] He debuted a day later in a 2–1 defeat at home to Forest Green Rovers before being recalled by Grays on 12 November, having scored once in five appearances.[19][20] McAllister returned to Rushden on loan on 21 November until January 2008 and made a further nine appearances.[19][21] Upon his return to Grays, McAllister signed for fellow Conference Premier club Oxford United on 4 January 2008 on a contract until the end of the 2007–08.[22] He scored on his debut a day later in a 4–0 win at home to Altrincham,[23] but suffered a hamstring injury after 28 minutes in the following match, a 1–0 defeat at home to Weymouth.[24] McAllister returned to the team for a 1–0 victory at home to Droylsden on 16 February,[25] and finished the season with 17 appearances and two goals for Oxford.[26]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Football_League"},{"link_name":"League Two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFL_League_Two"},{"link_name":"Exeter City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exeter_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Craig_is_off_the_mark_and_raring_to_show_his_worth-27"},{"link_name":"League Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFL_Cup"},{"link_name":"Southampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton_F.C."},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sb0809-28"},{"link_name":"Lincoln City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"Rochdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochdale_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sb0809-28"},{"link_name":"Dagenham & Redbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagenham_%26_Redbridge_F.C."},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sb0809-28"},{"link_name":"promotion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promotion_and_relegation"},{"link_name":"League One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFL_League_One"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"2009–10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_Exeter_City_F.C._season"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sb0910-31"},{"link_name":"Barnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnet_F.C."},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"AFC Bournemouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFC_Bournemouth"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sb0910-31"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sb0910-31"},{"link_name":"Rotherham United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotherham_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sb0910-31"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"sub_title":"Exeter City","text":"McAllister made the step up to the Football League by signing for newly promoted League Two club Exeter City in the summer of 2008.[27] He debuted in the League Cup first round against Southampton on 12 August 2008, which finished as a 3–1 defeat.[28] His first goal came with the equaliser against Lincoln City on 6 December, which finished as a 2–1 victory, and this was followed up with two goals in a 4–1 win at home to Rochdale on 20 December.[28] McAllister scored twice against Dagenham & Redbridge on 20 January 2009 to give Exeter a 2–1 victory.[29] He finished his first season at Exeter with seven goals from 32 appearances,[28] as they finished second in League Two and therefore won promotion into League One.[30] After only making five appearances for Exeter in 2009–10,[31] McAllister joined Barnet on loan in November 2009.[32] He debuted in a 1–1 draw at home to AFC Bournemouth on 1 December 2009 and completed the loan spell with five appearances.[31] McAllister returned to Exeter in January 2010,[33] but was unable to force his way into the first-team,[31] and signed a one-month emergency loan deal with Rotherham United on 11 March 2010.[34] He made his debut for Rotherham two days later in their 1–0 win away to Dagenham & Redbridge and completed the loan spell with eight appearances.[31] Upon his return to Exeter, McAllister was one of nine players released by the club at the end of the season.[35]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Craig_McAllister_vs_Manchester_Utd_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Crawley Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crawley_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"2010–11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_Crawley_Town_F.C._season"},{"link_name":"Grimsby Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimsby_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"Bath City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bath_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Soccerway-37"},{"link_name":"Hayes & Yeading United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayes_%26_Yeading_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Soccerway-37"},{"link_name":"FA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"Manchester United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Old Trafford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Trafford"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Newport County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport_County_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Anthony Hudson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Hudson_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"2011–12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_Newport_County_A.F.C._season"},{"link_name":"Kettering Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kettering_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Soccerway-37"},{"link_name":"Justin Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Soccerway-37"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"2011–12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_Luton_Town_F.C._season"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Luton_Town_sign_Newport_County's_Craig_McAllister_on_loan-43"},{"link_name":"Mansfield Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansfield_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"Ebbsfleet United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebbsfleet_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Soccerway-37"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Wrexham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrexham_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"2012 Conference Premier play-off final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Conference_Premier_play-off_final"},{"link_name":"Wembley Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wembley_Stadium"},{"link_name":"York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Soccerway-37"},{"link_name":"Conference South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_League_South"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Boreham Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boreham_Wood_F.C."},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Soccerway-37"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Soccerway-37"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Soccerway-37"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Dover Athletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dover_Athletic_F.C."},{"link_name":"penalty shoot-out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_shoot-out_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Soccerway-37"},{"link_name":"2013–14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_Football_Conference#Conference_South"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aylesbury-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eastleigh_2%E2%80%931_Basingstoke_Town-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"National League South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_League_South"},{"link_name":"Sutton United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutton_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"2015–16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_National_League#National_League_South"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Maidstone United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maidstone_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aylesbury-50"},{"link_name":"Concord Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concord_Rangers_F.C."},{"link_name":"Gosport Borough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gosport_Borough_F.C."},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aylesbury-50"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aylesbury-50"},{"link_name":"National League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_League_(division)"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sutton_United_win_the_National_League_South_title-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Eastbourne Borough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastbourne_Borough_F.C."},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Oxford City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Soccerway-37"},{"link_name":"2016–17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_National_League#National_League"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Soccerway-37"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Soccerway-37"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Tranmere Rovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tranmere_Rovers_F.C."},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"Southern League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Football_League"},{"link_name":"player-coach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Player-coach"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gosport1718-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StratfordH-65"},{"link_name":"Blackfield & Langley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfield_%26_Langley_F.C."},{"link_name":"Wessex League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wessex_Football_League"},{"link_name":"AFC Portchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.F.C._Portchester"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gosport1718-64"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StNeotsA-67"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StNeotsA-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Blackfield1718-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WLPD1718-70"},{"link_name":"player-manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Player-manager"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"Alresford Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alresford_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"Wessex League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wessex_Football_League"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"Lymington Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymington_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"Baffins Milton Rovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baffins_Milton_Rovers_F.C."},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"}],"sub_title":"Return to non-League","text":"McAllister playing for Crawley Town in 2011Following his release from Exeter City, McAllister moved back to non-League, signing for Conference Premier outfit Crawley Town on a one-year contract in June 2010.[36] He debuted on the opening day of 2010–11 in a 1–0 defeat at home to Grimsby Town and scored his first goal for Crawley ten days later with the second goal in a 2–1 win over newly promoted Bath City.[37] McAllister went on to score two goals in the following match, a 3–0 victory away to Hayes & Yeading United.[37] He started in Crawley's FA Cup fifth-round tie against Manchester United at Old Trafford on 19 February 2011, which finished as a 1–0 defeat.[38] At the end of the season, after Crawley won the Conference Premier title and therefore promotion into the Football League, McAllister was released after he rejected a new deal.[39]McAllister signed for Newport County in May 2011, deciding to stay in non-League football.[40] He signed for Newport after their manager, Anthony Hudson, had earlier stated \"We are on the verge of two massive additions to the squad, who will take the club in the direction that we want to go.\"[41] He debuted on the opening day of 2011–12 in a 3–2 defeat away to Kettering Town.[37] McAllister was transfer listed by manager Justin Edinburgh in January 2012 after failing to find the net in 25 league appearances for Newport.[37][42] He was loaned to Conference Premier rivals Luton Town on 18 January until the end of 2011–12.[43] McAllister debuted on 25 January in a 0–0 draw at home to Mansfield Town and scored his first goal for Luton with the third goal in a 3–0 victory at home to Ebbsfleet United on 17 April.[37] Luton finished fifth in the Conference Premier,[44] and McAllister was introduced as a substitute in both legs of the play-off semi-final against Wrexham, which Luton won 3–2 on aggregate.[45][46] He was introduced as a substitute again in the 2012 Conference Premier play-off final at Wembley Stadium, in which Luton lost 2–1 to York City,[47] and completed the loan spell with 17 appearances and one goal.[37]McAllister rejoined Conference South club Eastleigh on a two-year contract on 26 June 2012.[48] His first appearance after his return came on the opening day of 2012–13 in a 3–0 defeat away to Boreham Wood and scored his first goal three days later in a 1–1 draw at home to former club Basingstoke Town.[37] McAllister went on to score in Eastleigh's following three matches and extended his goalscoring run to four consecutive matches.[37] He rediscovered his goalscoring form during the final month of the league season, scoring nine goals in eight appearances, during which he netted two successive hat-tricks and finished the season with 17 goals from 38 league appearances.[37] Eastleigh finished fourth in the Conference South,[49] and McAllister played in both legs of the play-off semi-final defeat to Dover Athletic, losing 4–2 in a penalty shoot-out, after the tie finished 3–3 on aggregate.[37] McAllister made 41 appearances and scored 15 goals in 2013–14,[50] as Eastleigh won the Conference South title and therefore promotion into the Conference Premier.[51] He made 48 appearances and scored 11 goals during Eastleigh's first season in the Conference Premier, including both legs of the play-off semi-final defeat to Grimsby Town, losing 5–1 on aggregate,[52][53] after they finished fourth in the table.[54] McAllister was released by Eastleigh after the end of the season.[55]McAllister signed for National League South club Sutton United prior to the start of 2015–16.[56] He debuted on the opening day of the season in a 2–0 defeat at home to Maidstone United.[50] McAllister scored his first goal for Sutton on 5 September 2015 in a 2–2 draw at home to Concord Rangers, and this was followed up with a goal in the following match, a 1–0 victory at home to Gosport Borough.[50] He finished the season with eight goals from 30 appearances,[50] as Sutton won the National League South title and therefore promotion into the National League,[57] but missed the latter part of the season due to injury.[58] McAllister was loaned to National League South club Eastbourne Borough in September 2016 on a one-month loan.[59] He debuted in a 4–0 victory at home to Oxford City on 3 September 2016 and completed the loan spell with one goal from five appearances.[37] McAllister made his first appearance of 2016–17 for Sutton on 4 October in a 3–1 defeat away to Dover Athletic and scored his first goal in the following match, a 4–1 victory at home to former club Woking, in which he scored a header to make the score 4–0.[37][60] He made 16 appearances and scored two goals for Sutton in 2016–17.[37]McAllister re-signed for Eastleigh on 17 February 2017 on a contract until the end of 2016–17.[61] He made his fourth debut a day later in a 2–0 defeat at home to Tranmere Rovers.[62]On 11 January 2018, McAllister signed for Southern League Premier Division club Gosport Borough as player-coach, after leaving Eastleigh by mutual consent.[63] After scoring four goals from 10 appearances for Gosport,[64][65] McAllister signed for Blackfield & Langley of the Wessex League Premier Division, scoring twice on his debut on 10 March in a 3–0 home win over AFC Portchester.[66] He finished the season playing for both Blackfield & Langley and Gosport Borough, making a further three appearances, scoring once for Gosport,[64][67] to help them avoid relegation from the Southern League Premier Division.[67][68] McAllister made 13 appearances and scored seven goals for Blackfield & Langley,[69] as the club won the Wessex League Premier Division title.[70]On 26 June 2018, McAllister was appointed player-manager of Gosport Borough.[71]He signed for Alresford Town for the 2019–20 campaign of the Wessex League Premier Division.[72] During 2020 he signed for Lymington Town. In December 2021 he moved to Baffins Milton Rovers.[73] He returned to Lymington in May 2022.[74]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"striker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RDFC1992-19"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Players:_Craig_McAllister-3"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stevenage0405-10"},{"link_name":"Paul Tisdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Tisdale"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tisdale_could_go_for_a_Big_Mac_tomorrow-76"},{"link_name":"Richard Logan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Logan_(footballer,_born_1982)"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tisdale_could_go_for_a_Big_Mac_tomorrow-76"},{"link_name":"Gary Brabin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Brabin"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Luton_Town_sign_Newport_County's_Craig_McAllister_on_loan-43"}],"text":"McAllister plays as a striker,[19] he is \"an explosive front man\",[3] and is described as a \"target man\" because of his height.[75] His time at Basingstoke Town was described as \"prolific\" due to the number of goals he scored.[10] While at Exeter City, manager Paul Tisdale described him as \"excellent\",[76] and said that McAllister and fellow Exeter City striker Richard Logan had a good partnership together after McAllister scored a hat-trick for the reserve team.[76] After signing for Luton Town on loan in January 2012, manager Gary Brabin described McAllister as \"adaptable in any role...he works hard, he's strong and he chips in with his fair share of goals.\"[43]","title":"Style of play"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Southampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RDFC1992-19"},{"link_name":"Ben Watson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Watson_(footballer,_born_December_1985)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Craig_is_off_the_mark_and_raring_to_show_his_worth-27"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"}],"text":"After his move to Oxford United in January 2008, he stated that the reason for the move was so that he could be closer to his family home in Southampton.[19] On his arrival at Exeter City in July 2008, he moved into a house with fellow Exeter forward, Ben Watson. McAllister stated that it would make a huge difference living near the training ground, instead of travelling long distances to get to training and matches.[27] They parted company on 1 May 2019.[77]\nCraig McAllister has two children, Jessica Graci McAllister who was born October 2011 and Charlie Anthony McAllister who was born November 2013. \nCraig McAllister spouse is Lynsey Rogers","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Craig_McAllister_2017-03-04_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Eastleigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastleigh_F.C."},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-78"},{"link_name":"Hampshire Senior Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampshire_Senior_Cup"},{"link_name":"FA Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Trophy"},{"link_name":"Isthmian League Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turvey_Trophy"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-79"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FAT_80-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FAT_80-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FAT_80-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FAT_80-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FAT_80-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FAT_80-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FAT_80-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-82"},{"link_name":"Conference League Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conference_League_Cup"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-83"},{"link_name":"Football League Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFL_Trophy"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-84"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-86"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-87"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-88"}],"text":"McAllister playing for Eastleigh in 2017As of end of 2017–18 season^ Two appearances and two goals in Hampshire Senior Cup, two appearances and one goal in FA Trophy, one appearance and one goal in Isthmian League Cup\n\n^ Three appearances and four goals in Hampshire Senior Cup, two appearances in Isthmian League Cup, three appearances and two goals in FA Trophy, one appearance and one goal in Isthmian League play-offs\n\n^ a b c d e f g Appearance(s) in FA Trophy\n\n^ One appearance in FA Trophy, one in Conference League Cup\n\n^ Appearance in Football League Trophy\n\n^ Appearances in Conference Premier play-offs\n\n^ One appearance in FA Trophy, two in Hampshire Senior Cup, two in Conference South play-offs\n\n^ One appearance in FA Trophy, two in Conference Premier play-offs\n\n^ Appearance in Wessex League Cup","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Conference Premier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_League_(division)"},{"link_name":"2010–11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_Football_Conference#Conference_Premier"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Soccerway-37"},{"link_name":"Conference South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_League_South"},{"link_name":"2013–14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_Football_Conference#Conference_South"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eastleigh_2%E2%80%931_Basingstoke_Town-51"},{"link_name":"National League South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_League_South"},{"link_name":"2015–16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_National_League#National_League_South"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sutton_United_win_the_National_League_South_title-57"},{"link_name":"Wessex League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wessex_Football_League"},{"link_name":"2017–18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_Wessex_Football_League#Premier_Division"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WLPD1718-70"}],"text":"Crawley TownConference Premier: 2010–11[37]EastleighConference South: 2013–14[51]Sutton UnitedNational League South: 2015–16[57]Blackfield & LangleyWessex League Premier Division: 2017–18[70]","title":"Honours"}]
[{"image_text":"McAllister playing for Crawley Town in 2011","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Craig_McAllister_vs_Manchester_Utd_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Craig_McAllister_vs_Manchester_Utd_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"McAllister playing for Eastleigh in 2017","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Craig_McAllister_2017-03-04_1.jpg/170px-Craig_McAllister_2017-03-04_1.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Hugman, Barry J., ed. (2010). The PFA Footballers' Who's Who 2010–11. Edinburgh: Mainstream Publishing. p. 261. ISBN 978-1-84596-601-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84596-601-0","url_text":"978-1-84596-601-0"}]},{"reference":"\"The team: Craig McAllister\". Eastleigh F.C. Retrieved 21 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eastleighfc.com/players/craig-mcallister/","url_text":"\"The team: Craig McAllister\""}]},{"reference":"\"Players: Craig McAllister\". Basingstoke Town F.C. Archived from the original on 10 August 2011. Retrieved 21 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110810004407/http://www.basingstoketown.net/stats/player.php?id=23","url_text":"\"Players: Craig McAllister\""},{"url":"http://basingstoketown.net/stats/player.php?id=23","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Craig McAllister appearances: 2001/02 appearances\". Basingstoke Town F.C. Archived from the original on 24 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160124203544/http://www.basingstoketown.net/stats/player2.php?id=23&season=4","url_text":"\"Craig McAllister appearances: 2001/02 appearances\""},{"url":"http://www.basingstoketown.net/stats/player2.php?id=23&season=4","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Craig McAllister appearances: 2002/03 appearances\". Basingstoke Town F.C. Archived from the original on 24 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160124203544/http://www.basingstoketown.net/stats/player2.php?id=23&season=3","url_text":"\"Craig McAllister appearances: 2002/03 appearances\""},{"url":"http://www.basingstoketown.net/stats/player2.php?id=23&season=3","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Craig McAllister appearances: 2003/04 appearances\". Basingstoke Town F.C. Archived from the original on 24 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160124203544/http://www.basingstoketown.net/stats/player2.php?id=23&season=2","url_text":"\"Craig McAllister appearances: 2003/04 appearances\""},{"url":"http://www.basingstoketown.net/stats/player2.php?id=23&season=2","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Wigmore, Simon (28 January 2003). \"McAllister goes on trial to QPR\". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 21 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/2395127/McAllister-goes-on-trial-to-QPR.html","url_text":"\"McAllister goes on trial to QPR\""}]},{"reference":"\"Foyewa fails to impress Luton\". BBC Sport. 20 February 2003. Retrieved 21 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/l/luton_town/2784491.stm","url_text":"\"Foyewa fails to impress Luton\""}]},{"reference":"\"Trio sign for Stevenage\". BBC Sport. 17 May 2004. Retrieved 21 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/s/stevenage/3720863.stm","url_text":"\"Trio sign for Stevenage\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stevenage player: Craig McAllister profile\". BoroGuide. Retrieved 21 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.boroguide.co.uk/players/player.php?ID=602","url_text":"\"Stevenage player: Craig McAllister profile\""}]},{"reference":"\"McAllister in Fleet loan switch\". BBC Sport. 14 December 2004. Retrieved 21 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/g/gravesend_and_northfleet/4095013.stm","url_text":"\"McAllister in Fleet loan switch\""}]},{"reference":"\"Player details: Season 2004–2005: Craig McAllister\". SoccerFactsUK. Archived from the original on 31 August 2016. Retrieved 21 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160831220747/http://soccerfactsuk.co.uk/s2004/player_details.php?playerid=4942","url_text":"\"Player details: Season 2004–2005: Craig McAllister\""},{"url":"http://www.soccerfactsuk.co.uk/s2004/player_details.php?playerid=4942","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Woking capture striker McAllister\". BBC Sport. 14 July 2005. Retrieved 21 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/w/woking/4681931.stm","url_text":"\"Woking capture striker McAllister\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kidderminster 2–1 Woking\". BBC Sport. 13 August 2005. Retrieved 27 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng_conf/4126824.stm","url_text":"\"Kidderminster 2–1 Woking\""}]},{"reference":"\"Season 2005/2006\". Sportbox. Retrieved 28 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sportbox.tv/football/players/player.php?playerid=106981&season=2006","url_text":"\"Season 2005/2006\""}]},{"reference":"\"Forest Green 2–3 Woking\". BBC Sport. 1 September 2006. Retrieved 27 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng_conf/5288508.stm","url_text":"\"Forest Green 2–3 Woking\""}]},{"reference":"\"Grays snap up Woking's McAllister\". BBC Sport. 17 May 2007. Retrieved 21 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/g/grays_athletic/6665381.stm","url_text":"\"Grays snap up Woking's McAllister\""}]},{"reference":"Williams, Mike; Williams, Tony, eds. (2008). Non-League Club Directory 2009. Tony Williams Publications. pp. 78–79. ISBN 978-1-869833-59-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-869833-59-6","url_text":"978-1-869833-59-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Craig McAllister\". Rushden & Diamonds F.C. 12 August 2012. Retrieved 21 February 2017 – via RDFC1992.","urls":[{"url":"https://rdfc1992.com/2012/08/12/craig-mcallister-2/","url_text":"\"Craig McAllister\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rushden & D 1–2 Forest Green\". BBC Sport. 12 October 2007. Retrieved 21 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng_conf/7031456.stm","url_text":"\"Rushden & D 1–2 Forest Green\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rushden sign striker McAllister\". BBC Sport. 21 November 2007. Retrieved 21 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/r/rushden_and_diamonds/7106303.stm","url_text":"\"Rushden sign striker McAllister\""}]},{"reference":"Edwards, Mark (4 January 2008). \"Football: Double delight for Patterson\". Oxford Mail. Retrieved 21 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oxfordmail.co.uk/sport/1944483.FOOTBALL__Double_delight_for_Patterson/","url_text":"\"Football: Double delight for Patterson\""}]},{"reference":"Murray, Jon (5 January 2008). \"Oxford Utd 4, Altrincham 0 (05/08)\". Oxford Mail. Retrieved 21 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oxfordmail.co.uk/news/1945150.Oxford_Utd_4__Altrincham_0__05_08_/","url_text":"\"Oxford Utd 4, Altrincham 0 (05/08)\""}]},{"reference":"Murray, Jon (8 January 2008). \"Oxford Utd 0, Weymouth 1 (08/01)\". Oxford Mail. Retrieved 21 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oxfordmail.co.uk/news/1951388.Oxford_Utd_0__Weymouth_1__08_01_/","url_text":"\"Oxford Utd 0, Weymouth 1 (08/01)\""}]},{"reference":"Murray, Jon (16 February 2008). \"Oxford Utd 1, Droylsden 0 (16/02)\". Oxford Mail. Retrieved 21 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oxfordmail.co.uk/news/2050414.Oxford_Utd_1__Droylsden_0__16_02_/","url_text":"\"Oxford Utd 1, Droylsden 0 (16/02)\""}]},{"reference":"Williams; Williams (eds.). Non-League Club Directory 2009. pp. 118–119.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Craig is off the mark and raring to show his worth\". Express & Echo. Exeter. 25 July 2008. Retrieved 21 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.exeterexpressandecho.co.uk/craig-mark-raring-worth/story-11837293-detail/story.html","url_text":"\"Craig is off the mark and raring to show his worth\""}]},{"reference":"\"Games played by Craig McAllister in 2008/2009\". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 21 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=38411&season_id=138","url_text":"\"Games played by Craig McAllister in 2008/2009\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dag & Red 1–2 Exeter\". BBC Sport. 20 January 2009. Retrieved 28 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng_div_3/7824214.stm","url_text":"\"Dag & Red 1–2 Exeter\""}]},{"reference":"\"Exeter City 2008–2009: Table: Final table\". Statto Organisation. Archived from the original on 22 February 2017. Retrieved 21 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170222111751/http://www.statto.com/football/teams/exeter-city/2008-2009/table","url_text":"\"Exeter City 2008–2009: Table: Final table\""},{"url":"http://www.statto.com/football/teams/exeter-city/2008-2009/table","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Games played by Craig McAllister in 2009/2010\". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 21 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=38411&season_id=139","url_text":"\"Games played by Craig McAllister in 2009/2010\""}]},{"reference":"\"Exeter's McAllister in Barnet loan move\". Vital Exeter City. 28 November 2009. Archived from the original on 5 October 2011. Retrieved 23 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111005012713/http://www.exeter.vitalfootball.co.uk/article.asp?a=179152","url_text":"\"Exeter's McAllister in Barnet loan move\""},{"url":"http://www.exeter.vitalfootball.co.uk/article.asp?a=179152","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Tisdale tells Big Mac to press his claims for a place in the City side\". Express & Echo. Exeter. 5 January 2010. Retrieved 21 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.exeterexpressandecho.co.uk/tisdale-tells-big-mac-press-claims-place-city/story-11848107-detail/story.html","url_text":"\"Tisdale tells Big Mac to press his claims for a place in the City side\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rotherham sign Exeter striker Craig McAllister on loan\". BBC Sport. 11 March 2010. Retrieved 27 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/r/rotherham_utd/8562971.stm","url_text":"\"Rotherham sign Exeter striker Craig McAllister on loan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Exeter City release nine players\". BBC Sport. 14 May 2010. Retrieved 15 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/e/exeter_city/8683107.stm","url_text":"\"Exeter City release nine players\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ex-City striker signs deal to join Crawley next term\". Western Morning News. Plymouth. 29 June 2010. Retrieved 21 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.westernmorningnews.co.uk/ex-city-striker-signs-deal-join-crawley-term/story-11674918-detail/story.html","url_text":"\"Ex-City striker signs deal to join Crawley next term\""}]},{"reference":"\"C. McAllister\". Soccerway. Perform Group. Retrieved 7 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://uk.soccerway.com/players/craig-mcallister/50529/","url_text":"\"C. McAllister\""}]},{"reference":"McNulty, Phil (19 February 2011). \"Man Utd 1–0 Crawley Town\". BBC Sport. Retrieved 27 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/fa_cup/9401072.stm","url_text":"\"Man Utd 1–0 Crawley Town\""}]},{"reference":"\"Craig McAllister rejects Crawley Town deal\". BBC Sport. 13 May 2011. Retrieved 27 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/c/crawley_town/9485571.stm","url_text":"\"Craig McAllister rejects Crawley Town deal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Newport County snap up striker Craig McAllister\". BBC Sport. 27 May 2011. Retrieved 21 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/13579828","url_text":"\"Newport County snap up striker Craig McAllister\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hudson set to add to squad\". Football Conference. 27 May 2011. Archived from the original on 19 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120319231109/http://www.footballconference.co.uk/news/details.php?news_id=4632","url_text":"\"Hudson set to add to squad\""},{"url":"http://www.footballconference.co.uk/news/details.php?news_id=4632","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Pearlman, Michael (6 January 2012). \"Exiles first team trio up for sale\". South Wales Argus. Newport. Retrieved 21 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.southwalesargus.co.uk/sport/9455937.Exiles_first_team_trio_up_for_sale/","url_text":"\"Exiles first team trio up for sale\""}]},{"reference":"\"Luton Town sign Newport County's Craig McAllister on loan\". BBC Sport. 18 January 2012. Retrieved 21 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/16614326","url_text":"\"Luton Town sign Newport County's Craig McAllister on loan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Luton Town 2011–2012: Table: Final table\". Statto Organisation. Archived from the original on 22 February 2017. Retrieved 21 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170222194203/http://www.statto.com/football/teams/luton-town/2011-2012/table","url_text":"\"Luton Town 2011–2012: Table: Final table\""},{"url":"http://www.statto.com/football/teams/luton-town/2011-2012/table","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Osborne, Chris (3 May 2012). \"Luton 2–0 Wrexham\". BBC Sport. Retrieved 21 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/17881846","url_text":"\"Luton 2–0 Wrexham\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wrexham 2–1 Luton (2–3 on agg)\". BBC Sport. 7 May 2012. 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Sutton Guardian. Retrieved 21 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.suttonguardian.co.uk/sport/14634333.SUTTON_UNITED__McAllister_desperate_to_play_his_part/","url_text":"\"Sutton United: McAllister desperate to play his part\""}]},{"reference":"\"Borough swoop for Sutton duo McAllister and Cooper\". Eastbourne Herald. 3 September 2016. Retrieved 26 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eastbourneherald.co.uk/sport/football/eastbourne-borough/borough-swoop-for-sutton-duo-mcallister-and-cooper-1-7559011","url_text":"\"Borough swoop for Sutton duo McAllister and Cooper\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sutton United 4–1 Woking\". BBC Sport. 8 October 2016. Retrieved 8 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/37527705","url_text":"\"Sutton United 4–1 Woking\""}]},{"reference":"Gee, Wendy (17 February 2017). \"It's Friday, it's Macca's back! McAllister is back at Eastleigh\". Southern Daily Echo. Southampton. 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Retrieved 13 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dailyecho.co.uk/sport/15823387.Gosport_Borough_swoop_for_Eastleigh_frontman/","url_text":"\"Gosport Borough swoop for Eastleigh frontman Craig McAllister\""}]},{"reference":"\"The team: Craig McAllister: 2017/18 season\". Gosport Borough F.C. Retrieved 7 May 2018 – via Pitchero.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gosportboroughfc.co.uk/teams/80237/player/craig-mcallister-1976808/44768","url_text":"\"The team: Craig McAllister: 2017/18 season\""}]},{"reference":"Ricketts, Kevin (24 February 2018). \"More misery for Borough with Stratford defeat\". The News. Portsmouth. Retrieved 7 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.portsmouth.co.uk/sport/football/gosport-borough-fc/more-misery-for-borough-with-stratford-defeat-1-8392309","url_text":"\"More misery for Borough with Stratford defeat\""}]},{"reference":"\"Royals' promotion bid derailed at Gang Warily\". The News. Portsmouth. 10 March 2018. 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Retrieved 17 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pressreader.com/uk/portsmouth-news/20190913/282411286017481","url_text":"\"Gosport goals legend Justin still bangs in for fun\""}]},{"reference":"\"How former Exeter City, Eastleigh, Crawley striker and one-time Gosport Borough player-manager Craig McAllister can strengthen Baffins Milton Rovers' Wessex Premier title push\". The News. 2 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.portsmouth.co.uk/sport/football/how-former-exeter-city-eastleigh-crawley-striker-and-one-time-gosport-borough-player-manager-craig-mcallister-can-strengthen-baffins-milton-rovers-wessex-premier-title-push-3512777","url_text":"\"How former Exeter City, Eastleigh, Crawley striker and one-time Gosport Borough player-manager Craig McAllister can strengthen Baffins Milton Rovers' Wessex Premier title push\""}]},{"reference":"\"Veterans Green and McAllister sign on for Lymo as Hurst also returns\". Daily Echo. 16 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dailyecho.co.uk/sport/20142708.veterans-green-mcallister-sign-lymo-hurst-also-returns/","url_text":"\"Veterans Green and McAllister sign on for Lymo as Hurst also returns\""}]},{"reference":"\"Exeter City striker Mac sees red to land a ban\". Express & Echo. Exeter. 27 August 2008. Retrieved 21 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.exeterexpressandecho.co.uk/mac-sees-red-land-ban/story-11806326-detail/story.html","url_text":"\"Exeter City striker Mac sees red to land a ban\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tisdale could go for a Big Mac tomorrow\". Express & Echo. Exeter. 16 January 2009. Retrieved 21 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.exeterexpressandecho.co.uk/tisdale-big-mac-tomorrow/story-11792330-detail/story.html","url_text":"\"Tisdale could go for a Big Mac tomorrow\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gosport part company with player-manager Craig McAllister and former Pompey striker Matt Tubbs\". The News. 1 May 2019. 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Eastleigh F.C. 7 October 2012. Retrieved 21 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eastleighfc.com/matches/20122013_fa-cup_gloucester-city-v-eastleigh-fc/","url_text":"\"Gloucester City 1–0 Eastleigh\""}]},{"reference":"\"Eastleigh 1–4 Hayes & Yeading United\". Eastleigh F.C. 10 November 2012. Retrieved 21 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eastleighfc.com/matches/20122013_fa-trophy_eastleigh-fc-v-hayes-yeading-united/","url_text":"\"Eastleigh 1–4 Hayes & Yeading United\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fleet Spurs 1–5 Eastleigh\". Aylesbury United F.C. 4 December 2012. Retrieved 21 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aylesburyunitedfc.co.uk/match/2012-12-04/fleet-spurs/vs/eastleigh","url_text":"\"Fleet Spurs 1–5 Eastleigh\""}]},{"reference":"\"AFC Bournemouth 2–2 Eastleigh\". Eastleigh F.C. 29 January 2013. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KVB_(disambiguation)
KVB
[]
KVB may refer to: The KVB, a British audio-visual music duo Contrôle de vitesse par balises or KVB, a train protection system used on the French railway network Karur Vysya Bank, an Indian private sector bank Kölner Verkehrs-Betriebe, the municipal public transit company of Cologne, Germany Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title KVB.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Dartex123
User talk:Dartex123
["1 Dartex123, you are invited to the Co-op!","2 Your submission at Articles for creation: Dartex Coatings (April 24)","3 Draft:Dartex Coatings concern","4 Your draft article, Draft:Dartex Coatings"]
Dartex123, you are invited to the Co-op! Hi there! Dartex123, you are invited to The Co-op, a gathering place for editors where you can find mentors to help you build and improve Wikipedia. If you're looking for an editor who can help you out, please join us! I JethroBT (I'm a Co-op mentor) This message was delivered automatically by your robot friend, HostBot (talk) 17:11, 1 April 2015 (UTC) Your submission at Articles for creation: Dartex Coatings (April 24) Your recent article submission to Articles for Creation has been reviewed! Unfortunately, it has not been accepted at this time. The reason left by Onel5969 was: This submission appears to read more like an advertisement than an entry in an encyclopedia. Encyclopedia articles need to be written from a neutral point of view, and should refer to a range of independent, reliable, published sources, not just to materials produced by the creator of the subject being discussed. This is important so that the article can meet Wikipedia's verifiability policy and the notability of the subject can be established. If you still feel that this subject is worthy of inclusion in Wikipedia, please rewrite your submission to comply with these policies. Please check the submission for any additional comments left by the reviewer. You are encouraged to edit the submission to address the issues raised and resubmit when they have been resolved. If you would like to continue working on the submission, go to Draft:Dartex Coatings and click on the "Edit" tab at the top of the window. If you need any assistance, you can ask for help at the Articles for creation help desk or on the reviewer's talk page. You can also get real-time chat help from experienced editors. Onel5969 (talk) 17:13, 24 April 2015 (UTC) Hello! I noticed your article was declined at Articles for Creation, and that can be disappointing. If you are wondering or curious about why your article submission was declined please post a question at the Articles for creation help desk. If you have any other questions about your editing experience, we'd love to help you at the Teahouse, a friendly space on Wikipedia where experienced editors lend a hand to help new editors like yourself! See you there! Onel5969 (talk) 17:13, 24 April 2015 (UTC) Welcome to Wikipedia. Because we have a policy against usernames which give the impression that the account represents a group, organization or website, I have blocked this account; please take a moment to create a new account with a username that represents only yourself as an individual and which complies with our username policy. You should also read our conflict of interest guideline and be aware that promotional editing is not acceptable regardless of the username you choose. If your username does not represent a group, organization or website, you may appeal this username block by adding the text {{unblock|reason=Your reason here ~~~~}} below this notice.You may simply create a new account, but you may prefer to change your username to one that complies with our username policy, so that your past contributions are associated with your new username. If you would prefer to change your username, you may appeal this username block by adding the text {{unblock-un|new username|reason=Your reason here ~~~~}} below this notice. Thank you. Randykitty (talk) 13:03, 27 April 2015 (UTC) {{unblock-un|user=new username|reason=Please can I change my username so that I can edit my page to make the corrections identified by one of your colleagues?? Is katielou580 more appropriate as a user name?}} This user's request to be unblocked to request a change in username has been reviewed by an administrator, who declined the request. Other administrators may also review this block, but should not override the decision without a good reason (see the blocking policy). Do not remove this unblock review while you are blocked. Dartex123 (block log • active blocks • global blocks • autoblocks • contribs • deleted contribs • filter log • creation log • change block settings • unblock • checkuser (log)) Requested username: katielou580 (talk · contribs · deleted contribs · logs · filter log · block user · block log) Request reason: my current username Dartex123 is deemed inappropriate. Do I need to amend my log in details as well? Decline reason: You have not addressed your misuse of Wikipedia for promotional purposes -- you should not have written an article/draft about your employer in the first place. MER-C 11:46, 28 April 2015 (UTC) Hi Mer-C I am more than happy to make the amends required by Wikipedia. I am currently unable to do so as you've blocked my user profile. If you can please unblock I will make the amends requested and resubmit. You should have not have created that page in the first place and if you are unblocked you will not be permitted to continue working on it. MER-C 12:04, 28 April 2015 (UTC) In that case can I request that these company pages are also removed on the same grounds as the reason you give me? https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sioen_Industries / https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seyntex / https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trelleborg_AB ? I am trying (and obviously right now failing!) to write an impartial article according to Wikipedia's rules and would appreciate any help you can give me to do this. Draft:Dartex Coatings concern Hi there, I'm HasteurBot. I just wanted to let you know that Draft:Dartex Coatings, a page you created, has not been edited in 6 months. The Articles for Creation space is not an indefinite storage location for content that is not appropriate for articlespace. If your submission is not edited soon, it could be nominated for deletion. If you would like to attempt to save it, you will need to improve it. You may request Userfication of the content if it meets requirements. If the deletion has already occured, instructions on how you may be able to retrieve it are available at WP:REFUND/G13. Thank you for your attention. HasteurBot (talk) 00:56, 1 November 2015 (UTC) Your draft article, Draft:Dartex Coatings Hello, Dartex123. It has been over six months since you last edited your Articles for Creation draft article submission, "Dartex Coatings". In accordance with our policy that Articles for Creation is not for the indefinite hosting of material deemed unsuitable for the encyclopedia mainspace, the draft has been nominated for deletion. If you plan on working on it further, or editing it to address the issues raised if it was declined, simply edit the submission and remove the {{db-afc}} or {{db-g13}} code. If your submission has already been deleted by the time you get there, and you wish to retrieve it, you can request its undeletion by following the instructions at this link. An administrator will, in most cases, restore the submission so you can continue to work on it. Thanks for your submission to Wikipedia, and happy editing. JMHamo (talk) 17:09, 14 November 2015 (UTC)
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settings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Block/Dartex123"},{"link_name":"unblock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:BlockList&action=unblock&ip=Dartex123"},{"link_name":"checkuser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:CheckUser&user=Dartex123&reason=%5B%5BUser+talk%3ADartex123%5D%5D%2C+unblock+request"},{"link_name":"log","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:CheckUserLog&cuSearchType=target&cuSearch=Dartex123"},{"link_name":"katielou580","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Katielou580&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Katielou580&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"contribs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/katielou580"},{"link_name":"deleted contribs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:DeletedContributions/katielou580"},{"link_name":"logs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log/katielou580"},{"link_name":"filter log","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3AAbuseLog&wpSearchUser=katielou580"},{"link_name":"block user","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Block/katielou580"},{"link_name":"block log","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ALog%2Fblock&page=User%3Akatielou580"},{"link_name":"MER-C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:MER-C"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"MER-C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:MER-C"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sioen_Industries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sioen_Industries"},{"link_name":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seyntex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seyntex"},{"link_name":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trelleborg_AB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trelleborg_AB"},{"link_name":"Draft:Dartex Coatings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Draft:Dartex_Coatings&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Dartex123&action=edit&section=3"},{"link_name":"HasteurBot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:HasteurBot"},{"link_name":"Draft:Dartex Coatings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Draft:Dartex_Coatings&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Userfication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:USERFY"},{"link_name":"WP:REFUND/G13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:REFUND/G13"},{"link_name":"HasteurBot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:HasteurBot"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:HasteurBot"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"Draft:Dartex Coatings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Draft:Dartex_Coatings&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Dartex123&action=edit&section=4"},{"link_name":"Articles for Creation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:AFC"},{"link_name":"Dartex Coatings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Draft:Dartex_Coatings&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"mainspace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Mainspace"},{"link_name":"edit the submission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Draft:Dartex_Coatings&action=edit"},{"link_name":"this link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:REFUND/G13"},{"link_name":"JMHamo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:JMHamo"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:JMHamo"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"}],"text":"Dartex123, you are invited to the Co-op![edit]Your submission at Articles for creation: Dartex Coatings (April 24)[edit]Your recent article submission to Articles for Creation has been reviewed! Unfortunately, it has not been accepted at this time. The reason left by Onel5969 was:\nThis submission appears to read more like an advertisement than an entry in an encyclopedia. Encyclopedia articles need to be written from a neutral point of view, and should refer to a range of independent, reliable, published sources, not just to materials produced by the creator of the subject being discussed. This is important so that the article can meet Wikipedia's verifiability policy and the notability of the subject can be established. If you still feel that this subject is worthy of inclusion in Wikipedia, please rewrite your submission to comply with these policies. Please check the submission for any additional comments left by the reviewer. You are encouraged to edit the submission to address the issues raised and resubmit when they have been resolved.\n\nIf you would like to continue working on the submission, go to Draft:Dartex Coatings and click on the \"Edit\" tab at the top of the window.\nIf you need any assistance, you can ask for help at the Articles for creation help desk or on the reviewer's talk page.\nYou can also get real-time chat help from experienced editors.\nOnel5969 (talk) 17:13, 24 April 2015 (UTC)[reply]Welcome to Wikipedia. Because we have a policy against usernames which give the impression that the account represents a group, organization or website, I have blocked this account; please take a moment to create a new account with a username that represents only yourself as an individual and which complies with our username policy. You should also read our conflict of interest guideline and be aware that promotional editing is not acceptable regardless of the username you choose. If your username does not represent a group, organization or website, you may appeal this username block by adding the text {{unblock|reason=Your reason here ~~~~}} below this notice.You may simply create a new account, but you may prefer to change your username to one that complies with our username policy, so that your past contributions are associated with your new username. If you would prefer to change your username, you may appeal this username block by adding the text {{unblock-un|new username|reason=Your reason here ~~~~}} below this notice. Thank you. Randykitty (talk) 13:03, 27 April 2015 (UTC)[reply]{{unblock-un|user=new username|reason=Please can I change my username so that I can edit my page to make the corrections identified by one of your colleagues?? Is katielou580 more appropriate as a user name?}}This user's request to be unblocked to request a change in username has been reviewed by an administrator, who declined the request. Other administrators may also review this block, but should not override the decision without a good reason (see the blocking policy). Do not remove this unblock review while you are blocked.\nDartex123 (block log • active blocks • global blocks • autoblocks • contribs • deleted contribs • filter log • creation log • change block settings • unblock • checkuser (log))\n\n\n\nRequested username:\n\nkatielou580 (talk · contribs · deleted contribs · logs · filter log · block user · block log)\nRequest reason:\n\nmy current username Dartex123 is deemed inappropriate. Do I need to amend my log in details as well?\nDecline reason:\n\nYou have not addressed your misuse of Wikipedia for promotional purposes -- you should not have written an article/draft about your employer in the first place. MER-C 11:46, 28 April 2015 (UTC)[reply]Hi Mer-C\nI am more than happy to make the amends required by Wikipedia. I am currently unable to do so as you've blocked my user profile. If you can please unblock I will make the amends requested and resubmit.You should have not have created that page in the first place and if you are unblocked you will not be permitted to continue working on it. MER-C 12:04, 28 April 2015 (UTC)[reply]In that case can I request that these company pages are also removed on the same grounds as the reason you give me? https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sioen_Industries / https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seyntex / https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trelleborg_AB ? I am trying (and obviously right now failing!) to write an impartial article according to Wikipedia's rules and would appreciate any help you can give me to do this.Draft:Dartex Coatings concern[edit]Hi there, I'm HasteurBot. I just wanted to let you know that Draft:Dartex Coatings, a page you created, has not been edited in 6 months. The Articles for Creation space is not an indefinite storage location for content that is not appropriate for articlespace.If your submission is not edited soon, it could be nominated for deletion. If you would like to attempt to save it, you will need to improve it.You may request Userfication of the content if it meets requirements.If the deletion has already occured, instructions on how you may be able to retrieve it are available at WP:REFUND/G13.Thank you for your attention. HasteurBot (talk) 00:56, 1 November 2015 (UTC)[reply]Your draft article, Draft:Dartex Coatings[edit]Hello, Dartex123. It has been over six months since you last edited your Articles for Creation draft article submission, \"Dartex Coatings\".In accordance with our policy that Articles for Creation is not for the indefinite hosting of material deemed unsuitable for the encyclopedia mainspace, the draft has been nominated for deletion. If you plan on working on it further, or editing it to address the issues raised if it was declined, simply edit the submission and remove the {{db-afc}} or {{db-g13}} code.If your submission has already been deleted by the time you get there, and you wish to retrieve it, you can request its undeletion by following the instructions at this link. An administrator will, in most cases, restore the submission so you can continue to work on it.Thanks for your submission to Wikipedia, and happy editing. JMHamo (talk) 17:09, 14 November 2015 (UTC)[reply]","title":"User talk:Dartex123"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tribune_Heartland_Prize
Heartland Prize
["1 Chicago Tribune Heartland Prize — Fiction","2 Chicago Tribune Heartland Prize — Nonfiction","3 References"]
Annual literary prize for fiction and nonfiction books about heartland American The Chicago Tribune Heartland Prize is a literary prize created in 1988 by the newspaper The Chicago Tribune. It is awarded yearly in two categories: Fiction and Nonfiction. These prizes are awarded to books that "reinforce and perpetuate the values of heartland America." Chicago Tribune Heartland Prize — Fiction 2019: Rebecca Makkai for The Great Believers 2018: George Saunders, for Lincoln in the Bardo 2017: Colson Whitehead, for The Underground Railroad 2016: Jane Smiley, for Golden Age 2015: Chang-rae Lee, for On Such a Full Sea 2014: Daniel Woodrell, for The Maid's Version 2013: Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, for Americanah 2012: Richard Ford, for Canada 2011: Jonathan Franzen, for Freedom 2010: E. O. Wilson, for Anthill 2009: Jayne Anne Phillips, for Lark and Termite 2008: Aleksandar Hemon, for The Lazarus Project 2007: Robert Olmstead, for Coal Black Horse 2006: Louise Erdrich, for The Painted Drum 2005: Marilynne Robinson, for Gilead 2004: Ward Just, for An Unfinished Season 2003: Scott Turow, for Reversible Errors 2002: Alice Sebold, for The Lovely Bones 2001: Mona Simpson, for Off Keck Road 2000: Jeffery Renard Allen, for Rails Under My Back 1999: Elizabeth Strout, for Amy and Isabelle 1998: Jane Hamilton, for The Short History of a Prince 1997: Charles Frazier, for Cold Mountain 1996: Antonya Nelson, for Talking in Bed 1995: William Maxwell, for All The Days and Nights 1994: Maxine Clair, for Rattlebone 1993: Annie Proulx, for The Shipping News 1992: Jane Smiley, for A Thousand Acres 1991: Kaye Gibbons, for A Cure For Dreams 1990: Tim O'Brien, for The Things They Carried 1989: Ward Just, for Jack Gance 1988: Eric Larsen, for An American Memory Chicago Tribune Heartland Prize — Nonfiction 2019: Sarah Smarsh, for Heartland: A Memoir of Working Hard and Being Broke in the Richest Country on Earth 2018: Caroline Fraser, for Prairie Fires: The American Dreams of Laura Ingalls Wilder 2017: Matthew Desmond, for Evicted: Poverty and Profit in the American City 2016: Margo Jefferson, for Negroland: A Memoir 2015: Danielle Allen, for Our Declaration: A Reading of the Declaration of Independence in Defense of Equality 2014: Jesmyn Ward, for Men We Reaped 2013: Thomas Dyja, for The Third Coast: When Chicago Built the American Dream 2012: Paul Hendrickson, for Hemingway's Boat: Everything He Loved in Life, and Lost, 1934-1961 2011: Isabel Wilkerson, for The Warmth of Other Suns 2010: Rebecca Skloot for The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks 2009: Nick Reding, for Methland: The Death and Life of an American Small Town 2008: Garry Wills, for Head and Heart: American Christianities and What the Gospels Meant 2007: Orville Vernon Burton, for The Age of Lincoln 2006: Taylor Branch, for At Canaan's Edge: America in the King Years, 1965-1968 2005: Kevin Boyle, for Arc of Justice: A Saga of Race, Civil Rights, and Murder in the Jazz Age 2004: Ann Patchett, for Truth & Beauty: A Friendship 2003: Paul Hendrickson, for Sons of Mississippi: A Story of Race and Its Legacy 2002: Studs Terkel, for Will the Circle Be Unbroken?: Reflections on Death, Rebirth, and Hunger for a Faith 2001: Louis Menand, for The Metaphysical Club: A Story of Ideas in America 2000: Zachary Karabell, for The Last Campaign: How Harry Truman Won the 1948 Election 1999: Jay Parini for Robert Frost: A Life 1998: Alex Kotlowitz, for The Other Side of the River: A Story of Two Towns, A Death, and America's Dilemma 1997: Thomas Lynch, for The Undertaking: Life Studies from the Dismal Trade 1996: Jonathan Harr, for A Civil Action 1995: Richard Stern, for A Sistermony 1994: Henry Louis Gates, Jr., for Colored People: A Memoir 1993: Norman Maclean, for Young Men and Fire 1992: Melissa Fay Greene, for Praying for Sheetrock: A Work of Non-Fiction 1991: William Cronon, for Nature's Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West 1990: Michael Dorris, for The Broken Cord: A Family's Ongoing Struggle with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome 1989: Joseph Epstein, for Partial Payments: Essays on Writers and Their Lives 1988: Don Katz, for The Big Store: Inside the Crisis and Revolution at Sears References ^ "Heartland Prize", Chicago Tribune. ^ Taylor, Elizabeth (October 11, 2019). "Rebecca Makkai's 'The Great Believers': An empathic novel worthy of the Heartland Prize". The Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 25 November 2019. ^ a b Johnson, Christen A. (August 23, 2018). "Ron Chernow, George Saunders and Caroline Fraser win 2018 Tribune literary prizes". Chicago Tribune. ^ a b "Book awards: Heartland Prize". LibraryThing. Retrieved 10 September 2018. ^ Golden Age ^ Taylor, Elizabeth (24 October 2014). "'The Maid's Version' wins 2014 Heartland Prize for Fiction". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 25 April 2015. ^ "2010 Chicago Tribune Heartland Prize-Winners: E.O. Wilson and Rebecca Skloot | Chicago Humanities Festival". Archived from the original on 2013-11-05. Retrieved 2011-02-04. ^ a b "Chicago Humanities Festival | 2009 Chicago Tribune Heartland Prize Winners". www.chicagohumanities.org. Archived from the original on 2011-05-05. ^ a b "Chicago Humanities Festival | Chicago Tribune Heartland Prize Winners 2008". www.chicagohumanities.org. Archived from the original on 2011-09-08. ^ a b "Chicago Humanities Festival | Chicago Tribune Heartland Prize, 2006: Taylor Branch and Louise Erdrich". www.chicagohumanities.org. Archived from the original on 2011-09-14. ^ a b "Chicago Humanities Festival | Menand, Simpson, and Raboteau | 2001 Chicago Tribune Heartland and Nelson Algren Prizes". www.chicagohumanities.org. Archived from the original on 2011-10-08. ^ Day, Jennifer (October 28, 2019). "Authors Rebecca Makkai, Sarah Smarsh accept 2019 Heartland Prizes". Chicago Tribune. ^ "Margo Jefferson memoir 'Negroland' a resonant Heartland Prize winner". Chicago Tribune. ^ Taylor, Elizabeth (23 October 2014). "'Men We Reaped' wins 2014 Heartland Prize for Fiction". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 25 April 2015. ^ "Thomas Dyja's 'The Third Coast' awarded nonfiction Heartland Prize - Chicago Tribune". articles.chicagotribune.com. Archived from the original on 2013-11-05. ^ "Chicago Humanities Festival | 2011 Chicago Tribune Heartland Prize Winners | Jonathan Franzen | Isabel Wilkerson". www.chicagohumanities.org. Archived from the original on 2012-01-03. ^ "E. O. Wilson and Rebecca Skloot: 2010 Chicago Tribune Heartland Prizes". chicagohumanities.org. 2011. Archived from the original on November 5, 2013. Retrieved May 3, 2016.
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These prizes are awarded to books that \"reinforce and perpetuate the values of heartland America.\"[1]","title":"Heartland Prize"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rebecca Makkai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebecca_Makkai"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ChiTrib-11Oct2019-2"},{"link_name":"George Saunders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Saunders"},{"link_name":"Lincoln in the Bardo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_in_the_Bardo"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ChicagoTribune2018-3"},{"link_name":"Colson Whitehead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colson_Whitehead"},{"link_name":"The Underground Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Underground_Railroad_(novel)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LibraryThing-4"},{"link_name":"Jane Smiley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Smiley"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Chang-rae Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang-rae_Lee"},{"link_name":"Daniel Woodrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Woodrell"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimamanda_Ngozi_Adichie"},{"link_name":"Americanah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americanah"},{"link_name":"Richard Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Ford"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Franzen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Franzen"},{"link_name":"Freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_(Franzen_novel)"},{"link_name":"E. O. Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._O._Wilson"},{"link_name":"Anthill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthill:_A_Novel"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Jayne Anne Phillips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayne_Anne_Phillips"},{"link_name":"Lark and Termite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lark_and_Termite&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chicagohumanities.org-8"},{"link_name":"Aleksandar Hemon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandar_Hemon"},{"link_name":"The Lazarus Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lazarus_Project_(novel)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-9"},{"link_name":"Robert Olmstead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Olmstead"},{"link_name":"Coal Black Horse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coal_Black_Horse&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Louise Erdrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_Erdrich"},{"link_name":"The Painted Drum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Painted_Drum"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceB-10"},{"link_name":"Marilynne Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marilynne_Robinson"},{"link_name":"Gilead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilead_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Ward Just","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ward_Just"},{"link_name":"An Unfinished Season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=An_Unfinished_Season&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Scott Turow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Turow"},{"link_name":"Reversible Errors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reversible_Errors"},{"link_name":"Alice Sebold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Sebold"},{"link_name":"The Lovely Bones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lovely_Bones"},{"link_name":"Mona Simpson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mona_Simpson_(novelist)"},{"link_name":"Off Keck Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Off_Keck_Road&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceC-11"},{"link_name":"Jeffery Renard Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffery_Renard_Allen"},{"link_name":"Rails Under My Back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rails_Under_My_Back&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Strout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Strout"},{"link_name":"Amy and Isabelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_and_Isabelle"},{"link_name":"Jane Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Hamilton"},{"link_name":"The Short History of a Prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Short_History_of_a_Prince"},{"link_name":"Charles Frazier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Frazier"},{"link_name":"Cold Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_Mountain_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Antonya Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonya_Nelson"},{"link_name":"William Maxwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Keepers_Maxwell_Jr."},{"link_name":"Maxine Clair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxine_Clair"},{"link_name":"Rattlebone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rattlebone_(novel)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Annie Proulx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_Proulx"},{"link_name":"The Shipping News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shipping_News"},{"link_name":"Jane Smiley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Smiley"},{"link_name":"A Thousand Acres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Thousand_Acres"},{"link_name":"Kaye Gibbons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaye_Gibbons"},{"link_name":"Tim O'Brien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_O%27Brien_(author)"},{"link_name":"The Things They Carried","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Things_They_Carried"},{"link_name":"Ward Just","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ward_Just"}],"text":"2019: Rebecca Makkai for The Great Believers[2]\n2018: George Saunders, for Lincoln in the Bardo[3]\n2017: Colson Whitehead, for The Underground Railroad[4]\n2016: Jane Smiley, for Golden Age[5]\n2015: Chang-rae Lee, for On Such a Full Sea\n2014: Daniel Woodrell, for The Maid's Version[6]\n2013: Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, for Americanah\n2012: Richard Ford, for Canada\n2011: Jonathan Franzen, for Freedom\n2010: E. O. Wilson, for Anthill[7]\n2009: Jayne Anne Phillips, for Lark and Termite[8]\n2008: Aleksandar Hemon, for The Lazarus Project[9]\n2007: Robert Olmstead, for Coal Black Horse\n2006: Louise Erdrich, for The Painted Drum[10]\n2005: Marilynne Robinson, for Gilead\n2004: Ward Just, for An Unfinished Season\n2003: Scott Turow, for Reversible Errors\n2002: Alice Sebold, for The Lovely Bones\n2001: Mona Simpson, for Off Keck Road[11]\n2000: Jeffery Renard Allen, for Rails Under My Back\n1999: Elizabeth Strout, for Amy and Isabelle\n1998: Jane Hamilton, for The Short History of a Prince\n1997: Charles Frazier, for Cold Mountain\n1996: Antonya Nelson, for Talking in Bed\n1995: William Maxwell, for All The Days and Nights\n1994: Maxine Clair, for Rattlebone\n1993: Annie Proulx, for The Shipping News\n1992: Jane Smiley, for A Thousand Acres\n1991: Kaye Gibbons, for A Cure For Dreams\n1990: Tim O'Brien, for The Things They Carried\n1989: Ward Just, for Jack Gance\n1988: Eric Larsen, for An American Memory","title":"Chicago Tribune Heartland Prize — Fiction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sarah Smarsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Smarsh"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ChicagoTribune2019-12"},{"link_name":"Caroline Fraser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline_Fraser"},{"link_name":"Prairie Fires: The American Dreams of Laura Ingalls Wilder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prairie_Fires:_The_American_Dreams_of_Laura_Ingalls_Wilder"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ChicagoTribune2018-3"},{"link_name":"Matthew Desmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Desmond"},{"link_name":"Evicted: Poverty and Profit in the American City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evicted:_Poverty_and_Profit_in_the_American_City"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LibraryThing-4"},{"link_name":"Margo Jefferson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margo_Jefferson"},{"link_name":"Negroland: A Memoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negroland:_A_Memoir"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Danielle Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danielle_Allen"},{"link_name":"Jesmyn Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesmyn_Ward"},{"link_name":"Men We Reaped","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men_We_Reaped"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Thomas Dyja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Dyja"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Paul Hendrickson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Hendrickson"},{"link_name":"Isabel Wilkerson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabel_Wilkerson"},{"link_name":"The Warmth of Other Suns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Warmth_of_Other_Suns"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Rebecca Skloot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebecca_Skloot"},{"link_name":"The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Immortal_Life_of_Henrietta_Lacks"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Nick Reding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Reding_(journalist)"},{"link_name":"Methland: The Death and Life of an American Small Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methland"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chicagohumanities.org-8"},{"link_name":"Garry Wills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garry_Wills"},{"link_name":"Head and Heart: American Christianities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Head_and_Heart:_American_Christianities&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"What the Gospels Meant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=What_the_Gospels_Meant&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-9"},{"link_name":"Orville Vernon Burton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orville_Vernon_Burton"},{"link_name":"The Age of Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Age_of_Lincoln&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Taylor Branch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_Branch"},{"link_name":"At Canaan's Edge: America in the King Years, 1965-1968","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At_Canaan%27s_Edge:_America_in_the_King_Years,_1965-1968"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceB-10"},{"link_name":"Kevin Boyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Boyle_(historian)"},{"link_name":"Arc of Justice: A Saga of Race, Civil Rights, and Murder in the Jazz Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arc_of_Justice"},{"link_name":"Ann Patchett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Patchett"},{"link_name":"Truth & Beauty: A Friendship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth_%26_Beauty:_A_Friendship"},{"link_name":"Paul Hendrickson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Hendrickson"},{"link_name":"Sons of Mississippi: A Story of Race and Its Legacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sons_of_Mississippi:_A_Story_of_Race_and_Its_Legacy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Studs Terkel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studs_Terkel"},{"link_name":"Will the Circle Be Unbroken?: Reflections on Death, Rebirth, and Hunger for a Faith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Will_the_Circle_Be_Unbroken%3F:_Reflections_on_Death,_Rebirth,_and_Hunger_for_a_Faith&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Louis Menand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Menand"},{"link_name":"The Metaphysical Club: A Story of Ideas in America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Metaphysical_Club:_A_Story_of_Ideas_in_America"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceC-11"},{"link_name":"Zachary Karabell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zachary_Karabell"},{"link_name":"The Last Campaign: How Harry Truman Won the 1948 Election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Last_Campaign:_How_Harry_Truman_Won_the_1948_Election&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jay Parini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Parini"},{"link_name":"Robert Frost: A Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Frost:_A_Life"},{"link_name":"Alex Kotlowitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Kotlowitz"},{"link_name":"The Other Side of the River: A Story of Two Towns, A Death, and America's Dilemma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Other_Side_of_the_River:_A_Story_of_Two_Towns,_A_Death,_and_America%27s_Dilemma&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Thomas Lynch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Lynch_(poet)"},{"link_name":"The Undertaking: Life Studies from the Dismal Trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Undertaking:_Life_Studies_from_the_Dismal_Trade&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Harr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Harr"},{"link_name":"A Civil Action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Civil_Action"},{"link_name":"Richard Stern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_G._Stern"},{"link_name":"A Sistermony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Sistermony&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Henry Louis Gates, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Louis_Gates,_Jr."},{"link_name":"Colored People: A Memoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colored_People:_A_Memoir&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Norman Maclean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Maclean"},{"link_name":"Young Men and Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Men_and_Fire"},{"link_name":"Melissa Fay Greene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melissa_Fay_Greene"},{"link_name":"William Cronon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Cronon"},{"link_name":"Michael Dorris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Dorris"},{"link_name":"Joseph Epstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Epstein_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Don Katz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Katz"}],"text":"2019: Sarah Smarsh, for Heartland: A Memoir of Working Hard and Being Broke in the Richest Country on Earth[12]\n2018: Caroline Fraser, for Prairie Fires: The American Dreams of Laura Ingalls Wilder[3]\n2017: Matthew Desmond, for Evicted: Poverty and Profit in the American City[4]\n2016: Margo Jefferson, for Negroland: A Memoir [13]\n2015: Danielle Allen, for Our Declaration: A Reading of the Declaration of Independence in Defense of Equality\n2014: Jesmyn Ward, for Men We Reaped[14]\n2013: Thomas Dyja, for The Third Coast: When Chicago Built the American Dream[15]\n2012: Paul Hendrickson, for Hemingway's Boat: Everything He Loved in Life, and Lost, 1934-1961\n2011: Isabel Wilkerson, for The Warmth of Other Suns[16]\n2010: Rebecca Skloot for The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks[17]\n2009: Nick Reding, for Methland: The Death and Life of an American Small Town[8]\n2008: Garry Wills, for Head and Heart: American Christianities and What the Gospels Meant[9]\n2007: Orville Vernon Burton, for The Age of Lincoln\n2006: Taylor Branch, for At Canaan's Edge: America in the King Years, 1965-1968[10]\n2005: Kevin Boyle, for Arc of Justice: A Saga of Race, Civil Rights, and Murder in the Jazz Age\n2004: Ann Patchett, for Truth & Beauty: A Friendship\n2003: Paul Hendrickson, for Sons of Mississippi: A Story of Race and Its Legacy\n2002: Studs Terkel, for Will the Circle Be Unbroken?: Reflections on Death, Rebirth, and Hunger for a Faith\n2001: Louis Menand, for The Metaphysical Club: A Story of Ideas in America[11]\n2000: Zachary Karabell, for The Last Campaign: How Harry Truman Won the 1948 Election\n1999: Jay Parini for Robert Frost: A Life\n1998: Alex Kotlowitz, for The Other Side of the River: A Story of Two Towns, A Death, and America's Dilemma\n1997: Thomas Lynch, for The Undertaking: Life Studies from the Dismal Trade\n1996: Jonathan Harr, for A Civil Action\n1995: Richard Stern, for A Sistermony\n1994: Henry Louis Gates, Jr., for Colored People: A Memoir\n1993: Norman Maclean, for Young Men and Fire\n1992: Melissa Fay Greene, for Praying for Sheetrock: A Work of Non-Fiction\n1991: William Cronon, for Nature's Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West\n1990: Michael Dorris, for The Broken Cord: A Family's Ongoing Struggle with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome\n1989: Joseph Epstein, for Partial Payments: Essays on Writers and Their Lives\n1988: Don Katz, for The Big Store: Inside the Crisis and Revolution at Sears","title":"Chicago Tribune Heartland Prize — Nonfiction"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Taylor, Elizabeth (October 11, 2019). \"Rebecca Makkai's 'The Great Believers': An empathic novel worthy of the Heartland Prize\". The Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 25 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/books/ct-books-heartland-believers-rebecca-makkai-1020-20191012-i4k2gcy6wfcvvktxa33rqoqf6i-story.html","url_text":"\"Rebecca Makkai's 'The Great Believers': An empathic novel worthy of the Heartland Prize\""}]},{"reference":"Johnson, Christen A. (August 23, 2018). \"Ron Chernow, George Saunders and Caroline Fraser win 2018 Tribune literary prizes\". Chicago Tribune.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chicagotribune.com/lifestyles/books/ct-books-literary-awards-2018-0823-story.html","url_text":"\"Ron Chernow, George Saunders and Caroline Fraser win 2018 Tribune literary prizes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tribune","url_text":"Chicago Tribune"}]},{"reference":"\"Book awards: Heartland Prize\". LibraryThing. Retrieved 10 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.librarything.com/bookaward/Heartland+Prize","url_text":"\"Book awards: Heartland Prize\""}]},{"reference":"Taylor, Elizabeth (24 October 2014). \"'The Maid's Version' wins 2014 Heartland Prize for Fiction\". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 25 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chicagotribune.com/lifestyles/books/ct-prj-maids-version-daniel-woodrell-heartland-pri-20141024-story.html","url_text":"\"'The Maid's Version' wins 2014 Heartland Prize for Fiction\""}]},{"reference":"\"2010 Chicago Tribune Heartland Prize-Winners: E.O. Wilson and Rebecca Skloot | Chicago Humanities Festival\". Archived from the original on 2013-11-05. Retrieved 2011-02-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131105041021/http://chicagohumanities.org/genres/literature/2010-chicago-tribune-heartland-prize-winners.aspx","url_text":"\"2010 Chicago Tribune Heartland Prize-Winners: E.O. Wilson and Rebecca Skloot | Chicago Humanities Festival\""},{"url":"http://www.chicagohumanities.org/Genres/Literature/2010-Chicago-Tribune-Heartland-Prize-Winners.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Chicago Humanities Festival | 2009 Chicago Tribune Heartland Prize Winners\". www.chicagohumanities.org. Archived from the original on 2011-05-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110505031812/http://www.chicagohumanities.org/Genres/Literature/2009-Chicago-Tribune-Heartland-Prize-Winners.aspx","url_text":"\"Chicago Humanities Festival | 2009 Chicago Tribune Heartland Prize Winners\""},{"url":"http://www.chicagohumanities.org/Genres/Literature/2009-Chicago-Tribune-Heartland-Prize-Winners.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Chicago Humanities Festival | Chicago Tribune Heartland Prize Winners 2008\". www.chicagohumanities.org. Archived from the original on 2011-09-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110908010115/http://www.chicagohumanities.org/en/Genres/Literature/2008-Chicago-Tribune-Heartland-Prize-Winners.aspx","url_text":"\"Chicago Humanities Festival | Chicago Tribune Heartland Prize Winners 2008\""},{"url":"http://www.chicagohumanities.org/en/Genres/Literature/2008-Chicago-Tribune-Heartland-Prize-Winners.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Chicago Humanities Festival | Chicago Tribune Heartland Prize, 2006: Taylor Branch and Louise Erdrich\". www.chicagohumanities.org. Archived from the original on 2011-09-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110914095435/http://www.chicagohumanities.org/en/Genres/Literature/Heartland-Prize-2006-Erdrich-Branch.aspx","url_text":"\"Chicago Humanities Festival | Chicago Tribune Heartland Prize, 2006: Taylor Branch and Louise Erdrich\""},{"url":"http://www.chicagohumanities.org/en/Genres/Literature/Heartland-Prize-2006-Erdrich-Branch.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Chicago Humanities Festival | Menand, Simpson, and Raboteau | 2001 Chicago Tribune Heartland and Nelson Algren Prizes\". www.chicagohumanities.org. Archived from the original on 2011-10-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111008194500/http://www.chicagohumanities.org/Genres/Literature/Heartland-Algren-2001-Menand-Simpson-Raboteau.aspx","url_text":"\"Chicago Humanities Festival | Menand, Simpson, and Raboteau | 2001 Chicago Tribune Heartland and Nelson Algren Prizes\""},{"url":"http://www.chicagohumanities.org/Genres/Literature/Heartland-Algren-2001-Menand-Simpson-Raboteau.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Day, Jennifer (October 28, 2019). \"Authors Rebecca Makkai, Sarah Smarsh accept 2019 Heartland Prizes\". Chicago Tribune.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/books/ct-books-heartland-prize-2019-1029-20191028-3wnkvmt2hbahdicom7efuaiqya-story.html","url_text":"\"Authors Rebecca Makkai, Sarah Smarsh accept 2019 Heartland Prizes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tribune","url_text":"Chicago Tribune"}]},{"reference":"\"Margo Jefferson memoir 'Negroland' a resonant Heartland Prize winner\". Chicago Tribune.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chicagotribune.com/lifestyles/books/ct-ae-1106-heartland-jefferson-20161102-story.html","url_text":"\"Margo Jefferson memoir 'Negroland' a resonant Heartland Prize winner\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tribune","url_text":"Chicago Tribune"}]},{"reference":"Taylor, Elizabeth (23 October 2014). \"'Men We Reaped' wins 2014 Heartland Prize for Fiction\". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 25 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chicagotribune.com/lifestyles/books/ct-prj-men-we-reaped-jesmyn-ward-20141023-story.html","url_text":"\"'Men We Reaped' wins 2014 Heartland Prize for Fiction\""}]},{"reference":"\"Thomas Dyja's 'The Third Coast' awarded nonfiction Heartland Prize - Chicago Tribune\". articles.chicagotribune.com. Archived from the original on 2013-11-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131105015145/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2013-11-03/features/ct-prj-1103-third-coast-thomas-dyja-20131103_1_thomas-dyja-mid-20th-century-chicago-chuck-berry","url_text":"\"Thomas Dyja's 'The Third Coast' awarded nonfiction Heartland Prize - Chicago Tribune\""},{"url":"http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2013-11-03/features/ct-prj-1103-third-coast-thomas-dyja-20131103_1_thomas-dyja-mid-20th-century-chicago-chuck-berry","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Chicago Humanities Festival | 2011 Chicago Tribune Heartland Prize Winners | Jonathan Franzen | Isabel Wilkerson\". www.chicagohumanities.org. Archived from the original on 2012-01-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120103155041/http://www.chicagohumanities.org/Genres/Literature/2011f-2011-Chicago-Tribune-Heartland-Prize-Winners.aspx","url_text":"\"Chicago Humanities Festival | 2011 Chicago Tribune Heartland Prize Winners | Jonathan Franzen | Isabel Wilkerson\""},{"url":"http://www.chicagohumanities.org/Genres/Literature/2011f-2011-Chicago-Tribune-Heartland-Prize-Winners.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"E. O. Wilson and Rebecca Skloot: 2010 Chicago Tribune Heartland Prizes\". chicagohumanities.org. 2011. Archived from the original on November 5, 2013. Retrieved May 3, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131105041021/http://chicagohumanities.org/genres/literature/2010-chicago-tribune-heartland-prize-winners.aspx","url_text":"\"E. O. Wilson and Rebecca Skloot: 2010 Chicago Tribune Heartland Prizes\""},{"url":"http://www.chicagohumanities.org/Genres/Literature/2010-Chicago-Tribune-Heartland-Prize-Winners.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_Wealth_and_Income_Database
World Inequality Database
["1 World Inequality Lab","2 World Inequality Report","2.1 World Inequality Report, 2022","2.2 World Inequality Report, 2018","3 History","4 Media coverage","5 Thomas Piketty","6 References","7 External links"]
For other uses, see Gini coefficient and Economic inequality. World Inequality Database (WID), previously The World Wealth and Income Database, also known as WID.world, is an extensive, open and accessible database "on the historical evolution of the world distribution of income and wealth, both within countries and between countries". World Inequality Lab The World Inequality Lab aims to promote research on global inequality dynamics. Its missions are the intension of the World Inequality Database, the production of analysis on global inequality dynamics, and the dissemination in the public debate. The Lab works in close coordination with a large international network of researchers (over one hundred researchers covering nearly seventy countries) contributing to the database, in a collaborative effort to extend the existing database, which provides data on both distribution of income and wealth, "as well as the distribution of different forms of capital assets, in the analyzed countries". The first WID, which was placed in an open source repository in September of 2013, was compiled by Facundo Alvaredo, Anthony B. Atkinson, Thomas Piketty, Emmanuel Saez, and Gabriel Zucman. By 2015, the WID provided data series on the distribution of income and wealth in 33 countries mainly from the Americas and Europe. At that time, the intention was to "include data series for an additional forty countries." From 2016 to 2017, through a 2015 Centers for Equitable Growth (CEG), Piketty, Saez, and Zucman studied Distributional National Accounts (DINA) for the United States. "DINA are defined as distributional statistics of pre-tax and post-tax income and wealth consistent with National Income and Product Accounts, and the Flow of Funds of the United States." World Inequality Report World Inequality Report is a report by the World Inequality Lab at the Paris School of Economics that provides estimates of global income and wealth inequality based on the most recent findings compiled by the World Inequality Database (WID). WID, also referred to as WID.world, is an open source database, that is part of an international collaborative effort of over a hundred researchers in five continents. The World Inequality Report includes discussions on potential future academic research as well as content useful for public debates and policy related to economic inequality. The first report, entitled World Inequality Report 2018, which was released on December 14, 2017, at the Paris School of Economics during the first WID.world Conference, was compiled by Facundo Alvaredo, Lucas Chancel, Thomas Piketty, Emmanuel Saez, and Gabriel Zucman based on WID data. The 300-page report cautions that since 1980, around the globe, there has been an increase in the gap between rich and poor. In Europe, the increase in inequality increased more moderately while in North America and Asia, the increase was rapid. In the Middle East, Africa, and Brazil, income inequality did not increase but remained at very high levels. The 2022 World Inequality Report was published on Dec. 7th 2021. It was coordinated by economic and inequality experts Lucas Chancel, Thomas Piketty, Emmanuel Saez, and Gabriel Zucman over four years. World Inequality Report, 2022 World Inequality Report (WIR) 2022 has been published on 7 December 2021. In WIR – 2022, we can see different types of financial data regarding national (and global) income and wealth distribution. World Inequality Report, 2018 In 2018 Facundo Alvaredo, Lucas Chancel, Thomas Piketty, Emmanuel Saez, and Gabriel Zucman compiled the first report, the "World Inequality Report 2018" which was released on December 14, 2017, at the Paris School of Economics during the first WID.world Conference. The five part 300-page report discusses "the WID.world project and the measurement of economic inequality in Part I, trends in global income inequality in Part II, public versus private capital dynamics in Part III, trends in global wealth inequality in Part IV, "Tackling Economic Inequality": 248–286  Methodological "details on how estimations were constructed are available at the report's website". According to the New York Times, "Policy, it turns out, matters. More aggressive redistribution through taxes and transfers has spared Europe from the acute disparities that Americans have grown used to. Unequal access to education is helping reproduce inequality in the United States down the generations.": 10, 16  The Times article also noted that, "China's strategy based on low-skill manufacturing for export, and underpinned by aggressive investment in infrastructure, has proven more effective at raising living standards for the bottom half of the population than India's more inward-looking strategy, which has limited the benefits of globalization to the well-educated elite." Tetlow of the Financial Times described inequality as the "defining characteristic of the age" as The rich get richer and the poor get poorer. The India Times article drew attention to the way in which "eregulation and opening-up reforms in India since 1980s have led to substantial increase in inequality so much that top 0.1% of earners has continued to capture more growth than all those in the bottom 50% combined." The WIR reported that, "Income inequality in India has reached historically high levels. In 2014, the share of national income accruing to India's top 1% of earners was 22%, while the share of the top 10% was around 56%.": 123  Quartz cited the report, "ince 1980 the top 0.1% have captured as much income growth as the entire bottom half of world's (adult) population. And for the group of people in between the bottom 50% and top 1%—mostly the lower- and middle-income groups in North America and Europe—income growth has been either sluggish or flat." The WIR 2018 shows that, "The gap between rich and poor has increased in nearly every region in the world over the past few decades." Since "1980, income inequality has increased rapidly in North America and Asia, increased more moderately in Europe, and stabilized at very high levels in the Middle East, Africa, and Brazil." History Pioneers of income inequality studies include Simon Kuznets' 1953 study, and A. B. Atkinson and Alan Harrison's 1978 study. In 1953 Kuznet co-edited Shares of Upper Income Groups in Savings. Kuznet, an American economist, statistician, demographer, economic historian, and winner of the 1971 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences,: 246  identified the historical series of economic movements such as "Kuznets swing", in the economy cycles. Media coverage Within days of its December 14, 2017, publication online, the report was featured in articles in the New York Times, The Guardian, Quartz, Financial Times, the India Times, and Associated Press via ABC News. In the interview with Quartz, Piketty warned of the impediments to getting "a comprehensive picture of wealth", such as tax havens. Piketty observed that "there are financial and political forces that have a vested interest in keeping this information secret," noting the "paradox of today's globalized economy" where "we are supposed to be in the era of big data and transparency, and we see that we still don't have access to all the data sources we would need." Thomas Piketty In Capital is Back, University of California at Berkeley's French economist Gabriel Zucman and Thomas Piketty investigate the evolution of aggregate wealth-to-income ratios in the top eight developed economies, reaching back as far as 1700 in the case of the U.S., U.K., Germany, and France, and find that wealth-income ratios have risen from about "200-300% in 1970 to 400-600% in 2010", levels unknown since the 18th and 19th centuries. Most of the change can be explained by the long-run recovery of asset prices, the slowdown of productivity, and population growth. According to The New York Times Book Review, Zucman is mostly known for his research on tax havens, popularized in his book The Hidden Wealth of Nations. References ^ "About". World Wealth and Income Database (WID). nd. Retrieved May 23, 2017. ^ a b c Izmirlioglu, Ahmet (2014–2015). "The World Wealth and Income Database (WID)". Journal of World-Historical Information. Reviews of Datasets. 2–3 (2). doi:10.5195/jwhi.2015.33. ISSN 2169-0812. ^ Alvaredo, Facundo; Atkinson, Anthony B.; Piketty, Thomas; Saez, Emmanuel; Zucman, Gabriel, eds. (September 1, 2013), The World Wealth and Income Database (WID) ^ Piketty, Thomas; Saez, Emmanuel; Zucman, Gabriel (June 2015), Summary: CEG Grant: US Distributional Accounts (PDF) ^ Piketty, Thomas. 2014. Capital in the 21st Century. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ^ Piketty, Thomas, and Emmanuel Saez. 2003. "Income Inequality in the United States, 1913-1998," Quarterly Journal of Economics 118(1), 1-39. ^ Saez, Emmanuel and Gabriel Zucman. 2014."Wealth Inequality in the United States since 1913: Evidence from Capitalized Income Tax Data," NBER working paper 20625. ^ Kaplan, Juliana; Kiersz, Andy (December 7, 2021). "A huge study of 20 years of global wealth demolishes the myth of 'trickle-down' and shows the rich are taking most of the gains for themselves". Business Insider. Retrieved December 15, 2021. ^ 2022 World Inequality Report ^ TARGET, IAS (18 December 2021). "World Inequality Report - 2022". www.iastarget.com. Retrieved 18 December 2021. ^ a b c d Alvaredo, Facundo; Chancel, Lucas; Piketty, Thomas; Saez, Emmanuel; Zucman, Gabriel, eds. (December 14, 2017). World Inequality Report (2018) (PDF) (Report). p. 300. Retrieved December 14, 2017. "This report emphasizes recent research articles written by: Facundo Alvaredo Lydia Assouad Anthony B. Atkinson Charlotte Bartels Thomas Blanchet Lucas Chancel Luis Estévez-Bauluz Juliette Fournier Bertrand Garbinti Jonathan Goupille-Lebret Clara Martinez-Toledano Salvatore Morelli Marc Morgan Delphine Nougayrède Filip Novokmet Thomas Piketty Emmanuel Saez Li Yang Gabriel Zucman" ^ ^ a b c Porter, Eduardo; Russell, Karl (December 14, 2017). "It's an Unequal World. It Doesn't Have to Be". New York Times. Retrieved December 16, 2017. Examining the "World Inequality Report" — published Thursday by the creators of the World Wealth and Income Database, who include the economists Thomas Piketty and Emmanuel Saez — it is tempting to see the rising concentration of incomes as some sort of unstoppable force of nature, an economic inevitability driven by globalization and technology. The report finds that the richest 1 percent of humanity reaped 27 percent of the world's income between 1980 and 2016. The bottom 50 percent, by contrast, got only 12 percent. ^ a b Tetlow, Gemma (December 13, 2017). "Is the world becoming more unequal?". Financial Times. London, UK. Retrieved December 16, 2017. ^ a b ET Bureau (December 14, 2017). "Indian economic inequality widened since 1980: Report". India Times. Retrieved December 16, 2017. ^ a b c d e Nelson, Eshe (December 14, 2017). "Thomas Piketty says the US is setting a bad example on inequality for the world". Quartz. Retrieved December 16, 2017. ^ a b Kuznets, Simon (1953). Kuznets, Simon; Jenks, Elizabeth (eds.). Shares of Upper Income Groups in Savings (PDF). Shares of Upper Income Groups in Income and Savings. National Bureau of Economic Research (1953). ISBN 0-87014-054-X. Retrieved December 17, 2018. ^ Lundberg, Erik (1971). "Simon Kuznets' Contribution to Economics". The Swedish Journal of Economics. 73 (4): 444–461. doi:10.2307/3439225. JSTOR 3439225. ^ "Moses Abramovitz (1912-1999) and Simon Kuznets (1901–1985)". The Journal of Economic History. 46 (1). March 1986. ^ Abramovitz, Moses (April 1961). "The nature and significance of Kuznets cycles". Economic Development and Cultural Change. 6 (3): 225–248. doi:10.1086/449905. S2CID 154354441. ^ Abramovitz, Moses (November 1968). "The passing of the Kuznets cycle". Economica. New Series. 35 (140): 349–367. doi:10.2307/2552345. JSTOR 2552345. ^ Neate, Rupert (December 14, 2017). "World's richest 0.1% have boosted their wealth by as much as poorest half". Retrieved December 16, 2017. Inequality report also shows UK's 50,000 richest people have seen their share of the country's wealth double since 1984 ^ Kurtenbach, Elaine; Rugaber, Christopher (December 15, 2017). "Report: Rich will get still richer unless policies change". ABC News via AP. Tokyo. Retrieved December 16, 2017. ^ a b c Piketty, Thomas; Zucman, Gabriel (2014). "Capital is Back: Wealth-Income Ratios in Rich Countries 1700-2010" (PDF). Quarterly Journal of Economics. 129 (3): 1255–1310. doi:10.1093/qje/qju018.PDF ^ "Curriculum vitae of Gabriel Zucman" (PDF). Retrieved December 17, 2018. ^ Piketty, Thomas; Zucman, Gabriel (August 2013). "DP9588 Capital is Back: Wealth-Income Ratios in Rich Countries, 1700-2010". Centre for Economic Policy Research (CEPR). Discussion papers. ^ Sunstein, Cass R. (January 14, 2016). "Parking the Big Money". The New York Times Book Review. Retrieved December 17, 2018. ^ Houlder, Vanessa (October 2, 2015). "The Hidden Wealth of Nations: The Scourge of Tax Havens', by Gabriel Zucman". Financial Times. ^ Drucker, Jesse (September 21, 2015). "If You See a Little Piketty in This Tax-Haven Book, That's Fine". Bloomberg Businessweek. Retrieved December 17, 2018. ^ Heuser, Uwe Jean (July 3, 2014). "Was heißt hier gerecht?". Die Zeit. External links The World Wealth and Income Database vteExtreme wealthConcepts Capital accumulation Overaccumulation Economic inequality Wealth distribution Income distribution Consumption distribution History of economic inequality International inequality Elite Oligarchy Overclass Plutocracy Plutonomy Primitive accumulation of capital Upper class Nouveau riche (new money) Vieux riche (old money) Luxury goods Veblen goods Conspicuous consumption Conspicuous leisure People Billionaire Captain of industry High-net-worth individual UHNWI Magnate Business Millionaire Oligarch Business Russian Ukrainian Robber baron Wealth Concentration Distribution Dynastic Effect Geography Inherited Management National Paper Religion Tax ListsPeople Forbes list of billionaires List of centibillionaires Female billionaires Richest royals Wealthiest Americans Wealthiest families Organizations Largest companies by revenue Largest corporate profits and losses Largest corporations by market capitalization Largest financial services companies by revenue Largest manufacturing companies by revenue Largest software companies by revenue Largest technology companies by revenue Charities Philanthropists Universities Endowment size Number of billionaire alumni Other Cities by number of billionaires Countries by number of billionaires Countries by total wealth Countries by wealth inequality Wealth inequality in the United States Income inequality in the United States Most expensive items by category Wealthiest animals Related Diseases of affluence Affluenza Acquired situational narcissism Argumentum ad crumenam Prosperity theology Philanthropy Gospel of Wealth The Giving Pledge Philanthrocapitalism Venture philanthropy Sayings The rich get richer and the poor get poorer Socialism for the rich and capitalism for the poor Too big to fail Media Das Kapital Plutus Greek god of wealth Superclass List The Theory of the Leisure Class Wealth The Wealth of Nations Category by country
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Its missions are the intension of the World Inequality Database, the production of analysis on global inequality dynamics, and the dissemination in the public debate.The Lab works in close coordination with a large international network of researchers (over one hundred researchers covering nearly seventy countries) contributing to the database, in a collaborative effort to extend the existing database, which provides data on both distribution of income and wealth, \"as well as the distribution of different forms of capital assets, in the analyzed countries\".[2]The first WID, which was placed in an open source repository in September of 2013, was compiled by Facundo Alvaredo, Anthony B. Atkinson, Thomas Piketty, Emmanuel Saez, and Gabriel Zucman.[2] By 2015, the WID provided data series on the distribution of income and wealth in 33 countries mainly from the Americas and Europe. 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In the Middle East, Africa, and Brazil, income inequality did not increase but remained at very high levels.The 2022 World Inequality Report was published on Dec. 7th 2021.[9] It was coordinated by economic and inequality experts Lucas Chancel, Thomas Piketty, Emmanuel Saez, and Gabriel Zucman over four years.","title":"World Inequality Report"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"World Inequality Report, 2022","text":"World Inequality Report (WIR) 2022 has been published on 7 December 2021. In WIR – 2022, we can see different types of financial data regarding national (and global) income and wealth distribution.[10]","title":"World Inequality Report"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WIR_2018-11"},{"link_name":"Paris School of Economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_School_of_Economics"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WIR_2018-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT_Porter_WIR_2018-13"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WIR_2018-11"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT_Porter_WIR_2018-13"},{"link_name":"The rich get richer and the poor get poorer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_rich_get_richer_and_the_poor_get_poorer"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FT_London_Tetlow-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-indiatimes_WIR_2017-15"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WIR_2018-11"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Quartz_2017_Piketty_US_WIR-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Quartz_2017_Piketty_US_WIR-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Quartz_2017_Piketty_US_WIR-16"}],"sub_title":"World Inequality Report, 2018","text":"In 2018 Facundo Alvaredo, Lucas Chancel, Thomas Piketty, Emmanuel Saez, and Gabriel Zucman compiled the first report, the \"World Inequality Report 2018\"[11] which was released on December 14, 2017, at the Paris School of Economics during the first WID.world Conference.The five part 300-page report discusses \"the WID.world project and the measurement of economic inequality in Part I, trends in global income inequality in Part II, public versus private capital dynamics in Part III, trends in global wealth inequality in Part IV, \"Tackling Economic Inequality\"[11]: 248–286  Methodological \"details on how estimations were constructed are available at the report's website\".[12] According to the New York Times, \"Policy, it turns out, matters. More aggressive redistribution through taxes and transfers has spared Europe from the acute disparities that Americans have grown used to. Unequal access to education is helping reproduce inequality in the United States down the generations.\"[13][11]: 10, 16  The Times article also noted that, \"China's strategy based on low-skill manufacturing for export, and underpinned by aggressive investment in infrastructure, has proven more effective at raising living standards for the bottom half of the population than India's more inward-looking strategy, which has limited the benefits of globalization to the well-educated elite.\"[13] Tetlow of the Financial Times described inequality as the \"defining characteristic of the age\" as The rich get richer and the poor get poorer.[14] The India Times article drew attention to the way in which \"[d]eregulation and opening-up reforms in India since 1980s have led to substantial increase in inequality so much that top 0.1% of earners has continued to capture more growth than all those in the bottom 50% combined.\"[15] The WIR reported that, \"Income inequality in India has reached historically high levels. In 2014, the share of national income accruing to India's top 1% of earners was 22%, while the share of the top 10% was around 56%.\"[11]: 123Quartz cited the report, \"[S]ince 1980 the top 0.1% have captured as much income growth as the entire bottom half of world's (adult) population. And for the group of people in between the bottom 50% and top 1%—mostly the lower- and middle-income groups in North America and Europe—income growth has been either sluggish or flat.\"[16] The WIR 2018 shows that, \"The gap between rich and poor has increased in nearly every region in the world over the past few decades.\"[16] Since \"1980, income inequality has increased rapidly in North America and Asia, increased more moderately in Europe, and stabilized at very high levels in the Middle East, Africa, and Brazil.\"[16]","title":"World Inequality Report"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Simon Kuznets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Kuznets"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NBER_Kuznets_1953-17"},{"link_name":"A. B. Atkinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._B._Atkinson"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lundberg_1971-18"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NBER_Kuznets_1953-17"},{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americans"},{"link_name":"economist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economist"},{"link_name":"statistician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistician"},{"link_name":"demographer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographer"},{"link_name":"economic historian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_historian"},{"link_name":"Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JEconHist_198603-19"},{"link_name":"Kuznets swing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuznets_swing"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DECC_Abramovitz_1961-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Economica_Abramovitz_1968-21"}],"text":"Pioneers of income inequality studies include Simon Kuznets' 1953 study,[17] and A. B. Atkinson and Alan Harrison's 1978 study. In 1953 Kuznet co-edited Shares of Upper Income Groups in Savings.[18][17] Kuznet, an American economist, statistician, demographer, economic historian, and winner of the 1971 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences,[19]: 246  identified the historical series of economic movements such as \"Kuznets swing\", in the economy cycles.[20][21]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT_Porter_WIR_2018-13"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-theguardian_Neate_2017-22"},{"link_name":"Quartz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartz_(publication)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Quartz_2017_Piketty_US_WIR-16"},{"link_name":"Financial Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Times"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FT_London_Tetlow-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-indiatimes_WIR_2017-15"},{"link_name":"Associated Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press"},{"link_name":"ABC News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_News"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABC_AP_Kurtenbach-23"},{"link_name":"tax havens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_havens"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Quartz_2017_Piketty_US_WIR-16"}],"text":"Within days of its December 14, 2017, publication online, the report was featured in articles in the New York Times,[13] The Guardian,[22] Quartz,[16] Financial Times,[14] the India Times,[15] and Associated Press via ABC News.[23]In the interview with Quartz, Piketty warned of the impediments to getting \"a comprehensive picture of wealth\", such as tax havens. Piketty observed that \"there are financial and political forces that have a vested interest in keeping this information secret,\" noting the \"paradox of today's globalized economy\" where \"we are supposed to be in the era of big data and transparency, and we see that we still don't have access to all the data sources we would need.\"[16]","title":"Media coverage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-QJoE_Piketty_2014-24"},{"link_name":"University of California at Berkeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California_at_Berkeley"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"economist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economist"},{"link_name":"Gabriel Zucman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Zucman"},{"link_name":"Thomas Piketty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Piketty"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CEPR_Piketty_2013-26"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-QJoE_Piketty_2014-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-QJoE_Piketty_2014-24"},{"link_name":"The New York Times Book Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Book_Review"},{"link_name":"tax havens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_haven"},{"link_name":"The Hidden Wealth of Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hidden_Wealth_of_Nations:_The_Scourge_of_Tax_Havens"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTBR_Sunstein_2016-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FT_Houlder_2015-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zeit_Heuser_2014-30"}],"text":"In Capital is Back,[24] University of California at Berkeley's[25] French economist Gabriel Zucman and Thomas Piketty investigate the evolution of aggregate wealth-to-income ratios in the top eight developed economies, reaching back as far as 1700 in the case of the U.S., U.K., Germany, and France, and find that wealth-income ratios have risen from about \"200-300% in 1970 to 400-600% in 2010\",[26][24] levels unknown since the 18th and 19th centuries. Most of the change can be explained by the long-run recovery of asset prices, the slowdown of productivity, and population growth.[24] According to The New York Times Book Review, Zucman is mostly known for his research on tax havens, popularized in his book The Hidden Wealth of Nations.[27][28][29][30]","title":"Thomas Piketty"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"About\". World Wealth and Income Database (WID). nd. Retrieved May 23, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://wid.world/wid-world","url_text":"\"About\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wealth_and_Income_Database","url_text":"World Wealth and Income Database"}]},{"reference":"Izmirlioglu, Ahmet (2014–2015). \"The World Wealth and Income Database (WID)\". Journal of World-Historical Information. Reviews of Datasets. 2–3 (2). doi:10.5195/jwhi.2015.33. ISSN 2169-0812.","urls":[{"url":"https://jwsr.pitt.edu/ojs/jwhi/article/view/815/1073","url_text":"\"The World Wealth and Income Database (WID)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5195%2Fjwhi.2015.33","url_text":"10.5195/jwhi.2015.33"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2169-0812","url_text":"2169-0812"}]},{"reference":"Alvaredo, Facundo; Atkinson, Anthony B.; Piketty, Thomas; Saez, Emmanuel; Zucman, Gabriel, eds. (September 1, 2013), The World Wealth and Income Database (WID)","urls":[]},{"reference":"Piketty, Thomas; Saez, Emmanuel; Zucman, Gabriel (June 2015), Summary: CEG Grant: US Distributional Accounts (PDF)","urls":[{"url":"http://eml.berkeley.edu/~saez/dina-CEG.pdf","url_text":"Summary: CEG Grant: US Distributional Accounts"}]},{"reference":"Kaplan, Juliana; Kiersz, Andy (December 7, 2021). \"A huge study of 20 years of global wealth demolishes the myth of 'trickle-down' and shows the rich are taking most of the gains for themselves\". Business Insider. Retrieved December 15, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.businessinsider.com/how-bad-is-inequality-trickle-down-economics-thomas-piketty-economists-2021-12?op=1&r=US&IR=T","url_text":"\"A huge study of 20 years of global wealth demolishes the myth of 'trickle-down' and shows the rich are taking most of the gains for themselves\""}]},{"reference":"TARGET, IAS (18 December 2021). \"World Inequality Report - 2022\". www.iastarget.com. Retrieved 18 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://iastarget.com/institution-detail/world-inequality-report-wir-2022","url_text":"\"World Inequality Report - 2022\""}]},{"reference":"Alvaredo, Facundo; Chancel, Lucas; Piketty, Thomas; Saez, Emmanuel; Zucman, Gabriel, eds. (December 14, 2017). World Inequality Report (2018) (PDF) (Report). p. 300. Retrieved December 14, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://wir2018.wid.world/files/download/wir2018-full-report-english.pdf","url_text":"World Inequality Report (2018)"}]},{"reference":"Porter, Eduardo; Russell, Karl (December 14, 2017). \"It's an Unequal World. It Doesn't Have to Be\". New York Times. Retrieved December 16, 2017. Examining the \"World Inequality Report\" — published Thursday by the creators of the World Wealth and Income Database, who include the economists Thomas Piketty and Emmanuel Saez — it is tempting to see the rising concentration of incomes as some sort of unstoppable force of nature, an economic inevitability driven by globalization and technology. The report finds that the richest 1 percent of humanity reaped 27 percent of the world's income between 1980 and 2016. The bottom 50 percent, by contrast, got only 12 percent.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/12/14/business/world-inequality.html","url_text":"\"It's an Unequal World. It Doesn't Have to Be\""}]},{"reference":"Tetlow, Gemma (December 13, 2017). \"Is the world becoming more unequal?\". Financial Times. London, UK. Retrieved December 16, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ft.com/content/7b1c080c-e026-11e7-8f9f-de1c2175f5ce","url_text":"\"Is the world becoming more unequal?\""}]},{"reference":"ET Bureau (December 14, 2017). \"Indian economic inequality widened since 1980: Report\". India Times. Retrieved December 16, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/indicators/indian-economic-inequality-widened-since-1980-report/articleshow/62070475.cms","url_text":"\"Indian economic inequality widened since 1980: Report\""}]},{"reference":"Nelson, Eshe (December 14, 2017). \"Thomas Piketty says the US is setting a bad example on inequality for the world\". Quartz. Retrieved December 16, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://qz.com/1155448/thomas-piketty-says-the-us-is-setting-a-bad-example-on-inequality-for-the-world/","url_text":"\"Thomas Piketty says the US is setting a bad example on inequality for the world\""}]},{"reference":"Kuznets, Simon (1953). Kuznets, Simon; Jenks, Elizabeth (eds.). Shares of Upper Income Groups in Savings (PDF). Shares of Upper Income Groups in Income and Savings. National Bureau of Economic Research (1953). ISBN 0-87014-054-X. Retrieved December 17, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nber.org/chapters/c3060.pdf","url_text":"Shares of Upper Income Groups in Savings"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Economic_Research","url_text":"National Bureau of Economic Research"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87014-054-X","url_text":"0-87014-054-X"}]},{"reference":"Lundberg, Erik (1971). \"Simon Kuznets' Contribution to Economics\". The Swedish Journal of Economics. 73 (4): 444–461. doi:10.2307/3439225. JSTOR 3439225.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Swedish_Journal_of_Economics","url_text":"The Swedish Journal of Economics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3439225","url_text":"10.2307/3439225"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3439225","url_text":"3439225"}]},{"reference":"\"Moses Abramovitz (1912-1999) and Simon Kuznets (1901–1985)\". The Journal of Economic History. 46 (1). March 1986.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Journal_of_Economic_History","url_text":"The Journal of Economic History"}]},{"reference":"Abramovitz, Moses (April 1961). \"The nature and significance of Kuznets cycles\". Economic Development and Cultural Change. 6 (3): 225–248. doi:10.1086/449905. S2CID 154354441.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F449905","url_text":"10.1086/449905"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154354441","url_text":"154354441"}]},{"reference":"Abramovitz, Moses (November 1968). \"The passing of the Kuznets cycle\". Economica. New Series. 35 (140): 349–367. doi:10.2307/2552345. JSTOR 2552345.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2552345","url_text":"10.2307/2552345"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2552345","url_text":"2552345"}]},{"reference":"Neate, Rupert (December 14, 2017). \"World's richest 0.1% have boosted their wealth by as much as poorest half\". Retrieved December 16, 2017. Inequality report also shows UK's 50,000 richest people have seen their share of the country's wealth double since 1984","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/inequality/2017/dec/14/world-richest-increased-wealth-same-amount-as-poorest-half","url_text":"\"World's richest 0.1% have boosted their wealth by as much as poorest half\""}]},{"reference":"Kurtenbach, Elaine; Rugaber, Christopher (December 15, 2017). \"Report: Rich will get still richer unless policies change\". ABC News via AP. Tokyo. Retrieved December 16, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://abcnews.go.com/Business/wireStory/report-rich-richer-world-inequality-grows-51806278","url_text":"\"Report: Rich will get still richer unless policies change\""}]},{"reference":"Piketty, Thomas; Zucman, Gabriel (2014). \"Capital is Back: Wealth-Income Ratios in Rich Countries 1700-2010\" (PDF). Quarterly Journal of Economics. 129 (3): 1255–1310. doi:10.1093/qje/qju018.","urls":[{"url":"http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/66106/1/Zucman_Capital%20is%20back.pdf","url_text":"\"Capital is Back: Wealth-Income Ratios in Rich Countries 1700-2010\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fqje%2Fqju018","url_text":"10.1093/qje/qju018"}]},{"reference":"\"Curriculum vitae of Gabriel Zucman\" (PDF). Retrieved December 17, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://gabriel-zucman.eu/files/CV.pdf","url_text":"\"Curriculum vitae of Gabriel Zucman\""}]},{"reference":"Piketty, Thomas; Zucman, Gabriel (August 2013). \"DP9588 Capital is Back: Wealth-Income Ratios in Rich Countries, 1700-2010\". Centre for Economic Policy Research (CEPR). Discussion papers.","urls":[{"url":"https://cepr.org/active/publications/discussion_papers/dp.php?dpno=9588","url_text":"\"DP9588 Capital is Back: Wealth-Income Ratios in Rich Countries, 1700-2010\""}]},{"reference":"Sunstein, Cass R. (January 14, 2016). \"Parking the Big Money\". The New York Times Book Review. Retrieved December 17, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2016/01/14/parking-the-big-money/","url_text":"\"Parking the Big Money\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Book_Review","url_text":"The New York Times Book Review"}]},{"reference":"Houlder, Vanessa (October 2, 2015). \"The Hidden Wealth of Nations: The Scourge of Tax Havens', by Gabriel Zucman\". Financial Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/10f42a56-6830-11e5-97d0-1456a776a4f5.html","url_text":"\"The Hidden Wealth of Nations: The Scourge of Tax Havens', by Gabriel Zucman\""}]},{"reference":"Drucker, Jesse (September 21, 2015). \"If You See a Little Piketty in This Tax-Haven Book, That's Fine\". Bloomberg Businessweek. Retrieved December 17, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-09-21/if-you-see-a-little-piketty-in-this-tax-haven-book-that-s-fine","url_text":"\"If You See a Little Piketty in This Tax-Haven Book, That's Fine\""}]},{"reference":"Heuser, Uwe Jean (July 3, 2014). \"Was heißt hier gerecht?\". Die Zeit.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.zeit.de/2014/28/steuerflucht-oasen-gabriel-zucman/komplettansicht","url_text":"\"Was heißt hier gerecht?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Zeit","url_text":"Die Zeit"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_World/Road_Rules_Challenge:_Battle_of_the_Seasons
Real World/Road Rules Challenge: Battle of the Seasons
["1 Format","2 Contestants","3 Gameplay","3.1 Challenge games","3.2 Final challenge","4 Game summary","4.1 Elimination chart","4.2 Scoreboard progress","5 Episodes","5.1 Reunion special","6 References","7 External links"]
For its sequel season of the same subtitle, see The Challenge: Battle of the Seasons. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Real World/Road Rules Challenge: Battle of the Seasons" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Season of television series Battle of the SeasonsSeason 5Presented by Mark Long Eric Nies No. of contestants32Winners Sean Duffy Elka Walker Mike Mizanin Coral Smith Danny Roberts Kelley Limp LocationCabo San Lucas, Mexico No. of episodes17 (including the Reunion special)ReleaseOriginal networkMTVOriginal releaseJanuary 28 (2002-01-28) –May 27, 2002 (2002-05-27)Season chronology← PreviousExtreme Challenge Next →Battle of the Sexes Real World/Road Rules Challenge: Battle of the Seasons is the fifth season of the MTV reality game show, The Challenge (at the time known as Real World/Road Rules Challenge). The season is directly subsequent to Extreme Challenge. Battle of the Seasons premiered in early 2002 and took place in Cabo San Lucas, Mexico. In each episode, the cast competed in a challenge, and the top three Real World and top three Road Rules teams would become the "Inner Circle" and have the power to vote off teams. The "Inner Circle" was determined by a cumulative score that would be tallied on a leader board. The final six teams would compete for a final prize worth $300,000. This is the first edition of Battle of the Seasons series, with the second Battle of the Seasons, following in 2012 with a completely different format. Format Separated into teams of Real World and Road Rules, each cast member is paired off with a castmate from their original season and they gain points after each daily mission based on their performances. The pairs with the most points cumulative from each team form the "Inner Circle" and vote off another pair from their own team. The individual winning pair of each challenge also earn additional prizes. After five pairs from each team are voted off, the final three Real World teams and final three Road Rules teams compete against each other in a series of challenges before the final race, that earns the winning teams $300,000. Contestants Real World team Male partner Female partner Original season Finish Sean Duffy Elka Walker The Real World: Boston Winners Mike Mizanin Coral Smith The Real World: Back to New York Winners Danny Roberts Kelley Limp The Real World: New Orleans Winners Norman Korpi Becky Blasband The Real World: New York Episode 8 Mike Lambert Flora Alekseyeun The Real World: Miami Episode 6 Stephen Williams IV Lindsay Brien The Real World: Seattle Episode 5 Mike Johnson Sharon Gitau The Real World: London Episode 4 Jon Brennan Beth Stolarczyk The Real World: Los Angeles Episode 1 Road Rules team Male partner Female partner Original season Finish Theo Vonkurnatowski Holly Brenston Road Rules: Maximum Velocity Tour Runners-up Dan Setzler Tara McDaniel Road Rules: Northern Trail Runners-up Timmy Beggy Emily Bailey Road Rules: USA – The Second Adventure Runners-up Josh Florence Holly Shand Road Rules: Latin America Episode 8 Adam Larson Jisela Delgado Road Rules: The Quest Episode 6 Chris Melling Belou Den Tex Road Rules: Europe Episode 5 Chadwick Pelletier Piggy Thomas Road Rules: Down Under Episode 4 Yes Duffy Veronica Portillo Road Rules: Semester at Sea Episode 1 Gameplay Challenge games Hang Man: Teams must hang on a pole as long as they can. The contraption is made so after one team member falls, the other team member will fall immediately. Winners: Theo & Holly B. (Team Road Rules) Musical Inner-Tube Tango: In a game similar to musical chairs, teams will dance around a pool. Once the music stops, they must get an inner tube around their head. After each round, there will be two less inner-tubes. If one person from a team does not get an inner-tube, the whole team is eliminated. Winners: Stephen & Lindsay (Team Real World) Vertical Limit: Each member of the team will climb as high as they can on a rope with buoys on it in three minutes. They will gain a point for every buoy they pass. If they fall off the rope, they cannot get back on, and the number they ended on will be their final number. Winners: Danny & Kelley (Team Real World) Slam Dunk - Teams will bungee jump together back to back and try to score into hoops valued at 5, 10, and 15 points. Winners: Theo & Holly B. (Team Road Rules) Ladder of Doom: A relay race where each member needs to climb down a ladder over a 50-foot basin and retrieve a flag and bring it back to the top of the ladder. Winners: Theo & Holly B. (Team Road Rules) Round 'Em Up: Teams will enter a ring on horses and have a maximum of 15 minutes to round up at least one cow and get it into the pen. Winners: Sean & Elka (Team Real World) Rush Hour: Teams will have to move one car out of the puzzle by moving other cars within the puzzle forward and backwards. The cars are not allowed to make any turns. Cars are also not allowed to hit any other cars; if this does happen, the team will be disqualified, and receive a score of 0. Teams will be sequestered for fairness. Winners: Sean & Elka (Team Real World) Hands on the Saturn: Teams must have at least one whole hand on an ice sculpture of a Saturn sedan at all times. After two, three, and four hours, competitors must place another extremity (hand or feet) until all four are on the ice. Five minute breaks are allotted every three hours. Winners: Dan & Tara (Team Road Rules) Sidekick Showdown: Similar to the game show, The Newlywed Game, team members must match answers to their team member's responses to personal questions. Winners: Mike M. & Coral (Team Real World) Blockhead: Each member of the team has a responsibility: a swimmer and a builder. The swimmer must go into the ocean and retrieve cubes. The builder then must build a tower at least 4 cubes high with all the same color face of each cube facing outwards. Afterwards, one player must stand on the structure and blow a whistle. Winners: Timmy & Emily (Team Road Rules) Siamese Wrestling: Team members will be bound together back to back wrestling another team. The teams need to pin down (a shoulder touching the mat) the other team for three seconds. It will be broken into two rounds: the first round will be two minutes and the second round will be a sudden death. Winners: Timmy & Emily (Team Road Rules) Final challenge For the final mission, the Ultimate Teams (Sean & Elka for Real World and Theo & Holly B. for Road Rules) must delegate tasks for each team members to accomplish. The finale is divided in a relay race to collect fish. Once the teams collect their fish and solve their puzzle, they must climb a rope ladder to the top of a cliff and cross the finish line. Kayaking: Two teams will race on their kayaks to a buoy with a pair of fish hooked to a carabiner. After unhooking their fish, they must kayak to the yacht. Free Dive: The two next teams will deep sea dive into the ocean and to retrieve their next set of fish and allow the next team to pass. Longboard: The final two teams will swim in tandem on a longboard, unhook their last set of fish from a buoy, and swim out to the beach shore. Fishticks Puzzle: After retrieving all of their fish, the teams will then stack them from the smallest fish to the largest fish and transfer them from one end of a stick to another. Once completed, the team may advanced to the rope ladder and cross the finish line. Winners: Team Real World (Sean & Elka, Mike M. & Coral, and Danny & Kelley) Game summary Elimination chart Episode Winners Inner Circle Eliminated # Challenge Team Prize Winners 1 Hang Man Road Rules Theo & Holly B. Danny & Kelley, Mike M. & Coral, Norman & Becky Jon & Beth Chadwick & Piggy, Theo & Holly B., Timmy & Emily Yes & Veronica 3/4 Musical Inner-Tube Tango Real World Stephen & Lindsay Dan & Tara, Theo & Holly B., Timmy & Emily Chadwick & Piggy Mike M. & Coral, Sean & Elka, Stephen & Lindsay Mike J. & Sharon 5/6 Vertical Limit Real World Danny & Kelley Danny & Kelley, Mike M. & Coral, Sean & Elka Stephen & Lindsay Dan & Tara, Theo & Holly B., Timmy & Emily Chris & Belou 6 Slam Dunk Road Rules Theo & Holly B. Danny & Kelley, Mike M. & Coral, Sean & Elka Mike L. & Flora Dan & Tara, Theo & Holly B., Timmy & Emily Adam & Jisela 8 Ladder of Doom Road Rules Theo & Holly B. Dan & Tara, Theo & Holly B., Timmy & Emily Josh & Holly S. Danny & Kelley, Mike M. & Coral, Sean & Elka Norman & Becky 9 Round 'Em Up Real World Sean & Elka — 10 Rush Hour Real World Sean & Elka 11 Hands on Saturn Road Rules Dan & Tara 12 Sidekick Showdown Real World Mike M. & Coral 13 Block Head Road Rules Timmy & Emily 14 Siamese Wrestling Road Rules Timmy & Emily 15 Handsome Reward Real World Sean & Elka Scoreboard progress Teams Episode 1 3/4 5/6 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Sean & Elka 10 29 44 55 74 94 114 131 150 169 186 WINNER Mike M. & Coral 16 25 43 54 71 87 104 123 143 158 174 WINNER Danny & Kelley 14 23 43 54 70 89 107 122 138 154 172 WINNER Theo & Holly B. 20 34 53 73 93 108 127 143 161 178 194 LOSER Dan & Tara 15 31 46 57 70 87 103 123 139 157 176 LOSER Timmy & Emily 18 33 50 61 75 93 93 111 128 148 168 LOSER Norman & Becky 13 23 38 49 64 Josh & Holly S. 12 25 38 49 68 Mike L. & Flora 6 24 34 45 Adam & Jisela 11 20 32 43 Chris & Belou 7 19 29 Stephen & Lindsay 9 29 41 Mike J. & Sharon 5 21 Chadwick & Piggy 19 26 Yes & Veronica 17 Jon & Beth 8 Teams   The contestant is on the Real World team   The contestant is on the Road Rules team Competition Bold indicates the Inner Circle   The team won the final challenge   The team did not win the final challenge   The team came in first in the mission and won a prize   The team was safe from elimination   The team was eliminated by the Inner Circle Episodes No.overallNo. inseasonTitleOriginal air date401"Hang Man"February 4, 2002 (2002-02-04) 412"Hurricane Juliette"February 11, 2002 (2002-02-11) 423"Who To Vote Off?"February 18, 2002 (2002-02-18) 434"Musical Inner-Tube Tango"February 25, 2002 (2002-02-25) 445"Vertical Limit"March 4, 2002 (2002-03-04) 456"Slam Dunk"March 11, 2002 (2002-03-11) 467"Montezuma's Revenge"March 25, 2002 (2002-03-25) 478"Ladder of Doom"April 1, 2002 (2002-04-01) 489"Round 'Em Up"April 8, 2002 (2002-04-08) 4910"Rush Hour"April 15, 2002 (2002-04-15) 5011"Hands of Saturn"April 22, 2002 (2002-04-22) 5112"Sidekick Showdown"April 29, 2002 (2002-04-29) 5213"Blockhead"May 6, 2002 (2002-05-06) 5314"Siamese Wrestling"May 13, 2002 (2002-05-13) 5415"Handsome Reward"May 20, 2002 (2002-05-20) Reunion special The reunion special, Real World/Road Rules Challenge Battle of the Seasons: Inside the Inner Circle, was aired live on May 27, 2002 and was attended by the contestants who were in the Inner Circle until the season finale. The special was hosted by Lindsay Brien from The Real World: Seattle and Mark Long from Road Rules: USA – The First Adventure. References ^ Amatangelo, Amy (January 28, 2002). "MTV casts prepare for 'Battle'". Boston Herald (All ed.). p. 034. ISSN 0738-5854. External links Official website at the Wayback Machine (archived November 18, 2006) MTV's official Road Rules Website MTV's official Real World Website vteThe ChallengeSeasons Road Rules: All Stars Real World/Road Rules Challenge Challenge 2000 Extreme Challenge Battle of the Seasons (2002) Battle of the Sexes The Gauntlet The Inferno Battle of the Sexes 2 The Inferno II The Gauntlet 2 Fresh Meat The Duel The Inferno 3 The Gauntlet III The Island The Duel II The Ruins Fresh Meat II Cutthroat Rivals Battle of the Exes Battle of the Seasons (2012) Rivals II Free Agents Battle of the Exes II Battle of the Bloodlines Rivals III Invasion of the Champions XXX: Dirty 30 Vendettas Final Reckoning War of the Worlds War of the Worlds 2 Total Madness Double Agents Spies, Lies & Allies Ride or Dies Battle for a New Champion Spin-offs Spring Break Challenge Champs vs. Pros Champs vs. Stars Season 1 2 All Stars Season 1 2 3 4 USA Season 1 2 Australia Argentina: El Desafío UK World Championship Related Cast members The Real World Road Rules Are You the One?
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Challenge: Battle of the Seasons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Challenge:_Battle_of_the_Seasons"},{"link_name":"MTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV"},{"link_name":"reality game show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reality_television#Reality_competition_or_game_shows"},{"link_name":"The Challenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Challenge_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Extreme Challenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_World/Road_Rules_Extreme_Challenge"},{"link_name":"Cabo San Lucas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabo_San_Lucas"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Seasons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Challenge:_Battle_of_the_Seasons"}],"text":"For its sequel season of the same subtitle, see The Challenge: Battle of the Seasons.Season of television seriesReal World/Road Rules Challenge: Battle of the Seasons is the fifth season of the MTV reality game show, The Challenge (at the time known as Real World/Road Rules Challenge). The season is directly subsequent to Extreme Challenge.Battle of the Seasons premiered in early 2002 and took place in Cabo San Lucas, Mexico. In each episode, the cast competed in a challenge, and the top three Real World and top three Road Rules teams would become the \"Inner Circle\" and have the power to vote off teams. The \"Inner Circle\" was determined by a cumulative score that would be tallied on a leader board. The final six teams would compete for a final prize worth $300,000.This is the first edition of Battle of the Seasons series, with the second Battle of the Seasons, following in 2012 with a completely different format.","title":"Real World/Road Rules Challenge: Battle of the Seasons"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Separated into teams of Real World and Road Rules, each cast member is paired off with a castmate from their original season and they gain points after each daily mission based on their performances. The pairs with the most points cumulative from each team form the \"Inner Circle\" and vote off another pair from their own team. The individual winning pair of each challenge also earn additional prizes. After five pairs from each team are voted off, the final three Real World teams and final three Road Rules teams compete against each other in a series of challenges before the final race, that earns the winning teams $300,000.","title":"Format"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Contestants"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Newlywed Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Newlywed_Game"}],"sub_title":"Challenge games","text":"Hang Man: Teams must hang on a pole as long as they can. The contraption is made so after one team member falls, the other team member will fall immediately.\nWinners: Theo & Holly B. (Team Road Rules)\nMusical Inner-Tube Tango: In a game similar to musical chairs, teams will dance around a pool. 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It will be broken into two rounds: the first round will be two minutes and the second round will be a sudden death.\nWinners: Timmy & Emily (Team Road Rules)","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Final challenge","text":"For the final mission, the Ultimate Teams (Sean & Elka for Real World and Theo & Holly B. for Road Rules) must delegate tasks for each team members to accomplish. The finale is divided in a relay race to collect fish. Once the teams collect their fish and solve their puzzle, they must climb a rope ladder to the top of a cliff and cross the finish line.Kayaking: Two teams will race on their kayaks to a buoy with a pair of fish hooked to a carabiner. 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The special was hosted by Lindsay Brien from The Real World: Seattle and Mark Long from Road Rules: USA – The First Adventure.","title":"Episodes"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-source_theory
Two-source hypothesis
["1 History","2 Background: the synoptic problem","3 Overview of the hypothesis","3.1 Marcan priority","3.2 The existence of Q","4 Problems with the hypothesis","4.1 The minor agreements","4.2 Problems with Q","5 Variants","6 Other hypotheses","7 See also","8 Notes and references"]
Hypothesis in biblical criticismNot to be confused with Two-gospel hypothesis. Two-source hypothesisTheory InformationOrderMark, Q Matt, LukeAdditional SourcesQ sourceGospels' SourcesMatthewMark, QLukeMark, QTheory HistoryOriginatorChristian Hermann WeisseOrigination Date1838ProponentsHeinrich Julius Holtzmann William Sanday B.H. Streeter The two-source hypothesis (or 2SH) is an explanation for the synoptic problem, the pattern of similarities and differences between the three Gospels of Matthew, Mark, and Luke. It posits that the Gospel of Matthew and the Gospel of Luke were based on the Gospel of Mark and a hypothetical sayings collection from the Christian oral tradition called Q. The two-source hypothesis emerged in the 19th century. B. H. Streeter definitively stated the case in 1924, adding that two other sources, referred to as M and L, lie behind the material in Matthew and Luke respectively. The strengths of the hypothesis are its explanatory power regarding the shared and non-shared material in the three gospels; its weaknesses lie in the exceptions to those patterns, and in the hypothetical nature of its proposed collection of Jesus-sayings. Later scholars have advanced numerous elaborations and variations on the basic hypothesis, and even completely alternative hypotheses. Nevertheless, "the 2SH commands the support of most biblical critics from all continents and denominations." When Streeter's two additional sources, M and L, are taken into account, this hypothesis is sometimes referred to as the four-document hypothesis. History The two-source hypothesis was first articulated in 1838 by Christian Hermann Weisse, but it did not gain wide acceptance among German critics until Heinrich Julius Holtzmann endorsed it in 1863. Prior to Holtzmann, most Catholic scholars held to the Augustinian hypothesis (Matthew → Mark → Luke) and Protestant biblical critics favored the Griesbach hypothesis (Matthew → Luke → Mark). The Two-Source Hypothesis crossed the channel into England in the 1880s primarily due to the efforts of William Sanday, culminating in B. H. Streeter's definitive statement of the case in 1924. Streeter further argued that additional sources, referred to as M and L, lie behind the material in Matthew and Luke respectively. Background: the synoptic problem The hypothesis is a solution to what is known as the synoptic problem: the question of how best to account for the differences and similarities between the three synoptic gospels, Matthew, Mark and Luke. The answer to this problem has implications for the order in which the three were composed, and the sources on which their authors drew. Any solution to the synoptic problem needs to account for two features: The "triple tradition": The three gospels frequently share both wording and arrangement of "pericopes" (incidents, stories - this substantial sharing is what led to them being called "synoptic", or seeing-together). Where they differ on this shared material, Mark and Luke will agree against Matthew, or Mark and Matthew will agree against Luke, but very rarely will Mark be the odd one out. Matthew's and Luke's versions of shared pericopes will usually be shorter than Mark's. The "double tradition": Sometimes Matthew and Luke share material which is not present in Mark. In these cases Matthew and Luke sometimes parallel each other closely, but at other times are widely divergent. Overview of the hypothesis The 2SH attempts to solve the synoptic problem by advancing two propositions, Marcan priority to explain the triple tradition, and the existence of a lost Q document to solve the double tradition. In summary, the two-source hypothesis proposes that Matthew and Luke used Mark for its narrative material as well as for the basic structural outline of chronology of Jesus' life; and that Matthew and Luke use a second source, Q (from German Quelle, "source"), not extant, for the sayings (logia) found in both of them but not in Mark. Marcan priority Main article: Marcan priority The 2SH explains the features of the triple tradition by proposing that both Matthew and Luke used Mark as a source. Mark appears more 'primitive': his diction and grammar are less literary than Matthew and Luke, his language is more prone to redundancy and obscurity, his Christology is less supernatural, and he makes more frequent use of Aramaic. The more sophisticated versions of Mark's pericopes in Matthew and Luke must be either the result of those two "cleaning up" Mark, if his is the first gospel, or of Mark "dumbing down" Matthew and/or Luke, if he was later. Critics regard the first explanation as the more likely. On a more specific level, Marcan priority seems to be indicated due to instances where Matthew and Luke apparently omit explanatory material from Mark, where Matthew adds his own theological emphases to Mark's stories, and in the uneven distribution of Mark's stylistic features in Matthew. The existence of Q Main article: Q source The 2SH explains the double tradition by postulating the existence of a lost "sayings of Jesus" document known as Q, from the German Quelle, "source". It is this, rather than Marcan priority, which forms the distinctive feature of the 2SH as against rival theories. The existence of Q follows from the conclusion that, as Luke and Matthew are independent of Mark in the double tradition, the connection between them must be explained by their joint but independent use of a missing source or sources. (That they used Q independently of each other follows from the fact that they frequently differ quite widely in their use of this source). Problems with the hypothesis While the 2SH remains the most popular explanation for the origins of the synoptic gospels, two questions - the existence of the so-called "minor agreements," and problems with the hypothesis of Q - continue at the centre of discussion over its explanatory power. The minor agreements The "minor agreements"—the word "minor" here is not intended to be belittling—are those points where Matthew and Luke agree against Mark (for example, the mocking question at the beating of Jesus, "Who is it that struck you?", found in both Matthew and Luke but not in Mark). The "minor agreements" thus call into question the proposition that Matthew and Luke knew Mark but not each other. Streeter devoted a chapter to the matter, arguing that the Matthew/Luke agreements were due to coincidence, or to the result of the two authors' reworking of Mark into more refined Greek, or to overlaps with Q or oral tradition, or to textual corruption. A few later scholars explain the minor agreements as being due to Luke's using Matthew in addition to Q and Mark (3SH). But the modern argument for Q requires Matthew and Luke to be independent, so the 3SH raises the question of how to establish a role for Q if Luke is dependent on Matthew. Accordingly, some scholars (like Helmut Koester) who wish to keep Q while acknowledging the force of the minor agreements attribute them to a proto-Mark, such as the Ur-Markus in the Marcan Hypothesis (MkH), adapted by Mark independently from its use by Matthew and Luke. Still other scholars feel that the minor agreements are due to a revision of the Mark found in the Bible, called deutero-Mark. In this case, both Matthew and Luke are dependent on proto-Mark, which did not survive the ages. "Therefore, the minor agreements, if taken seriously, force a choice between accepting pure Marcan priority on one hand or the existence of Q on the other hand, but not both simultaneously as the 2SH requires." Problems with Q See also: Marcion hypothesis A principal objection to the 2SH is that it requires a hypothetical document, Q, the existence of which is not attested in any way, either by existing fragments (and a great many fragments of early Christian documents do exist) or by early Church tradition. The minor agreements are also, according to the critics, evidence of the non-existence of, or rather the non-necessity for, Q: if Matthew and Luke have passages which are missing in Mark (the "Who is it that struck you?" sentence quoted above is a famous example), this demonstrates only that Matthew is quoting Luke or vice versa. Two additional problems are noteworthy, the "problem of fatigue" and the Q narrative problem. The first relates to the phenomenon that a scribe, when copying a text, will tend to converge on his source out of simple fatigue. Thus Mark calls Herod by the incorrect title basileus, "king", throughout, while Matthew begins with the more correct tetrarches but eventually switches to basileus. When similar changes occur in double tradition material, which according to the 2SH are the result of Matthew and Luke relying on Q, they usually show Luke converging on Matthew. Pierson Parker in 1940 suggested that the non-canonical Gospel of the Hebrews was the second source used in the Gospel of Luke. This view is yet to gain influence. Variants The two-document hypothesis emerged in the 19th century: Mark as the earliest gospel, Matthew and Luke written independently and reliant on both Mark and the hypothetical Q. In 1924 B. H. Streeter refined the two-document hypothesis into the four-document hypothesis based on the possibility of a Jewish M source (see the Gospel according to the Hebrews). While the standard two-source theory holds Mark and Q to be independent, some argue that Q was also a source for Mark. This is sometimes called the Modified two-document hypothesis (although that term was also used in older literature to refer to the Four-document hypothesis). A number of scholars have suggested a Three-source hypothesis, that Luke actually did make some use of Matthew after all. This allows much more flexibility in the reconstruction of Q. Dunn proposes an Oral Q hypothesis, in which Q is not a document but a body of oral teachings. Other hypotheses Some form of the Two Source hypothesis continues to be preferred by a majority of New Testament scholars as the theory that is best able to resolve the synoptic problem. Nevertheless, doubts about the problems of the minor agreements and, especially, the hypothetical Q, have produced alternative hypotheses. In 1955 a British scholar, A. M. Farrer, proposed that one could dispense with Q by arguing that Luke revised both Mark and Matthew. In 1965 an American scholar, William R. Farmer, also seeking to do away with the need for Q, revived an updated version of Griesbach's idea that Mark condensed both Matthew and Luke. In Britain, the most influential modern opponents of the 2SH favor the Farrer hypothesis, while Farmer's revised Griesbach hypothesis, also known as the Two Gospel hypothesis, is probably the chief rival to the Two Source hypothesis in America. In 1838, the German theologian Christian Gottlob Wilke argued for a solution that combined Marcan priority with an extensively developed argument for Matthew's direct dependence upon both Mark and Luke. Thus, like Farrer, Wilke's hypothesis has no need for Q, but it simply reverses the direction of presumed dependence between Matthew and Luke proposed by Farrer. A few other German scholars supported Wilke's hypothesis in the nineteenth century, but in time most came to accept the two-source hypothesis, which remains the dominant theory to this day. The Wilke hypothesis was accepted by Karl Kautsky in his Foundations of Christianity and has begun to receive new attention in recent decades since its revival in 1992 by Huggins, then Hengel, then independently by Blair. Additional recent supporters include Garrow and Powell. The traditional view is represented by the Augustinian hypothesis, which is that the four gospels were written in the order in which they appear in the bible (Matthew → Mark → Luke), with Mark a condensed edition of Matthew. This hypothesis was based on the claim by the 2nd century AD bishop Papias that he had heard that Matthew wrote first. By the 18th century the problems with Augustine's idea led Johann Jakob Griesbach to put forward the Griesbach hypothesis, which was that Luke had revised Matthew and that Mark had then written a shorter gospel using material on which both Matthew and Luke agreed (Matthew → Luke → Mark). A variant of the Augustinian hypothesis, attempting to synchronise Matthew and Mark on the basis of the Mosaic "two witnesses" requirement of Deuteronomy 19:15 (Matthew + Mark → Luke), was proposed by Eta Linnemann, following rejection of the view of her teacher Rudolf Bultmann. See also Biblical criticism Historicity of Jesus Q+/Papias hypothesis Common Sayings Source Gospel harmony Notes and references ^ Montserrat, Joan. 16 June 2005. Two-Source Hypothesis. URL: http://www.hypotyposeis.org/synoptic-problem/2004/09/two-source-hypothesis.html. ^ Burnett Hillman Streeter, The Four Gospels, a Study of Origins treating of the Manuscript Tradition, Sources, Authorship, & Dates, (1924) ^ Metzger, Bruce Manning (1992). The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption, and Restoration. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195072976. ^ a b "The Two-Source Hypothesis", Mindspring.com Archived 15 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine ^ Encyclopædia Britannica ^ a b "The Two-Source Hypothesis", Synoptic Problem Website ^ Mark Goodacre (10 January 2003). "Ten Reasons to Question Q". The Case Against Q website. Archived from the original on 15 October 2008. Retrieved 8 June 2009. ^ Pierson Parker (December 1940). "A Proto-Lucan basis for the Gospel according to the Hebrews". Journal of Biblical Literature. 59 (4): 471–478. doi:10.2307/3262407. JSTOR 3262407. ^ Gregory, Andrew. Prior or Posterior?. Cambridge University Press. pp. 51:3:344–360. ^ Fleddermann, Harry T. (1995). Mark and Q: A Study of the Overlap Texts. Leuven University Press. ISBN 906186710X. ^ MacDonald, Dennis R. (2012). Two Shipwrecked Gospels: The Logoi of Jesus and Papias's Exposition of Logia about the Lord. Society of Biblical Lit. pp. 73–75. ISBN 978-1589836914. ^ Dunn, James D. G. (2013). The Oral Gospel Tradition. Wm. B. Eerdmans. pp. 80–108. ISBN 978-0802867827. ^ Jesus Seminar: The Synoptic Problem ^ Karl Kautsky Foundations of Christianity ^ Huggins, Ronald V. (1992). "Matthean Posteriority: A Preliminary Proposal". Novum Testamentum. 34: 1–22. doi:10.1163/156853692X00131. Reprinted in Orton, David E. The Synoptic Problem and Q: Selected Studies from Novum Testamentum. pp. 204–225. ISBN 9004113428. ^ Hengel, Martin (2000). The Four Gospels and the One Gospel of Jesus Christ. pp. 169–207. ISBN 1563383004. ^ Blair, George Alfred (2003). The Synoptic Gospels Compared. Studies in the Bible and Early Christianity. 55. ISBN 0773468145. ^ Garrow, Alan (2004). The Gospel of Matthew's Dependence on the Didache. Journal for the study of the New Testament: Supplement series. 254. pp. 225–237. ISBN 0826469779. ^ Powell, Evan (2006). The Myth of the Lost Gospel. ISBN 0977048608. vteSynoptic problemThe Synoptic Gospels Gospel of Matthew Gospel of Mark Gospel of Luke Matthaean priority Two-gospel hypothesis Augustinian hypothesis Marcan priority Two-source hypothesis Farrer hypothesis Three-source hypothesis Matthean Posteriority hypothesis Four-document hypothesis Lucan priority Jerusalem school hypothesis Other or no priority Multi-source hypothesis Hebrew Gospel hypothesis Priority of the Gospel of Marcion Q+/Papias hypothesis Independence hypothesis Possible sources Q source M source L source vteGospel of MarkBible chapters(New Testament) Mark 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Events Baptism of Jesus Temptation Galilean ministry Parable of the Growing Seed Calming the storm Feeding the multitude Walking on water Cleansing a leper Transfiguration Great Commandment Olivet Discourse Anointing Passion Last Supper Pilate's court Crucifixion Entombment/Burial Empty tomb Resurrection Phrases Naked fugitive Sayings of Jesus on the cross People Andrew Caiaphas Herod Antipas Jesus Christ John the Baptist Joseph of Arimathea Judas Iscariot Mary, mother of James Mary, mother of Jesus Mary Magdalene Mary, sister of Martha Philip Pontius Pilate Rufus Salome Simon of Cyrene Simon Peter Thomas Zebedee Groups Pharisees Sadducees Samaritans Sanhedrin Places Bethany Bethsaida Capernaum Dalmanutha Galilee Jerusalem Jordan River Judea Nazareth Samaria Sea of Galilee Related Mark the Evangelist John Mark Textual variants Marcan priority two-source hypothesis three-source hypothesis Intertextual production Messianic Secret Secret Gospel of Mark In music St Mark Passion (attributed to Keiser) St Mark Passion, BWV 247 (J. S. Bach) La Pasión según San Marcos (Golijov) St Mark Passion (N. Matthes) Manuscripts Papyrus 45 84 88 137 Fayyum Fragment Minuscule 2427 (forgery) 7Q5 (disputed) Sources Greek Text Latin Vulgate Wycliffe Version King James Version American Standard Version World English Version ← Gospel of Matthew (chapter 28) Bible portal Christianity portal Gospel of Luke (chapter 1) → Authority control databases International FAST National France BnF data Germany Israel United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Two-gospel hypothesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-gospel_hypothesis"},{"link_name":"synoptic problem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synoptic_problem"},{"link_name":"Gospel of Matthew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew"},{"link_name":"Gospel of Luke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke"},{"link_name":"Gospel of Mark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark"},{"link_name":"Christian oral tradition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_gospel_traditions"},{"link_name":"Q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q_source"},{"link_name":"B. H. Streeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._H._Streeter"},{"link_name":"M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M-Source"},{"link_name":"L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L_source"},{"link_name":"explanatory power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explanatory_power"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"four-document hypothesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-document_hypothesis"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Two-gospel hypothesis.The two-source hypothesis (or 2SH) is an explanation for the synoptic problem, the pattern of similarities and differences between the three Gospels of Matthew, Mark, and Luke. It posits that the Gospel of Matthew and the Gospel of Luke were based on the Gospel of Mark and a hypothetical sayings collection from the Christian oral tradition called Q.The two-source hypothesis emerged in the 19th century. B. H. Streeter definitively stated the case in 1924, adding that two other sources, referred to as M and L, lie behind the material in Matthew and Luke respectively. The strengths of the hypothesis are its explanatory power regarding the shared and non-shared material in the three gospels; its weaknesses lie in the exceptions to those patterns, and in the hypothetical nature of its proposed collection of Jesus-sayings. Later scholars have advanced numerous elaborations and variations on the basic hypothesis, and even completely alternative hypotheses. Nevertheless, \"the 2SH commands the support of most biblical critics from all continents and denominations.\"[1]When Streeter's two additional sources, M and L, are taken into account, this hypothesis is sometimes referred to as the four-document hypothesis.","title":"Two-source hypothesis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Christian Hermann Weisse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Hermann_Weisse"},{"link_name":"Heinrich Julius Holtzmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Julius_Holtzmann"},{"link_name":"Augustinian hypothesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustinian_hypothesis"},{"link_name":"Griesbach hypothesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griesbach_hypothesis"},{"link_name":"William Sanday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Sanday_(theologian)"},{"link_name":"B. H. Streeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._H._Streeter"},{"link_name":"M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M-Source"},{"link_name":"L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L_source"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The two-source hypothesis was first articulated in 1838 by Christian Hermann Weisse, but it did not gain wide acceptance among German critics until Heinrich Julius Holtzmann endorsed it in 1863. Prior to Holtzmann, most Catholic scholars held to the Augustinian hypothesis (Matthew → Mark → Luke) and Protestant biblical critics favored the Griesbach hypothesis (Matthew → Luke → Mark). The Two-Source Hypothesis crossed the channel into England in the 1880s primarily due to the efforts of William Sanday, culminating in B. H. Streeter's definitive statement of the case in 1924. Streeter further argued that additional sources, referred to as M and L, lie behind the material in Matthew and Luke respectively.[2][3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"synoptic problem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synoptic_problem"},{"link_name":"synoptic gospels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synoptic_gospels"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mindspring-4"}],"text":"The hypothesis is a solution to what is known as the synoptic problem: the question of how best to account for the differences and similarities between the three synoptic gospels, Matthew, Mark and Luke. The answer to this problem has implications for the order in which the three were composed, and the sources on which their authors drew.Any solution to the synoptic problem needs to account for two features:The \"triple tradition\": The three gospels frequently share both wording and arrangement of \"pericopes\" (incidents, stories - this substantial sharing is what led to them being called \"synoptic\", or seeing-together). Where they differ on this shared material, Mark and Luke will agree against Matthew, or Mark and Matthew will agree against Luke, but very rarely will Mark be the odd one out. Matthew's and Luke's versions of shared pericopes will usually be shorter than Mark's.\nThe \"double tradition\": Sometimes Matthew and Luke share material which is not present in Mark. In these cases Matthew and Luke sometimes parallel each other closely, but at other times are widely divergent.[4]","title":"Background: the synoptic problem"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Q document","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q_document"},{"link_name":"Quelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quelle_document"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The 2SH attempts to solve the synoptic problem by advancing two propositions, Marcan priority to explain the triple tradition, and the existence of a lost Q document to solve the double tradition. In summary, the two-source hypothesis proposes that Matthew and Luke used Mark for its narrative material as well as for the basic structural outline of chronology of Jesus' life; and that Matthew and Luke use a second source, Q (from German Quelle, \"source\"), not extant, for the sayings (logia) found in both of them but not in Mark.[5]","title":"Overview of the hypothesis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Christology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christology"},{"link_name":"Aramaic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aramaic_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-synop-6"}],"sub_title":"Marcan priority","text":"The 2SH explains the features of the triple tradition by proposing that both Matthew and Luke used Mark as a source. Mark appears more 'primitive': his diction and grammar are less literary than Matthew and Luke, his language is more prone to redundancy and obscurity, his Christology is less supernatural, and he makes more frequent use of Aramaic. The more sophisticated versions of Mark's pericopes in Matthew and Luke must be either the result of those two \"cleaning up\" Mark, if his is the first gospel, or of Mark \"dumbing down\" Matthew and/or Luke, if he was later. Critics regard the first explanation as the more likely. On a more specific level, Marcan priority seems to be indicated due to instances where Matthew and Luke apparently omit explanatory material from Mark, where Matthew adds his own theological emphases to Mark's stories, and in the uneven distribution of Mark's stylistic features in Matthew.[6]","title":"Overview of the hypothesis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-synop-6"}],"sub_title":"The existence of Q","text":"The 2SH explains the double tradition by postulating the existence of a lost \"sayings of Jesus\" document known as Q, from the German Quelle, \"source\". It is this, rather than Marcan priority, which forms the distinctive feature of the 2SH as against rival theories. The existence of Q follows from the conclusion that, as Luke and Matthew are independent of Mark in the double tradition, the connection between them must be explained by their joint but independent use of a missing source or sources. (That they used Q independently of each other follows from the fact that they frequently differ quite widely in their use of this source).[6]","title":"Overview of the hypothesis"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"While the 2SH remains the most popular explanation for the origins of the synoptic gospels, two questions - the existence of the so-called \"minor agreements,\" and problems with the hypothesis of Q - continue at the centre of discussion over its explanatory power.","title":"Problems with the hypothesis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"3SH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-source_hypothesis"},{"link_name":"Helmut Koester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Koester"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mindspring-4"}],"sub_title":"The minor agreements","text":"The \"minor agreements\"—the word \"minor\" here is not intended to be belittling—are those points where Matthew and Luke agree against Mark (for example, the mocking question at the beating of Jesus, \"Who is it that struck you?\", found in both Matthew and Luke but not in Mark). The \"minor agreements\" thus call into question the proposition that Matthew and Luke knew Mark but not each other. Streeter devoted a chapter to the matter, arguing that the Matthew/Luke agreements were due to coincidence, or to the result of the two authors' reworking of Mark into more refined Greek, or to overlaps with Q or oral tradition, or to textual corruption.A few later scholars explain the minor agreements as being due to Luke's using Matthew in addition to Q and Mark (3SH). But the modern argument for Q requires Matthew and Luke to be independent, so the 3SH raises the question of how to establish a role for Q if Luke is dependent on Matthew. Accordingly, some scholars (like Helmut Koester) who wish to keep Q while acknowledging the force of the minor agreements attribute them to a proto-Mark, such as the Ur-Markus in the Marcan Hypothesis (MkH), adapted by Mark independently from its use by Matthew and Luke. Still other scholars feel that the minor agreements are due to a revision of the Mark found in the Bible, called deutero-Mark. In this case, both Matthew and Luke are dependent on proto-Mark, which did not survive the ages.\"Therefore, the minor agreements, if taken seriously, force a choice between accepting pure Marcan priority on one hand or the existence of Q on the other hand, but not both simultaneously as the 2SH requires.\"[4]","title":"Problems with the hypothesis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marcion hypothesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcion_hypothesis"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Gospel of the Hebrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_of_the_Hebrews"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Problems with Q","text":"See also: Marcion hypothesisA principal objection to the 2SH is that it requires a hypothetical document, Q, the existence of which is not attested in any way, either by existing fragments (and a great many fragments of early Christian documents do exist) or by early Church tradition. The minor agreements are also, according to the critics, evidence of the non-existence of, or rather the non-necessity for, Q: if Matthew and Luke have passages which are missing in Mark (the \"Who is it that struck you?\" sentence quoted above is a famous example), this demonstrates only that Matthew is quoting Luke or vice versa.Two additional problems are noteworthy, the \"problem of fatigue\" and the Q narrative problem. The first relates to the phenomenon that a scribe, when copying a text, will tend to converge on his source out of simple fatigue. Thus Mark calls Herod by the incorrect title basileus, \"king\", throughout, while Matthew begins with the more correct tetrarches but eventually switches to basileus. When similar changes occur in double tradition material, which according to the 2SH are the result of Matthew and Luke relying on Q, they usually show Luke converging on Matthew.[7]Pierson Parker in 1940 suggested that the non-canonical Gospel of the Hebrews was the second source used in the Gospel of Luke.[8] This view is yet to gain influence.[9]","title":"Problems with the hypothesis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"B. H. Streeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._H._Streeter"},{"link_name":"four-document hypothesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-document_hypothesis"},{"link_name":"Gospel according to the Hebrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_according_to_the_Hebrews"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Three-source hypothesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-source_hypothesis"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"The two-document hypothesis emerged in the 19th century: Mark as the earliest gospel, Matthew and Luke written independently and reliant on both Mark and the hypothetical Q.\nIn 1924 B. H. Streeter refined the two-document hypothesis into the four-document hypothesis based on the possibility of a Jewish M source (see the Gospel according to the Hebrews).While the standard two-source theory holds Mark and Q to be independent, some argue that Q was also a source for Mark.[10] This is sometimes called the Modified two-document hypothesis (although that term was also used in older literature to refer to the Four-document hypothesis).[11]A number of scholars have suggested a Three-source hypothesis, that Luke actually did make some use of Matthew after all. This allows much more flexibility in the reconstruction of Q.Dunn proposes an Oral Q hypothesis, in which Q is not a document but a body of oral teachings.[12]","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Farrer hypothesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farrer_hypothesis"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Wilke hypothesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilke_hypothesis"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Augustinian hypothesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustinian_hypothesis"},{"link_name":"Johann Jakob Griesbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Jakob_Griesbach"},{"link_name":"Griesbach hypothesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griesbach_hypothesis"},{"link_name":"Eta Linnemann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eta_Linnemann"},{"link_name":"Rudolf Bultmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Bultmann"}],"text":"Some form of the Two Source hypothesis continues to be preferred by a majority of New Testament scholars as the theory that is best able to resolve the synoptic problem. Nevertheless, doubts about the problems of the minor agreements and, especially, the hypothetical Q, have produced alternative hypotheses.In 1955 a British scholar, A. M. Farrer, proposed that one could dispense with Q by arguing that Luke revised both Mark and Matthew. In 1965 an American scholar, William R. Farmer, also seeking to do away with the need for Q, revived an updated version of Griesbach's idea that Mark condensed both Matthew and Luke. In Britain, the most influential modern opponents of the 2SH favor the Farrer hypothesis, while Farmer's revised Griesbach hypothesis, also known as the Two Gospel hypothesis, is probably the chief rival to the Two Source hypothesis in America.[13]In 1838, the German theologian Christian Gottlob Wilke argued for a solution that combined Marcan priority with an extensively developed argument for Matthew's direct dependence upon both Mark and Luke. Thus, like Farrer, Wilke's hypothesis has no need for Q, but it simply reverses the direction of presumed dependence between Matthew and Luke proposed by Farrer. A few other German scholars supported Wilke's hypothesis in the nineteenth century, but in time most came to accept the two-source hypothesis, which remains the dominant theory to this day. The Wilke hypothesis was accepted by Karl Kautsky in his Foundations of Christianity[14] and has begun to receive new attention in recent decades since its revival in 1992 by Huggins,[15] then Hengel,[16] then independently by Blair.[17] Additional recent supporters include Garrow[18] and Powell.[19]The traditional view is represented by the Augustinian hypothesis, which is that the four gospels were written in the order in which they appear in the bible (Matthew → Mark → Luke), with Mark a condensed edition of Matthew. This hypothesis was based on the claim by the 2nd century AD bishop Papias that he had heard that Matthew wrote first. By the 18th century the problems with Augustine's idea led Johann Jakob Griesbach to put forward the Griesbach hypothesis, which was that Luke had revised Matthew and that Mark had then written a shorter gospel using material on which both Matthew and Luke agreed (Matthew → Luke → Mark).A variant of the Augustinian hypothesis, attempting to synchronise Matthew and Mark on the basis of the Mosaic \"two witnesses\" requirement of Deuteronomy 19:15 (Matthew + Mark → Luke), was proposed by Eta Linnemann, following rejection of the view of her teacher Rudolf Bultmann.","title":"Other hypotheses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"http://www.hypotyposeis.org/synoptic-problem/2004/09/two-source-hypothesis.html","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.hypotyposeis.org/synoptic-problem/2004/09/two-source-hypothesis.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption, and Restoration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=RRhj86VCRcAC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780195072976","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195072976"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-mindspring_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-mindspring_4-1"},{"link_name":"\"The Two-Source Hypothesis\", Mindspring.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.mindspring.com/~scarlson/synopt/2sh/index.htm"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20080515022301/http://www.mindspring.com/~scarlson/synopt/2sh/index.htm"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Encyclopædia Britannica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.britannica.com/topic/biblical-literature/The-two-and-four-source-hypotheses#ref598087"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-synop_6-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-synop_6-1"},{"link_name":"\"The Two-Source Hypothesis\", Synoptic Problem Website","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.hypotyposeis.org/synoptic-problem/2004/09/two-source-hypothesis.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Mark 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Papias's Exposition of Logia about the Lord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/twoshipwreckedgo00macd"},{"link_name":"73","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/twoshipwreckedgo00macd/page/n89"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1589836914","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1589836914"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0802867827","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802867827"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"Jesus Seminar: The Synoptic 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hypothesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farrer_hypothesis"},{"link_name":"Three-source hypothesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-source_hypothesis"},{"link_name":"Matthean Posteriority hypothesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthean_Posteriority_hypothesis"},{"link_name":"Four-document hypothesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-document_hypothesis"},{"link_name":"Lucan priority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucan_priority"},{"link_name":"Jerusalem school hypothesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem_school_hypothesis"},{"link_name":"Multi-source hypothesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-source_hypothesis"},{"link_name":"Hebrew Gospel hypothesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_Gospel_hypothesis"},{"link_name":"Priority of the Gospel of Marcion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priority_of_the_Gospel_of_Marcion"},{"link_name":"Q+/Papias hypothesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%2B/Papias_hypothesis"},{"link_name":"Independence hypothesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_hypothesis"},{"link_name":"Q source","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q_source"},{"link_name":"M source","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M_source"},{"link_name":"L source","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L_source"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Gospel_of_Mark"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Gospel_of_Mark"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gospel_of_Mark"},{"link_name":"Gospel of Mark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark"},{"link_name":"Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible"},{"link_name":"chapters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapters_and_verses_of_the_Bible"},{"link_name":"New Testament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Testament"},{"link_name":"Mark 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_1"},{"link_name":"2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_2"},{"link_name":"3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_3"},{"link_name":"4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_4"},{"link_name":"5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_5"},{"link_name":"6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_6"},{"link_name":"7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_7"},{"link_name":"8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_8"},{"link_name":"9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_9"},{"link_name":"10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_10"},{"link_name":"11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_11"},{"link_name":"12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_12"},{"link_name":"13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_13"},{"link_name":"14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_14"},{"link_name":"15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_15"},{"link_name":"16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_16"},{"link_name":"Baptism of Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"Temptation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temptation_of_Christ"},{"link_name":"Galilean ministry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return_of_Jesus_to_Galilee"},{"link_name":"Parable of the Growing Seed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parable_of_the_Growing_Seed"},{"link_name":"Calming the storm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calming_the_storm"},{"link_name":"Feeding the multitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feeding_the_multitude"},{"link_name":"Walking on water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_walking_on_water"},{"link_name":"Cleansing a leper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_cleansing_a_leper"},{"link_name":"Transfiguration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfiguration_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"Great Commandment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Commandment"},{"link_name":"Olivet Discourse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivet_Discourse"},{"link_name":"Anointing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anointing_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"Passion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passion_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"Last Supper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Supper"},{"link_name":"Pilate's court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilate%27s_court"},{"link_name":"Crucifixion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"Entombment/Burial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burial_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"Empty tomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empty_tomb"},{"link_name":"Resurrection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"Naked fugitive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naked_fugitive"},{"link_name":"Sayings of Jesus on the cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayings_of_Jesus_on_the_cross"},{"link_name":"Andrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle"},{"link_name":"Caiaphas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caiaphas"},{"link_name":"Herod Antipas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herod_Antipas"},{"link_name":"Jesus Christ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus"},{"link_name":"John the Baptist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_the_Baptist"},{"link_name":"Joseph of Arimathea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_of_Arimathea"},{"link_name":"Judas Iscariot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judas_Iscariot"},{"link_name":"Mary, mother of James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_James"},{"link_name":"Mary, mother of Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"Mary Magdalene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Magdalene"},{"link_name":"Mary, sister of Martha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_of_Bethany"},{"link_name":"Philip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_the_Apostle"},{"link_name":"Pontius Pilate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontius_Pilate"},{"link_name":"Rufus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rufus_(biblical_figure)"},{"link_name":"Salome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salome_(disciple)"},{"link_name":"Simon of Cyrene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_of_Cyrene"},{"link_name":"Simon Peter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Peter"},{"link_name":"Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle"},{"link_name":"Zebedee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebedee"},{"link_name":"Pharisees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharisees"},{"link_name":"Sadducees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadducees"},{"link_name":"Samaritans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samaritans"},{"link_name":"Sanhedrin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanhedrin"},{"link_name":"Bethany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethany"},{"link_name":"Bethsaida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethsaida"},{"link_name":"Capernaum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capernaum"},{"link_name":"Dalmanutha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalmanutha"},{"link_name":"Galilee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilee"},{"link_name":"Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Jordan River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_River"},{"link_name":"Judea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judea"},{"link_name":"Nazareth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazareth"},{"link_name":"Samaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samaria"},{"link_name":"Sea of Galilee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_of_Galilee"},{"link_name":"Mark the Evangelist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_the_Evangelist"},{"link_name":"John Mark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Mark"},{"link_name":"Textual variants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textual_variants_in_the_Gospel_of_Mark"},{"link_name":"Marcan priority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcan_priority"},{"link_name":"two-source hypothesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"three-source hypothesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-source_hypothesis"},{"link_name":"Intertextual production","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intertextual_production_of_the_Gospel_of_Mark"},{"link_name":"Messianic Secret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messianic_Secret"},{"link_name":"Secret Gospel of Mark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_Gospel_of_Mark"},{"link_name":"St Mark Passion (attributed to Keiser)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mark_Passion_(attributed_to_Keiser)"},{"link_name":"St Mark Passion, BWV 247 (J. S. Bach)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mark_Passion,_BWV_247"},{"link_name":"La Pasión según San Marcos (Golijov)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Pasi%C3%B3n_seg%C3%BAn_San_Marcos_(Golijov)"},{"link_name":"St Mark Passion (N. Matthes)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mark_Passion_(N._Matthes)"},{"link_name":"Papyrus 45","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papyrus_45"},{"link_name":"84","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papyrus_84"},{"link_name":"88","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papyrus_88"},{"link_name":"137","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papyrus_137"},{"link_name":"Fayyum Fragment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fayyum_Fragment"},{"link_name":"Minuscule 2427 (forgery)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minuscule_2427"},{"link_name":"7Q5 (disputed)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7Q5"},{"link_name":"Greek Text","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/el:%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AC_%CE%9C%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%BD"},{"link_name":"Latin Vulgate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/la:Biblia_Sacra_Vulgata_(Stuttgartensia)/Marcus"},{"link_name":"Wycliffe Version","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(Wycliffe)/Mark"},{"link_name":"King James Version","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Mark"},{"link_name":"American Standard Version","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Mark"},{"link_name":"World English Version","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(World_English)/Mark"},{"link_name":"Gospel of Matthew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew"},{"link_name":"chapter 28","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_28"},{"link_name":"Bible portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Bible"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg"},{"link_name":"Christianity portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Christianity"},{"link_name":"Gospel of Luke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke"},{"link_name":"chapter 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke_1"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q233047#identifiers"},{"link_name":"FAST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//id.worldcat.org/fast/1159882/"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb133196244"},{"link_name":"BnF data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb133196244"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/4191254-8"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007558417605171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85139059"}],"text":"^ Montserrat, Joan. 16 June 2005. Two-Source Hypothesis. URL: http://www.hypotyposeis.org/synoptic-problem/2004/09/two-source-hypothesis.html.\n\n^ Burnett Hillman Streeter, The Four Gospels, a Study of Origins treating of the Manuscript Tradition, Sources, Authorship, & Dates, (1924)\n\n^ Metzger, Bruce Manning (1992). The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption, and Restoration. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195072976.\n\n^ a b \"The Two-Source Hypothesis\", Mindspring.com Archived 15 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine\n\n^ Encyclopædia Britannica\n\n^ a b \"The Two-Source Hypothesis\", Synoptic Problem Website\n\n^ Mark Goodacre (10 January 2003). \"Ten Reasons to Question Q\". The Case Against Q website. Archived from the original on 15 October 2008. Retrieved 8 June 2009.\n\n^ Pierson Parker (December 1940). \"A Proto-Lucan basis for the Gospel according to the Hebrews\". Journal of Biblical Literature. 59 (4): 471–478. doi:10.2307/3262407. JSTOR 3262407.\n\n^ Gregory, Andrew. Prior or Posterior?. Cambridge University Press. pp. 51:3:344–360.\n\n^ Fleddermann, Harry T. (1995). Mark and Q: A Study of the Overlap Texts. Leuven University Press. ISBN 906186710X.\n\n^ MacDonald, Dennis R. (2012). Two Shipwrecked Gospels: The Logoi of Jesus and Papias's Exposition of Logia about the Lord. Society of Biblical Lit. pp. 73–75. ISBN 978-1589836914.\n\n^ Dunn, James D. G. (2013). The Oral Gospel Tradition. Wm. B. Eerdmans. pp. 80–108. ISBN 978-0802867827.\n\n^ Jesus Seminar: The Synoptic Problem\n\n^ Karl Kautsky Foundations of Christianity\n\n^ Huggins, Ronald V. (1992). \"Matthean Posteriority: A Preliminary Proposal\". Novum Testamentum. 34: 1–22. doi:10.1163/156853692X00131. Reprinted in Orton, David E. The Synoptic Problem and Q: Selected Studies from Novum Testamentum. pp. 204–225. ISBN 9004113428.\n\n^ Hengel, Martin (2000). The Four Gospels and the One Gospel of Jesus Christ. pp. 169–207. ISBN 1563383004.\n\n^ Blair, George Alfred (2003). The Synoptic Gospels Compared. Studies in the Bible and Early Christianity. 55. ISBN 0773468145.\n\n^ Garrow, Alan (2004). The Gospel of Matthew's Dependence on the Didache. Journal for the study of the New Testament: Supplement series. 254. pp. 225–237. ISBN 0826469779.\n\n^ Powell, Evan (2006). The Myth of the Lost Gospel. ISBN 0977048608.vteSynoptic problemThe Synoptic Gospels\nGospel of Matthew\nGospel of Mark\nGospel of Luke\nMatthaean priority\nTwo-gospel hypothesis\nAugustinian hypothesis\nMarcan priority\nTwo-source hypothesis\nFarrer hypothesis\nThree-source hypothesis\nMatthean Posteriority hypothesis\nFour-document hypothesis\nLucan priority\nJerusalem school hypothesis\nOther or no priority\nMulti-source hypothesis\nHebrew Gospel hypothesis\nPriority of the Gospel of Marcion\nQ+/Papias hypothesis\nIndependence hypothesis\nPossible sources\nQ source\nM source\nL sourcevteGospel of MarkBible chapters(New Testament)\nMark 1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\n7\n8\n9\n10\n11\n12\n13\n14\n15\n16\nEvents\nBaptism of Jesus\nTemptation\nGalilean ministry\nParable of the Growing Seed\nCalming the storm\nFeeding the multitude\nWalking on water\nCleansing a leper\nTransfiguration\nGreat Commandment\nOlivet Discourse\nAnointing\nPassion\nLast Supper\nPilate's court\nCrucifixion\nEntombment/Burial\nEmpty tomb\nResurrection\nPhrases\nNaked fugitive\nSayings of Jesus on the cross\nPeople\nAndrew\nCaiaphas\nHerod Antipas\nJesus Christ\nJohn the Baptist\nJoseph of Arimathea\nJudas Iscariot\nMary, mother of James\nMary, mother of Jesus\nMary Magdalene\nMary, sister of Martha\nPhilip\nPontius Pilate\nRufus\nSalome\nSimon of Cyrene\nSimon Peter\nThomas\nZebedee\nGroups\nPharisees\nSadducees\nSamaritans\nSanhedrin\nPlaces\nBethany\nBethsaida\nCapernaum\nDalmanutha\nGalilee\nJerusalem\nJordan River\nJudea\nNazareth\nSamaria\nSea of Galilee\nRelated\nMark the Evangelist\nJohn Mark\nTextual variants\nMarcan priority\ntwo-source hypothesis\nthree-source hypothesis\nIntertextual production\nMessianic Secret\nSecret Gospel of Mark\nIn music\nSt Mark Passion (attributed to Keiser)\nSt Mark Passion, BWV 247 (J. S. Bach)\nLa Pasión según San Marcos (Golijov)\nSt Mark Passion (N. Matthes)\nManuscripts\nPapyrus 45\n84\n88\n137\nFayyum Fragment\nMinuscule 2427 (forgery)\n7Q5 (disputed)\nSources\nGreek Text\nLatin Vulgate\nWycliffe Version\nKing James Version\nAmerican Standard Version\nWorld English Version\n\n← Gospel of Matthew (chapter 28)\n Bible portal Christianity portal\nGospel of Luke (chapter 1) →Authority control databases International\nFAST\nNational\nFrance\nBnF data\nGermany\nIsrael\nUnited States","title":"Notes and references"}]
[]
[{"title":"Biblical criticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_criticism"},{"title":"Historicity of Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historicity_of_Jesus"},{"title":"Q+/Papias hypothesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%2B/Papias_hypothesis"},{"title":"Common Sayings Source","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Sayings_Source"},{"title":"Gospel harmony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_harmony"}]
[{"reference":"Metzger, Bruce Manning (1992). The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption, and Restoration. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195072976.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=RRhj86VCRcAC","url_text":"The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption, and Restoration"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195072976","url_text":"9780195072976"}]},{"reference":"Mark Goodacre (10 January 2003). \"Ten Reasons to Question Q\". The Case Against Q website. Archived from the original on 15 October 2008. Retrieved 8 June 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Goodacre","url_text":"Mark Goodacre"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081015182345/http://ntgateway.com/Q/ten.htm","url_text":"\"Ten Reasons to Question Q\""},{"url":"http://ntgateway.com/Q/ten.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Pierson Parker (December 1940). \"A Proto-Lucan basis for the Gospel according to the Hebrews\". Journal of Biblical Literature. 59 (4): 471–478. doi:10.2307/3262407. JSTOR 3262407.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3262407","url_text":"10.2307/3262407"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3262407","url_text":"3262407"}]},{"reference":"Gregory, Andrew. Prior or Posterior?. Cambridge University Press. pp. 51:3:344–360.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Fleddermann, Harry T. (1995). Mark and Q: A Study of the Overlap Texts. Leuven University Press. ISBN 906186710X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/906186710X","url_text":"906186710X"}]},{"reference":"MacDonald, Dennis R. (2012). Two Shipwrecked Gospels: The Logoi of Jesus and Papias's Exposition of Logia about the Lord. Society of Biblical Lit. pp. 73–75. ISBN 978-1589836914.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_R._MacDonald","url_text":"MacDonald, Dennis R."},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/twoshipwreckedgo00macd","url_text":"Two Shipwrecked Gospels: The Logoi of Jesus and Papias's Exposition of Logia about the Lord"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/twoshipwreckedgo00macd/page/n89","url_text":"73"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1589836914","url_text":"978-1589836914"}]},{"reference":"Dunn, James D. G. (2013). The Oral Gospel Tradition. Wm. B. Eerdmans. pp. 80–108. ISBN 978-0802867827.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802867827","url_text":"978-0802867827"}]},{"reference":"Huggins, Ronald V. (1992). \"Matthean Posteriority: A Preliminary Proposal\". Novum Testamentum. 34: 1–22. doi:10.1163/156853692X00131.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1163%2F156853692X00131","url_text":"10.1163/156853692X00131"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Communists_of_Slovenia
League of Communists of Slovenia
["1 History","2 Party leaders","3 Electoral results","3.1 Presidential","3.2 National Assembly","4 See also","5 References"]
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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "League of Communists of Slovenia" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Political party in Slovenia League of Communists of Slovenia Zveza komunistov SlovenijeSavez komunista SlovenijeLeaderGeneral Secretary of the League of Communists of SloveniaFounded18 April 1937Dissolved4 February 1990Succeeded byUnited List of Social Democrats (ZLSD)HeadquartersLjubljana, SR Slovenia, YugoslaviaIdeologyCommunismMarxism-LeninismTitoismDemocratic socialism (after 1989)Political positionLeft-wing to far-leftNational affiliationLeague of Communists of YugoslaviaColoursRedParty flagPolitics of SloveniaPolitical partiesElectionsSlovenian branch of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia The League of Communists of Slovenia (Slovene: Zveza komunistov Slovenije, ZKS; Serbo-Croatian: Savez komunista Slovenije) was the Slovenian branch of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia, the sole legal party of Yugoslavia from 1945 to 1990. It was established in April 1937 as the Communist Party of Slovenia and was the first autonomous sub-national branch of the federal party. Its initial autonomy was further amplified with the Yugoslav constitution of 1974, which devolved greater power to the various republic level branches. History In 1989 Slovenia passed amendments to its constitution that asserted its sovereignty over the federation, its right to secede and set foundations to a multi-party system. These amendments were bitterly opposed by the leadership of Serbia under Slobodan Milošević. On 23 January 1990, the Slovene delegation, headed by Milan Kučan, left the Party Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia, leading to the collapse of the all-Yugoslav party. On 4 February 1990 the League of Communists of Slovenia changed its name to the League of Communists of Slovenia – Party of Democratic Renewal (Zveza komunistov Slovenije – Stranka demokratične prenove, ZKS-SDP), and shortly afterwards began negotiations with the Democratic Opposition of Slovenia for the establishment of a multi-party system. In April 1990, the reformed Communists lost the elections to the DEMOS coalition. Flag of the Party in 1990 Party leaders Main article: President of the League of Communists of Slovenia Franc Leskošek (1937–1945) (1897–1983) Boris Kidrič (1945–1946) (1912–1953) Miha Marinko (1946–1966) (1900–1983) Albert Jakopič (October 1966– December 1968) (1914–1996) Franc Popit (December 1968 – April 1982) (1921–2013) Andrej Marinc (April 1982 – May 1986) (born 1930) Milan Kučan (May 1986 – December 1989) (born 1941) Ciril Ribičič (December 1989 – May 1990) (born 1947) Other influential leaders Edvard Kardelj (1910–1979) Tone Tomšič (1910–1942) Vida Tomšič (1913–1998) Boris Kraigher (1914–1967) Lidija Šentjurc (1911–2000) Ivan Maček (1908–1993) Sergej Kraigher (1914–2001) Boris Ziherl (1910–1976) Stane Dolanc (1925–1999) Mitja Ribičič (1919–2013) Prežihov Voranc (1893–1950) Dragotin Gustinčič (1882–1974) Stane Kavčič (1919–1987) Viktor Avbelj (1914–1993) Vladimir Krivic (1914–1996) Ivan Regent (1884–1967) Jože Potrč (1903–1963) Aleš Bebler (1907–1981) Joža Vilfan (1908–1987) Mirko Košir (1905–1951) Angela Vode (1892–1985) Dušan Kermavner (1903–1975) France Klopčič (1903–1986) Dušan Pirjevec (1921–1977) Franc Šetinc (1929–2016) Janez Vipotnik (1917–1998) Vinko Hafner (1920–2015) Jože Smole (1927–1996) Electoral results Presidential Election Candidate 1st round 2nd round Result Votes % Votes % 1990 Milan Kučan 538,278 44.43 657,196 58.59 Won 1992 795,012 63.93 Won National Assembly Election Leader Votes % Seats +/– Government 1990 Ciril Ribičič 186,928 17.3 (#1) 14 / 80 14 Opposition 1992 161,349 13.6 (#3) 14 / 90 Coalition See also History of Slovenia Timeline of Slovenian history League of Communists of Yugoslavia League of Communists of Bosnia and Herzegovina League of Communists of Croatia League of Communists of Macedonia League of Communists of Montenegro League of Communists of Serbia League of Communists of Vojvodina League of Communists of Kosovo List of leaders of communist Yugoslavia Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia References vteLeague of Communists of YugoslaviaCentral organisationLeaders Filip Filipović (1919–1921) Sima Marković (1920–1922) Vacant (1922–1924) Triša Kaclerović (1924–1925) Sima Marković (1926–1927) Đuro Cvijić (1927–1928) Jovan Mališić (1928–1931) Filip Filipović (1931–1932) Vacant (1932–1934) Milan Gorkić (1934–1937) Josip Broz Tito (1937–1980) Stevan Doronjski (1980) Lazar Mojsov (1980–1981) Dušan Dragosavac (1981–1982) Mitja Ribičič (1982–1983) Dragoslav Marković (1983–1984) Ali Šukrija (1984–1985) Vidoje Žarković (1985–1986) Milanko Renovica (1986–1987) Boško Krunić (1987–1988) Stipe Šuvar (1988–1989) Milan Pančevski (1989–1990) Miomir Grbović (May 1990) Miroslav Ivanović (1990–1991) Secretaries Mijalko Todorović (1966–1969) Stane Dolanc (1972–1979) Dušan Dragosavac (1979–1981) Dobroslav Čulafić (1981–1982) Nikola Stojanović (1982–1984) Dimče Belovski (1984–1986) Radiša Gačić (1986–1988) Štefan Korošec (1988–1990) Petar Škundrić (acting, 1990) Central Committee President Secretary Presidency Executive Secretary Control Commission League of Socialist Youth Borba National meetingsElected organs Central Committee Commission on Statutory Questions Supervisory Commission Committee for the Preparation of the Democratic and Programmatic Renewal Congresses 1st: 1919 2nd: 1920 3rd: 1926 4th: 1928 5th: 1948 6th: 1952 7th: 1958 8th: 1964 9th: 1969 10th: 1974 11th: 1978 12th: 1982 13th: 1986 14th: 1990 Conferences 1st: 1922 2nd: 1923 3rd: 1924 4th: 1934 5th: 1940 1st (6th): 1970 2nd (7th): 1972 3rd (8th): 1972 4th (9th): 1973 (10th): 1988 Rules "Statute of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia" "Standing Rules of the Presidency of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia" "Rules of Procedure on the Organisation and Activity of the Central Committee of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia" Elected by theCentral CommitteePresidency 1st: 1919–1920 2nd: 1920–1926 3rd: 1926–1928 4th: 1928–1948 5th: 1948–1952 6th: 1952–1958 7th: 1958–1964 8th: 1964–1969 9th: 1969–1974 (Executive Bureau Presidency) 10th: 1974–1978 (Executive Committee Presidency) 11th: 1978–1982 12th: 1982–1986 13th: 1986–1990 Secretariat 3rd: 1926–1928 4th:1928–1948 5th: 1948–1952 6th: 1952–1958 Control Commission 5th: 1948–1952 6th: 1952–1958 7th: 1958–1964 8th: 1964–1969 Elected byCongressCentral Committee 1st: 1919–1920 2nd: 1920–1926 3rd: 1926–1928 4th: 1928–1948 5th: 1948–1952 6th: 1952–1958 7th: 1958–1964 8th: 1964–1969 9th: 1969–1974 10th: 1974–1978 11th: 1978–1982 12th: 1982–1986 13th: 1986–1990 Statutory Commission 9th: 1969–1974 10th: 1974–1978 11th: 1978–1982 12th: 1982–1986 13th: 1986–1990 Supervisory Commission 5th: 1948–1952 6th: 1952–1958 7th: 1958–1964 8th: 1964–1969 9th: 1969–1974 10th: 1974–1978 11th: 1978–1982 12th: 1982–1986 13th: 1986–1990 Bosnian-Herzegovinian branchLeaders Isa Jovanović (1939–1943) Đuro Pucar (1943–1965) Cvijetin Mijatović (1965–1969) Branko Mikulić (1969–1978) Nikola Stojanović (1978–1982) Hamdija Pozderac (1982–1984) Mato Andrić (1984–1986) Milan Uzelac (1986–1988) Abdulah Mutapčić (1988–1989) Nijaz Duraković (1989–1991) Secretaries Branko Mikulić (1966–1969) Nijaz Dizdarević (Jan.–Apr. 1969) Hamdija Pozderac (1969–1971) Hasan Grabčanović (1971–1974) Nikola Stojanović (1974–1978) Hrvoje Ištuk (1978–1982) Ivan Brigić (1982–1984) Živko Grubor (1984–1986) Šaban Kevrić (1986–1989) Dragan Kragulj (1989–1991) Central Committee President Secretary Presidency Executive Secretary Control Commission League of Socialist Youth Branch meetingsElected organs Central Committee Commission on Statutory Questions Supervisory Commission Congresses 1st: 1948 2nd: 1954 3rd: 1959 4th: 1965 5th: 1969 6th: 1974 7th: 1978 8th: 1982 9th: 1986 10th: 1991 Elected byCongressSupervisory Commission 1st: 1948–1954 2nd: 1954–1959 3rd: 1959–1965 4th: 1965–1969 5th: 1969–1974 6th: 1974–1978 7th: 1978–1982 8th: 1982–1986 9th: 1986–1989 10th: 1989–1991 Statutory Commission 5th: 1969–1974 6th: 1974–1978 7th: 1978–1982 8th: 1982–1986 9th: 1986–1989 10th: 1989–1991 Central Committee 1st: 1948–1954 2nd: 1954–1959 3rd: 1959–1965 4th: 1965–1969 5th: 1969–1974 6th: 1974–1978 7th: 1978–1982 8th: 1982–1986 9th: 1986–1989 10th: 1989–1991 Croatian branchLeaders Đuro Špoljarić (1937–1939) Rade Končar (1939–1940) Vladimir Popović (1940–1942) Andrija Hebrang (1942–1944) Vladimir Bakarić (1944–1969) Savka Dabčević-Kučar (1969–1971) Milka Planinc (1971–1982) Jure Bilić (1982–1983) Josip Vrhovec (1983–1984) Mika Špiljak (1984–1986) Stanko Stojčević (1986–1989) Ivica Račan (1989–1990) Secretaries Miko Tripalo (1966–1969) Pero Pirker (1969–1971) Josip Vrhovec (1971–1974) Dušan Dragosavac (1974–1978) Milutin Baltic (1978–1982) Marijan Kalanj (1982–1984) Stanko Stojčević (1984–1986) Dragutin Dimitrović (1986–1989) Boris Malada (1989–1990) Central Committee President Secretary Presidency Executive Secretary Control Commission League of Socialist Youth Branch meetingsElected organs Central Committee Commission on Statutory Questions Supervisory Commission Congresses 1st: 1937 2nd: 1948 3rd: 1954 4th: 1959 5th: 1965 6th: 1968 7th: 1974 8th: 1978 9th: 1982 10th: 1986 11th: 1989 12th: 1990 Elected byCongressSupervisory Commission 1st: 1937–1948 2nd: 1948–1954 3rd: 1954–1959 4th: 1959–1965 5th: 1965–1968 6th: 1968–1974 7th: 1974–1978 8th: 1978–1982 9th: 1982–1986 10th: 1986–1989 11th: 1989–1990 Statutory Commission 6th: 1968–1974 7th: 1974–1978 8th: 1978–1982 9th: 1982–1986 10th: 1986–1989 11th: 1989–1990 Central Committee 1st: 1937–1948 2nd: 1948–1954 3rd: 1954–1959 4th: 1959–1965 5th: 1965–1968 6th: 1968–1974 7th: 1974–1978 8th: 1978–1982 9th: 1982–1986 10th: 1986–1989 11th: 1989–1990 Macedonian branchLeaders Blažo Orlandić (1939–1940) Metodi Shatorov (1940–1941) Lazar Koliševski (Aug.–Nov. 1941) Bane Andrejev (1941–1942) Cvetko Uzunovski (Jun.–Sep. 1942) Kuzman Josifovski Pitu (1942–1943) Lazar Koliševski (1943–1963) Krste Crvenkovski (1963–1969) Angel Čemerski (1969–1982) Krste Markovski (1982–1984) Milan Pančevski (1984–1986) Jakov Lazaroski (1986–1989) Petar Gošev (1989–1991) Secretaries Boško Stankovski (1966–1968) Angel Čemerski (1968–1969) Slavko Milosavlevski (1969–1972) Boro Denkov (1972–1982) Milan Pančevski (1982–1984) Jakov Lazaroski (1984–1986) Mihail Danev (1986–1989) Tito Petkovski (1989–1991) Central Committee President Secretary Presidency Executive Secretary Control Commission League of Socialist Youth Branch meetingsElected organs Central Committee Commission on Statutory Questions Supervisory Commission Congresses 1st: 1948 2nd: 1953 3rd: 1959 4th: 1963 5th: 1968 6th: 1974 7th: 1978 8th: 1982 9th: 1986 10th: 1989 11th: 1991 Elected byCongressSupervisory Commission 1st: 1948–1954 2nd: 1954–1959 3rd: 1959–1965 4th: 1965–1968 5th: 1968–1974 6th: 1974–1978 7th: 1978–1982 8th: 1982–1986 9th: 1986–1989 10th: 1989–1991 Statutory Commission 5th: 1968–1974 6th: 1974–1978 7th: 1978–1982 8th: 1982–1986 9th: 1986–1989 10th: 1989–1991 Central Committee 1st: 1948–1954 2nd: 1954–1959 3rd: 1959–1965 4th: 1965–1968 5th: 1968–1974 6th: 1974–1978 7th: 1978–1982 8th: 1982–1986 9th: 1986–1989 10th: 1989–1991 Montenegrin branchLeaders Jovan Tomašević (1920–1924) Stanko Dragojević (Feb.–late 1924) Aleksa Pavićević (1924–1925) Nikola Kovačević (1925–1928) Nisa Milanović (1928–1929) Adolf Muk (Jul.–Oct. 1930) Božo Ljumović (1932–1934) Nikola Lekić (1934–1936) Božo Ljumović (1940–1942) Blažo Jovanović (1943–1963) Đorđije Pajković (1963–1968) Veselin Đuranović (1968–1977) Vojislav Srzentić (1977–1982) Dobroslav Ćulafić (1982–1984) Vidoje Žarković (May–Jul. 1984) Marko Orlandić (1984–1986) Miljan Radović (1986–1989) Veselin Vukotić (Jan.–Apr. 1988) Milica Pejanović (April 1989) Momir Bulatović (1989–1991) Secretaries Veselin Đuranović (1966–1968) Dobroslav Ćulafić (1968–1969) Vojislav Srzentić (1969–1974) Miljan Radović (1974–1978) Vuko Vukadinović (1978–1982) Velisav Vuksanović (1982–1986) Savo Šekarić (1986–1989) Milo Đukanović (1989–1991) Central Committee President Secretary Presidency Executive Secretary Control Commission League of Socialist Youth Branch meetingsElected organs Central Committee Commission on Statutory Questions Supervisory Commission Congresses 1st: 1948 2nd: 1954 3rd: 1959 4th: 1965 5th: 1968 6th: 1974 7th: 1978 8th: 1982 9th: 1986 10th: 1989 10th: 1991 Elected byCongressSupervisory Commission 1st: 1948–1954 2nd: 1954–1959 3rd: 1959–1965 4th: 1965–1968 5th: 1968–1974 6th: 1974–1978 7th: 1978–1982 8th: 1982–1986 9th: 1986–1989 10th: 1989–1991 Statutory Commission 5th: 1968–1974 6th: 1974–1978 7th: 1978–1982 8th: 1982–1986 9th: 1986–1989 10th: 1989–1991 Central Committee 1st: 1948–1954 2nd: 1954–1959 3rd: 1959–1965 4th: 1965–1968 5th: 1968–1974 6th: 1974–1978 7th: 1978–1982 8th: 1982–1986 9th: 1986–1989 10th: 1989–1991 Serbian branchLeaders Blagoje Parović (1933–1934) Trajko Stamenković (1934–1935) Aleksandar Ranković (1937–1941) Blagoje Nešković (1941–1949) Petar Stambolić (1949–1957) Jovan Veselinov (1957–1966) Dobrivoje Radosavljević (1966–1968) Petar Stambolić (Jan.–Nov. 1968) Marko Nikezić (1968–1972) Tihomir Vlaškalić (1972–1982) Dušan Čkrebić (1982–1984) Ivan Stambolić (1984–1986) Slobodan Milošević (1986–1989) Bogdan Trifunović (1989–1990) Secretaries Stevan Doronjski (1966–1968) Latinka Perović (1968–1972) Nikola Petronić (1972–1974) Đorđe Lazić (1974–1976) Ivan Stambolić (1976–1978) Spiro Galović (1978–1982) Radiša Gačić (1982–1986) Zoran Sokolović (1986–1989) Milomir Minić (1989–1991) Central Committee President Secretary Presidency Executive Secretary Control Commission League of Socialist Youth Branch meetingsElected organs Central Committee Commission on Statutory Questions Supervisory Commission Congresses 1st: 1945 2nd: 1949 3rd: 1954 4th: 1959 5th: 1965 6th: 1968 7th: 1974 8th: 1978 9th: 1982 10th: 1986 11th: 1989 12th: 1990 Elected byCongressSupervisory Commission 1st: 1945–1949 2nd: 1949–1954 3rd: 1954–1959 4th: 1959–1965 5th: 1965–1968 6th: 1968–1974 7th: 1974–1978 8th: 1978–1982 9th: 1982–1986 10th: 1986–1989 11th: 1989–1990 Statutory Commission 6th: 1969–1974 7th: 1974–1978 8th: 1978–1982 9th: 1982–1986 10th: 1986–1989 11th: 1989–1990 Central Committee 1st: 1945–1949 2nd: 1949–1954 3rd: 1954–1959 4th: 1959–1965 5th: 1965–1968 6th: 1968–1974 7th: 1974–1978 8th: 1978–1982 9th: 1982–1986 10th: 1986–1989 11th: 1989–1990 Slovenian branchLeaders Franc Leskošek (1937–1945) Boris Kidrič (1945–1946) Miha Marinko (1946–1966) Albert Jakopič (1966–1968) France Popit (1968–1982) Andrej Marinc (1982–1986) Milan Kučan (1986–1989) Ciril Ribičič (1989–1990) Secretaries France Popit (1966–1968) Andrej Marinc (1968–1972) Franc Šetinc (1972–1982) Miha Ravnik (1982–1986) Miloš Prosenc (1986–1989) Sonja Lokar (1989–1990) Central Committee President Secretary Presidency Executive Secretary Control Commission League of Socialist Youth Branch meetingsElected organs Central Committee Commission on Statutory Questions Supervisory Commission Congresses 1st: 1937 2nd: 1948 3rd: 1954 4th: 1959 5th: 1965 6th: 1968 7th: 1974 8th: 1978 9th: 1982 10th: 1986 11th: 1989 Elected byCongressSupervisory Commission 1st: 1945–1948 2nd: 1948–1954 3rd: 1954–1959 4th: 1959–1965 5th: 1965–1968 6th: 1968–1974 7th: 1974–1978 8th: 1978–1982 9th: 1982–1986 10th: 1986–1989 11th: 1989–1990 Statutory Commission 6th: 1969–1974 7th: 1974–1978 8th: 1978–1982 9th: 1982–1986 10th: 1986–1989 11th: 1989–1990 Central Committee 1st: 1945–1948 2nd: 1948–1954 3rd: 1954–1959 4th: 1959–1965 5th: 1965–1968 6th: 1968–1974 7th: 1974–1978 8th: 1978–1982 9th: 1982–1986 10th: 1986–1989 11th: 1989–1990 Yugoslav People's Army branchLeaders Džemil Šarac (1971–1978) Dane Ćuić (1978–1984) Georgije Jovičić (1984–1988) Petar Šimić (1988–1990) Božidar Grubišić (May–Dec. 1990) Secretaries Milan Krdžić (1975–1978) Georgije Jovičić (1978–1982) Slavko Maričević (1982–1984) Simeon Bunčić (1984–1988) Nebojša Tica (1988–1990) Committee President & Secretary Presidency Executive Secretary Control Commission Branch meetingsElected organs Central Committee Commission on Statutory Questions Supervisory Commission Conferences 1st: 1969 2nd: 1970 3rd: 1971 4th: 1972 5th: 1977 6th: 1980 7th: 1982 8th: 1986 9th: 1989 10th: 1990 Provincial committees with representation in the LCY's leading bodiesKosovoLeaders Miladin Popović (Jul.–Dec. 1937) Petar Radović (1937–1938) Miladin Popović (1939–1941) Boro Vukmirović (1941–1943) Pavle Jovićević (1943–1944) Miladin Popović (1944–1945) Đorđije Pajković (1945–1956) Dušan Mugoša (Feb.–Jun. 1956) Veli Deva (1956–1971) Mahmut Bakalli (1971–1981) Veli Deva (1981–1982) Sinan Hasani (1982–1983) Ilijaz Kurteši (1983–1984) Svetislav Dolašević (1984–1985) Kolj Široka (1985–1986) Azem Vllasi (1986–1988) Kaqusha Jashari (Apr.–Nov. 1988) Remzi Kolgeci (1988–1989) Rahman Morina (1989–1990) Secretaries ? (1966–1969) Mihajlo Zvicer (1969–1972) Dušan Ristić (1972–1978) Petar Kostić (1978–1982) Mitar Samardžić (1982–1984) Bajram Seljami (1984–1986) Vojislav Zajić (1986–1988) ? (1988–1989) Ljubomir Popović (1989–1990) Provincial Committee President Secretary Presidency Executive Secretary Control Commission Branch meetingsElected organs Central Committee Commission on Statutory Questions Supervisory Commission Conferences 1st: 1937 2nd: 1939 3rd: 1945 4th: 1948 5th: 1951 6th: 1953 7th: 1956 8th: 1959 9th: 1965 10th: 1968 11th: 1974 12th: 1978 13th: 1982 14th: 1986 15th: 1989 16th: 1990 VojvodinaLeaders Jovan Veselinov (1936) Lazar Milankov (1936) Žarko Zrenjanin (1938–1942) Jovan Veselinov (1943–1946) Dobrivoje Vidić (1946–1951) Stevan Doronjski (1951–1966) Mirko Tepavac (1966–1969) Mirko Čanadanović (1969–1972) Dušan Alimpić (1972–1981) Boško Krunić (1981–1982) Marko Đuričin (1982–1983) Slavko Veselinov (1983–1984) Boško Krunić (1984–1985) Đorđe Stojšić (1985–1988) Milovan Šogorov (Apr.–Oct. 1988) Boško Kovačević (1988–1989) Nedeljko Šipovac (1989–1990) Secretaries Mirko Čanadanović (1966–1969) Miloš Radojčin (1969–1972) Jon Srbovan (1972–1974) Nándor Major (1974–1978) Boško Krunić (1978–1982) Sreta Stajić (1982–1984) Katalin Hajnal (1984–1986) Milovan Šogorov (1986–1988) Janko Drča (Apr.–Oct. 1988) Miodrag Koprivica (1988–1989) Emilija Bruner-Bala (1989–1990) Provincial Committee President Secretary Presidency Executive Secretary Control Commission Branch meetingsElected organs Provincial Committee Commission on Statutory Questions Supervisory Commission Conferences 1st: ? 2nd: ? 3rd: ? 4th: 1935 5th: 1938 6th: 1940 7th: 1945 8th: 1948 9th: 1951 10th: 1953 11th: 1956 12th: 1960 13th: 1965 14th: 1968 15th: 1974 16th: 1978 17th: 1982 18th: 1986 19th: 1989 20th: 1990 vtePolitical parties in Slovenia National AssemblyGovernment GS (41) SD (7) Left (5) Confidence and supply Italian and Hungarian national minorities (2) Opposition SDS (27) NSi (8) European Parliament SDS (2) SD (2) GS (2) NSi (1) SLS (1) Portal:Politics List of political parties Politics of Slovenia Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany United States Czech Republic
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Slovene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovene_language"},{"link_name":"Serbo-Croatian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbo-Croatian_language"},{"link_name":"Slovenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia"},{"link_name":"League of Communists of Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Communists_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"Yugoslav constitution of 1974","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974_Yugoslav_Constitution"}],"text":"Political party in SloveniaThe League of Communists of Slovenia (Slovene: Zveza komunistov Slovenije, ZKS; Serbo-Croatian: Savez komunista Slovenije) was the Slovenian branch of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia, the sole legal party of Yugoslavia from 1945 to 1990. It was established in April 1937 as the Communist Party of Slovenia and was the first autonomous sub-national branch of the federal party. Its initial autonomy was further amplified with the Yugoslav constitution of 1974, which devolved greater power to the various republic level branches.","title":"League of Communists of Slovenia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"secede","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secede"},{"link_name":"multi-party system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-party_system"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Slobodan Milošević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Milan Kučan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan_Ku%C4%8Dan"},{"link_name":"Party Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_Congress"},{"link_name":"Democratic Opposition of Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Opposition_of_Slovenia"},{"link_name":"DEMOS coalition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DEMOS_coalition"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_ZKS-SDP_in_1990.png"}],"text":"In 1989 Slovenia passed amendments to its constitution that asserted its sovereignty over the federation, its right to secede and set foundations to a multi-party system. These amendments were bitterly opposed by the leadership of Serbia under Slobodan Milošević. On 23 January 1990, the Slovene delegation, headed by Milan Kučan, left the Party Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia, leading to the collapse of the all-Yugoslav party.On 4 February 1990 the League of Communists of Slovenia changed its name to the League of Communists of Slovenia – Party of Democratic Renewal (Zveza komunistov Slovenije – Stranka demokratične prenove, ZKS-SDP), and shortly afterwards began negotiations with the Democratic Opposition of Slovenia for the establishment of a multi-party system. In April 1990, the reformed Communists lost the elections to the DEMOS coalition.Flag of the Party in 1990","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Franc Leskošek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franc_Lesko%C5%A1ek"},{"link_name":"Boris Kidrič","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Kidri%C4%8D"},{"link_name":"Miha Marinko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miha_Marinko"},{"link_name":"Albert Jakopič","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albert_Jakopi%C4%8D&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Franc Popit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franc_Popit&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Andrej Marinc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrej_Marinc"},{"link_name":"Milan Kučan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan_Ku%C4%8Dan"},{"link_name":"Ciril Ribičič","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciril_Ribi%C4%8Di%C4%8D"},{"link_name":"Edvard Kardelj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edvard_Kardelj"},{"link_name":"Tone Tomšič","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tone_Tom%C5%A1i%C4%8D&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vida Tomšič","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vida_Tom%C5%A1i%C4%8D"},{"link_name":"Boris Kraigher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Kraigher"},{"link_name":"Lidija Šentjurc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lidija_%C5%A0entjurc&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ivan Maček","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Ma%C4%8Dek"},{"link_name":"Sergej Kraigher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergej_Kraigher"},{"link_name":"Boris Ziherl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boris_Ziherl&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Stane Dolanc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stane_Dolanc"},{"link_name":"Mitja Ribičič","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitja_Ribi%C4%8Di%C4%8D"},{"link_name":"Prežihov Voranc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre%C5%BEihov_Voranc"},{"link_name":"Dragotin Gustinčič","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dragotin_Gustin%C4%8Di%C4%8D&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Stane Kavčič","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stane_Kav%C4%8Di%C4%8D"},{"link_name":"Viktor Avbelj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Avbelj"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Krivic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Krivic&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ivan Regent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Regent&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jože Potrč","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jo%C5%BEe_Potr%C4%8D&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Aleš Bebler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ale%C5%A1_Bebler"},{"link_name":"Joža Vilfan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jo%C5%BEa_Vilfan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mirko Košir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mirko_Ko%C5%A1ir&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Angela Vode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Vode"},{"link_name":"Dušan Kermavner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Du%C5%A1an_Kermavner&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"France Klopčič","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_Klop%C4%8Di%C4%8D"},{"link_name":"Dušan Pirjevec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du%C5%A1an_Pirjevec"},{"link_name":"Franc Šetinc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franc_%C5%A0etinc&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Janez Vipotnik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Janez_Vipotnik&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vinko Hafner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vinko_Hafner&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jože Smole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C5%BEe_Smole"}],"text":"Franc Leskošek (1937–1945) (1897–1983)\nBoris Kidrič (1945–1946) (1912–1953)\nMiha Marinko (1946–1966) (1900–1983)\nAlbert Jakopič (October 1966– December 1968) (1914–1996)\nFranc Popit (December 1968 – April 1982) (1921–2013)\nAndrej Marinc (April 1982 – May 1986) (born 1930)\nMilan Kučan (May 1986 – December 1989) (born 1941)\nCiril Ribičič (December 1989 – May 1990) (born 1947)Other influential leadersEdvard Kardelj (1910–1979)\nTone Tomšič (1910–1942)\nVida Tomšič (1913–1998)\nBoris Kraigher (1914–1967)\nLidija Šentjurc (1911–2000)\nIvan Maček (1908–1993)\nSergej Kraigher (1914–2001)\nBoris Ziherl (1910–1976)\nStane Dolanc (1925–1999)\nMitja Ribičič (1919–2013)\nPrežihov Voranc (1893–1950)\nDragotin Gustinčič (1882–1974)\nStane Kavčič (1919–1987)\nViktor Avbelj (1914–1993)\nVladimir Krivic (1914–1996)\nIvan Regent (1884–1967)\nJože Potrč (1903–1963)\nAleš Bebler (1907–1981)\nJoža Vilfan (1908–1987)\nMirko Košir (1905–1951)\nAngela Vode (1892–1985)\nDušan Kermavner (1903–1975)\nFrance Klopčič (1903–1986)\nDušan Pirjevec (1921–1977)\nFranc Šetinc (1929–2016)\nJanez Vipotnik (1917–1998)\nVinko Hafner (1920–2015)\nJože Smole (1927–1996)","title":"Party leaders"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Electoral results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Presidential","title":"Electoral results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"National Assembly","title":"Electoral results"}]
[{"image_text":"Flag of the Party in 1990","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_the_ZKS-SDP_in_1990.png/234px-Flag_of_the_ZKS-SDP_in_1990.png"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Meier
Christian Meier
["1 Biography","2 Career","2.1 Musician","2.2 Acting","3 Personal life","4 Discography","4.1 With Arena Hash","4.2 Solo career","5 Filmography","5.1 Film roles","5.2 Television roles","6 References","7 External links"]
Peruvian actor, director and singer (born 1970) For other people named Christian Meier, see Christian Meier (disambiguation). This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Christian Meier" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Meier and the second or maternal family name is Zender. Christian MeierMeier in 2015BornChristian Dietrich Meier Zender (1970-06-23) 23 June 1970 (age 53)Lima, PeruOccupation(s)Actor, singerYears active1988–presentHeight1.83 m (6 ft 0 in)Spouses Marisol Aguirre ​ ​(m. 1995; div. 2008)​ Andrea Bosio ​ ​(m. 2023)​Children3ParentGladys Zender (mother) Christian Dietrich Meier Zender (born 23 June 1970) is a Peruvian actor and singer in Latin America, the US Hispanic market, and around the Spanish-speaking world. Biography Meier was born in Lima, Peru, the youngest of four siblings. He is the son of Gladys Zender, Miss Universe 1957, and Antonio Meier, a Peruvian politician who in 2006 was elected mayor of the Lima district of San Isidro. He has two older sisters and one older brother: Sibylle Meier Zender, Karina Meier Zender, and Antonio Meier Zender. Raised in the Roman Catholic faith, Christian Meier studied at the Miraflores Maristas School, a Marist Brothers congregation school. After finishing high school he studied Graphic Design graduating in early 1992. Career This section of a biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Christian Meier" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Musician In 1987, he formed the popular Peruvian alternative-rock band Arena Hash with Pedro Suárez Vértiz, Patricio Suárez Vértiz and Arturo Pomar. Between the 1980s and early 1990s, he was the keyboardist of the band, and also did some singing. A few years later the band broke up and some of its members pursued a solo career. In 1996, Meier released an album, No Me Acuerdo Quién Fui, which produced the singles, "tus huellas entre la mías", and "Carreteras Mojadas" ("Wet Highways") that got the first positions in almost all radio station charts in Peru. the album went double platinum. In 1997 began the production of his second album, Primero en Mojarme, with Manuel Garrido-Lecca, a well known musical producer that he worked with in Arena Hash. In 2002, he produced Once Noches, probably the album that brought him the most accolades. It contained the singles "Alguien" and "Novia de nadie" a duet featuring Spanish singer Mikel Erentxun. Acting Meier has acted and starred in both soap operas and movies. His success has brought him fame in Latin American countries, in the US, Spanish speaking media, and around the Spanish speaking world. He also has his line of perfumes and appeared in commercials. Personal life He married Peruvian actress Marisol Aguirre in 1995. They met during the filming of the soap opera "Gorrión". They separated in October 2007, finalizing their divorce in November 2008. They have three children together. Meier married fellow Peruvian Andrea Bosio in July 2023. Discography With Arena Hash Arena Hash (1988) Ah Ah Ah (1991) El Archivo De Arena Hash (1995) Solo career No Me Acuerdo Quien Fuí (1996) Primero En Mojarme (1999) Once Noches (2002) Nada Ha Cambiado (2016) He Vuelto a Casa (2023) Filmography Film roles Meier and Bárbara Mori at the 2015 Fénix Awards. Year Title Roles Notes 1994 Watchers III The Outsider 1998 No se lo digas a nadie Gonzalo 2000 Ciudad de M Pacho 2005 La mujer de mi hermano Ignacio / Ishan-husband 2008 Valentino y el clan del can Valentino Animated film; voice role 2012 Mar de Fondo Luis 2015 ¡Asu mare! 2 Ricky 2015 Magallanes Augusto Rivero 2016 All Men Are the Same Joaquín 2017 Todas las mujeres son iguales Joaquín 2017 Doble Lorenzo 2024 Mistura Roberto Tapia 2024 ¿Vienes o voy? Esteban Ferrer Television roles Year Title Roles Notes 1994–1995 Gorrión (telenovela) Gabriel Maidana Main role; 154 episodes 1996 Obsesión Jimmy Martel / Jano Main role; 160 episodes 1997 Escándalo Álvaro Dupont Main role; 120 episodes 1998–1999 Luz María Gustavo Gonzálvez Main role; 175 episodes 1999 Me muero por ti Alfonso Hidalgo Main role; 91 episodes 1999 Isabella Fernando De Alvear Main role; 138 episodes 2001 Amores, querer con alevosía Pablo Herreros Main role; 64 episodes 2001–2002 Lo que es el amor Efrén Villarreal Main role; 68 episodes 2003 Luciana y Nicolás Nicolás Echevarría Main role; 120 episodes 2004–2005 Luna, la heredera Mauricio García Main role; 120 episodes 2005–2006 La Tormenta Santos Torrealba Main role; 216 episodes 2007 Decisiones Troquero Episode: "Amor de carretera" 2007 El Zorro, la espada y la rosa Diego de la Vega / El Zorro Main role; 90 episodes 2008–2009 Doña Bárbara Santos Luzardo Main role; 190 episodes 2010–2011 Alguien te mira Rodrigo Quintana Main role; 116 episodes 2011 The First Lady Leonardo Santander Main role; 150 episodes 2012–2013 Lynch Emilio Triana Recurring role (seasons 1–2); 6 episodes 2013 Cumbia Ninja Willy Recurring role (season 1); 13 episodes 2013 Arranque de pasión Jordi Fernández 6 episodes 2014 Familia en venta Santiago Main role; 13 episodes 2014 La malquerida Esteban Domínguez Main role; 117 episodes 2014 Cosita linda Diego Luján Main role; 146 episodes 2019–2020 El General Naranjo Óscar Naranjo Main role (seasons 1–3); 60 episodes References ^ https://www.hola.com/us-es/celebrities/20230719348188/christian-meier-boda-andrea-bosio-exclusiva/ ^ "Biografía de Christian Meier". Archived from the original on 18 January 2010. Retrieved 30 March 2014. ^ El Comercio "Pedro Suárez Vértiz: "Resucitar Arena Hash sería un verdadero éxito" - actualizado marzo de 2010 ^ Infosite; accessed April 27, 2022. ^ "Christian Meier ya está divorciado", People en Español, July 8, 2008 (article in Spanish). ^ https://www.hola.com/us-es/celebrities/20230719348188/christian-meier-boda-andrea-bosio-exclusiva/ External links Listen to the songs of Christian Meier on Spotify Christian Meier at IMDb Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain France BnF data Germany United States Artists MusicBrainz
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Christian Meier (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Meier_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Spanish name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_name"},{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"}],"text":"For other people named Christian Meier, see Christian Meier (disambiguation).In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Meier and the second or maternal family name is Zender.Christian Dietrich Meier Zender (born 23 June 1970) is a Peruvian actor and singer in Latin America, the US Hispanic market, and around the Spanish-speaking world.","title":"Christian Meier"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima"},{"link_name":"Gladys Zender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladys_Zender"},{"link_name":"Miss Universe 1957","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Universe_1957"},{"link_name":"Marist Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marist_Brothers"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Meier was born in Lima, Peru, the youngest of four siblings. He is the son of Gladys Zender, Miss Universe 1957, and Antonio Meier, a Peruvian politician who in 2006 was elected mayor of the Lima district of San Isidro. He has two older sisters and one older brother: Sibylle Meier Zender, Karina Meier Zender, and Antonio Meier Zender.Raised in the Roman Catholic faith, Christian \nMeier studied at the Miraflores Maristas School, a Marist Brothers congregation school. After finishing high school he studied Graphic Design graduating in early 1992.[2]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arena Hash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arena_Hash"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Pedro Suárez Vértiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Su%C3%A1rez_V%C3%A9rtiz"},{"link_name":"Arturo Pomar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arturo_Pomar"},{"link_name":"Mikel Erentxun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikel_Erentxun"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Musician","text":"In 1987, he formed the popular Peruvian alternative-rock band Arena Hash[3] with Pedro Suárez Vértiz, Patricio Suárez Vértiz and Arturo Pomar. Between the 1980s and early 1990s, he was the keyboardist of the band, and also did some singing. A few years later the band broke up and some of its members pursued a solo career.In 1996, Meier released an album, No Me Acuerdo Quién Fui, which produced the singles, \"tus huellas entre la mías\", and \"Carreteras Mojadas\" (\"Wet Highways\") that got the first positions in almost all radio station charts in Peru. the album went double platinum. In 1997 began the production of his second album, Primero en Mojarme, with Manuel Garrido-Lecca, a well known musical producer that he worked with in Arena Hash.In 2002, he produced Once Noches, probably the album that brought him the most accolades. It contained the singles \"Alguien\" and \"Novia de nadie\" a duet featuring Spanish singer Mikel Erentxun.[citation needed]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Latin American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_America"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Acting","text":"Meier has acted and starred in both soap operas and movies. His success has brought him fame in Latin American countries, in the US, Spanish speaking media, and around the Spanish speaking world. He also has his line of perfumes and appeared in commercials.[4]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marisol Aguirre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marisol_Aguirre"},{"link_name":"soap opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soap_opera"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"He married Peruvian actress Marisol Aguirre in 1995. They met during the filming of the soap opera \"Gorrión\". They separated in October 2007, finalizing their divorce in November 2008.[5] They have three children together.\nMeier married fellow Peruvian Andrea Bosio in July 2023.[6]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arena Hash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arena_Hash_(album)"},{"link_name":"El Archivo De Arena Hash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=El_Archivo_De_Arena_Hash&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"With Arena Hash","text":"Arena Hash (1988)\nAh Ah Ah (1991)\nEl Archivo De Arena Hash (1995)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"No Me Acuerdo Quien Fuí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Me_Acuerdo_Quien_Fu%C3%AD"},{"link_name":"Primero En Mojarme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Primero_En_Mojarme&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Once Noches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Once_Noches&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nada Ha Cambiado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nada_Ha_Cambiado&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"He Vuelto a Casa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=He_Vuelto_a_Casa&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Solo career","text":"No Me Acuerdo Quien Fuí (1996)\nPrimero En Mojarme (1999)\nOnce Noches (2002)\nNada Ha Cambiado (2016)\nHe Vuelto a Casa (2023)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MX_MM_PREMIOS_FENIX_ESCENARIO_(23043591609).jpg"},{"link_name":"Bárbara Mori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A1rbara_Mori"}],"sub_title":"Film roles","text":"Meier and Bárbara Mori at the 2015 Fénix Awards.","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television roles","title":"Filmography"}]
[{"image_text":"Meier and Bárbara Mori at the 2015 Fénix Awards.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/MX_MM_PREMIOS_FENIX_ESCENARIO_%2823043591609%29.jpg/250px-MX_MM_PREMIOS_FENIX_ESCENARIO_%2823043591609%29.jpg"}]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laz_Barrera
Laz Barrera
["1 References"]
Cuban-born American thoroughbred racehorse trainer (1924–1991) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Laz Barrera" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Laz BarreraOccupationTrainerBornMay 8, 1924Havana, CubaDiedApril 25, 1991 (aged 66)Career wins2,268Major racing winsJerome Handicap (1971)Roamer Handicap (1971, 1974)Acorn Stakes (1973)Mother Goose Stakes (1973)Prioress Stakes (1973)Vosburgh Stakes (1973, 1977)Excelsior Handicap (1974)Fall Highweight Handicap (1974)La Brea Stakes (1975, 1976)Hempstead Handicap (1975)Paumonok Handicap (1975)Saratoga Special Stakes (1975)Tremont Stakes (1975)Carter Handicap (1976)Wood Memorial Stakes (1976)Whitney Handicap (1976, 1983)Belmont Futurity Stakes (1977, 1984)Haskell Invitational Handicap (1977)Hopeful Stakes (1977)Jamaica Handicap (1977)Laurel Futurity (1977)Sanford Stakes (1977, 1986)Strub Stakes (1977, 1979, 1982)Comely Stakes (1978)Hawthorne Handicap (1978, 1984, 1985)Hollywood Derby (1978)Jim Dandy Stakes (1978)Ladies Handicap (1978)Philip H. Iselin Breeders' Cup Handicap (1978)Santa Anita Derby (1978, 1990)Hollywood Gold Cup (1979, 1983)Jockey Club Gold Cup (1979, 1982)Santa Anita Handicap (1979)Woodward Stakes (1979)Alabama Stakes (1979)Monmouth Oaks (1981)Pennsylvania Derby (1981)Frank E. Kilroe Mile (1981, 1984)Sword Dancer Invitational Handicap (1982)Delaware Handicap (1984)Santa Margarita Handicap (1984)Santa Maria Handicap (1984, 1985)Kentucky Oaks (1986, 1987) American Classic Race wins:Kentucky Derby (1976, 1978)Preakness Stakes (1978)Belmont Stakes (1976, 1978)United States Triple Crown (1978)Racing awardsEclipse Award for Outstanding Trainer(1976, 1977, 1978, 1979)U.S. Champion Trainer by earnings (1977, 1978, 1979, 1980)Big Sport of Turfdom Award (1979)HonoursNational Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame (1979)Lazaro Barrera Stakes at Santa Anita Park (1991)Significant horsesBold Forbes, Affirmed, J.O. Tobin It's In The Air, Mister FriskyLemhi Gold, Tiffany Lass Aljamin Lazaro Sosa Barrera (May 8, 1924 – April 25, 1991) was a Cuban-born American Hall of Fame thoroughbred racehorse trainer. Born in Havana, "Laz" Barrera was one of nine brothers who went on to become involved in thoroughbred horse racing in the United States. While in his teens, he began working at a racetrack in his native Cuba and within a few years was one of the country's most respected young trainers. Seeking increased opportunities in a larger market, during the 1940s Barrera moved to Mexico to race horses at the Hipodromo de las Americas in Mexico City. There, he met California-based trainer Hal King, who encouraged him to come to the United States. Barrera did and in 1971 trained his first American Stakes race winner. In the ensuing years, he built a solid reputation and in late 1975 was given Bold Forbes to train who had been that year's Puerto Rican two-year-old thoroughbred sprint champion. Racing in the U.S. in 1976 under jockey Ángel Cordero Jr., Bold Forbes won several important races for Barrera including the Wood Memorial Stakes in record time. He went on to win the most prestigious race of all, the Kentucky Derby, finished third in the Preakness Stakes and, for a converted sprinter, pulled off a dramatic win in the 1½ mile long Belmont Stakes. Barrera's accomplishments led to an offer from Louis & Patrice Wolfson to take over as head trainer for their Harbor View Farm in Ocala, Marion County, Florida. There, Barrera took charge of a horse named Affirmed who, under 18-year-old jockey Steve Cauthen, would become one of the great horses in American racing history. Affirmed was a two-time Eclipse Award for Horse of the Year winner and won Eclipse Awards in each of the three years he raced. Laz Barrera won 14 Grade 1 Stakes races with Affirmed, the most by any stallion in history and earned racing immortality by capturing the 1978 U.S. Triple Crown, the tenth trainer to sweep the races in a season. Since then, one trainer (D. Wayne Lukas) has won all three of the Triple Crown races, in 1995 when he trained two horses (Thunder Gulch and Timber Country) for the only individual Triple Crown winner but it would not be until 20 years after Lukas' unique double that Bob Baffert would do the traditional Crown with American Pharoah doing the triple in 2015. In a career that lasted almost 50 years, Laz Barrera trained six champions and more than 140 American Stakes race winners. He was the leading money-winning trainer from 1977 to 1980 and in the process became the only trainer to ever win four consecutive Eclipse Awards. In 1979, he was inducted into the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame. Laz Barrera died in 1991 and the Lazaro Barrera Memorial Stakes a Grade II seven furlong race for 3-year-olds at Hollywood Park Racetrack is named in his honor. References ^ Laz Barrera at the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame
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Wayne Lukas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D._Wayne_Lukas"},{"link_name":"Thunder Gulch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunder_Gulch"},{"link_name":"Timber Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timber_Country"},{"link_name":"Bob Baffert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Baffert"},{"link_name":"American Pharoah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Pharoah"},{"link_name":"National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_Racing_and_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"Lazaro Barrera Memorial Stakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazaro_Barrera_Memorial_Stakes"},{"link_name":"Hollywood Park Racetrack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood_Park_Racetrack"}],"text":"Lazaro Sosa Barrera (May 8, 1924 – April 25, 1991) was a Cuban-born American Hall of Fame thoroughbred racehorse trainer.[1]Born in Havana, \"Laz\" Barrera was one of nine brothers who went on to become involved in thoroughbred horse racing in the United States. While in his teens, he began working at a racetrack in his native Cuba and within a few years was one of the country's most respected young trainers.Seeking increased opportunities in a larger market, during the 1940s Barrera moved to Mexico to race horses at the Hipodromo de las Americas in Mexico City. There, he met California-based trainer Hal King, who encouraged him to come to the United States. Barrera did and in 1971 trained his first American Stakes race winner. In the ensuing years, he built a solid reputation and in late 1975 was given Bold Forbes to train who had been that year's Puerto Rican two-year-old thoroughbred sprint champion. Racing in the U.S. in 1976 under jockey Ángel Cordero Jr., Bold Forbes won several important races for Barrera including the Wood Memorial Stakes in record time. He went on to win the most prestigious race of all, the Kentucky Derby, finished third in the Preakness Stakes and, for a converted sprinter, pulled off a dramatic win in the 1½ mile long Belmont Stakes.Barrera's accomplishments led to an offer from Louis & Patrice Wolfson to take over as head trainer for their Harbor View Farm in Ocala, Marion County, Florida. There, Barrera took charge of a horse named Affirmed who, under 18-year-old jockey Steve Cauthen, would become one of the great horses in American racing history. Affirmed was a two-time Eclipse Award for Horse of the Year winner and won Eclipse Awards in each of the three years he raced. Laz Barrera won 14 Grade 1 Stakes races with Affirmed, the most by any stallion in history and earned racing immortality by capturing the 1978 U.S. Triple Crown, the tenth trainer to sweep the races in a season. Since then, one trainer (D. Wayne Lukas) has won all three of the Triple Crown races, in 1995 when he trained two horses (Thunder Gulch and Timber Country) for the only individual Triple Crown winner but it would not be until 20 years after Lukas' unique double that Bob Baffert would do the traditional Crown with American Pharoah doing the triple in 2015.In a career that lasted almost 50 years, Laz Barrera trained six champions and more than 140 American Stakes race winners. He was the leading money-winning trainer from 1977 to 1980 and in the process became the only trainer to ever win four consecutive Eclipse Awards. In 1979, he was inducted into the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame.Laz Barrera died in 1991 and the Lazaro Barrera Memorial Stakes a Grade II seven furlong race for 3-year-olds at Hollywood Park Racetrack is named in his honor.","title":"Laz Barrera"}]
[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinde%27s_rock_rat
Hinde's rock rat
["1 References"]
Species of rodent Hinde's rock rat Conservation status Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Rodentia Family: Muridae Genus: Aethomys Species: A. hindei Binomial name Aethomys hindei(Thomas, 1902) Hinde's rock rat (Aethomys hindei) is a species of rodent in the family Muridae found in Burundi, Cameroon, the Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Sudan, Tanzania, and Uganda. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest, moist savanna, and subtropical or tropical seasonally wet or flooded lowland grassland. Oldfield Thomas named it in honor of Sidney Langford Hinde, a British officer and recreational naturalist.: 191  References ^ Agwanda, B. (2008). "Aethomys hindei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 8 February 2009.old-form url ^ Musser, G.G.; Carleton, M.D. (2005). "Superfamily Muroidea". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 894–1531. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494. ^ Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2009-11-18). The Eponym Dictionary of Mammals. JHU Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-9533-3. vteExtant species of subfamily Murinae (Aethomys–Chrotomys) Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordate Class: Mammalia Superorder: Euarchontoglires Order: Rodentia Family: Muridae AethomysDivisionAethomys(Bush rats) Bocage's rock rat (A. bocagei) red rock rat (A. chrysophilus) Grant's rock mouse (A. (Micaelamys) granti) Hinde's rock rat (A. hindei) Tete veld aethomys (A. ineptus) Kaiser's rock rat (A. kaiseri) Namaqua rock rat (A. (Micaelamys) namaquensis) Nyika rock rat (A. nyikae) Selinda veld rat (A. silindensis) Tinfields rock rat (A. stannarius) Thomas's rock rat (A. thomasi) ApodemusDivisionApodemus(Old worldfield mice) striped field mouse (A. agrarius) Alpine field mouse (A. alpicola) small Japanese field mouse (A. argenteus) A. avicennicus Chevrier's field mouse (A. chevrieri) South China field mouse (A. draco) Western broad-toothed field mouse (A. epimelas) yellow-necked mouse (A. flavicollis) Himalayan field mouse (A. gurkha) Caucasus field mouse (A. hyrcanicus) Sichuan field mouse (A. latronum) Eastern broad-toothed field mouse (A. mystacinus) Ward's field mouse (A. pallipes) Korean field mouse (A. peninsulae) Black Sea field mouse (A. ponticus) Kashmir field mouse (A. rusiges) Taiwan field mouse (A. semotus) large Japanese field mouse (A. speciosus) wood mouse (A. sylvaticus) Ural field mouse (A. uralensis ) Steppe field mouse (A. witherbyi) Tokudaia(Ryukyu spiny rats) Muennink's spiny rat (T. muenninki) Ryukyu spiny rat (T. osimensis) Tokunoshima spiny rat (T. tokunoshimensis) ArvicanthisDivisionArvicanthis(Unstripedgrass mice) Abyssinian grass rat (A. abyssinicus) Sudanian grass rat (A. ansorgei) Blick's grass rat (A. blicki) Nairobi grass rat (A. nairobae) Neumann's grass rat (A. neumanni) African grass rat (A. niloticus) Guinean grass rat (A. rufinus) Desmomys Harrington's rat (D. harringtoni) Yalden's rat (D. yaldeni) Lemniscomys(Stripedgrass mice) Barbary striped grass mouse (L. barbarus) Bellier's striped grass mouse (L. bellieri) Griselda's striped grass mouse (L. griselda) Hoogstraal's striped grass mouse (L. hoogstraali) Senegal one-striped grass mouse (L. linulus) Buffoon striped grass mouse (L. macculus) Mittendorf's striped grass mouse (L. mittendorfi) single-striped grass mouse (L. rosalia) Rosevear's striped grass mouse (L. roseveari) typical striped grass mouse (L. striatus) Heuglin's striped grass mouse (L. zebra) Mylomys African groove-toothed rat (M. dybowskii) Ethiopian mylomys (M. rex) Pelomys(Groove-toothedcreek rats) Bell groove-toothed swamp rat (P. campanae) Creek groove-toothed swamp rat (P. fallax) Hopkins's groove-toothed swamp rat (P. hopkinsi) Issel's groove-toothed swamp rat (P. isseli) least groove-toothed swamp rat (P. minor) Rhabdomys mesic four-striped grass rat (R. dilectus) four-striped grass mouse (R. pumilio) ChrotomysDivisionApomys Luzon Cordillera forest mouse (A. abrae) Luzon Aurora forest mouse (A. aurorae) Mount Banahaw forest mouse (A. banahao) Mount Tapulao forest mouse (A. brownorum) Camiguin forest mouse (A. camiguinensis) Luzon montane forest mouse (A. datae) large Mindoro forest mouse (A. gracilirostris) Mount Apo forest mouse (A. hylocoetes) Mindanao montane forest mouse (A. insignis) Mount Irid forest mouse (A. iridensis) Mindanao lowland forest mouse (A. littoralis) Lubang forest mouse (A. lubangensis) Luzon giant forest mouse (A. magnus) small Luzon forest mouse (A. microdon) Mount Mingan forest mouse (A. minganensis) least forest mouse (A. musculus) long-nosed Luzon forest mouse (A. sacobianus) Sierra Madre forest mouse (A. sierrae) Luzon Zambales forest mouse (A. zambalensis) Archboldomys Mount Isarog shrew-mouse (A. luzonensis) Large Cordillera shrew-mouse (A. maximus) Soricomys Soricomys kalinga Soricomys leonardocoi Southern Cordillera shrew-mouse (S. montanus) Sierra Madre shrew-mouse (S. musseri) Chrotomys(Luzonstriped rats) Isarog striped shrew-rat (C. gonzalesi) Mindoro striped rat (C. mindorensis) Sibuyan striped shrew-rat (C. sibuyanensis) blazed Luzon shrew-rat (C. silaceus) Luzon striped rat (C. whiteheadi) Rhynchomys(Shrewlike rats) Banahao shrew-rat (R. banahao) Isarog shrew-rat (R. isarogensis) Labo shrew-rat (R. labo) Mingan shrew-rat (R. mingan) Mount Data shrew-rat (R. soricoides) Tapulao shrew-rat (R. tapulao) See also Colomys–Golunda Hadromys–Maxomys Melasmothrix–Mus Oenomys–Pithecheir Pogonomys–Pseudomys Rattus Stenocephalomys–Xeromys Otomys Others Taxon identifiersAethomys hindei Wikidata: Q306793 Wikispecies: Aethomys hindei CoL: 65CM3 EoL: 1178643 GBIF: 2438169 iNaturalist: 45576 IRMNG: 10908802 ITIS: 585116 IUCN: 571 MDD: 1003034 MSW: 13001192 NCBI: 1416742 Open Tree of Life: 3608711 This Murinae article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Ninja_Warrior:_Challenge
American Ninja Warrior
["1 History","2 Format","2.1 Contestants","2.2 Obstacles","2.3 Qualifiers","2.4 Semifinals","2.5 National Finals","2.6 Presenters","3 Series overview","4 Seasons overview","4.1 2009–2011","4.2 2012–2015","4.3 2016–2019","4.4 2020–present","5 Special episodes","5.1 USA vs. The World","5.2 All-Stars","6 Awards and nominations","7 Broadcast","7.1 International broadcasts","8 Video game","9 Spin-offs","9.1 Ninja vs. Ninja","9.2 American Ninja Warrior Junior","10 Notes","11 References","12 External links"]
American competition television series For other uses, see Ninja Warrior (disambiguation). For the current season from 2024, see American Ninja Warrior season 16. American Ninja WarriorGenre Reality TV Game Show Based onSasukeby Ushio HiguchiDirected by Jay Hunter Patrick McManus Presented byBlair HerterAlison HaislipMatt IsemanJimmy SmithJonny MoseleyAngela SunAkbar Gbaja-BiamilaJenn BrownKristine LeahyZuri HallCountry of originUnited StatesOriginal languageEnglishNo. of seasons16No. of episodes225ProductionExecutive producers Craig Piligian Andrea Richter Arthur Smith Kent Weed Holly Wofford Viki Cacciatore Brian Richardson Anthony Storm Kristen Stabile Camera setupMulti-cameraRunning time36–128 minutesProduction companies Pilgrim Films & Television (season 1) A. Smith & Co. Productions (season 2 – present) Lake Paradise Entertainment (season 2–5) Tokyo Broadcasting System Universal Television Original releaseNetwork G4 NBC ReleaseDecember 12, 2009 (2009-12-12) –present (present)RelatedAmerican Ninja Challenge American Ninja Warrior (sometimes abbreviated as ANW) is an American sports entertainment reality show based on the Japanese television reality show Sasuke, which also serves as a successor of American Ninja Challenge. It features a set of obstacle courses in various cities, which contestants attempt to conquer. The obstacle courses are divided into Qualifiers courses, Semifinals courses, and a four-part Finals course which is based at Las Vegas Strip (sometimes called Mount Midoriyama). The contestant who finishes all the courses in the fastest time wins a cash prize of $1,000,000. Starting with season 10, if one remaining contestant fails on any of Finals course parts but has completed it more than the others in the fastest time, they win a consolatory $100,000 prize. The show is hosted by Matt Iseman (the show's moderator) and Akbar Gbaja-Biamila. To date, only Isaac Caldiero, Drew Drechsel, and Vance Walker have won the main cash prize. Furthermore, Geoff Britten and Daniel Gil are the only two runners-up who have achieved Total Victory. The series premiered on December 12, 2009, on cable channel G4. For the first three seasons, the show only screened a single qualifies and semifinals course while the top contestants travelled to Japan to compete at the Sasuke seasons' finals course. In 2012, the show changed its format by creating the fixed Finals course in Las Vegas and moved to NBC for its fourth season. In 2020, following COVID-19 restrictions, the show abolished the usual format and filmed a shorter season in St. Louis studio with no live audience. Production for the 13th season resumed in traditional format. In 2023, the series was renewed for 15th and 16th seasons, which are filmed simultaneously. The 15th season premiered on June 5, 2023, while the 16th season will premiere on June 3, 2024. History In late 2006, the American cable channel G4 began airing broadcasts of the Japanese sports entertainment television special Sasuke (subtitled or dubbed in English and re-titled Ninja Warrior). Coinciding with this, the channel held the first American Ninja Challenge, in which Americans gained the opportunity to be sent to compete on Sasuke. Over time, the semi-annual Sasuke broadcasts on G4 gained a cult following in the United States and eventually almost became the channel's most-watched broadcasts. This led to the creation of the American adaptation of the show, American Ninja Warrior, in 2009. American Ninja Warrior followed American Ninja Challenge as the qualifying route for Americans to enter Sasuke. Since the fourth season, American finalists compete on a nearly-identical finals course on the Las Vegas Strip instead of traveling to Japan to compete on Sasuke. NBC began broadcasting the city finals and national finals episodes in the fourth season. By the fifth season, G4 was set to be replaced by Esquire Network and had wound down all original programming except American Ninja Warrior by January 2013. Notably, the sideboard advertising along the fifth season's courses listed Esquire Network as the broadcaster because G4 was going to transition into Esquire Network by April 22, 2013—before the season premiere. However, the channel switch was delayed to September 23, 2013, and Esquire Network took over Style Network's channel space instead. As a result, NBC became the sole broadcaster of the original episodes while Esquire Network aired reruns until the eighth season. Format Contestants Before being eligible to compete, all contestants must first meet several requirements. There is no maximum age limit, but the minimum has consistently been lowered. For the first nine seasons, it was 21, then it was lowered to 19 for the next three seasons. Starting with season 13, specific teenagers from 15 are invited to the show as specific guests, while the minimum age lowered to 15 years was officially regulated in season 15. Contestants must fill out a 20-question questionnaire and make a video about themselves which would be displayed on the show before their runs. Video length requirements have varied from two to eight minutes, depending on the season (currently two to three minutes). Some of the contestants may be given more screen time, with full run and background shown; other runs may be shown briefly or edited out of the episode. Producer Anthony Storm said that the screen time is divided between athletes based on their performance, story originality, and the amount of competitions they have already participated in before. About 1,000 people applied to compete in the first season, 3,500 in the fifth season, 5,000 in the sixth season, 50,000 in the seventh season, 70,000 in the eighth season, and 77,000 in the ninth season. Producers then select 100 contestants from the applicants to participate in each qualifier. Until season 11, applicants could also camp outside a qualifying course and wait days or weeks to be one of the 10-30 participants selected as walk-ons. Beginning in Season 11, a lottery system was instituted to randomly select 15-20 walk-ons per qualifier. Obstacles The eighth season's obstacle Fly Wheels. Here, a contestant can only use the red hemispheres to cross the obstacle. The episode's obstacles are designed and produced five months prior to an episode taping, usually from fall to winter. They share similar visual appearance and colors: the red or blue plastic inserts are installed into suspensory metal constructions and mark the pathway through the obstacle. A pool of water is located beneath every obstacle, though some in earlier seasons had mats instead. If a competitor touches water at any time, his run ends. The producers may make adjustments to the obstacles to change their difficulty between competitions, but not during opened events. The competitors do not see and have no option to practice on the obstacle courses before their run, but are given instructions on the approach to them. By and large, the goal is to make 10 to 15% of competitors complete a single obstacle course. In the fourth season, each location contained one or two obstacles that differed between others. Since the fifth season, three to all five obstacles have differed. In the tenth season, the show's first underwater obstacle was introduced during Stage 2 of the National Finals. Since the twelfth season, some obstacles changed in appearance to look more vibrant after there was no need to change locations of events. Starting with season 13, contestants got to choose between two obstacles to complete on some occasions in qualifiers and semifinals called Split Decision. It has been considered a psychological challenge for the contestants and also a way to save up energy before next obstacles. The amount of new obstacles per season is regulated by NBC. Beginning with the ninth season, fans of the show have been given the opportunity to design their own obstacles through the ANW Obstacle Design Challenge. Qualifiers In each qualifying course, the competitors that have been selected compete on the first obstacle course which consists of six obstacles. Usually, the first and the third obstacles test the competitor's balance skills while the others are oriented on the upper body. However, since the 15th season the first obstacle is reconsidered as an upper body one. The final obstacle of all city qualifying courses, the Warped Wall, seen in Indianapolis. The Warped Wall serves as a sixth and final obstacle on every qualifiers course, while the competitors have three chances to complete it. In the first seven seasons, the wall reached a total height of 14 ft. In the eighth and ninth seasons, it was increased to 14'6". In the tenth season, the 18-foot "Mega Wall" was introduced adjacent to the Warped Wall. Competitors had only one attempt to reach the top of the Mega Wall and, if successful, they won $10,000. In the eleventh season, competitors were given the choice of which to climb; if they chose the Mega Wall, those who failed on their first attempt could earn $5,000 on their second attempt and $2,500 on their third if successful. From twelfth to fourteenth seasons, the structure of the Mega Wall returned to the season 10 rules. Starting with the fifteenth season, the Mega Wall was elevated to 18'6" and could only be attempted if competitors complete the course in under 1:20.00. At the top of both walls, a competitor presses a buzzer that stops the timer and records their time, ending their run on the course. The top 30 competitors who go the farthest in the least amount of time advance to the city finals course. Since the fifth season, competitors who complete the qualifiers automatically move on to the semifinals. Since the ninth season, the top five women also advance to the semifinals, even if they have not finished in the top 30. In the 15th season, the leaderboards for men and women have divided into top 13 men and top 5 women. Starting with season 15, a new qualifying segment, The Runoffs, was introduced. After all contestants of the night run their courses, the two competitors of men and women who finish outside of automatic semifinal spot compete against each other on a course of four obstacles introduced in previous seasons. The competitor who goes farther or faster than his opponent advances to semifinals, while the second runner is eliminated. From season 4 to 11, the qualifiers were called City Qualifiers and were held in various cities around the United States. However, after the shutdown of the series due to COVID-19 pandemic, all city qualifiers were suspended, while filming for the twelfth season was entirely held in St. Louis, while the current format of qualifiers was established and later implemented in future seasons. All qualifiers are now held in a single predetermined city, and the show covers all the contestants' expenses, including travel costs and accommodation. Showrunner Anthony Storm said that there is a chance that the series will return to the old model of qualifiers. Semifinals The semifinal courses are the follow-up to each qualifying course. They contain four new obstacles in addition to the six obstacles featured in the city qualifying course. These four obstacles are all placed after the original six obstacles. In the tenth season, two of the original six obstacles are replaced with new obstacles for the city finals course. The change was dropped the next season, but a season later all the original obstacles except the first and the warped wall were decided to be switched. There is no opportunity to run Mega Wall and receive $10,000. The extra set of obstacles mostly centers on the contestant's upper body skills. The top 15 or 12 competitors who go the farthest in the least amount of time from each city finals course move on to compete on the National Finals course. Since the fifth season, competitors who complete the city finals automatically move on to the National Finals. Since the ninth season, the top two women in each city finals course also move on to compete on the National Finals course, even if they do not finish in the top 15 or 12. Previously, many women had been granted wildcard slots, which allowed them to advance to the National Finals. Since the eighth season, small prizes ranging from $1,000 to $5,000 are awarded to first, second, and third finishers who complete the city finals course. Since the eleventh season, a new segment called Power Tower was introduced as an expansion to the semifinal course. The top two contestants would race against each other on a standalone course containing several obstacles simultaneously. The first who presses the buzzer on top of the Power Tower wins a Safety Pass, which allows one to retry a single National Finals course if needed. Starting with season 15, a new format was introduced to the semifinals. Now, instead of competing on an extended course, pairs of contestants will race against each other. The winners of head-to-head races and two losers who went faster and farther than others proceed to the National Finals. However, all competitors who complete the semifinals automatically move on to the National Finals in Vegas. For the first eleven seasons, the semifinals were called City Finals and were held after City Qualifiers in the same city and with the same contestants. In the first three seasons, there also was a semi-final course in between the City Finals and the National Finals courses, where the top 15 competitors from the City Finals course were narrowed down to 10 and then sent to Japan to compete on Sasuke. In the second and third seasons, this was referred to as "boot camp" and took place at a summer camp in Simi Valley, California. During this time, competitors trained together for multiple days and took part in pressure challenges. With the expansion of the series in its fourth season, there was no longer a need to narrow down competitors to 10, as they were no longer being sent to Japan, and this semi-finals course was removed. They were filmed back-to-back with city qualifiers over two nights. The City Finals were replaced with the current semifinal format in season 12 due to COVID-19 restrictions along with other show changes. Now, all semifinal courses are held at a lot in Universal Studios in Los Angeles. By contrast with City Finals, the number of semifinal nights is less than the qualifiers. National Finals In the first three seasons, the top 10 competitors from the semi-final advanced to a Sasuke finals course in Japan. Since season four (except for season 12), the show has its own finals course on the Las Vegas Strip known as "Mount Midoriyama." The National Finals course consists of four stages, each containing obstacles of increasing difficulty. The course is about the same size as four football fields and contains 22 or 23 obstacles. Stage 1 consists of eight obstacles, which test the competitors' agility and speed. The first stage is timed, and only the competitors who successfully complete it within 2:35 advance to Stage 2. Since season 15, it is not necessary to finish the course, but only the top 24 competitors will advance to Stage 2, independent of the number of finishers, a format similar to qualifier courses. For seasons 4 to 14, Stage 2 contained six obstacles that test competitors' strength and speed. Competitors must complete the course within a time limit in order to advance to Stage 3. The time limit through the first nine seasons was 4:00. In the tenth season, the time limit was increased by 30 seconds. After the stage, all unused Safety Passes expire and can be no longer used in further stages. Starting with the 15th season, Stage 2 resembles Semifinals format, where contestants race head to head, with 12 winners and 2 best losers (determined by additional head-to-head races among the 4 losers) advancing to Stage 3. Stage 3 consists of seven (eight until season 11) obstacles that test competitors' upper body and grip strength. It is the only stage in the National Finals that has no time limit. Like Stages 1 and 2, only the competitors who successfully complete Stage 3 move on to compete in Stage 4. Starting in Season 10, Stage 3 has a clock that counts up to determine any tiebreaking times should no contestant advance from Stage 3, since the format guarantees prize money to the contestant that advances the furthest on the course, and the tiebreaker is based on how fast the contestants reached the previous obstacle prior to failing. Stage 4 consists of a single obstacle, the Rope Climb, which is the final obstacle of the National Finals courses. Contestants must complete this rope climb in 30 seconds or less in order to be crowned as "American Ninja Warrior." The rope climb's height was 50 feet from the first through third seasons, and was increased to 65 feet in the fourth season. It has been increased since to 75 feet. From the second through seventh seasons, the fastest competitor to beat the final stage would receive the full prize money, regardless of whether other competitors completed Stage 4 as well. Beginning with the eighth season, if multiple competitors completed Stage 4, the competitors split the prize money. Presenters The broadcast position for host Matt Iseman and co-host Akbar Gbaja-Biamila, seen here in the eighth season alongside a city course During each episode, the play-by-play announcer and color commentator provide remarks on a competitor's run on the course while the sideline reporter introduces the obstacles during the beginning of the episode and interviews competitors. The commentators usually oversee not the whole course, instead they see the middle of the course and track the beginning and the end of the course via monitors. The series was originally hosted by G4's Blair Herter and Alison Haislip. In the second season, comedian and television host Matt Iseman joined the show, replacing Herter. Producers were fond of his knowledge of sports and lighthearted, enthusiastic delivery; he is also known by his pronunciation of the show's title. Additionally, MMA fighter Jimmy Smith was brought in as co-host while Haislip was assigned to the new sideline reporter position. The panel remained the same throughout season three. For season four, Olympic medalist Jonny Moseley was brought in as the new color commentator, replacing Smith. Producers believed his experience as a freestyle skier would bring a unique perspective to the series. Meanwhile, sportscaster and television presenter Angela Sun replaced Haislip. For season five, two newcomers were introduced. Sports analyst and former NFL player Akbar Gbaja-Biamila replaced Moseley, while ESPN sportscaster and model Jenn Brown replaced Sun as sideline reporter. Gbaja-Biamila was contacted to audition for the role of co-host in Los Angeles after being seen on the NFL Network by one of the series' executive producers. The panel remained the same for the next season. For season seven, CBS Sports reporter Kristine Leahy joined the show as the new sideline reporter, replacing Brown, and remained on the show through season 10. For the eleventh season, Access Hollywood and E! News correspondent Zuri Hall was appointed as new sideline reporter, replacing Leahy. Since then, the panel has remained the same. The presenters' booth is located on the course behind the Warped Wall. Usually, the presenters would see only the middle of a curved obstacle course, and would watch the beginning and the end of the runs via monitors. Series overview S. Duration Ep. National Finals Presenters Premiere Finale Winner's prize (Total Victory) Last Ninja Standing prize Venue Winners Result Commentators Sidelinereporter 1 December 12, 2009 December 19, 2009 8 None None Sasuke 23 (Japan) Levi Meeuwenberg Failed Stage 3 Blair Herter Alison Haislip None 2 December 8, 2010 December 23, 2010 10 $250,000 Sasuke 26 (Japan) David Campbell Matt Iseman Jimmy Smith Alison Haislip 3 July 31, 2011 August 21, 2011 10 $500,000 Sasuke 27 (Japan) 4 May 20, 2012 July 23, 2012 24 Las Vegas, Nevada Brent Steffensen Jonny Moseley Angela Sun 5 June 30, 2013 September 16, 2013 22 Brian Arnold Akbar Gbaja-Biamila Jenn Brown 6 May 26, 2014 September 8, 2014 15 Joe Moravsky 7 May 25, 2015 September 14, 2015 18 $1,000,000 Isaac Caldiero Achieved Total Victory Kristine Leahy 8 June 1, 2016 September 12, 2016 15 Drew Drechsel Failed Stage 3 9 June 12, 2017 September 18, 2017 18 Joe Moravsky 10 May 30, 2018 September 10, 2018 18 $100,000 Drew Drechsel 11 May 29, 2019 September 16, 2019 18 Drew Drechsel Achieved Total Victory ZuriHall 12 September 7, 2020 November 6, 2020 9 $100,000 None St. Louis Daniel Gil Won Power Tower Playoff 13 May 31, 2021 September 13, 2021 15 $1,000,000 $100,000 Las Vegas, Nevada Kaden Lebsack Failed Stage 4 14 June 6, 2022 August 29, 2022 14 15 June 5, 2023 September 11, 2023 14 Vance Walker Achieved Total Victory 16 June 3, 2024 2024 TBA TBA TBA   Indicates champions who received winner's prize. Seasons overview 2009–2011 The first season of American Ninja Warrior began production in July 2009. The season premiered on December 12, 2009, on G4, and concluded on December 19, 2009. It consisted of eight half-hour episodes. The qualifying and semifinals rounds took place in Venice Beach, where a tryout was opened, meaning, competitors from across the United States had to fly themselves there to compete. Levi Meeuwenberg was the Last Man Standing, having gone the farthest in the least amount of time among the American competitors on Sasuke 23. The second season premiered on December 8, 2010, on G4, and concluded on December 23, 2010, after 10 hour-long episodes. Qualifying and semifinals were held in Venice Beach in August. Out of the 10 competitors sent to Japan to compete on Sasuke 26, five completed Stage 1, four completed Stage 2, while none completed Stage 3. David Campbell was the Last Man Standing, having been the American gone the farthest in the least amount of time on Stage 3. The third season had the same format as the second season but aired in the summer. Qualifying and semifinals were held in Venice Beach in May. It premiered on July 31, 2011, on G4, and concluded on August 21, 2011. The finale was aired again on August 22, 2011, as a two-hour primetime special on NBC. In addition to the 10 Americans sent to compete on Sasuke, one fan of ANW got the chance to compete as well. This was the result of an eBay auction in which proceeds were sent to the American Red Cross to help with recovery efforts following the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami in Japan. During Sasuke 27, four of the six competitors who reached Stage 3 were American—a new record. Previously, only one American would reach Stage 3 per Sasuke competition. David Campbell was again the Last Man Standing, having gone the farthest in the least amount of time among the American competitors on Stage 3. 2012–2015 Filming at the entrance of the course at Venice Beach during the fourth season The fourth season was notable for differentiating American Ninja Warrior from Sasuke. Following the ratings success of the third season's NBC primetime special, the fourth season aired on both G4 and NBC. It premiered on May 20, 2012, on G4, and concluded on July 23, 2012, on NBC. Regional qualifying was aired on G4, while the regional finals courses aired on NBC. With an increased production budget, preliminary rounds were held in three locations across the United States. Six regional competitions took place in Venice Beach, Dallas, and Miami. During the National Finals, which were held for the first time in Las Vegas, Brent Steffensen was the only competitor to reach Stage 3 and became the Last Man Standing. He went further on Stage 3 than any American had ever gone before, including on Sasuke. The fifth season premiered on June 30, 2013, on G4, and concluded on September 16, 2013, on NBC. City qualifying and finals courses aired on both G4 and NBC. City competitions were held in four cities. During a qualifying round, Jessie Graff became the first woman to qualify for a city finals course. During the National Finals, 41-year-old Joyce Shahboz became the first woman to compete there twice in two years, while Brian Arnold fell on the final obstacle of Stage 3 and won the title of Last Man Standing. The sixth season premiered on May 26, 2014, and concluded on September 8, 2014, with original episodes airing solely on NBC. During qualifiers, Kacy Catanzaro became the first female competitor to make it up the Warped Wall. Later in the city finals, she became the first woman to complete a city finals course. Catanzaro's two runs have been described as the first "viral moment" of the show and are credited with increasing the seventh season's submissions ten times over. During the National Finals, Joe Moravsky fell on the antepenultimate obstacle of Stage 3 and became the sixth season's Last Man Standing. The seventh season premiered on May 25, 2015, and ended on September 14, 2015. A special military edition was held in front of the USS Iowa in San Pedro for competitors who are either current or former members of the U.S. Armed Forces in addition to five base locations. During the National Finals, a record of 38 competitors completed Stage 1, and 8 athletes completed Stage 2, and both Isaac Caldiero and Geoff Britten completed Stage 3, marking the first time any competitor completed it in the regular season. During Stage 4, Britten completed the rope climb in 0:29.65 seconds, becoming the first American Ninja Warrior for being the first to complete all six courses (city qualifying, city finals, and all four stages of Mount Midoriyama) in a single season, while Caldiero completed the rope climb in 0:26.14 seconds, earning the champion title and the $1,000,000 prize due to him having the fastest time, therefore becoming the second American Ninja Warrior. 2016–2019 The eighth season of the series began on June 1, 2016, and concluded on September 12, 2016. The eighth season marked a 40 percent increase in the number of female submission videos from the previous season. During the finals in Philadelphia, no competitor completed the course for the first time in the series' history. During National Finals, Jessie Graff became the first woman to complete Stage 1. However, only 17 competitors advanced to Stage 2, marking the lowest number in the series' history. Only two of them, Drew Drechsel and Daniel Gil, managed to beat Stage 2, but none of them completed Stage 3. Dreschel fell further on the course and was declared the Last Man Standing. The ninth season premiered on June 12, 2017, and ended on September 18, 2017. A record of 41 competitors successfully completed Stage 1 during the National Finals, while Allyssa Beird became the second woman to complete it. Stage 2 saw every competitor eliminated except for three veterans. However, none of them could complete Stage 3. Joe Moravsky fell on the penultimate obstacle and became the Last Man Standing. The tenth season began airing on May 30, 2018, and ended on September 10, 2018. For the first time in show's history, a Last Ninja Standing prize of $100,000 was introduced. The first city qualifying, held in Los Angeles, was dedicated to the release of Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom and featured cameo appearances of Chris Pratt and Bryce Dallas Howard. Drew Drechsel and Sean Bryan were the only competitors to reach Stage 3 of National Finals both fell during their runs. Dreschel and Bryan fell on the same obstacle, but the former made it faster to it, making him Last Ninja Standing. The eleventh season started its premiere on May 29, 2019, and ended on September 16, 2019. City competitions were held in six locations. One of them featured obstacles dedicated to the release of Angry Birds Movie 2. New rules regarding the Mega Wall obstacle, which was introduced in the previous season, came into effect. Competitors were given three chances to make it up the wall, but the prize money decreased after each attempt, starting at $10,000, then decreasing to $5,000, and finally $2,500. During the National Finals, 28 of the 86 finalists completed Stage 1, and a record 21 athletes completed Stage 2. Drew Drechsel and Daniel Gil completed Stage 3. Daniel Gil was not able to complete the rope climb on Stage 4 in the 30-second time limit, but Drew Drechsel was able to climb it in 0:27.46 seconds, earning him the $1,000,000 prize and becoming the third American Ninja Warrior. 2020–present On January 22, 2020, the series was renewed for a twelfth season, which premiered on September 7, 2020. Qualifying cities originally included returns to Los Angeles and St. Louis with a new location, Washington, D.C., with the National Finals initially set to be held in Las Vegas. However, production of the season was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic, being interrupted in the middle of production on the show, a day before filming was set to begin. Instead, a reduced season, consisting of eight episodes, only returned to St. Louis and was fully filmed at The Dome at America's Center. ANW was the first NBC series to have completed a full season of episodes during the pandemic. The schedule for each episodes changed multiple times, switching from one timeslot to another. For the first time, a Spanish-language version airs on Telemundo. 150 athletes, which were 50 notable contestants and two teammates for each one, participated in the season. The season finals course consisted of 10 obstacles, with top 8 contestants moving for a face-to-face knockout stage on the Power Tower. Daniel Gil won over Austin Gray in the final playoff stage and earned a reduced $100,000 prize. Drew Dreschel, the winner of the previous season, was put under arrest with charges related to sexual misconduct on August 4, 2020, six days after filming of the season completed. At the moment of his arrest, his lawyer claimed Dreschel would plead "not guilty", but on June 19, 2023, he officially pled guilty, now awaiting the decision of the court. His case was terminated on June 1, 2023. NBC Sports responded to his arrest by cutting ties with him and removing any mentions of him out of the season, including his appearance in special episodes. However, his two teammates were briefly shown. Per his teammates, Dreschel had not reached the Power Tower playoffs. The thirteenth season consists of 12 episodes aired from May 31 to September 13, 2021. For this season, several invitations to compete have been sent to teenagers from 15 to 19 years who made achievements in spin-off shows despite no official age lowering was announced. The season format had the filming of 5 qualifying episodes in the Tacoma Dome in Seattle/Tacoma, with the 4 semifinals taped at Universal Studios Hollywood in Los Angeles. The finals returned to its usual spot on Las Vegas Strip. In the National Finals, Jesse Labreck became the third woman to complete Stage 1 of the regular season. Four contestants made it to Stage 3, two of whom were teenagers. 15-year old Kaden Lebsack was the only one to complete Stage 3, but timed out on Rope Climb and became Last Ninja Standing. The fourteenth season consists of 12 episodes. The season format is similar to the previous season, but the filming of qualifying episodes was moved to the Alamodome in San Antonio. One of the qualifying nights included a Minion-themed balance obstacle dedicated to the release of Minions: The Rise of Gru. The qualifiers saw the record 10 people complete the Mega Wall, while 15-year-old Jordan Carr became the youngest to complete the Warped Wall. Five contestants have passed Stage 3 of the National Finals, but all of them failed to complete the Rope Climb in under 30 seconds; Kaden Lebsack became Last Ninja Standing for the second consecutive time. The fifteenth season consists of 14 episodes. The season saw a few changes. First, competitors who ranked 12 and 13 (or 4 and 5 for women) raced for the final spot in a Runoff. Second, the semifinals was all races (seeded 1 vs 24, 1 vs 8). Third, the top 24 competitors would advance to Stage Two, regardless of completing the course. Fourth, Stage Two was just like the Semifinals with races, but the four fastest losers would compete in Runoffs. This guaranteed a minimum of 14 competitors would advance to Stage Three. Taylor Greene made history by hitting two buzzers in her first two runs. Also, she went farther than any women this season and being the youngest woman to do so at the age of fifteen. A record-breaking eight reached Stage 4. Only two completed the rope climb: Daniel Gil, who finished in 27.99 seconds and became the fourth American Ninja Warrior, and Vance Walker, who clocked in at 26.75 seconds, being the fifth American Ninja Warrior and the champion. The sixteenth season is set to premiere on June 3, 2024. Special episodes USA vs. The World Main article: American Ninja Warrior: USA vs. The World Special Air date Champions Runner-up 3rd Place 4th Place Commentators Sideline reporter 1 USA vs. Japan January 13, 2014 Team USA Team Japan — Matt Iseman and Akbar Gbaja-Biamila Jenn Brown 2 USA vs. The World September 15, 2014 Team Europe Team USA Team Japan — 3 January 31, 2016 Team USA Team Europe Kristine Leahy 4 June 4, 2017 Team Latin America 5 March 11, 2018 Team Europe Team USA Team Asia 6 January 27, 2019 Team USA Team Australia Team Europe — 7 January 26, 2020 Team Australia Team USA Zuri Hall NBC has aired seven international competitions in which the best ninjas of the season compete against teams from around the world, including Japan, Europe, Latin America, Asia, and Australia for the American Ninja Warrior: USA vs. The World trophy. They were usually filmed after the regular season of American Ninja Warrior finishes. The competitors race on the Las Vegas course used in the National Finals of the regular season. All of the international competitions have been hosted by the American variation's hosts and sideline reporters. The current title holders is Australia. All-Stars Ten special episodes of the series were aired by NBC, in which the best ninjas overall compete in teams and individually. Team competitions include lineups of five or three athletes picked by the show's hosts running the National Finals stages individually or in relay races, with the winner determined on Stage 4 based on the number of points received or on Stage 3 based on the number of completed obstacles. In individual competitions, contestants try to complete oversized obstacles, increasing in length after each round, and remain in competition when their opponents fail. One of the specials, subtitled "All-Stars Spectacular", ditched team competitions and entirely focused on skills challenges. An obstacle originated from the special episodes, Mega Wall, which is a supersized version of Warped Wall, was brought to the regular season as part of qualifier rounds. Its height reached 18'6 feet in the latest season, although in specials it could have been increased up to 19 feet. Three of all-stars competitions, retitled Women's Championship, only included 12 or 13 female competitors as they compete on two obstacle courses from qualifiers, semifinals, or National Finals. After each course they complete, they advance to a further round based on the leaderboard. After two rounds, the four remaining athletes proceed to a knockout stage, in which the winner earns a $50,000 prize. Awards and nominations Year Award Category Nominee Nominated for Result Ref. 2015 2015 Kids' Choice Awards Favorite Reality Show American Ninja Warrior Season 6 Nominated 2016 42nd People's Choice Awards Favorite Competition TV Show Season 7 Nominated 68th Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Competition Program Season 7 Nominated 2017 69th Primetime Emmy Awards Season 8 Nominated 2017 Kids' Choice Awards Favorite Reality Show Season 8 Nominated 43rd People's Choice Awards Favorite Competition TV Show Season 8 Nominated Producers Guild of America Awards Outstanding Producer of Competition Television Production Team Season 7, 8 Nominated 2018 Producers Guild of America Awards Outstanding Producer of Competition Television Production Team Season 9 Nominated 70th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Directing for a Reality Program Patrick McManus "Daytona Beach Qualifiers" Nominated Outstanding Picture Editing for a Structured or Competition Reality Program Editing Team Nominated 70th Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Competition Program American Ninja Warrior Season 9 Nominated 2019 71st Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Directing for a Reality Program Patrick McManus "Minneapolis City Qualifiers" Nominated 71st Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Competition Program American Ninja Warrior Season 9 Nominated 71st Directors Guild of America Awards Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Reality Programs Patrick McManus "Miami City Qualifiers" Nominated Broadcast Season Time slot (ET) Episodes Premiered Ended Channel/Network Season averages (NBC) Date Viewers(millions) Date Viewers(millions) Viewers (millions) 18–49 rating 1 Saturday 6:00 pm 8 December 12, 2009 — December 19, 2009 — G4 N/A N/A 2 Wednesday 8:00 pm 10 December 8, 2010 — December 23, 2010 — N/A N/A 3 Sunday 9:00 pm 10 July 31, 2011 0.38 August 21, 2011 0.25 N/A N/A 4 Monday 9:00 pm 24 May 20, 2012 0.34 July 23, 2012 4.87 G4NBC 5.46 2.0 5 Monday 8:00 pm 22 June 30, 2013 5.04 September 16, 2013 4.04 5.15 1.6 6 Monday 9:00 pm 15 May 26, 2014 4.65 September 8, 2014 5.21 NBC 5.33 1.8 7 Monday 8:00 pm 18 May 25, 2015 5.87 September 14, 2015 6.17 6.54 1.9 8 15 June 1, 2016 6.35 September 12, 2016 5.88 6.28 1.8 9 18 June 12, 2017 5.36 September 18, 2017 5.96 5.86 1.4 10 18 May 30, 2018 5.35 September 10, 2018 5.69 5.08 1.1 11 18 May 29, 2019 4.84 September 16, 2019 4.93 4.66 0.9 12 Irregular 9 September 7, 2020 3.66 November 6, 2020 2.97 3.02 0.5 13 Monday 8:00 pm 15 May 31, 2021 3.30 September 13, 2021 3.53 3.32 0.5 14 14 June 6, 2022 3.13 August 29, 2022 3.14 2.86 0.4 15 14 June 5, 2023 3.09 September 11, 2023 2.93 TBA TBA 16 TBA June 3, 2024 TBA TBA TBA TBA TBA International broadcasts The show is in syndication markets throughout the US and airs on local broadcast channels. At one point syndicated episodes were airing on MTV2 on Saturdays in August 2018. On August 12, 2019, the series began airing reruns on Nickelodeon. However, after airing just 10 episodes, the series was abruptly pulled from the schedule after August 23, 2019. In Australia and New Zealand, the show is broadcast on SBS2 (2013–2017), 9Go! (2018–present), TV3 and Four. On April 25, 2016, it was announced that Canadian broadcaster CTV picked up American Ninja Warrior for its 2016 summer broadcast schedule. In the United Kingdom and Ireland, the show is broadcast on Challenge and more recently on Sky Two. In Israel, the show is broadcast on Yes Action with the American version, and on Keshet 12 with its own version. In 2016, Croatian RTL started broadcasting the show. The show is also shown in Finland on Sub-TV. In the Netherlands the show was first broadcast in 2017 on SBS 6, where their own Ninja Warrior NL has been broadcast. In Norway it is broadcast on TV2 Zebra. The show also airs in South Africa, on SABC 3, airing Sunday afternoons 13:30. Video game "American Ninja Warrior: Challenge" redirects here. Not to be confused with American Ninja Challenge. A sports video game based on the series, American Ninja Warrior: Challenge, was released in North America on March 19, 2019 for PlayStation 4, Xbox One, and Nintendo Switch. It was developed by Gaming Corps Austin and published by GameMill Entertainment. Spin-offs Ninja vs. Ninja Main article: American Ninja Warrior: Ninja vs. Ninja On October 9, 2015, Esquire Network announced the first spin-off, which would feature 24 three-person teams (two men and one woman) of notable competitors, initially titled Team Ninja Warrior. The teams compete head-to-head against each other, running the course simultaneously, thus creating a new live duel dynamic (including crossing points, where the two competitors can affect the other's progress.) The two teams with the fastest times advance to the finale, where one team will be crowned the winner and receive a cash prize. Matt Iseman and Akbar Gbaja-Biamila returned as hosts alongside actor and journalist Alex Curry. The series was the channel's most-watched program in its history. On May 31, 2016, Esquire Network ordered a sixteen-episode second season that also included a five-episode special college edition that had college students go head-to-head against rival schools. On March 6, 2017, it was announced that Team Ninja Warrior will be moving to sibling cable channel USA Network as Esquire Network winds down its linear channel operations and relaunches as an online only service. The show's second season premiered on April 18, 2017. A third season of the show, which was re-titled American Ninja Warrior: Ninja vs. Ninja, aired on USA Network from March 1 to June 18, 2018. American Ninja Warrior Junior Main article: American Ninja Warrior Junior On May 2, 2018, the second spin-off, entitled American Ninja Warrior Junior, was announced. The first season premiered on Universal Kids on October 13, 2018, Matt Iseman and Akbar Gbaja-Biamila reprised their roles from ANW as hosts, with Olympic 2016 gold medalist Laurie Hernandez joining as co-host, guiding competitors in head-to-head challenges. The series featured 142 kids aged 9–14 competing ona course of miniature obstacles similar to the ones introduced in the original series. Similar to ANW, males and females run along the same course, and similarly to Ninja vs. Ninja editions, competitors participate in head-to-head runs. They are divided into three age groups: 9–10, 11–12 and 13–14, with each category coached by AWN competitors and other athletes. For the second season, 2012 Paralympic gold and silver medalist Victoria Arlen replaced Hernandez as sideline reporter. In May 2021, it was announced that the third season would be moving to Peacock. It premiered on September 9, 2021, and ended on December 9, 2021. The success of the spin-off made the producers consider the minimal age requirements to 15 years, as the young competitors would have to wait until they are nineteen in order to compete in the regular season. In the 13th and 14th seasons of the show, producers selected only the outstanding young competitors from the spin-off as "special guests" before it was fully enforced as regulars starting in 2023. Notes ^ Geoff Britten and Issac Caldiero achieved Total Victory, while Caldiero won the $1,000,000 grand prize. ^ Daniel Gil and Vance Walker achieved Total Victory, while Walker won the $1,000,000 grand prize. ^ 28th Producers Guild of America Awards nominees for "Outstanding Producer of Competition Television": Arthur Smith, Kent Weed, Anthony Storm, Brian Richardson, Kristen Stabile, David Markus, J.D. Pruess, D. 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Archived from the original on April 12, 2016. Retrieved October 24, 2015. ^ Former SDSU Football Star, And New Host of American Ninja Warrior Akbar Gbaja-Biamila Joined Scott & BR!. mighty1090.com (Radio broadcast). January 31, 2019. Retrieved February 1, 2019. ^ Lesley Goldberg (March 12, 2015). "'American Ninja Warrior' Taps New Co-Host for Season 7. (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on September 27, 2015. Retrieved March 26, 2022. ^ "NBC Announces Summer Premiere Dates for "America's Got Talent" and "American Ninja Warrior"". The Futon Critic. March 5, 2019. Retrieved March 5, 2019. ^ a b "American Ninja Warrior (Titles & Air Dates Guide)". epguides. January 10, 2019. Archived from the original on July 17, 2015. Retrieved January 21, 2019. ^ "G4 Announces Season Two of "American Ninja Warrior"". The Futon Critic. July 26, 2010. Retrieved January 19, 2009. ^ "G4 Heads to Japan for Third Season of "American Ninja Warrior" and Gives Fans the Opportunity to Support the Country's Relief Efforts Through the American Red Cross". The Futon Critic (Press release). April 28, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2019. ^ a b c "G4 and NBC Partner to Broadcast the New Season of "American Ninja Warrior" The World's Most Difficult and Action-Packed Obstacle Course Competition Series Airing Weekly This Summer". The Futon Critic (Press release). January 24, 2012. Retrieved January 19, 2019. ^ a b c d e "American Ninja Warrior – Listings". The Futon Critic. Retrieved January 25, 2019. ^ Levin, Gary (June 30, 2013). "'American Ninja Warrior' begins a new course". USA Today. Archived from the original on February 14, 2019. Retrieved February 1, 2019. ^ Iannetta, Jessica (July 18, 2014). "'American Ninja' star Kacy Catanzaro of N.J.: 'I didn't realize how many other people would care'". NJ.com. Advance Publications. Archived from the original on February 14, 2019. Retrieved February 1, 2019. ^ Garofalo, Alex (November 14, 2014). "Is 'American Ninja Warrior' A Sport? Weatherman Joe Moravsky Trains For Season 7 Amid Questions Of Sponsorship And Getting Paid". International Business Times. Archived from the original on September 24, 2018. Retrieved February 1, 2019. ^ "NBC's "American Ninja Warrior" Shows Its Strength with Fifth-Season Renewal" (Press release). August 13, 2015. Retrieved January 19, 2019 – via The Futon Critic. ^ Anderson, Jon R. (September 15, 2015). "Military 'Ninja' hopefuls fall to Mount Midoriyama". militarytimes.com. Sightline Media Group. Archived from the original on February 14, 2019. Retrieved February 1, 2019. ^ Moye, David (September 22, 2015). "NinjaGate: Who Is The True 'American Ninja Warrior'?". HuffPost. Archived from the original on February 14, 2019. Retrieved February 1, 2019. ^ Petski, Denise (February 14, 2019). "'American Ninja Warrior' Renewed For Season 8 By NBC". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on February 15, 2019. Retrieved February 14, 2019. ^ a b Lee, Nikki (September 15, 2017). "First Look: Allyssa Beird's Stage Two run". American Ninja Warrior Nation. SB Nation. Archived from the original on February 14, 2019. Retrieved February 12, 2019. ^ Barnes, Katie (September 13, 2016). "This season of 'American Ninja Warrior' was a game-changer for women". ESPN. Archived from the original on February 14, 2019. Retrieved February 12, 2019. ^ Lee, Nikki (September 10, 2018). "National Finals finale recap: Season 10 closes with monster courses". American Ninja Warrior Nation. SB Nation. Archived from the original on February 14, 2019. Retrieved February 13, 2019. ^ Ninja Warrior (March 5, 2019). "Are you ready to overcome the next big obstacle?" (Tweet). Retrieved March 5, 2019 – via Twitter. ^ ""American Ninja Warrior" Flies Into Its Twelfth Season Renewal on NBC" (Press release). NBC. January 21, 2020. Retrieved January 22, 2020 – via The Futon CriticIn a press release, NBC has mistakengly referrred to the season as "ninth".{{cite press release}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link) ^ "American Ninja Warrior taping in Los Angeles postponed due to coronavirus COVID-19". March 12, 2020. Archived from the original on October 5, 2020. Retrieved May 25, 2020. ^ Joshua R. Smith (May 23, 2020). "Urbana grad and stuntwoman Jessie Graff injects The Rock's 'Titan Games' with her star power". The Frederick News-Post. Archived from the original on October 5, 2020. Retrieved May 26, 2020. ^ "Season 12 of NBC's Four-Time Emmy Award-Nominated Athletic Competition Series American Ninja Warrior Will Premiere Monday, Sept. 7" (Press release). NBC. August 12, 2020. Retrieved August 12, 2020 – via The Futon Critic. ^ "Telemundo estrena ANW en espoñol para Estados Unitos" . TTV news (in Spanish). April 17, 2020. Retrieved July 10, 2023. ^ a b Del Rosario, Alexandra (August 5, 2020). "ANW cuts ties with Drew Dreschel". Retrieved July 10, 2023. ^ Dehart, Andy (June 19, 2023). "Drew Dreschel plead guilty". realityblurred. Retrieved July 10, 2023. ^ "United States v. Andrew Dreschel". CourtListener. July 11, 2023. Retrieved July 11, 2023. ^ Dehart, Andy (October 21, 2020). "How Drew Dreschel competed on season 12 of American Ninja Warrior". realityblurred. Retrieved July 10, 2023. ^ Lee, Nikki (April 17, 2018). "Mega Wall debuts in season 10". ^ "Kids' Choice Awards 2015: The Complete Winners List". The Hollywood Reporter. March 28, 2015. Archived from the original on February 9, 2016. Retrieved March 26, 2022. ^ "2016 Winners and highlights". CBS News. January 6, 2016. Archived from the original on January 9, 2016. Retrieved January 10, 2019. ^ a b "American Ninja Warrior – Awards & Nominations". Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. Archived from the original on January 10, 2019. Retrieved January 9, 2019. ^ Vulpo, Mike (March 11, 2017). "Kids' Choice Awards 2017 Winners: The Complete List". E! Online. Archived from the original on January 10, 2019. Retrieved March 26, 2022. ^ "People's Choice Awards Nominees 2017 — Full List". Deadline. November 15, 2016. Archived from the original on May 3, 2017. Retrieved January 10, 2019. ^ "2017 PGA Awards Winners". Producers Guild of America. Archived from the original on August 16, 2018. Retrieved January 9, 2019. ^ "2018 PGA Awards Winners". Producers Guild of America. Archived from the original on August 9, 2019. Retrieved January 9, 2019. ^ "DGA Announces Nominees for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Television, Commercials and Documentary for 2018". Directors Guild of America. January 7, 2019. Archived from the original on January 10, 2019. Retrieved January 9, 2019. ^ "Sunday's Cable Ratings: "True Blood" Still on Top for HBO". The Futon Critic. August 4, 2011. Retrieved August 6, 2018. ^ "Sunday's Cable Ratings: Season Highs for "Keeping Up With the Kardashians," "True Blood"". The Futon Critic. August 16, 2011. Retrieved August 6, 2018. ^ "Sunday's Cable Ratings: Spurs/Clippers Best "Thrones," "Kardashians"". The Futon Critic. May 22, 2012. Archived from the original on September 13, 2012. Retrieved January 28, 2019. ^ a b c "SpotVault – American Ninja Warrior (NBC) – Summer 2012". Spotted Ratings. May 23, 2012. Archived from the original on August 8, 2018. Retrieved January 28, 2019. ^ a b c d "SpotVault – American Ninja Warrior (NBC) – Summer 2013 Ratings". Spotted Ratings. July 4, 2013. Archived from the original on August 8, 2018. Retrieved August 7, 2018. ^ a b c d "American Ninja Warrior: Summer 2014 Ratings". TV Series Finale. September 16, 2014. Retrieved October 21, 2015. ^ a b c d "American Ninja Warrior: Season Seven Ratings". TV Series Finale. September 8, 2015. Retrieved October 21, 2015. ^ a b c d "American Ninja Warrior: Season Eight Ratings". TV Series Finale. September 13, 2015. Retrieved September 13, 2016. ^ a b c d "American Ninja Warrior: Season Nine Ratings". TV Series Finale. September 19, 2017. Retrieved September 23, 2017. ^ a b c d "American Ninja Warrior: Season 10 Ratings". TV Series Finale. September 11, 2018. Retrieved January 28, 2019. ^ a b c d "American Ninja Warrior: Season 11 Ratings". TV Series Finale. September 17, 2019. Retrieved June 6, 2023. ^ Metcalf, Mitch (September 10, 2020). "UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Monday Cable & Network Finals: 9.7.2020". Show Buzz Daily. Archived from the original on September 12, 2020. Retrieved September 10, 2020. ^ Metcalf, Mitch (November 9, 2020). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 11.6.2020". Showbuzz Daily. Archived from the original on November 9, 2020. Retrieved November 10, 2020. ^ a b "American Ninja Warrior: Season 12 Ratings". TV Series Finale. November 7, 2020. Retrieved June 6, 2023. ^ Berman, Marc (June 1, 2021). "Monday Ratings: NBC Game Show 'Small Fortune' and Fox's Animal 'Housebroken' Off to Sluggish Starts". Programming Insider. Retrieved June 13, 2021. ^ Metcalf, Mitch (September 14, 2021). "Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 9.13.2021". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved September 14, 2021. ^ a b "American Ninja Warrior: Season 13 Ratings". TV Series Finale. September 14, 2021. Retrieved June 6, 2023. ^ Metcalf, Mitch (June 7, 2022). "Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 6.6.2022". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved June 20, 2022. ^ Salem, Mitch (August 30, 2022). "Monday 8.29.2022 Top 150 Cable Originals & Network Finals". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved August 30, 2022. ^ a b "American Ninja Warrior: Season 14 Ratings". TV Series Finale. August 30, 2022. Retrieved June 6, 2023. ^ Salem, Mitch (June 7, 2023). "Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 6.5.2023". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved June 7, 2023. ^ Douglas Pucci (September 12, 2023). "Monday Ratings: Monday Night Football Kicked Off its 54th Season on ABC, ESPN and ESPN2". Retrieved September 13, 2023. ^ "Watch Australian Ninja Warrior Season 5, Catch up TV". 9now. Archived from the original on September 13, 2020. Retrieved February 16, 2019. ^ "Competition series 'American Ninja Warrior' to make Canadian debut this summer on CTV". CTV. February 16, 2019. Archived from the original on February 17, 2019. Retrieved February 16, 2019. ^ "Ninja Warrior". challenge.co.uk. Archived from the original on February 17, 2019. Retrieved February 16, 2019. ^ "Compulite – Ninja Israel; the most extreme challenge in the world lands in Israel, with a spectacular lighting rig controlled by Compulite Vectors". compulite.com. Archived from the original on February 17, 2019. Retrieved February 16, 2019. ^ "Najbolji ninja ratnici". RTL (in Croatian). Archived from the original on February 17, 2019. Retrieved February 16, 2019. ^ "Talpa Network". consent.talpanetwork.com. Archived from the original on February 17, 2019. Retrieved February 16, 2019. ^ "TV 2 Zebra". tv2.no. Archived from the original on April 5, 2019. Retrieved April 26, 2019. ^ Semel, Paul (March 27, 2019). "American Ninja Warrior: Challenge". Common Sense Media. Retrieved August 16, 2020. ^ Shanley, Patrick (January 23, 2019). "'American Ninja Warrior' Video Game Coming in March". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved March 26, 2022. ^ "Esquire Network orders New High-Octane Competition Series "Team Ninja Warrior"". The Futon Critic. Futon Media. October 9, 2015. Retrieved October 20, 2015. ^ a b "Esquire Network Announces Second Season of Hit Series "Team Ninja Warrior"" (Press release). May 31, 2016. Retrieved May 31, 2016 – via TheFuton Critic. ^ Andreeva, Nellie (March 6, 2017). "'Team Ninja Warrior' Moving To USA As Sibling Esquire Shuts Down Linear Service". Deadline Hollywood. ^ "Competition Series "Team Ninja Warrior" Moves to USA Network" (Press release). USA Network. March 16, 2017. Retrieved July 10, 2023 – via TheFutonCritic. ^ Otterson, Joe (July 25, 2018). "'American Ninja Warrior Junior' Sets Premiere Date, Adds Olympian Laurie Hernandez as Co-Host (Exclusive)". Variety. Archived from the original on July 29, 2018. ^ Nordyke, Kimberly (July 8, 2019). "'American Ninja Warrior Junior' Taps Victoria Arlen as Co-Host for Season 2". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on July 10, 2019. ^ White, Peter (May 13, 2021). "Amy Poehler's 'Baking It', Spinoffs From 'Top Chef' & 'Below Deck' Cooked Up For Peacock". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved May 13, 2021. ^ Pedersen, Erik (August 19, 2021). "Peacock Sets Premiere Dates For 'American Ninja Warrior Junior' Season 3, New 'Frogger' & 'Top Chef Family Style' – Watch The Trailers". Deadline Hollywood. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to American Ninja Warrior. Official website American Ninja Warrior Nation Official website American Ninja Warrior at IMDb vteAmerican Ninja WarriorSeasons 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Related American Ninja Warrior Junior American Ninja Warrior: Challenge American Ninja Warrior: Ninja vs. Ninja American Ninja Warrior: USA vs. The World American Ninja Challenge Category vteNinja WarriorVersionsJapan Sasuke men Competitions Kunoichi (women) USA American Ninja Challenge American Ninja Warrior 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Ninja vs. Ninja Junior USA vs. The World UK Ninja Warrior UK 1 2 3 4 5 6 Germany Ninja Warrior Germany Australia Australian Ninja Warrior 1 2 3 4 5 6 Events Warped wall (soritatsu kabe) Category vteNBC programming (current and upcoming)Primetime American Ninja Warrior (since 2011) America's Got Talent (since 2006) Chicago Fire (since 2012) Chicago Med (since 2015) Chicago P.D. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ninja Warrior (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninja_Warrior_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"American Ninja Warrior season 16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Ninja_Warrior_season_16"},{"link_name":"sports entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_entertainment"},{"link_name":"reality show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reality_show"},{"link_name":"Sasuke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasuke_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"American Ninja Challenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Ninja_Challenge"},{"link_name":"Las Vegas Strip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_Strip"},{"link_name":"Matt Iseman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Iseman"},{"link_name":"Akbar Gbaja-Biamila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbar_Gbaja-Biamila"},{"link_name":"Isaac Caldiero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Caldiero"},{"link_name":"Geoff Britten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoff_Britten"},{"link_name":"G4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G4_(American_TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC"},{"link_name":"COVID-19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19"},{"link_name":"St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S15-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S16-3"}],"text":"For other uses, see Ninja Warrior (disambiguation).For the current season from 2024, see American Ninja Warrior season 16.American Ninja Warrior (sometimes abbreviated as ANW) is an American sports entertainment reality show based on the Japanese television reality show Sasuke, which also serves as a successor of American Ninja Challenge. It features a set of obstacle courses in various cities, which contestants attempt to conquer. The obstacle courses are divided into Qualifiers courses, Semifinals courses, and a four-part Finals course which is based at Las Vegas Strip (sometimes called Mount Midoriyama). The contestant who finishes all the courses in the fastest time wins a cash prize of $1,000,000. Starting with season 10, if one remaining contestant fails on any of Finals course parts but has completed it more than the others in the fastest time, they win a consolatory $100,000 prize. The show is hosted by Matt Iseman (the show's moderator) and Akbar Gbaja-Biamila. To date, only Isaac Caldiero, Drew Drechsel, and Vance Walker have won the main cash prize. Furthermore, Geoff Britten and Daniel Gil are the only two runners-up who have achieved Total Victory.The series premiered on December 12, 2009, on cable channel G4. For the first three seasons, the show only screened a single qualifies and semifinals course while the top contestants travelled to Japan to compete at the Sasuke seasons' finals course. In 2012, the show changed its format by creating the fixed Finals course in Las Vegas and moved to NBC for its fourth season. In 2020, following COVID-19 restrictions, the show abolished the usual format and filmed a shorter season in St. Louis studio with no live audience. Production for the 13th season resumed in traditional format. In 2023, the series was renewed for 15th and 16th seasons, which are filmed simultaneously. The 15th season premiered on June 5, 2023, while the 16th season will premiere on June 3, 2024.[2][3]","title":"American Ninja Warrior"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"G4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G4_(U.S._TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"Sasuke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasuke_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TFC_Aug._2016-4"},{"link_name":"American Ninja Challenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Ninja_Challenge"},{"link_name":"cult following","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cult_following"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TFC_Jul._2009-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT_2011-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ANWN_Evolution_1%E2%80%934-7"},{"link_name":"fourth season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Ninja_Warrior_season_4"},{"link_name":"Las Vegas Strip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_Strip"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WP_2012-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ANWN_Evolution_1%E2%80%934-7"},{"link_name":"Esquire Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esquire_Network"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Esquire_Ad-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ANWN_Evolution_5%E2%80%937-10"}],"text":"In late 2006, the American cable channel G4 began airing broadcasts of the Japanese sports entertainment television special Sasuke (subtitled or dubbed in English and re-titled Ninja Warrior).[4] Coinciding with this, the channel held the first American Ninja Challenge, in which Americans gained the opportunity to be sent to compete on Sasuke. Over time, the semi-annual Sasuke broadcasts on G4 gained a cult following in the United States and eventually almost became the channel's most-watched broadcasts. This led to the creation of the American adaptation of the show, American Ninja Warrior, in 2009.[5][6] American Ninja Warrior followed American Ninja Challenge as the qualifying route for Americans to enter Sasuke.[7]Since the fourth season, American finalists compete on a nearly-identical finals course on the Las Vegas Strip instead of traveling to Japan to compete on Sasuke.[8] NBC began broadcasting the city finals and national finals episodes in the fourth season.[7]By the fifth season, G4 was set to be replaced by Esquire Network and had wound down all original programming except American Ninja Warrior by January 2013. Notably, the sideboard advertising along the fifth season's courses listed Esquire Network as the broadcaster[9] because G4 was going to transition into Esquire Network by April 22, 2013—before the season premiere. However, the channel switch was delayed to September 23, 2013, and Esquire Network took over Style Network's channel space instead. As a result, NBC became the sole broadcaster of the original episodes while Esquire Network aired reruns until the eighth season.[10]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Format"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WashTimes-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ANW_Casting-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AS_2022-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9factsaboutanw-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WUFT_2013-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-racked2015-16"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9factsaboutanw-14"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NPR_2016-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ANWN_Mar._2017-18"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9factsaboutanw-14"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S11_Lottery-19"}],"sub_title":"Contestants","text":"Before being eligible to compete, all contestants must first meet several requirements. There is no maximum age limit, but the minimum has consistently been lowered. For the first nine seasons, it was 21, then it was lowered to 19 for the next three seasons. Starting with season 13, specific teenagers from 15 are invited to the show as specific guests, while the minimum age lowered to 15 years was officially regulated in season 15. Contestants must fill out a 20-question questionnaire and make a video about themselves which would be displayed on the show before their runs.[11] Video length requirements have varied from two to eight minutes, depending on the season (currently two to three minutes).[12] Some of the contestants may be given more screen time, with full run and background shown; other runs may be shown briefly or edited out of the episode. Producer Anthony Storm said that the screen time is divided between athletes based on their performance, story originality, and the amount of competitions they have already participated in before.[13]About 1,000 people applied to compete in the first season,[14] 3,500 in the fifth season,[15] 5,000 in the sixth season,[16] 50,000 in the seventh season,[14] 70,000 in the eighth season,[17] and 77,000 in the ninth season.[18] Producers then select 100 contestants from the applicants to participate in each qualifier. Until season 11, applicants could also camp outside a qualifying course and wait days or weeks to be one of the 10-30 participants selected as walk-ons.[14] Beginning in Season 11, a lottery system was instituted to randomly select 15-20 walk-ons per qualifier.[19]","title":"Format"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:American_Ninja_Warrior_Fly_Wheels_obstacle_Indianapolis_2016.jpg"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AS_2021-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ANWN_Course_Evolution-21"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AS_2022-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AS_2022-13"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AS_2021-20"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USAT_S9-22"},{"link_name":"underwater obstacle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obstacle_swimming"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DN_2018-23"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AS_2021-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ANWN_Course_Evolution-21"}],"sub_title":"Obstacles","text":"The eighth season's obstacle Fly Wheels. Here, a contestant can only use the red hemispheres to cross the obstacle.The episode's obstacles are designed and produced five months prior to an episode taping, usually from fall to winter.[20][21] They share similar visual appearance and colors: the red or blue plastic inserts are installed into suspensory metal constructions and mark the pathway through the obstacle. A pool of water is located beneath every obstacle, though some in earlier seasons had mats instead.[13] If a competitor touches water at any time, his run ends. The producers may make adjustments to the obstacles to change their difficulty between competitions, but not during opened events.[13] The competitors do not see and have no option to practice on the obstacle courses before their run, but are given instructions on the approach to them.[20] By and large, the goal is to make 10 to 15% of competitors complete a single obstacle course.[22]In the fourth season, each location contained one or two obstacles that differed between others. Since the fifth season, three to all five obstacles have differed. In the tenth season, the show's first underwater obstacle was introduced during Stage 2 of the National Finals.[23] Since the twelfth season, some obstacles changed in appearance to look more vibrant after there was no need to change locations of events. Starting with season 13, contestants got to choose between two obstacles to complete on some occasions in qualifiers and semifinals called Split Decision. It has been considered a psychological challenge for the contestants and also a way to save up energy before next obstacles.[20] The amount of new obstacles per season is regulated by NBC.[21]Beginning with the ninth season, fans of the show have been given the opportunity to design their own obstacles through the ANW Obstacle Design Challenge.","title":"Format"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:American_Ninja_Warrior_city_finals_course_Indianapolis_2016.jpg"},{"link_name":"Warped Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warped_wall"},{"link_name":"Indianapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis"},{"link_name":"Warped Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warped_wall"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ANWN_Evolution_8%E2%80%9310-24"},{"link_name":"St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AS_2022-13"}],"sub_title":"Qualifiers","text":"In each qualifying course, the competitors that have been selected compete on the first obstacle course which consists of six obstacles. Usually, the first and the third obstacles test the competitor's balance skills while the others are oriented on the upper body. However, since the 15th season the first obstacle is reconsidered as an upper body one.The final obstacle of all city qualifying courses, the Warped Wall, seen in Indianapolis.The Warped Wall serves as a sixth and final obstacle on every qualifiers course, while the competitors have three chances to complete it. In the first seven seasons, the wall reached a total height of 14 ft. In the eighth and ninth seasons, it was increased to 14'6\". In the tenth season, the 18-foot \"Mega Wall\" was introduced adjacent to the Warped Wall. Competitors had only one attempt to reach the top of the Mega Wall and, if successful, they won $10,000. In the eleventh season, competitors were given the choice of which to climb; if they chose the Mega Wall, those who failed on their first attempt could earn $5,000 on their second attempt and $2,500 on their third if successful. From twelfth to fourteenth seasons, the structure of the Mega Wall returned to the season 10 rules. Starting with the fifteenth season, the Mega Wall was elevated to 18'6\" and could only be attempted if competitors complete the course in under 1:20.00.At the top of both walls, a competitor presses a buzzer that stops the timer and records their time, ending their run on the course. The top 30 competitors who go the farthest in the least amount of time advance to the city finals course. Since the fifth season, competitors who complete the qualifiers automatically move on to the semifinals. Since the ninth season, the top five women also advance to the semifinals, even if they have not finished in the top 30.[24] In the 15th season, the leaderboards for men and women have divided into top 13 men and top 5 women.Starting with season 15, a new qualifying segment, The Runoffs, was introduced. After all contestants of the night run their courses, the two competitors of men and women who finish outside of automatic semifinal spot compete against each other on a course of four obstacles introduced in previous seasons. The competitor who goes farther or faster than his opponent advances to semifinals, while the second runner is eliminated.From season 4 to 11, the qualifiers were called City Qualifiers and were held in various cities around the United States. However, after the shutdown of the series due to COVID-19 pandemic, all city qualifiers were suspended, while filming for the twelfth season was entirely held in St. Louis, while the current format of qualifiers was established and later implemented in future seasons. All qualifiers are now held in a single predetermined city, and the show covers all the contestants' expenses, including travel costs and accommodation. Showrunner Anthony Storm said that there is a chance that the series will return to the old model of qualifiers.[13]","title":"Format"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ANWN_Evolution_8%E2%80%9310-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IBT_2016-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TFC_Nov._2009-26"},{"link_name":"Simi Valley, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simi_Valley,_California"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ANWN_Evolution_1%E2%80%934-7"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BaltSun_2011-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TFC_Nov._2010-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TFC_Jun._2011-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TFC_Mar._2012-30"},{"link_name":"Universal Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Studios"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"}],"sub_title":"Semifinals","text":"The semifinal courses are the follow-up to each qualifying course. They contain four new obstacles in addition to the six obstacles featured in the city qualifying course. These four obstacles are all placed after the original six obstacles. In the tenth season, two of the original six obstacles are replaced with new obstacles for the city finals course. The change was dropped the next season, but a season later all the original obstacles except the first and the warped wall were decided to be switched. There is no opportunity to run Mega Wall and receive $10,000. The extra set of obstacles mostly centers on the contestant's upper body skills.The top 15 or 12 competitors who go the farthest in the least amount of time from each city finals course move on to compete on the National Finals course. Since the fifth season, competitors who complete the city finals automatically move on to the National Finals. Since the ninth season, the top two women in each city finals course also move on to compete on the National Finals course, even if they do not finish in the top 15 or 12. Previously, many women had been granted wildcard slots, which allowed them to advance to the National Finals.[24] Since the eighth season, small prizes ranging from $1,000 to $5,000 are awarded to first, second, and third finishers who complete the city finals course.[25]Since the eleventh season, a new segment called Power Tower was introduced as an expansion to the semifinal course. The top two contestants would race against each other on a standalone course containing several obstacles simultaneously. The first who presses the buzzer on top of the Power Tower wins a Safety Pass, which allows one to retry a single National Finals course if needed.Starting with season 15, a new format was introduced to the semifinals. Now, instead of competing on an extended course, pairs of contestants will race against each other. The winners of head-to-head races and two losers who went faster and farther than others proceed to the National Finals. However, all competitors who complete the semifinals automatically move on to the National Finals in Vegas.For the first eleven seasons, the semifinals were called City Finals and were held after City Qualifiers in the same city and with the same contestants. In the first three seasons, there also was a semi-final course in between the City Finals and the National Finals courses, where the top 15 competitors from the City Finals course were narrowed down to 10 and then sent to Japan to compete on Sasuke.[26] In the second and third seasons, this was referred to as \"boot camp\" and took place at a summer camp in Simi Valley, California.[7][27] During this time, competitors trained together for multiple days and took part in pressure challenges.[28][29] With the expansion of the series in its fourth season, there was no longer a need to narrow down competitors to 10, as they were no longer being sent to Japan, and this semi-finals course was removed.[30] They were filmed back-to-back with city qualifiers over two nights. The City Finals were replaced with the current semifinal format in season 12 due to COVID-19 restrictions along with other show changes. Now, all semifinal courses are held at a lot in Universal Studios in Los Angeles. By contrast with City Finals, the number of semifinal nights is less than the qualifiers.","title":"Format"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sasuke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasuke_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Las Vegas Strip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_Strip"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-THR_2013-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DN_2017-32"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DN_2018-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DN_2018-23"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MLive-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TFC_MM_2012-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TFC_Winner-35"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IBT_2016-25"}],"sub_title":"National Finals","text":"In the first three seasons, the top 10 competitors from the semi-final advanced to a Sasuke finals course in Japan. Since season four (except for season 12), the show has its own finals course on the Las Vegas Strip known as \"Mount Midoriyama.\" The National Finals course consists of four stages, each containing obstacles of increasing difficulty. The course is about the same size as four football fields[31] and contains 22 or 23 obstacles.Stage 1 consists of eight obstacles, which test the competitors' agility and speed. The first stage is timed, and only the competitors who successfully complete it within 2:35 advance to Stage 2. Since season 15, it is not necessary to finish the course, but only the top 24 competitors will advance to Stage 2, independent of the number of finishers, a format similar to qualifier courses.For seasons 4 to 14, Stage 2 contained six obstacles that test competitors' strength and speed. Competitors must complete the course within a time limit in order to advance to Stage 3. The time limit through the first nine seasons was 4:00.[32] In the tenth season, the time limit was increased by 30 seconds.[23] After the stage, all unused Safety Passes expire and can be no longer used in further stages. Starting with the 15th season, Stage 2 resembles Semifinals format, where contestants race head to head, with 12 winners and 2 best losers (determined by additional head-to-head races among the 4 losers) advancing to Stage 3.Stage 3 consists of seven (eight until season 11) obstacles that test competitors' upper body and grip strength.[23] It is the only stage in the National Finals that has no time limit. Like Stages 1 and 2, only the competitors who successfully complete Stage 3 move on to compete in Stage 4. Starting in Season 10, Stage 3 has a clock that counts up to determine any tiebreaking times should no contestant advance from Stage 3, since the format guarantees prize money to the contestant that advances the furthest on the course, and the tiebreaker is based on how fast the contestants reached the previous obstacle prior to failing.Stage 4 consists of a single obstacle, the Rope Climb, which is the final obstacle of the National Finals courses. Contestants must complete this rope climb in 30 seconds or less in order to be crowned as \"American Ninja Warrior.\" The rope climb's height was 50 feet from the first through third seasons,[33] and was increased to 65 feet in the fourth season.[34] It has been increased since to 75 feet.[35] From the second through seventh seasons, the fastest competitor to beat the final stage would receive the full prize money, regardless of whether other competitors completed Stage 4 as well. Beginning with the eighth season, if multiple competitors completed Stage 4, the competitors split the prize money.[25]","title":"Format"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:American_Ninja_Warrior_broadcaster_position_Indianapolis_2016.jpg"},{"link_name":"Matt Iseman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Iseman"},{"link_name":"Akbar Gbaja-Biamila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbar_Gbaja-Biamila"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TFC_Apr._2012-36"},{"link_name":"Blair Herter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blair_Herter"},{"link_name":"Alison Haislip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alison_Haislip"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TFC_Nov._2009-26"},{"link_name":"Matt Iseman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Iseman"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ANWN_Evolution_1%E2%80%934-7"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HP_2013-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TNW_Iseman-38"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Smith_(fighter)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ANWN_Evolution_1%E2%80%934-7"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TFC_Nov._2010-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TFC_Jun._2011-29"},{"link_name":"Jonny Moseley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonny_Moseley"},{"link_name":"Angela Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Sun"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TFC_Apr._2012-36"},{"link_name":"NFL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Akbar Gbaja-Biamila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbar_Gbaja-Biamila"},{"link_name":"ESPN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN"},{"link_name":"Jenn Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenn_Brown"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EW_2013-39"},{"link_name":"NFL Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFL_Network"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mighty_1090-40"},{"link_name":"CBS Sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Sports"},{"link_name":"Kristine Leahy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristine_Leahy"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-THR_2015-41"},{"link_name":"Access Hollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Access_Hollywood"},{"link_name":"E! News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E!_News"},{"link_name":"Zuri Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuri_Hall"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TFC_Mar._2019-42"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TNW_Iseman-38"}],"sub_title":"Presenters","text":"The broadcast position for host Matt Iseman and co-host Akbar Gbaja-Biamila, seen here in the eighth season alongside a city courseDuring each episode, the play-by-play announcer and color commentator provide remarks on a competitor's run on the course while the sideline reporter introduces the obstacles during the beginning of the episode and interviews competitors.[36] The commentators usually oversee not the whole course, instead they see the middle of the course and track the beginning and the end of the course via monitors.The series was originally hosted by G4's Blair Herter and Alison Haislip.[26] In the second season, comedian and television host Matt Iseman joined the show, replacing Herter. Producers were fond of his knowledge of sports and lighthearted, enthusiastic delivery; he is also known by his pronunciation of the show's title.[7][37][38] Additionally, MMA fighter Jimmy Smith was brought in as co-host while Haislip was assigned to the new sideline reporter position.[7][28] The panel remained the same throughout season three.[29]For season four, Olympic medalist Jonny Moseley was brought in as the new color commentator, replacing Smith. Producers believed his experience as a freestyle skier would bring a unique perspective to the series. Meanwhile, sportscaster and television presenter Angela Sun replaced Haislip.[36]For season five, two newcomers were introduced. Sports analyst and former NFL player Akbar Gbaja-Biamila replaced Moseley, while ESPN sportscaster and model Jenn Brown replaced Sun as sideline reporter.[39] Gbaja-Biamila was contacted to audition for the role of co-host in Los Angeles after being seen on the NFL Network by one of the series' executive producers.[40] The panel remained the same for the next season.For season seven, CBS Sports reporter Kristine Leahy joined the show as the new sideline reporter, replacing Brown, and remained on the show through season 10.[41] For the eleventh season, Access Hollywood and E! News correspondent Zuri Hall was appointed as new sideline reporter, replacing Leahy.[42] Since then, the panel has remained the same.The presenters' booth is located on the course behind the Warped Wall. Usually, the presenters would see only the middle of a curved obstacle course, and would watch the beginning and the end of the runs via monitors.[38]","title":"Format"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Indicates champions who received winner's prize.","title":"Series overview"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Seasons overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"first season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Ninja_Warrior_season_1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TFC_Jul._2009-5"},{"link_name":"Venice Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TFC_Nov._2009-26"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ANWN_Evolution_1%E2%80%934-7"},{"link_name":"second season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Ninja_Warrior_season_2"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ANW_epguides-45"},{"link_name":"Venice Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TFC_Jul._2010-46"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BaltSun_2011-27"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ANWN_Evolution_1%E2%80%934-7"},{"link_name":"third season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Ninja_Warrior_season_3"},{"link_name":"Venice Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TFC_Apr._2011-47"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ANW_epguides-45"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BaltSun_2011-27"},{"link_name":"eBay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EBay"},{"link_name":"American Red Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Red_Cross"},{"link_name":"2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_T%C5%8Dhoku_earthquake_and_tsunami"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TFC_Apr._2012-36"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT_2011-6"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TFC_Jan._2012-48"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ANWN_Evolution_1%E2%80%934-7"}],"sub_title":"2009–2011","text":"The first season of American Ninja Warrior began production in July 2009.[5] The season premiered on December 12, 2009, on G4, and concluded on December 19, 2009. It consisted of eight half-hour episodes. The qualifying and semifinals rounds took place in Venice Beach, where a tryout was opened, meaning, competitors from across the United States had to fly themselves there to compete.[26] Levi Meeuwenberg was the Last Man Standing, having gone the farthest in the least amount of time among the American competitors on Sasuke 23.[7]The second season premiered on December 8, 2010, on G4, and concluded on December 23, 2010, after 10 hour-long episodes.[43] Qualifying and semifinals were held in Venice Beach in August.[44] Out of the 10 competitors sent to Japan to compete on Sasuke 26, five completed Stage 1, four completed Stage 2, while none completed Stage 3.[27] David Campbell was the Last Man Standing, having been the American gone the farthest in the least amount of time on Stage 3.[7]The third season had the same format as the second season but aired in the summer. Qualifying and semifinals were held in Venice Beach in May.[45] It premiered on July 31, 2011, on G4, and concluded on August 21, 2011.[43] The finale was aired again on August 22, 2011, as a two-hour primetime special on NBC.[27] In addition to the 10 Americans sent to compete on Sasuke, one fan of ANW got the chance to compete as well. This was the result of an eBay auction in which proceeds were sent to the American Red Cross to help with recovery efforts following the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami in Japan.[36] During Sasuke 27, four of the six competitors who reached Stage 3 were American—a new record. Previously, only one American would reach Stage 3 per Sasuke competition.[6][46] David Campbell was again the Last Man Standing, having gone the farthest in the least amount of time among the American competitors on Stage 3.[7]","title":"Seasons overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:American_Ninja_Warrior_entrance_auditions_Venice_Beach_2012.jpg"},{"link_name":"Venice Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"fourth season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Ninja_Warrior_season_4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ANWN_Evolution_1%E2%80%934-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ANWN_Evolution_1%E2%80%934-7"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TFC_Jan._2012-48"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TFC_Apr._2012-36"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TFC_Listings-49"},{"link_name":"Venice Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Dallas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas"},{"link_name":"Miami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TFC_Jan._2012-48"},{"link_name":"Las Vegas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ANWN_Evolution_1%E2%80%934-7"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TFC_Apr._2012-36"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ANWN_Evolution_1%E2%80%934-7"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-THR_2013-31"},{"link_name":"fifth season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Ninja_Warrior_season_5"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TFC_Listings-49"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USA_Today_2013-50"},{"link_name":"Jessie Graff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessie_Graff"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ANWN_Evolution_8%E2%80%9310-24"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WUFT_2013-15"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ANWN_Evolution_5%E2%80%937-10"},{"link_name":"sixth season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Ninja_Warrior_season_6"},{"link_name":"Kacy Catanzaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kacy_Catanzaro"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ANWN_Evolution_5%E2%80%937-10"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StarLedger-51"},{"link_name":"Joe Moravsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Moravsky"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IBT_2014-52"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ANWN_Evolution_5%E2%80%937-10"},{"link_name":"seventh season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Ninja_Warrior_season_7"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TFC_Listings-49"},{"link_name":"USS Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_(BB-61)"},{"link_name":"San Pedro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Pedro,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"U.S. Armed Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TFC_Aug._2015-53"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MT_2015-54"},{"link_name":"Isaac Caldiero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Caldiero"},{"link_name":"Geoff Britten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoff_Britten"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ANWN_Evolution_5%E2%80%937-10"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TFC_Winner-35"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HP_2015-55"}],"sub_title":"2012–2015","text":"Filming at the entrance of the course at Venice Beach during the fourth seasonThe fourth season was notable for differentiating American Ninja Warrior from Sasuke.[7] Following the ratings success of the third season's NBC primetime special, the fourth season aired on both G4 and NBC.[7][46] It premiered on May 20, 2012, on G4, and concluded on July 23, 2012, on NBC. Regional qualifying was aired on G4, while the regional finals courses aired on NBC.[36][47] With an increased production budget, preliminary rounds were held in three locations across the United States. Six regional competitions took place in Venice Beach, Dallas, and Miami.[46] During the National Finals, which were held for the first time in Las Vegas,[7][36] Brent Steffensen was the only competitor to reach Stage 3 and became the Last Man Standing.[7] He went further on Stage 3 than any American had ever gone before, including on Sasuke.[31]The fifth season premiered on June 30, 2013, on G4, and concluded on September 16, 2013, on NBC. City qualifying and finals courses aired on both G4 and NBC.[47] City competitions were held in four cities.[48] During a qualifying round, Jessie Graff became the first woman to qualify for a city finals course.[24] During the National Finals, 41-year-old Joyce Shahboz became the first woman to compete there twice in two years,[15] while Brian Arnold fell on the final obstacle of Stage 3 and won the title of Last Man Standing.[10]The sixth season premiered on May 26, 2014, and concluded on September 8, 2014, with original episodes airing solely on NBC. During qualifiers, Kacy Catanzaro became the first female competitor to make it up the Warped Wall. Later in the city finals, she became the first woman to complete a city finals course. Catanzaro's two runs have been described as the first \"viral moment\" of the show and are credited with increasing the seventh season's submissions ten times over.[10][49] During the National Finals, Joe Moravsky fell on the antepenultimate obstacle of Stage 3[50] and became the sixth season's Last Man Standing.[10]The seventh season premiered on May 25, 2015, and ended on September 14, 2015.[47] A special military edition was held in front of the USS Iowa in San Pedro for competitors who are either current or former members of the U.S. Armed Forces in addition to five base locations.[51][52] During the National Finals, a record of 38 competitors completed Stage 1, and 8 athletes completed Stage 2, and both Isaac Caldiero and Geoff Britten completed Stage 3, marking the first time any competitor completed it in the regular season.[10] During Stage 4, Britten completed the rope climb in 0:29.65 seconds, becoming the first American Ninja Warrior[35] for being the first to complete all six courses (city qualifying, city finals, and all four stages of Mount Midoriyama) in a single season, while Caldiero completed the rope climb in 0:26.14 seconds, earning the champion title and the $1,000,000 prize due to him having the fastest time, therefore becoming the second American Ninja Warrior.[53]","title":"Seasons overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"eighth season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Ninja_Warrior_season_8"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DH_Feb._2019-56"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ANWN_Allyssa-57"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESPNW_2016-58"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ANWN_Evolution_8%E2%80%9310-24"},{"link_name":"ninth season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Ninja_Warrior_season_9"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TFC_Listings-49"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ANWN_Allyssa-57"},{"link_name":"Joe Moravsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Moravsky"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ANWN_Evolution_8%E2%80%9310-24"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DN_2017-32"},{"link_name":"tenth season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Ninja_Warrior_season_10"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TFC_Listings-49"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurassic_World:_Fallen_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Chris Pratt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Pratt"},{"link_name":"Bryce Dallas Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryce_Dallas_Howard"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DN_2018-23"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ANWN_Sep._2018-59"},{"link_name":"eleventh season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Ninja_Warrior_season_11"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Angry Birds Movie 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angry_Birds_Movie_2"}],"sub_title":"2016–2019","text":"The eighth season of the series began on June 1, 2016, and concluded on September 12, 2016.[54] The eighth season marked a 40 percent increase in the number of female submission videos from the previous season. During the finals in Philadelphia, no competitor completed the course for the first time in the series' history. During National Finals, Jessie Graff became the first woman to complete Stage 1. However, only 17 competitors advanced to Stage 2, marking the lowest number in the series' history.[55][56] Only two of them, Drew Drechsel and Daniel Gil, managed to beat Stage 2, but none of them completed Stage 3. Dreschel fell further on the course and was declared the Last Man Standing.[24]The ninth season premiered on June 12, 2017, and ended on September 18, 2017.[47] A record of 41 competitors successfully completed Stage 1 during the National Finals, while Allyssa Beird became the second woman to complete it.[55] Stage 2 saw every competitor eliminated except for three veterans. However, none of them could complete Stage 3. Joe Moravsky fell on the penultimate obstacle and became the Last Man Standing.[24][32]The tenth season began airing on May 30, 2018, and ended on September 10, 2018. For the first time in show's history, a Last Ninja Standing prize of $100,000 was introduced.[47] The first city qualifying, held in Los Angeles, was dedicated to the release of Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom and featured cameo appearances of Chris Pratt and Bryce Dallas Howard. Drew Drechsel and Sean Bryan were the only competitors to reach Stage 3 of National Finals both fell during their runs. Dreschel and Bryan fell on the same obstacle, but the former made it faster to it, making him Last Ninja Standing.[23][57]The eleventh season started its premiere on May 29, 2019, and ended on September 16, 2019.[58] City competitions were held in six locations. One of them featured obstacles dedicated to the release of Angry Birds Movie 2. New rules regarding the Mega Wall obstacle, which was introduced in the previous season, came into effect. Competitors were given three chances to make it up the wall, but the prize money decreased after each attempt, starting at $10,000, then decreasing to $5,000, and finally $2,500. During the National Finals, 28 of the 86 finalists completed Stage 1, and a record 21 athletes completed Stage 2. Drew Drechsel and Daniel Gil completed Stage 3. Daniel Gil was not able to complete the rope climb on Stage 4 in the 30-second time limit, but Drew Drechsel was able to climb it in 0:27.46 seconds, earning him the $1,000,000 prize and becoming the third American Ninja Warrior.","title":"Seasons overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"twelfth season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Ninja_Warrior_season_12"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"Las Vegas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TFC_2020-61"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ninja_Guide-62"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FredNewsPost-20200523-63"},{"link_name":"The Dome at America's Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dome_at_America%27s_Center"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"Telemundo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telemundo"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"knockout stage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-elimination_tournament"},{"link_name":"sexual misconduct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_misconduct"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dreschel_arrest-66"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dreschel_23-67"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dreschel_case-68"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dreschel_arrest-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dreschel_S12-69"},{"link_name":"thirteenth season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Ninja_Warrior_season_13"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AS_2021-20"},{"link_name":"Tacoma Dome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacoma_Dome"},{"link_name":"Seattle/Tacoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacoma,_Washington"},{"link_name":"Universal Studios Hollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Studios_Hollywood"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Las Vegas Strip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_Strip"},{"link_name":"fourteenth season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Ninja_Warrior_season_14"},{"link_name":"Alamodome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alamodome"},{"link_name":"San Antonio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Antonio"},{"link_name":"Minion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minions_(Despicable_Me)"},{"link_name":"Minions: The Rise of Gru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minions:_The_Rise_of_Gru"},{"link_name":"fifteenth season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Ninja_Warrior_season_15"},{"link_name":"sixteenth season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Ninja_Warrior_season_16"}],"sub_title":"2020–present","text":"On January 22, 2020, the series was renewed for a twelfth season, which premiered on September 7, 2020. Qualifying cities originally included returns to Los Angeles and St. Louis with a new location, Washington, D.C., with the National Finals initially set to be held in Las Vegas.[59] However, production of the season was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic, being interrupted in the middle of production on the show, a day before filming was set to begin.[60][61] Instead, a reduced season, consisting of eight episodes, only returned to St. Louis and was fully filmed at The Dome at America's Center. ANW was the first NBC series to have completed a full season of episodes during the pandemic.[62] The schedule for each episodes changed multiple times, switching from one timeslot to another. For the first time, a Spanish-language version airs on Telemundo.[63]150 athletes, which were 50 notable contestants and two teammates for each one, participated in the season. The season finals course consisted of 10 obstacles, with top 8 contestants moving for a face-to-face knockout stage on the Power Tower. Daniel Gil won over Austin Gray in the final playoff stage and earned a reduced $100,000 prize.Drew Dreschel, the winner of the previous season, was put under arrest with charges related to sexual misconduct on August 4, 2020, six days after filming of the season completed.[64] At the moment of his arrest, his lawyer claimed Dreschel would plead \"not guilty\", but on June 19, 2023, he officially pled guilty, now awaiting the decision of the court.[65] His case was terminated on June 1, 2023.[66] NBC Sports responded to his arrest by cutting ties with him and removing any mentions of him out of the season, including his appearance in special episodes.[64] However, his two teammates were briefly shown. Per his teammates, Dreschel had not reached the Power Tower playoffs.[67]The thirteenth season consists of 12 episodes aired from May 31 to September 13, 2021. For this season, several invitations to compete have been sent to teenagers from 15 to 19 years who made achievements in spin-off shows despite no official age lowering was announced.[20] The season format had the filming of 5 qualifying episodes in the Tacoma Dome in Seattle/Tacoma, with the 4 semifinals taped at Universal Studios Hollywood in Los Angeles. The finals returned to its usual spot on Las Vegas Strip. In the National Finals, Jesse Labreck became the third woman to complete Stage 1 of the regular season. Four contestants made it to Stage 3, two of whom were teenagers. 15-year old Kaden Lebsack was the only one to complete Stage 3, but timed out on Rope Climb and became Last Ninja Standing.The fourteenth season consists of 12 episodes. The season format is similar to the previous season, but the filming of qualifying episodes was moved to the Alamodome in San Antonio. One of the qualifying nights included a Minion-themed balance obstacle dedicated to the release of Minions: The Rise of Gru. The qualifiers saw the record 10 people complete the Mega Wall, while 15-year-old Jordan Carr became the youngest to complete the Warped Wall. Five contestants have passed Stage 3 of the National Finals, but all of them failed to complete the Rope Climb in under 30 seconds; Kaden Lebsack became Last Ninja Standing for the second consecutive time.The fifteenth season consists of 14 episodes. The season saw a few changes. First, competitors who ranked 12 and 13 (or 4 and 5 for women) raced for the final spot in a Runoff. Second, the semifinals was all races (seeded 1 vs 24, 1 vs 8). Third, the top 24 competitors would advance to Stage Two, regardless of completing the course. Fourth, Stage Two was just like the Semifinals with races, but the four fastest losers would compete in Runoffs. This guaranteed a minimum of 14 competitors would advance to Stage Three. Taylor Greene made history by hitting two buzzers in her first two runs. Also, she went farther than any women this season and being the youngest woman to do so at the age of fifteen. A record-breaking eight reached Stage 4. Only two completed the rope climb: Daniel Gil, who finished in 27.99 seconds and became the fourth American Ninja Warrior, and Vance Walker, who clocked in at 26.75 seconds, being the fifth American Ninja Warrior and the champion.The sixteenth season is set to premiere on June 3, 2024.","title":"Seasons overview"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Special episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"Latin America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_America"},{"link_name":"Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"}],"sub_title":"USA vs. The World","text":"NBC has aired seven international competitions in which the best ninjas of the season compete against teams from around the world, including Japan, Europe, Latin America, Asia, and Australia for the American Ninja Warrior: USA vs. The World trophy. They were usually filmed after the regular season of American Ninja Warrior finishes. The competitors race on the Las Vegas course used in the National Finals of the regular season. All of the international competitions have been hosted by the American variation's hosts and sideline reporters. The current title holders is Australia.","title":"Special episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"knockout stage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-elimination_tournament"}],"sub_title":"All-Stars","text":"Ten special episodes of the series were aired by NBC, in which the best ninjas overall compete in teams and individually. Team competitions include lineups of five or three athletes picked by the show's hosts running the National Finals stages individually or in relay races, with the winner determined on Stage 4 based on the number of points received or on Stage 3 based on the number of completed obstacles. In individual competitions, contestants try to complete oversized obstacles, increasing in length after each round, and remain in competition when their opponents fail. One of the specials, subtitled \"All-Stars Spectacular\", ditched team competitions and entirely focused on skills challenges.An obstacle originated from the special episodes, Mega Wall, which is a supersized version of Warped Wall, was brought to the regular season as part of qualifier rounds. Its height reached 18'6 feet in the latest season, although in specials it could have been increased up to 19 feet.[68]Three of all-stars competitions, retitled Women's Championship, only included 12 or 13 female competitors as they compete on two obstacle courses from qualifiers, semifinals, or National Finals. After each course they complete, they advance to a further round based on the leaderboard. After two rounds, the four remaining athletes proceed to a knockout stage, in which the winner earns a $50,000 prize.","title":"Special episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and nominations"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Broadcast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MTV2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV2"},{"link_name":"Nickelodeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickelodeon"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"SBS2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SBS_Viceland"},{"link_name":"9Go!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9Go!"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"TV3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV3_(New_Zealand)"},{"link_name":"Four","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_(New_Zealand)"},{"link_name":"CTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CTV_Television_Network"},{"link_name":"2016 summer broadcast schedule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Canadian_network_television_schedule"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"link_name":"Challenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Challenge_(TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"Sky Two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_Two"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"Yes Action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yes_Action"},{"link_name":"Keshet 12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keshet_12"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"RTL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RTL_Televizija"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"Sub-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub_(TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"SBS 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SBS_6"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"TV2 Zebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV2_Zebra"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"SABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SABC"}],"sub_title":"International broadcasts","text":"The show is in syndication markets throughout the US and airs on local broadcast channels. At one point syndicated episodes were airing on MTV2 on Saturdays in August 2018. On August 12, 2019, the series began airing reruns on Nickelodeon. However, after airing just 10 episodes, the series was abruptly pulled from the schedule after August 23, 2019.In Australia and New Zealand, the show is broadcast on SBS2 (2013–2017), 9Go! (2018–present),[99] TV3 and Four. On April 25, 2016, it was announced that Canadian broadcaster CTV picked up American Ninja Warrior for its 2016 summer broadcast schedule.[100] In the United Kingdom and Ireland, the show is broadcast on Challenge and more recently on Sky Two.[101] In Israel, the show is broadcast on Yes Action with the American version, and on Keshet 12 with its own version.[102] In 2016, Croatian RTL[103] started broadcasting the show. The show is also shown in Finland on Sub-TV. In the Netherlands the show was first broadcast in 2017 on SBS 6, where their own Ninja Warrior NL has been broadcast.[104] In Norway it is broadcast on TV2 Zebra.[105] The show also airs in South Africa, on SABC 3, airing Sunday afternoons 13:30.","title":"Broadcast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Ninja Challenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Ninja_Challenge"},{"link_name":"sports video game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_video_game"},{"link_name":"PlayStation 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_4"},{"link_name":"Xbox One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_One"},{"link_name":"Nintendo Switch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_Switch"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"}],"text":"\"American Ninja Warrior: Challenge\" redirects here. Not to be confused with American Ninja Challenge.A sports video game based on the series, American Ninja Warrior: Challenge, was released in North America on March 19, 2019 for PlayStation 4, Xbox One, and Nintendo Switch. It was developed by Gaming Corps Austin and published by GameMill Entertainment.[106][107]","title":"Video game"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Spin-offs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Esquire Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esquire_Network"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TFC_May_2016-114"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TFC_May_2016-114"},{"link_name":"USA Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Network"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"}],"sub_title":"Ninja vs. Ninja","text":"On October 9, 2015, Esquire Network announced the first spin-off, which would feature 24 three-person teams (two men and one woman) of notable competitors, initially titled Team Ninja Warrior. The teams compete head-to-head against each other, running the course simultaneously, thus creating a new live duel dynamic (including crossing points, where the two competitors can affect the other's progress.) The two teams with the fastest times advance to the finale, where one team will be crowned the winner and receive a cash prize. Matt Iseman and Akbar Gbaja-Biamila returned as hosts alongside actor and journalist Alex Curry.[108] The series was the channel's most-watched program in its history.[109]On May 31, 2016, Esquire Network ordered a sixteen-episode second season that also included a five-episode special college edition that had college students go head-to-head against rival schools.[109] On March 6, 2017, it was announced that Team Ninja Warrior will be moving to sibling cable channel USA Network as Esquire Network winds down its linear channel operations and relaunches as an online only service.[110]\nThe show's second season premiered on April 18, 2017.[111] A third season of the show, which was re-titled American Ninja Warrior: Ninja vs. Ninja, aired on USA Network from March 1 to June 18, 2018.","title":"Spin-offs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Universal Kids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Kids"},{"link_name":"Laurie Hernandez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurie_Hernandez"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"link_name":"Victoria Arlen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Arlen"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"Peacock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peacock_(streaming_service)"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AS_2021-20"}],"sub_title":"American Ninja Warrior Junior","text":"On May 2, 2018, the second spin-off, entitled American Ninja Warrior Junior, was announced. The first season premiered on Universal Kids on October 13, 2018, Matt Iseman and Akbar Gbaja-Biamila reprised their roles from ANW as hosts, with Olympic 2016 gold medalist Laurie Hernandez joining as co-host, guiding competitors in head-to-head challenges.[112] The series featured 142 kids aged 9–14 competing ona course of miniature obstacles similar to the ones introduced in the original series. Similar to ANW, males and females run along the same course, and similarly to Ninja vs. Ninja editions, competitors participate in head-to-head runs. They are divided into three age groups: 9–10, 11–12 and 13–14, with each category coached by AWN competitors and other athletes. For the second season, 2012 Paralympic gold and silver medalist Victoria Arlen replaced Hernandez as sideline reporter.[113] In May 2021, it was announced that the third season would be moving to Peacock.[114] It premiered on September 9, 2021, and ended on December 9, 2021.[115]The success of the spin-off made the producers consider the minimal age requirements to 15 years, as the young competitors would have to wait until they are nineteen in order to compete in the regular season. In the 13th and 14th seasons of the show, producers selected only the outstanding young competitors from the spin-off as \"special guests\" before it was fully enforced as regulars starting in 2023. [20]","title":"Spin-offs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-43"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TFC_Winner-35"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-44"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-76"},{"link_name":"28th Producers Guild of America Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Producers_Guild_of_America_Awards_2016"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-78"},{"link_name":"Arthur Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Smith_(producer)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-80"}],"text":"^ Geoff Britten and Issac Caldiero achieved Total Victory, while Caldiero won the $1,000,000 grand prize.[35]\n\n^ Daniel Gil and Vance Walker achieved Total Victory, while Walker won the $1,000,000 grand prize.\n\n^ 28th Producers Guild of America Awards nominees for \"Outstanding Producer of Competition Television\": Arthur Smith, Kent Weed, Anthony Storm, Brian Richardson, Kristen Stabile, David Markus, J.D. Pruess, D. Max Poris, Zayna Abi-Hashim, Royce Toni, John Gunn, Matt Silverberg, Briana Vowels, Mason Funk, Jonathan Provost.\n\n^ The production team included Arthur Smith, Kent Weed, Anthony Storm, Brian Richardson, Kristen Stabile, David Markus, Royce Toni, Stephen Saylor, J.D. Pruess, Jeffrey J. Hyman, D. Max Poris, Briana Vowels, and Jonathan Provost.\n\n^ The editing team included Nick Gagnon, David Greene, Michael Kalbron, Corey Ziemniak, Curtis Pierce, Kyle Barr, Mary Dechambres, Matthew Probst, Scott Simmons, Martin Singer, Katherine Griffin and Flavyn Mendoza.","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"The eighth season's obstacle Fly Wheels. Here, a contestant can only use the red hemispheres to cross the obstacle.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/American_Ninja_Warrior_Fly_Wheels_obstacle_Indianapolis_2016.jpg/220px-American_Ninja_Warrior_Fly_Wheels_obstacle_Indianapolis_2016.jpg"},{"image_text":"The final obstacle of all city qualifying courses, the Warped Wall, seen in Indianapolis.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/American_Ninja_Warrior_city_finals_course_Indianapolis_2016.jpg/300px-American_Ninja_Warrior_city_finals_course_Indianapolis_2016.jpg"},{"image_text":"The broadcast position for host Matt Iseman and co-host Akbar Gbaja-Biamila, seen here in the eighth season alongside a city course","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/American_Ninja_Warrior_broadcaster_position_Indianapolis_2016.jpg/220px-American_Ninja_Warrior_broadcaster_position_Indianapolis_2016.jpg"},{"image_text":"Filming at the entrance of the course at Venice Beach during the fourth season","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/American_Ninja_Warrior_entrance_auditions_Venice_Beach_2012.jpg/300px-American_Ninja_Warrior_entrance_auditions_Venice_Beach_2012.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Lee, Nikki (October 5, 2017). \"Director Patrick McManus on creating the pieces of the American Ninja Warrior puzzle\". American Ninja Warrior Nation. Archived from the original on August 7, 2018. Retrieved August 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.americanninjawarriornation.com/2017/10/5/16427110/american-ninja-warrior-director-patrick-mcmanus-interview","url_text":"\"Director Patrick McManus on creating the pieces of the American Ninja Warrior puzzle\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180807094115/https://www.americanninjawarriornation.com/2017/10/5/16427110/american-ninja-warrior-director-patrick-mcmanus-interview","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Peter White (March 29, 2023). \"American Ninja Warrior Lands Bumper Renewal Order At NBC With Taller Mega Wall Among Format Changes\". Deadline Hollywood. 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Deadline Hollywood.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2024/03/nbc-sets-return-of-agt-american-ninja-warrior-password-1235861318/amp/","url_text":"\"NBC Sets Summer Premieres For Return Of Reality Slate Including 'AGT' & 'American Ninja Warrior'; 'Hot Wheels' & 'LA Fire & Rescue' Not Returning\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood","url_text":"Deadline Hollywood"}]},{"reference":"\"Esquire Network Brings the Classic Japanese Hit \"Ninja Warrior\" Back to the Small Screen\". The Futon Critic. August 3, 2016. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clay_Fallmont
List of Dynasty (1981 TV series) characters
["1 Overview","2 Main","3 Recurring","4 References","5 External links"]
John Forsythe and the female cast of Dynasty season six (1985–1986) Dynasty is an American prime time television soap opera that aired on ABC from January 12, 1981, to May 11, 1989. The series, created by Richard and Esther Shapiro and produced by Aaron Spelling, revolves around the Carringtons, a wealthy family residing in Denver, Colorado. Dynasty stars John Forsythe as oil magnate Blake Carrington, Linda Evans as his new wife Krystle, and later Joan Collins as his former wife Alexis. A two-part miniseries, Dynasty: The Reunion, aired in October 1991. Overview   Main cast (opening credits in every episode)   Semi-regular cast (opening credits in select episodes)   Recurring guest star   Guest star Character Actor Seasons 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Reunion Blake Carrington John Forsythe Main Krystle Carrington Linda Evans Main Main Main Fallon Carrington Pamela Sue Martin Main Does not appear Emma Samms Does not appear Main Main Claudia Blaisdel Carrington Pamela Bellwood Main Main Main Main Does not appear Steven Carrington Al Corley Main Does not appear Main Jack Coleman Does not appear Main Main Does not appear Jeff Colby John James Main Main Main Michael Culhane Wayne Northrop Main Does not appear Main Does not appear Lindsay Blaisdel Katy Kurtzman Main Stand-in Does not appear Walter Lankershim Dale Robertson Main Does not appear Matthew Blaisdel Bo Hopkins Main Does not appear Guest Main Does not appear Joseph Anders Lee Bergere Recurring Main Main Does not appear Cecil Colby Lloyd Bochner Recurring Main Does not appear Alexis Colby Joan Collins Stand-in Main Dr. Nick Toscanni James Farentino Does not appear Main Does not appear Sammy Jo Carrington Heather Locklear Does not appear Main Main Adam Carrington Gordon Thomson Does not appear Main Does not appear Robin Sachs Does not appear Main Mark Jennings Geoffrey Scott Does not appear Main Does not appear Kirby Anders Kathleen Beller Does not appear Main Main Does not appear Main Tracy Kendall Deborah Adair Does not appear Main Does not appear Peter De Vilbis Helmut Berger Does not appear Main Does not appear Dex Dexter Michael Nader Does not appear Main Main Does not appear Dominique Deveraux Diahann Carroll Does not appear Main Does not appear Brady Lloyd Billy Dee Williams Does not appear Main Does not appear Amanda Carrington Catherine Oxenberg Does not appear Main Main Does not appear Karen Cellini Does not appear Main Does not appear Daniel Reece Rock Hudson Does not appear Main Does not appear Ashley Mitchell Ali MacGraw Does not appear Main Does not appear Prince Michael of Moldavia Michael Praed Does not appear Main Does not appear Miles Colby Maxwell Caulfield Does not appear Main Does not appear Main Joel Abrigore George Hamilton Does not appear Main Does not appear Jason Colby Charlton Heston Does not appear Main Does not appear Constance Colby Barbara Stanwyck Does not appear Main Does not appear Sable Colby Stephanie Beacham Does not appear Main Does not appear Main Does not appear Monica Colby Tracy Scoggins Does not appear Main Does not appear Main Does not appear Bliss Colby Claire Yarlett Does not appear Main Does not appear Garrett Boydston Ken Howard Does not appear Main Does not appear Caress Morell Kate O'Mara Does not appear Main Does not appear Zachary Powers Ricardo Montalbán Does not appear Main Does not appear Ben Carrington Christopher Cazenove Does not appear Main Does not appear Clay Fallmont Ted McGinley Does not appear Main Does not appear Dana Waring Carrington Leann Hunley Does not appear Main Main Main Does not appear Leslie Carrington Terri Garber Does not appear Main Main Does not appear Sarah Curtis Cassie Yates Does not appear Main Does not appear Sean Rowan James Healey Does not appear Main Stand-in Arlen Marshall Michael Brandon Does not appear Main Jeremy Van Dorn Jeroen Krabbé Does not appear Main Cast notes ^ Evans also plays Krystle's look-a-like Rita Lesley in seasons 5 and 6. ^ a b c d e Credited in opening as "Special Guest Star". ^ a b c d e f g Credited in opening as "Special Appearance by" as part of a crossover with the spin-off show The Colbys. Main John Forsythe plays Blake Carrington Linda Evans plays Krystle Carrington Joan Collins plays Alexis Carrington Colby Blake Carrington (John Forsythe (original cast), 1981–1989; 1991) The self-made CEO of Denver-Carrington and the principal character of the series. Married to his former secretary Krystle Jennings, he has four grown children with his scheming ex-wife Alexis, and later a daughter with Krystle. Initially a ruthless man in both business and family matters, Blake softens into a more benevolent patriarchal figure early on in the series. Krystle Grant Jennings Carrington (Linda Evans (original cast), 1981–1989; 1991) Blake's younger wife, former wife of tennis pro Mark Jennings and the one-time lover of married geologist Matthew Blaisdel. Krystle is the mother, with Blake, of Krystina, and the aunt of Sammy Jo Dean, the only child of her late sister Iris and Daniel Reece. Fallon Carrington Colby (Pamela Sue Martin (original cast), 1981–1984; Emma Samms, 1985–1989, 1991) The eldest daughter of Blake and Alexis, the wife of Jeff Colby and the mother, with Jeff, of "Little Blake" and Lauren Colby. As a young woman, she has affairs with chauffeur Michael Culhane, playboy Peter De Vilbis, tennis pro Mark Jennings, doctor Nick Toscanni, and Colby heir, Miles Colby, whom she marries briefly. Fallon and Jeff leave Denver as the primary focus of the spin-off series The Colbys, and then return to Dynasty in 1987. Claudia Blaisdel Carrington (Pamela Bellwood (original cast), 1981–1986) The emotionally fragile wife of Matthew Blaisdel, mother of Lindsay, and at one time a close friend of Krystle. When introduced, Claudia had recently been released from a psychiatric hospital. She befriends Steven and they soon have an affair. She is forced to confess on the stand at Blake's murder trial, and Matthew leaves her and takes Lindsay. When she finds out that Lindsay has died, she becomes unhinged and is sent off to a hospital again. She returns and resumes her relationship with Steven, and they marry. Eventually the marriage ends over Steven's sexual confusion, and Claudia marries Adam. Claudia begins to lose her sanity again and dies in a fire she starts accidentally at La Mirage. Steven Carrington (Al Corley (original cast), 1981–1982; 1991; Jack Coleman, 1983–1988) The sexually confused, third born and younger son of Blake and Alexis who, despite his conviction that he is homosexual, marries Sammy Jo Dean and Claudia Blaisdel. With Sammy Jo, he fathers Danny Carrington. At different times, the lover of Ted Dinard, Luke Fuller and Bart Fallmont. Steven eventually ends up with Bart in the reunion movie. Jeff Colby (John James (original cast), 1981–1989; 1991) The nephew and protege of Cecil Colby who raised him at Nine Oaks, the Colby estate in Denver which neighbors the Carrington estate. Married to Fallon and briefly to Kirby Anders, he is the father of L.B. and Lauren with Fallon. Fallon and Jeff leave Denver as the primary focus of the spin-off series The Colbys, and then return to Dynasty in 1987. At different times, Jeff is involved with Nicole Simpson, Lady Ashley Mitchell, and Leslie Carrington. Michael Culhane (Wayne Northrop (original cast), 1981; 1986–1987) The Carrington chauffeur, who is involved in a sexual relationship with heiress Fallon. Michael proves useful to Blake in his shady business dealings, but Blake has him beaten up when he learns of his relationship with Fallon. Michael leaves town in the first season finale episode, "The Testimony". He returns in the seventh season premiere "The Victory", in time to save Fallon's sister Amanda Carrington from a fire at La Mirage. The two become romantically involved as Blake gives Michael his job as Blake's driver back, but Blake fires him when he sees the couple kissing. An angry Michael, not really as poor as he has let on, secretly orchestrates a deal that would give him a piece of Blake's latest venture, but Amanda's mother Alexis reveals his schemes, and he leaves Denver again in "The Sublet". Lindsay Blaisdel (Katy Kurtzman (original cast), 1981) Sensitive teenage daughter of Matthew and Claudia. With fragile Claudia newly released from a sanitarium after a breakdown, mother and daughter are trying to reconnect. Hurt and traumatized by the ordeal, Lindsay is further swept up in her parents' domestic troubles. Matthew leaves the country with Lindsay after discovering Claudia's affair with Steven in "The Testimony". Claudia subsequently does everything within her power—including things she finds despicable—to find Lindsay. Matthew and Lindsay are later presumed dead in a car crash in the Peruvian jungle. Matthew mentions to Krystle during his 1987 return that though he survived, Lindsay died from the injuries she sustained in the crash. Walter Lankershim (Dale Robertson (original cast), 1981) Oil wildcatter, and Matthew's longtime friend. Walter does not take kindly the shady tactics of his business rival Blake, and goes into business with Matthew. Walter last appears in "The Beating". His death is noted in the season six episode "The Proposal" (1985), in which he leaves Claudia his and Matthew's first oil well, Lankershim-Blaisdel 1. The reveal that the well is dry and worthless precipitates Claudia's final mental breakdown. Matthew Blaisdel (Bo Hopkins (original cast), 1981; 1987) Denver–Carrington geologist and Krystle's former lover. Matthew returns to Denver from the Middle East on the eve of Krystle's marriage to Blake. He struggles with his feelings for Krystle as he tries to rebuild his marriage with fragile Claudia, newly released from an institution after a breakdown. Matthew leaves Blake's employ to run his own rig, and soon their rivalry over Krystle transforms into a fierce rivalry over oil. Meanwhile, Claudia's friendship with Blake's son Steven turns into an affair; when the secret comes out, Matthew takes his and Claudia's daughter Lindsay and leaves town. They are later presumed dead in a car crash in the jungles of Peru. Matthew returns in 1987; he and Lindsay had been rescued from the crash by a jungle tribe who saved his life, though Lindsay later died from her injuries. Aided by his Peruvian minions, Matthew storms the Carrington mansion. He wants Krystle to run off with him, and holds the family hostage when she resists. Matthew takes them to the site of his original oil rig, and is eventually killed by his old friend Steven in "The Siege". Joseph Anders (Lee Bergere (original cast), 1981–1983) The Carringtons' longtime majordomo, who is staunchly loyal to Blake and takes an immediate dislike to his new bride Krystle. Krystle rises to the challenge and they eventually share a mutual respect. Joseph later shows a deeper loathing for Blake's first wife Alexis, which is further exacerbated by Alexis' ill treatment of Joseph's daughter, Kirby. At the end of season three, Alexis and Krystle are trapped in a cabin that is then set on fire. They survive, and it is eventually revealed that Joseph had set the fire to kill Alexis after she had threatened to disclose a secret related to Kirby's parentage. After learning this, Blake drives to Joseph's home, but is too late as the guilty Joseph has killed himself by way of a self-inflicted gunshot wound in "The Bungalow". Cecil Colby (Lloyd Bochner (original cast), 1981–1982) Jeff's uncle, as well as a longtime friend and business rival of Blake's. He makes a secret deal with Blake's daughter Fallon: if she marries Jeff, Cecil will lend Blake financial assistance. CEO of the oil company ColbyCo, Cecil later tries to destroy Blake using the persona Logan Rhinewood. Soon after her arrival, Blake's ex-wife Alexis tells Steven that Cecil is Fallon's father; the reveal sends Fallon into a downward spiral, but it is proven untrue. Cecil becomes romantically involved with Alexis, but has a heart attack while in bed with her. In "The Wedding", he marries Alexis on his deathbed, hoping she will use ColbyCo to ruin Blake. The spin-off series The Colbys later establishes that Cecil has three siblings: older sister Constance Colby and younger brothers Jason Colby and Philip Colby. Philip is thought to be Jeff's father until it is revealed that Jason is. Alexis Morell Carrington Colby Dexter Rowan (Joan Collins, 1981–1989; 1991) Former socialite turned businesswoman, married to Blake, Cecil Colby, Dex Dexter, and Sean Rowan. She famously holds a torch for Blake, though she later falls deeply in love with Dex. Her children with Blake are Adam, Fallon, Steven and Amanda. Alexis is romantically attached to a number of men, including Carrington architect and estate manager Roger Grimes, tennis pro Mark Jennings, oilman Rashid Ahmed, King Galen of Moldavia, and shipping tycoon Zach Powers. Dr. Nick Toscanni (James Farentino, 1981–1982) Psychiatrist and surgeon who is Blake's friend and employee. In "Alexis' Secret", Blake asks Nick to look in on fragile Claudia after her release from the hospital. Nick saves a suicidal Claudia's life and helps her recover from the disappearance of her husband and daughter, but Nick also holds a secret grudge against Blake and vows revenge. The charismatic doctor flirts with Krystle and beds a married Fallon as he looks for a way to destroy the Carrington patriarch. Finally, Nick confronts Blake about his part in the death of Nick's brother; Blake denies any wrongdoing, but is thrown from his horse and knocked unconscious. In "The Cliff", Nick leaves Blake for dead and departs Denver. It is later revealed that before he left, he arranged Little Blake's kidnapping as revenge. Samantha Josephine "Sammy Jo" Dean Reece Carrington Fallmont, (Heather Locklear, 1981–1989, 1991) Greedy, trouble-making yet beautiful niece of Krystle, wife of Steven and Clay Fallmont, and mother of Danny Carrington. It is later revealed that she is the daughter of Daniel Reece. Adam Carrington (Gordon Thomson, 1982–1989; Robin Sachs, 1991) First born of Blake and Alexis, kidnapped as an infant and raised as Michael Torrance in Billings, Montana. He learns of his true identity as an adult, and comes to Denver. Obsessed with Kirby Anders and later married to Claudia Blaisdel and Dana Waring, he is a ruthless schemer, constantly plotting to enhance his position in the dynasty. Mark Jennings (Geoffrey Scott, 1982–1984) Handsome tennis pro and Krystle's former husband. Alexis discovers that Mark and Krystle's marriage is still valid, and lures him to Denver in "The Siblings" to stir up trouble for Krystle. Mark romances both Alexis and Fallon, and is later murdered in "The Engagement". Alexis is arrested for the crime, but it is ultimately revealed that Neal McVane killed Mark and framed Alexis. Kirby Anders Colby (Kathleen Beller, 1982–1984, 1991) The daughter of Joseph, the Carrington major–domo. Schooled in Europe at Blake's expense, she returns to Denver in 1982. She marries Jeff but is pregnant with Adam's baby; Alexis' meddling later prevents her from marrying Adam. She and Adam have a daughter that is stillborn in 1984, and she leaves Denver shortly thereafter. She accepts Adam's proposal of marriage at the end of Dynasty: The Reunion (1991). Tracy Kendall (Deborah Adair, 1983–1984) Public relations employee of Denver–Carrington. Scheming and ambitious, Tracy seeks to advance her career either by subterfuge or by sleeping her way to the top. She acts as a spy for Alexis, but is dismissed after she is exposed. Peter De Vilbis (Helmut Berger, 1983–1984) European tycoon who becomes engaged to Fallon. He is the owner of the prized racehorse Allegre, and Fallon is later distraught to discover that Peter orchestrated the horse's kidnapping to swindle Blake out of the ransom. Fallon disappears in 1984, and is presumed dead in the small plane crash that killed Peter. Farnsworth "Dex" Dexter (Michael Nader, 1983–1989) Alexis' third husband, and arguably the second great love of her life, after Blake. Dex carries on a brief affair with Alexis' daughter Amanda, which strains the relationship between mother and daughter and ultimately ends his marriage. Dex is something of an adventurer and, throughout the series, goes on a number of daring missions. He spent time as a Green Beret, including service in the Vietnam War. Dominique Deveraux (Diahann Carroll, 1984–1987) Successful and wealthy chanteuse (birth name Millie Cox), illegitimate daughter of Tom Carrington and Laura Matthews, making her a half-sister to Blake and Ben Carrington. Dominique is initially a strong, tough schemer and fighter who loves going toe-to-toe with Alexis, but after reconciling with the Carrington family, she mellows considerably. Brady Lloyd (Billy Dee Williams, 1984–1985) Charming recording executive, previously married to Dominique Deveraux. Amanda (Bedford) Carrington (Catherine Oxenberg, 1984–1986; Karen Cellini, 1986–1987) Amanda is the second daughter (last born of four) of Blake and Alexis, raised in London as Amanda Bedford by Alexis's cousin Rosalind Bedford. She was hidden from Blake out of spite by Alexis, who discovered she was pregnant after he ran her out of Denver. Amanda marries Prince Michael of Moldavia, and is later the lover of Dex, Clay Fallmont and chauffeur Michael Culhane. Daniel Reece (Rock Hudson, 1984–1985) Wealthy owner of newspapers and the Delta Rho Stables, he was involved with Iris Grant in Dayton, Ohio, and simultaneously in love with her sister Krystle. Former mercenary who did some work with Dex. Confessed his longtime love to Krystle and left his fortune to his biological daughter Sammy Jo, with Krystle as executrix, when he died in Libya. Lady Ashley Mitchell (Ali MacGraw, 1985) Famous photographer and friend of Dominique's, who pursues Blake romantically. She becomes involved with Jeff Colby, but is later shot and killed during the Moldavian Massacre. Prince Michael of Moldavia (Michael Praed, 1985–1986) Heir to the European kingdom of Moldavia. In "Circumstantial Evidence", Amanda meets dashing Prince Michael in Acapulco. They are mutually smitten, but he is engaged to another woman. Amanda's mother Alexis schemes for the couple to marry by visiting her old friend King Galen of Moldavia, Michael's father. After a somewhat volatile courtship, Amanda and Michael wed in Moldavia, with all the Carringtons present. However, a political coup comes to fruition and terrorists, bent on seizing the country, attack the ceremony. Michael and the Carringtons are eventually allowed to leave Moldavia, and are told that Galen has been killed. A very-much-alive Galen is rescued by Alexis and Dex, and the King's plans to reclaim his crown force Michael to put his country before his wife. Michael and Amanda's marriage eventually disintegrates. They divorce and he leaves town in "The Dismissal". Miles Colby (Maxwell Caulfield, 1985–1986, 1991) Spoiled, hot–headed son of Jason and Sable Colby, and twin brother of Monica, first introduced in "The Aftermath" (1985). Miles is a main character on the spin–off series The Colbys. Joel Abrigore (George Hamilton, 1985–1986) Film director who orchestrates a plot to kidnap Krystle and replace her with lookalike Rita Lesley. Sammy Jo initially convinces Rita to impersonate Krystle so that Sammy Jo can access the inheritance left to her by her father. Rita's boyfriend Joel insinuates himself into the scheme, fully substituting Krystle with Rita to steal as much as possible from Blake. Sabella "Sable" Scott Colby (Stephanie Beacham, 1985; 1988–1989) Wife of Colby Enterprises magnate Jason Colby and maternal first cousin of Alexis and Caress. Sable first visits Denver in "The Titans" (1985). The character subsequently appears in the spin-off series The Colbys for its entire run from 1985 to 1987. Sable later moves to Denver and Dynasty in "A Touch of Sable", becoming a close friend of the Carrington family and Alexis's biggest rival. She takes over the Carlton Hotel, outmaneuvers Alexis in business, and becomes romantically involved with—and pregnant by—Alexis' ex-husband Dex. She last appears in the 1989 series finale, "Catch 22". Monica Colby (Tracy Scoggins, 1985; 1988–1989) Lawyer daughter of Jason and Sable, and Miles' twin sister. She first visits Denver in "The Titans" (1985). Monica subsequently appears in the spin-off series The Colbys for its entire run from 1985 to 1987. Initially thought to be Jeff's cousins, the reveal that Jason is Jeff's father (instead of Jason's brother Philip) makes Monica and Miles Jeff's half siblings. Monica follows Sable to Denver, helping her in her efforts to fight Alexis and serving as Sable's legal counsel. Sable later reveals that Monica and Miles are not Jason Colby's children. Monica last appears in the 1989 series finale, "Catch 22". Garrett Boydston (Ken Howard, 1985–1986) Levelheaded though sensitive chief counsel for Colby Enterprises. He hopes to rekindle his long-ago romance with Dominique, which had ended because he was married. Dominique discovers that Garrett had not been married after all, and it is eventually revealed that Garrett is the biological father of Dominique's daughter Jackie. Caress Morell (Kate O'Mara, 1986) Younger sister of Alexis, who served five years in a prison in Caracas, Venezuela, because of an incident involving Alexis and her then-lover, Zach Powers. Caress is released and comes to Denver in "Suspicions", hoping to make a fortune by writing a scathing tell-all book about Alexis called Sister Dearest, exposing her sister's darkest secrets. Alexis finds out about the book, secretly buys the publishing company, and scuttles the project. A resentful Caress offers to help Blake prove that Alexis perjured herself in a court case against him. Blake's brother Ben Carrington has Caress kidnapped and sent back to prison in Caracas; she sends a desperate letter to Blake, but he is unable to free her because of Ben's bribes. Blake sends Dex Dexter and Clay Fallmont to extract her. Once back in Denver, Caress blackmails Emily Fallmont with the secret that Emily once cheated on her husband Buck with Ben, but feels honest regret over doing so. Blake convinces Caress to give up her plan. Emily ultimately confesses her sins, but is hit by a car and killed. Caress leaves town in "The Letter" on a mission to dig up secrets about Ben. Ben Carrington (Christopher Cazenove, 1986–1987) Blake's vengeful younger brother, who was cut off by Blake after the death of their mother. In "Ben", Alexis brings him to Denver from Australia to stir up trouble and help her destroy Blake. Even though Ben and Alexis manage to force Blake and Krystle out of the Carrington mansion, Ben eventually reconciles with his brother and, much later, his estranged daughter Leslie. Ben and Emily Fallmont had an affair in their youth, and suspects that Clay may be his son. Ben leaves town in "Shadow Play". Clay Fallmont (Ted McGinley, 1986–1987) Son of Senator Buck Fallmont and his wife Emily, and brother of Bart. First appearing in "Masquerade", Clay romances Amanda, and briefly marries Sammy Jo. He is later involved with Leslie Carrington, but when it is revealed he may also be Ben's son (and Leslie's brother), he breaks it off and leaves town in "Shadow Play". Dana Waring Carrington (Leann Hunley 1986–1988) Blake's loyal assistant at Denver–Carrington. First appearing in "Reward", she is befriended by Adam, who is working for Alexis and uses Dana to obtain confidential information about Blake's company. The pair soon fall in love, and it is revealed that Dana had followed Adam to Denver from Billings, Montana, where she had loved him from afar. They marry, but Dana's inability to conceive a child places a strain on their relationship. She struggles to keep the secret that her infertility was caused by an abortion in her teens, the result of a one-night stand with Adam when he lived as Michael Torrance (he had been too drunk to remember the encounter). Adam and Dana use a surrogate mother named Karen Atkinson to conceive Adam's child, but the subsequent custody battle when Karen changes her mind tears Adam and Dana's marriage apart for good. Dana leaves Denver in the season nine premiere, "Broken Krystle". Leslie Carrington (Terri Garber, 1987–1988) Daughter of Ben Carrington and Melissa Saunders. In "The Rig", Leslie comes to town to confront the father who abandoned her. There she runs into her former flame Dex, and dallies with Michael Culhane. Leslie is later involved with Clay Fallmont, but when it is revealed he may also be Ben's son, he breaks it off and leaves town. After falling into an affair with a married Jeff Colby, Leslie becomes Alexis Colby's protégé, but is fired for also having an affair with Alexis' husband, Sean Rowan. Sean later takes Leslie hostage, raping and beating her when his schemes unravel. She manages to contact her cousin, Steven, who comes for her in "Colorado Roulette", her last appearance in the series. Sarah Curtis (Cassie Yates, 1987) Friend of Dex Dexter, whose husband and daughter die in a car crash. Sarah is persuaded to allow her daughter's heart to be transplanted into Blake and Krystle's critically ill young daughter Krystina. She becomes obsessed with Krystina and kidnaps her. However, she eventually recovers with the help of Blake and Krystle. Sean (Anders) Rowan (James Healey, 1987–1988) Handsome stranger who saves Alexis from drowning after a car accident in "The Siege". They marry, and Sean insinuates himself into her business, alienating Adam. It is soon revealed that Sean is secretly the son of former Carrington majordomo Joseph Anders and brother of Kirby, bent on avenging his father and sister, who had been ill-treated by Alexis and the Carringtons. Sean has an affair with Leslie, and schemes to destroy the family. He is killed when a gun goes off during a fight with Dex in "Colorado Roulette". Jeremy Van Dorn (Jeroen Krabbé, 1991) Head of a large public relations firm. In Dynasty: The Reunion, Van Dorn becomes involved with Alexis, but is soon revealed to be the head of the Consortium, an international criminal organization that had illegally taken control of Denver-Carrington while Blake was in prison. Van Dorn is eventually discovered by Jeff and Adam, but not before trying to kill Alexis. He appears to be arrested by the police, but the officers turn out to be disguised members of the Consortium. Recurring Jeanette Robbins (Virginia Hawkins, 1981–1989; 1991) Longtime Carrington housekeeper. First appearing in "The Honeymoon", Jeanette is a friend to Krystle from the beginning, and very close to the family. In season one, she is called upon by Jake Dunham to give evidence against Blake at Ted Dinard's murder trial, although she is visibly uncomfortable doing so. In the third season, Jeanette takes charge of L.B. in the nursery while Jeff and Fallon interview nannies; she confesses to Kirby Anders that while she enjoys the work she is tired easily; this spurs Kirby to take on the role of nanny. In season six, Alexis offers Jeanette $100 a week for information on Krystle, who she suspects of abusing L.B. (it is actually Rita Lesley posing as Krystle). Jeanette declines the offer, as she cannot bring herself to betray her employer. In season seven, Jeanette helps Blake and Krystle move into the Carlton Hotel once Alexis evicts them from the mansion. When Alexis finds out, she sacks Jeanette with two months' severance pay, which causes Amanda to walk in protest. She is later hired by Krystle as lady's maid. When Matthew Blaisdel abducts the Carringtons and their household staff in season eight, Jeanette and butler Gerard admit their feelings for each other. Jeanette also appears in Dynasty: The Reunion. Gerard (William Beckley, 1983–1989; 1991) Longtime Carrington butler. First appearing in "The Note", he takes over as majordomo after Joseph Anders commits suicide. When Matthew Blaisdel abducts the Carringtons and their household staff in season eight, Gerard and Jeanette admit their feelings for each other. Gerard also appears in Dynasty: The Reunion. Hilda Gunnerson (Betty Harford, 1981–1987; 1991) Longtime Carrington cook. First appearing in "The Honeymoon", Hilda Nielsen Gunnerson (usually referred to as "Mrs. Gunnerson") is close to the family, and according to a season two episode was hired by Alexis while she was still married to Blake. When Blake introduces Krystle to the household staff in season one, he says that Mrs. Gunnerson's "several relatives" eat well at his expense. In season two, Alexis asks Mrs. Gunnerson to order her some glassware and champagne for her art studio, having moved in, and tells the cook to take two bottles home for her and her husband, Bjorn. Mrs. Gunnerson has three sons: Bjorn Jr, Donald and Britt. In season seven, Alexis gives Mrs. Gunnerson a $1000-a-month raise, on the condition that she reports any staff showing disloyalty to her; when she shows reluctance, Alexis reminds her of the time she paid for Mrs. Gunnerson's son's medical expenses, saving his life. Mrs. Gunnerson is among the household staff abducted by Matthew Blaisdel along with the Carringtons in season eight. She also appears in Dynasty: The Reunion. Andrew Laird (Peter Mark Richman, 1981–1984) Former criminal attorney who is Blake's shrewd and levelheaded chief legal counsel. D.A. Jake Dunham (Brian Dennehy, 1981) Prosecutor who tries Blake's case regarding the death of Ted Dinard. Once a promising football player, Blake wanted him for his football team. Ted Dinard (Mark Withers, 1981) Steven Carrington's former boyfriend from New York City. He comes to Denver in "Fallon's Wedding", hoping to lure Steven back to resume their relationship. They eventually agree not to reconcile, but Steven's father Blake witnesses their farewell hug and mistakes it for a romantic embrace in "The Separation". As Blake pulls Ted off Steven, Ted falls, hits his head on the edge of a fireplace hearth, and dies. Blake is charged with his murder, and the subsequent trial nearly tears the Carrington family apart. Ray Bonning (Lance LeGault, 1981–1982) Executive vice-president of Rhinewood Enterprises. Neal McVane (Paul Burke, 1982–1984; 1987–1988) Troublesome but powerful congressman who is Alexis' former flame. Blake seeks McVane's help in "Kirby", and Alexis tries to convince him not to aid Blake. In 1983, McVane manages to help Blake stall the takeover of Denver-Carrington by ColbyCo that Alexis has orchestrated, and a furious Alexis leaks McVane's secrets to the press and ruins him. He threatens to kill her; soon after, someone nearly does, but the culprit is revealed to be Carrington majordomo Joseph Anders. Later, in 1984, McVane enlists the help of Krystle's first husband, Mark, to blackmail Alexis. Mark is later pushed to his death from Alexis' penthouse balcony, and she is arrested after Steven admits he saw her do it from a distance. In "Amanda" it is revealed that Mark was murdered by McVane, dressed in a wig and one of Alexis' gowns to frame her. Out of prison, McVane returns in 1987 to blackmail Adam, with evidence that Adam is actually Michael Torrance and not a Carrington, claiming that the real Adam Carrington died the day he was kidnapped. A tormented Adam eventually comes clean to Blake and Alexis; they prove their love for him by refusing to look at his paternity test results, and they adopt him as Adam Carrington. Later in the 1988 episode "The Scandal", McVane leads Adam to the source of the story about Adam actually being Michael Torrance. Adam discovers that it was fabricated, and that he really is Blake and Alexis' son. Morgan Hess (Hank Brandt, 1982–1988) Shady private investigator who wears loud sport coats. He is initially hired by Alexis in "Sammy Jo and Steven Marry" to dig into Krystle's past, and discovers that Krystle is technically still married to her first husband, Mark Jennings. In season four, Sammy Jo hires Hess to fool Claudia into believing her deceased husband Matthew is still alive, hoping that unraveling Claudia's sanity would help Sammy Jo take custody of her son Danny from Steven and Claudia. He also plots with Sammy Jo to split up Blake and Krystle using compromising photos. Hess last appears in "Body Trouble". Blake (Little Blake/L.B.) Colby (Infant, 1982; then Timothy McNutt, 1984–1985; then Ashley Mutrux, 1985; then Brandon Bluhm, 1987–1989, 1991) Son of Jeff and Fallon. Born in "The Baby" (1982), Little Blake is kidnapped from the mansion in "The Cliff", and recovered in "The Wedding". The character moves to The Colbys with Jeff and Fallon, played during its run, portrayed by Ashley Mutrux (1985–1986) and Brandon Bluhm (1986–1987). L.B. returns to Dynasty in 1987, and also appears in Dynasty: The Reunion. Steven Daniel (Danny) Carrington Jr. (Infant, 1982; then Matthew Lawrence, 1984–1985; then Jameson Sampley, 1985–1988; then Justin Burnette, 1988–1989, 1991) Son of Steven and Sammy Jo. With Steven presumed dead in an oil rig explosion in the Java Sea, Sammy Jo appears at the Carrington mansion in "Samantha" (1982), with a baby she claims is her son with Steven. More interested in a modeling career than being a mother, Sammy Jo leaves baby Danny with Blake and Krystle, as Alexis pays Sammy Jo to leave town. Steven turns up alive, and takes custody of his son. He and Blake soon get into a legal battle over the child, worsened by Sammy Jo's false testimony against Steven. Marrying Claudia assures Steven's victory. Sammy Jo returns in 1984 seeking custody, and soon kidnaps Danny. Adam helps retrieve the child in Los Angeles. Later, young Danny becomes close to Claudia, and their relationship continues after Steven and Claudia divorce. A returning Sammy Jo again wants to be involved in her son's life, and later proves herself to the family and Steven. Danny also appears in Dynasty: The Reunion. Rashid Ahmed (John Saxon, 1982–1984) Dark, dashing oil sheik and occasional lover to Alexis. He owns a luxurious Italian villa, among other things. He consults Blake to free up his trapped oil tankers in 1982. Rashid double-crosses Blake out of the China Sea oil deal in 1984. He is shot and killed by Turkish authorities during a botched deal with Adam Carrington. Tony Driscoll (Paul Keenan, 1982–1984) The Carrington groundsman. Marcia (Sally Kemp, 1982–1984) Blake's secretary at Denver–Carrington. Gerald Wilson (John Larch, 1982–1988) Attorney to Cecil Colby. Dr. Jonas Edwards (Robert Symonds, 1982–1987) Father figure to Adam when he was growing up as Michael Torrance. Chris Deegan (Grant Goodeve, 1983; 1987) Lawyer and college friend of Steven. Introduced in the 1983 episode "The Vote", Chris welcomes Steven and his infant son Danny into his home after Steven has a falling out with Blake. Blake later learns that Steven is living with Chris, who is also gay. Suspecting that the men are more than friends, Blake decides to sue Steven for custody of Danny. Chris represents Steven at the custody trial, where Blake argues that a homosexual cannot be a good parent. Thanks to Blake's criminal past and Steven's last minute marriage to Claudia, the couple are awarded custody of Danny in "Tender Comrades". Chris later appears in the 1987 episode "The Spoiler". Sam Dexter (David Hedison, 1983; Ed Nelson, 1987) Dex Dexter's father, a businessman at Dexter International, board member at Denver-Carrington, and friend to Blake. Sam slept with Alexis Colby while she was married to Blake. In 1983, Sam suffers a heart attack and Dex takes over his seat on the board. Gordon Wales (James Sutorius, 1984–1988) Reporter for World Finance magazine who interviews Blake Carrington in March 1984. He is later hired by Alexis to work at the Denver Mirror. Luke Fuller (Billy Campbell, 1984–1985) Steven's soft-spoken coworker at ColbyCo, hired by Alexis in "The Secret". As circumstances keep throwing them together, Steven makes it clear to both his wife Claudia and Luke that his and Luke's relationship is purely platonic. Still, Claudia cannot ignore the warning signs, and Steven cannot ignore his attraction to Luke. He and Luke eventually begin a relationship, and Claudia finds solace with Adam. Later, when the entire family (including Luke) travels to Moldavia for Amanda's royal wedding, terrorists attack the chapel. Luke is shot in the head trying to protect Claudia from gunfire. He dies in Steven's arms in "The Aftermath". Dean Caldwell (Richard Hatch, 1984–1985) Handsome art gallery owner who takes an interest in Claudia Blaisdel in 1984. Nicole Simpson (Susan Scannell, 1984–1985) Ex–wife of Peter De Vilbis, a bored but scheming socialite from Los Angeles who has an affair with Jeff Colby after Fallon Colby disappears. She marries Jeff in a quickie ceremony out of state, but the marriage is later invalidated. Krystina Carrington (Cassidy Lewis 1984–1985; then Jessica Player, 1987–1989, 1991) Blake and Krystle's daughter. She is born in "Krystina" (1984), but suffers from respiratory distress syndrome and must remain hospitalized for a time. Years later in "The Test" (1987), Krystina is diagnosed with a heart condition that will prove fatal if she does not have a transplant. In "The Surgery", she receives the heart of a young girl named Kathy who was rendered brain dead in a car crash. Kathy's mother, Sarah Curtis, develops an unhealthy attachment to Krystina, and abducts her in the distraught delusion that Krystina is Kathy. Krystina is recovered, and Blake and Krystle help Sarah get mental treatment. In the 1989 series finale "Catch 22", Fallon and Krystina are trapped in an abandoned mine on the Carrington estate. Krystina also appears in Dynasty: The Reunion. Tom Carrington (Harry Andrews, 1985) Blake and Ben's father. In "The Will", Blake, Alexis, and Dominique visit a dying Tom in Jakarta, Indonesia. An oil, timber, and rubber tycoon, Tom meets his illegitimate daughter Dominique for the first time, and she convinces him to accept her. Tom dies, but not before including Dominique in his will. Tom's $500 million fortune is split between Blake, Alexis, and Dominique, which infuriates Alexis. In "Sins of the Father" (1989), Blake admits that Tom had been given a priceless Frederick Stahl art collection in the early 1950s after transporting some men accused of Nazi war crimes with his shipping line. He had partnered with Jason Colby and Sam Dexter to hide the collection. In the 1989 series finale "Catch 22", it is revealed that Tom had disposed of the body of Roger Grimes, after a young Fallon had killed him to protect Alexis. King Galen of Moldavia (Joel Fabiani, 1985–1986) In "Life and Death", Alexis visits her old friend, King Galen of Moldavia, as part of her plan to wed her daughter Amanda to Galen's son, Prince Michael. After a somewhat volatile courtship, Amanda and Michael wed in Moldavia, with all the Carringtons present. However, a political coup comes to fruition and terrorists, bent on seizing the country, attack the ceremony. Michael and the Carringtons are eventually allowed to leave Moldavia, and are told that Galen has been killed. A very-much-alive Galen is rescued by Alexis and Dex. Paralyzed, Galen moves ahead with plans to reclaim his crown. He manipulates Alexis to gain necessary funds, coming between her and Dex and offering to make her his queen. When Alexis uncovers Galen's schemes and finds out that he has recovered from his paralysis and has been faking it, she sends him packing in "The Divorce". Rita Lesley (Linda Evans, 1985–1986) Actress whom Sammy Jo recruits to pose as Krystle. Nick Kimball (Richard Lawson, 1985–1986) Well-reputed drill foreman hired by Blake in 1986. He is the son of one of Blake's oil-business colleagues, and a graduate cum laude from the Colorado School of Mines. Nick becomes the lover and eventual fiance to Dominique. Bart Fallmont (Kevin Conroy, 1985–1986; Cameron Watson, 1991) Successful lawyer and arrogant son of Senator Buck Fallmont and his wife Emily. Introduced in "The Roadhouse", Bart spars with both Steven and Adam in business, but Bart and Steven find that they are attracted to each other. Meanwhile, Adam blackmails Bart, threatening to publicly reveal Fallmont's homosexuality. When Bart refuses to cooperate, Adam reveals his secret. Much to Steven's disappointment, Bart leaves town. Years later in Dynasty: The Reunion, Steven and Bart are living in Washington, D.C., and are in a committed relationship. Blake visits after he is released from prison, but Stevens' reception is icy. Steven and Bart eventually reunite with the rest of the Carringtons at the mansion in Colorado. Elena, Duchess of Branagh (Kerry Armstrong, 1985–1986) Former flame of Prince Michael. Jonathan Lake (Calvin Lockhart, 1985–1986) United States State Department official who dates Dominique. Jackie Deveraux (Troy Beyer, 1986–1987) Dominique's daughter. Jackie comes to Denver in "The Accident". Dominique's lover Garrett is immediately convinced that Jackie is his daughter, from years before when he and Dominique had an affair while he was married to someone else. Jackie later runs away when she learns the truth, and Dominique admits to Garrett that he is indeed Jackie's father in "The Vote". Dominique and Garrett decide to marry, but soon break up; he leaves town in the sixth season finale "The Choice (a.k.a.) The Vendetta" as the La Mirage hotel catches fire. Jackie is injured in the blaze, and later in "The Arraignment" remembers enough about the fire to exonerate Blake from accusations of arson. She last appears in "The Affair". Emily Fallmont (Pat Crowley, 1986–1987) Wife of Senator Buck Fallmont and the mother of Clay and Bart. Introduced in "Masquerade", Emily is desperate to preserve the secret that she had an affair with Ben early in her marriage, which casts doubt on Clay's paternity. However, this revelation is what Blake needs to prove that Ben and Alexis have perjured themselves in a case against him. Pushed to the limit by Caress Morell's blackmail, Emily finally writes a confession and begs Blake to use it. Her secret comes out and devastates Buck, but he forgives her as she dies after being hit by a car in "The Letter". Buck Fallmont (Richard Anderson, 1986–1987) Seasoned senator married to Emily, and the father of Clay and Bart. Introduced in "Masquerade", Buck has a problem with alcohol and a long-simmering hatred for the Carringtons. He strongly disapproves of his son Bart's homosexuality, and later disowns Clay after he finds out about his wife's indiscretion. Buck last appears in "Shadow Play". Karen Atkinson (Stephanie Dunnam, 1987–1988) Surrogate mother contracted by Adam and Dana in their pursuit of a child. Jesse Atkinson (Christopher Allport, 1987–1988) Karen's estranged husband, and father of her other children. Josh Harris (Tom Schanley, 1987–1988) Troubled player on a Carrington–owned football team; briefly involved with Sammy Jo. Dr. Harold Chadway (Alan Haufrect, 1987) Doctor who appeared for Krystina's health. Lauren Colby (Jenny Pharis, 1988–1989; then Brittany Alyse Smith, 1991) Daughter of Jeff and Fallon. Lauren is born in the 1987 The Colbys episode "Guilty Party". Before her birth, Fallon is unsure whether the baby's father is Jeff or Miles Colby. Lauren first appears on Dynasty in the 1988 episode "Broken Krystle", when Fallon is on the phone with Alexis. Lauren also appears in Dynasty: The Reunion. John Zorelli (Ray Abruzzo, 1988–1989) Police detective who becomes involved with Fallon while investigating the long–ago murder of Roger Grimes, for which Blake is a suspect. Joanna Sills (Kim Terry, 1988–1989) Woman who brokers the sale of the Carlton Hotel from Alexis Colby to Sable. She becomes romantically involved with Dex and Adam. James Rayford (Robert Harland, 1988) Candidate who runs against Blake and Alexis for Governor of Colorado, and ultimately wins. Rudy Richards (Lou Beatty Jr., 1988–1989) Detective at the Harmon Springs Police Department and partner to John Zorelli. Virginia Metheny (Liza Morrow, 1988–1989) Krystle's cousin who raised herself after her father died. She was once involved with Dex as a teen prostitute, and later becomes involved with Adam. Father Tanner McBride (Kevin Bernhardt, 1989) Handsome young priest to whom Sammy Jo is attracted. Captain William Handler (John Brandon, 1988–1989) Corrupt cop who shoots Blake after his schemes are exposed in the series finale, and who is himself subsequently shot and killed by John Zorelli. References ^ Bernstein, Adam (April 3, 2010). "John Forsythe dead; starred in Dynasty, Bachelor Father". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on March 16, 2017. Retrieved December 9, 2017. ^ a b c d e f g Gliatto, Tom; Sheff, Vicki (August 5, 1991). "Alexis Strikes Again!". People. Vol. 36, no. 4. pp. 66–68. Archived from the original on March 18, 2009. Retrieved February 21, 2009. ^ Phillips, Jevon (June 24, 2010). "Linda Evans: Hollywood Star Walk". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on December 10, 2017. Retrieved December 9, 2017. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Schemering, Christopher (September 1985). The Soap Opera Encyclopedia. pp. 80–81. ISBN 0-345-32459-5. ^ a b Massey-Goldlion, David (February 26, 2008). 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"Dynasty not bad, but why is it back?". Newsday. Archived from the original on September 4, 2018. Retrieved September 4, 2018. ^ Buck, Jerry (August 5, 1986). "Landing role on Dynasty took sales job". Rome News-Tribune. Archived from the original on September 28, 2023. Retrieved December 4, 2017 – via news.google.com. ^ Holsopple, Barbara (July 12, 1985). "Charlton Heston heads Dynasty spinoff". The Pittsburgh Press. Archived from the original on April 8, 2023. Retrieved December 10, 2019 – via news.google.com. ^ Coveney, Michael (March 30, 2014). "Kate O'Mara obituary". The Guardian. Archived from the original on October 2, 2019. Retrieved September 4, 2018. ^ "Former Dynasty star Cazenove dies". BBC News. April 8, 2010. Archived from the original on November 12, 2018. Retrieved September 4, 2018. ^ "The Fall and Rise of Terri Garber". TV Guide (1797). September 5, 1987. ^ a b c d e f g h "Dynasty: The Reunion (Part 1 of 2) (TV)". Paleycenter.org. Paley Center for Media. Archived from the original on January 18, 2021. Retrieved August 8, 2019. ^ a b c d e f g h "Dynasty: The Reunion (Part 2 of 2) (TV)". Paleycenter.org. Paley Center for Media. Archived from the original on April 15, 2023. Retrieved August 8, 2019. ^ "FLASHBACK: Former Dynasty Actor Paul Keenan Suffering From AIDS (1986)". We Love Soaps. July 12, 1986. Archived from the original on December 11, 2017. Retrieved December 10, 2017. ^ Yarrow, Andrew L. (March 8, 1989). "Harry Andrews, Actor, Dies at 77; In The Hill and 50 Other Movies". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 19, 2017. Retrieved December 8, 2017. ^ "Dynasty Season 7 Episodes", TV Guide External links Dynasty at IMDb vteDynasty Original series (1981–1989) Reboot series (2017–2022) Characters Blake Carrington Krystle Carrington Fallon Carrington Claudia Blaisdel Carrington Steven Carrington Jeff Colby Joseph Anders Michael Culhane Alexis Colby Sammy Jo Carrington Adam Carrington Kirby Anders Dex Dexter Dominique Deveraux Amanda Carrington Sable Colby Monica Colby Liam Ridley Carrington family Original series characters Reboot series characters Episodes Original series season 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Dynasty: The Reunion (1991) Reboot series season 1 2 3 4 5 Related topics Richard and Esther Shapiro The Colbys characters episodes Dynasty: The Making of a Guilty Pleasure (2005)
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DynastyCast-Season6-1985-1986.jpg"},{"link_name":"John Forsythe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Forsythe"},{"link_name":"Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynasty_(1981_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"prime time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_time"},{"link_name":"soap opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soap_opera"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"Richard and Esther Shapiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_and_Esther_Shapiro"},{"link_name":"Aaron Spelling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Spelling"},{"link_name":"Carringtons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrington_family"},{"link_name":"Denver, Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"John Forsythe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Forsythe"},{"link_name":"Blake Carrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blake_Carrington"},{"link_name":"Linda Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Evans"},{"link_name":"Krystle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krystle_Carrington"},{"link_name":"Joan Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Collins"},{"link_name":"Alexis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_Colby"},{"link_name":"miniseries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miniseries"},{"link_name":"Dynasty: The Reunion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynasty:_The_Reunion"}],"text":"John Forsythe and the female cast of Dynasty season six (1985–1986)Dynasty is an American prime time television soap opera that aired on ABC from January 12, 1981, to May 11, 1989. The series, created by Richard and Esther Shapiro and produced by Aaron Spelling, revolves around the Carringtons, a wealthy family residing in Denver, Colorado. Dynasty stars John Forsythe as oil magnate Blake Carrington, Linda Evans as his new wife Krystle, and later Joan Collins as his former wife Alexis. A two-part miniseries, Dynasty: The Reunion, aired in October 1991.","title":"List of Dynasty (1981 TV series) characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Main cast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_character"},{"link_name":"Semi-regular cast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_character"},{"link_name":"Recurring guest star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recurring_character"},{"link_name":"Guest star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guest_appearance"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SG_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SG_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SG_2-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SG_2-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SG_2-4"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Colbys_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Colbys_3-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Colbys_3-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Colbys_3-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Colbys_3-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Colbys_3-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Colbys_3-6"},{"link_name":"The Colbys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Colbys"}],"text":"Main cast (opening credits in every episode) \n  Semi-regular cast (opening credits in select episodes) \n  Recurring guest star\n  Guest starCast notes^ Evans also plays Krystle's look-a-like Rita Lesley in seasons 5 and 6.\n\n^ a b c d e Credited in opening as \"Special Guest Star\".\n\n^ a b c d e f g Credited in opening as \"Special Appearance by\" as part of a crossover with the spin-off show The Colbys.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_Forsythe_-_1957.jpg"},{"link_name":"John Forsythe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Forsythe"},{"link_name":"Blake Carrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blake_Carrington"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Linda_Evans.jpg"},{"link_name":"Linda Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Evans"},{"link_name":"Krystle Carrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krystle_Carrington"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Joan_Collins_-_Monte-Carlo_Television_Festival.jpg"},{"link_name":"Joan Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Collins"},{"link_name":"Alexis Carrington Colby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_Carrington_Colby"},{"link_name":"Blake Carrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blake_Carrington"},{"link_name":"John Forsythe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Forsythe"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-People_1991-08-05-5"},{"link_name":"Krystle Jennings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krystle_Carrington"},{"link_name":"Alexis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_Colby"},{"link_name":"Krystle Grant Jennings Carrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krystle_Carrington"},{"link_name":"Linda Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Evans"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-People_1991-08-05-5"},{"link_name":"Mark Jennings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Jennings_(Dynasty_1981)"},{"link_name":"Matthew Blaisdel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Blaisdel_(Dynasty_1981)"},{"link_name":"Krystina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krystina_Carrington"},{"link_name":"Sammy Jo Dean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sammy_Jo_Carrington"},{"link_name":"Fallon Carrington Colby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallon_Carrington_Colby"},{"link_name":"Pamela Sue Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamela_Sue_Martin"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SOE_1985-7"},{"link_name":"Emma Samms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Samms"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paulsen-8"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-People_1991-08-05-5"},{"link_name":"Jeff Colby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Colby"},{"link_name":"\"Little Blake\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L.B._Colby"},{"link_name":"Lauren Colby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauren_Colby"},{"link_name":"Michael Culhane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Culhane"},{"link_name":"Peter De Vilbis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Peter_De_Vilbis"},{"link_name":"Nick Toscanni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Toscanni"},{"link_name":"Miles Colby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles_Colby"},{"link_name":"spin-off","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin-off_(media)"},{"link_name":"The Colbys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Colbys"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pressreader_Colbys-9"},{"link_name":"Claudia Blaisdel Carrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudia_Blaisdel_Carrington"},{"link_name":"Pamela Bellwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamela_Bellwood"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SOE_1985-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Daily_Beast-10"},{"link_name":"Matthew Blaisdel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Blaisdel_(Dynasty_1981)"},{"link_name":"Lindsay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindsay_Blaisdel"},{"link_name":"Steven Carrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Carrington"},{"link_name":"Al Corley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Corley"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SOE_1985-7"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-People_1991-08-05-5"},{"link_name":"Jack Coleman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Coleman_(actor)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PT_Closet_273-11"},{"link_name":"Danny Carrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Carrington"},{"link_name":"Ted Dinard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Dinard_(Dynasty_1981)"},{"link_name":"Luke Fuller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke_Fuller"},{"link_name":"Bart Fallmont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bart_Fallmont"},{"link_name":"Jeff Colby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Colby"},{"link_name":"John James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_James_(actor)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SOE_1985-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Daily_Beast-10"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-People_1991-08-05-5"},{"link_name":"Cecil Colby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Colby"},{"link_name":"Kirby Anders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirby_Anders"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pressreader_Colbys-9"},{"link_name":"Nicole Simpson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicole_Simpson_(Dynasty_character)"},{"link_name":"Ashley Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashley_Mitchell_(Dynasty_character)"},{"link_name":"Leslie Carrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Carrington"},{"link_name":"Michael Culhane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Culhane"},{"link_name":"Wayne Northrop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Northrop"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SOE_1985-7"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S-R-12"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GT-13"},{"link_name":"The Testimony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Testimony_(Dynasty)"},{"link_name":"The Victory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Victory_(Dynasty)"},{"link_name":"Amanda Carrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanda_Carrington"},{"link_name":"The Sublet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sublet_(Dynasty)"},{"link_name":"Katy Kurtzman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katy_Kurtzman"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SOE_1985-7"},{"link_name":"The Testimony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Testimony_(Dynasty)"},{"link_name":"Dale Robertson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dale_Robertson"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SOE_1985-7"},{"link_name":"wildcatter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildcatter"},{"link_name":"The Beating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beating_(Dynasty)"},{"link_name":"The Proposal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Proposal_(Dynasty_1985)"},{"link_name":"Bo Hopkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo_Hopkins"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SOE_1985-7"},{"link_name":"Middle East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East"},{"link_name":"Claudia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudia_Blaisdel_Carrington"},{"link_name":"Lindsay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindsay_Blaisdel"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru"},{"link_name":"The Siege","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Siege_-_Part_2_(Dynasty)"},{"link_name":"Joseph Anders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Anders"},{"link_name":"Lee Bergere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Bergere"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SOE_1985-7"},{"link_name":"majordomo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majordomo"},{"link_name":"Kirby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirby_Anders"},{"link_name":"The Bungalow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bungalow_(Dynasty)"},{"link_name":"Lloyd Bochner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd_Bochner"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SOE_1985-7"},{"link_name":"ColbyCo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ColbyCo"},{"link_name":"The Wedding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wedding_(Dynasty_1982)"},{"link_name":"The Colbys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Colbys"},{"link_name":"Constance Colby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constance_Colby"},{"link_name":"Jason Colby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Colby"},{"link_name":"Philip Colby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Colby"},{"link_name":"Alexis Morell Carrington Colby Dexter Rowan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_Colby"},{"link_name":"Joan Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Collins"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SOE_1985-7"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paulsen-8"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-People_1991-08-05-5"},{"link_name":"Cecil Colby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Colby"},{"link_name":"Dex Dexter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dex_Dexter"},{"link_name":"Sean Rowan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Rowan"},{"link_name":"Adam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Carrington"},{"link_name":"Fallon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallon_Carrington"},{"link_name":"Steven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Carrington"},{"link_name":"Amanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanda_Carrington"},{"link_name":"Roger Grimes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Grimes_(Dynasty_character)"},{"link_name":"Mark Jennings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Jennings_(Dynasty_1981)"},{"link_name":"Rashid Ahmed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashid_Ahmed_(Dynasty_character)"},{"link_name":"King Galen of Moldavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Galen_of_Moldavia"},{"link_name":"Zach Powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zach_Powers"},{"link_name":"James Farentino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Farentino"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SOE_1985-7"},{"link_name":"Alexis' Secret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis%27_Secret"},{"link_name":"The Cliff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cliff_(Dynasty)"},{"link_name":"Samantha Josephine \"Sammy Jo\" Dean Reece Carrington Fallmont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sammy_Jo_Carrington"},{"link_name":"Heather Locklear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heather_Locklear"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-People_1991-08-05-5"},{"link_name":"Clay Fallmont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clay_Fallmont"},{"link_name":"Danny Carrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Carrington"},{"link_name":"Daniel Reece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Reece_(Dynasty_character)"},{"link_name":"Adam Carrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Carrington"},{"link_name":"Gordon Thomson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Thomson_(actor)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SOE_1985-7"},{"link_name":"Robin Sachs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Sachs"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Billings, Montana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billings,_Montana"},{"link_name":"Kirby Anders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirby_Anders"},{"link_name":"Dana Waring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dana_Waring_Carrington"},{"link_name":"Geoffrey Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Scott_(actor)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SOE_1985-7"},{"link_name":"The Siblings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Siblings_(Dynasty)"},{"link_name":"The Engagement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Engagement_(Dynasty)"},{"link_name":"Neal McVane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neal_McVane"},{"link_name":"Kirby Anders Colby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirby_Anders"},{"link_name":"Kathleen Beller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathleen_Beller"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SOE_1985-7"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EW_Reunion-15"},{"link_name":"Dynasty: The Reunion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynasty:_The_Reunion"},{"link_name":"Deborah Adair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deborah_Adair"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SOE_1985-7"},{"link_name":"Helmut Berger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Berger"},{"link_name":"Farnsworth \"Dex\" Dexter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dex_Dexter"},{"link_name":"Michael Nader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Nader"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EW_Reunion-15"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Green Beret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Berets"},{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"Dominique Deveraux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominique_Deveraux"},{"link_name":"Diahann Carroll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diahann_Carroll"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Tom Carrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Carrington_(Dynasty_character)"},{"link_name":"Ben Carrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Carrington"},{"link_name":"Brady Lloyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brady_Lloyd_(Dynasty_1981)"},{"link_name":"Billy Dee Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Dee_Williams"},{"link_name":"Amanda (Bedford) Carrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanda_Carrington"},{"link_name":"Catherine Oxenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Oxenberg"},{"link_name":"Karen Cellini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Cellini"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S-R-12"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GT-13"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rome_N-T-19"},{"link_name":"Prince Michael of Moldavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Michael_of_Moldavia"},{"link_name":"Clay Fallmont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clay_Fallmont"},{"link_name":"Rock Hudson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_Hudson"},{"link_name":"Dayton, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayton,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Libya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya"},{"link_name":"Ali MacGraw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_MacGraw"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Daily_Beast-10"},{"link_name":"Jeff Colby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Colby"},{"link_name":"Michael Praed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Praed"},{"link_name":"Circumstantial Evidence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumstantial_Evidence_(Dynasty)"},{"link_name":"Acapulco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acapulco"},{"link_name":"King Galen of Moldavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Galen_of_Moldavia"},{"link_name":"The Dismissal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dismissal_(Dynasty)"},{"link_name":"Miles Colby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles_Colby"},{"link_name":"Maxwell Caulfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell_Caulfield"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EW_Reunion-15"},{"link_name":"Jason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Colby"},{"link_name":"Sable Colby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sable_Colby"},{"link_name":"Monica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monica_Colby"},{"link_name":"The Colbys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Colbys"},{"link_name":"George Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Hamilton_(actor)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Sabella \"Sable\" Scott Colby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sable_Colby"},{"link_name":"Stephanie Beacham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephanie_Beacham"},{"link_name":"Jason Colby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Colby"},{"link_name":"Caress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caress_Morell"},{"link_name":"The Titans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Titans_(Dynasty)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pressreader_Colbys-9"},{"link_name":"A Touch of Sable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Touch_of_Sable"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pressreader_Colbys-9"},{"link_name":"Catch 22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catch_22_(Dynasty)"},{"link_name":"Monica Colby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monica_Colby"},{"link_name":"Tracy Scoggins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracy_Scoggins"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pressreader_Colbys-9"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pressreader_Colbys-9"},{"link_name":"Catch 22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catch_22_(Dynasty)"},{"link_name":"Garrett Boydston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garrett_Boydston"},{"link_name":"Ken Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Howard"},{"link_name":"Jackie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackie_Deveraux"},{"link_name":"Kate O'Mara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_O%27Mara"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Caracas, Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracas,_Venezuela"},{"link_name":"Zach Powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zach_Powers"},{"link_name":"Suspicions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspicions_(Dynasty)"},{"link_name":"Ben Carrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Carrington"},{"link_name":"Clay Fallmont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clay_Fallmont"},{"link_name":"Emily Fallmont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emily_Fallmont"},{"link_name":"Buck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buck_Fallmont"},{"link_name":"The Letter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Letter_(Dynasty)"},{"link_name":"Christopher Cazenove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Cazenove"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Ben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_(Dynasty_1981)"},{"link_name":"Leslie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Carrington"},{"link_name":"Shadow Play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadow_Play_(Dynasty)"},{"link_name":"Ted McGinley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_McGinley"},{"link_name":"Buck Fallmont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buck_Fallmont"},{"link_name":"Emily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emily_Fallmont"},{"link_name":"Bart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bart_Fallmont"},{"link_name":"Masquerade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masquerade_(Dynasty)"},{"link_name":"Leslie Carrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Carrington"},{"link_name":"Shadow Play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadow_Play_(Dynasty)"},{"link_name":"Leann Hunley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leann_Hunley"},{"link_name":"Reward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reward_(Dynasty)"},{"link_name":"Broken Krystle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broken_Krystle"},{"link_name":"Terri Garber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terri_Garber"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GT-13"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TVG_1987-23"},{"link_name":"The Rig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rig_(Dynasty)"},{"link_name":"Michael Culhane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Culhane"},{"link_name":"Sean Rowan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Rowan"},{"link_name":"Colorado Roulette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Roulette"},{"link_name":"Cassie Yates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassie_Yates"},{"link_name":"James Healey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Healey_(actor)"},{"link_name":"The Siege","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Siege_-_Part_1_(Dynasty)"},{"link_name":"Colorado Roulette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Roulette"},{"link_name":"Jeroen Krabbé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeroen_Krabb%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EW_Reunion-15"},{"link_name":"Dynasty: The Reunion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynasty:_The_Reunion"}],"text":"John Forsythe plays Blake CarringtonLinda Evans plays Krystle CarringtonJoan Collins plays Alexis Carrington ColbyBlake Carrington (John Forsythe (original cast), 1981–1989;[1] 1991[2])\nThe self-made CEO of Denver-Carrington and the principal character of the series. Married to his former secretary Krystle Jennings, he has four grown children with his scheming ex-wife Alexis, and later a daughter with Krystle. Initially a ruthless man in both business and family matters, Blake softens into a more benevolent patriarchal figure early on in the series.Krystle Grant Jennings Carrington (Linda Evans (original cast), 1981–1989;[3] 1991[2])\nBlake's younger wife, former wife of tennis pro Mark Jennings and the one-time lover of married geologist Matthew Blaisdel. Krystle is the mother, with Blake, of Krystina, and the aunt of Sammy Jo Dean, the only child of her late sister Iris and Daniel Reece.Fallon Carrington Colby (Pamela Sue Martin (original cast), 1981–1984;[4] Emma Samms, 1985–1989,[5] 1991[2])\nThe eldest daughter of Blake and Alexis, the wife of Jeff Colby and the mother, with Jeff, of \"Little Blake\" and Lauren Colby. As a young woman, she has affairs with chauffeur Michael Culhane, playboy Peter De Vilbis, tennis pro Mark Jennings, doctor Nick Toscanni, and Colby heir, Miles Colby, whom she marries briefly. Fallon and Jeff leave Denver as the primary focus of the spin-off series The Colbys, and then return to Dynasty in 1987.[6]Claudia Blaisdel Carrington (Pamela Bellwood (original cast), 1981–1986[4][7])\nThe emotionally fragile wife of Matthew Blaisdel, mother of Lindsay, and at one time a close friend of Krystle. When introduced, Claudia had recently been released from a psychiatric hospital. She befriends Steven and they soon have an affair. She is forced to confess on the stand at Blake's murder trial, and Matthew leaves her and takes Lindsay. When she finds out that Lindsay has died, she becomes unhinged and is sent off to a hospital again. She returns and resumes her relationship with Steven, and they marry. Eventually the marriage ends over Steven's sexual confusion, and Claudia marries Adam. Claudia begins to lose her sanity again and dies in a fire she starts accidentally at La Mirage.Steven Carrington (Al Corley (original cast), 1981–1982;[4] 1991;[2] Jack Coleman, 1983–1988[8])\nThe sexually confused, third born and younger son of Blake and Alexis who, despite his conviction that he is homosexual, marries Sammy Jo Dean and Claudia Blaisdel. With Sammy Jo, he fathers Danny Carrington. At different times, the lover of Ted Dinard, Luke Fuller and Bart Fallmont. Steven eventually ends up with Bart in the reunion movie.Jeff Colby (John James (original cast), 1981–1989;[4][7] 1991[2])\nThe nephew and protege of Cecil Colby who raised him at Nine Oaks, the Colby estate in Denver which neighbors the Carrington estate. Married to Fallon and briefly to Kirby Anders, he is the father of L.B. and Lauren with Fallon. Fallon and Jeff leave Denver as the primary focus of the spin-off series The Colbys, and then return to Dynasty in 1987.[6] At different times, Jeff is involved with Nicole Simpson, Lady Ashley Mitchell, and Leslie Carrington.Michael Culhane (Wayne Northrop (original cast), 1981;[4] 1986–1987[9][10])\nThe Carrington chauffeur, who is involved in a sexual relationship with heiress Fallon. Michael proves useful to Blake in his shady business dealings, but Blake has him beaten up when he learns of his relationship with Fallon. Michael leaves town in the first season finale episode, \"The Testimony\". He returns in the seventh season premiere \"The Victory\", in time to save Fallon's sister Amanda Carrington from a fire at La Mirage. The two become romantically involved as Blake gives Michael his job as Blake's driver back, but Blake fires him when he sees the couple kissing. An angry Michael, not really as poor as he has let on, secretly orchestrates a deal that would give him a piece of Blake's latest venture, but Amanda's mother Alexis reveals his schemes, and he leaves Denver again in \"The Sublet\".Lindsay Blaisdel (Katy Kurtzman (original cast), 1981[4])\nSensitive teenage daughter of Matthew and Claudia. With fragile Claudia newly released from a sanitarium after a breakdown, mother and daughter are trying to reconnect. Hurt and traumatized by the ordeal, Lindsay is further swept up in her parents' domestic troubles. Matthew leaves the country with Lindsay after discovering Claudia's affair with Steven in \"The Testimony\". Claudia subsequently does everything within her power—including things she finds despicable—to find Lindsay. Matthew and Lindsay are later presumed dead in a car crash in the Peruvian jungle. Matthew mentions to Krystle during his 1987 return that though he survived, Lindsay died from the injuries she sustained in the crash.Walter Lankershim (Dale Robertson (original cast), 1981[4])\nOil wildcatter, and Matthew's longtime friend. Walter does not take kindly the shady tactics of his business rival Blake, and goes into business with Matthew. Walter last appears in \"The Beating\". His death is noted in the season six episode \"The Proposal\" (1985), in which he leaves Claudia his and Matthew's first oil well, Lankershim-Blaisdel 1. The reveal that the well is dry and worthless precipitates Claudia's final mental breakdown.Matthew Blaisdel (Bo Hopkins (original cast), 1981;[4] 1987)\nDenver–Carrington geologist and Krystle's former lover. Matthew returns to Denver from the Middle East on the eve of Krystle's marriage to Blake. He struggles with his feelings for Krystle as he tries to rebuild his marriage with fragile Claudia, newly released from an institution after a breakdown. Matthew leaves Blake's employ to run his own rig, and soon their rivalry over Krystle transforms into a fierce rivalry over oil. Meanwhile, Claudia's friendship with Blake's son Steven turns into an affair; when the secret comes out, Matthew takes his and Claudia's daughter Lindsay and leaves town. They are later presumed dead in a car crash in the jungles of Peru. Matthew returns in 1987; he and Lindsay had been rescued from the crash by a jungle tribe who saved his life, though Lindsay later died from her injuries. Aided by his Peruvian minions, Matthew storms the Carrington mansion. He wants Krystle to run off with him, and holds the family hostage when she resists. Matthew takes them to the site of his original oil rig, and is eventually killed by his old friend Steven in \"The Siege\".Joseph Anders (Lee Bergere (original cast), 1981–1983[4])\nThe Carringtons' longtime majordomo, who is staunchly loyal to Blake and takes an immediate dislike to his new bride Krystle. Krystle rises to the challenge and they eventually share a mutual respect. Joseph later shows a deeper loathing for Blake's first wife Alexis, which is further exacerbated by Alexis' ill treatment of Joseph's daughter, Kirby. At the end of season three, Alexis and Krystle are trapped in a cabin that is then set on fire. They survive, and it is eventually revealed that Joseph had set the fire to kill Alexis after she had threatened to disclose a secret related to Kirby's parentage. After learning this, Blake drives to Joseph's home, but is too late as the guilty Joseph has killed himself by way of a self-inflicted gunshot wound in \"The Bungalow\".Cecil Colby (Lloyd Bochner (original cast), 1981–1982[4])\nJeff's uncle, as well as a longtime friend and business rival of Blake's. He makes a secret deal with Blake's daughter Fallon: if she marries Jeff, Cecil will lend Blake financial assistance. CEO of the oil company ColbyCo, Cecil later tries to destroy Blake using the persona Logan Rhinewood. Soon after her arrival, Blake's ex-wife Alexis tells Steven that Cecil is Fallon's father; the reveal sends Fallon into a downward spiral, but it is proven untrue. Cecil becomes romantically involved with Alexis, but has a heart attack while in bed with her. In \"The Wedding\", he marries Alexis on his deathbed, hoping she will use ColbyCo to ruin Blake. The spin-off series The Colbys later establishes that Cecil has three siblings: older sister Constance Colby and younger brothers Jason Colby and Philip Colby. Philip is thought to be Jeff's father until it is revealed that Jason is.Alexis Morell Carrington Colby Dexter Rowan (Joan Collins, 1981–1989;[4][5] 1991[2])\nFormer socialite turned businesswoman, married to Blake, Cecil Colby, Dex Dexter, and Sean Rowan. She famously holds a torch for Blake, though she later falls deeply in love with Dex. Her children with Blake are Adam, Fallon, Steven and Amanda. Alexis is romantically attached to a number of men, including Carrington architect and estate manager Roger Grimes, tennis pro Mark Jennings, oilman Rashid Ahmed, King Galen of Moldavia, and shipping tycoon Zach Powers.Dr. Nick Toscanni (James Farentino, 1981–1982[4])\nPsychiatrist and surgeon who is Blake's friend and employee. In \"Alexis' Secret\", Blake asks Nick to look in on fragile Claudia after her release from the hospital. Nick saves a suicidal Claudia's life and helps her recover from the disappearance of her husband and daughter, but Nick also holds a secret grudge against Blake and vows revenge. The charismatic doctor flirts with Krystle and beds a married Fallon as he looks for a way to destroy the Carrington patriarch. Finally, Nick confronts Blake about his part in the death of Nick's brother; Blake denies any wrongdoing, but is thrown from his horse and knocked unconscious. In \"The Cliff\", Nick leaves Blake for dead and departs Denver. It is later revealed that before he left, he arranged Little Blake's kidnapping as revenge.Samantha Josephine \"Sammy Jo\" Dean Reece Carrington Fallmont, (Heather Locklear, 1981–1989, 1991[2])\nGreedy, trouble-making yet beautiful niece of Krystle, wife of Steven and Clay Fallmont, and mother of Danny Carrington. It is later revealed that she is the daughter of Daniel Reece.Adam Carrington (Gordon Thomson, 1982–1989;[4] Robin Sachs, 1991[11])\nFirst born of Blake and Alexis, kidnapped as an infant and raised as Michael Torrance in Billings, Montana. He learns of his true identity as an adult, and comes to Denver. Obsessed with Kirby Anders and later married to Claudia Blaisdel and Dana Waring, he is a ruthless schemer, constantly plotting to enhance his position in the dynasty.Mark Jennings (Geoffrey Scott, 1982–1984[4])\nHandsome tennis pro and Krystle's former husband. Alexis discovers that Mark and Krystle's marriage is still valid, and lures him to Denver in \"The Siblings\" to stir up trouble for Krystle. Mark romances both Alexis and Fallon, and is later murdered in \"The Engagement\". Alexis is arrested for the crime, but it is ultimately revealed that Neal McVane killed Mark and framed Alexis.Kirby Anders Colby (Kathleen Beller, 1982–1984,[4] 1991[12])\nThe daughter of Joseph, the Carrington major–domo. Schooled in Europe at Blake's expense, she returns to Denver in 1982. She marries Jeff but is pregnant with Adam's baby; Alexis' meddling later prevents her from marrying Adam. She and Adam have a daughter that is stillborn in 1984, and she leaves Denver shortly thereafter. She accepts Adam's proposal of marriage at the end of Dynasty: The Reunion (1991).Tracy Kendall (Deborah Adair, 1983–1984[4])\nPublic relations employee of Denver–Carrington. Scheming and ambitious, Tracy seeks to advance her career either by subterfuge or by sleeping her way to the top. She acts as a spy for Alexis, but is dismissed after she is exposed.Peter De Vilbis (Helmut Berger, 1983–1984)\nEuropean tycoon who becomes engaged to Fallon. He is the owner of the prized racehorse Allegre, and Fallon is later distraught to discover that Peter orchestrated the horse's kidnapping to swindle Blake out of the ransom. Fallon disappears in 1984, and is presumed dead in the small plane crash that killed Peter.Farnsworth \"Dex\" Dexter (Michael Nader, 1983–1989[12][13])\nAlexis' third husband, and arguably the second great love of her life, after Blake. Dex carries on a brief affair with Alexis' daughter Amanda, which strains the relationship between mother and daughter and ultimately ends his marriage. Dex is something of an adventurer and, throughout the series, goes on a number of daring missions. He spent time as a Green Beret, including service in the Vietnam War.Dominique Deveraux (Diahann Carroll, 1984–1987[14][15])\nSuccessful and wealthy chanteuse (birth name Millie Cox), illegitimate daughter of Tom Carrington and Laura Matthews, making her a half-sister to Blake and Ben Carrington. Dominique is initially a strong, tough schemer and fighter who loves going toe-to-toe with Alexis, but after reconciling with the Carrington family, she mellows considerably.Brady Lloyd (Billy Dee Williams, 1984–1985)\nCharming recording executive, previously married to Dominique Deveraux.Amanda (Bedford) Carrington (Catherine Oxenberg, 1984–1986; Karen Cellini, 1986–1987[9][10][16])\nAmanda is the second daughter (last born of four) of Blake and Alexis, raised in London as Amanda Bedford by Alexis's cousin Rosalind Bedford. She was hidden from Blake out of spite by Alexis, who discovered she was pregnant after he ran her out of Denver. Amanda marries Prince Michael of Moldavia, and is later the lover of Dex, Clay Fallmont and chauffeur Michael Culhane.Daniel Reece (Rock Hudson, 1984–1985)\nWealthy owner of newspapers and the Delta Rho Stables, he was involved with Iris Grant in Dayton, Ohio, and simultaneously in love with her sister Krystle. Former mercenary who did some work with Dex. Confessed his longtime love to Krystle and left his fortune to his biological daughter Sammy Jo, with Krystle as executrix, when he died in Libya.Lady Ashley Mitchell (Ali MacGraw, 1985[7])\nFamous photographer and friend of Dominique's, who pursues Blake romantically. She becomes involved with Jeff Colby, but is later shot and killed during the Moldavian Massacre.Prince Michael of Moldavia (Michael Praed, 1985–1986)\nHeir to the European kingdom of Moldavia. In \"Circumstantial Evidence\", Amanda meets dashing Prince Michael in Acapulco. They are mutually smitten, but he is engaged to another woman. Amanda's mother Alexis schemes for the couple to marry by visiting her old friend King Galen of Moldavia, Michael's father. After a somewhat volatile courtship, Amanda and Michael wed in Moldavia, with all the Carringtons present. However, a political coup comes to fruition and terrorists, bent on seizing the country, attack the ceremony. Michael and the Carringtons are eventually allowed to leave Moldavia, and are told that Galen has been killed. A very-much-alive Galen is rescued by Alexis and Dex, and the King's plans to reclaim his crown force Michael to put his country before his wife. Michael and Amanda's marriage eventually disintegrates. They divorce and he leaves town in \"The Dismissal\".Miles Colby (Maxwell Caulfield, 1985–1986, 1991[12])\nSpoiled, hot–headed son of Jason and Sable Colby, and twin brother of Monica, first introduced in \"The Aftermath\" (1985). Miles is a main character on the spin–off series The Colbys.Joel Abrigore (George Hamilton, 1985[17]–1986)\nFilm director who orchestrates a plot to kidnap Krystle and replace her with lookalike Rita Lesley. Sammy Jo initially convinces Rita to impersonate Krystle so that Sammy Jo can access the inheritance left to her by her father. Rita's boyfriend Joel insinuates himself into the scheme, fully substituting Krystle with Rita to steal as much as possible from Blake.Sabella \"Sable\" Scott Colby (Stephanie Beacham, 1985; 1988–1989)\nWife of Colby Enterprises magnate Jason Colby and maternal first cousin of Alexis and Caress. Sable first visits Denver in \"The Titans\" (1985). The character subsequently appears in the spin-off series The Colbys for its entire run from 1985 to 1987.[6] Sable later moves to Denver and Dynasty in \"A Touch of Sable\", becoming a close friend of the Carrington family and Alexis's biggest rival.[6] She takes over the Carlton Hotel, outmaneuvers Alexis in business, and becomes romantically involved with—and pregnant by—Alexis' ex-husband Dex. She last appears in the 1989 series finale, \"Catch 22\".Monica Colby (Tracy Scoggins, 1985; 1988–1989)\nLawyer daughter of Jason and Sable, and Miles' twin sister. She first visits Denver in \"The Titans\" (1985). Monica subsequently appears in the spin-off series The Colbys for its entire run from 1985 to 1987.[6] Initially thought to be Jeff's cousins, the reveal that Jason is Jeff's father (instead of Jason's brother Philip) makes Monica and Miles Jeff's half siblings. Monica follows Sable to Denver, helping her in her efforts to fight Alexis and serving as Sable's legal counsel.[6] Sable later reveals that Monica and Miles are not Jason Colby's children. Monica last appears in the 1989 series finale, \"Catch 22\".Garrett Boydston (Ken Howard, 1985–1986)\nLevelheaded though sensitive chief counsel for Colby Enterprises. He hopes to rekindle his long-ago romance with Dominique, which had ended because he was married. Dominique discovers that Garrett had not been married after all, and it is eventually revealed that Garrett is the biological father of Dominique's daughter Jackie.Caress Morell (Kate O'Mara, 1986[18])\nYounger sister of Alexis, who served five years in a prison in Caracas, Venezuela, because of an incident involving Alexis and her then-lover, Zach Powers. Caress is released and comes to Denver in \"Suspicions\", hoping to make a fortune by writing a scathing tell-all book about Alexis called Sister Dearest, exposing her sister's darkest secrets. Alexis finds out about the book, secretly buys the publishing company, and scuttles the project. A resentful Caress offers to help Blake prove that Alexis perjured herself in a court case against him. Blake's brother Ben Carrington has Caress kidnapped and sent back to prison in Caracas; she sends a desperate letter to Blake, but he is unable to free her because of Ben's bribes. Blake sends Dex Dexter and Clay Fallmont to extract her. Once back in Denver, Caress blackmails Emily Fallmont with the secret that Emily once cheated on her husband Buck with Ben, but feels honest regret over doing so. Blake convinces Caress to give up her plan. Emily ultimately confesses her sins, but is hit by a car and killed. Caress leaves town in \"The Letter\" on a mission to dig up secrets about Ben.Ben Carrington (Christopher Cazenove, 1986–1987[19])\nBlake's vengeful younger brother, who was cut off by Blake after the death of their mother. In \"Ben\", Alexis brings him to Denver from Australia to stir up trouble and help her destroy Blake. Even though Ben and Alexis manage to force Blake and Krystle out of the Carrington mansion, Ben eventually reconciles with his brother and, much later, his estranged daughter Leslie. Ben and Emily Fallmont had an affair in their youth, and suspects that Clay may be his son. Ben leaves town in \"Shadow Play\".Clay Fallmont (Ted McGinley, 1986–1987)\nSon of Senator Buck Fallmont and his wife Emily, and brother of Bart. First appearing in \"Masquerade\", Clay romances Amanda, and briefly marries Sammy Jo. He is later involved with Leslie Carrington, but when it is revealed he may also be Ben's son (and Leslie's brother), he breaks it off and leaves town in \"Shadow Play\".Dana Waring Carrington (Leann Hunley 1986–1988)\nBlake's loyal assistant at Denver–Carrington. First appearing in \"Reward\", she is befriended by Adam, who is working for Alexis and uses Dana to obtain confidential information about Blake's company. The pair soon fall in love, and it is revealed that Dana had followed Adam to Denver from Billings, Montana, where she had loved him from afar. They marry, but Dana's inability to conceive a child places a strain on their relationship. She struggles to keep the secret that her infertility was caused by an abortion in her teens, the result of a one-night stand with Adam when he lived as Michael Torrance (he had been too drunk to remember the encounter). Adam and Dana use a surrogate mother named Karen Atkinson to conceive Adam's child, but the subsequent custody battle when Karen changes her mind tears Adam and Dana's marriage apart for good. Dana leaves Denver in the season nine premiere, \"Broken Krystle\".Leslie Carrington (Terri Garber, 1987–1988[10][20])\nDaughter of Ben Carrington and Melissa Saunders. In \"The Rig\", Leslie comes to town to confront the father who abandoned her. There she runs into her former flame Dex, and dallies with Michael Culhane. Leslie is later involved with Clay Fallmont, but when it is revealed he may also be Ben's son, he breaks it off and leaves town. After falling into an affair with a married Jeff Colby, Leslie becomes Alexis Colby's protégé, but is fired for also having an affair with Alexis' husband, Sean Rowan. Sean later takes Leslie hostage, raping and beating her when his schemes unravel. She manages to contact her cousin, Steven, who comes for her in \"Colorado Roulette\", her last appearance in the series.Sarah Curtis (Cassie Yates, 1987)\nFriend of Dex Dexter, whose husband and daughter die in a car crash. Sarah is persuaded to allow her daughter's heart to be transplanted into Blake and Krystle's critically ill young daughter Krystina. She becomes obsessed with Krystina and kidnaps her. However, she eventually recovers with the help of Blake and Krystle.Sean (Anders) Rowan (James Healey, 1987–1988)\nHandsome stranger who saves Alexis from drowning after a car accident in \"The Siege\". They marry, and Sean insinuates himself into her business, alienating Adam. It is soon revealed that Sean is secretly the son of former Carrington majordomo Joseph Anders and brother of Kirby, bent on avenging his father and sister, who had been ill-treated by Alexis and the Carringtons. Sean has an affair with Leslie, and schemes to destroy the family. He is killed when a gun goes off during a fight with Dex in \"Colorado Roulette\".Jeremy Van Dorn (Jeroen Krabbé, 1991[12])\nHead of a large public relations firm. In Dynasty: The Reunion, Van Dorn becomes involved with Alexis, but is soon revealed to be the head of the Consortium, an international criminal organization that had illegally taken control of Denver-Carrington while Blake was in prison. Van Dorn is eventually discovered by Jeff and Adam, but not before trying to kill Alexis. He appears to be arrested by the police, but the officers turn out to be disguised members of the Consortium.","title":"Main"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Virginia Hawkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Hawkins"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paley_Reunion_1-24"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paley_Reunion_2-25"},{"link_name":"The Honeymoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Honeymoon_(Dynasty)"},{"link_name":"Krystle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krystle_Carrington"},{"link_name":"Jake Dunham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Jake_Dunham"},{"link_name":"Blake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blake_Carrington"},{"link_name":"Ted Dinard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Ted_Dinard"},{"link_name":"Kirby Anders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirby_Anders"},{"link_name":"Alexis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_Carrington"},{"link_name":"L.B.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#L.B._Colby"},{"link_name":"Rita Lesley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Rita_Lesley"},{"link_name":"Amanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanda_Carrington"},{"link_name":"lady's maid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady%27s_maid"},{"link_name":"Matthew Blaisdel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Blaisdel"},{"link_name":"Gerard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerard_(Dynasty_character)"},{"link_name":"William Beckley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Beckley_(actor)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paley_Reunion_1-24"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paley_Reunion_2-25"},{"link_name":"The Note","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Note_(Dynasty)"},{"link_name":"Joseph Anders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Anders"},{"link_name":"Betty Harford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betty_Harford"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paley_Reunion_1-24"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paley_Reunion_2-25"},{"link_name":"Peter Mark Richman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Mark_Richman"},{"link_name":"Brian Dennehy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Dennehy"},{"link_name":"Ted Dinard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Dinard_(Dynasty_1981)"},{"link_name":"Mark Withers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Withers_(actor)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PT_Closet_273-11"},{"link_name":"Steven Carrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Carrington"},{"link_name":"Fallon's Wedding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallon%27s_Wedding"},{"link_name":"The Separation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Separation_(Dynasty)"},{"link_name":"Lance LeGault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lance_LeGault"},{"link_name":"Paul Burke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Burke_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Kirby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirby_(Dynasty)"},{"link_name":"Amanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanda_(Dynasty)"},{"link_name":"The Scandal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Scandal_(Dynasty)"},{"link_name":"Hank Brandt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hank_Brandt"},{"link_name":"Sammy Jo and Steven Marry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sammy_Jo_and_Steven_Marry"},{"link_name":"Body Trouble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_Trouble"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paley_Reunion_1-24"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paley_Reunion_2-25"},{"link_name":"The Baby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Baby_(Dynasty)"},{"link_name":"The Cliff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cliff_(Dynasty)"},{"link_name":"The Wedding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wedding_(Dynasty_1982)"},{"link_name":"Matthew Lawrence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Lawrence"},{"link_name":"Justin Burnette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Burnette"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paley_Reunion_1-24"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paley_Reunion_2-25"},{"link_name":"Java Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_Sea"},{"link_name":"Samantha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samantha_(Dynasty)"},{"link_name":"John Saxon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Saxon"},{"link_name":"Adam Carrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Carrington"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"John Larch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Larch"},{"link_name":"Robert Symonds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Symonds"},{"link_name":"Grant Goodeve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grant_Goodeve"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PT_Closet_273-11"},{"link_name":"The Vote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Vote_(Dynasty_1983)"},{"link_name":"Tender Comrades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tender_Comrades_(Dynasty)"},{"link_name":"The Spoiler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Spoiler_(Dynasty)"},{"link_name":"David Hedison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hedison"},{"link_name":"Ed Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Nelson"},{"link_name":"Billy Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Campbell"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PT_Closet_273-11"},{"link_name":"The Secret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Secret_(Dynasty_1984)"},{"link_name":"The Aftermath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Aftermath_(Dynasty_1985)"},{"link_name":"Richard Hatch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Hatch_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Claudia Blaisdel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudia_Blaisdel"},{"link_name":"Susan Scannell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Scannell"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Jessica Player","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessica_Player"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paley_Reunion_1-24"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paley_Reunion_2-25"},{"link_name":"Krystina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krystina_(Dynasty)"},{"link_name":"The Test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Test_(Dynasty)"},{"link_name":"The Surgery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Surgery_(Dynasty)"},{"link_name":"Catch 22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catch_22_(Dynasty)"},{"link_name":"Harry Andrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Andrews"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"The Will","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Will_(Dynasty_1985)"},{"link_name":"Jakarta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Sins of the Father","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sins_of_the_Father_(Dynasty)"},{"link_name":"Nazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi"},{"link_name":"Catch 22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catch_22_(Dynasty)"},{"link_name":"Roger Grimes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Grimes_(Dynasty_character)"},{"link_name":"Joel Fabiani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Fabiani"},{"link_name":"Life and Death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_and_Death_(Dynasty)"},{"link_name":"The Divorce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Divorce_(Dynasty)"},{"link_name":"Linda Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Evans"},{"link_name":"Richard Lawson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Lawson_(actor)"},{"link_name":"cum laude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cum_laude"},{"link_name":"Kevin Conroy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Conroy"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PT_Closet_273-11"},{"link_name":"Cameron Watson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameron_Watson_(actor)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paley_Reunion_1-24"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paley_Reunion_2-25"},{"link_name":"The Roadhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Roadhouse_(Dynasty)"},{"link_name":"Kerry Armstrong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerry_Armstrong"},{"link_name":"Calvin Lockhart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Lockhart"},{"link_name":"Jackie Deveraux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackie_Deveraux"},{"link_name":"Troy Beyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troy_Beyer"},{"link_name":"The Accident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Accident_(Dynasty_1986)"},{"link_name":"The Vote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Vote_(Dynasty_1986)"},{"link_name":"The Choice (a.k.a.) The Vendetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Vendetta_(Dynasty)"},{"link_name":"The Arraignment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Arraignment_(Dynasty)"},{"link_name":"The Affair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Affair_(Dynasty)"},{"link_name":"Pat Crowley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Crowley"},{"link_name":"Masquerade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masquerade_(Dynasty)"},{"link_name":"The Letter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Letter_(Dynasty)"},{"link_name":"Richard Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Anderson"},{"link_name":"Shadow Play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadow_Play_(Dynasty)"},{"link_name":"Stephanie Dunnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephanie_Dunnam"},{"link_name":"Christopher Allport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Allport"},{"link_name":"Tom Schanley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Schanley"},{"link_name":"Alan Haufrect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alan_Haufrect&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Brittany Alyse Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittany_Alyse_Smith"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paley_Reunion_1-24"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paley_Reunion_2-25"},{"link_name":"Guilty Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guilty_Party_(The_Colbys)"},{"link_name":"Broken Krystle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broken_Krystle"},{"link_name":"Ray Abruzzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Abruzzo"},{"link_name":"Robert Harland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Harland"},{"link_name":"Liza Morrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liza_Morrow"},{"link_name":"Kevin Bernhardt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Bernhardt"},{"link_name":"John Brandon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Brandon_(actor)"}],"text":"Jeanette Robbins (Virginia Hawkins, 1981–1989; 1991[21][22])\nLongtime Carrington housekeeper. First appearing in \"The Honeymoon\", Jeanette is a friend to Krystle from the beginning, and very close to the family. In season one, she is called upon by Jake Dunham to give evidence against Blake at Ted Dinard's murder trial, although she is visibly uncomfortable doing so. In the third season, Jeanette takes charge of L.B. in the nursery while Jeff and Fallon interview nannies; she confesses to Kirby Anders that while she enjoys the work she is tired easily; this spurs Kirby to take on the role of nanny. In season six, Alexis offers Jeanette $100 a week for information on Krystle, who she suspects of abusing L.B. (it is actually Rita Lesley posing as Krystle). Jeanette declines the offer, as she cannot bring herself to betray her employer. In season seven, Jeanette helps Blake and Krystle move into the Carlton Hotel once Alexis evicts them from the mansion. When Alexis finds out, she sacks Jeanette with two months' severance pay, which causes Amanda to walk in protest. She is later hired by Krystle as lady's maid. When Matthew Blaisdel abducts the Carringtons and their household staff in season eight, Jeanette and butler Gerard admit their feelings for each other. Jeanette also appears in Dynasty: The Reunion.Gerard (William Beckley, 1983–1989; 1991[21][22])\nLongtime Carrington butler. First appearing in \"The Note\", he takes over as majordomo after Joseph Anders commits suicide. When Matthew Blaisdel abducts the Carringtons and their household staff in season eight, Gerard and Jeanette admit their feelings for each other. Gerard also appears in Dynasty: The Reunion.Hilda Gunnerson (Betty Harford, 1981–1987; 1991[21][22])\nLongtime Carrington cook. First appearing in \"The Honeymoon\", Hilda Nielsen Gunnerson (usually referred to as \"Mrs. Gunnerson\") is close to the family, and according to a season two episode was hired by Alexis while she was still married to Blake. When Blake introduces Krystle to the household staff in season one, he says that Mrs. Gunnerson's \"several relatives\" eat well at his expense. In season two, Alexis asks Mrs. Gunnerson to order her some glassware and champagne for her art studio, having moved in, and tells the cook to take two bottles home for her and her husband, Bjorn. Mrs. Gunnerson has three sons: Bjorn Jr, Donald and Britt. In season seven, Alexis gives Mrs. Gunnerson a $1000-a-month raise, on the condition that she reports any staff showing disloyalty to her; when she shows reluctance, Alexis reminds her of the time she paid for Mrs. Gunnerson's son's medical expenses, saving his life. Mrs. Gunnerson is among the household staff abducted by Matthew Blaisdel along with the Carringtons in season eight. She also appears in Dynasty: The Reunion.Andrew Laird (Peter Mark Richman, 1981–1984)\nFormer criminal attorney who is Blake's shrewd and levelheaded chief legal counsel.D.A. Jake Dunham (Brian Dennehy, 1981)\nProsecutor who tries Blake's case regarding the death of Ted Dinard. Once a promising football player, Blake wanted him for his football team.Ted Dinard (Mark Withers, 1981)[8]\nSteven Carrington's former boyfriend from New York City. He comes to Denver in \"Fallon's Wedding\", hoping to lure Steven back to resume their relationship. They eventually agree not to reconcile, but Steven's father Blake witnesses their farewell hug and mistakes it for a romantic embrace in \"The Separation\". As Blake pulls Ted off Steven, Ted falls, hits his head on the edge of a fireplace hearth, and dies. Blake is charged with his murder, and the subsequent trial nearly tears the Carrington family apart.Ray Bonning (Lance LeGault, 1981–1982)\nExecutive vice-president of Rhinewood Enterprises.Neal McVane (Paul Burke, 1982–1984; 1987–1988)\nTroublesome but powerful congressman who is Alexis' former flame. Blake seeks McVane's help in \"Kirby\", and Alexis tries to convince him not to aid Blake. In 1983, McVane manages to help Blake stall the takeover of Denver-Carrington by ColbyCo that Alexis has orchestrated, and a furious Alexis leaks McVane's secrets to the press and ruins him. He threatens to kill her; soon after, someone nearly does, but the culprit is revealed to be Carrington majordomo Joseph Anders. Later, in 1984, McVane enlists the help of Krystle's first husband, Mark, to blackmail Alexis. Mark is later pushed to his death from Alexis' penthouse balcony, and she is arrested after Steven admits he saw her do it from a distance. In \"Amanda\" it is revealed that Mark was murdered by McVane, dressed in a wig and one of Alexis' gowns to frame her. Out of prison, McVane returns in 1987 to blackmail Adam, with evidence that Adam is actually Michael Torrance and not a Carrington, claiming that the real Adam Carrington died the day he was kidnapped. A tormented Adam eventually comes clean to Blake and Alexis; they prove their love for him by refusing to look at his paternity test results, and they adopt him as Adam Carrington. Later in the 1988 episode \"The Scandal\", McVane leads Adam to the source of the story about Adam actually being Michael Torrance. Adam discovers that it was fabricated, and that he really is Blake and Alexis' son.Morgan Hess (Hank Brandt, 1982–1988)\nShady private investigator who wears loud sport coats. He is initially hired by Alexis in \"Sammy Jo and Steven Marry\" to dig into Krystle's past, and discovers that Krystle is technically still married to her first husband, Mark Jennings. In season four, Sammy Jo hires Hess to fool Claudia into believing her deceased husband Matthew is still alive, hoping that unraveling Claudia's sanity would help Sammy Jo take custody of her son Danny from Steven and Claudia. He also plots with Sammy Jo to split up Blake and Krystle using compromising photos. Hess last appears in \"Body Trouble\".Blake (Little Blake/L.B.) Colby (Infant, 1982; then Timothy McNutt, 1984–1985; then Ashley Mutrux, 1985; then Brandon Bluhm, 1987–1989, 1991[21][22])\nSon of Jeff and Fallon. Born in \"The Baby\" (1982), Little Blake is kidnapped from the mansion in \"The Cliff\", and recovered in \"The Wedding\". The character moves to The Colbys with Jeff and Fallon, played during its run, portrayed by Ashley Mutrux (1985–1986) and Brandon Bluhm (1986–1987). L.B. returns to Dynasty in 1987, and also appears in Dynasty: The Reunion.Steven Daniel (Danny) Carrington Jr. (Infant, 1982; then Matthew Lawrence, 1984–1985; then Jameson Sampley, 1985–1988; then Justin Burnette, 1988–1989, 1991[21][22])\nSon of Steven and Sammy Jo. With Steven presumed dead in an oil rig explosion in the Java Sea, Sammy Jo appears at the Carrington mansion in \"Samantha\" (1982), with a baby she claims is her son with Steven. More interested in a modeling career than being a mother, Sammy Jo leaves baby Danny with Blake and Krystle, as Alexis pays Sammy Jo to leave town. Steven turns up alive, and takes custody of his son. He and Blake soon get into a legal battle over the child, worsened by Sammy Jo's false testimony against Steven. Marrying Claudia assures Steven's victory. Sammy Jo returns in 1984 seeking custody, and soon kidnaps Danny. Adam helps retrieve the child in Los Angeles. Later, young Danny becomes close to Claudia, and their relationship continues after Steven and Claudia divorce. A returning Sammy Jo again wants to be involved in her son's life, and later proves herself to the family and Steven. Danny also appears in Dynasty: The Reunion.Rashid Ahmed (John Saxon, 1982–1984)\nDark, dashing oil sheik and occasional lover to Alexis. He owns a luxurious Italian villa, among other things. He consults Blake to free up his trapped oil tankers in 1982. Rashid double-crosses Blake out of the China Sea oil deal in 1984. He is shot and killed by Turkish authorities during a botched deal with Adam Carrington.Tony Driscoll (Paul Keenan, 1982–1984)[23]\nThe Carrington groundsman.Marcia (Sally Kemp, 1982–1984)\nBlake's secretary at Denver–Carrington.Gerald Wilson (John Larch, 1982–1988)\nAttorney to Cecil Colby.Dr. Jonas Edwards (Robert Symonds, 1982–1987)\nFather figure to Adam when he was growing up as Michael Torrance.Chris Deegan (Grant Goodeve, 1983; 1987)[8]\nLawyer and college friend of Steven. Introduced in the 1983 episode \"The Vote\", Chris welcomes Steven and his infant son Danny into his home after Steven has a falling out with Blake. Blake later learns that Steven is living with Chris, who is also gay. Suspecting that the men are more than friends, Blake decides to sue Steven for custody of Danny. Chris represents Steven at the custody trial, where Blake argues that a homosexual cannot be a good parent. Thanks to Blake's criminal past and Steven's last minute marriage to Claudia, the couple are awarded custody of Danny in \"Tender Comrades\". Chris later appears in the 1987 episode \"The Spoiler\".Sam Dexter (David Hedison, 1983; Ed Nelson, 1987)\nDex Dexter's father, a businessman at Dexter International, board member at Denver-Carrington, and friend to Blake. Sam slept with Alexis Colby while she was married to Blake. In 1983, Sam suffers a heart attack and Dex takes over his seat on the board.Gordon Wales (James Sutorius, 1984–1988)\nReporter for World Finance magazine who interviews Blake Carrington in March 1984. He is later hired by Alexis to work at the Denver Mirror.Luke Fuller (Billy Campbell, 1984–1985)[8]\nSteven's soft-spoken coworker at ColbyCo, hired by Alexis in \"The Secret\". As circumstances keep throwing them together, Steven makes it clear to both his wife Claudia and Luke that his and Luke's relationship is purely platonic. Still, Claudia cannot ignore the warning signs, and Steven cannot ignore his attraction to Luke. He and Luke eventually begin a relationship, and Claudia finds solace with Adam. Later, when the entire family (including Luke) travels to Moldavia for Amanda's royal wedding, terrorists attack the chapel. Luke is shot in the head trying to protect Claudia from gunfire. He dies in Steven's arms in \"The Aftermath\".Dean Caldwell (Richard Hatch, 1984–1985)\nHandsome art gallery owner who takes an interest in Claudia Blaisdel in 1984.Nicole Simpson (Susan Scannell, 1984–1985)\nEx–wife of Peter De Vilbis, a bored but scheming socialite from Los Angeles who has an affair with Jeff Colby after Fallon Colby disappears. She marries Jeff in a quickie ceremony out of state, but the marriage is later invalidated.Krystina Carrington (Cassidy Lewis 1984–1985; then Jessica Player, 1987–1989, 1991[21][22])\nBlake and Krystle's daughter. She is born in \"Krystina\" (1984), but suffers from respiratory distress syndrome and must remain hospitalized for a time. Years later in \"The Test\" (1987), Krystina is diagnosed with a heart condition that will prove fatal if she does not have a transplant. In \"The Surgery\", she receives the heart of a young girl named Kathy who was rendered brain dead in a car crash. Kathy's mother, Sarah Curtis, develops an unhealthy attachment to Krystina, and abducts her in the distraught delusion that Krystina is Kathy. Krystina is recovered, and Blake and Krystle help Sarah get mental treatment. In the 1989 series finale \"Catch 22\", Fallon and Krystina are trapped in an abandoned mine on the Carrington estate. Krystina also appears in Dynasty: The Reunion.Tom Carrington (Harry Andrews, 1985[24])\nBlake and Ben's father. In \"The Will\", Blake, Alexis, and Dominique visit a dying Tom in Jakarta, Indonesia. An oil, timber, and rubber tycoon, Tom meets his illegitimate daughter Dominique for the first time, and she convinces him to accept her. Tom dies, but not before including Dominique in his will. Tom's $500 million fortune is split between Blake, Alexis, and Dominique, which infuriates Alexis. In \"Sins of the Father\" (1989), Blake admits that Tom had been given a priceless Frederick Stahl art collection in the early 1950s after transporting some men accused of Nazi war crimes with his shipping line. He had partnered with Jason Colby and Sam Dexter to hide the collection. In the 1989 series finale \"Catch 22\", it is revealed that Tom had disposed of the body of Roger Grimes, after a young Fallon had killed him to protect Alexis.King Galen of Moldavia (Joel Fabiani, 1985–1986)\nIn \"Life and Death\", Alexis visits her old friend, King Galen of Moldavia, as part of her plan to wed her daughter Amanda to Galen's son, Prince Michael. After a somewhat volatile courtship, Amanda and Michael wed in Moldavia, with all the Carringtons present. However, a political coup comes to fruition and terrorists, bent on seizing the country, attack the ceremony. Michael and the Carringtons are eventually allowed to leave Moldavia, and are told that Galen has been killed. A very-much-alive Galen is rescued by Alexis and Dex. Paralyzed, Galen moves ahead with plans to reclaim his crown. He manipulates Alexis to gain necessary funds, coming between her and Dex and offering to make her his queen. When Alexis uncovers Galen's schemes and finds out that he has recovered from his paralysis and has been faking it, she sends him packing in \"The Divorce\".Rita Lesley (Linda Evans, 1985–1986)\nActress whom Sammy Jo recruits to pose as Krystle.Nick Kimball (Richard Lawson, 1985–1986)\nWell-reputed drill foreman hired by Blake in 1986. He is the son of one of Blake's oil-business colleagues, and a graduate cum laude from the Colorado School of Mines. Nick becomes the lover and eventual fiance to Dominique.Bart Fallmont (Kevin Conroy, 1985–1986;[8] Cameron Watson, 1991[21][22])\nSuccessful lawyer and arrogant son of Senator Buck Fallmont and his wife Emily. Introduced in \"The Roadhouse\", Bart spars with both Steven and Adam in business, but Bart and Steven find that they are attracted to each other. Meanwhile, Adam blackmails Bart, threatening to publicly reveal Fallmont's homosexuality. When Bart refuses to cooperate, Adam reveals his secret. Much to Steven's disappointment, Bart leaves town. Years later in Dynasty: The Reunion, Steven and Bart are living in Washington, D.C., and are in a committed relationship. Blake visits after he is released from prison, but Stevens' reception is icy. Steven and Bart eventually reunite with the rest of the Carringtons at the mansion in Colorado.Elena, Duchess of Branagh (Kerry Armstrong, 1985–1986)\nFormer flame of Prince Michael.Jonathan Lake (Calvin Lockhart, 1985–1986)\nUnited States State Department official who dates Dominique.Jackie Deveraux (Troy Beyer, 1986–1987)\nDominique's daughter. Jackie comes to Denver in \"The Accident\". Dominique's lover Garrett is immediately convinced that Jackie is his daughter, from years before when he and Dominique had an affair while he was married to someone else. Jackie later runs away when she learns the truth, and Dominique admits to Garrett that he is indeed Jackie's father in \"The Vote\". Dominique and Garrett decide to marry, but soon break up; he leaves town in the sixth season finale \"The Choice (a.k.a.) The Vendetta\" as the La Mirage hotel catches fire. Jackie is injured in the blaze, and later in \"The Arraignment\" remembers enough about the fire to exonerate Blake from accusations of arson. She last appears in \"The Affair\".Emily Fallmont (Pat Crowley, 1986–1987)\nWife of Senator Buck Fallmont and the mother of Clay and Bart. Introduced in \"Masquerade\", Emily is desperate to preserve the secret that she had an affair with Ben early in her marriage, which casts doubt on Clay's paternity. However, this revelation is what Blake needs to prove that Ben and Alexis have perjured themselves in a case against him. Pushed to the limit by Caress Morell's blackmail, Emily finally writes a confession and begs Blake to use it. Her secret comes out and devastates Buck, but he forgives her as she dies after being hit by a car in \"The Letter\".Buck Fallmont (Richard Anderson, 1986–1987)\nSeasoned senator married to Emily, and the father of Clay and Bart. Introduced in \"Masquerade\", Buck has a problem with alcohol and a long-simmering hatred for the Carringtons. He strongly disapproves of his son Bart's homosexuality, and later disowns Clay after he finds out about his wife's indiscretion. Buck last appears in \"Shadow Play\".Karen Atkinson (Stephanie Dunnam, 1987–1988)\nSurrogate mother contracted by Adam and Dana in their pursuit of a child.Jesse Atkinson (Christopher Allport, 1987–1988)\nKaren's estranged husband, and father of her other children.Josh Harris (Tom Schanley, 1987–1988)\nTroubled player on a Carrington–owned football team; briefly involved with Sammy Jo.Dr. Harold Chadway (Alan Haufrect, 1987[25])\nDoctor who appeared for Krystina's health.Lauren Colby (Jenny Pharis, 1988–1989; then Brittany Alyse Smith, 1991[21][22])\nDaughter of Jeff and Fallon. Lauren is born in the 1987 The Colbys episode \"Guilty Party\". Before her birth, Fallon is unsure whether the baby's father is Jeff or Miles Colby. Lauren first appears on Dynasty in the 1988 episode \"Broken Krystle\", when Fallon is on the phone with Alexis. Lauren also appears in Dynasty: The Reunion.John Zorelli (Ray Abruzzo, 1988–1989)\nPolice detective who becomes involved with Fallon while investigating the long–ago murder of Roger Grimes, for which Blake is a suspect.Joanna Sills (Kim Terry, 1988–1989)\nWoman who brokers the sale of the Carlton Hotel from Alexis Colby to Sable. She becomes romantically involved with Dex and Adam.James Rayford (Robert Harland, 1988)\nCandidate who runs against Blake and Alexis for Governor of Colorado, and ultimately wins.Rudy Richards (Lou Beatty Jr., 1988–1989)\nDetective at the Harmon Springs Police Department and partner to John Zorelli.Virginia Metheny (Liza Morrow, 1988–1989)\nKrystle's cousin who raised herself after her father died. She was once involved with Dex as a teen prostitute, and later becomes involved with Adam.Father Tanner McBride (Kevin Bernhardt, 1989)\nHandsome young priest to whom Sammy Jo is attracted.Captain William Handler (John Brandon, 1988–1989)\nCorrupt cop who shoots Blake after his schemes are exposed in the series finale, and who is himself subsequently shot and killed by John Zorelli.","title":"Recurring"}]
[{"image_text":"John Forsythe and the female cast of Dynasty season six (1985–1986)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ee/DynastyCast-Season6-1985-1986.jpg/250px-DynastyCast-Season6-1985-1986.jpg"},{"image_text":"John Forsythe plays Blake Carrington","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/John_Forsythe_-_1957.jpg/170px-John_Forsythe_-_1957.jpg"},{"image_text":"Linda Evans plays Krystle Carrington","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Linda_Evans.jpg/170px-Linda_Evans.jpg"},{"image_text":"Joan Collins plays Alexis Carrington Colby","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Joan_Collins_-_Monte-Carlo_Television_Festival.jpg/170px-Joan_Collins_-_Monte-Carlo_Television_Festival.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Bernstein, Adam (April 3, 2010). \"John Forsythe dead; starred in Dynasty, Bachelor Father\". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on March 16, 2017. Retrieved December 9, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/04/02/AR2010040202419.html","url_text":"\"John Forsythe dead; starred in Dynasty, Bachelor Father\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post","url_text":"The Washington Post"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170316010030/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/04/02/AR2010040202419.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Gliatto, Tom; Sheff, Vicki (August 5, 1991). \"Alexis Strikes Again!\". People. Vol. 36, no. 4. pp. 66–68. Archived from the original on March 18, 2009. 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(TV)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210118023536/https://www.paleycenter.org/collection/item/?q=dynasty&p=1&item=B%3A23434","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.paleycenter.org/collection/item/?q=jay&p=86&item=B:23436","external_links_name":"\"Dynasty: The Reunion (Part 2 of 2) (TV)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230415003256/https://www.paleycenter.org/collection/item/?q=jay&p=86&item=B:23436","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.welovesoaps.net/2012/12/paul-keenan.html","external_links_name":"\"FLASHBACK: Former Dynasty Actor Paul Keenan Suffering From AIDS (1986)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171211054745/http://www.welovesoaps.net/2012/12/paul-keenan.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1989/03/08/obituaries/harry-andrews-actor-dies-at-77-in-the-hill-and-50-other-movies.html","external_links_name":"\"Harry Andrews, Actor, Dies at 77; In The Hill and 50 Other Movies\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171219173742/http://www.nytimes.com/1989/03/08/obituaries/harry-andrews-actor-dies-at-77-in-the-hill-and-50-other-movies.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0081856/","external_links_name":"Dynasty"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNB_All-Star_Game
LNB All-Star Game
["1 History","2 LNB All-Star games","3 ULEB All-Star Game score sheet (1994)","4 Slam Dunk Contest winners","5 All-Star Game rosters 1987–2019","5.1 80s","5.2 90s","5.3 2000s","5.4 2010s","6 Players with the most appearances","7 References","8 External links"]
All-Star Game in the LNB LNB Pro A awards and honours Individual awards MVP Finals MVP Best Scorer Best Sixth Man Best Defender Most Improved Player Best Young Player All-Star Game Best Coach French Hall of Fame Statistical Leaders French Championship Career Leaders Single Game Highs vte LNB All-Star GameFrequencyAnnualInaugurated1987Organized byLigue nationale de basket The LNB All-Star Game is the annual All-Star Game that is organised by France's professional club basketball governing body, the LNB. The LNB organizes both of the top two French men's pro club competitions, the top-level LNB Pro A, and the second-level LNB Pro B. The event was first held in 1987, and is loosely based on the NBA All-Star Game. History From 1987 through 1991, the LNB All-Star Game was played under a "East" versus "West" format. Since 1992, the game is played under a French players versus foreign players (non-French players) format. LNB All-Star games Year Held Location (Venue) Results MVP 1987 Limoges West 134–128 East Robert Smith (AS Monaco) 1988 Mulhouse West 164–136 East Graylin Warner (Cholet) 1989 Cholet West 148–141 East Graylin Warner (Cholet) 1990 Nancy East 170–146 West Robert Smith (Antibes) 1991 Pau West 151–121 East José Vargas (Saint-Quentin) 1992 Gravelines French 159–137 Foreigners Hugues Occansey (Antibes) 1993 Évreux Foreigners 127–125 French Jim Bilba (CSP Limoges) 1994 Tours Foreigners 110–108 French Hervé Dubuisson (ASA Sceaux) 1995 Pau Foreigners 147–137 French David Rivers (Antibes) 1996 Villeurbanne French 134–127 Foreigners Tony White (Antibes) 1997 Montpellier Foreigners 115–109 French Stéphane Risacher (PSG Racing) 1998 Dijon French 112–98 Foreigners Jerry McCullough (BCM Gravelines) 1999 Paris (Coubertin) Foreigners 124–122 French (OT) Keith Hill (SLUC Nancy) 2000 (January) 2000 (December) NancyAntibes Foreigners 103–93 FrenchFrench 123–117 Foreigners Stanley Jackson (JDA Dijon) Jim Bilba (ASVEL) 2001 Chalon-sur-Saone Foreigners 104–97 French Nikola Radulović (ASVEL) 2002 Paris (POPB) Foreigners 131–118 French Dragan Lukovski (Pau-Orthez) 2003 Paris (POPB) French 126–113 Foreigners Cyril Julian (Pau-Orthez) 2004 Paris (POPB) French 105–94 Foreigners Amara Sy (Le Mans) 2005 Paris (POPB) Foreigners 96–85 French K'Zell Wesson (BCM Gravelines) 2006 Paris (POPB) Foreigners 124–108 French Dewarick Spencer (Chorale Roanne) 2007 Paris (POPB) French 94–82 Foreigners Nando de Colo (Cholet) 2008 Paris (POPB) Foreigners 108–101 French Laurent Sciarra (Orléans) 2009 Paris (POPB) French 89–88 Foreigners Steed Tchicamboud (SLUC Nancy) 2010 Paris (POPB) Foreigners 103–90 French Davon Jefferson (ASVEL) 2011 Paris (POPB) French 130–123 Foreigners Amara Sy (Orléans) 2012 Paris (POPB) Foreigners 111–107 French Dwight Buycks (BCM Gravelines) 2013 Paris (POPB) French 130–117 Foreigners Nobel Boungou Colo (CSP Limoges) 2014 Paris (Zénith de Paris) French 137–135 Foreigners (OT) Adrien Moerman (CSP Limoges) 2015 Paris (AccorHotels Arena) French 146–119 Foreigners Andrew Albicy (BCM Gravelines) 2016 Paris (AccorHotels Arena) Foreigners 130–129 French John Roberson (Élan Chalon) 2017 Paris (AccorHotels Arena) French 181–175 Foreigners (OT) Amara Sy (AS Monaco) 2018 Paris (AccorHotels Arena) French 153–147 Foreigners Lahaou Konaté (Nanterre) 2019 Paris (AccorHotels Arena) Foreigners 129–119 French (OT) Eric Buckner (AS Monaco) 2021 Paris (AccorHotels Arena) Foreigners 111–110 French Brandon Taylor (BCM Gravelines-Dunkerque) 2022 Paris (AccorHotels Arena) Foreigners 128–136 French Victor Wembanyama (Metropolitans 92) ULEB All-Star Game score sheet (1994) Main article: ULEB All-Star Game 3rd ULEB All-Star Game 1994–95 Pavelló Municipal Font de Sant Lluís, Valencia, November 14, 1994: Lega Basket All-Stars - LNB All-Stars 58–54 Pavelló Municipal Font de Sant Lluís, Valencia, November 14, 1994: Liga ACB All-Stars - LNB All-Stars 59–43 Pavelló Municipal Font de Sant Lluís, Valencia, November 14, 1994: Lega Basket All-Stars - Liga ACB All-Stars 53–48 Lega Basket All-Stars (Coaches: Alberto Bucci, Bogdan Tanjević): Wendell Alexis, Joe Binion, Dejan Bodiroga, Dallas Comegys, Emanual Davis, Sasha Đjorđjević, Dan Gay, Gerald Glass, Billy McCaffrey, Petar Naumoski, Jeff Sanders, John Turner. Liga ACB All-Stars (Coaches: Aíto García Reneses, Manu Moreno): Darrell Armstrong, Michael Curry, Roy Fisher, Dan Godfread, Kenny Green, Warren Kidd, Darryl Middleton, Oscar Schmidt, Corny Thompson, Andy Toolson, Andre Turner. LNB All-Stars (Coaches: Božidar Maljković, Jacques Monclar): Ron Anderson, Winston Crite, Ron Curry, Tim Kempton, Conrad McRae, David Rivers, Michael Ray Richardson, Delaney Rudd, Rickie Winslow, Michael Young. Slam Dunk Contest winners Year Held (Season) Slam Dunk Champion Team Runner-up Team 19951994–95 Jean-Jacques Bissouma Union Sportive Pau Nord-Est Rickie Winslow Pau-Orthez 19961995–96 Alain Digbeu ASVEL George Gilmore Montpellier 19971996–97 Thierry Zig Levallois Laurent Cazalon Dijon 19981997–98 Laurent Cazalon Dijon 19991998–99 Harold Doyal STB Le Havre Aaron Mitchell Aix Maurienne 20001999–00 Salomon Sami ASVEL 2000 (II)2000–01 Laurent Cazalon (2) Roanne Aleksandr Miloserdov Olympique d'Antibes 20012001–02 Boris Diaw Pau-Orthez 20022002–03 Steve Lobel professional dunker Boris Diaw Pau-Orthez 20032003–04 Stefan Gill professional dunker Abdoulaye Bamba professional dunker 20042004–05 Steve Lobel (2) professional dunker Yannick Bokolo Le Mans Sarthe Basket 20052005–06 Kadour Ziani professional dunker Brice de Blaine professional dunker 20062006–07 Guy Dupuy professional dunker Dwayne Mitchell Paris Basket Racing 20072007–08 Max Kouguere Gravelines Guy Dupuy professional dunker 20082008–09 Justin Darlington professional dunker Yann de Blaine professional dunker 20092009–10 Kevin Kemp professional dunker Guy Dupuy professional dunker 20102010–11 Zack Wright Limoges Mark Haynes Élan Chalon 20112011–12 Dar Tucker Aix Maurienne Max Kouguere Le Mans Sarthe Basket 20122012–13 L.D. Williams Bourg-en-Bresse Jared Newson HTV Basket 20132013–14 Travis Leslie ASVEL Mark Lyons Roanne 20142014–15 Yakuba Ouattara AS Denain Voltaire James Southerland Limoges 20152015–16 Yakuba Ouattara (2) AS Monaco Akil Mitchell Antibes Sharks 20162016–17 Jérémy Nzeulie Élan Sportif Chalonnais Deonte Burton Lille 20172017–18 D.J. Stephens Le Mans Sarthe Basket Sylvain Francisco Levallois Metropolitans 20182018–19 Kevin Harley Poitiers Basket 86 Travis Cohn UJAP Quimper 29 20192019–20 D.J. Stephens (2) Le Mans Sarthe Basket Isaïa Cordinier Nanterre 92 2022 2022–23 Yves Pons ASVEL Juhann Begarin Paris All-Star Game rosters 1987–2019 80s 1st All-Star Game 1986–87 Palais de Sports de Bea,ublanc, Limoges, att: 5000, May 6, 1987: West - East 134–128 EAST (George Fisher): Pierre Bressant 11, Billy Joe Williams 14, Robert Smith 24, Bill Varner 23, Jean-Aimé Toupane 6, Jean-Louis Hersin, Christian Garnier 2, Lionel Rigo 2, Jean-Luc Deganis 15, Frédéric Monetti 6, Éric Beugnot 11, Mick Pitts 12. WEST (Michel Gomez): Freddy Hufnagel 6, Valéry Demory 12, Patrick Cham 11, Richard Dacoury 20, Howard Carter 24, Jacques Monclar 4, Paul Thompson, Hervé Dubuisson 13, Benkali Kaba 2, Tom Scheffler 8, Georges Vestris 6, Stéphane Ostrowski 15, Clarence Kea 13. 2nd All-Star Game 1987–88 Mulhouse Sports Palace, att: 4,000, May 20, 1988: West - East 164–136 EAST: Pierre Bressant, Hervé Dubuisson, James Hardy, Skeeter Jackson, Robert Smith, Jean-Aimé Toupane, Ron Davis, Christian Monschau, Vincent Collet, Damien Pastrès, Christophe Soulé. WEST: Gregor Beugnot, Jacques Monclar, Hugues Occansey, Stéphane Ostrowski, Don Collins, Georges Vestris, Graylin Warner, Didier Gadou, Andrew Fields, Franck Butter. 3d All-Star Game 1988–89 La Meilleraie, Cholet, May 12, 1989: West - East 146–141 EAST (Francis Charneux): Pierre Bressant, Robert Smith 20, Jacques Monclar, Billy Joe Williams, Éric Occansey, Pat Burtey, Georgy Adams, Ron Davis 24, Philip Szanyiel, Hervé Dubuisson, Rick Raivio 22, Franck Butter and Benkali Kaba, Apollo Faye, Willie Redden. WEST (Jean Galle): Gregor Beugnot, Bruno Lejeune, Valéry Demory, Richard Dacoury, Freddy Hufnagel, Stéphane Ostrowski 33, Graylin Warner 29, Don Collins, Michael Brooks 34, Georges Vestris, Jean-Luc Deganis, Stéphane Lauvergne and Andrew Fields, Didier Gadou, Christophe Soulé. 4th All-Star Game 1989–90 Palais des Sports Jean-Weille, Nancy, att: 4,000, June 1, 1990: East - West 170–146 EAST: Jean-Aimé Toupane, Ron Davis 24, Franck Butter, Philip Szanyiel, Robert Smith, Georgi Adams, Lee Johnson 26, Hugues Occansey 24, Eric Occansey 8, Greg Beugnot. WEST: Michael Brooks 40, Ken Dancy, Stéphane Ostrowski, Richard Dacoury, Valéry Demory, Jim Bilba, Antoine Rigaudeau, Freddy Hufnagel. 90s 8th All-Star Game 1993–94 Palais des Sports, Tours, att: 4,000, March 6, 1994: Foreign Stars - French Stars 110–108 FOREIGN STARS (Laurent Buffard, Jacques Monclar): Don Collins, Skeeter Henry 24, Bill Jones, George Montgomery, David Rivers, Delaney Rudd, José Vargas, Michael Young, Marcus Webb. FRENCH STARS (Božidar Maljković, Jean-Luc Monschau): Jim Bilba, Yann Bonato, Richard Dacoury, Hervé Dubuisson 30, Frédéric Forte, Marc M'Bahia, Stéphane Ostrowski, Antoine Rigaudeau, Moustapha Sonko 9th All-Star Game 1994–95 Palais des Sports de Pau, Pau, att: 8,000, March 9, 1995: Foreign Stars - French Stars 147–137 FOREIGN STARS: David Rivers 22, Delaney Rudd, Michael Young, Ron Curry 24, Michael Ray Richardson 24, Ron Anderson, Conrad McRae, Rickie Winslow, Ian Lockhart, Tim Kempton. FRENCH STARS: Jim Bilba, Yann Bonato 44, Richard Dacoury 20, Frédéric Forte, Stéphane Ostrowski 21, Antoine Rigaudeau, Thierry Gadou, Laurent Foirest, Bruno Coqueran, Moustapha Sonko, Stéphane Risacher. 11th All-Star Game 1996–97 Pierre-de-Coubertin Sports Palace, Montpellier, att: 5,000, March 29, 1997: Foreign Stars - French Stars 115–109 FOREIGN STARS (Bogdan Tanjevic): Delaney Rudd, Skeeter Henry, David Booth, Paul Fortier, Brad Sellers, James Blackwell, Ron Anderson, Michael Ray Richardson, Steve Payne, Josh Grant. FRENCH STARS (Jacques Monclar: Moustapha Sonko, Yann Bonato, Alain Digbeu, Jim Bilba, Frédéric Weis, Frédéric Forte, Georgy Adams, Stéphane Risacher, Cyril Julian, Stéphane Ostrowski. 12th All-Star Game 1997–98 Palais des Sports de Dijon, att: 4,000, April 25, 1998: French Stars - Foreign Stars 170–146 FOREIGN STARS: Keith Hill 16, Nenad Marković 16, Jerry McCullough 14, Delaney Rudd 11, Nikola Lončar 9, Paul Graham 8, Josh Grant 8, Jean-Jacques Conceição 6, Eric Struelens 6, Derek Durham 4. FRENCH STARS: Alain Digbeu 27, Stéphane Risacher 20, Moustapha Sonko 18, Paul Fortier 14, Jim Bilba 9, Bruno Hamm 8, Derrick Lewis 7, Laurent Foirest 6, Thierry Gadou 3, Frédéric Weis. 13th All-Star Game 1998–99 Coubertin, Paris, January 2, 1999: Foreign Stars - French Stars 124–122 FOREIGN STARS: Delaney Rudd 14, Nenad Marković 14, Juan Aisa 2, Keith Jennings 10, Jerome Robinson 7, Ron Anderson 21, Keith Hill 21, Josh Grant 19, Darius Hall 13, Gary Alexander 3. FRENCH STARS: Moustapha Sonko 26, Laurent Sciarra 9, Laurent Foirest 12, Alain Digbeu 19, Christophe Dumas 8, Crawford Palmer 10, Cyril Julian 8, Georgy Adams 9, Jim Bilba 17, Frédéric Weis 4. 14th All-Star Game 1999–00 Nancy, January 2, 2000: Foreign Stars - French Stars 103–93 FOREIGN STARS: Marlon Maxey 21, Ray Minlend 19, Jay Larranaga 13, Dante Calabria 13, Stanley Jackson 10, Derek Durham 9, Steve Payne 5, Keith Gatlin 5, Gary Alexander 6, Harper Williams 2. FRENCH STARS: Thierry Gadou 15, Stéphane Risacher 14, Laurent Sciarra 12, Moustapha Sonko 10, Jim Bilba 10, Yann Bonato 8, Frédéric N'Kembe 7, Makan Dioumassi 6, Cyril Julian 6, Frédéric Weis 5. 2000s 15th All-Star Game 2000–01 Azur Arena, Antibes, December 29, 2000: French Stars - Foreign Stars 123–117 FRENCH STARS (Gregor Beugnot, Jean-Louis Borg): : Laurent Sciarra, Mickaël Piétrus, David Gautier, Jim Bilba, Cyril Julian, Tony Parker, Yann Mollinari, Laurent Bernard, Laurent Pluvy, Willem Laure, David Frigout, and Fabien Dubos. FOREIGN STARS (Vincent Collet, Didier Dobbels): Shawnta Rogers, Roger Esteller, Zakhar Pashutin, Art Long, Gary Alexander, Stevin Smith, Curtis McCants, Chris King, Skeeter Henry, Andre Riddick and Geof Lear. 16th All-Star Game 2001–02 Le Colisée, Chalon-sur-Saone, December 28, 2001: Foreign Stars - French Stars 104–97 FRENCH STARS (Claude Bergeaud): Laurent Pluvy, Yann Mollinari, Florent Piétrus, Yann Bonato, Mickaël Piétrus, David Gautier, Fabien Dubos, Boris Diaw, Cyril Julian, Sacha Giffa. FOREIGN STARS (Jean-Luc Monschau): Nikola Radulovic, Brian Howard, Nikola Vujcic, Danny Strong, Marc Brown, Roger Esteller, Andre Riddick, Robert Gulyas, Larry Terry. 17th All-Star Game 2002–03 Paris-Bercy, Paris, December 28, 2002: Foreign Stars - French Stars 131–118 FRENCH STARS (Philippe Hervé, Ruddy Nelhomme): Laurent Bernard, Babacar Cisse, Mickaël Piétrus, Laurent Sciarra, Yann Bonato, Makan Dioumassi, Vincent Masingue, Florent Piétrus, Jim Bilba, David Gautier, Vasco Evtimov, Cyril Julian. FOREIGN STARS (Jean-Luc Monschau, Michel Veyronnet): Keith Jennings, Shawnta Rogers, Dragan Lukovski, Scooter Barry, Danny Strong, Jermaine Guice, Ricardo Greer, Rico Hill, K'zell Wesson, Rahshon Turner, Robert Gulyas, Rod Sellers. 18th All-Star Game 2003–04 Paris-Bercy, Paris, December 28, 2003: French Stars - Foreign Stars 126–113 FRENCH STARS (Vincent Collet: Paccelis Morlende, Stéphane Dondon, Laurent Foirest 27, Vincent Masingue, Cyril Julian 20, Laurent Sciarra, Babacar Cisse, Frédéric N’Kembe, Mickaël Gelabale, Thierry Rupert, Claude Marquis, Thierry Gadou. FOREIGN STARS (Frédéric Sarre): Randolph Childress, Jermaine Guice, Danny Strong 20, Rahshon Turner, Sandro Nicević, Jason Rowe*, Dragan Lukovski, Hollis Price 18, Rowan Barrett 14, Vakhtang Natsvlishvili, Rick Hughes, T.J. Lux*Jason Rowe replaced injured Shawnta Rogers. 19th All-Star Game 2004–05 Paris-Bercy, Paris, att: 14,700, December 29, 2004: French Stars - Foreign Stars 105–94 FRENCH STARS (Erman Kunter): Laurent Sciarra 11, Pape-Philippe Amagou, Mickael Mokongo 12, Mamoutou Diarra, Yannick Bokolo, Laurent Foirest 24, Amara Sy 26, Luc-Arthur Vebobe 11, Maxime Zianveni, Cyril Akpomedah, Claude Marquis, Alain Koffi. FOREIGN STARS (Eric Girard): Marques Green, Hollis Price, Terrell Lyday, Jermaine Guice, Thabo Sefolosha 17, Tariq Kirksay, Boniface Ndong, K'Zell Wesson, Sharif Fajardo, Hüseyin Beşok, Clint Cotis Harrison*, Rahshon Turner 24.*Clint Cotis Harrison was injured 20th All-Star Game 2005–06 Paris-Bercy, Paris, December 18, 2005: French Stars - Foreign Stars 96–85 FRENCH STARS (Didier Gadoum John Douaglin): Yohann Sangare, Amara Sy, Pape-Philippe Amagou 12, Babacar Cisse, Mamoutou Diarra, Yakhouba Diawara, Maxime Zianveni 13, Claude Marquis 12, Thomas Dubiez, Victor Samnick, Cyril Julian. Ian Mahinmi. FOREIGN STARS (Claude Bergeaud, German Castano): K'zell Wesson 19, Jimmy Baxter, Loonie Cooper, Ricardo Greer, John Linehan, Mike Bauer, Jason Rowe 12, Tyson Wheeler, Hüseyin Beşok, Kelvin Torbert, Mario Bennett, Lamayn Wilson. 21st All-Star Game 2006–07 Paris-Bercy, Paris, December 18, 2006: Foreign Stars - French Stars 124–108 FRENCH STARS (Jean-Luc Monschau, Franck Le Goff): Ahmed Fellah 4, Ali Traore 24, Cyril Julian 21, Mamoutou Diarra 17, Yannick Bokolo 4, Maxime Zianveni, Marc-Antoine Pellin, Georgi Joseph, Tariq Kirksay 7, Laurent Sciarra 9, Pape Badiane 10, Yohann Sangare 11. FOREIGN STARS (Grégor Beugnot, Jean-Louis Borg): Cedrick Banks 12, Kenny Gregory 14, Aaron Harper 5, Ricardo Greer 6, Terrell Everett 10, Dewarick Spencer 19, Jermaine Guice 9, Eric Campbell 12, Mario Bennett, Marc Salyers 20, Terence Dials 10, Michael Wright 7. 22nd All-Star Game 2007–08 Paris-Bercy, Paris, att: 14,828, December 29, 2007: French Stars - Foreign Stars 94–82 FRENCH STARS (Yves Baratet, Ruddy Nelhomme: Nicolas Batum, Dounia Issa, Alain Koffi, Steed Tchicamboud, Pape Badiane, Marc-Antoine Pellin, Nando de Colo 13, Victor Samnick, Cyril Julian 16, Laurent Foirest, Vincent Masingue, Cyril Akpomedah, Yohann Sangare 15. FOREIGN STARS (Jean-Luc Monschau, Michel Veyronnet: John Cox, Jimmal Ball, Sean Colson, Lamayn Wilson, Chevon Troutman 18, Jeff Greer, Brion Rush 8, Uche Nsonwu-Amadi, Tony Williams, Sam Clancy Jr., Ricardo Greer 20, Marc Salyers. 23rd All-Star Game 2008–09 Paris-Bercy, Paris, att: 14,658, December 28, 2008: Foreign Stars - French Stars 108–101 FRENCH STARS (Philippe Hervé, Didier Dobbels): Amara Sy 17, Abdoulaye M'Baye, Laurent Foirest, Alain Koffi, Yannick Bokolo, Stéphane Risacher, Nando de Colo 15, Ali Traoré, Victor Samnick, Laurent Sciarra 25. On hold: Marc-Antoine Pellin, Cheikhou Thioune. FOREIGN STARS (Vincent Collet, Jean-Marc Dupraz): Cedrick Banks, Lamayn Wilson 23, Zack Wright 18, Kevin Houston, Brion Rush, Damir Krupalija, Tony Skinn, Eric Campbell 15, Austin Nichols, Chevon Troutman. On hold: Hrvoje Perincic, Rashaun Freeman. 24th All-Star Game 2009–10 Paris-Bercy, Paris, December 30, 2009: French Stars - Foreign Stars 89–88 FOREIGN STARS (Erman Kunter, Éric Girard: John Linehan, Derrick Obasohan, Ricardo Greer, Uche Nsonwu-Amadi, Dewarick Spencer, Ben Woodside, Cedrick Banks, Angel Daniel Vassallo, Sean Marshall, Mouhamed Sene. Reserves: Kareem Reid, Akinlolu Akingbala. FRENCH STARS (JD Jackson, Didier Dobbels: Steed Tchicamboud, Antoine Diot, Cyril Akpomedah, Dounia Issa, Ali Traore, Edwin Jackson, Fabien Causeur, David Melody, Mickael Gelabale, Pape Badiane. Reserves: Abdoulaye MBaye, Pierre-Yves Guillard. 2010s 25th All-Star Game 2010–11 Paris-Bercy, Paris, att: 14,700, December 30, 2010: Foreign Stars - French Stars 103–90 FRENCH STARS (Jean-Luc Monschau): Yannick Bokolo, Pape-Philippe Amagou 13, Mickael Gelabale 20, Cyril Akpomedah, Alain Koffi, Andrew Albicy, Steed Tchicamboud, Antoine Mendy, Luc-Arthur Vebobe 14, Dounia Issa. FOREIGN STARS (Jean-Denys Choulet): Ben Woodside, Bernard King 10, Sammy Mejia, Tremmell Darden, Chris Massie 10, Marquez Haynes, Demetric Bennett 13, K. C. Rivers 10, Davon Jefferson 21, Akin Akingbala 10. 26th All-Star Game 2011–12 Paris-Bercy, Paris, att: 14,590, December 29, 2011: French Stars - Foreign Stars 130–123 FRENCH STARS (Christian Monschau): Amara Sy 23, Charles Lombahe-Kahudi 15, Fabien Causeur 11, Yannick Bokolo 4, Paccelis Morlende 2, Evan Fournier 14, Nicholas Pope 7, Victor Samnick 14, Ludovic Vaty 8, Adrien Moerman 22, Andrew Albicy 10, Kim Tillie. FOREIGN STARS (Jean-Luc Monschau): Eric Chatfield 6, Akin Akingbala 12, Teddy Gipson 5, Alade Aminu 15, Cedrick Banks 8, Taylor Rochestie 11, Blake Schilb 12, Andre Barrett 8, John Holland 10, John Linehan 2, Jawad Williams 13, Lamont Hamilton 21. 27th All-Star Game 2012–13 Paris-Bercy, Paris, att: 14,570, December 30, 2012: Foreign Stars - French Stars 111–107 FRENCH STARS (Gregor Beugnot, Alain Weisz: Antoine Diot, Edwin Jackson 13, Amara Sy 14, Ilian Evtimov, Alexis Ajinça 13, Marc-Antoine Pellin, Steed Tchicamboud, Pape-Philippe Amagou, Nobel Boungou Colo, Charles Kahudi, Ludovic Vaty 17, Rudy Gobert. FOREIGN STARS ((JD Jackson, Claude Bergeaud): Dwight Buycks 17, Bernard King 14, Blake Schilb 13, Jawad Williams 13, Sean May, Khalid El-Amin 13, Souleymane Diabate, Kyle McAlarney, Marcus Goree, Darryl Monroe, Ahmad Nivins. 28th All-Star Game 2013–14 Zénith Arena, Paris, December 29, 2013: French Stars - Foreign Stars 130–117 FRENCH STARS (Jean-Marc Dupraz, Nikola Antić): Andrew Albicy, Edwin Jackson, Nobel Boungou Colo 28, Florent Piétrus, Johan Passave-Ducteil 22, Antoine Diot, David Denave, Charles Lombahe-Kahudi, Jérémy Leloup, Adrien Moerman, Mouhammadou Jaiteh, Amara Sy*. FOREIGN STARS (Philippe Hervé, Germain Castano) : Taurean Green, A. J. Slaughter, Austin Nichols, J.K. Edwards, Randal Falker, Trenton Meacham, Kyle McAlarney, David Lighty, Anthony Dobbins, Brian Greene, Lamayn Wilson, Ahmad Nivins 28.*Amara Sy did not play due to injury 29th All-Star Game 2014–15 AccorHotels Arena, Paris, January 3, 2015: French Stars - Foreign Stars 137–135 aet 121–121 FRENCH STARS (Vincent Collet, Frédéric Brouillaud): Charles Lombahe-Kahudi 9, Antoine Diot 8, Leo Westermann, Pape Sy 8, Johan Passave-Ducteil 10, Mouhammadou Jaiteh 24, Nobel Boungou Colo, Adrien Moerman 40, Florent Pietrus, Andrew Albicy 3, Rodrigue Beaubois*, Alain Koffi 9. FOREIGN STARS (Jean-Marc Dupraz, Savo Vučević: Sharrod Ford 18, Mark Payne 11, Jamar Smith 19, Kenny Boynton 4, Mykal Riley 15, Erving Walker 14, Zachery Peacock 7, Marcus Dove 6, Daequan Cook 13, Steven Gray 11, Kyle Weems 17, Darius Adams**.*Rodrigue Beaubois did not play due to injury.**Darius Adams replaced injured Ricardo Greer. 30th All-Star Game 2015–16 AccorHotels Arena, Paris, att: 15,000, December 30, 2015: French Stars - Foreign Stars 146–119 FRENCH STARS (JD Jackson, Christophe Denis): Rodrigue Beaubois, Mickaël Gelabale, Charles Lombahe-Kahudi, Mouhammadou Jaiteh, Ali Traoré, Andrew Albicy 12, Antoine Eito, Billy Yakuba Ouattara, Nobel Boungou Colo 22, Ilian Evtimov, Wilfried Yeguete, Louis Labeyrie 34. FOREIGN STARS (Zvezdan Mitrović, Laurent Pluvy): Heiko Schaffartzik, Willie Solomon 22, Mykal Riley 18, David Andersen, Marcus Dove, Michael Thompson, Chris Jones, Jeremy Hazell, Ángel Daniel Vassallo, Drew Gordon, Tim Blue, Darryl Watkins. 30th All-Star Game 2016–17 AccorHotels Arena, Paris, att: 15,000, December 29, 2016: Foreign Stars - French Stars 130–129 FOREIGN STARS (Jean-Denys Choulet, Rémi Giuitta): D.J. Cooper, Serhiy Hladyr, Spencer Butterfield, Tim Blue 21, Darryl Watkins, Cameron Clark 18, Dario Hunt, Jakim Donaldson, Jason Rich, John Robertson 17, Mark Payne, Walter Hodge. FRENCH STARS (Zvezdan Mitrović, Cédric Heitz): Axel Julien, Paul Lacombe, William Howard, Wilfried Yeguete 21, Moustapha Fall, Alain Koffi, Édouard Choquet, Jérémy Nzeulie, Nicolas Lang 19, David Michineau, Vincent Poirier 19, Ousmane Camara. 30th All-Star Game 2017–18 AccorHotels Arena, Paris, att: 15,000, December 29, 2017: French Stars - Foreign Stars 181–175 aet 164–164 FOREIGN STARS (Zvezdan Mitrović, Germain Castano): John Roberson, Gerald Robinson, David Logan, Zachery Peacock, Miro Bilan, Zack Wright, Kenny Hayes, Klemen Prepelič, Trae Golden, Raymond Cowels, D.J. Stephens, Elmedin Kikanović. FRENCH STARS (Éric Bartecheky, Laurent Pluvy): Élie Okobo, Paul Lacombe, William Howard, Amara Sy 20, Louis Labeyrie 35, Benjamin Sene, Jérémy Nzeulie, Charles Lombahe-Kahudi, Alain Koffi, Amine Noua, Youssoupha Fall, Boris Diaw**Axel Bouteille was injured and replaced by Boris Diaw. 31st All-Star Game 2018–19 AccorHotels Arena, Paris, att: 15,988, December 29, 2018: French Stars - Foreign Stars 153–147 FOREIGN STARS (Laurent Legname, Germain Castano): Justin Robinson 21, David Lighty, Julian Wright, Devin Ebanks, Youssou Ndoye, Donta Smith, Karvel Anderson, David Holston, Vitalis Chikoko, Roko Ukic, Mardy Collins, Mouphtaou Yarou 22. FRENCH STARS (Zvezdan Mitrović, Laurent Pluvy): Yakuba Ouattara, Paul Lacombe, Lahaou Konaté 33, Amine Noua 21, Youssoupha Fall 22, Théo Maledon, Nicolas De Jong, Antoine Eito, Jeremy Leloup*, Alain Koffi, Ali Traoré, Benoît Mangin.*Charles Lombahe-Kahudi was injured and replaced by Jeremy Leloup. 32nd All-Star Game 2019–20 AccorHotels Arena, Paris, att: 15,000, December 29, 2019: Foreign Stars - French Stars 129–119 FRENCH STARS (Zvezdan Mitrović, Stéphane Eberlin): Antoine Diot, Edwin Jackson, Isaïa Cordinier, Damien Inglis 29, Yannis Morin, Antoine Eito (c) 15, Axel Julian, Jean-Batiste Maille, Benoît Mangin, Alpha Kaba, Livio Jean-Charles, Abdoulaye Ndoye. FOREIGN STARS (Frédéric Fauthoux, Rémy Valin): Dee Bost, Briante Weber, Chris Horton, David Holston, Vitalis Chikoko, Eric Buckner* 27, Norris Cole, Tonye Jekiri, Miralem Halilovic*, J. J. O'Brien, Justin Robinson, Rob Gray 21.*Zack Wright, and Semaj Christon withdrew due to injury and replaced by Miralem Halilovic and MVP Erik Buckner. Players with the most appearances Player All-Star Years MVP Notes Jim Bilba 13 1990-2001 1993, 2000 1x FIBA EuroStar Stéphane Ostrowski 11 1987-1997 - Cyril Julian 8 1999, 2000, 2000 (I), 2003 2003 Laurent Sciarra 8 1999, 2000 (I), 2000 (II), 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2008) 2008 Moustapha Sonko 7 1994-2000 - Yann Bonato 7 1994–1997, 2000, 2002, 2003 - 1x FIBA EuroStar Stéphane Risacher 6 1995–1998, 2000, 2008 1997 Richard Dacoury 6 1987, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1994, 1995 - Amara Sy 6 2004, 2005, 2008, 2011, 2012, 2017 2004, 2011, 2017 Withdrew from 2013 due to injury Charles Lombahe-Kahudi 6 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2018 - Withdrew from 2017 due to injury Antoine Diot 5 2010, 2012, 2013, 2015, 2019 - Delaney Rudd 5 1994-1999 - 1x FIBA EuroStar Ricardo Greer 5 2002, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009 - Hervé Dubuisson 4 1987, 1988, 1989, 1994 1994 Mickael Gelabale 4 2003, 2009, 2010, 2015 - Nobel Boungou Colo 4 2012-2015 2013 Frédéric Weis 4 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000 - References ^ "All Star Game 2009 - 7ème d'affilée à guichets fermés". www.lnb.fr. Retrieved 2016-05-26. ^ a b "Le triplé pour les Français, Albicy MVP". www.lnb.fr. Retrieved 2016-05-26. ^ a b "Watch Wembanyama score 27, win MVP in French league's All-Star game". ProBasketballTalk | NBC Sports. 2022-12-30. Retrieved 2023-01-07. ^ a b c "ULEB All-Star Game ACB/Lega/LNB, 1994" (PDF). ^ "All-Star Game français, 1987". Archived from the original on 2020-11-15. Retrieved 2020-11-13. ^ "All-Star Game français, 1988". Archived from the original on 2020-11-14. Retrieved 2020-11-13. ^ "All-Star Game français, 1989". ^ "All-Star Game français, 1990". ^ "All-Star Game français, 1994". Archived from the original on 2020-11-05. Retrieved 2020-11-13. ^ "All-Star Game français, 1994". ^ "All-Star Game, herve-dubuisson, 1994". ^ "All-Star Game français, 1995". ^ "All-Star Game français, en Pau, 1995". ^ "All-Star Game français, 1997". ^ "All-Star Game français, 1998". ^ "All-Star Game français, 1999". ^ "All-Star Game français, 1999-00". ^ "All-Star Game français, 2000-01". ^ "All-Star Game LNB, 2000-01". Archived from the original on 2020-11-14. Retrieved 2020-11-14. ^ "All-Star Game français, 2001-02". ^ "All-Star Game français, 2002-03". ^ "All-Star Game français, 2003-04". ^ "All-Star Game français, Amara Sy MVP, 2004". ^ "All-Star Game français, 2004-05". ^ "All-Star Game français, 2006". ^ "All-Star Game, 2006". ^ "All-Star Game français, 2007". ^ "All-Star Game français, 2008". ^ "All-Star Game MVP Sciarra, 2008". ^ "All-Star Game - squads 2008". ^ "All-Star Game français, 2009". ^ "All-Star Game français, 2010". ^ "All-Star Game français, 2010-11". ^ "All-Star Game français, 2011". ^ "All-Star Game français, 2011-12". ^ "All-Star Game français, 2012". ^ "slam dunk 2012". ^ "All-Star Game français LNB, 2013". ^ "All-Star Game LNB, 2013". ^ "All-Star Game français LNB, 2015". ^ "Eurosport LNB 2015". ^ "All-Star Game français, 2015". ^ "All-Star Game français, 2016". ^ "All-Star Game français, 2017". ^ "All-Star Game français LNB, 2018-19". ^ "All-Star Game français LNB, 2019". External links Official site (in French) LNB Official site (in French) vteLNB Élite LNB FFBB List of Clubs List of Venues Awards French League System French Basketball Hall of Fame 2023–24 teams AS Monaco ASVEL Blois Bourg-en-Bresse Cholet Dijon Élan Chalon Gravelines-Dunkerque Le Mans Le Portel Levallois Limoges Nancy Nanterre Paris Roanne Saint-Quentin Strasbourg Seasons 1921–22 1922–23 1923–24 1924–25 1925–26 1926–27 1927–28 1928–29 1929–30 1930–31 1931–32 1932–33 1933–34 1934–35 1935–36 1936–37 1937–38 1938–39 1939–40 1940–41 1941–42 1942–43 1943–44 1944–45 1945–46 1946–47 1947–48 1948–49 1949–50 1950–51 1951–52 1952–53 1953–54 1954–55 1955–56 1956–57 1957–58 1958–59 1959–60 1960–61 1961–62 1962–63 1963–64 1964–65 1965–66 1966–67 1967–68 1968–69 1969–70 1970–71 1971–72 1972–73 1973–74 1974–75 1975–76 1976–77 1977–78 1978–79 1979–80 1980–81 1981–82 1982–83 1983–84 1984–85 1985–86 1986–87 1987–88 1988–89 1989–90 1990–91 1991–92 1992–93 1993–94 1994–95 1995–96 1996–97 1997–98 1998–99 1999–00 2000–01 2001–02 2002–03 2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 Other competitions Pro A Leaders Cup (League Cup) French Cup (Federation Cup) Match des Champions (Supercup) Awards Awards MVP Finals MVP Best Scorer Best Defender Best Sixth Man Most Improved Player Best Young Player Best Coach Other All-Star Game French clubs in international competitions vteBasketball in France FFBB LNB All-Star Game List of Clubs List of Venues French League System French Basketball Hall of Fame National TeamsMen France U-20 U-19 U-17 3x3 Women France U-20 U-19 U-17 3x3 League CompetitionsMen LNB Pro A LNB Pro B Nationale 1 Nationale 2 Nationale 3 LNB Espoirs Women Ligue Féminine Open LFB Ligue 2 Nationale 1 Nationale 2 Nationale 3 Cup Competitions & MiscellaneousMen Coupe de France (Federation Cup) Pro A Leaders Cup (Pro A League Cup) Match des Champions (Supercup) Pro B Leaders Cup (Pro B League Cup) Alain Gilles Trophy (French Player of the Year) Pro A Awards Pro A MVP Pro A Finals MVP French Cup MVP French clubs in international competitions Women Coupe de France Féminine
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"All-Star Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-Star_Game"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"},{"link_name":"LNB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligue_nationale_de_basket"},{"link_name":"club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_club"},{"link_name":"LNB Pro A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNB_Pro_A"},{"link_name":"LNB Pro B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNB_Pro_B"},{"link_name":"NBA All-Star Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBA_All-Star_Game"}],"text":"The LNB All-Star Game is the annual All-Star Game that is organised by France's professional club basketball governing body, the LNB. The LNB organizes both of the top two French men's pro club competitions, the top-level LNB Pro A, and the second-level LNB Pro B. The event was first held in 1987, and is loosely based on the NBA All-Star Game.","title":"LNB All-Star Game"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"From 1987 through 1991, the LNB All-Star Game was played under a \"East\" versus \"West\" format. Since 1992, the game is played under a French players versus foreign players (non-French players) format.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"LNB All-Star games"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ULEB All-Star Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ULEB_All-Star_Game"},{"link_name":"Pavelló Municipal Font de Sant Lluís","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavell%C3%B3_Municipal_Font_de_Sant_Llu%C3%ADs"},{"link_name":"Valencia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tabellini-4"},{"link_name":"Pavelló Municipal Font de Sant Lluís","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavell%C3%B3_Municipal_Font_de_Sant_Llu%C3%ADs"},{"link_name":"Valencia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tabellini-4"},{"link_name":"Pavelló Municipal Font de Sant Lluís","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavell%C3%B3_Municipal_Font_de_Sant_Llu%C3%ADs"},{"link_name":"Valencia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tabellini-4"},{"link_name":"Alberto Bucci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Bucci"},{"link_name":"Bogdan Tanjević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogdan_Tanjevi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Wendell Alexis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendell_Alexis"},{"link_name":"Joe Binion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Binion"},{"link_name":"Dejan Bodiroga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dejan_Bodiroga"},{"link_name":"Dallas Comegys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_Comegys"},{"link_name":"Emanual Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emanual_Davis"},{"link_name":"Sasha Đjorđjević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasha_%C4%90jor%C4%91jevi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Dan Gay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dan_Gay&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gerald Glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Glass"},{"link_name":"Billy McCaffrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_McCaffrey"},{"link_name":"Petar Naumoski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petar_Naumoski"},{"link_name":"Jeff Sanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Sanders"},{"link_name":"John Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Turner_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Aíto García Reneses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%ADto_Garc%C3%ADa_Reneses"},{"link_name":"Manu Moreno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manu_Moreno&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Darrell Armstrong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darrell_Armstrong"},{"link_name":"Michael Curry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Curry_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Roy Fisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roy_Fisher_(basketball)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dan Godfread","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Godfread"},{"link_name":"Kenny Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenny_Green_(basketball,_born_1967)"},{"link_name":"Warren Kidd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Kidd"},{"link_name":"Darryl Middleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darryl_Middleton"},{"link_name":"Oscar Schmidt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Schmidt"},{"link_name":"Corny Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corny_Thompson"},{"link_name":"Andy Toolson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Toolson"},{"link_name":"Andre Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andre_Turner"},{"link_name":"Božidar Maljković","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo%C5%BEidar_Maljkovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Jacques Monclar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Monclar"},{"link_name":"Ron Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Anderson_(basketball,_born_1958)"},{"link_name":"Winston Crite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Crite"},{"link_name":"Ron Curry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Curry_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Tim Kempton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Kempton"},{"link_name":"Conrad McRae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conrad_McRae"},{"link_name":"David Rivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Rivers"},{"link_name":"Michael Ray Richardson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Ray_Richardson"},{"link_name":"Delaney Rudd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaney_Rudd"},{"link_name":"Rickie Winslow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rickie_Winslow"},{"link_name":"Michael Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Young_(basketball,_born_1961)"}],"text":"3rd ULEB All-Star Game 1994–95\nPavelló Municipal Font de Sant Lluís, Valencia, November 14, 1994: Lega Basket All-Stars - LNB All-Stars 58–54[4] \nPavelló Municipal Font de Sant Lluís, Valencia, November 14, 1994: Liga ACB All-Stars - LNB All-Stars 59–43[4] \nPavelló Municipal Font de Sant Lluís, Valencia, November 14, 1994: Lega Basket All-Stars - Liga ACB All-Stars 53–48[4] \nLega Basket All-Stars (Coaches: Alberto Bucci, Bogdan Tanjević): Wendell Alexis, Joe Binion, Dejan Bodiroga, Dallas Comegys, Emanual Davis, Sasha Đjorđjević, Dan Gay, Gerald Glass, Billy McCaffrey, Petar Naumoski, Jeff Sanders, John Turner.\nLiga ACB All-Stars (Coaches: Aíto García Reneses, Manu Moreno): Darrell Armstrong, Michael Curry, Roy Fisher, Dan Godfread, Kenny Green, Warren Kidd, Darryl Middleton, Oscar Schmidt, Corny Thompson, Andy Toolson, Andre Turner.\nLNB All-Stars (Coaches: Božidar Maljković, Jacques Monclar): Ron Anderson, Winston Crite, Ron Curry, Tim Kempton, Conrad McRae, David Rivers, Michael Ray Richardson, Delaney Rudd, Rickie Winslow, Michael Young.","title":"ULEB All-Star Game score sheet (1994)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Slam Dunk Contest winners"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"All-Star Game rosters 1987–2019"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Limoges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limoges"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"George Fisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Fisher_(basketball_player)"},{"link_name":"Robert Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Smith_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Bill Varner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Varner"},{"link_name":"Christian Garnier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Garnier"},{"link_name":"Éric Beugnot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ric_Beugnot"},{"link_name":"Patrick Cham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Cham"},{"link_name":"Richard Dacoury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Dacoury"},{"link_name":"Howard Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Carter_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Paul Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Thompson_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Hervé Dubuisson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herv%C3%A9_Dubuisson"},{"link_name":"Benkali Kaba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benkali_Kaba"},{"link_name":"Tom Scheffler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Scheffler"},{"link_name":"Georges Vestris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Vestris"},{"link_name":"Stéphane Ostrowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Ostrowski"},{"link_name":"Clarence Kea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_Kea"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Hervé Dubuisson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herv%C3%A9_Dubuisson"},{"link_name":"James Hardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Hardy_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Robert Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Smith_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Ron Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Davis_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Vincent Collet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_Collet"},{"link_name":"Gregor Beugnot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_Beugnot"},{"link_name":"Jacques Monclar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Monclar"},{"link_name":"Hugues Occansey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugues_Occansey"},{"link_name":"Stéphane Ostrowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Ostrowski"},{"link_name":"Georges Vestris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Vestris"},{"link_name":"Andrew Fields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Fields"},{"link_name":"La Meilleraie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Meilleraie"},{"link_name":"Cholet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholet"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Robert Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Smith_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Jacques Monclar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Monclar"},{"link_name":"Éric Occansey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ric_Occansey"},{"link_name":"Ron Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Davis_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Hervé Dubuisson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herv%C3%A9_Dubuisson"},{"link_name":"Benkali Kaba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benkali_Kaba"},{"link_name":"Gregor Beugnot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_Beugnot"},{"link_name":"Richard Dacoury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Dacoury"},{"link_name":"Stéphane Ostrowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Ostrowski"},{"link_name":"Don Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Collins"},{"link_name":"Michael Brooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Brooks_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Georges Vestris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Vestris"},{"link_name":"Andrew Fields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Fields"},{"link_name":"Nancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy,_France"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Ron Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Davis_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Robert Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Smith_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Lee Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Johnson_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Hugues Occansey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugues_Occansey"},{"link_name":"Eric Occansey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Occansey"},{"link_name":"Greg Beugnot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Beugnot"},{"link_name":"Michael Brooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Brooks_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Stéphane Ostrowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Ostrowski"},{"link_name":"Richard Dacoury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Dacoury"},{"link_name":"Jim Bilba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Bilba"},{"link_name":"Antoine Rigaudeau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Rigaudeau"}],"sub_title":"80s","text":"1st All-Star Game 1986–87\nPalais de Sports de Bea,ublanc, Limoges, att: 5000, May 6, 1987: West - East 134–128 [5] \nEAST (George Fisher): Pierre Bressant 11, Billy Joe Williams 14, Robert Smith 24, Bill Varner 23, Jean-Aimé Toupane 6, Jean-Louis Hersin, Christian Garnier 2, Lionel Rigo 2, Jean-Luc Deganis 15, Frédéric Monetti 6, Éric Beugnot 11, Mick Pitts 12.\nWEST (Michel Gomez): Freddy Hufnagel 6, Valéry Demory 12, Patrick Cham 11, Richard Dacoury 20, Howard Carter 24, Jacques Monclar 4, Paul Thompson, Hervé Dubuisson 13, Benkali Kaba 2, Tom Scheffler 8, Georges Vestris 6, Stéphane Ostrowski 15, Clarence Kea 13.2nd All-Star Game 1987–88\nMulhouse Sports Palace, att: 4,000, May 20, 1988: West - East 164–136 [6] \nEAST: Pierre Bressant, Hervé Dubuisson, James Hardy, Skeeter Jackson, Robert Smith, Jean-Aimé Toupane, Ron Davis, Christian Monschau, Vincent Collet, Damien Pastrès, Christophe Soulé.\nWEST: Gregor Beugnot, Jacques Monclar, Hugues Occansey, Stéphane Ostrowski, Don Collins, Georges Vestris, Graylin Warner, Didier Gadou, Andrew Fields, Franck Butter.3d All-Star Game 1988–89\nLa Meilleraie, Cholet, May 12, 1989: West - East 146–141 [7] \nEAST (Francis Charneux): Pierre Bressant, Robert Smith 20, Jacques Monclar, Billy Joe Williams, Éric Occansey, Pat Burtey, Georgy Adams, Ron Davis 24, Philip Szanyiel, Hervé Dubuisson, Rick Raivio 22, Franck Butter and Benkali Kaba, Apollo Faye, Willie Redden.\nWEST (Jean Galle): Gregor Beugnot, Bruno Lejeune, Valéry Demory, Richard Dacoury, Freddy Hufnagel, Stéphane Ostrowski 33, Graylin Warner 29, Don Collins, Michael Brooks 34, Georges Vestris, Jean-Luc Deganis, Stéphane Lauvergne and Andrew Fields, Didier Gadou, Christophe Soulé.4th All-Star Game 1989–90\nPalais des Sports Jean-Weille, Nancy, att: 4,000, June 1, 1990: East - West 170–146 [8] \nEAST: Jean-Aimé Toupane, Ron Davis 24, Franck Butter, Philip Szanyiel, Robert Smith, Georgi Adams, Lee Johnson 26, Hugues Occansey 24, Eric Occansey 8, Greg Beugnot.\nWEST: Michael Brooks 40, Ken Dancy, Stéphane Ostrowski, Richard Dacoury, Valéry Demory, Jim Bilba, Antoine Rigaudeau, Freddy Hufnagel.","title":"All-Star Game rosters 1987–2019"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tours"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Jacques Monclar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Monclar"},{"link_name":"Don Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Collins"},{"link_name":"Skeeter Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeeter_Henry"},{"link_name":"Bill Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Jones_(basketball,_born_1966)"},{"link_name":"George Montgomery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Montgomery_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"David Rivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Rivers"},{"link_name":"Delaney Rudd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaney_Rudd"},{"link_name":"José Vargas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Vargas_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Michael Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Young_(basketball,_born_1961)"},{"link_name":"Marcus Webb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Webb"},{"link_name":"Božidar Maljković","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo%C5%BEidar_Maljkovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Jim Bilba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Bilba"},{"link_name":"Yann Bonato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yann_Bonato"},{"link_name":"Richard Dacoury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Dacoury"},{"link_name":"Hervé Dubuisson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herv%C3%A9_Dubuisson"},{"link_name":"Stéphane Ostrowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Ostrowski"},{"link_name":"Antoine Rigaudeau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Rigaudeau"},{"link_name":"Moustapha Sonko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moustapha_Sonko"},{"link_name":"Pau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pau,_Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es-Atlantiques"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"David Rivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Rivers"},{"link_name":"Delaney Rudd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaney_Rudd"},{"link_name":"Michael Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Young_(basketball,_born_1961)"},{"link_name":"Ron Curry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Curry_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Michael Ray Richardson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Ray_Richardson"},{"link_name":"Ron Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Anderson_(basketball,_born_1958)"},{"link_name":"Conrad McRae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conrad_McRae"},{"link_name":"Rickie Winslow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rickie_Winslow"},{"link_name":"Ian Lockhart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Lockhart"},{"link_name":"Tim Kempton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Kempton"},{"link_name":"Jim Bilba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Bilba"},{"link_name":"Yann Bonato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yann_Bonato"},{"link_name":"Richard Dacoury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Dacoury"},{"link_name":"Stéphane Ostrowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Ostrowski"},{"link_name":"Antoine Rigaudeau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Rigaudeau"},{"link_name":"Thierry Gadou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thierry_Gadou"},{"link_name":"Laurent Foirest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurent_Foirest"},{"link_name":"Moustapha Sonko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moustapha_Sonko"},{"link_name":"Stéphane Risacher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Risacher"},{"link_name":"Montpellier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montpellier"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Bogdan Tanjevic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogdan_Tanjevic"},{"link_name":"Delaney Rudd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaney_Rudd"},{"link_name":"Skeeter Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeeter_Henry"},{"link_name":"Brad Sellers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Sellers"},{"link_name":"James Blackwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Blackwell_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Ron Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Anderson_(basketball,_born_1958)"},{"link_name":"Michael Ray Richardson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Ray_Richardson"},{"link_name":"Josh Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Grant_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Jacques Monclar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Monclar"},{"link_name":"Moustapha Sonko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moustapha_Sonko"},{"link_name":"Yann Bonato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yann_Bonato"},{"link_name":"Alain Digbeu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain_Digbeu"},{"link_name":"Jim Bilba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Bilba"},{"link_name":"Frédéric Weis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Weis"},{"link_name":"Stéphane Risacher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Risacher"},{"link_name":"Cyril Julian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril_Julian"},{"link_name":"Stéphane Ostrowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Ostrowski"},{"link_name":"Palais des Sports de Dijon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palais_des_Sports_de_Dijon"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Nenad Marković","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nenad_Markovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Jerry McCullough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_McCullough"},{"link_name":"Delaney Rudd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaney_Rudd"},{"link_name":"Nikola Lončar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Lon%C4%8Dar"},{"link_name":"Paul Graham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Graham_(basketball_player)"},{"link_name":"Josh Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Grant_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Jean-Jacques Conceição","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Concei%C3%A7%C3%A3o"},{"link_name":"Eric Struelens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Struelens"},{"link_name":"Alain Digbeu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain_Digbeu"},{"link_name":"Stéphane Risacher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Risacher"},{"link_name":"Moustapha Sonko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moustapha_Sonko"},{"link_name":"Jim Bilba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Bilba"},{"link_name":"Derrick Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derrick_Lewis_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Laurent Foirest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurent_Foirest"},{"link_name":"Thierry Gadou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thierry_Gadou"},{"link_name":"Frédéric Weis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Weis"},{"link_name":"Coubertin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_Pierre_de_Coubertin_(Paris)"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Delaney Rudd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaney_Rudd"},{"link_name":"Nenad Marković","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nenad_Markovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Keith Jennings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Jennings_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Jerome Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome_Robinson"},{"link_name":"Ron Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Anderson_(basketball,_born_1958)"},{"link_name":"Josh Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Grant_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Gary Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Alexander_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Moustapha Sonko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moustapha_Sonko"},{"link_name":"Laurent Sciarra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurent_Sciarra"},{"link_name":"Laurent Foirest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurent_Foirest"},{"link_name":"Alain Digbeu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain_Digbeu"},{"link_name":"Crawford Palmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crawford_Palmer"},{"link_name":"Cyril Julian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril_Julian"},{"link_name":"Jim Bilba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Bilba"},{"link_name":"Frédéric Weis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Weis"},{"link_name":"Nancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy,_France"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Marlon Maxey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlon_Maxey"},{"link_name":"Jay Larranaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Larranaga"},{"link_name":"Dante Calabria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dante_Calabria"},{"link_name":"Stanley Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Jackson_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Keith Gatlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Gatlin"},{"link_name":"Gary Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Alexander_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Harper Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harper_Williams"},{"link_name":"Thierry Gadou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thierry_Gadou"},{"link_name":"Stéphane Risacher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Risacher"},{"link_name":"Laurent Sciarra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurent_Sciarra"},{"link_name":"Moustapha Sonko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moustapha_Sonko"},{"link_name":"Jim Bilba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Bilba"},{"link_name":"Yann Bonato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yann_Bonato"},{"link_name":"Makan Dioumassi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makan_Dioumassi"},{"link_name":"Cyril Julian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril_Julian"},{"link_name":"Frédéric Weis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Weis"}],"sub_title":"90s","text":"8th All-Star Game 1993–94\nPalais des Sports, Tours, att: 4,000, March 6, 1994: Foreign Stars - French Stars 110–108 [9][10][11] \nFOREIGN STARS (Laurent Buffard, Jacques Monclar): Don Collins, Skeeter Henry 24, Bill Jones, George Montgomery, David Rivers, Delaney Rudd, José Vargas, Michael Young, Marcus Webb.\nFRENCH STARS (Božidar Maljković, Jean-Luc Monschau): Jim Bilba, Yann Bonato, Richard Dacoury, Hervé Dubuisson 30, Frédéric Forte, Marc M'Bahia, Stéphane Ostrowski, Antoine Rigaudeau, Moustapha Sonko9th All-Star Game 1994–95\nPalais des Sports de Pau, Pau, att: 8,000, March 9, 1995: Foreign Stars - French Stars 147–137 [12][13] \nFOREIGN STARS: David Rivers 22, Delaney Rudd, Michael Young, Ron Curry 24, Michael Ray Richardson 24, Ron Anderson, Conrad McRae, Rickie Winslow, Ian Lockhart, Tim Kempton.\nFRENCH STARS: Jim Bilba, Yann Bonato 44, Richard Dacoury 20, Frédéric Forte, Stéphane Ostrowski 21, Antoine Rigaudeau, Thierry Gadou, Laurent Foirest, Bruno Coqueran, Moustapha Sonko, Stéphane Risacher.11th All-Star Game 1996–97\nPierre-de-Coubertin Sports Palace, Montpellier, att: 5,000, March 29, 1997: Foreign Stars - French Stars 115–109 [14] \nFOREIGN STARS (Bogdan Tanjevic): Delaney Rudd, Skeeter Henry, David Booth, Paul Fortier, Brad Sellers, James Blackwell, Ron Anderson, Michael Ray Richardson, Steve Payne, Josh Grant.\nFRENCH STARS (Jacques Monclar: Moustapha Sonko, Yann Bonato, Alain Digbeu, Jim Bilba, Frédéric Weis, Frédéric Forte, Georgy Adams, Stéphane Risacher, Cyril Julian, Stéphane Ostrowski.12th All-Star Game 1997–98\nPalais des Sports de Dijon, att: 4,000, April 25, 1998: French Stars - Foreign Stars 170–146 [15] \nFOREIGN STARS: Keith Hill 16, Nenad Marković 16, Jerry McCullough 14, Delaney Rudd 11, Nikola Lončar 9, Paul Graham 8, Josh Grant 8, Jean-Jacques Conceição 6, Eric Struelens 6, Derek Durham 4.\nFRENCH STARS: Alain Digbeu 27, Stéphane Risacher 20, Moustapha Sonko 18, Paul Fortier 14, Jim Bilba 9, Bruno Hamm 8, Derrick Lewis 7, Laurent Foirest 6, Thierry Gadou 3, Frédéric Weis.13th All-Star Game 1998–99\nCoubertin, Paris, January 2, 1999: Foreign Stars - French Stars 124–122 [16] \nFOREIGN STARS: Delaney Rudd 14, Nenad Marković 14, Juan Aisa 2, Keith Jennings 10, Jerome Robinson 7, Ron Anderson 21, Keith Hill 21, Josh Grant 19, Darius Hall 13, Gary Alexander 3.\nFRENCH STARS: Moustapha Sonko 26, Laurent Sciarra 9, Laurent Foirest 12, Alain Digbeu 19, Christophe Dumas 8, Crawford Palmer 10, Cyril Julian 8, Georgy Adams 9, Jim Bilba 17, Frédéric Weis 4.14th All-Star Game 1999–00\nNancy, January 2, 2000: Foreign Stars - French Stars 103–93 [17] \nFOREIGN STARS: Marlon Maxey 21, Ray Minlend 19, Jay Larranaga 13, Dante Calabria 13, Stanley Jackson 10, Derek Durham 9, Steve Payne 5, Keith Gatlin 5, Gary Alexander 6, Harper Williams 2.\nFRENCH STARS: Thierry Gadou 15, Stéphane Risacher 14, Laurent Sciarra 12, Moustapha Sonko 10, Jim Bilba 10, Yann Bonato 8, Frédéric N'Kembe 7, Makan Dioumassi 6, Cyril Julian 6, Frédéric Weis 5.","title":"All-Star Game rosters 1987–2019"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Antibes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibes"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Gregor Beugnot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_Beugnot"},{"link_name":"Laurent Sciarra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurent_Sciarra"},{"link_name":"Mickaël Piétrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micka%C3%ABl_Pi%C3%A9trus"},{"link_name":"Jim Bilba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Bilba"},{"link_name":"Cyril Julian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril_Julian"},{"link_name":"Tony Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Parker"},{"link_name":"Laurent Bernard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurent_Bernard"},{"link_name":"Vincent Collet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_Collet"},{"link_name":"Shawnta Rogers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shawnta_Rogers"},{"link_name":"Zakhar Pashutin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zakhar_Pashutin"},{"link_name":"Art Long","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Long"},{"link_name":"Gary Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Alexander_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Stevin Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevin_Smith"},{"link_name":"Curtis McCants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtis_McCants"},{"link_name":"Chris King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_King_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Skeeter Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeeter_Henry"},{"link_name":"Andre Riddick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andre_Riddick"},{"link_name":"Le Colisée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Colis%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"Chalon-sur-Saone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalon-sur-Saone"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Claude Bergeaud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Bergeaud"},{"link_name":"Florent Piétrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florent_Pi%C3%A9trus"},{"link_name":"Yann Bonato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yann_Bonato"},{"link_name":"Mickaël Piétrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micka%C3%ABl_Pi%C3%A9trus"},{"link_name":"Boris Diaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Diaw"},{"link_name":"Cyril Julian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril_Julian"},{"link_name":"Nikola Radulovic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Radulovic"},{"link_name":"Brian Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Howard_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Nikola Vujcic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Vujcic"},{"link_name":"Danny Strong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Strong"},{"link_name":"Marc Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Brown_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Andre Riddick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andre_Riddick"},{"link_name":"Paris-Bercy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palais_omnisports_de_Paris-Bercy"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Philippe Hervé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_Herv%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Laurent Bernard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurent_Bernard"},{"link_name":"Babacar Cisse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babacar_Cisse"},{"link_name":"Mickaël Piétrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micka%C3%ABl_Pi%C3%A9trus"},{"link_name":"Laurent Sciarra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurent_Sciarra"},{"link_name":"Yann Bonato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yann_Bonato"},{"link_name":"Makan Dioumassi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makan_Dioumassi"},{"link_name":"Vincent Masingue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_Masingue"},{"link_name":"Florent Piétrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florent_Pi%C3%A9trus"},{"link_name":"Jim Bilba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Bilba"},{"link_name":"Vasco Evtimov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_Evtimov"},{"link_name":"Cyril Julian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril_Julian"},{"link_name":"Keith Jennings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Jennings_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Shawnta Rogers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shawnta_Rogers"},{"link_name":"Dragan Lukovski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragan_Lukovski"},{"link_name":"Scooter Barry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scooter_Barry"},{"link_name":"Danny Strong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Strong"},{"link_name":"Jermaine Guice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jermaine_Guice"},{"link_name":"Ricardo Greer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardo_Greer"},{"link_name":"Rico Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rico_Hill"},{"link_name":"K'zell Wesson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%27zell_Wesson"},{"link_name":"Rahshon Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahshon_Turner"},{"link_name":"Rod Sellers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod_Sellers"},{"link_name":"Paris-Bercy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palais_omnisports_de_Paris-Bercy"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Vincent Collet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_Collet"},{"link_name":"Stéphane Dondon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Dondon"},{"link_name":"Laurent Foirest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurent_Foirest"},{"link_name":"Vincent Masingue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_Masingue"},{"link_name":"Cyril Julian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril_Julian"},{"link_name":"Laurent Sciarra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurent_Sciarra"},{"link_name":"Babacar Cisse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babacar_Cisse"},{"link_name":"Mickaël Gelabale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micka%C3%ABl_Gelabale"},{"link_name":"Thierry Rupert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thierry_Rupert"},{"link_name":"Thierry Gadou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thierry_Gadou"},{"link_name":"Randolph Childress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randolph_Childress"},{"link_name":"Jermaine Guice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jermaine_Guice"},{"link_name":"Danny Strong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Strong"},{"link_name":"Rahshon Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahshon_Turner"},{"link_name":"Sandro Nicević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandro_Nicevi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Jason Rowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Rowe_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Dragan Lukovski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragan_Lukovski"},{"link_name":"Hollis Price","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollis_Price"},{"link_name":"Rowan Barrett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowan_Barrett"},{"link_name":"Vakhtang Natsvlishvili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakhtang_Natsvlishvili"},{"link_name":"Rick Hughes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Hughes"},{"link_name":"Shawnta Rogers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shawnta_Rogers"},{"link_name":"Paris-Bercy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palais_omnisports_de_Paris-Bercy"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Erman Kunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erman_Kunter"},{"link_name":"Laurent Sciarra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurent_Sciarra"},{"link_name":"Pape-Philippe Amagou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pape-Philippe_Amagou"},{"link_name":"Laurent Foirest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurent_Foirest"},{"link_name":"Amara Sy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amara_Sy"},{"link_name":"Maxime Zianveni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxime_Zianveni"},{"link_name":"Eric Girard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Girard"},{"link_name":"Marques Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marques_Green"},{"link_name":"Hollis Price","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollis_Price"},{"link_name":"Terrell Lyday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrell_Lyday"},{"link_name":"Jermaine Guice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jermaine_Guice"},{"link_name":"Thabo Sefolosha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thabo_Sefolosha"},{"link_name":"Tariq Kirksay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariq_Kirksay"},{"link_name":"Boniface Ndong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boniface_Ndong"},{"link_name":"K'Zell Wesson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%27Zell_Wesson"},{"link_name":"Sharif Fajardo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharif_Fajardo"},{"link_name":"Hüseyin Beşok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCseyin_Be%C5%9Fok"},{"link_name":"Rahshon Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahshon_Turner"},{"link_name":"Paris-Bercy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palais_omnisports_de_Paris-Bercy"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Yohann Sangare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yohann_Sangare"},{"link_name":"Amara Sy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amara_Sy"},{"link_name":"Babacar Cisse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babacar_Cisse"},{"link_name":"Yakhouba Diawara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakhouba_Diawara"},{"link_name":"Cyril Julian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril_Julian"},{"link_name":"Claude Bergeaud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Bergeaud"},{"link_name":"K'zell Wesson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%27zell_Wesson"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Baxter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Baxter_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Ricardo Greer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardo_Greer"},{"link_name":"John Linehan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Linehan_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Mike Bauer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Bauer"},{"link_name":"Jason Rowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Rowe_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Tyson Wheeler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyson_Wheeler"},{"link_name":"Hüseyin Beşok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCseyin_Be%C5%9Fok"},{"link_name":"Kelvin Torbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvin_Torbert"},{"link_name":"Mario Bennett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Bennett"},{"link_name":"Lamayn Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamayn_Wilson"},{"link_name":"Paris-Bercy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palais_omnisports_de_Paris-Bercy"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Ahmed Fellah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Fellah"},{"link_name":"Cyril Julian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril_Julian"},{"link_name":"Mamoutou Diarra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamoutou_Diarra"},{"link_name":"Yannick Bokolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yannick_Bokolo"},{"link_name":"Maxime Zianveni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxime_Zianveni"},{"link_name":"Tariq Kirksay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariq_Kirksay"},{"link_name":"Laurent Sciarra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurent_Sciarra"},{"link_name":"Yohann Sangare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yohann_Sangare"},{"link_name":"Grégor Beugnot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A9gor_Beugnot"},{"link_name":"Cedrick Banks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedrick_Banks"},{"link_name":"Kenny Gregory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenny_Gregory"},{"link_name":"Aaron Harper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Harper_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Ricardo Greer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardo_Greer"},{"link_name":"Terrell Everett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrell_Everett"},{"link_name":"Dewarick Spencer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewarick_Spencer"},{"link_name":"Jermaine Guice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jermaine_Guice"},{"link_name":"Eric Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Campbell_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Mario Bennett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Bennett"},{"link_name":"Marc Salyers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Salyers"},{"link_name":"Terence Dials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terence_Dials"},{"link_name":"Michael Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Wright_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Paris-Bercy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palais_omnisports_de_Paris-Bercy"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Ruddy Nelhomme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruddy_Nelhomme"},{"link_name":"Nicolas Batum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Batum"},{"link_name":"Steed Tchicamboud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steed_Tchicamboud"},{"link_name":"Nando de Colo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nando_de_Colo"},{"link_name":"Cyril Julian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril_Julian"},{"link_name":"Laurent Foirest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurent_Foirest"},{"link_name":"Vincent Masingue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_Masingue"},{"link_name":"Yohann Sangare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yohann_Sangare"},{"link_name":"John Cox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cox_(basketball,_born_1981)"},{"link_name":"Sean Colson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Colson"},{"link_name":"Lamayn Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamayn_Wilson"},{"link_name":"Chevon Troutman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevon_Troutman"},{"link_name":"Jeff Greer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Greer"},{"link_name":"Brion Rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brion_Rush"},{"link_name":"Tony Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Williams_(basketball_player)"},{"link_name":"Sam Clancy Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Clancy_Jr."},{"link_name":"Ricardo Greer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardo_Greer"},{"link_name":"Marc Salyers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Salyers"},{"link_name":"Paris-Bercy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palais_omnisports_de_Paris-Bercy"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Philippe Hervé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_Herv%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Amara Sy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amara_Sy"},{"link_name":"Laurent Foirest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurent_Foirest"},{"link_name":"Alain Koffi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain_Koffi"},{"link_name":"Yannick Bokolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yannick_Bokolo"},{"link_name":"Stéphane Risacher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Risacher"},{"link_name":"Nando de Colo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nando_de_Colo"},{"link_name":"Ali Traoré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Traor%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Laurent Sciarra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurent_Sciarra"},{"link_name":"Vincent Collet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_Collet"},{"link_name":"Cedrick Banks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedrick_Banks"},{"link_name":"Lamayn Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamayn_Wilson"},{"link_name":"Zack Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zack_Wright"},{"link_name":"Kevin Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Houston_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Brion Rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brion_Rush"},{"link_name":"Damir Krupalija","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damir_Krupalija"},{"link_name":"Tony Skinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Skinn"},{"link_name":"Eric Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Campbell_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Austin Nichols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Nichols"},{"link_name":"Chevon Troutman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevon_Troutman"},{"link_name":"Rashaun Freeman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashaun_Freeman"},{"link_name":"Paris-Bercy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palais_omnisports_de_Paris-Bercy"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Erman Kunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erman_Kunter"},{"link_name":"Éric Girard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ric_Girard"},{"link_name":"John Linehan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Linehan_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Derrick Obasohan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derrick_Obasohan"},{"link_name":"Ricardo Greer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardo_Greer"},{"link_name":"Dewarick Spencer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewarick_Spencer"},{"link_name":"Ben Woodside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Woodside"},{"link_name":"Cedrick Banks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedrick_Banks"},{"link_name":"Angel Daniel Vassallo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel_Daniel_Vassallo"},{"link_name":"Sean Marshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Marshall_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Mouhamed Sene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouhamed_Sene"},{"link_name":"Kareem Reid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kareem_Reid"},{"link_name":"JD Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._D._Jackson_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Steed Tchicamboud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steed_Tchicamboud"},{"link_name":"Antoine Diot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Diot"},{"link_name":"Cyril Akpomedah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril_Akpomedah"},{"link_name":"Ali Traore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Traore"},{"link_name":"Edwin Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Jackson_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Fabien Causeur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabien_Causeur"},{"link_name":"Mickael Gelabale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mickael_Gelabale"},{"link_name":"Pape Badiane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pape_Badiane"}],"sub_title":"2000s","text":"15th All-Star Game 2000–01\nAzur Arena, Antibes, December 29, 2000: French Stars - Foreign Stars 123–117 [18][19] \nFRENCH STARS (Gregor Beugnot, Jean-Louis Borg): : Laurent Sciarra, Mickaël Piétrus, David Gautier, Jim Bilba, Cyril Julian, Tony Parker, Yann Mollinari, Laurent Bernard, Laurent Pluvy, Willem Laure, David Frigout, and Fabien Dubos.\nFOREIGN STARS (Vincent Collet, Didier Dobbels): Shawnta Rogers, Roger Esteller, Zakhar Pashutin, Art Long, Gary Alexander, Stevin Smith, Curtis McCants, Chris King, Skeeter Henry, Andre Riddick and Geof Lear.16th All-Star Game 2001–02\nLe Colisée, Chalon-sur-Saone, December 28, 2001: Foreign Stars - French Stars 104–97 [20] \nFRENCH STARS (Claude Bergeaud): Laurent Pluvy, Yann Mollinari, Florent Piétrus, Yann Bonato, Mickaël Piétrus, David Gautier, Fabien Dubos, Boris Diaw, Cyril Julian, Sacha Giffa.\nFOREIGN STARS (Jean-Luc Monschau): Nikola Radulovic, Brian Howard, Nikola Vujcic, Danny Strong, Marc Brown, Roger Esteller, Andre Riddick, Robert Gulyas, Larry Terry.17th All-Star Game 2002–03\nParis-Bercy, Paris, December 28, 2002: Foreign Stars - French Stars 131–118 [21] \nFRENCH STARS (Philippe Hervé, Ruddy Nelhomme): Laurent Bernard, Babacar Cisse, Mickaël Piétrus, Laurent Sciarra, Yann Bonato, Makan Dioumassi, Vincent Masingue, Florent Piétrus, Jim Bilba, David Gautier, Vasco Evtimov, Cyril Julian.\nFOREIGN STARS (Jean-Luc Monschau, Michel Veyronnet): Keith Jennings, Shawnta Rogers, Dragan Lukovski, Scooter Barry, Danny Strong, Jermaine Guice, Ricardo Greer, Rico Hill, K'zell Wesson, Rahshon Turner, Robert Gulyas, Rod Sellers.18th All-Star Game 2003–04\nParis-Bercy, Paris, December 28, 2003: French Stars - Foreign Stars 126–113 [22] \nFRENCH STARS (Vincent Collet: Paccelis Morlende, Stéphane Dondon, Laurent Foirest 27, Vincent Masingue, Cyril Julian 20, Laurent Sciarra, Babacar Cisse, Frédéric N’Kembe, Mickaël Gelabale, Thierry Rupert, Claude Marquis, Thierry Gadou.\nFOREIGN STARS (Frédéric Sarre): Randolph Childress, Jermaine Guice, Danny Strong 20, Rahshon Turner, Sandro Nicević, Jason Rowe*, Dragan Lukovski, Hollis Price 18, Rowan Barrett 14, Vakhtang Natsvlishvili, Rick Hughes, T.J. Lux*Jason Rowe replaced injured Shawnta Rogers.19th All-Star Game 2004–05\nParis-Bercy, Paris, att: 14,700, December 29, 2004: French Stars - Foreign Stars 105–94 [23] \nFRENCH STARS (Erman Kunter): Laurent Sciarra 11, Pape-Philippe Amagou, Mickael Mokongo 12, Mamoutou Diarra, Yannick Bokolo, Laurent Foirest 24, Amara Sy 26, Luc-Arthur Vebobe 11, Maxime Zianveni, Cyril Akpomedah, Claude Marquis, Alain Koffi.\nFOREIGN STARS (Eric Girard): Marques Green, Hollis Price, Terrell Lyday, Jermaine Guice, Thabo Sefolosha 17, Tariq Kirksay, Boniface Ndong, K'Zell Wesson, Sharif Fajardo, Hüseyin Beşok, Clint Cotis Harrison*, Rahshon Turner 24.*Clint Cotis Harrison was injured20th All-Star Game 2005–06\nParis-Bercy, Paris, December 18, 2005: French Stars - Foreign Stars 96–85 [24] \nFRENCH STARS (Didier Gadoum John Douaglin): Yohann Sangare, Amara Sy, Pape-Philippe Amagou 12, Babacar Cisse, Mamoutou Diarra, Yakhouba Diawara, Maxime Zianveni 13, Claude Marquis 12, Thomas Dubiez, Victor Samnick, Cyril Julian. Ian Mahinmi.\nFOREIGN STARS (Claude Bergeaud, German Castano): K'zell Wesson 19, Jimmy Baxter, Loonie Cooper, Ricardo Greer, John Linehan, Mike Bauer, Jason Rowe 12, Tyson Wheeler, Hüseyin Beşok, Kelvin Torbert, Mario Bennett, Lamayn Wilson.21st All-Star Game 2006–07\nParis-Bercy, Paris, December 18, 2006: Foreign Stars - French Stars 124–108 [25][26] \nFRENCH STARS (Jean-Luc Monschau, Franck Le Goff): Ahmed Fellah 4, Ali Traore 24, Cyril Julian 21, Mamoutou Diarra 17, Yannick Bokolo 4, Maxime Zianveni, Marc-Antoine Pellin, Georgi Joseph, Tariq Kirksay 7, Laurent Sciarra 9, Pape Badiane 10, Yohann Sangare 11.\nFOREIGN STARS (Grégor Beugnot, Jean-Louis Borg): Cedrick Banks 12, Kenny Gregory 14, Aaron Harper 5, Ricardo Greer 6, Terrell Everett 10, Dewarick Spencer 19, Jermaine Guice 9, Eric Campbell 12, Mario Bennett, Marc Salyers 20, Terence Dials 10, Michael Wright 7.22nd All-Star Game 2007–08\nParis-Bercy, Paris, att: 14,828, December 29, 2007: French Stars - Foreign Stars 94–82 [27] \nFRENCH STARS (Yves Baratet, Ruddy Nelhomme: Nicolas Batum, Dounia Issa, Alain Koffi, Steed Tchicamboud, Pape Badiane, Marc-Antoine Pellin, Nando de Colo 13, Victor Samnick, Cyril Julian 16, Laurent Foirest, Vincent Masingue, Cyril Akpomedah, Yohann Sangare 15.\nFOREIGN STARS (Jean-Luc Monschau, Michel Veyronnet: John Cox, Jimmal Ball, Sean Colson, Lamayn Wilson, Chevon Troutman 18, Jeff Greer, Brion Rush 8, Uche Nsonwu-Amadi, Tony Williams, Sam Clancy Jr., Ricardo Greer 20, Marc Salyers.23rd All-Star Game 2008–09\nParis-Bercy, Paris, att: 14,658, December 28, 2008: Foreign Stars - French Stars 108–101 [28][29][30]FRENCH STARS (Philippe Hervé, Didier Dobbels): Amara Sy 17, Abdoulaye M'Baye, Laurent Foirest, Alain Koffi, Yannick Bokolo, Stéphane Risacher, Nando de Colo 15, Ali Traoré, Victor Samnick, Laurent Sciarra 25. On hold: Marc-Antoine Pellin, Cheikhou Thioune.\nFOREIGN STARS (Vincent Collet, Jean-Marc Dupraz): Cedrick Banks, Lamayn Wilson 23, Zack Wright 18, Kevin Houston, Brion Rush, Damir Krupalija, Tony Skinn, Eric Campbell 15, Austin Nichols, Chevon Troutman. On hold: Hrvoje Perincic, Rashaun Freeman.24th All-Star Game 2009–10\nParis-Bercy, Paris, December 30, 2009: French Stars - Foreign Stars 89–88 [31] \nFOREIGN STARS (Erman Kunter, Éric Girard: John Linehan, Derrick Obasohan, Ricardo Greer, Uche Nsonwu-Amadi, Dewarick Spencer, Ben Woodside, Cedrick Banks, Angel Daniel Vassallo, Sean Marshall, Mouhamed Sene. Reserves: Kareem Reid, Akinlolu Akingbala.\nFRENCH STARS (JD Jackson, Didier Dobbels: Steed Tchicamboud, Antoine Diot, Cyril Akpomedah, Dounia Issa, Ali Traore, Edwin Jackson, Fabien Causeur, David Melody, Mickael Gelabale, Pape Badiane. Reserves: Abdoulaye MBaye, Pierre-Yves Guillard.","title":"All-Star Game rosters 1987–2019"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paris-Bercy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palais_omnisports_de_Paris-Bercy"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Yannick Bokolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yannick_Bokolo"},{"link_name":"Pape-Philippe Amagou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pape-Philippe_Amagou"},{"link_name":"Mickael Gelabale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mickael_Gelabale"},{"link_name":"Cyril Akpomedah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril_Akpomedah"},{"link_name":"Alain Koffi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain_Koffi"},{"link_name":"Andrew Albicy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Albicy"},{"link_name":"Steed Tchicamboud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steed_Tchicamboud"},{"link_name":"Antoine Mendy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Mendy_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Luc-Arthur Vebobe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luc-Arthur_Vebobe"},{"link_name":"Dounia Issa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dounia_Issa"},{"link_name":"Ben Woodside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Woodside"},{"link_name":"Bernard King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_King_(basketball,_born_1981)"},{"link_name":"Sammy Mejia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sammy_Mejia"},{"link_name":"Tremmell Darden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tremmell_Darden"},{"link_name":"Marquez Haynes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquez_Haynes"},{"link_name":"K. C. Rivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._C._Rivers"},{"link_name":"Davon Jefferson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davon_Jefferson"},{"link_name":"Akin Akingbala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akin_Akingbala"},{"link_name":"Paris-Bercy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palais_omnisports_de_Paris-Bercy"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Amara Sy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amara_Sy"},{"link_name":"Fabien Causeur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabien_Causeur"},{"link_name":"Yannick Bokolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yannick_Bokolo"},{"link_name":"Evan Fournier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evan_Fournier"},{"link_name":"Adrien Moerman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrien_Moerman"},{"link_name":"Andrew Albicy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Albicy"},{"link_name":"Kim Tillie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Tillie"},{"link_name":"Eric Chatfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Chatfield"},{"link_name":"Akin Akingbala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akin_Akingbala"},{"link_name":"Teddy Gipson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teddy_Gipson"},{"link_name":"Alade Aminu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alade_Aminu"},{"link_name":"Cedrick Banks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedrick_Banks"},{"link_name":"Taylor Rochestie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_Rochestie"},{"link_name":"Blake Schilb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blake_Schilb"},{"link_name":"Andre Barrett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andre_Barrett"},{"link_name":"John Holland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Holland_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"John Linehan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Linehan_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Jawad Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawad_Williams"},{"link_name":"Lamont Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamont_Hamilton"},{"link_name":"Paris-Bercy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palais_omnisports_de_Paris-Bercy"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Gregor Beugnot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_Beugnot"},{"link_name":"Antoine Diot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Diot"},{"link_name":"Edwin Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Jackson_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Amara Sy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amara_Sy"},{"link_name":"Ilian Evtimov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilian_Evtimov"},{"link_name":"Alexis Ajinça","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_Ajin%C3%A7a"},{"link_name":"Marc-Antoine Pellin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc-Antoine_Pellin"},{"link_name":"Steed Tchicamboud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steed_Tchicamboud"},{"link_name":"Pape-Philippe Amagou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pape-Philippe_Amagou"},{"link_name":"Charles Kahudi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Kahudi"},{"link_name":"Rudy Gobert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Gobert"},{"link_name":"JD Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._D._Jackson_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Claude Bergeaud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Bergeaud"},{"link_name":"Dwight Buycks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_Buycks"},{"link_name":"Bernard King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_King_(basketball,_born_1981)"},{"link_name":"Blake Schilb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blake_Schilb"},{"link_name":"Jawad Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawad_Williams"},{"link_name":"Sean May","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_May"},{"link_name":"Khalid El-Amin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalid_El-Amin"},{"link_name":"Kyle McAlarney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyle_McAlarney"},{"link_name":"Marcus Goree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Goree"},{"link_name":"Darryl Monroe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darryl_Monroe"},{"link_name":"Ahmad Nivins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Nivins"},{"link_name":"Zénith Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A9nith_Paris"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Nikola Antić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Anti%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Andrew Albicy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Albicy"},{"link_name":"Edwin Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Jackson_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Nobel Boungou Colo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Boungou_Colo"},{"link_name":"Florent Piétrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florent_Pi%C3%A9trus"},{"link_name":"Antoine Diot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Diot"},{"link_name":"Charles Lombahe-Kahudi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Lombahe-Kahudi"},{"link_name":"Adrien Moerman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrien_Moerman"},{"link_name":"Amara Sy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amara_Sy"},{"link_name":"Philippe Hervé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_Herv%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Taurean Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taurean_Green"},{"link_name":"A. J. Slaughter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._J._Slaughter"},{"link_name":"Austin Nichols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Nichols"},{"link_name":"Randal Falker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randal_Falker"},{"link_name":"Trenton Meacham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trenton_Meacham"},{"link_name":"Kyle McAlarney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyle_McAlarney"},{"link_name":"David Lighty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lighty"},{"link_name":"Anthony Dobbins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Dobbins"},{"link_name":"Lamayn Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamayn_Wilson"},{"link_name":"Ahmad Nivins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Nivins"},{"link_name":"AccorHotels Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AccorHotels_Arena"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Vincent Collet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_Collet"},{"link_name":"Frédéric Brouillaud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Brouillaud"},{"link_name":"Charles Lombahe-Kahudi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Lombahe-Kahudi"},{"link_name":"Antoine Diot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Diot"},{"link_name":"Leo Westermann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Westermann"},{"link_name":"Pape Sy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pape_Sy"},{"link_name":"Mouhammadou Jaiteh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouhammadou_Jaiteh"},{"link_name":"Nobel Boungou Colo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Boungou_Colo"},{"link_name":"Adrien Moerman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrien_Moerman"},{"link_name":"Florent Pietrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florent_Pietrus"},{"link_name":"Andrew Albicy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Albicy"},{"link_name":"Alain Koffi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain_Koffi"},{"link_name":"Sharrod Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharrod_Ford"},{"link_name":"Mark Payne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Payne_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Jamar Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamar_Smith"},{"link_name":"Kenny Boynton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenny_Boynton"},{"link_name":"Mykal Riley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mykal_Riley"},{"link_name":"Erving Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erving_Walker"},{"link_name":"Zachery Peacock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zachery_Peacock"},{"link_name":"Marcus Dove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Dove"},{"link_name":"Daequan Cook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daequan_Cook"},{"link_name":"Steven Gray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Gray_(basketball,_born_1989)"},{"link_name":"Kyle Weems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyle_Weems"},{"link_name":"Darius Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darius_Adams"},{"link_name":"Ricardo Greer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardo_Greer"},{"link_name":"AccorHotels Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AccorHotels_Arena"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"JD Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._D._Jackson_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Mickaël Gelabale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micka%C3%ABl_Gelabale"},{"link_name":"Charles Lombahe-Kahudi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Lombahe-Kahudi"},{"link_name":"Mouhammadou Jaiteh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouhammadou_Jaiteh"},{"link_name":"Andrew Albicy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Albicy"},{"link_name":"Nobel Boungou Colo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Boungou_Colo"},{"link_name":"Ilian Evtimov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilian_Evtimov"},{"link_name":"Wilfried Yeguete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilfried_Yeguete"},{"link_name":"Louis Labeyrie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Labeyrie"},{"link_name":"Zvezdan Mitrović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zvezdan_Mitrovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Heiko Schaffartzik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heiko_Schaffartzik"},{"link_name":"Willie Solomon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_Solomon"},{"link_name":"Mykal Riley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mykal_Riley"},{"link_name":"David Andersen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Andersen"},{"link_name":"Marcus Dove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Dove"},{"link_name":"Michael Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Thompson_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Chris Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Jones_(basketball,_born_1991)"},{"link_name":"Jeremy Hazell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Hazell"},{"link_name":"Ángel Daniel Vassallo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81ngel_Daniel_Vassallo"},{"link_name":"Drew Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drew_Gordon"},{"link_name":"Tim Blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Blue"},{"link_name":"Darryl Watkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darryl_Watkins"},{"link_name":"AccorHotels Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AccorHotels_Arena"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"D.J. Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D.J._Cooper"},{"link_name":"Spencer Butterfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spencer_Butterfield"},{"link_name":"Tim Blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Blue"},{"link_name":"Darryl Watkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darryl_Watkins"},{"link_name":"Cameron Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameron_Clark_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Dario Hunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dario_Hunt"},{"link_name":"Jakim Donaldson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakim_Donaldson"},{"link_name":"Jason Rich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Rich"},{"link_name":"Mark Payne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Payne_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Walter Hodge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Hodge"},{"link_name":"Zvezdan Mitrović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zvezdan_Mitrovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Axel Julien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axel_Julien"},{"link_name":"Paul Lacombe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Lacombe_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"William Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Wilfried Yeguete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilfried_Yeguete"},{"link_name":"Moustapha Fall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moustapha_Fall"},{"link_name":"Alain Koffi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain_Koffi"},{"link_name":"David Michineau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Michineau"},{"link_name":"Vincent Poirier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_Poirier"},{"link_name":"AccorHotels Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AccorHotels_Arena"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Zvezdan Mitrović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zvezdan_Mitrovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"John Roberson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Roberson"},{"link_name":"Gerald Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Robinson_(basketball,_born_1989)"},{"link_name":"David Logan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Logan_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Zachery Peacock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zachery_Peacock"},{"link_name":"Miro Bilan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miro_Bilan"},{"link_name":"Zack Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zack_Wright"},{"link_name":"Kenny Hayes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenny_Hayes"},{"link_name":"Klemen Prepelič","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klemen_Prepeli%C4%8D"},{"link_name":"Trae Golden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trae_Golden"},{"link_name":"Raymond Cowels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Cowels"},{"link_name":"D.J. Stephens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D.J._Stephens"},{"link_name":"Elmedin Kikanović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmedin_Kikanovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Paul Lacombe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Lacombe_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"William Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Amara Sy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amara_Sy"},{"link_name":"Louis Labeyrie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Labeyrie"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Sene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Sene"},{"link_name":"Charles Lombahe-Kahudi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Lombahe-Kahudi"},{"link_name":"Alain Koffi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain_Koffi"},{"link_name":"Youssoupha Fall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youssoupha_Fall"},{"link_name":"Boris Diaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Diaw"},{"link_name":"Boris Diaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Diaw"},{"link_name":"AccorHotels Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AccorHotels_Arena"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Justin Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Robinson_(basketball,_born_1987)"},{"link_name":"David Lighty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lighty"},{"link_name":"Julian Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Wright"},{"link_name":"Devin Ebanks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devin_Ebanks"},{"link_name":"Donta Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donta_Smith"},{"link_name":"Karvel Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karvel_Anderson"},{"link_name":"David Holston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Holston"},{"link_name":"Vitalis Chikoko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitalis_Chikoko"},{"link_name":"Roko Ukic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roko_Ukic"},{"link_name":"Mardy Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mardy_Collins"},{"link_name":"Mouphtaou Yarou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouphtaou_Yarou"},{"link_name":"Zvezdan Mitrović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zvezdan_Mitrovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Yakuba Ouattara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakuba_Ouattara"},{"link_name":"Paul Lacombe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Lacombe_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Lahaou Konaté","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahaou_Konat%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Amine Noua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amine_Noua"},{"link_name":"Youssoupha Fall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youssoupha_Fall"},{"link_name":"Nicolas De Jong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_De_Jong"},{"link_name":"Antoine Eito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Eito"},{"link_name":"Alain Koffi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain_Koffi"},{"link_name":"Charles Lombahe-Kahudi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Lombahe-Kahudi"},{"link_name":"AccorHotels Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AccorHotels_Arena"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Zvezdan Mitrović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zvezdan_Mitrovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Antoine Diot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Diot"},{"link_name":"Edwin Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Jackson_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Damien Inglis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damien_Inglis"},{"link_name":"Antoine Eito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Eito"},{"link_name":"Dee Bost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dee_Bost"},{"link_name":"Briante Weber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Briante_Weber"},{"link_name":"Chris Horton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Horton_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"David Holston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Holston"},{"link_name":"Vitalis Chikoko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitalis_Chikoko"},{"link_name":"Eric Buckner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Buckner"},{"link_name":"Norris Cole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norris_Cole"},{"link_name":"Miralem Halilovic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miralem_Halilovic"},{"link_name":"J. J. O'Brien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._J._O%27Brien"},{"link_name":"Justin Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Robinson_(basketball,_born_1987)"},{"link_name":"Rob Gray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Gray_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Zack Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zack_Wright"},{"link_name":"Semaj Christon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semaj_Christon"}],"sub_title":"2010s","text":"25th All-Star Game 2010–11\nParis-Bercy, Paris, att: 14,700, December 30, 2010: Foreign Stars - French Stars 103–90 [32][33] \nFRENCH STARS (Jean-Luc Monschau): Yannick Bokolo, Pape-Philippe Amagou 13, Mickael Gelabale 20, Cyril Akpomedah, Alain Koffi, Andrew Albicy, Steed Tchicamboud, Antoine Mendy, Luc-Arthur Vebobe 14, Dounia Issa.\nFOREIGN STARS (Jean-Denys Choulet): Ben Woodside, Bernard King 10, Sammy Mejia, Tremmell Darden, Chris Massie 10, Marquez Haynes, Demetric Bennett 13, K. C. Rivers 10, Davon Jefferson 21, Akin Akingbala 10.26th All-Star Game 2011–12\nParis-Bercy, Paris, att: 14,590, December 29, 2011: French Stars - Foreign Stars 130–123 [34][35] \nFRENCH STARS (Christian Monschau): Amara Sy 23, Charles Lombahe-Kahudi 15, Fabien Causeur 11, Yannick Bokolo 4, Paccelis Morlende 2, Evan Fournier 14, Nicholas Pope 7, Victor Samnick 14, Ludovic Vaty 8, Adrien Moerman 22, Andrew Albicy 10, Kim Tillie.\nFOREIGN STARS (Jean-Luc Monschau): Eric Chatfield 6, Akin Akingbala 12, Teddy Gipson 5, Alade Aminu 15, Cedrick Banks 8, Taylor Rochestie 11, Blake Schilb 12, Andre Barrett 8, John Holland 10, John Linehan 2, Jawad Williams 13, Lamont Hamilton 21.27th All-Star Game 2012–13\nParis-Bercy, Paris, att: 14,570, December 30, 2012: Foreign Stars - French Stars 111–107 [36][37] \nFRENCH STARS (Gregor Beugnot, Alain Weisz: Antoine Diot, Edwin Jackson 13, Amara Sy 14, Ilian Evtimov, Alexis Ajinça 13, Marc-Antoine Pellin, Steed Tchicamboud, Pape-Philippe Amagou, Nobel Boungou Colo, Charles Kahudi, Ludovic Vaty 17, Rudy Gobert.\nFOREIGN STARS ((JD Jackson, Claude Bergeaud): Dwight Buycks 17, Bernard King 14, Blake Schilb 13, Jawad Williams 13, Sean May, Khalid El-Amin 13, Souleymane Diabate, Kyle McAlarney, Marcus Goree, Darryl Monroe, Ahmad Nivins.28th All-Star Game 2013–14\nZénith Arena, Paris, December 29, 2013: French Stars - Foreign Stars 130–117 [38][39] \nFRENCH STARS (Jean-Marc Dupraz, Nikola Antić): Andrew Albicy, Edwin Jackson, Nobel Boungou Colo 28, Florent Piétrus, Johan Passave-Ducteil 22, Antoine Diot, David Denave, Charles Lombahe-Kahudi, Jérémy Leloup, Adrien Moerman, Mouhammadou Jaiteh, Amara Sy*.\nFOREIGN STARS (Philippe Hervé, Germain Castano) : Taurean Green, A. J. Slaughter, Austin Nichols, J.K. Edwards, Randal Falker, Trenton Meacham, Kyle McAlarney, David Lighty, Anthony Dobbins, Brian Greene, Lamayn Wilson, Ahmad Nivins 28.*Amara Sy did not play due to injury29th All-Star Game 2014–15\nAccorHotels Arena, Paris, January 3, 2015: French Stars - Foreign Stars 137–135 aet 121–121 [40][41] \nFRENCH STARS (Vincent Collet, Frédéric Brouillaud): Charles Lombahe-Kahudi 9, Antoine Diot 8, Leo Westermann, Pape Sy 8, Johan Passave-Ducteil 10, Mouhammadou Jaiteh 24, Nobel Boungou Colo, Adrien Moerman 40, Florent Pietrus, Andrew Albicy 3, Rodrigue Beaubois*, Alain Koffi 9.\nFOREIGN STARS (Jean-Marc Dupraz, Savo Vučević: Sharrod Ford 18, Mark Payne 11, Jamar Smith 19, Kenny Boynton 4, Mykal Riley 15, Erving Walker 14, Zachery Peacock 7, Marcus Dove 6, Daequan Cook 13, Steven Gray 11, Kyle Weems 17, Darius Adams**.*Rodrigue Beaubois did not play due to injury.**Darius Adams replaced injured Ricardo Greer.30th All-Star Game 2015–16\nAccorHotels Arena, Paris, att: 15,000, December 30, 2015: French Stars - Foreign Stars 146–119 [42]\nFRENCH STARS (JD Jackson, Christophe Denis): Rodrigue Beaubois, Mickaël Gelabale, Charles Lombahe-Kahudi, Mouhammadou Jaiteh, Ali Traoré, Andrew Albicy 12, Antoine Eito, Billy Yakuba Ouattara, Nobel Boungou Colo 22, Ilian Evtimov, Wilfried Yeguete, Louis Labeyrie 34.\nFOREIGN STARS (Zvezdan Mitrović, Laurent Pluvy): Heiko Schaffartzik, Willie Solomon 22, Mykal Riley 18, David Andersen, Marcus Dove, Michael Thompson, Chris Jones, Jeremy Hazell, Ángel Daniel Vassallo, Drew Gordon, Tim Blue, Darryl Watkins.30th All-Star Game 2016–17\nAccorHotels Arena, Paris, att: 15,000, December 29, 2016: Foreign Stars - French Stars 130–129 [43] \nFOREIGN STARS (Jean-Denys Choulet, Rémi Giuitta): D.J. Cooper, Serhiy Hladyr, Spencer Butterfield, Tim Blue 21, Darryl Watkins, Cameron Clark 18, Dario Hunt, Jakim Donaldson, Jason Rich, John Robertson 17, Mark Payne, Walter Hodge.\nFRENCH STARS (Zvezdan Mitrović, Cédric Heitz): Axel Julien, Paul Lacombe, William Howard, Wilfried Yeguete 21, Moustapha Fall, Alain Koffi, Édouard Choquet, Jérémy Nzeulie, Nicolas Lang 19, David Michineau, Vincent Poirier 19, Ousmane Camara.30th All-Star Game 2017–18\nAccorHotels Arena, Paris, att: 15,000, December 29, 2017: French Stars - Foreign Stars 181–175 aet 164–164 [44]\nFOREIGN STARS (Zvezdan Mitrović, Germain Castano): John Roberson, Gerald Robinson, David Logan, Zachery Peacock, Miro Bilan, Zack Wright, Kenny Hayes, Klemen Prepelič, Trae Golden, Raymond Cowels, D.J. Stephens, Elmedin Kikanović.\nFRENCH STARS (Éric Bartecheky, Laurent Pluvy): Élie Okobo, Paul Lacombe, William Howard, Amara Sy 20, Louis Labeyrie 35, Benjamin Sene, Jérémy Nzeulie, Charles Lombahe-Kahudi, Alain Koffi, Amine Noua, Youssoupha Fall, Boris Diaw**Axel Bouteille was injured and replaced by Boris Diaw.31st All-Star Game 2018–19\nAccorHotels Arena, Paris, att: 15,988, December 29, 2018: French Stars - Foreign Stars 153–147 [45] \nFOREIGN STARS (Laurent Legname, Germain Castano): Justin Robinson 21, David Lighty, Julian Wright, Devin Ebanks, Youssou Ndoye, Donta Smith, Karvel Anderson, David Holston, Vitalis Chikoko, Roko Ukic, Mardy Collins, Mouphtaou Yarou 22.\nFRENCH STARS (Zvezdan Mitrović, Laurent Pluvy): Yakuba Ouattara, Paul Lacombe, Lahaou Konaté 33, Amine Noua 21, Youssoupha Fall 22, Théo Maledon, Nicolas De Jong, Antoine Eito, Jeremy Leloup*, Alain Koffi, Ali Traoré, Benoît Mangin.*Charles Lombahe-Kahudi was injured and replaced by Jeremy Leloup.32nd All-Star Game 2019–20\nAccorHotels Arena, Paris, att: 15,000, December 29, 2019: Foreign Stars - French Stars 129–119 [46]\nFRENCH STARS (Zvezdan Mitrović, Stéphane Eberlin): Antoine Diot, Edwin Jackson, Isaïa Cordinier, Damien Inglis 29, Yannis Morin, Antoine Eito (c) 15, Axel Julian, Jean-Batiste Maille, Benoît Mangin, Alpha Kaba, Livio Jean-Charles, Abdoulaye Ndoye.\nFOREIGN STARS (Frédéric Fauthoux, Rémy Valin): Dee Bost, Briante Weber, Chris Horton, David Holston, Vitalis Chikoko, Eric Buckner* 27, Norris Cole, Tonye Jekiri, Miralem Halilovic*, J. J. O'Brien, Justin Robinson, Rob Gray 21.*Zack Wright, and Semaj Christon withdrew due to injury and replaced by Miralem Halilovic and MVP Erik Buckner.","title":"All-Star Game rosters 1987–2019"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Players with the most appearances"}]
[]
null
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2016\""},{"Link":"https://www.eurobasket.com/France/basketball-league-jeep-elite-proa_2017-2018.aspx","external_links_name":"\"All-Star Game français, 2017\""},{"Link":"https://www.eurobasket.com/France/basketball-league-jeep-elite-proa_2018-2019.aspx","external_links_name":"\"All-Star Game français LNB, 2018-19\""},{"Link":"https://wesportfr.com/all-star-game-lnb-presentation-de-ledition-2019/","external_links_name":"\"All-Star Game français LNB, 2019\""},{"Link":"http://www.allstargame.fr/","external_links_name":"Official site"},{"Link":"http://www.lnb.fr/","external_links_name":"LNB Official site"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(Rhodesia)
Ministry of Finance (Rhodesia)
["1 Ministers of Finance before UDI","2 Ministers of Finance after UDI","3 Ministers of Finance of Rhodesia and Nyasaland","4 References"]
Ministry of Finance of RhodesiaCoat of arms of RhodesiaDepartment overviewFormed11 November 1965; 58 years ago (1965-11-11)Dissolved1 June 1979; 45 years ago (1979-06-01)Superseding agencyMinistry of Finance of ZimbabweHeadquartersSalisbury The Ministry of Finance was a cabinet ministry of the government of Rhodesia. It was responsible for overseeing the nation's public finances. The Ministry of Finance was established during the colonial period of Southern Rhodesia, first as the office of Treasurer in 1923. The office was renamed as Minister of Treasury from June 1954 to April 1964. The office retained the same structure when Rhodesia unilaterally declared independence in 1965. Ministers of Finance before UDI Percival Donald Leslie Fynn, July 1933 - September 1933 Jacob Hendrik Smit, September 1933 - 1942 Percival Donald Leslie Fynn, January 1935 – April 1937, acting William Sydney Senior, April 1937 – July 1939, acting Ernest Lucas Guest, July 1939 – December 1941, acting Godfrey Martin Huggins, December 1941 - February 1942 Max Danziger, February 1942 - December 1942 Godfrey Martin Huggins, December 1942 – June 1945, acting Leslie Benjamin Fereday, June 1945 – May 1946, acting Ernest Lucas Guest, May 1946 - September 1946 Godfrey Martin Huggins, September 1946, acting Edgar Cuthbert Fremantle Whitehead, September 1946 - March 1947 Ernest Lucas Guest, March 1947 - November 1947, acting Patrick Bissett Fletcher, November 1947 – August 1949, acting Godfrey Martin Huggins, August 1949 – September 1950, acting Patrick Bissett Fletcher, September 1950 – June 1951, acting Godfrey Martin Huggins, June 1951 – January 1952, acting Patrick Bissett Fletcher, January 1952 - April 1952, acting John Moore Caldicott, April 1952 – January 1953, acting George Arthur Davenport, January 1953 - September 1953, acting Donald MacIntyre, September 1953 - December 1953 Reginald Stephen Garfield Todd, December 1953 - February 1954 Cyril James Hatty, June 1954 - December 1954, Minister of Treasury George Arthur Davenport, December 1954 – August 1955, acting Minister of Treasury Patrick Bissett Fletcher, August 1955 – December 1956, acting Minister of Treasury Reginald Stephen Garfield Todd, December 1956 – October 1957, acting Minister of Treasury Geoffrey Ellman Brown, October 1957 – January 1958, acting Minister of Treasury Abraham Eliezer Abrahamson, January 1958 - February 1958, Minister of Treasury Cyril James Hatty, February 1958 - August 1959, Minister of Treasury Edgar Cuthbert Fremantle Whitehead, August 1959 – September 1962, acting Minister of Treasury Geoffrey Ellman Brown, September 1962 - December 1962, Minister of Treasury Ian Douglas Smith, December 1962 - October 1963, Minister of Treasury William John Harper, October 1963 – April 1964, acting Minister of Treasury John Wrathall, April 1964 − November 1965 Source: Ministers of Finance after UDI John Wrathall, November 1965 − January 1976 David Colville Smith, January 1976 − June 1979 Ernest Bulle, April 1978 – June 1979 Ministers of Finance of Rhodesia and Nyasaland Donald MacIntyre, 1953-1962 John Moore Caldicott, 1962-1963 Source: References ^ a b F. M. G. Willson and G. C. Passmore. "Holders of Administrative and Ministerial Office 1894-1964" (PDF). University of Zimbabwe Library. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 August 2020. ^ "Africa Research Bulletin". Blackwell. 12 October 1978 – via Google Books. ^ "Rhodesians Worldwide - Bundu Times August/September 1996". www.rhodesia.com. ^ Guide to Government Ministers: The British Empire and Successor States 1900-1972 This article about government in Zimbabwe is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cabinet ministry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_ministry"},{"link_name":"Rhodesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodesia"},{"link_name":"Southern Rhodesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rhodesian_offices_1924_1964-1"},{"link_name":"Rhodesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodesia"},{"link_name":"unilaterally declared independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodesia%27s_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence"}],"text":"The Ministry of Finance was a cabinet ministry of the government of Rhodesia. It was responsible for overseeing the nation's public finances.The Ministry of Finance was established during the colonial period of Southern Rhodesia, first as the office of Treasurer in 1923. The office was renamed as Minister of Treasury from June 1954 to April 1964.[1] The office retained the same structure when Rhodesia unilaterally declared independence in 1965.","title":"Ministry of Finance (Rhodesia)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Percival Donald Leslie Fynn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percival_Fynn"},{"link_name":"Jacob Hendrik Smit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Hendrik_Smit"},{"link_name":"Percival Donald Leslie Fynn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percival_Fynn"},{"link_name":"William Sydney Senior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Sydney_Senior&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ernest Lucas Guest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Lucas_Guest"},{"link_name":"Godfrey Martin Huggins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godfrey_Martin_Huggins"},{"link_name":"Max Danziger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Max_Danziger&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Godfrey Martin Huggins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godfrey_Martin_Huggins"},{"link_name":"Leslie Benjamin Fereday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leslie_Benjamin_Fereday&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ernest Lucas Guest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Lucas_Guest"},{"link_name":"Godfrey Martin Huggins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godfrey_Martin_Huggins"},{"link_name":"Edgar Cuthbert Fremantle Whitehead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Cuthbert_Fremantle_Whitehead"},{"link_name":"Ernest Lucas Guest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Lucas_Guest"},{"link_name":"Patrick Bissett Fletcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patrick_Bissett_Fletcher&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Godfrey Martin Huggins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godfrey_Martin_Huggins"},{"link_name":"Patrick Bissett Fletcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patrick_Bissett_Fletcher&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Godfrey Martin Huggins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godfrey_Martin_Huggins"},{"link_name":"Patrick Bissett Fletcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patrick_Bissett_Fletcher&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"John Moore Caldicott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Moore_Caldicott"},{"link_name":"George Arthur Davenport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Arthur_Davenport&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Donald MacIntyre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Donald_MacIntyre_(Rhodesian_politician)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Reginald Stephen Garfield Todd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Stephen_Garfield_Todd"},{"link_name":"Cyril James Hatty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cyril_James_Hatty&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"George Arthur Davenport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Arthur_Davenport&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Patrick Bissett Fletcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patrick_Bissett_Fletcher&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Reginald Stephen Garfield Todd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Stephen_Garfield_Todd"},{"link_name":"Geoffrey Ellman Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geoffrey_Ellman_Brown&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Abraham Eliezer Abrahamson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abraham_Eliezer_Abrahamson&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cyril James Hatty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cyril_James_Hatty&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Edgar Cuthbert Fremantle Whitehead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Cuthbert_Fremantle_Whitehead"},{"link_name":"Geoffrey Ellman Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geoffrey_Ellman_Brown&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ian Douglas Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Douglas_Smith"},{"link_name":"William John Harper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_John_Harper"},{"link_name":"John Wrathall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wrathall"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rhodesian_offices_1924_1964-1"}],"text":"Percival Donald Leslie Fynn, July 1933 - September 1933\nJacob Hendrik Smit, September 1933 - 1942\nPercival Donald Leslie Fynn, January 1935 – April 1937, acting\nWilliam Sydney Senior, April 1937 – July 1939, acting\nErnest Lucas Guest, July 1939 – December 1941, acting\nGodfrey Martin Huggins, December 1941 - February 1942\nMax Danziger, February 1942 - December 1942\nGodfrey Martin Huggins, December 1942 – June 1945, acting\nLeslie Benjamin Fereday, June 1945 – May 1946, acting\nErnest Lucas Guest, May 1946 - September 1946\nGodfrey Martin Huggins, September 1946, acting\nEdgar Cuthbert Fremantle Whitehead, September 1946 - March 1947\nErnest Lucas Guest, March 1947 - November 1947, acting\nPatrick Bissett Fletcher, November 1947 – August 1949, acting\nGodfrey Martin Huggins, August 1949 – September 1950, acting\nPatrick Bissett Fletcher, September 1950 – June 1951, acting\nGodfrey Martin Huggins, June 1951 – January 1952, acting\nPatrick Bissett Fletcher, January 1952 - April 1952, acting\nJohn Moore Caldicott, April 1952 – January 1953, acting\nGeorge Arthur Davenport, January 1953 - September 1953, acting\nDonald MacIntyre, September 1953 - December 1953\nReginald Stephen Garfield Todd, December 1953 - February 1954\nCyril James Hatty, June 1954 - December 1954, Minister of Treasury\nGeorge Arthur Davenport, December 1954 – August 1955, acting Minister of Treasury\nPatrick Bissett Fletcher, August 1955 – December 1956, acting Minister of Treasury\nReginald Stephen Garfield Todd, December 1956 – October 1957, acting Minister of Treasury\nGeoffrey Ellman Brown, October 1957 – January 1958, acting Minister of Treasury\nAbraham Eliezer Abrahamson, January 1958 - February 1958, Minister of Treasury\nCyril James Hatty, February 1958 - August 1959, Minister of Treasury\nEdgar Cuthbert Fremantle Whitehead, August 1959 – September 1962, acting Minister of Treasury\nGeoffrey Ellman Brown, September 1962 - December 1962, Minister of Treasury\nIan Douglas Smith, December 1962 - October 1963, Minister of Treasury\nWilliam John Harper, October 1963 – April 1964, acting Minister of Treasury\nJohn Wrathall, April 1964 − November 1965[2]Source:[1]","title":"Ministers of Finance before UDI"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Wrathall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wrathall"},{"link_name":"David Colville Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Colville_Smith"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Ernest Bulle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Bulle"}],"text":"John Wrathall, November 1965 − January 1976\nDavid Colville Smith, January 1976 − June 1979[3]\nErnest Bulle, April 1978 – June 1979","title":"Ministers of Finance after UDI"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Donald MacIntyre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Donald_MacIntyre_(Rhodesian_politician)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"John Moore Caldicott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Moore_Caldicott"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Donald MacIntyre, 1953-1962\nJohn Moore Caldicott, 1962-1963Source:[4]","title":"Ministers of Finance of Rhodesia and Nyasaland"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"F. M. G. Willson and G. C. Passmore. \"Holders of Administrative and Ministerial Office 1894-1964\" (PDF). University of Zimbabwe Library. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200801222611/http://ir.uz.ac.zw/jspui/bitstream/10646/3684/1/Willson_Holders_of_Administrative_and_Ministerial_office_1894_1964.pdf","url_text":"\"Holders of Administrative and Ministerial Office 1894-1964\""},{"url":"http://ir.uz.ac.zw/jspui/bitstream/10646/3684/1/Willson_Holders_of_Administrative_and_Ministerial_office_1894_1964.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Africa Research Bulletin\". Blackwell. 12 October 1978 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dHgEAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"\"Africa Research Bulletin\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rhodesians Worldwide - Bundu Times August/September 1996\". www.rhodesia.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rhodesia.com/oz_wa/bt4th_96.htm","url_text":"\"Rhodesians Worldwide - Bundu Times August/September 1996\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gradiva
Gradiva
["1 Origins","2 Description","3 Allusions in popular culture","4 Notes","5 External links"]
Modern mythic figure created by Wilhelm Jensen For the novel by Wilhelm Jensen, see Gradiva (novel). The original Roman relief upon which Gradiva was based (Vatican City). Gradiva, or "She who steps along", is a mythic figure created by Wilhelm Jensen as a central character in his novella Gradiva (1902). The character was inspired by an existing Roman relief. She later became a prominent subject in Surrealist art after Sigmund Freud published an essay on Jensen's work. Origins The character first appeared in Wilhelm Jensen's eponymous novella Gradiva. In the novella, the protagonist is fascinated by a female figure in an ancient relief and names her Gradiva, Latin for "she who steps along". The name is also believed to be an homage to Mars Gradivus, the Roman god of war. Early after Gradiva's publication, psychoanalyst Carl Jung recommended the novella to his colleague Sigmund Freud. Freud found the narrative compelling, and published his influential essay titled Delusion and Dream in Jensen's Gradiva (German: "Der Wahn und die Träume in W. Jensen's Gradiva") in 1907. Afterwards, he exchanged a few letters with Jensen, who was "flattered by Freud's analysis of his story". Description The relief is a neo-Attic Roman relief, which is likely a copy of a Greek original from the 4th century BCE. The full relief has three female figures identified as the so called Horae and Agraulids: Herse, Pandrosus and Aglaulos. The relief was reconstructed by archaeologist Friedrich Hauser from fragments found in multiple separate museum collections. The Gradiva fragment is held in the collection of the Vatican Museum Chiaramonti, Rome. The rest of the relief is on display in the Uffizi Museum in Florence. Allusions in popular culture Salvador Dalí nicknamed his wife, Gala Dalí, "Gradiva". He utilized the figure of Gradiva as inspiration in a number of his paintings, for which his wife often served as the model. These paintings included Gradiva (1931), Gradiva finds the ruins of Antropomorphos (1931), William Tell and Gradiva (1931). Gradiva inspired other Surrealist paintings as well. One such example, Gradiva (1939) by André Masson, explores the sexual iconography of the character. In 1937, the Surrealist author André Breton, credited with being a leader of the movement, opened an art gallery on the Rive Gauche called the Gradiva. The studio was designed by Marcel Duchamp, who created the iconic door in the shape of the Gradiva accompanied by a male figure. The short art film Gradiva Sketch 1 (1978, camera: Bruno Nuytten) by the French filmmaker Raymonde Carasco was described as “a poetic construction about the fetishization of desire, one that seems to go against Freud's reading: the gracious movement of the maiden's foot is seen to be the object itself, not a mere referent, of male desire”. In 1986, the French Surrealist writer and ethnographer Michel Leiris, together with Jean Jamin, founded Gradhiva, an academic journal covering topics in anthropology. Since 2005, it has been published by the Musée du quai Branly in Paris. Notes ^ a b Jensen, Wilhelm (1903). Gradiva: ein pompejanisches phantasiestück ... C. Reissner. ^ a b c Strachey, J., ed. (1959). The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, Volume IX (1906-1908): Jensen's 'Gradiva' and Other Works. Vol. IX. ^ a b "Gradiva: What did Freud and the Surrealists See in Her?". DailyArt Magazine. ^ a b Trevisan, Amarildo Luiz (2022). "The Philosophy of Education in the Gradiva Step". Educação & Realidade. 47: 1. ^ a b Bergstein, Mary (2003). "Gradiva Medica: Freud's Model Female Analyst as Lizard-Slayer". American Imago. 60 (3): 285–301. ISSN 0065-860X. JSTOR 26304688. ^ Friedrich Hauser: Disiecta membra neuattischer Reliefs. Jahreshefte des Österr. Archäol. Institutes Bd. VI (1903) 79-107. ^ "Gradiva". m.museivaticani.va. Retrieved 2023-08-17. ^ Cat. No. 1284 ^ Magazine, Smithsonian; Solly, Meilan. "Why Gala Dalí—Muse, Model and Artist—Was More Than Just Salvador's Wife". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 2023-08-17. ^ Nadeau, Maurice, A History of Surrealism, (1965). ^ Eye of Sound – UbuWeb Film ^ "Gradhiva". Gradhiva. Quai Branly Museum. Retrieved 14 April 2016. External links Media related to Gradiva at Wikimedia Commons Jensen's 'Gradiva' and Other Works Gradiva - Chiaramonti Museum, Rome Gradiva - Freud-Museum, London Freud Museum Exhibition Archive: Gradiva: The Cure Through Love Raymonde Carasco: Gradiva Sketch 1 (1978) DailyArt Magazine - Gradiva: What did Freud and the Surrealists See in Her?
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She later became a prominent subject in Surrealist art after Sigmund Freud published an essay on Jensen's work.","title":"Gradiva"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-3"},{"link_name":"Mars Gradivus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_(mythology)#Mars_Gradivus"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Carl Jung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Jung"},{"link_name":"Sigmund Freud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-2"},{"link_name":"Delusion and Dream in Jensen's Gradiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delusion_and_Dream_in_Jensen%27s_Gradiva"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-2"}],"text":"The character first appeared in Wilhelm Jensen's eponymous novella Gradiva. In the novella, the protagonist is fascinated by a female figure in an ancient relief and names her Gradiva, Latin for \"she who steps along\".[2][3] The name is also believed to be an homage to Mars Gradivus, the Roman god of war.[1]Early after Gradiva's publication, psychoanalyst Carl Jung recommended the novella to his colleague Sigmund Freud.[4][2] Freud found the narrative compelling, and published his influential essay titled Delusion and Dream in Jensen's Gradiva (German: \"Der Wahn und die Träume in W. Jensen's Gradiva\") in 1907.[5] Afterwards, he exchanged a few letters with Jensen, who was \"flattered by Freud's analysis of his story\".[2]","title":"Origins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"neo-Attic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Attic"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greece"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Horae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horae"},{"link_name":"Herse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herse_of_Athens"},{"link_name":"Pandrosus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandrosus"},{"link_name":"Aglaulos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aglaulus,_daughter_of_Cecrops"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-7"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Hauser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Hauser"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Uffizi Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uffizi"},{"link_name":"Florence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-5"}],"text":"The relief is a neo-Attic Roman relief, which is likely a copy of a Greek original from the 4th century BCE.[6] The full relief has three female figures identified as the so called Horae and Agraulids: Herse, Pandrosus and Aglaulos.[7] The relief was reconstructed by archaeologist Friedrich Hauser from fragments found in multiple separate museum collections.[4]The Gradiva fragment is held in the collection of the Vatican Museum Chiaramonti, Rome.[8] The rest of the relief is on display in the Uffizi Museum in Florence.[5]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Salvador Dalí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvador_Dal%C3%AD"},{"link_name":"Gala Dalí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gala_Dal%C3%AD"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Surrealist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrealism"},{"link_name":"André Masson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Masson"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"André Breton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Breton"},{"link_name":"Rive Gauche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rive_Gauche"},{"link_name":"Marcel Duchamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Duchamp"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-3"},{"link_name":"art film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_film"},{"link_name":"Bruno Nuytten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Nuytten"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"ethnographer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnography"},{"link_name":"Michel Leiris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Leiris"},{"link_name":"Jean Jamin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Jamin"},{"link_name":"Gradhiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gradhiva"},{"link_name":"anthropology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology"},{"link_name":"Musée du quai Branly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_du_quai_Branly"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Salvador Dalí nicknamed his wife, Gala Dalí, \"Gradiva\". He utilized the figure of Gradiva as inspiration in a number of his paintings, for which his wife often served as the model.[9] These paintings included Gradiva (1931), Gradiva finds the ruins of Antropomorphos (1931), William Tell and Gradiva (1931).Gradiva inspired other Surrealist paintings as well. One such example, Gradiva (1939) by André Masson, explores the sexual iconography of the character.[10]In 1937, the Surrealist author André Breton, credited with being a leader of the movement, opened an art gallery on the Rive Gauche called the Gradiva. The studio was designed by Marcel Duchamp, who created the iconic door in the shape of the Gradiva accompanied by a male figure.[3]The short art film Gradiva Sketch 1 (1978, camera: Bruno Nuytten) by the French filmmaker Raymonde Carasco was described as “a poetic construction about the fetishization of desire, one that seems to go against Freud's reading: the gracious movement of the maiden's foot is seen to be the object itself, not a mere referent, of male desire”.[11]In 1986, the French Surrealist writer and ethnographer Michel Leiris, together with Jean Jamin, founded Gradhiva, an academic journal covering topics in anthropology. Since 2005, it has been published by the Musée du quai Branly in Paris.[12]","title":"Allusions in popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_1-1"},{"link_name":"Jensen, Wilhelm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Jensen"},{"link_name":"Gradiva: ein pompejanisches phantasiestück ...","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=8xARAAAAYAAJ"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:5_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:5_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:5_2-2"},{"link_name":"The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, Volume IX (1906-1908): Jensen's 'Gradiva' and Other Works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Standard_Edition_of_the_Complete_Psychological_Works_of_Sigmund_Freud"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:4_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:4_3-1"},{"link_name":"\"Gradiva: What did Freud and the Surrealists See in Her?\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.dailyartmagazine.com/gradiva/"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:1_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:1_4-1"},{"link_name":"\"The Philosophy of Education in the Gradiva Step\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.scielo.br/j/edreal/a/Qmk5gBcV6NRYtMxP9hzvm6m/?format=pdf&lang=en"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:2_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:2_5-1"},{"link_name":"\"Gradiva Medica: Freud's Model Female Analyst as Lizard-Slayer\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/26304688"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0065-860X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0065-860X"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"26304688","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/26304688"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Jahreshefte des Österr. Archäol. Institutes Bd. VI (1903) 79-107.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/jahresheftedes06stuoft#page/n101/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:3_7-0"},{"link_name":"\"Gradiva\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//m.museivaticani.va/content/museivaticani-mobile/en/collezioni/musei/museo-chiaramonti/gradiva.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"Cat. No. 1284","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//mv.vatican.va/3_EN/pages/x-Schede/MCMs/MCMs_Sala01_02.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"\"Why Gala Dalí—Muse, Model and Artist—Was More Than Just Salvador's Wife\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/why-gala-dalimuse-model-and-artistwas-more-just-salvadors-wife-180969776/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"Eye of Sound – UbuWeb Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ubu.com/film/carasco_gravida.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"\"Gradhiva\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//gradhiva.revues.org/?lang=en"}],"text":"^ a b Jensen, Wilhelm (1903). Gradiva: ein pompejanisches phantasiestück ... C. Reissner.\n\n^ a b c Strachey, J., ed. (1959). The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, Volume IX (1906-1908): Jensen's 'Gradiva' and Other Works. Vol. IX.\n\n^ a b \"Gradiva: What did Freud and the Surrealists See in Her?\". DailyArt Magazine.\n\n^ a b Trevisan, Amarildo Luiz (2022). \"The Philosophy of Education in the Gradiva Step\". Educação & Realidade. 47: 1.\n\n^ a b Bergstein, Mary (2003). \"Gradiva Medica: Freud's Model Female Analyst as Lizard-Slayer\". American Imago. 60 (3): 285–301. ISSN 0065-860X. JSTOR 26304688.\n\n^ Friedrich Hauser: Disiecta membra neuattischer Reliefs. Jahreshefte des Österr. Archäol. Institutes Bd. VI (1903) 79-107.\n\n^ \"Gradiva\". m.museivaticani.va. Retrieved 2023-08-17.\n\n^ Cat. No. 1284\n\n^ Magazine, Smithsonian; Solly, Meilan. \"Why Gala Dalí—Muse, Model and Artist—Was More Than Just Salvador's Wife\". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 2023-08-17.\n\n^ Nadeau, Maurice, A History of Surrealism, (1965).\n\n^ Eye of Sound – UbuWeb Film\n\n^ \"Gradhiva\". Gradhiva. Quai Branly Museum. Retrieved 14 April 2016.","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"The original Roman relief upon which Gradiva was based (Vatican City).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Gradiva-p1030638.jpg/204px-Gradiva-p1030638.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Jensen, Wilhelm (1903). Gradiva: ein pompejanisches phantasiestück ... C. Reissner.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Jensen","url_text":"Jensen, Wilhelm"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8xARAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"Gradiva: ein pompejanisches phantasiestück ..."}]},{"reference":"Strachey, J., ed. (1959). The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, Volume IX (1906-1908): Jensen's 'Gradiva' and Other Works. Vol. IX.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Standard_Edition_of_the_Complete_Psychological_Works_of_Sigmund_Freud","url_text":"The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, Volume IX (1906-1908): Jensen's 'Gradiva' and Other Works"}]},{"reference":"\"Gradiva: What did Freud and the Surrealists See in Her?\". DailyArt Magazine.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dailyartmagazine.com/gradiva/","url_text":"\"Gradiva: What did Freud and the Surrealists See in Her?\""}]},{"reference":"Trevisan, Amarildo Luiz (2022). \"The Philosophy of Education in the Gradiva Step\". Educação & Realidade. 47: 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scielo.br/j/edreal/a/Qmk5gBcV6NRYtMxP9hzvm6m/?format=pdf&lang=en","url_text":"\"The Philosophy of Education in the Gradiva Step\""}]},{"reference":"Bergstein, Mary (2003). \"Gradiva Medica: Freud's Model Female Analyst as Lizard-Slayer\". American Imago. 60 (3): 285–301. ISSN 0065-860X. JSTOR 26304688.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/26304688","url_text":"\"Gradiva Medica: Freud's Model Female Analyst as Lizard-Slayer\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0065-860X","url_text":"0065-860X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/26304688","url_text":"26304688"}]},{"reference":"\"Gradiva\". m.museivaticani.va. Retrieved 2023-08-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://m.museivaticani.va/content/museivaticani-mobile/en/collezioni/musei/museo-chiaramonti/gradiva.html","url_text":"\"Gradiva\""}]},{"reference":"Magazine, Smithsonian; Solly, Meilan. \"Why Gala Dalí—Muse, Model and Artist—Was More Than Just Salvador's Wife\". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 2023-08-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/why-gala-dalimuse-model-and-artistwas-more-just-salvadors-wife-180969776/","url_text":"\"Why Gala Dalí—Muse, Model and Artist—Was More Than Just Salvador's Wife\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gradhiva\". Gradhiva. Quai Branly Museum. Retrieved 14 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://gradhiva.revues.org/?lang=en","url_text":"\"Gradhiva\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Mijatovi%C4%8D
Boris Mijatovič
["1 Career","2 Career statistics","3 References","4 External links"]
Slovenian footballer Boris MijatovičPersonal informationFull name Boris MijatovičDate of birth (1988-02-07) 7 February 1988 (age 36)Place of birth Slovenj Gradec, SFR YugoslaviaHeight 1.88 m (6 ft 2 in)Position(s) Centre backYouth career1996–2006 NK Rudar VelenjeSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)2006–2009 Rudar Velenje 43 (1)2009–2010 Celje 27 (0)2011–2012 Gorica 5 (0)2012 FC Staad 2013 Šmartno 1928 8 (0)2013 UFC Wettmannstätten 10 (1)International career2008–2010 Slovenia U-21 10 (0) *Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 14:08, 2009-09-17 (UTC) Boris Mijatovič (born 7 February 1988 in Yugoslavia) is a Slovenian footballer who ost recently played for Austrian lower league side UFC Wettmannstätten. Career Mijatovič started his career at his hometown club NK Rudat Velenje at the age of 8. He rose through the ranks and made his league debut for the club in 2006 against NK Zagorje. Mijatovič made 39 league appearances and scored 1 goal for Rudar. On 15 July 2009 he signed a 2-year contract with NK Celje. He moved to Swiss third tier-side FC Staad in 2012. Career statistics As of 1 July 2009 Club performance League Cup Continental Total Season Club League Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Slovenia League Cup Continental Total 2006–07 Rudar Druga liga 13 0 ? ? - 13 0 2007–08 14 0 - - 14 0 2008–09 PrvaLiga 12 1 1 0 - 13 1 Total Slovenia 39 1 1 0 - 40 1 Career total 39 1 1 0 - - 40 1 References ^ "Mijatovič: Zmaga ostaja doma" (in Slovenian). SiOL. 29 August 2008. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 1 July 2009. ^ "Zapisnik 13. kroga" (in Slovenian). NZS. 5 November 2006. Archived from the original on 8 July 2011. Retrieved 1 July 2009. ^ "Mijatovič druga okrepitev" (in Slovenian). NK Celje. 15 July 2009. Retrieved 15 July 2009. ^ Käser, Rudolf (12 October 2012). "Chance für Fussballer und Vereine". Tagblatt (in German). Retrieved 23 December 2023. ^ 2. SNL 06/07 Statistika ekipe za klub: Rudar Velenje Archived 8 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine ^ 2. SNL 07/08 Statistika ekipe za klub: Rudar Velenje ^ PrvaLiga Profile ^ Pokal Hervis; Zapisnik tekme External links Boris Mijatovič at NZS (in Slovene) Boris Mijatovič at WorldFootball.net Boris Mijatovič at ÖFB (in German) This biographical article relating to Slovenian association football is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"Slovenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia"},{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"}],"text":"Boris Mijatovič (born 7 February 1988 in Yugoslavia) is a Slovenian footballer who ost recently played for Austrian lower league side UFC Wettmannstätten.","title":"Boris Mijatovič"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"NK Zagorje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NK_Zagorje"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Mijatovič started his career at his hometown club NK Rudat Velenje at the age of 8.[1] He rose through the ranks and made his league debut for the club in 2006 against NK Zagorje.[2] Mijatovič made 39 league appearances and scored 1 goal for Rudar.On 15 July 2009 he signed a 2-year contract with NK Celje.[3] He moved to Swiss third tier-side FC Staad in 2012.[4]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"As of 1 July 2009","title":"Career statistics"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Mijatovič: Zmaga ostaja doma\" (in Slovenian). SiOL. 29 August 2008. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 1 July 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20110724070603/http://beta.siol.net/Sportal/Nogomet/Prva_liga/Novice/2008/08/Rudar_pred_Dravo.aspx","url_text":"\"Mijatovič: Zmaga ostaja doma\""},{"url":"http://beta.siol.net/Sportal/Nogomet/Prva_liga/Novice/2008/08/Rudar_pred_Dravo.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Zapisnik 13. kroga\" (in Slovenian). NZS. 5 November 2006. Archived from the original on 8 July 2011. Retrieved 1 July 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110708201411/http://nzs.creatim-rp.com/index.php?pgii=426&zapisnik=10335","url_text":"\"Zapisnik 13. kroga\""},{"url":"http://nzs.creatim-rp.com/index.php?pgii=426&zapisnik=10335","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Mijatovič druga okrepitev\" (in Slovenian). NK Celje. 15 July 2009. Retrieved 15 July 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://nk-celje.si/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2566&Itemid=3","url_text":"\"Mijatovič druga okrepitev\""}]},{"reference":"Käser, Rudolf (12 October 2012). \"Chance für Fussballer und Vereine\". Tagblatt (in German). Retrieved 23 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tagblatt.ch/ostschweiz/stgallen-gossau-rorschach/chance-fuer-fussballer-und-vereine-ld.551844","url_text":"\"Chance für Fussballer und Vereine\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_Tour_de_Suisse
1984 Tour de Suisse
["1 General classification","2 References"]
Cycling race 1984 Tour de SuisseRace detailsDates13–22 June 1984Stages9 + PrologueDistance1,626.5 km (1,011 mi)Winning time43h 18' 43"Results  Winner  Urs Zimmermann (SUI) (Cilo–Aufina–Crans–Montana)  Second  Acácio da Silva (POR) (Malvor–Bottecchia)  Third  Gerhard Zadrobilek (AUT) (Atala)  Points  Sean Kelly (IRL) (Skil–Reydel–Sem–Mavic)  Mountains  Acácio da Silva (POR) (Malvor–Bottecchia)  Combination  Sean Kelly (IRL) (Skil–Reydel–Sem–Mavic)  Team Panasonic–Raleigh ← 1983 1985 → The 1984 Tour de Suisse was the 48th edition of the Tour de Suisse cycle race and was held from 13 June to 22 June 1984. The race started in Urdorf and finished in Zürich. The race was won by Urs Zimmermann of the Cilo–Aufina team. General classification Final general classification Rank Rider Team Time 1  Urs Zimmermann (SUI) Cilo–Aufina–Crans–Montana 43h 18' 43" 2  Acácio da Silva (POR) Malvor–Bottecchia + 2' 18" 3  Gerhard Zadrobilek (AUT) Atala + 2' 42" 4  Sean Kelly (IRL) Skil–Reydel–Sem–Mavic + 5' 47" 5  Phil Anderson (AUS) Panasonic–Raleigh + 5' 56" 6  Beat Breu (SUI) Cilo–Aufina–Crans–Montana + 6' 03" 7  Harald Maier (AUT) Europ Decor–Boule d'Or + 8' 30" 8  Leo Wellens (BEL) Dries–Verandalux + 8' 37" 9  Gerard Veldscholten (NED) Panasonic–Raleigh + 13' 14" 10  Claudio Savini (SUI) Dromedario-Alan + 15' 27" References ^ "Tour De Suisse (Pro Tour) - Tour of Switzerland". BikeRaceInfo. Retrieved 12 November 2017. ^ a b "48ème Tour de Suisse 1984". Memoire du cyclisme. Archived from the original on 28 October 2004. ^ "1984 Tour de Suisse". First Cycling. Retrieved 12 November 2017. vteTour de Suisse 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 vte1984 Super Prestige Pernod International Omloop Het Volk Paris–Nice Tirreno–Adriatico Milan–San Remo Tour of Flanders Gent–Wevelgem Paris–Roubaix La Flèche Wallonne Liège–Bastogne–Liège Vuelta a España Amstel Gold Race Rund um den Henninger Turm Züri-Metzgete Four Days of Dunkirk Tour de Romandie Giro d'Italia Paris–Brussels Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré Grand Prix du Midi Libre Tour de Suisse Tour de France World Championships Tour de l'Avenir Bordeaux–Paris Grand Prix des Nations Grand Prix d'Automne Giro di Lombardia This Tour de Suisse race article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kedgwick_River
Kedgwick River
["1 Geography","2 Toponymy","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
Coordinates: 47°39′57″N 67°29′40″W / 47.66583°N 67.49444°W / 47.66583; -67.49444This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Kedgwick River" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) For homonymy, see Kedgwick.River in New Brunswick and Quebec, CanadaKedgwick RiverLocationCountryCanadaProvincesNew Brunswick and QuebecPhysical characteristicsSource  • locationLac-Huron, Quebec (unorganized territory), MRC Rimouski-Neigette, Bas-Saint-Laurent, Quebec • coordinates48°06′29″N 68°06′25″W / 48.10806°N 68.10694°W / 48.10806; -68.10694 • elevation296 m (971 ft) Mouth  • locationGrimmer Parish, Restigouche County, New Brunswick • coordinates47°39′57″N 67°29′40″W / 47.66583°N 67.49444°W / 47.66583; -67.49444 • elevation121 m (397 ft)Length80.8 km (50.2 mi)Basin featuresTributaries  • left(from the confluence) in New Brunswick: One Mile Brook, Whitewater Brook, Bowman Brook, Lower Eight Mile Brook, Whalens Gulch, McDougall Brook, States Brook; special segment North Branch Kedgwick River: Two mile Brook, Three mile Brook, Four Mile Brook, Six Mile Brook; in Quebec: Keg brook, Murray brook, discharge of Lake Engault. • right(from the confluence) in New Brunswick: Two Mile Brook, Falls Brook, Upper Eight Mile Brook, Clearwater Brook, Black Brook, Fogs Brook, Longs Gulch, South Branch Kedgwick River, Belle Kedgwick River, Falls Gulch, Five mile Brook, Gin creek; in Quebec: Quigley brook, Berry Brook. The Kedgwick River is a tributary of the head of the Restigouche River, in New Brunswick, in Canada. It flows southeast in: Quebec: in the unorganized territory of Lac-Huron, Quebec, in regional county municipality (MRC) Rimouski-Neigette, in the administrative region of Bas-Saint-Laurent; New Brunswick: Saint-Quentin and Grimmer Parish, in Restigouche County. Geography Kedgwick River rises at the mouth of the Little Lake Kedgwick (length: 2.0 kilometres (1.2 mi); height: 296 metres (971 ft)), located in the Northeastern part of the Réserve faunique de Rimouski (Rimouski Wildlife Reserve), in Notre Dame Mountains, in province of Quebec. The Little Lake Kedgwick is powered by the creek of "Lac à Poil" (coming from the North). The mouth of the Little Lake Kedgwick is located at: 10.8 kilometres (6.7 mi) Southeast and 7.6 kilometres (4.7 mi) Southwest of the border between Quebec and New Brunswick; 5.6 kilometres (3.5 mi) Southwest of the summit of the "mountain à Dubé" top; 2.7 kilometres (1.7 mi) Southwest of the summit of the "mountain du Lac Perdu" (mountain of Lost Lake); 50.6 kilometres (31.4 mi) Southeast of Rimouski downtown; 70.0 kilometres (43.5 mi) Northwest of the confluence of the Kedgwick River. From its source, the "Kedgwick River" flows on 80.8 kilometres (50.2 mi) according these segments: Upper course of the river, flowing in Quebec (segment of 22.8 kilometres (14.2 mi)) From the mouth of the Little Lake Kedgwick, Kedgwick River flows on: 0.3 kilometres (0.19 mi) to the Southwest in the unorganized territory of Lac-Huron, Quebec, in MRC of (Rimouski-Neigette, in Quebec), up to Northwest shore of Grand Lake Kedgwick; 3.7 kilometres (2.3 mi) to the Southeast, up to the mouth of Grand Lake Kedgwick; 11.6 kilometres (7.2 mi) to the Southeast up to Murray Creek (from the North); 2.1 kilometres (1.3 mi) southward, up to Quigley Creek (from the West); 3.4 kilometres (2.1 mi) to the Southeast up to Keg Creek (from the East); 1.7 kilometres (1.1 mi) to the Southeast, passing at the Southwest of the "Montagne de la Tour" (Mountain of the Tower), up to the border between Quebec and New Brunswick. Upper course of the river, flowing in New Brunswick (segment of 14.1 kilometres (8.8 mi)). From the border of Quebec - New Brunswick, this river segment that is designated North Branch Kedgwick River, which runs on: 2.8 kilometres (1.7 mi) to the Southeast in the Saint-Quentin, in Restigouche County, in New Brunswick up to Gin Creek (from the Northwest); 3.2 kilometres (2.0 mi) to the Southeast, up to the "Devils Elbow Rapids"; 7.2 kilometres (4.5 mi) to the South, making a detour to the East up to the Belle Kedgwick River (from the West); 0.9 kilometres (0.56 mi) to the South-East, up to the South Branch Kedgwick River (from the Southwest); Middle course of the river (segment of 14.4 kilometres (8.9 mi)) From the confluence of the North Branch Kedgwick River and South Branch Kedgwick River, designated "Kedgwick Forks", the Kedgwick River flows: 4.5 kilometres (2.8 mi) to the Southeast, up to States Brook (from the North); 6.4 kilometres (4.0 mi) to the Southeast until Fogs Brook (from the West); 3.5 kilometres (2.2 mi) Eastward, crossing the "Rapids Depot", up to McDougall Brook (from the North). Lower course of the river (segment of 29.5 kilometres (18.3 mi)) From the confluence of McDougall Brook, the "Kedgwick River" flows on: 8.5 kilometres (5.3 mi) to the Southeast in the Saint-Quentin Parish up to Whalens Brook (from the North); 4.5 kilometres (2.8 mi) to the Southeast, up to Clearwater Brook (from the West); 3.1 kilometres (1.9 mi) to the Southeast up to Upper Eight Mile Brook (discharge of Eightmile Lake); 0.9 kilometres (0.56 mi) Eastward up to Lower Eight Mile Brook (from the North); 2.4 kilometres (1.5 mi) Eastward up to Bowman Brook (from the North); 0.8 kilometres (0.50 mi) to the South, up to Falls Brook (from the Southwest); 2.3 kilometres (1.4 mi) to the Southeast, up to the limit of the Grimmer Parish; 1.9 kilometres (1.2 mi) to the East in the Grimmer Parish, passing south of the "Kedgwick Game Management Area" until Whitewater Brook (from the North); 3.7 kilometres (2.3 mi) to the Southeast, up to Mike Brook (from the North); 1.4 kilometres (0.87 mi) to the Southeast, bypassing the Island Half-Mile, up to the confluence of "Kedgwick River". The "Kedgwick River" flows into a river bend on the West bank of the Restigouche River. Kedgwick River and Little Main Restigouche River have the same confluence, which is located in the hamlet Kedgwick River. The confluence of the Kedgwick River is located at: 11.2 kilometres (7.0 mi) West of Kedgwick village center; 20.7 kilometres (12.9 mi) South of the confluence of the Patapédia River, which is located at the border between Quebec and New Brunswick; 74.4 kilometres (46.2 mi) Southwest of Campbellton, New Brunswick bridge, crossing the Restigouche River. Toponymy The term Kedgwick refers to various names of Northwest of New Brunswick and South of the Gaspé Peninsula in Quebec, including Kedgwick River (and several of its tributaries), the municipality, the river fork, the great lake, the little lake, preservation zones and a walking trail. The term Kedgwick comes from the word madawamkedjwik, meaning in Micmac "large branch" or "flowing under the earth". The place name "Kedgwick River" was formalized on December 5, 1968, at the Commission de toponymie du Québec (Quebec Names Board). See also Canada portal Rimouski-Neigette, a regional county municipality (MRC) Restigouche County List of rivers of Quebec List of rivers of New Brunswick Chaleur Bay Gulf of Saint Lawrence Restigouche River Little Main Restigouche River Belle Kedgwick River South Branch Kedgwick River Lac-Huron, Quebec, an unorganized territory Saint-Quentin Grimmer Parish Réserve faunique de Rimouski (Rimouski Wildlife Reserve) References ^ Segments river measured from the Atlas of Canada (posted), Ministry of Natural Resources Canada ^ Burton Glenndenning. "Kedgwick". The Canadian Encyclopedia.. ^ Commission de toponymie du Québec (Names Board of Quebec) – Bank of place names – Toponym: "Kedgwick River" External links Map all coordinates using OpenStreetMap Download coordinates as: KML GPX (all coordinates) GPX (primary coordinates) GPX (secondary coordinates) Media related to Category: Kedgwick River at Wikimedia Commons Website: Restigouche.org - Watershed Management Council of the Restigouche River Inc. - Restigouche River Watershed Management Council Inc. vteRivers of New Brunswick by drainage systemBay of FundyCumberland Basin Missaguash River Chignecto Bay Upper Salmon River Passamaquoddy Bay Magaguadavic River St. Croix River Watershed of Saint John River Aroostook River Becaguimec Stream Canaan River Hammond River Iroquois River Jemseg River Kennebecasis River Keswick River Little Iroquois River Madawaska River Meduxnekeag River Nashwaak River Nerepis River North Branch Meduxnekeag River Oromocto River River De Chute Saint Francis River Saint John River Tobique River Wolastoq Shepody Bay (watershed of Petitcodiac River) Jonathan Creek Memramcook River Petitcodiac River Turtle Creek Others Big Salmon River Quiddy River Gulf of Saint LawrenceChaleur Bay (watershed of Restigouche River) Belle Kedgwick River Gounamitz River Kedgwick River Little Main Restigouche River Little Southeast Upsalquitch River North Branch Gounamitz River Northwest Upsalquitch River Patapédia River Popelogan River Restigouche River South Branch Kedgwick River Southeast Upsalquitch River Upsalquitch River West Branch Gounamitz River Miramichi Bay (watershed of Miramichi River) Barnaby River Bartholomew River Bartibog River Cains River Dungarvon River Little Southwest Miramichi River Miramichi River Napan River North Pole Stream Northwest Miramichi River Oyster River Renous River Sevogle River Southwest Miramichi River Tuadook River Northumberland Strait Buctouche River Kouchibouguac River Kouchibouguacis River Molus River Richibucto River Watershed of Saint Lawrence River Rimouski River Others Black River Caraquet River Nepisiguit River Pokemouche River Rivière du Nord
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kedgwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kedgwick_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Restigouche River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restigouche_River"},{"link_name":"New Brunswick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Brunswick"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec"},{"link_name":"Lac-Huron, Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lac-Huron,_Quebec"},{"link_name":"regional county municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_county_municipality"},{"link_name":"Rimouski-Neigette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rimouski-Neigette"},{"link_name":"Bas-Saint-Laurent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bas-Saint-Laurent"},{"link_name":"New Brunswick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Brunswick"},{"link_name":"Saint-Quentin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Quentin_Parish,_New_Brunswick"},{"link_name":"Grimmer Parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimmer_Parish,_New_Brunswick"},{"link_name":"Restigouche County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restigouche_County"}],"text":"For homonymy, see Kedgwick.River in New Brunswick and Quebec, CanadaThe Kedgwick River is a tributary of the head of the Restigouche River, in New Brunswick, in Canada. It flows southeast in:Quebec: in the unorganized territory of Lac-Huron, Quebec, in regional county municipality (MRC) Rimouski-Neigette, in the administrative region of Bas-Saint-Laurent;\nNew Brunswick: Saint-Quentin and Grimmer Parish, in Restigouche County.","title":"Kedgwick River"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Réserve faunique de Rimouski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=R%C3%A9serve_faunique_de_Rimouski&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Notre Dame Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notre_Dame_Mountains"},{"link_name":"province of Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Quebec"},{"link_name":"Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec"},{"link_name":"New Brunswick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Brunswick"},{"link_name":"Rimouski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rimouski"},{"link_name":"Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec"},{"link_name":"Lac-Huron, Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lac-Huron,_Quebec"},{"link_name":"Rimouski-Neigette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rimouski-Neigette"},{"link_name":"Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec"},{"link_name":"Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec"},{"link_name":"New Brunswick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Brunswick"},{"link_name":"New Brunswick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Brunswick"},{"link_name":"Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec"},{"link_name":"New Brunswick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Brunswick"},{"link_name":"North Branch Kedgwick River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=North_Branch_Kedgwick_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Saint-Quentin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Quentin_Parish,_New_Brunswick"},{"link_name":"Restigouche County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restigouche_County"},{"link_name":"New Brunswick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Brunswick"},{"link_name":"Belle Kedgwick River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belle_Kedgwick_River"},{"link_name":"South Branch Kedgwick River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Branch_Kedgwick_River"},{"link_name":"North Branch Kedgwick River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=North_Branch_Kedgwick_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"South Branch Kedgwick River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Branch_Kedgwick_River"},{"link_name":"Saint-Quentin Parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Quentin_Parish,_New_Brunswick"},{"link_name":"Grimmer Parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimmer_Parish,_New_Brunswick"},{"link_name":"Grimmer Parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimmer_Parish,_New_Brunswick"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Restigouche River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restigouche_River"},{"link_name":"Little Main Restigouche River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Main_Restigouche_River"},{"link_name":"Kedgwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kedgwick,_New_Brunswick"},{"link_name":"Patapédia River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patap%C3%A9dia_River"},{"link_name":"Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec"},{"link_name":"New Brunswick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Brunswick"},{"link_name":"Campbellton, New Brunswick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campbellton,_New_Brunswick"},{"link_name":"Restigouche River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restigouche_River"}],"text":"Kedgwick River rises at the mouth of the Little Lake Kedgwick (length: 2.0 kilometres (1.2 mi); height: 296 metres (971 ft)), located in the Northeastern part of the Réserve faunique de Rimouski (Rimouski Wildlife Reserve), in Notre Dame Mountains, in province of Quebec. The Little Lake Kedgwick is powered by the creek of \"Lac à Poil\" (coming from the North).The mouth of the Little Lake Kedgwick is located at:10.8 kilometres (6.7 mi) Southeast and 7.6 kilometres (4.7 mi) Southwest of the border between Quebec and New Brunswick;\n5.6 kilometres (3.5 mi) Southwest of the summit of the \"mountain à Dubé\" top;\n2.7 kilometres (1.7 mi) Southwest of the summit of the \"mountain du Lac Perdu\" (mountain of Lost Lake);\n50.6 kilometres (31.4 mi) Southeast of Rimouski downtown;\n70.0 kilometres (43.5 mi) Northwest of the confluence of the Kedgwick River.From its source, the \"Kedgwick River\" flows on 80.8 kilometres (50.2 mi) according these segments:Upper course of the river, flowing in Quebec (segment of 22.8 kilometres (14.2 mi))From the mouth of the Little Lake Kedgwick, Kedgwick River flows on:0.3 kilometres (0.19 mi) to the Southwest in the unorganized territory of Lac-Huron, Quebec, in MRC of (Rimouski-Neigette, in Quebec), up to Northwest shore of Grand Lake Kedgwick;\n3.7 kilometres (2.3 mi) to the Southeast, up to the mouth of Grand Lake Kedgwick;\n11.6 kilometres (7.2 mi) to the Southeast up to Murray Creek (from the North);\n2.1 kilometres (1.3 mi) southward, up to Quigley Creek (from the West);\n3.4 kilometres (2.1 mi) to the Southeast up to Keg Creek (from the East);\n1.7 kilometres (1.1 mi) to the Southeast, passing at the Southwest of the \"Montagne de la Tour\" (Mountain of the Tower), up to the border between Quebec and New Brunswick.Upper course of the river, flowing in New Brunswick (segment of 14.1 kilometres (8.8 mi)).From the border of Quebec - New Brunswick, this river segment that is designated North Branch Kedgwick River, which runs on:2.8 kilometres (1.7 mi) to the Southeast in the Saint-Quentin, in Restigouche County, in New Brunswick up to Gin Creek (from the Northwest);\n3.2 kilometres (2.0 mi) to the Southeast, up to the \"Devils Elbow Rapids\";\n7.2 kilometres (4.5 mi) to the South, making a detour to the East up to the Belle Kedgwick River (from the West);\n0.9 kilometres (0.56 mi) to the South-East, up to the South Branch Kedgwick River (from the Southwest);Middle course of the river (segment of 14.4 kilometres (8.9 mi))From the confluence of the North Branch Kedgwick River and South Branch Kedgwick River, designated \"Kedgwick Forks\", the Kedgwick River flows:4.5 kilometres (2.8 mi) to the Southeast, up to States Brook (from the North);\n6.4 kilometres (4.0 mi) to the Southeast until Fogs Brook (from the West);\n3.5 kilometres (2.2 mi) Eastward, crossing the \"Rapids Depot\", up to McDougall Brook (from the North).Lower course of the river (segment of 29.5 kilometres (18.3 mi))From the confluence of McDougall Brook, the \"Kedgwick River\" flows on:8.5 kilometres (5.3 mi) to the Southeast in the Saint-Quentin Parish up to Whalens Brook (from the North);\n4.5 kilometres (2.8 mi) to the Southeast, up to Clearwater Brook (from the West);\n3.1 kilometres (1.9 mi) to the Southeast up to Upper Eight Mile Brook (discharge of Eightmile Lake);\n0.9 kilometres (0.56 mi) Eastward up to Lower Eight Mile Brook (from the North);\n2.4 kilometres (1.5 mi) Eastward up to Bowman Brook (from the North);\n0.8 kilometres (0.50 mi) to the South, up to Falls Brook (from the Southwest);\n2.3 kilometres (1.4 mi) to the Southeast, up to the limit of the Grimmer Parish;\n1.9 kilometres (1.2 mi) to the East in the Grimmer Parish, passing south of the \"Kedgwick Game Management Area\" until Whitewater Brook (from the North);\n3.7 kilometres (2.3 mi) to the Southeast, up to Mike Brook (from the North);\n1.4 kilometres (0.87 mi) to the Southeast, bypassing the Island Half-Mile, up to the confluence of \"Kedgwick River\".[1]The \"Kedgwick River\" flows into a river bend on the West bank of the Restigouche River. Kedgwick River and Little Main Restigouche River have the same confluence, which is located in the hamlet Kedgwick River.The confluence of the Kedgwick River is located at:11.2 kilometres (7.0 mi) West of Kedgwick village center;\n20.7 kilometres (12.9 mi) South of the confluence of the Patapédia River, which is located at the border between Quebec and New Brunswick;\n74.4 kilometres (46.2 mi) Southwest of Campbellton, New Brunswick bridge, crossing the Restigouche River.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Brunswick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Brunswick"},{"link_name":"Gaspé Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasp%C3%A9_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec"},{"link_name":"Micmac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%27kmaq_language"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-encyclopedia-2"},{"link_name":"Commission de toponymie du Québec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commission_de_toponymie_du_Qu%C3%A9bec"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The term Kedgwick refers to various names of Northwest of New Brunswick and South of the Gaspé Peninsula in Quebec, including Kedgwick River (and several of its tributaries), the municipality, the river fork, the great lake, the little lake, preservation zones and a walking trail.The term Kedgwick comes from the word madawamkedjwik, meaning in Micmac \"large branch\" or \"flowing under the earth\".[2]The place name \"Kedgwick River\" was formalized on December 5, 1968, at the Commission de toponymie du Québec (Quebec Names Board).[3]","title":"Toponymy"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"Burton Glenndenning. \"Kedgwick\". The Canadian Encyclopedia.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/kedgwick","url_text":"\"Kedgwick\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressibility_equation
Compressibility equation
["1 References"]
Equation which relates the isothermal compressibility to the structure of the liquid This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "Compressibility equation" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2024) In statistical mechanics and thermodynamics the compressibility equation refers to an equation which relates the isothermal compressibility (and indirectly the pressure) to the structure of the liquid. It reads: k T ( ∂ ρ ∂ p ) = 1 + ρ ∫ V d r [ g ( r ) − 1 ] {\displaystyle kT\left({\frac {\partial \rho }{\partial p}}\right)=1+\rho \int _{V}\mathrm {d} \mathbf {r} } where ρ {\displaystyle \rho } is the number density, g(r) is the radial distribution function and k T ( ∂ ρ ∂ p ) {\displaystyle kT\left({\frac {\partial \rho }{\partial p}}\right)} is the isothermal compressibility. Using the Fourier representation of the Ornstein-Zernike equation the compressibility equation can be rewritten in the form: 1 k T ( ∂ p ∂ ρ ) = 1 1 + ρ ∫ h ( r ) d r = 1 1 + ρ H ^ ( 0 ) = 1 − ρ C ^ ( 0 ) = 1 − ρ ∫ c ( r ) d r {\displaystyle {\frac {1}{kT}}\left({\frac {\partial p}{\partial \rho }}\right)={\frac {1}{1+\rho \int h(r)\mathrm {d} \mathbf {r} }}={\frac {1}{1+\rho {\hat {H}}(0)}}=1-\rho {\hat {C}}(0)=1-\rho \int c(r)\mathrm {d} \mathbf {r} } where h(r) and c(r) are the indirect and direct correlation functions respectively. The compressibility equation is one of the many integral equations in statistical mechanics. References D.A. McQuarrie, Statistical Mechanics (Harper Collins Publishers) 1976 This article about statistical mechanics is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This thermodynamics-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_De_Rosso
Antonio De Rosso
["1 Biography","2 See also","3 References","3.1 Sources"]
Antonio De Rosso (Farra di Soligo, 8 February 1941 – Aprilia, Lazio, 20 February 2009) was an Italian priest and Christian leader who successively belonged to various Christian denominations. After initial priestly service in the Catholic Church, he changed several affiliations (in the cadre of the Old Catholicism). Eventually, he became Eastern Orthodox bishop (1986), founder of the Orthodox Church in Italy (1991), Metropolitan of Ravenna and Italy (1997-2009), and Archbishop of L'Aquila (2009). He was associated with various independent noncanonical Christian jurisdictions. The main goal of his religious activity was to create a national church in Italy. Biography He was born in 1941 in Farra di Soligo (near Treviso, Veneto), in a Roman Catholic family. In 1968, he was ordained priest of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Vittorio Veneto, by Bishop Albino Luciani, who later became Pope John Paul I (1978). By 1983, he had left the Catholic Church, associating himself in succession with several Christian denominations linked the Old Catholicism. Eventually, after founding the Old Catholic Church in Italy, he converted to Eastern Orthodoxy, entering into communion with the Old Calendarist movement. In 1986, he became bishop of Aprilia and Latium, under the jurisdiction of Metropolitan Kyprianos Koutsoumpas of Oropos and Fili, leader of the Old Calendarist Orthodox Church of Greece (Holy Synod in Resistance). In 1991 he founded the Orthodox Church in Italy (Italian: Chiesa Ortodossa in Italia), aspiring to create a national church in his country. In 1993, he tried to enter into communion with the Bulgarian Orthodox Church, and presented himself to Metropolitan Simeon (Kostadinov), head of the Bulgarian Orthodox Eparchy of Western Europe. Failing to achieve canonical recognition, he turned to the newly formed Alternative Synod of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church. In 1995, he became a Bishop of Ravenna and Italy, and in 1997 he was raised to the rank of a Metropolitan of Ravenna and Italy, becoming a member of the Alternative Synod of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church, as the head of the autonomous Orthodox Church in Italy. Metropolitan Antonio was also in communion with leaders of several other non-canonical jurisdictions, including Patriarch Filaret Denysenko of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Kyiv Patriarchate), and Metropolitan Mihailo Dedeić of the Montenegrin Orthodox Church. In January 2009, he moved his seat to L'Aquila, and took the title Archbishop of L'Aquila, but fell ill and died on 20 February 2009. After his death, his Orthodox Church in Italy was divided between two fractions. A fraction was headed by his associate, Archbishop Basilio Grillo-Miceli, who created the Orthodox Church of Italy (Italian: Chiesa Ortodossa d'Italia). The original branch, instead, was organized as an association in memory of its deceased primate (Italian: Associazione "Metropolita Antonio"), and later joined the Nordic Catholic Church, retaining the name of the Orthodox Church in Italy. See also Eastern Orthodoxy in Italy References ^ a b Gordon-Melton 2010, p. 546-547. ^ a b c d "Il Pontino (2009): Addio, Monsignore: Il 20 febbraio è morto l'arcivescovo ortodosso Antonio De Rosso". Archived from the original on 2015-01-04. Retrieved 2019-06-28. ^ a b c d Parlato 2010, p. 496. ^ a b c d Giordan & Guglielmi 2018, p. 61. ^ a b c d "Chiesa Ortodossa d' Italia: Organizzazione". Archived from the original on 2018-01-17. Retrieved 2019-06-28. ^ a b c d Brevi cenni storici sulla Chiesa Vecchio-Cattolica in Italia Sources Giordan, Giuseppe; Guglielmi, Marco (2018). "Be Fruitful and Multiply … Fast! The Spread of Orthodox Churches in Italy". Congregations in Europe. Cham: Springer. pp. 53–69. ISBN 9783319772615. Gordon-Melton, John (2010). "Chiesa Ortodossa in Italia". Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices (2nd ed.). ABC-CLIO. pp. 546–547. ISBN 9781598842043. Parlato, Vittorio (2010). "Le chiese ortodosse in Italia, oggi". Studi Urbinati, A - Scienze giuridiche, politiche ed economiche. 61 (3): 483–501.
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The main goal of his religious activity was to create a national church in Italy.[1]","title":"Antonio De Rosso"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Farra di Soligo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farra_di_Soligo"},{"link_name":"Treviso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treviso"},{"link_name":"Veneto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veneto"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Diocese of Vittorio Veneto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Vittorio_Veneto"},{"link_name":"Albino Luciani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albino_Luciani"},{"link_name":"Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Christian denominations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_denominations"},{"link_name":"Old Catholicism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Catholicism"},{"link_name":"Eastern 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Grillo-Miceli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilio_Grillo_Miceli"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language"},{"link_name":"Nordic Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParlato2010496-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiordanGuglielmi201861-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-6"}],"text":"He was born in 1941 in Farra di Soligo (near Treviso, Veneto), in a Roman Catholic family. In 1968, he was ordained priest of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Vittorio Veneto, by Bishop Albino Luciani, who later became Pope John Paul I (1978). By 1983, he had left the Catholic Church, associating himself in succession with several Christian denominations linked the Old Catholicism. Eventually, after founding the Old Catholic Church in Italy, he converted to Eastern Orthodoxy, entering into communion with the Old Calendarist movement. In 1986, he became bishop of Aprilia and Latium, under the jurisdiction of Metropolitan Kyprianos Koutsoumpas of Oropos and Fili, leader of the Old Calendarist Orthodox Church of Greece (Holy Synod in Resistance).[2][3][4][5][6]In 1991 he founded the Orthodox Church in Italy (Italian: Chiesa Ortodossa in Italia), aspiring to create a national church in his country. In 1993, he tried to enter into communion with the Bulgarian Orthodox Church, and presented himself to Metropolitan Simeon (Kostadinov), head of the Bulgarian Orthodox Eparchy of Western Europe. Failing to achieve canonical recognition, he turned to the newly formed Alternative Synod of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church. In 1995, he became a Bishop of Ravenna and Italy, and in 1997 he was raised to the rank of a Metropolitan of Ravenna and Italy, becoming a member of the Alternative Synod of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church, as the head of the autonomous Orthodox Church in Italy. Metropolitan Antonio was also in communion with leaders of several other non-canonical jurisdictions, including Patriarch Filaret Denysenko of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Kyiv Patriarchate), and Metropolitan Mihailo Dedeić of the Montenegrin Orthodox Church.[2][3][4][5][6]In January 2009, he moved his seat to L'Aquila, and took the title Archbishop of L'Aquila, but fell ill and died on 20 February 2009.[2][3][4][5][6]After his death, his Orthodox Church in Italy was divided between two fractions. A fraction was headed by his associate, Archbishop Basilio Grillo-Miceli, who created the Orthodox Church of Italy (Italian: Chiesa Ortodossa d'Italia). The original branch, instead, was organized as an association in memory of its deceased primate (Italian: Associazione \"Metropolita Antonio\"), and later joined the Nordic Catholic Church, retaining the name of the Orthodox Church in Italy.[2][3][4][5][6]","title":"Biography"}]
[]
[{"title":"Eastern Orthodoxy in Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Italy"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerama
Numerama
["1 History","2 Scope","2.1 Ratiatum Magazin","3 Audience","4 References","5 External links"]
French technology news website Numerama (formerly Ratiatum) is a French language news website that focuses on digital and internet technology. It was founded in April 2002 by Guillaume Champeau and was published by his company PressTIC until 2015, when it was bought by Humanoid . In September 2011, Numerama was ranked the 10th most social pure play site on Facebook. History Guillaume Champeau started the site in April 2002 as a blog about peer-to-peer file sharing, the culture industry, and related economic and legal issues. He named it Ratiatum for the Roman settlement on the site of the city of Rezé, where he grew up, and renamed it to Numerama in 2008. Champeau moved to Canada after qualifying as a lawyer, but later chose to leave the law and remained the site's editor-in-chief until 2016. In October 2015, Champeau and his business partners, Guillaume Cavaille and Erwan Delahaye, sold PressTIC, the company that published Numerama, to the French online media company Humanoid. In October 2015, while still under Champeau's editorship, it was redesigned and underwent editorial changes as one of the Humanoid brands. A total redesign was announced in December 2021, along with the introduction of paid subscriptions that would permit an ad-free experience and more opportunities for interaction. Scope The site evolved to have a broader focus, which led Champeau to rename it to Numerama. It analyzes the interactions between digital and Internet business models, the practices of users, and their legal framework. It often takes a critical stance, because it champions the principles of the free sharing culture, network neutrality, freedom of expression, and respect for online privacy. For example, in 2008 it appealed to site users to make videos arguing the case against the HADOPI law. In its 2015 refocusing by Humanoid, Numerama's editorial scope was further broadened to include pop culture, the future of transportation, and cyberwarfare; sub-sections with their own social media accounts devoted to cars (Vroom) and cyberwarfare (Cyberguerre) were launched in October and November 2018. Ratiatum Magazin At the end of 2004, Ratiatum launched a monthly magazine called Ratiatum Magazin, as a paper complement to the website. The magazine was discontinued after issue 2 because the publisher Mediastone filed for bankruptcy. Audience In September 2011, Numerama was ranked by Le Journal du Net2 the 10th most social pure play site on Facebook. In fall 2015 it had 466,000 unique visitors per month; in February 2019, Humanoid reported that the site had 2 million unique visitors per month; by December 2021, 7–10 million. References ^ Clémence Jost (July 18, 2019) . "Qui est Guillaume Champeau, le fondateur de Numerama aujourd'hui chez Qwant?" . ArchiMag (in French). Retrieved February 19, 2022. ^ Thierry Wojciak (October 26, 2016). "Guillaume Champeau quitte numerama.com" (in French). CBNews. Retrieved February 19, 2022. ^ Nicolas Jaimes (July 7, 2015). "Confidentiel: les fondateurs de Mobvalue rachètent Numerama à Guillaume Champeau" . Le Journal du net (in French). Retrieved February 19, 2022. ^ a b David Legrand (October 12, 2015). "Numerama rejoint le giron Humanoid (FrAndroid, FraWin, etc.): Nouveau look, pour une nouvelle vie" . Next Inpact (in French). Retrieved February 19, 2022. ^ a b Cécilia Di Quinzio (October 12, 2015). "Numerama se réinvente" . Stratégies (in French). Retrieved February 19, 2022. ^ a b Tom Kerkour (December 8, 2021) . "Numerama fait peau neuve et prépare une offre payante" . Le Figaro (in French). Retrieved February 19, 2022. ^ Guillaume Champeau (February 11, 2008). "Bienvenue sur Numerama!" (in French). Retrieved February 19, 2022. ^ "Numerama en appelle à la créativité des internautes" . Le Nouvel Observateur (in French). October 20, 2008 . Retrieved February 19, 2022. ^ a b Chloé Woitier (February 5, 2019). "Les sites Numerama et Futura lancent une régie publicitaire commune" . Le Figaro (in French). Retrieved February 19, 2022. ^ Thierry Wojciak (October 1, 2018). "Numerama lance sa transversale Auto: Vroom" . CBNews (in French). Retrieved February 19, 2022. ^ "Numerama annonce le lancement d'un média dédié à la cybersécurité et et la géostratégie à l'ère du numérique" . ADN. November 29, 2018. Retrieved February 19, 2022. ^ Ariane Beky (June 1, 2018) . "Ratiatum, magazine du P2P, est à bout de souffle" . Clubic (in French). Retrieved February 19, 2022. ^ "Sites médias pure players: Rue89 de loin le plus social" . Journal du net (in French). September 21, 2011. Retrieved February 19, 2022. External links Official site Authority control databases: National France BnF data
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In September 2011, Numerama was ranked the 10th most social pure play site on Facebook.","title":"Numerama"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"blog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog"},{"link_name":"peer-to-peer file sharing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer-to-peer_file_sharing"},{"link_name":"Rezé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rez%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-quit-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-look-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-look-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reinvented-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-offering-6"}],"text":"Guillaume Champeau started the site in April 2002 as a blog about peer-to-peer file sharing, the culture industry, and related economic and legal issues. He named it Ratiatum for the Roman settlement on the site of the city of Rezé, where he grew up, and renamed it to Numerama in 2008. Champeau moved to Canada after qualifying as a lawyer, but later chose to leave the law and remained the site's editor-in-chief until 2016.[1][2]In October 2015, Champeau and his business partners, Guillaume Cavaille and Erwan Delahaye, sold PressTIC, the company that published Numerama, to the French online media company Humanoid.[3][4] In October 2015, while still under Champeau's editorship, it was redesigned and underwent editorial changes as one of the Humanoid brands.[4][5]A total redesign was announced in December 2021, along with the introduction of paid subscriptions that would permit an ad-free experience and more opportunities for interaction.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"free sharing culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-culture_movement"},{"link_name":"network neutrality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_neutrality"},{"link_name":"online privacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privacy_(internet)"},{"link_name":"HADOPI law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HADOPI_law"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"pop culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_culture"},{"link_name":"cyberwarfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberwarfare"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fig-9"},{"link_name":"social media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"The site evolved to have a broader focus, which led Champeau to rename it to Numerama.[7] It analyzes the interactions between digital and Internet business models, the practices of users, and their legal framework. It often takes a critical stance, because it champions the principles of the free sharing culture, network neutrality, freedom of expression, and respect for online privacy. For example, in 2008 it appealed to site users to make videos arguing the case against the HADOPI law.[8]In its 2015 refocusing by Humanoid, Numerama's editorial scope was further broadened to include pop culture, the future of transportation, and cyberwarfare;[9] sub-sections with their own social media accounts devoted to cars (Vroom) and cyberwarfare (Cyberguerre) were launched in October and November 2018.[10][11]","title":"Scope"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Ratiatum Magazin","text":"At the end of 2004, Ratiatum launched a monthly magazine called Ratiatum Magazin, as a paper complement to the website. The magazine was discontinued after issue 2 because the publisher Mediastone filed for bankruptcy.[12]","title":"Scope"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"unique visitors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unique_visitor"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reinvented-5"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fig-9"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-offering-6"}],"text":"In September 2011, Numerama was ranked by Le Journal du Net2 the 10th most social pure play site on Facebook.[13] In fall 2015 it had 466,000 unique visitors per month;[5] in February 2019, Humanoid reported that the site had 2 million unique visitors per month;[9] by December 2021, 7–10 million.[6]","title":"Audience"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Clémence Jost (July 18, 2019) [June 12, 2019]. \"Qui est Guillaume Champeau, le fondateur de Numerama aujourd'hui chez Qwant?\" [Who is Guillaume Champeau, the founder of Numerama, today with Qwant?]. ArchiMag (in French). Retrieved February 19, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.archimag.com/vie-numerique/2019/06/12/qui-est-guillaume-champeau-fondateur-numerama-qwant","url_text":"\"Qui est Guillaume Champeau, le fondateur de Numerama aujourd'hui chez Qwant?\""}]},{"reference":"Thierry Wojciak (October 26, 2016). \"Guillaume Champeau quitte numerama.com\" [Guillaume Champeau leaves Numerama.com] (in French). CBNews. Retrieved February 19, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbnews.fr/digital/image-guillaume-champeau-quitte-numeramacom-20276","url_text":"\"Guillaume Champeau quitte numerama.com\""}]},{"reference":"Nicolas Jaimes (July 7, 2015). \"Confidentiel: les fondateurs de Mobvalue rachètent Numerama à Guillaume Champeau\" [Confidential: Mobvalue founders buying Numerama from Guillaume Champeau]. Le Journal du net (in French). Retrieved February 19, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.journaldunet.com/media/publishers/1157973-les-fondateurs-de-mobvalue-investissent-dans-numerama/","url_text":"\"Confidentiel: les fondateurs de Mobvalue rachètent Numerama à Guillaume Champeau\""}]},{"reference":"David Legrand (October 12, 2015). \"Numerama rejoint le giron Humanoid (FrAndroid, FraWin, etc.): Nouveau look, pour une nouvelle vie\" [Numerama joins the Humanoid family (FrAndroid, FraWin, etc.): New look for a new life]. Next Inpact (in French). Retrieved February 19, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nextinpact.com/article/19569/96854-numerama-rejoint-giron-humanoid-frandroid-frawin-etc","url_text":"\"Numerama rejoint le giron Humanoid (FrAndroid, FraWin, etc.): Nouveau look, pour une nouvelle vie\""}]},{"reference":"Cécilia Di Quinzio (October 12, 2015). \"Numerama se réinvente\" [Numerama reinvents itself]. Stratégies (in French). Retrieved February 19, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.strategies.fr/actualites/medias/1025101W/numerama-se-reinvente.html","url_text":"\"Numerama se réinvente\""}]},{"reference":"Tom Kerkour (December 8, 2021) [December 7, 2021]. \"Numerama fait peau neuve et prépare une offre payante\" [Numerama gets a new look and prepares to offer paid service]. Le Figaro (in French). Retrieved February 19, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lefigaro.fr/medias/numerama-fait-peau-neuve-et-prepare-une-offre-payante-20211207","url_text":"\"Numerama fait peau neuve et prépare une offre payante\""}]},{"reference":"Guillaume Champeau (February 11, 2008). \"Bienvenue sur Numerama!\" [Welcome to Numerama!] (in French). Retrieved February 19, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://numerama.com/magazine/7905-Bienvenue-sur-Numerama.html","url_text":"\"Bienvenue sur Numerama!\""}]},{"reference":"\"Numerama en appelle à la créativité des internautes\" [Numerama calls on netizens' creativity]. Le Nouvel Observateur (in French). October 20, 2008 [October 17, 2008]. Retrieved February 19, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nouvelobs.com/les-internets/20081017.OBS6495/numerama-en-appelle-a-la-creativite-des-internautes.html","url_text":"\"Numerama en appelle à la créativité des internautes\""}]},{"reference":"Chloé Woitier (February 5, 2019). \"Les sites Numerama et Futura lancent une régie publicitaire commune\" [Websites Numerama and Futura launch shared publicity program]. Le Figaro (in French). Retrieved February 19, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lefigaro.fr/medias/2019/02/05/20004-20190205ARTFIG00033-les-sites-numerama-et-futura-lancent-une-regie-publicitaire-commune.php","url_text":"\"Les sites Numerama et Futura lancent une régie publicitaire commune\""}]},{"reference":"Thierry Wojciak (October 1, 2018). \"Numerama lance sa transversale Auto: Vroom\" [Numerama launches its auto sub-site: Vroom]. CBNews (in French). Retrieved February 19, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbnews.fr/digital/image-5g-pas-risques-nouveaux-horizon-67278","url_text":"\"Numerama lance sa transversale Auto: Vroom\""}]},{"reference":"\"Numerama annonce le lancement d'un média dédié à la cybersécurité et et la géostratégie à l'ère du numérique\" [Numerama announces launch of a media channel dedicated to cybersecurity and geostrategy in the digital era]. ADN. November 29, 2018. Retrieved February 19, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://business.ladn.eu/news-business/actualites-media/numerama-cybersecurite-cyberguerre-media-thematique/","url_text":"\"Numerama annonce le lancement d'un média dédié à la cybersécurité et et la géostratégie à l'ère du numérique\""}]},{"reference":"Ariane Beky (June 1, 2018) [2005]. \"Ratiatum, magazine du P2P, est à bout de souffle\" [P2P magazine Ratiatum is dead in the water]. Clubic (in French). Retrieved February 19, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.clubic.com/actualite-50339-.html","url_text":"\"Ratiatum, magazine du P2P, est à bout de souffle\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sites médias pure players: Rue89 de loin le plus social\" [Pure play media sites: Rue89 by far the most social]. Journal du net (in French). September 21, 2011. Retrieved February 19, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.journaldunet.com/ebusiness/le-net/sites-sociables-facebook/sites-medias-pure-players.shtml","url_text":"\"Sites médias pure players: Rue89 de loin le plus social\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Found_in_Translation_Award
Found in Translation Award
["1 Winners of the prize","2 References"]
Annual award for best translation of Polish literature into English The Found in Translation Award is an annual award for the best translation of Polish literature into English. The award is given to the translator(s) who also receive a cash prize of PLN 16,000. The Award was established by the Polish Book Institute, the Polish Cultural Institute in London, the Polish Cultural Institute in New York and the W.A.B. Publishing House in Warsaw. Since 2015, the FIL Award was awarded by the Polish Book Institute, the Polish Cultural Institute in London and the Polish Cultural Institute in New York (in 2016 they were joined by the Polish Institute in New Delhi). The first winner of the award was announced in 2008. Winners of the prize 2008 - Bill Johnston, translator of Tadeusz Różewicz's New Poems (Archipelago Books, New York, 2007) 2009 - Antonia Lloyd-Jones, translator of Paweł Huelle's The Last Supper (Serpent's Tail, 2008) 2010 - Danuta Borchardt, translator of Witold Gombrowicz's Pornografia (Grove/Atlantic, 2009) 2011 - Clare Cavanagh and Stanisław Barańczak, translators of Wisława Szymborska's Here (Houghton-Mifflin-Harcourt, 2010) 2012 - Joanna Trzeciak, translator of Tadeusz Różewicz's Sobbing Superpower (W.W. Norton, 2011) 2013 - Antonia Lloyd-Jones, translator of seven books published in 2012: - Paweł Huelle's Cold Sea Stories (Comma Press, 2012) - Jacek Dehnel's Saturn (Dedalus Press, 2012) - Zygmunt Miłoszewski's A Grain of Truth (Bitter Lemon Press, 2012) - Artur Domosławski's Ryszard Kapuściński, A Life (Verso Books, 2012) - Wojciech Jagielski's The Night Wanderers (Seven Stories & Old Street Publishing, 2012) - Andrzej Szczeklik's Kore: On Sickness, the Sick and the Search for the Soul of Medicine (Counterpoint Press, 2012) - Janusz Korczak's Kaytek the Wizard (Urim Publications/Penlight Press, 2012) 2014 - Philip Boehm, translator of Hanna Krall's Chasing the King of Hearts (Peirene Press, 2013) 2015 - Ursula Phillips, translator of Zofia Nałkowska's Choucas (Northern Illinois University Press, 2014) 2016 - Bill Johnston, translator of Tomasz Różycki's Twelve Stations (Zephyr Press, Chicago, 2015) 2017 - Piotr Florczyk, translator of Anna Świrszczyńska's volume of poetry Building the Barricade (Tavern Books, 2016) 2018 – Jennifer Croft, translator of Flights by Olga Tokarczuk 2019 - Madeline G. Levine, translator of Collected Stories by Bruno Schulz 2020 - Anna Zaranko, translator of The Memoir of an Anti-hero by Kornel Filipowicz 2021 - Ewa Małachowska-Pasek and Megan Thomas, translators of The Career of Nicodemus Dyzma by Tadeusz Dołęga-Mostowicz 2022 – Jennifer Croft, translator of The Books of Jacob by Olga Tokarczuk 2023 - Anna Zaranko, translator of The Peasants by Władysław Reymont 2024 - Alissa Valles, translator of Firebird by Zuzanna Ginczanka References ^ "Home - Polish Cultural Institute". Polishculture-nyc.org. 2007-10-15. Retrieved 2015-05-04. ^ "The Polish-English "Found in Translation" Award". Readingworldwide.com. Retrieved 2015-05-04. ^ "Found in Translation prize (Polish) - Literature Across Frontiers". Lit-across-frontiers.org. Retrieved 2015-05-04. ^ "First Found in Translation Award Goes to Bill Johnston | Daily News | Poets & Writers". Pw.org. 2008-04-22. Retrieved 2015-05-04. ^ "Antonia Lloyd-Jones receives Found in Translation Award | Bacacay: The Polish Literature Weblog". Bacacay.wordpress.com. 2009-05-02. Retrieved 2015-05-04. ^ "Found in Translation Award: Danuta Borchardt for Witold Gombrowicz's Pornografia". Cosmopolitanreview.com. Retrieved 2015-05-04. ^ "Wisława Szymborska Translation Wins 'Found in Translation' Award : Harriet Staff : Harriet the Blog". Poetryfoundation.org. Retrieved 2015-05-04. ^ "Joanna Trzeciak Wins the Found in Translation Award 2012 | Event". Culture.pl. Retrieved 2015-05-04. ^ "Found in Translation Award for Antonia Lloyd-Jones / Events / Instytut Książki". Bookinstitute.pl. Retrieved 2015-05-04. ^ "Found in Translation Award 2014 / Events / Instytut Książki". Bookinstitute.pl. Retrieved 2015-05-04. ^ "Ursula Phillips wins the Found in Translation Award 2015". 27 September 2015. ^ "BILL JOHNSTON WINS 2016 FOUND IN TRANSLATION AWARD". Retrieved 2017-12-27. ^ "Found in Translation Award for Piotr Florczyk". Retrieved 2017-12-27. ^ "Madeline G. Levine receives Found in Translation Award". 2 April 2019. ^ "Anna Zaranko receives Found in Translation Award". 31 March 2020. ^ "Ewa Małachowska-Pasek and Megan Thomas receive Found in Translation Award for 2021". 6 April 2021. ^ "Found in Translation Award 2022 goes to Jennifer Croft". 13 April 2022. ^ "anna-zaranko-receives-the-2023-found-in-translation-award". www.instytutksiazki.pl. 10 May 2023. ^ "London (2024/03/28) alissa-valles-receives the award". www.instytutpolski.pl. Retrieved 2024-06-06. This article about a translation award is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Polish literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_literature"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"translator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translator"},{"link_name":"PLN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_z%C5%82oty"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Warsaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw"},{"link_name":"FIL Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIL_Award"},{"link_name":"New Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Delhi"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The Found in Translation Award is an annual award for the best translation of Polish literature into English. The award is given to the translator(s) who also receive a cash prize of PLN 16,000.The Award was established by the Polish Book Institute, the Polish Cultural Institute in London, the Polish Cultural Institute in New York and the W.A.B. Publishing House in Warsaw. Since 2015, the FIL Award was awarded by the Polish Book Institute, the Polish Cultural Institute in London and the Polish Cultural Institute in New York (in 2016 they were joined by the Polish Institute in New Delhi). The first winner of the award was announced in 2008.[1][2][3]","title":"Found in Translation Award"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bill Johnston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Johnston_(translator)"},{"link_name":"Tadeusz Różewicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadeusz_R%C3%B3%C5%BCewicz"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Paweł Huelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawe%C5%82_Huelle"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Witold Gombrowicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witold_Gombrowicz"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Clare Cavanagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clare_Cavanagh"},{"link_name":"Stanisław Barańczak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Bara%C5%84czak"},{"link_name":"Wisława Szymborska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wis%C5%82awa_Szymborska"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Tadeusz Różewicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadeusz_R%C3%B3%C5%BCewicz"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Paweł Huelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawe%C5%82_Huelle"},{"link_name":"Jacek Dehnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacek_Dehnel"},{"link_name":"Zygmunt Miłoszewski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygmunt_Mi%C5%82oszewski"},{"link_name":"Artur Domosławski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artur_Domos%C5%82awski"},{"link_name":"Wojciech Jagielski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wojciech_Jagielski_(journalist)"},{"link_name":"Andrzej Szczeklik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrzej_Szczeklik"},{"link_name":"Janusz Korczak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janusz_Korczak"},{"link_name":"Kaytek the Wizard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaytek_the_Wizard"},{"link_name":"Philip Boehm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Boehm"},{"link_name":"Hanna Krall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanna_Krall"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Zofia Nałkowska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zofia_Na%C5%82kowska"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Bill Johnston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Johnston_(translator)"},{"link_name":"Tomasz Różycki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomasz_R%C3%B3%C5%BCycki"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Piotr Florczyk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piotr_Florczyk"},{"link_name":"Anna Świrszczyńska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_%C5%9Awirszczy%C5%84ska"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Jennifer Croft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Croft"},{"link_name":"Flights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flights_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Olga Tokarczuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Tokarczuk"},{"link_name":"Bruno Schulz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Schulz"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Kornel Filipowicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kornel_Filipowicz"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"The Career of Nicodemus Dyzma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Career_of_Nicodemus_Dyzma"},{"link_name":"Tadeusz Dołęga-Mostowicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadeusz_Do%C5%82%C4%99ga-Mostowicz"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Jennifer Croft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Croft"},{"link_name":"The Books of Jacob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Books_of_Jacob"},{"link_name":"Olga Tokarczuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Tokarczuk"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"The Peasants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Peasants"},{"link_name":"Władysław Reymont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Reymont"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Zuzanna Ginczanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuzanna_Ginczanka"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"2008 - Bill Johnston, translator of Tadeusz Różewicz's New Poems (Archipelago Books, New York, 2007)[4]\n2009 - Antonia Lloyd-Jones, translator of Paweł Huelle's The Last Supper (Serpent's Tail, 2008)[5]\n2010 - Danuta Borchardt, translator of Witold Gombrowicz's Pornografia (Grove/Atlantic, 2009)[6]\n2011 - Clare Cavanagh and Stanisław Barańczak, translators of Wisława Szymborska's Here (Houghton-Mifflin-Harcourt, 2010)[7] \n2012 - Joanna Trzeciak, translator of Tadeusz Różewicz's Sobbing Superpower (W.W. Norton, 2011)[8]\n2013 - Antonia Lloyd-Jones, translator of seven books published in 2012:[9] \n- Paweł Huelle's Cold Sea Stories (Comma Press, 2012)\n- Jacek Dehnel's Saturn (Dedalus Press, 2012)\n- Zygmunt Miłoszewski's A Grain of Truth (Bitter Lemon Press, 2012)\n- Artur Domosławski's Ryszard Kapuściński, A Life (Verso Books, 2012)\n- Wojciech Jagielski's The Night Wanderers (Seven Stories & Old Street Publishing, 2012)\n- Andrzej Szczeklik's Kore: On Sickness, the Sick and the Search for the Soul of Medicine (Counterpoint Press, 2012)\n- Janusz Korczak's Kaytek the Wizard (Urim Publications/Penlight Press, 2012)\n2014 - Philip Boehm, translator of Hanna Krall's Chasing the King of Hearts (Peirene Press, 2013)[10]\n2015 - Ursula Phillips, translator of Zofia Nałkowska's Choucas (Northern Illinois University Press, 2014)[11]\n2016 - Bill Johnston, translator of Tomasz Różycki's Twelve Stations (Zephyr Press, Chicago, 2015)[12]\n2017 - Piotr Florczyk, translator of Anna Świrszczyńska's volume of poetry Building the Barricade (Tavern Books, 2016)[13]\n2018 – Jennifer Croft, translator of Flights by Olga Tokarczuk\n2019 - Madeline G. Levine, translator of Collected Stories by Bruno Schulz[14]\n2020 - Anna Zaranko, translator of The Memoir of an Anti-hero by Kornel Filipowicz[15]\n2021 - Ewa Małachowska-Pasek and Megan Thomas, translators of The Career of Nicodemus Dyzma by Tadeusz Dołęga-Mostowicz[16]\n2022 – Jennifer Croft, translator of The Books of Jacob by Olga Tokarczuk[17]\n2023 - Anna Zaranko, translator of The Peasants by Władysław Reymont[18]\n2024 - Alissa Valles, translator of Firebird by Zuzanna Ginczanka[19]","title":"Winners of the prize"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Home - Polish Cultural Institute\". Polishculture-nyc.org. 2007-10-15. Retrieved 2015-05-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.polishculture-nyc.org/?itemId=16&eventId=1238","url_text":"\"Home - Polish Cultural Institute\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Polish-English \"Found in Translation\" Award\". Readingworldwide.com. Retrieved 2015-05-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.readingworldwide.com/index.php?id=43957","url_text":"\"The Polish-English \"Found in Translation\" Award\""}]},{"reference":"\"Found in Translation prize (Polish) - Literature Across Frontiers\". Lit-across-frontiers.org. Retrieved 2015-05-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lit-across-frontiers.org/resources/the-polish-cultural-institute/","url_text":"\"Found in Translation prize (Polish) - Literature Across Frontiers\""}]},{"reference":"\"First Found in Translation Award Goes to Bill Johnston | Daily News | Poets & Writers\". Pw.org. 2008-04-22. Retrieved 2015-05-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pw.org/content/first_found_translation_award_goes_bill_johnston","url_text":"\"First Found in Translation Award Goes to Bill Johnston | Daily News | Poets & Writers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Antonia Lloyd-Jones receives Found in Translation Award | Bacacay: The Polish Literature Weblog\". Bacacay.wordpress.com. 2009-05-02. Retrieved 2015-05-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://bacacay.wordpress.com/2009/05/02/antonia-lloyd-jones-receives-found-in-translation-award/","url_text":"\"Antonia Lloyd-Jones receives Found in Translation Award | Bacacay: The Polish Literature Weblog\""}]},{"reference":"\"Found in Translation Award: Danuta Borchardt for Witold Gombrowicz's Pornografia\". Cosmopolitanreview.com. Retrieved 2015-05-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://cosmopolitanreview.com/cr7-found-in-translation/","url_text":"\"Found in Translation Award: Danuta Borchardt for Witold Gombrowicz's Pornografia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wisława Szymborska Translation Wins 'Found in Translation' Award : Harriet Staff : Harriet the Blog\". Poetryfoundation.org. Retrieved 2015-05-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.poetryfoundation.org/harriet/2011/06/wislawa-szymborska-translation-wins-%E2%80%98found-in-translation%E2%80%99-award/","url_text":"\"Wisława Szymborska Translation Wins 'Found in Translation' Award : Harriet Staff : Harriet the Blog\""}]},{"reference":"\"Joanna Trzeciak Wins the Found in Translation Award 2012 | Event\". Culture.pl. Retrieved 2015-05-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://culture.pl/en/event/joanna-trzeciak-wins-the-found-in-translation-award-2012","url_text":"\"Joanna Trzeciak Wins the Found in Translation Award 2012 | Event\""}]},{"reference":"\"Found in Translation Award for Antonia Lloyd-Jones / Events / Instytut Książki\". Bookinstitute.pl. Retrieved 2015-05-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bookinstitute.pl/wydarzenia,aktualnosci,29844,found-in-translation-award-for-antonia-lloyd-jones.html","url_text":"\"Found in Translation Award for Antonia Lloyd-Jones / Events / Instytut Książki\""}]},{"reference":"\"Found in Translation Award 2014 / Events / Instytut Książki\". Bookinstitute.pl. Retrieved 2015-05-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bookinstitute.pl/wydarzenia,aktualnosci,31735,found-in-translation-award-2014.html","url_text":"\"Found in Translation Award 2014 / Events / Instytut Książki\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ursula Phillips wins the Found in Translation Award 2015\". 27 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.polishculture.org.uk/literature/events/news/article/ursula-phillips-wins-the-found-in-translation-award-2015-2690.html","url_text":"\"Ursula Phillips wins the Found in Translation Award 2015\""}]},{"reference":"\"BILL JOHNSTON WINS 2016 FOUND IN TRANSLATION AWARD\". Retrieved 2017-12-27.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bookinstitute.pl/wydarzenia,aktualnosci,35034,bill-johnston-wins-2016-found-in-translation-award.html","url_text":"\"BILL JOHNSTON WINS 2016 FOUND IN TRANSLATION AWARD\""}]},{"reference":"\"Found in Translation Award for Piotr Florczyk\". Retrieved 2017-12-27.","urls":[{"url":"http://culture.pl/en/article/found-in-translation-award-for-piotr-florczyk","url_text":"\"Found in Translation Award for Piotr Florczyk\""}]},{"reference":"\"Madeline G. Levine receives Found in Translation Award\". 2 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.polishculture.org.uk/literature/news/article/madeline-g-levine-receives-found-in-translation-award-7551.html","url_text":"\"Madeline G. Levine receives Found in Translation Award\""}]},{"reference":"\"Anna Zaranko receives Found in Translation Award\". 31 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://instytutksiazki.pl/en/news,2,anna-zaranko-receives-found-in-translation-award,4900.html","url_text":"\"Anna Zaranko receives Found in Translation Award\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ewa Małachowska-Pasek and Megan Thomas receive Found in Translation Award for 2021\". 6 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://instytutksiazki.pl/en/news,2,ewa-malachowska-pasek-and-megan-thomas-receive-found-in-translation-award-for-2021,6237.html","url_text":"\"Ewa Małachowska-Pasek and Megan Thomas receive Found in Translation Award for 2021\""}]},{"reference":"\"Found in Translation Award 2022 goes to Jennifer Croft\". 13 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://instytutpolski.pl/london/2022/04/13/found-in-translation-award-2022-goes-to-jennifer-croft/","url_text":"\"Found in Translation Award 2022 goes to Jennifer Croft\""}]},{"reference":"\"anna-zaranko-receives-the-2023-found-in-translation-award\". www.instytutksiazki.pl. 10 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://instytutksiazki.pl/en/news,2,anna-zaranko-receives-the-2023-found-in-translation-award,9223.html","url_text":"\"anna-zaranko-receives-the-2023-found-in-translation-award\""}]},{"reference":"\"London (2024/03/28) alissa-valles-receives the award\". www.instytutpolski.pl. Retrieved 2024-06-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://instytutpolski.pl/london/2024/03/28/alissa-valles-receives-the-2024-found-in-translation-award/","url_text":"\"London (2024/03/28) alissa-valles-receives the award\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella_Ferris_Pell
Ella Ferris Pell
["1 Life and career","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
American painter Ella Ferris PellElla Ferris Pell, Self-portraitBornJanuary 18, 1846St. Louis, Missouri, USDied1922Beacon, New YorkResting placeFishkill Rural CemeteryNationalityAmericanEducationDesign School for Women at Cooper UnionKnown forPainter, sculptor and illustratorMovementOrientalist Ella Ferris Pell (January 18, 1846 – 1922) was an American painter, sculptor, and illustrator. She was the niece of William Ferris Pell, who bought the ruins of Fort Ticonderoga in 1820. She was born in St. Louis, Missouri, and trained as an artist with William Rimmer at Cooper Union School of Design for Women in New York City, graduating in 1870. Life and career Salomé, oil on canvas by Ella Ferris Pell (1890) According to Who Was Who in America, Pell was born in St. Louis. Claiborne Pell believed that she was a great-niece of his great-great-grandfather, William Ferris Pell, and she was also related to the Folger family. She studied at the Design School for Women at Cooper Union under William Rimmer, graduating in 1870 and creating a sculpture of Puck which won praise from the New York Evening Post. An 1872 mention in the Daily Evening Transcript indicates that she was summering in Vermont at Bread Loaf Mountain, and describes her as a "sculptress". She and her sister and brother-in-law, Evelyn and Charles H. Todd, soon traveled to Europe, North Africa, and the Near East, a trip during which she painted constantly and illustrated a manuscript by Charles Todd on biblical subjects. By the 1880s she was living in New York City, exhibiting at the National Academy of Design. 1889 and 1890 found her showing at the Paris Salon, listing her teachers as Jean-Paul Laurens, Jacques Fernand Humbert, and Gaston Casimir Saint-Pierre. By later in the 1890s she was living in New York City, creating work for reproduction by Louis Prang and illustrating books, including Through the Invisible by Paul Tyner. She also exhibited work as a medalist. She continued summering in the Catskills with her family, and gave an address in Fishkill-on-the-Hudson, New York when exhibiting. She served at various times as the vice-president of the Ladies' Art Association and as president of the Liberal Art League, both in New York City. Pell died in Beacon, New York, a year after her sister, and was buried near the latter in an unmarked grave in the Fishkill Rural Cemetery. Fifty-eight paintings were deposited at the Museum of Fort Ticonderoga along with drawings, diaries, and other memorabilia. Another painting is in the Columbus Museum of Art. As of 1990 none of her sculpture, including an 1872 depiction of Cordelia with Lear and a heroic statue of Andromeda, was known to have survived. Pell's Salome of 1890, which was shown at the Salon, was included in the inaugural exhibition of the National Museum of Women in the Arts, American Women Artists 1830–1930, in 1987. See also List of Orientalist artists Orientalism References ^ "Behind-the-Scenes in Collections". Fort Ticonderoga. Aug 21, 2017. Retrieved May 20, 2021. ^ a b "Ella Pell – Artist Biography for Ella Pell". Retrieved 8 January 2017. ^ a b c d e Eleanor Tufts; National Museum of Women in the Arts (U.S.); International Exhibitions Foundation (1987). American women artists, 1830–1930. International Exhibitions Foundation for the National Museum of Women in the Arts. ISBN 978-0-940979-01-7. ^ a b American Numismatic Society (1911). Catalogue of the International Exhibition of Contemporary Medals: The American Numismatic Society, March, 1910. De Vinne Press. pp. 229–. ^ "SIRIS – Smithsonian Institution Research Information System". Retrieved 8 January 2017. ^ Charlotte Streifer Rubinstein (1990). American women sculptors: a history of women working in three dimensions. G.K. Hall. ISBN 978-0-8161-8732-4. External links Artwork by Ella Ferris Pell Authority control databases: Artists Musée d'Orsay
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She was born in St. Louis, Missouri, and trained as an artist with William Rimmer at Cooper Union School of Design for Women in New York City, graduating in 1870.[1]","title":"Ella Ferris Pell"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Salom%C3%A9_by_Ella_Ferris_Pell,_1890.jpg"},{"link_name":"Who Was Who in America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Was_Who_in_America"},{"link_name":"St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-askart.com-2"},{"link_name":"Claiborne Pell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claiborne_Pell"},{"link_name":"Folger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folger"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tufts(U.S.)1987-3"},{"link_name":"Design School for Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Design_School_for_Women&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cooper Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooper_Union"},{"link_name":"William Rimmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Rimmer"},{"link_name":"New York Evening Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Evening_Post"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-askart.com-2"},{"link_name":"Daily Evening Transcript","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daily_Evening_Transcript&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bread Loaf Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bread_Loaf_Mountain"},{"link_name":"National Academy of Design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Design"},{"link_name":"Paris Salon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Salon"},{"link_name":"Jean-Paul Laurens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Laurens"},{"link_name":"Jacques Fernand Humbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Fernand_Humbert&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gaston Casimir Saint-Pierre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gaston_Casimir_Saint-Pierre&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Louis Prang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Prang"},{"link_name":"Paul Tyner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Tyner&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tufts(U.S.)1987-3"},{"link_name":"medalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medal"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Society1911-4"},{"link_name":"Catskills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catskills"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tufts(U.S.)1987-3"},{"link_name":"Fishkill-on-the-Hudson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishkill,_New_York"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"Ladies' Art Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladies%27_Art_Association"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Society1911-4"},{"link_name":"Beacon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beacon,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Museum of Fort Ticonderoga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Museum_of_Fort_Ticonderoga&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tufts(U.S.)1987-3"},{"link_name":"Columbus Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rubinstein1990-6"},{"link_name":"National Museum of Women in the Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_Women_in_the_Arts"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tufts(U.S.)1987-3"}],"text":"Salomé, oil on canvas by Ella Ferris Pell (1890)According to Who Was Who in America, Pell was born in St. Louis.[2] Claiborne Pell believed that she was a great-niece of his great-great-grandfather, William Ferris Pell, and she was also related to the Folger family.[3]She studied at the Design School for Women at Cooper Union under William Rimmer, graduating in 1870 and creating a sculpture of Puck which won praise from the New York Evening Post.[2] An 1872 mention in the Daily Evening Transcript indicates that she was summering in Vermont at Bread Loaf Mountain, and describes her as a \"sculptress\". She and her sister and brother-in-law, Evelyn and Charles H. Todd, soon traveled to Europe, North Africa, and the Near East, a trip during which she painted constantly and illustrated a manuscript by Charles Todd on biblical subjects. By the 1880s she was living in New York City, exhibiting at the National Academy of Design. 1889 and 1890 found her showing at the Paris Salon, listing her teachers as Jean-Paul Laurens, Jacques Fernand Humbert, and Gaston Casimir Saint-Pierre. By later in the 1890s she was living in New York City, creating work for reproduction by Louis Prang and illustrating books, including Through the Invisible by Paul Tyner.[3] She also exhibited work as a medalist.[4] She continued summering in the Catskills with her family,[3] and gave an address in Fishkill-on-the-Hudson, New York when exhibiting. She served at various times as the vice-president of the Ladies' Art Association and as president of the Liberal Art League, both in New York City.[4]Pell died in Beacon, New York, a year after her sister, and was buried near the latter in an unmarked grave in the Fishkill Rural Cemetery. Fifty-eight paintings were deposited at the Museum of Fort Ticonderoga along with drawings, diaries, and other memorabilia.[3]\nAnother painting is in the Columbus Museum of Art.[5] As of 1990 none of her sculpture, including an 1872 depiction of Cordelia with Lear and a heroic statue of Andromeda, was known to have survived.[6]Pell's Salome of 1890, which was shown at the Salon, was included in the inaugural exhibition of the National Museum of Women in the Arts, American Women Artists 1830–1930, in 1987.[3]","title":"Life and career"}]
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[{"title":"List of Orientalist artists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Orientalist_artists"},{"title":"Orientalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orientalism"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Adonis
Joe Adonis
["1 Early life","2 Castellammarese War","3 Criminal empire","4 Government scrutiny","5 Deportation and death","5.1 Burial","6 In popular culture","7 References","8 External links"]
Italian-American mobster Joseph AdonisAdonis' mugshot (1937)BornGiuseppe Antonio Doto(1902-11-22)November 22, 1902Montemarano, Campania, Kingdom of ItalyDiedNovember 26, 1971(1971-11-26) (aged 69)Ancona, Marche, ItalyResting placeMadonna Cemetery, Fort Lee, New Jersey, U.S.NationalityItalianOther namesJoey A.Joey AdonisJoe AdoneJoe ArosaJames ArosaJoe DeMioOccupationMobsterSpouse Jean Montemorano ​(m. 1932)​Children4AllegianceGenovese crime familyConviction(s)Illegal gambling (1951)Criminal penalty2 to 3 years' imprisonment Joseph Anthony Doto (born Giuseppe Antonio Doto, Italian: ; November 22, 1902 – November 26, 1971), known as Joe Adonis, was an Italian-American mobster who was an important participant in the formation of the modern Cosa Nostra crime families in New York City and the National Crime Syndicate. Doto became a powerful caporegime in the Luciano crime family. Early life Adonis was born Giuseppe Antonio Doto on November 22, 1902, in the small town of Montemarano, Province of Avellino, Italy, to Michele Doto and Maria De Vito. He had three brothers, Antonio, Ettore and Genesio Doto. In 1909, Adonis and his family immigrated to the United States, in New York City. As a young man, Adonis supported himself by stealing and picking pockets. While working on the streets, Adonis became friends with future mob boss Charles "Lucky" Luciano and mobster Settimo Accardi, who were involved in illegal gambling. Adonis developed a loyalty to Luciano that lasted for decades. At the beginning of Prohibition, Luciano, Adonis, Meyer Lansky and Bugsy Siegel started a bootlegging operation in Brooklyn. This operation soon began supplying large amounts of alcohol to the show business community along Broadway in Manhattan. Doto soon assumed the role of a gentleman bootlegger, socializing with the theater elite. In the early 1920s, Doto started calling himself "Joe Adonis" (Adonis was the Greek god of beauty and desire). It is uncertain as to what inspired his nickname. One story states that Adonis received this nickname from a Ziegfeld Follies chorus girl who was dating him. Another story says that Adonis adopted the name after reading a magazine article on Greek mythology. Extremely vain, Adonis spent a great deal of time in personal grooming. On one occasion, Lucky Luciano saw Adonis combing his thick, dark hair in front of a mirror and asked him, "Who do you think you are, Rudolph Valentino?" Adonis replied, "For looks, that guy's a bum!". Adonis was a cousin of Luciano crime family capo Alan Bono, who supervised Adonis's operations in Greenwich Village, Manhattan. Adonis married Jean Montemorano, and he had four children; Joseph Michael Doto, Jr., Maria Dolores Olmo, Ann Marie Arietta, and Elizabeth Doto. His son Joseph Doto, Jr., became a made member of the Genovese family and operated criminal rackets in Bergen county, New Jersey. Castellammarese War In the 1920s, Adonis became an enforcer for Frankie Yale, the boss of some rackets in Brooklyn. While working for Yale, Adonis briefly met future Chicago Outfit boss Al Capone, who was also working for Yale. Meanwhile, Luciano became an enforcer for Giuseppe "Joe the Boss" Masseria. Masseria soon became embroiled in the vicious Castellammarese War with his archrival, Salvatore Maranzano. Maranzano represented the Sicilian clans, most of which came from Castellammare del Golfo, Sicily. As the war progressed, both bosses started recruiting more soldiers. By 1930, Adonis had joined the Masseria faction. As the war turned against Masseria, Luciano secretly contacted Maranzano about switching sides. When Masseria heard about Luciano's betrayal, he approached Adonis about killing Luciano. However, Adonis instead warned Luciano about the murder plot. On April 15, 1931, Adonis allegedly participated in Masseria's murder. Luciano had lured Masseria to a meeting at a Coney Island, Brooklyn, restaurant. During the meal, Luciano excused himself to go to the restroom. As soon as Luciano was gone, Adonis, Vito Genovese, Albert Anastasia, and Bugsy Siegel rushed into the dining room and shot Masseria to death. No one was ever indicted in the Masseria murder. With the death of Masseria, the war ended, and Maranzano was the victor. To avoid any future wars, Maranzano reorganized all the Italian American gangs into the Five Families and anointed himself as capo di tutti capi ("boss of all bosses"). Luciano and his loyalists quickly became dissatisfied with Maranzano's power grab. When Luciano discovered that the suspicious Maranzano had ordered his murder, Luciano struck first. On September 10, 1931, several gunmen attacked and killed Maranzano in his Manhattan office. Criminal empire Adonis and Luciano soon controlled bootlegging in Broadway and Midtown Manhattan. At its height, the operation grossed $12 million in one year and employed 100 workers. Adonis also bought car dealerships in New Jersey. When customers bought cars from his dealerships, the salesmen would intimidate them into buying "protection insurance" for the vehicle. Adonis soon moved into cigarette distribution, buying up vending machines by the hundreds and stocking them with stolen cigarettes. Adonis ran his criminal empire from Joe's Italian Kitchen, a restaurant that he owned in Brooklyn. By 1932, Adonis was also a major criminal power in Brooklyn. Despite his wealth, Adonis still participated in jewelry robberies, a throwback to his early criminal career on the streets. In 1932, Adonis allegedly participated in the kidnapping and brutal beating in Brooklyn of Isidore Juffe and Issac Wapinsky. In 1931, Adonis had lent the two men money for investment and kidnapped them in 1932 after deciding that he should be receiving a higher profit. Two days after the kidnappings, Adonis released Juffe and Wapinsky after receiving a $5,000 ransom payment. A month later, Wapinsky died of internal injuries from being assaulted. Adonis placed many politicians and high-ranking police officers on his payroll. Adonis used his political influence to assist members of the Luciano crime family, such as Luciano and Genovese, and mob associates such as Meyer Lansky and Louis "Lepke" Buchalter, the head of Murder, Inc. As a syndicate board member, Adonis, along with Buchalter, may have been responsible for assigning some murder contracts to Murder Inc. Government scrutiny In 1936, prosecutors convicted Luciano on pandering charges and sent him to state prison for 30 years. Underboss Vito Genovese remained in charge of the family until he fled to Italy in 1937 to avoid a murder prosecution. Luciano now left Frank Costello, an Adonis ally, in charge of the Luciano family and Adonis in charge of the Syndicate. On April 27, 1940, Adonis was indicted in Brooklyn on charges of kidnapping, extortion, and assault in the 1932 Juffe/Wapinsky case. However, on February 24, 1941, the prosecutor requested a dismissal for lack of evidence. In the 1940s, Adonis moved his gambling rackets to New Jersey. New York City Mayor Fiorello LaGuardia's campaign against illegal gambling had made it too difficult to do business in New York. Adonis also moved his family to a luxurious house in Fort Lee, New Jersey. Adonis set up a casino in Lodi, New Jersey, and provided limousine service there from New York City. During the same period, Adonis became partners with Meyer Lansky in an illegal casino in Hallandale Beach, Florida. On February 10, 1946, after being escorted from prison to a ship in Brooklyn harbor, Luciano was deported to Italy. In December 1946, Adonis and Luciano met at the famous Havana Conference of US organized crime bosses in Cuba. It was Luciano's goal at the conference to regain his mob influence, using Cuba as a base. Being a loyal supporter, Adonis willingly agreed to turn over his power in the syndicate to Luciano. However, the US government soon discovered Luciano's presence in Havana and pressured the Cuban government to expel him. On February 24, 1947, Luciano was placed on a ship by Cuban authorities for deportation back to Italy. On December 12, 1950, Adonis was summoned before the US Senate Kefauver Commission on organized crime. Adonis repeatedly refused to testify, citing his right against self-incrimination under the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Although Adonis escaped contempt charges, he suffered undesirable national exposure as a mobster. In late May 1951, Adonis and several associates pleaded no contest to charges of operating three gambling rooms in Lodi, New Jersey, and Fort Lee, New Jersey. On May 28, 1951, Adonis was sentenced in Hackensack, New Jersey, to two to three years in state prison. Deportation and death On August 6, 1953, at a hearing in Adonis's prison, the US Department of Justice ordered Adonis's deportation to Italy. The government claimed that Adonis was an illegal alien. Adonis fought deportation, claiming that he was a native-born American citizen. On August 9, 1953, Adonis was released from prison in New Jersey. On January 3, 1956, Adonis voluntarily left New York City on an ocean liner for Naples, Italy. His wife and children stayed behind in New Jersey. Once in Italy, Adonis moved into a luxurious apartment in the center of Milan. Adonis may have met with Luciano in Naples, but there is no proof of it. Over time, the financially struggling Luciano grew angry at the wealthy Adonis for not helping him. On January 26, 1962, Luciano died of a heart attack in Naples at age 64. Adonis attended the funeral service in Naples, bringing a huge floral wreath with the words, "So Long, Pal". In June 1971, the Italian government forced Adonis to leave his Milan residence and move to Serra de' Conti, a small town near the Adriatic Sea. Adonis was one of 115 suspected mobsters relocated to Serra de' Conti after the assassination in May of Pietro Scaglione, the public prosecutor of Palermo, Sicily. In late November 1971, Italian police forces transported Adonis to a small hillside shack near Ancona, Italy, for interrogation. During the lengthy questioning and some abusive treatment, Adonis suffered a heart attack. He was taken to a regional hospital in Ancona, where he died several days later on November 26, 1971. Burial The U.S. government allowed Adonis's family to bring his body back to the United States for burial. Adonis' funeral Mass was held at the Church of the Epiphany in Cliffside Park, New Jersey, attended only by his immediate family. He is buried in Madonna Cemetery in Fort Lee, New Jersey under his family name of Joseph Antonio Doto. In popular culture Adonis is mentioned in The Valachi Papers (1972), starring Charles Bronson. Adonis is portrayed by James Purcell in the film Gangster Wars (1981) and in 1981 TV Series The Gangster Chronicles. In Bugsy (1991), Adonis is portrayed by Lewis Van Bergen. Adonis is portrayed in the television movie Lansky (1999) by Sal Landi, and Casey McFadden as Young Adonis. Adonis is featured in the television documentary series American Justice, which aired on A&E, and The Making of the Mob: New York (2015), which aired on AMC. References ^ "LIVING IN BERGEN". Star Tribune. December 5, 1951. Retrieved March 19, 2020 – via Newspaper.com. Joseph Anthony Doto, called Joe Adonis. ^ Vincent, E. Duke (December 13, 2008). Mafia Summer A Novel. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. X. ISBN 9781596919273. Retrieved February 21, 2022. ^ a b "Joe Adonis, Underworld Gambling King, Dies". The New York Times. November 27, 1971. Retrieved March 19, 2020. ANCONA, Italy, Nov. 26—Giuseppe Antonio Doto, also known as Joe Adonis, once a leader of the United States underworld, died here this afternoon. He was 69 years old. He was born at Montemarano near Avellino, east of Naples, on Nov. 22, 1902, and his parents soon afterwards took him to the United States.(subscription required) ^ a b c Wright, George Cable (June 3, 1953). "ADONIS BIRTH DATA PRODUCED BY U. S.; Documents Purporting to Show Racketeer Was Born in Italy Entered at Deportation Trial". The New York Times. Retrieved March 19, 2020.(subscription required) ^ Lewin, Sam (1969). How to Win at the Races. p. 50. ISBN 0-87980-244-8. ^ Chiocca, Olindo Romeo (2000). Mobsters and Thugs: Quotes from the Underworld. Toronto: Guernica. p. 59. ISBN 1-55071-104-0. Joe Adonis. ^ Joe Adonis' marriage certificate ^ a b Markham, James M. (December 7, 1971). "Other Members of Mafia Miss Funeral Services for Adonis". The New York Times. Retrieved March 19, 2020. FORT LEE, N. J., Dec. 6— Giuseppe Antonio Doto, known in life as Jpe Adonis, was bUried here today, accompanied to the wind‐chilled Madonna Roman Catholic Cemetery by members of his immediate family. Newsmen principally trailed Adonis's wife, Joan, and the four Adonis children, Joseph, 38, Mrs. Dolores Maria Olmo, 32, Mrs. Anna Arietta, 21, and Elizabeth Doto,(subscription required) ^ "La Cosa Nostra". Lacndb.com. Archived from the original on June 15, 2018. Retrieved August 21, 2017. ^ United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary (1983). Organized Crime in America Hearings Before the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, Ninety-eighth Congress, First Session, on Organized Crime in America. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 231. Retrieved February 21, 2022. ^ United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Governmental Affairs. Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations (1984). Waterfront Corruption Report. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 99. Retrieved February 21, 2022. ^ Reppetto, Thomas (2004). American Mafia: a history of its rise to power (1st ed.). New York: Henry Holt and Company. p. 137. ISBN 0-8050-7210-1. Retrieved March 19, 2020. ^ Davis, John H. (1994). Mafia dynasty: the rise and fall of the Gambino crime family (1st Harper paperbacks ed.). New York: HarperPaperbacks. p. 40. ISBN 0-06-109184-7. Retrieved March 19, 2020. Albert Anastasia. ^ Newark, Tim (2010). Lucky Luciano: the real and the fake gangster (1st ed.). New York: Thomas Dunne Books. p. 62. ISBN 978-0-312-60182-9. Retrieved March 19, 2020. adonis luciano. ^ Sifkakis, Carl (2005). The Mafia encyclopedia (3rd ed.). New York: Facts on File. p. 50. ISBN 0-8160-5694-3. ^ a b "Adonis is Indicted on Kidnap Charge; Aide Under Arrest". The New York Times. May 6, 1940. Retrieved March 19, 2020.(subscription required) ^ a b "AMEN GETS DISMISSAL OF ADONIS INDICTMENT; Freeing of Gasberg on Same Evidence Cause of Action". The New York Times. February 25, 1941. Retrieved March 19, 2020.(subscription required) ^ Blackwell, Jon (2007). Notorious New Jersey: 100 true tales of murders and mobsters, scandals and scoundrels. Piscataway, N.J.: Rivergate. p. 138. ISBN 978-0-8135-4177-8. ^ Kelley, Kitty (1983). His Way: The Unauthorized Biography of Frank Sinatra (Bantam Books Trade Paperbacks ed.). New York: Bantam Books Trade Paperbacks. p. 136. ISBN 0-553-38618-2. Retrieved March 19, 2020. ^ "PARDONED LUCIANO ON HIS WAY TO ITALY". The New York Times. February 11, 1946. Retrieved March 19, 2020.(subscription required) ^ "CUBA WILL DEPORT LUCIANO TO ITALY". The New York Times. February 25, 1947. Retrieved March 19, 2020.(subscription required) ^ Hinton, Harold B. (December 13, 1950). "JOE ADONIS DEFIES SENATE CRIME UNIT; TESTIFIES AT HEARING". The New York Times. Retrieved March 19, 2020.(subscription required) ^ "Adonis, 3 Aides Get Terms of 2 to 3 Years; ADONIS, 3 AIDES GET 2-T0-3-YEAR TERMS". The New York Times. May 29, 1951. Retrieved March 19, 2020.(subscription required) ^ "U. S. ORDERS ADONIS DEPORTED TO ITALY; Quick Ouster of Racketeer Is Foreseen, Though He Must First Face Other Charges U. S. ORDERS ADONIS DEPORTED TO ITALY". The New York Times. August 6, 1953. Retrieved March 19, 2020.(subscription required) ^ "JOE ADONIS QUITS U.S. VOLUNTARILY; Racketeer Sails for Italy to Avoid Jail Term and Eventual Deportation. Calls Departure 'a Must'". The New York Times. January 4, 1956. Retrieved March 19, 2020.(subscription required) ^ Newark, Tim (2010). Lucky Luciano: The Real and the Fake Gangster (1st ed.). New York: Thomas Dunne Books. p. 246. ISBN 978-0-312-60182-9.(subscription required) ^ "Luciano Dies at 65; Was Facing Arrest; Lucky Luciano Is Dead at 65; Was Facing Arrest in Naples". The New York Times. January 27, 1962. Retrieved March 19, 2020.(subscription required) ^ Sifkakis, Carl (2005). The Mafia encyclopedia (3rd ed.). New York: Facts on File. p. 4. ISBN 0-8160-5694-3. Retrieved March 19, 2020. ^ "Joe Adonis Is Near Death After Pulmonary Collapse". The New York Times. November 24, 1971. Retrieved March 19, 2020. ANCONA, Italy, Nov. 23 (Reuters)—Joe Adonis, said to have been a king of the American underworld, suffered pulmonary collapse tonight and is close to death, according to hospital sources.(subscription required) ^ Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More than 14000 Famous Persons, Scott Wilson ^ James Purcell at IMDb ^ Lansky (TV Movie 1999) at IMDb External links "Joe Adonis". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved March 19, 2020. "Joe Adonis". Rotten.com. June 3, 2004. Archived from the original on June 3, 2004. Retrieved March 19, 2020. Dunder, Jonathan. "The Free Information Society: Joe Adonis". Archived from the original on July 27, 2008. Retrieved March 19, 2020. "Joe Adonis". Organized Crime Figure. Find a Grave. January 7, 2000. Retrieved March 19, 2020. Bruzzi, Giovanni (1965). "Joe Adonis portrait". Retrieved March 19, 2020. World Encyclopedia: Joe Adonis vteGenovese crime familyBosses Giuseppe Morello Nicholas Morello Vincenzo Terranova Giuseppe Masseria Lucky Luciano Frank Costello Vito Genovese Philip Lombardo Vincent Gigante Current members Anthony Antico John Barbato Liborio Bellomo Mikey Coppola Lawrence Dentico Louis DiNapoli Albert Gallo Rosario Gangi James Ida Daniel Leo Alan Longo Alphonse Malangone Louis Manna Daniel Pagano Ernest Varacalli Past membersMade men Joe Adonis Vincent Alo John Ardito Richard Boiardo Adolfo Bruno Dominick Canterino Anthony Carfano Gerardo Catena Dominick Cirillo Michael Clemente Michael Coppola Angelo DeCarlo Peter DeFeo John DiGilio Vincent DiNapoli Thomas Eboli Albert Facchiano Anthony Federici Tino Fiumara Joseph Galizia Mario Gigante Federico Giovanelli Matthew Ianniello Frank Illiano Joseph Lanza Ignazio Lupo Venero Mangano Carlo Mastrototaro Michele Miranda Willie Moretti James Napoli Joseph Luco Pagano Gerard Pappa Tomasso Petto Angelo Prisco Anthony Provenzano Nunzio Provenzano Joseph Rao Lawrence Ricci Carmine Romano Anthony Russo Anthony Salerno Rudolph Santobello Saverio Santora Anthony Strollo Ciro Terranova Frank Tieri Charles Tuzzo Frankie Yale Associates Evsei Agron Thomas Andretta Attilio Bitondo James Galante Fotios Geas Louis Gigante Bumpy Johnson Phillip Kastel Meyer Lansky Peter LaTempa Angelo Ponte Bugsy Siegel Informants Vincent Cafaro Frank Lucas Ernest Rupolo Joseph Valachi Factions and crewsActive New Jersey faction 116th Street Crew Greenwich Village Crew Defunct Broadway Mob East Harlem Purple Gang Family eventsHearings Kefauver Committee (1950–1951) Valachi hearings (1963) Scheme French Connection (1960s–1970s) Trials Mafia Commission Trial (1986) Window Case (1991) Wars Mafia-Camorra War (1914–1917) Castellammarese War (1929–1931) Relation to other groupsAllies Lucchese family Gambino family Bonanno family Colombo family Philadelphia family The Bugs-Meyer gang Murder, Inc. Rivals Westies vteMurder, IncorporatedAdministrationBosses Benjamin Siegel Lepke Buchalter Albert Anastasia Joe Adonis Adviser Louis Capone Lieutenants Tommy Lucchese Martin Goldstein Jacob Shapiro Emanuel Weiss Lou Kravitz Past membersOfficial Members Harry Greenberg Harry Strauss Joe Valachi Abe Reles Louis Cohen Hyman Holtz Albert Tannenbaum Philip Kovolick Aniello Dellacroce Seymour Magoon Harry Maione Frank Abbandando Frankie Carbo Red Levine Associate(s) Meyer Lansky Frank Costello Lucky Luciano Vito Genovese Dutch Schultz Family eventsMeetings Atlantic City Conference Havana Conference Wars Castellammarese War Relation to other groupsAllies Chicago Outfit Las Vegas crime family Anastasia crime family Gagliano crime family Profaci crime family Luciano crime family Shapiro Brothers Rivals Louis Amberg Joseph C. Amberg Thomas E. Dewey Waxey Gordon vteItalian-American Mafia List of Mafia crime families Mafia bibliography FamiliesFive Families ofNew York CityBonanno Calabrian group Motion Lounge crew New Springville Boys Sicilian group ColomboColomboGambino Baltimore Crew Ozone Park Boys Genovese 116th Street Crew Broadway Mob Greenwich Village Crew New Jersey faction Lucchese Brooklyn faction New Jersey faction Tanglewood Boys East Coast Buffalo DeCavalcante (Northern New Jersey) Patriarca (New England) (Angiulo's Boston crew) Philadelphia (10th & Oregon Crew) Midwestern/Western Chicago Detroit Kansas City Los Angeles Mostly defunct Bufalino (Northeastern Pennsylvania) Cleveland Colorado Dallas Genna (Chicago) Lanzetta (Philadelphia) Morello (Italian Harlem) D'Aquila (Little Italy, Manhattan) New Orleans Milwaukee Pittsburgh Rochester San Francisco San Jose St. Louis Trafficante (Tampa) StructureChain of command The Commission Boss Underboss Consigliere Caporegime Soldato Associate Members (made men) List of Italian-American mobsters List of Italian-American mobsters by organization Terms Initiation ritual Made man Bagman Black Hand Black Hand in Chicago Vendetta Capo dei capi (boss of bosses) Mustache Pete Omertà One-way ride Sixth Family Zips EventsMeetings Atlantic City Conference (1929) Havana Conference (1946) Apalachin meeting (1957) Palermo Mafia summit (1957) Hearings Kefauver Committee (1950–1951) Valachi hearings (1963) Wars Mafia–Camorra War (1914–1917) Castellammarese War (1929–1931) Trials Pizza Connection Trial (1985–1987) Mafia Commission Trial (1985–1986) Closely relatedand affiliatedorganizationsActive Camorra Colacurcio Organization Commisso 'ndrina Cotroni crime family Cuntrera-Caruana Mafia clan Inzerillo Mafia clan Jewish Mafia Luppino crime family Musitano crime family 'Ndrangheta Papalia crime family Philadelphia Greek Mob Rizzuto crime family Sacra Corona Unita Sicilian Mafia Siderno Group Stidda Velentzas Organization Defunct Broadway Mob Bugs and Meyer Mob Bumpy Johnson gang New York Camorra The Corporation The Council Dutch Schultz Mob East Harlem Purple Gang Five Points Gang Forty-Two Gang Italian-American National Union Maceo Organization Marat Balagula gang Murder, Inc. National Crime Syndicate New Springville Boys Rudaj Organization South Brooklyn Boys Tanglewood Boys Unione Corse Westies Winter Hill Gang Other topicsGovernmentoperations Collaborations between the United States government and Italian Mafia Operation Family Secrets Operation Old Bridge Operation Solare Operation Underworld Operation Wasteland Crimes French Connection Hired Truck Program Lufthansa heist Saint Valentine's Day Massacre Related articles Barrel murder Buster from Chicago Cement shoes Shotgun Man Category
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[dʒuˈzɛppe anˈtɔːnjo ˈdɔːto]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian"},{"link_name":"Cosa Nostra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosa_Nostra"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"National Crime Syndicate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Crime_Syndicate"},{"link_name":"caporegime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caporegime"},{"link_name":"Luciano crime family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genovese_crime_family"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Joseph Anthony Doto[1] (born Giuseppe Antonio Doto, Italian: [dʒuˈzɛppe anˈtɔːnjo ˈdɔːto]; November 22, 1902 – November 26, 1971), known as Joe Adonis, was an Italian-American mobster who was an important participant in the formation of the modern Cosa Nostra crime families in New York City and the National Crime Syndicate. Doto became a powerful caporegime in the Luciano crime family.[2]","title":"Joe Adonis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Montemarano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montemarano"},{"link_name":"Province of Avellino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Avellino"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-adonis_dies-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-birth_data-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-birth_data-4"},{"link_name":"Charles \"Lucky\" Luciano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucky_Luciano"},{"link_name":"Settimo Accardi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Settimo_Accardi"},{"link_name":"illegal gambling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_gambling"},{"link_name":"Prohibition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Meyer Lansky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meyer_Lansky"},{"link_name":"Bugsy Siegel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugsy_Siegel"},{"link_name":"Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_(Manhattan)"},{"link_name":"Adonis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adonis"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_mythology"},{"link_name":"Ziegfeld Follies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziegfeld_Follies"},{"link_name":"chorus girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorus_girl"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Greek mythology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_mythology"},{"link_name":"Lucky Luciano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucky_Luciano"},{"link_name":"Rudolph Valentino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolph_Valentino"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chiocca-6"},{"link_name":"Luciano crime family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luciano_crime_family"},{"link_name":"Greenwich Village, Manhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwich_Village,_Manhattan"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-funeral_services-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Joseph Doto, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genovese_crime_family_New_Jersey_faction#Past_members"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Doto_Jr-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Doto_Jr._and_Tino-11"}],"text":"Adonis was born Giuseppe Antonio Doto on November 22, 1902, in the small town of Montemarano, Province of Avellino, Italy, to Michele Doto and Maria De Vito. He had three brothers, Antonio, Ettore and Genesio Doto.[3][4]In 1909, Adonis and his family immigrated to the United States, in New York City.[4] As a young man, Adonis supported himself by stealing and picking pockets. While working on the streets, Adonis became friends with future mob boss Charles \"Lucky\" Luciano and mobster Settimo Accardi, who were involved in illegal gambling. Adonis developed a loyalty to Luciano that lasted for decades.At the beginning of Prohibition, Luciano, Adonis, Meyer Lansky and Bugsy Siegel started a bootlegging operation in Brooklyn. This operation soon began supplying large amounts of alcohol to the show business community along Broadway in Manhattan. Doto soon assumed the role of a gentleman bootlegger, socializing with the theater elite.In the early 1920s, Doto started calling himself \"Joe Adonis\" (Adonis was the Greek god of beauty and desire). It is uncertain as to what inspired his nickname. One story states that Adonis received this nickname from a Ziegfeld Follies chorus girl who was dating him.[5] Another story says that Adonis adopted the name after reading a magazine article on Greek mythology.Extremely vain, Adonis spent a great deal of time in personal grooming. On one occasion, Lucky Luciano saw Adonis combing his thick, dark hair in front of a mirror and asked him, \"Who do you think you are, Rudolph Valentino?\" Adonis replied, \"For looks, that guy's a bum!\".[6] Adonis was a cousin of Luciano crime family capo Alan Bono, who supervised Adonis's operations in Greenwich Village, Manhattan.Adonis married Jean Montemorano,[7] and he had four children; Joseph Michael Doto, Jr., Maria Dolores Olmo, Ann Marie Arietta, and Elizabeth Doto.[8][9] His son Joseph Doto, Jr., became a made member of the Genovese family and operated criminal rackets in Bergen county, New Jersey.[10][11]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"enforcer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/enforcer"},{"link_name":"Frankie Yale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankie_Yale"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn"},{"link_name":"Chicago Outfit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Outfit"},{"link_name":"Al Capone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Capone"},{"link_name":"Giuseppe \"Joe the Boss\" Masseria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Masseria"},{"link_name":"Castellammarese War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castellammarese_War"},{"link_name":"Salvatore Maranzano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvatore_Maranzano"},{"link_name":"Castellammare del Golfo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castellammare_del_Golfo"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reppetto-12"},{"link_name":"Coney Island, Brooklyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coney_Island,_Brooklyn"},{"link_name":"Vito Genovese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vito_Genovese"},{"link_name":"Albert Anastasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Anastasia"},{"link_name":"Bugsy Siegel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugsy_Siegel"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Five Families","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Families"},{"link_name":"capo di tutti capi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capo_di_tutti_capi"},{"link_name":"Manhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Newark-14"}],"text":"In the 1920s, Adonis became an enforcer for Frankie Yale, the boss of some rackets in Brooklyn. While working for Yale, Adonis briefly met future Chicago Outfit boss Al Capone, who was also working for Yale. Meanwhile, Luciano became an enforcer for Giuseppe \"Joe the Boss\" Masseria.Masseria soon became embroiled in the vicious Castellammarese War with his archrival, Salvatore Maranzano. Maranzano represented the Sicilian clans, most of which came from Castellammare del Golfo, Sicily. As the war progressed, both bosses started recruiting more soldiers. By 1930, Adonis had joined the Masseria faction. As the war turned against Masseria, Luciano secretly contacted Maranzano about switching sides. When Masseria heard about Luciano's betrayal, he approached Adonis about killing Luciano. However, Adonis instead warned Luciano about the murder plot.[12]On April 15, 1931, Adonis allegedly participated in Masseria's murder. Luciano had lured Masseria to a meeting at a Coney Island, Brooklyn, restaurant. During the meal, Luciano excused himself to go to the restroom. As soon as Luciano was gone, Adonis, Vito Genovese, Albert Anastasia, and Bugsy Siegel rushed into the dining room and shot Masseria to death.[13] No one was ever indicted in the Masseria murder.With the death of Masseria, the war ended, and Maranzano was the victor. To avoid any future wars, Maranzano reorganized all the Italian American gangs into the Five Families and anointed himself as capo di tutti capi (\"boss of all bosses\"). Luciano and his loyalists quickly became dissatisfied with Maranzano's power grab. When Luciano discovered that the suspicious Maranzano had ordered his murder, Luciano struck first. On September 10, 1931, several gunmen attacked and killed Maranzano in his Manhattan office.[14]","title":"Castellammarese War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_(Manhattan)"},{"link_name":"Midtown Manhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midtown_Manhattan"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kidnap_charge-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dismissal_indictment-17"},{"link_name":"Luciano crime family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luciano_crime_family"},{"link_name":"Meyer Lansky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meyer_Lansky"},{"link_name":"Louis \"Lepke\" Buchalter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Buchalter"},{"link_name":"Murder, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder,_Inc."},{"link_name":"Murder Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder,_Inc."}],"text":"Adonis and Luciano soon controlled bootlegging in Broadway and Midtown Manhattan. At its height, the operation grossed $12 million in one year and employed 100 workers.[15] Adonis also bought car dealerships in New Jersey. When customers bought cars from his dealerships, the salesmen would intimidate them into buying \"protection insurance\" for the vehicle. Adonis soon moved into cigarette distribution, buying up vending machines by the hundreds and stocking them with stolen cigarettes. Adonis ran his criminal empire from Joe's Italian Kitchen, a restaurant that he owned in Brooklyn. By 1932, Adonis was also a major criminal power in Brooklyn. Despite his wealth, Adonis still participated in jewelry robberies, a throwback to his early criminal career on the streets.In 1932, Adonis allegedly participated in the kidnapping and brutal beating in Brooklyn of Isidore Juffe and Issac Wapinsky. In 1931, Adonis had lent the two men money for investment and kidnapped them in 1932 after deciding that he should be receiving a higher profit. Two days after the kidnappings, Adonis released Juffe and Wapinsky after receiving a $5,000 ransom payment. A month later, Wapinsky died of internal injuries from being assaulted.[16][17]Adonis placed many politicians and high-ranking police officers on his payroll. Adonis used his political influence to assist members of the Luciano crime family, such as Luciano and Genovese, and mob associates such as Meyer Lansky and Louis \"Lepke\" Buchalter, the head of Murder, Inc.As a syndicate board member, Adonis, along with Buchalter, may have been responsible for assigning some murder contracts to Murder Inc.","title":"Criminal empire"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vito Genovese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vito_Genovese"},{"link_name":"Frank Costello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Costello"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kidnap_charge-16"},{"link_name":"dismissal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_(legal)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dismissal_indictment-17"},{"link_name":"Fiorello LaGuardia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiorello_LaGuardia"},{"link_name":"Fort Lee, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Lee,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Lodi, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lodi,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Blackwell-18"},{"link_name":"Meyer Lansky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meyer_Lansky"},{"link_name":"Hallandale Beach, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallandale_Beach,_Florida"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kelley-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-luciano_deported_italy-20"},{"link_name":"Havana Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havana_Conference"},{"link_name":"Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba"},{"link_name":"Havana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havana"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-luciano_cuba-21"},{"link_name":"US Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Senate"},{"link_name":"Kefauver Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kefauver_Commission"},{"link_name":"self-incrimination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-incrimination"},{"link_name":"Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-defies_senate-22"},{"link_name":"no contest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_contest"},{"link_name":"Lodi, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lodi,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Fort Lee, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Lee,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Hackensack, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hackensack,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-get_terms-23"}],"text":"In 1936, prosecutors convicted Luciano on pandering charges and sent him to state prison for 30 years. Underboss Vito Genovese remained in charge of the family until he fled to Italy in 1937 to avoid a murder prosecution. Luciano now left Frank Costello, an Adonis ally, in charge of the Luciano family and Adonis in charge of the Syndicate.On April 27, 1940, Adonis was indicted in Brooklyn on charges of kidnapping, extortion, and assault in the 1932 Juffe/Wapinsky case.[16] However, on February 24, 1941, the prosecutor requested a dismissal for lack of evidence.[17]In the 1940s, Adonis moved his gambling rackets to New Jersey. New York City Mayor Fiorello LaGuardia's campaign against illegal gambling had made it too difficult to do business in New York. Adonis also moved his family to a luxurious house in Fort Lee, New Jersey. Adonis set up a casino in Lodi, New Jersey, and provided limousine service there from New York City.[18] During the same period, Adonis became partners with Meyer Lansky in an illegal casino in Hallandale Beach, Florida.[19]On February 10, 1946, after being escorted from prison to a ship in Brooklyn harbor, Luciano was deported to Italy.[20] In December 1946, Adonis and Luciano met at the famous Havana Conference of US organized crime bosses in Cuba. It was Luciano's goal at the conference to regain his mob influence, using Cuba as a base. Being a loyal supporter, Adonis willingly agreed to turn over his power in the syndicate to Luciano. However, the US government soon discovered Luciano's presence in Havana and pressured the Cuban government to expel him. On February 24, 1947, Luciano was placed on a ship by Cuban authorities for deportation back to Italy.[21]On December 12, 1950, Adonis was summoned before the US Senate Kefauver Commission on organized crime. Adonis repeatedly refused to testify, citing his right against self-incrimination under the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution.[22] Although Adonis escaped contempt charges, he suffered undesirable national exposure as a mobster.In late May 1951, Adonis and several associates pleaded no contest to charges of operating three gambling rooms in Lodi, New Jersey, and Fort Lee, New Jersey. On May 28, 1951, Adonis was sentenced in Hackensack, New Jersey, to two to three years in state prison.[23]","title":"Government scrutiny"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"US Department of Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Department_of_Justice"},{"link_name":"deportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deportation"},{"link_name":"alien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alien_(law)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-adonis_deported-24"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-birth_data-4"},{"link_name":"Naples, Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naples,_Italy"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-quits_US-25"},{"link_name":"Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-luciano_dies-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sifkakis-28"},{"link_name":"Serra de' Conti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serra_de%27_Conti"},{"link_name":"Adriatic Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriatic_Sea"},{"link_name":"Pietro Scaglione","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietro_Scaglione"},{"link_name":"Palermo, Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palermo,_Sicily"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-near_death-29"},{"link_name":"Ancona, Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancona,_Italy"},{"link_name":"heart attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myocardial_infarction"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-adonis_dies-3"}],"text":"On August 6, 1953, at a hearing in Adonis's prison, the US Department of Justice ordered Adonis's deportation to Italy. The government claimed that Adonis was an illegal alien. Adonis fought deportation, claiming that he was a native-born American citizen.[24] On August 9, 1953, Adonis was released from prison in New Jersey.[4]On January 3, 1956, Adonis voluntarily left New York City on an ocean liner for Naples, Italy. His wife and children stayed behind in New Jersey.[25]Once in Italy, Adonis moved into a luxurious apartment in the center of Milan. Adonis may have met with Luciano in Naples, but there is no proof of it. Over time, the financially struggling Luciano grew angry at the wealthy Adonis for not helping him.[26] On January 26, 1962, Luciano died of a heart attack in Naples at age 64.[27] Adonis attended the funeral service in Naples, bringing a huge floral wreath with the words, \"So Long, Pal\".[28]In June 1971, the Italian government forced Adonis to leave his Milan residence and move to Serra de' Conti, a small town near the Adriatic Sea. Adonis was one of 115 suspected mobsters relocated to Serra de' Conti after the assassination in May of Pietro Scaglione, the public prosecutor of Palermo, Sicily.[29] In late November 1971, Italian police forces transported Adonis to a small hillside shack near Ancona, Italy, for interrogation. During the lengthy questioning and some abusive treatment, Adonis suffered a heart attack.[3] He was taken to a regional hospital in Ancona, where he died several days later on November 26, 1971.","title":"Deportation and death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cliffside Park, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliffside_Park,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-funeral_services-8"},{"link_name":"Madonna Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna_Church_(Fort_Lee,_New_Jersey)"},{"link_name":"Fort Lee, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Lee,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"sub_title":"Burial","text":"The U.S. government allowed Adonis's family to bring his body back to the United States for burial. Adonis' funeral Mass was held at the Church of the Epiphany in Cliffside Park, New Jersey, attended only by his immediate family.[8] He is buried in Madonna Cemetery in Fort Lee, New Jersey under his family name of Joseph Antonio Doto.[30]","title":"Deportation and death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Valachi Papers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Valachi_Papers_(film)"},{"link_name":"Charles Bronson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Bronson"},{"link_name":"Gangster Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangster_Wars"},{"link_name":"The Gangster Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gangster_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Bugsy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugsy"},{"link_name":"Lewis Van Bergen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Van_Bergen"},{"link_name":"Lansky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lansky_(1999_film)"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"American Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Justice"},{"link_name":"A&E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%26E_Network"},{"link_name":"The Making of the Mob: New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Making_of_the_Mob:_New_York"},{"link_name":"AMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMC_(TV_channel)"}],"text":"Adonis is mentioned in The Valachi Papers (1972), starring Charles Bronson.\nAdonis is portrayed by James Purcell in the film Gangster Wars (1981) and in 1981 TV Series The Gangster Chronicles.[31]\nIn Bugsy (1991), Adonis is portrayed by Lewis Van Bergen.\nAdonis is portrayed in the television movie Lansky (1999) by Sal Landi, and Casey McFadden as Young Adonis.[32]\nAdonis is featured in the television documentary series American Justice, which aired on A&E, and The Making of the Mob: New York (2015), which aired on AMC.","title":"In popular culture"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"LIVING IN BERGEN\". Star Tribune. December 5, 1951. Retrieved March 19, 2020 – via Newspaper.com. Joseph Anthony Doto, called Joe Adonis.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/182906184/?terms=joseph%2Banthony%2Bdoto%2Bjoe%2Badonis&match=7","url_text":"\"LIVING IN BERGEN\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Tribune","url_text":"Star Tribune"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspaper.com","url_text":"Newspaper.com"}]},{"reference":"Vincent, E. Duke (December 13, 2008). Mafia Summer A Novel. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. X. ISBN 9781596919273. Retrieved February 21, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZhmbGZgL5lYC&dq=joe+adonis+caporegime&pg=PR10","url_text":"Mafia Summer A Novel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781596919273","url_text":"9781596919273"}]},{"reference":"\"Joe Adonis, Underworld Gambling King, Dies\". The New York Times. November 27, 1971. Retrieved March 19, 2020. ANCONA, Italy, Nov. 26—Giuseppe Antonio Doto, also known as Joe Adonis, once a leader of the United States underworld, died here this afternoon. He was 69 years old. [...] He was born at Montemarano near Avellino, east of Naples, on Nov. 22, 1902, and his parents soon afterwards took him to the United States.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1971/11/27/archives/joe-adonis-underworld-gambling-kint-dies.html","url_text":"\"Joe Adonis, Underworld Gambling King, Dies\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Wright, George Cable (June 3, 1953). \"ADONIS BIRTH DATA PRODUCED BY U. S.; Documents Purporting to Show Racketeer Was Born in Italy Entered at Deportation Trial\". The New York Times. Retrieved March 19, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1953/06/03/archives/adonis-birth-data-produced-by-u-s-documents-purporting-to-show.html","url_text":"\"ADONIS BIRTH DATA PRODUCED BY U. S.; Documents Purporting to Show Racketeer Was Born in Italy Entered at Deportation Trial\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Lewin, Sam (1969). How to Win at the Races. p. 50. ISBN 0-87980-244-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87980-244-8","url_text":"0-87980-244-8"}]},{"reference":"Chiocca, Olindo Romeo (2000). Mobsters and Thugs: Quotes from the Underworld. Toronto: Guernica. p. 59. ISBN 1-55071-104-0. Joe Adonis.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/mobstersthugsquo0000chio","url_text":"Mobsters and Thugs: Quotes from the Underworld"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/mobstersthugsquo0000chio/page/59","url_text":"59"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55071-104-0","url_text":"1-55071-104-0"}]},{"reference":"Markham, James M. (December 7, 1971). \"Other Members of Mafia Miss Funeral Services for Adonis\". The New York Times. Retrieved March 19, 2020. FORT LEE, N. J., Dec. 6— Giuseppe Antonio Doto, known in life as Jpe Adonis, was bUried here today, accompanied to the wind‐chilled Madonna Roman Catholic Cemetery by members of his immediate family. [...] Newsmen principally trailed Adonis's wife, Joan, and the four Adonis children, Joseph, 38, Mrs. Dolores Maria Olmo, 32, Mrs. Anna Arietta, 21, and Elizabeth Doto,","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1971/12/07/archives/other-members-of-mafia-miss-funeral-services-for-adonis.html","url_text":"\"Other Members of Mafia Miss Funeral Services for Adonis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"La Cosa Nostra\". Lacndb.com. Archived from the original on June 15, 2018. Retrieved August 21, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180615214208/http://www.lacndb.com/php/Info.php?name=Joe%20Adonis","url_text":"\"La Cosa Nostra\""},{"url":"http://www.lacndb.com/php/Info.php?name=Joe%20Adonis","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary (1983). Organized Crime in America Hearings Before the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, Ninety-eighth Congress, First Session, on Organized Crime in America. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 231. Retrieved February 21, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4oxMIUskYbEC&dq=genovese+family+Joe+Adonis+son+Joe+Doto+jr.&pg=PA231","url_text":"Organized Crime in America Hearings Before the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, Ninety-eighth Congress, First Session, on Organized Crime in America"}]},{"reference":"United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Governmental Affairs. Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations (1984). Waterfront Corruption Report. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 99. Retrieved February 21, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Y2Nx88yQOOEC&dq=genovese+family+Joe+Adonis+son+Joe+Doto+jr.&pg=PA99","url_text":"Waterfront Corruption Report"}]},{"reference":"Reppetto, Thomas (2004). American Mafia: a history of its rise to power (1st ed.). New York: Henry Holt and Company. p. 137. ISBN 0-8050-7210-1. Retrieved March 19, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/americanmafiahis00repp","url_text":"American Mafia: a history of its rise to power"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Holt_and_Company","url_text":"Henry Holt and Company"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/americanmafiahis00repp/page/137","url_text":"137"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8050-7210-1","url_text":"0-8050-7210-1"}]},{"reference":"Davis, John H. (1994). Mafia dynasty: the rise and fall of the Gambino crime family (1st Harper paperbacks ed.). New York: HarperPaperbacks. p. 40. ISBN 0-06-109184-7. Retrieved March 19, 2020. Albert Anastasia.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_H._Davis_(author)","url_text":"Davis, John H."},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/mafiadynastyrise00davi","url_text":"Mafia dynasty: the rise and fall of the Gambino crime family"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HarperPaperbacks","url_text":"HarperPaperbacks"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/mafiadynastyrise00davi/page/40","url_text":"40"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-109184-7","url_text":"0-06-109184-7"}]},{"reference":"Newark, Tim (2010). Lucky Luciano: the real and the fake gangster (1st ed.). New York: Thomas Dunne Books. p. 62. ISBN 978-0-312-60182-9. Retrieved March 19, 2020. adonis luciano.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/luckylucianoreal0000newa","url_text":"Lucky Luciano: the real and the fake gangster"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/luckylucianoreal0000newa/page/62","url_text":"62"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-60182-9","url_text":"978-0-312-60182-9"}]},{"reference":"Sifkakis, Carl (2005). The Mafia encyclopedia (3rd ed.). New York: Facts on File. p. 50. ISBN 0-8160-5694-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8160-5694-3","url_text":"0-8160-5694-3"}]},{"reference":"\"Adonis is Indicted on Kidnap Charge; Aide Under Arrest\". The New York Times. May 6, 1940. Retrieved March 19, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1940/05/06/archives/adonis-is-indicted-on-kidnap-charge-aide-under-arrest-seizure-of.html","url_text":"\"Adonis is Indicted on Kidnap Charge; Aide Under Arrest\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"AMEN GETS DISMISSAL OF ADONIS INDICTMENT; Freeing of Gasberg on Same Evidence Cause of Action\". The New York Times. February 25, 1941. Retrieved March 19, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1941/02/25/archives/amen-gets-dismissal-of-adonis-indictment-freeing-of-gasberg-on-same.html","url_text":"\"AMEN GETS DISMISSAL OF ADONIS INDICTMENT; Freeing of Gasberg on Same Evidence Cause of Action\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Blackwell, Jon (2007). Notorious New Jersey: 100 true tales of murders and mobsters, scandals and scoundrels. Piscataway, N.J.: Rivergate. p. 138. ISBN 978-0-8135-4177-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=97esfP2qQWEC&q=%22Joe+Adonis%22&pg=PT151","url_text":"Notorious New Jersey: 100 true tales of murders and mobsters, scandals and scoundrels"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-4177-8","url_text":"978-0-8135-4177-8"}]},{"reference":"Kelley, Kitty (1983). His Way: The Unauthorized Biography of Frank Sinatra (Bantam Books Trade Paperbacks ed.). New York: Bantam Books Trade Paperbacks. p. 136. ISBN 0-553-38618-2. Retrieved March 19, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitty_Kelley","url_text":"Kelley, Kitty"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=EnbzfyWuuL0C&q=%22Joe+Adonis%22&pg=PA136","url_text":"His Way: The Unauthorized Biography of Frank Sinatra"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-553-38618-2","url_text":"0-553-38618-2"}]},{"reference":"\"PARDONED LUCIANO ON HIS WAY TO ITALY\". The New York Times. February 11, 1946. Retrieved March 19, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1946/02/11/archives/pardoned-luciano-on-his-way-to-italy.html","url_text":"\"PARDONED LUCIANO ON HIS WAY TO ITALY\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"CUBA WILL DEPORT LUCIANO TO ITALY\". The New York Times. February 25, 1947. Retrieved March 19, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1947/02/25/archives/cuba-will-deport-luciano-to-italy.html","url_text":"\"CUBA WILL DEPORT LUCIANO TO ITALY\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Hinton, Harold B. (December 13, 1950). \"JOE ADONIS DEFIES SENATE CRIME UNIT; TESTIFIES AT HEARING\". The New York Times. Retrieved March 19, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1950/12/13/archives/joe-adonis-defies-senate-crime-unit-testifies-at-hearing.html","url_text":"\"JOE ADONIS DEFIES SENATE CRIME UNIT; TESTIFIES AT HEARING\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Adonis, 3 Aides Get Terms of 2 to 3 Years; ADONIS, 3 AIDES GET 2-T0-3-YEAR TERMS\". The New York Times. May 29, 1951. Retrieved March 19, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1951/05/29/archives/adonis-3-aides-get-terms-of-2-to-3-years-adonis-3-aides-get.html","url_text":"\"Adonis, 3 Aides Get Terms of 2 to 3 Years; ADONIS, 3 AIDES GET 2-T0-3-YEAR TERMS\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"U. S. ORDERS ADONIS DEPORTED TO ITALY; Quick Ouster of Racketeer Is Foreseen, Though He Must First Face Other Charges U. S. ORDERS ADONIS DEPORTED TO ITALY\". The New York Times. August 6, 1953. Retrieved March 19, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1953/08/06/archives/u-s-orders-adonis-deported-to-italy-quick-ouster-of-racketeer-is.html","url_text":"\"U. S. ORDERS ADONIS DEPORTED TO ITALY; Quick Ouster of Racketeer Is Foreseen, Though He Must First Face Other Charges U. S. ORDERS ADONIS DEPORTED TO ITALY\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"JOE ADONIS QUITS U.S. VOLUNTARILY; Racketeer Sails for Italy to Avoid Jail Term and Eventual Deportation. Calls Departure 'a Must'\". The New York Times. January 4, 1956. Retrieved March 19, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1956/01/04/archives/joe-adonis-quits-us-voluntarily-racketeer-sails-for-italy-to-avoid.html","url_text":"\"JOE ADONIS QUITS U.S. VOLUNTARILY; Racketeer Sails for Italy to Avoid Jail Term and Eventual Deportation. Calls Departure 'a Must'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Newark, Tim (2010). Lucky Luciano: The Real and the Fake Gangster (1st ed.). New York: Thomas Dunne Books. p. 246. ISBN 978-0-312-60182-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/luckylucianoreal0000newa","url_text":"Lucky Luciano: The Real and the Fake Gangster"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/luckylucianoreal0000newa/page/246","url_text":"246"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-60182-9","url_text":"978-0-312-60182-9"}]},{"reference":"\"Luciano Dies at 65; Was Facing Arrest; Lucky Luciano Is Dead at 65; Was Facing Arrest in Naples\". The New York Times. January 27, 1962. Retrieved March 19, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1962/01/27/archives/luciano-dies-at-65-was-facing-arrest-lucky-luciano-is-dead-at-65.html","url_text":"\"Luciano Dies at 65; Was Facing Arrest; Lucky Luciano Is Dead at 65; Was Facing Arrest in Naples\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Sifkakis, Carl (2005). The Mafia encyclopedia (3rd ed.). New York: Facts on File. p. 4. ISBN 0-8160-5694-3. Retrieved March 19, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jgCpxTpPCPcC&q=%22Joe+Adonis%22&pg=PA3","url_text":"The Mafia encyclopedia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8160-5694-3","url_text":"0-8160-5694-3"}]},{"reference":"\"Joe Adonis Is Near Death After Pulmonary Collapse\". The New York Times. November 24, 1971. Retrieved March 19, 2020. ANCONA, Italy, Nov. 23 (Reuters)—Joe Adonis, said to have been a king of the American underworld, suffered pulmonary collapse tonight and is close to death, according to hospital sources.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1971/11/24/archives/joe-adonis-is-near-death-after-pulmonary-collapse.html","url_text":"\"Joe Adonis Is Near Death After Pulmonary Collapse\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Joe Adonis\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved March 19, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9001659/Joe-Adonis","url_text":"\"Joe Adonis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"\"Joe Adonis\". Rotten.com. June 3, 2004. Archived from the original on June 3, 2004. Retrieved March 19, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rotten.com/library/bio/crime/mafia/joe-adonis/","url_text":"\"Joe Adonis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten.com","url_text":"Rotten.com"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040603150040/http://www.rotten.com/library/bio/crime/mafia/joe-adonis/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Dunder, Jonathan. \"The Free Information Society: Joe Adonis\". Archived from the original on July 27, 2008. Retrieved March 19, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080727204858/http://www.freeinfosociety.com/site.php?postnum=588","url_text":"\"The Free Information Society: Joe Adonis\""},{"url":"http://www.freeinfosociety.com/site.php?postnum=588","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Joe Adonis\". Organized Crime Figure. Find a Grave. January 7, 2000. Retrieved March 19, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/8012","url_text":"\"Joe Adonis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Find_a_Grave","url_text":"Find a Grave"}]},{"reference":"Bruzzi, Giovanni (1965). \"Joe Adonis portrait\". Retrieved March 19, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.giovannibruzzi.it/frame_principale.asp?Pagina=22","url_text":"\"Joe Adonis portrait\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezzouhour
Ezzouhour
["1 See also","2 References"]
Coordinates: 35°49′12″N 10°36′00″E / 35.82000°N 10.60000°E / 35.82000; 10.60000Commune and town in Sousse Governorate, TunisiaEzzouhour الزهورCommune and townCoordinates: 35°49′12″N 10°36′00″ECountry TunisiaGovernorateSousse GovernorateDelegation(s)Sousse RiadhGovernment • MayorYoussef Ben Brahim (Independent) Population (2014) • Total17,348Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)Postal code4031 Ezzouhour (Arabic:الزهور) is a town and commune in the Sousse Governorate, Tunisia. As of 2014 it had a population of 17,348. Ezzouhour was originally a spontaneous locality that formed as migrants from the countryside of other areas of Sousse and the neighbouring governorate of Kairouan settled there. It was then connected to public services and integrated in the urban area of Sousse. See also List of cities in Tunisia References ^ a b "التعداد العام للسكان والسكنى". census.ins.tn. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 October 2019. Retrieved 30 January 2019. 35°49′12″N 10°36′00″E / 35.82000°N 10.60000°E / 35.82000; 10.60000 vteSousse Governorate Akouda Bouficha Enfidha Ezzouhour Hammam Sousse Hergla Kalâa Kebira Kalâa Seghira Kondar Ksibet Thrayet Messaadine M'saken Sidi Bou Ali Sidi El Hani Sousse Zaouiet Sousse WikiProject Tunisia This Tunisia location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic"},{"link_name":"Sousse Governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sousse_Governorate"},{"link_name":"Tunisia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2014census-1"},{"link_name":"Kairouan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kairouan_Governorate"},{"link_name":"Sousse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sousse"}],"text":"Commune and town in Sousse Governorate, TunisiaEzzouhour (Arabic:الزهور) is a town and commune in the Sousse Governorate, Tunisia. As of 2014 it had a population of 17,348.[1] Ezzouhour was originally a spontaneous locality that formed as migrants from the countryside of other areas of Sousse and the neighbouring governorate of Kairouan settled there. It was then connected to public services and integrated in the urban area of Sousse.","title":"Ezzouhour"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of cities in Tunisia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Tunisia"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Winter_Olympic_Games
1948 Winter Olympics
["1 Host city selection","2 Organizing","3 Politics","3.1 Impact of World War II","4 Events","4.1 Bobsled","4.2 Ice hockey","4.3 Figure skating","4.4 Speed skating","4.5 Alpine skiing","4.6 Cross-country skiing","4.7 Skeleton","4.8 Nordic combined","4.9 Ski jumping","4.10 Demonstration sports","5 Calendar","6 Venues","7 Participating nations","7.1 Number of athletes by National Olympic Committees","8 Medal count","8.1 Podium sweeps","9 See also","10 Notes","11 External links"]
Multi-sport event in St. Moritz, Switzerland V Olympic Winter GamesPoster for the 1948 Winter OlympicsHost citySt. Moritz, SwitzerlandNations28Athletes669 (592 men, 77 women)Events22 in 4 sports (9 disciplines)Opening30 January 1948Closing8 February 1948Opened byPresident Enrico CelioStadiumSt. Moritz Olympic Ice RinkWinter← Garmisch 1936← Cortina 1944Oslo 1952 → Summer← Berlin 1936← London 1944London 1948 → The 1948 Winter Olympics, officially known as the V Olympic Winter Games (German: V. Olympische Winterspiele; French: Ves Jeux olympiques d'hiver; Italian: V Giochi olimpici invernali; Romansh: V Gieus olimpics d'enviern) and commonly known as St. Moritz 1948 (French: Saint-Moritz 1948; Romansh: San Murezzan 1948), were a winter multi-sport event held from 30 January to 8 February 1948 in St. Moritz, Switzerland. The Games were the first to be celebrated after World War II; it had been twelve years since the last Winter Games in 1936. From the selection of a host city in a neutral country to the exclusion of Japan and Germany, the political atmosphere of the post-war world was inescapable during the 1948 Games. The organizing committee faced several challenges due to the lack of financial and human resources consumed by the war. These were the first of two winter Olympic Games under the IOC presidency of Sigfrid Edström. 28 nations marched in the opening ceremonies on 30 January 1948. Bibi Torriani played for the Switzerland men's national ice hockey team and became the first ice hockey player to recite the Olympic Oath on behalf of all athletes. Nearly 670 athletes competed in 22 events in four sports. The 1948 Games also featured two demonstration sports: military patrol, which later became the biathlon, and winter pentathlon, which was discontinued after these Games. Notable performances were turned in by figure skaters Dick Button and Barbara Ann Scott and skier Henri Oreiller. Most athletic venues have existed since St. Moritz first hosted the Winter Games in 1928. All the venues were outdoors, meaning the Games were heavily dependent on favorable weather conditions. Host city selection The IOC selected St. Moritz to host the 1948 Games by acclamation at the 40 general session in Lausanne, Switzerland, on 6 September 1946. The selection process consisted of two bids, and saw St. Moritz be selected ahead of Lake Placid, New York, United States. St. Moritz was chosen because all of the venues of the 1928 Winter Olympics were available, and the Swiss resort could organize the Games much quicker than any other city except for 1936 host Garmisch-Partenkirchen which was not considered. Despite the existence of many of the 1928 sites, it was still a difficult task to organize a Winter Olympic Games in less than 18 months. Organizing St. Moritzclass=notpageimage| Location of St. Moritz in Switzerland The Comité Olympique (CO) was composed of local dignitaries and members of the Swiss National Olympic Committee (COS). They decided to separate into several sub-committees responsible for various aspects of the Games. These committees included housing and maintenance, venue construction, finances, and media and advertising. The local committees worked very closely with the Swiss federal government and the IOC to ensure that the organization of the Games proceeded without hindrance. Since no athletes' village existed from the previous Games, the athletes and officials were housed in hotels around the city. It was essential for the committees to draw upon their experiences from the 1928 Olympics. Their selection of locations for the various events was contingent on the weather conditions, as all the events were held outdoors. Over 800 people were involved in reporting the news of the Games to the world. Nearly 500 press credentials were issued by the Press Commission for the Games. Television would not make its Olympic debut until 1956. The coverage of the 1948 Games was split between newspapers and radio broadcasts. The organizing committee had to provide technology, such as long-distance telephone lines and telegraph services, to assist the press in communicating with their constituents. Over 2,200 people were needed to provide all the services for the press, officials, and athletes at the Games. These services included sanitation, security, and care of the venues. Accommodating the influx of people into St. Moritz was difficult for the organizing committee. It was complicated by the mountainous region in which the community was situated. A massive project to improve the village's transportation infrastructure had to be completed before the Games. This included building and widening roads for vehicular traffic. Several train stations were built to accommodate the increased demands for public transit. They also had to increase the capacity of the city's sewers. All of the projects had to be approved by the Swiss government and justified by its impact on the success of the Games. To aid the organizing committee, the IOC demanded that all participating nations provide lists of their athletes several months before the Games. Consequently, the Swiss knew exactly how many athletes and officials to plan for. Politics Since these Games were the first since World War II, they were named "The Games of Renewal." Japan and Germany were not invited to these Games because the international community still ostracized them for their role in World War II. Their absence was short-lived, though, as they returned to Olympic competition in 1952. The Soviet Union did not send athletes to the St. Moritz Games of 1948, but they did send ten delegates as observers of the Games to determine how successful the Soviet athletes would have been had they competed. Impact of World War II Sapporo, Japan had been the choice for the 1940 Winter Games. In 1938, the Japanese decided to decline the invitation to host the Games claiming that preparations for the Olympic Games were draining the country's resources. The IOC turned to the host of the 1936 Games, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, which would make it the only city to host consecutive Games. This became impractical when Germany invaded Poland on 1 September 1939; subsequently Germany withdrew its bid to host the Games. Finland believed it could host the Games and extended an invitation to the IOC, but the Soviet Union's invasion of Finland ended all hope of an Olympic Games in 1940. The 1944 Winter Olympics had been awarded to Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy in 1939. As the war continued, this proved impractical, and the second consecutive olympiad passed without celebrating the Games. The IOC was presented with two possible host cities for the first post-war Games: Lake Placid, United States and St. Moritz, Switzerland. The IOC decided to award the Games to Switzerland, a neutral country immediately following World War II, to avoid political posturing by former combatants. The impact of World War II was still being felt in 1948. The lack of financial resources and human energy made the organization of the Games challenging. Athletes were also affected by a lack of resources. Many competitors arrived with little or no equipment. In one notable case, Norwegian skiers had to borrow skis from the American team to compete. Events Medals were awarded in 22 events contested in 4 sports (9 disciplines). Bobsleigh Bobsleigh (2) (details) Skeleton (1) (details) Ice hockey (1) (details) Skating Figure skating (3) (details) Speed skating (4) (details) Skiing Alpine skiing (6) (details) Nordic skiing (details) Cross-country skiing (3) (details) Nordic combined (1) (details) Ski jumping (1) (details) There were also two demonstration sports, military patrol and the winter pentathlon. Bobsled Main article: Bobsleigh at the 1948 Winter Olympics Two sliding sports were contested at the 1948 Winter Games; the first was bobsled. A controversy erupted when it was alleged that the sleds of the United States team had been sabotaged. It was discovered that the steering wheels had been damaged. After news broke of the apparent improprieties a truck driver stepped forward and admitted to having accidentally backed into the shed housing the bobsleds. The accident, however, did not hinder the United States teams, who won a bronze in the two-man event and a gold and a bronze in the four-man event. The Swiss two-man teams placed first and second, which is the best possible result for the event since only two teams were allowed to enter. The driver of the first place team, Felix Endrich, beat his coach, the driver of the second place team, Fritz Feierabend. Ice hockey Main article: Ice hockey at the 1948 Winter Olympics The ice hockey tournament was won by Canada, with Czechoslovakia second and Switzerland third. This was the fifth Olympic gold medal for Canada in hockey. The only team to beat Canada since hockey was introduced at the 1920 Summer Olympics was Great Britain at the 1936 Winter Olympics. The tournament was almost canceled when rival teams representing the United States arrived. An Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) team was supported by the United States Olympic Committee (USOC), and an Amateur Hockey Association (AHA) team was supported by the Ligue Internationale de Hockey sur Glace (LIHG). The International Olympic Committee ruled that neither team could compete. Still, the Swiss organizing committee allowed the AAU team to march in the opening ceremony and the AHA team to play unofficially without being eligible for medals. Figure skating Main article: Figure skating at the 1948 Winter Olympics Barbara Ann Scott became the first and only Canadian woman to win an Olympic gold medal in figure skating when she won the competition at St. Moritz. Despite the distraction caused by a low-flying airplane during her compulsory routine, she could muster the focus to place first entering the free skate. The ice had been shredded the night before the free skate by two ice hockey games (the ice resurfacer had not yet been invented); nonetheless, she was able to adjust her routine to avoid the potholes and emerge victorious. Eighteen-year-old American Dick Button completed the unprecedented North American sweep of the figure skating gold medals. He led the field after the compulsory skate and won the gold medal by becoming the first person to complete a double Axel in competition. Later in the 1952 Olympics, Dick Button would win gold a second time. Swiss world champion Hans Gerschwiler fell during the free skate, but rebounded to win the silver medal. Speed skating Main article: Speed skating at the 1948 Winter Olympics The speed skating competition was held on the same rink that had hosted the events in 1928. At 1,856 m (6,089 ft) above sea level, the speed skating competition was held at the second-highest altitude in Olympic history; only Squaw Valley in 1960 was higher. The competition was dominated by the Scandinavian countries of Norway and Sweden who won nine out of the twelve possible medals. Scandinavians had done poorly in speed skating events up until the 1948 Games. Their success was because speed skating in Europe had reached a standstill during World War II. Only countries that were ancillary to the conflict had the resources to keep their speed skating programs intact. The 500 meter race was won by Finn Helgesen of Norway. There was a three-way tie for second place between Norwegian Thomas Byberg and Americans Robert Fitzgerald and Kenneth Bartholomew. All three had finished in exactly 43.2 seconds. Swede Åke Seyffarth won a gold medal in the 10,000 meter race and a silver medal in the 1,500 meter race. The 5,000 meter event was affected by weather. The twenty racers encountered wind, sun, and snow during the day's competition. Finally, long-distance specialist Reidar Liaklev from Norway prevailed. Alpine skiing Main article: Alpine skiing at the 1948 Winter Olympics Alpine skiing made its Olympic debut at these Games. A few events had been held at the 1936 Games, but the St. Moritz Games featured a full slate of three men's and three women's alpine events. Frenchman Henri Oreiller won a medal in all three Alpine events: gold in the downhill and combined, and bronze in the slalom. He was one of only two athletes to win two gold medals at the 1948 Games, and he was also the only athlete to win three or more medals. Austria dominated the women's alpine events, winning five out of nine possible medals. Trude Beiser was a double-medal winner, earning gold in the combined event and silver in the downhill. She was not the only female skier to win two medals, though United States skier Gretchen Fraser won gold in the slalom and took silver behind Beiser in the combined. Austrian Erika Mahringer earned two medals by winning bronze medals in both the slalom and the combined. Cross-country skiing Main article: Cross-country skiing at the 1948 Winter Olympics In cross-country skiing, 106 skiers from 15 nations competed in three events. The events were the 50 kilometer race, the 18 kilometer race, and the 4 x 10 kilometer relay. There were no women's events at the 1948 Games. Martin Lundström of Sweden was the other athlete to win two gold medals when he won the 18 kilometer race and participated on the winning cross-country relay team. Sweden won seven out of fifteen possible medals in the Nordic events, including all three gold medals and a sweep of the 18 kilometer race. All fifteen medals were won by either Sweden, Norway, or Finland. Skeleton Main article: Skeleton at the 1948 Winter Olympics Skeleton made its second appearance at the Olympics during these Games. It debuted in St. Moritz at the 1928 Winter Olympics. Skeleton was a form of luge that had originally appeared in the St. Moritz region at the end of the 19th century. American John Heaton won his second Olympic medal in the skeleton; he won his first 20 years earlier when he was 19 years old. Italian slider Nino Bibbia won the gold medal. It was the first of his 231 career wins on the Cresta Boblsed track. One of the curves at Cesana Pariol, where the bobsled, luge, and skeleton events took place at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, was named after Bibbia. Nordic combined Main article: Nordic combined at the 1948 Winter Olympics The Nordic combined event had been contested at each Winter Olympics since 1924. Nordic combined required athletes to first compete in the open 18 kilometer cross-country ski race alongside the other cross-country competitors. Their times would be assigned a point value. The athletes would take two jumps off the ski jump hill two days later. The jumps would be given a point value, and the longest jump would be combined with their cross-country time to create a score. Traditional Nordic combined power Norway was stunned at the 1948 Games when Finland's Heikki Hasu became the first non-Norwegian to win the event. Norway did not even make the podium. Hasu's teammate Martti Huhtala took the silver, and Sven Israelsson from Sweden won the bronze. Ski jumping Main article: Ski jumping at the 1948 Winter Olympics The Norwegians swept the ski jumping event. Birger Ruud had won the gold medal in the ski jumping event at both the 1932 and 1936 Winter Games. The twelve-year hiatus due to World War II meant that Ruud was 36 years old in 1948. He had retired from competition and was coaching the Norwegian team. However, when he arrived at the Games, he decided to come out of retirement and compete one last time. Despite not having competed for several years, he earned a silver medal. Norwegian Petter Hugsted won the gold and teammate Thorleif Schjelderup won the bronze. Demonstration sports Main articles: Military patrol at the 1948 Winter Olympics and Winter pentathlon at the 1948 Winter Olympics Two demonstration sports were held at the 1948 Games. Military patrol had been a demonstration sport at the 1924, 1928, and 1936 Winter Olympic Games. It entailed a combination of cross-country skiing and shooting at targets. Eventually the competition would be renamed Biathlon and was made an official Olympic medal sport at the 1960 Games in Squaw Valley, United States. Winter pentathlon involved five competitions: 10 kilometer cross-country ski race, shooting, downhill skiing, fencing and horseback riding. This was the first and last time the event was held. Fourteen competitors took part in the event. Calendar All dates are in Central European Time (UTC+1) The opening ceremonies were held at 10:00 am on 30 January, along with the initial hockey games and the first two runs of the two-man bobsled. The closing ceremonies were held at 4:00 pm on 8 February. All of the medals were awarded at the closing ceremonies rather than immediately after the event, as current tradition dictates. OC Opening ceremony  ● Event competitions 1 Event finals CC Closing ceremony January 1948 February 1948 30thFri 31stSat 1stSun 2ndMon 3rdTue 4thWed 5thThu 6thFri 7thSat 8thSun Goldmedals Ceremonies OC CC Bobsleigh   ● 1   ● 1 2 Ice hockey   ●   ●   ●   ●   ●   ●   ●   ●   ● 1 1 Figure skating     ● ● ● 3 Speed skating ● ● ● ● 4 Alpine skiing ● ● ● ● ● ● 6 Cross-country skiing ● ● ● 3 Skeleton ● 1 Nordic combined   ● 1 Ski jumping ● 1 Total gold medals 3 1 6 3 3 2 2 2 22 Cumulative Total 3 4 10 13 13 16 18 20 22 Venues The Olympiaschanze ski jump hill in St. Moritz Main article: Venues of the 1948 Winter Olympics The Stad Olympique (Olympic Stadium) hosted the opening and closing ceremonies. The stadium was also used for speed skating, the figure skating competition, and the medal games for ice hockey. Most of the ice hockey games were held at the Suvretta and Kulm stadiums in St. Moritz. Bobsled was held at the St. Moritz-Celerina Olympic Bobrun. Skeleton was contested on the Cresta Run track. Olympia Bob Run was built in 1897 and modernized for the 1948 Games, while the Cresta Run was first constructed in 1885. The ski jump competitions were held at Olympiaschanze ski jump hill in St. Moritz. It was built in 1927 for the 1928 Games and remained in use until 2006. The alpine events were held on ski-runs in and around Piz Nair. Participating nations Participating nations Twenty-eight nations competed in St. Moritz, the same number as the previous Winter Games in 1936. Chile, Denmark, Iceland, Korea, and Lebanon all made their Winter Olympic debut at these Games. Germany and Japan were not invited because of their involvement in World War II. Despite being an Axis power, Italy was allowed to send athletes after it defected to the Allies in 1943. Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania had been annexed by the Soviet Union in 1940 and would not compete again as independent nations until 1992. Argentina returned to the Winter Games after missing the 1932 and 1936 Games, and Australia and Luxembourg did not compete in 1948, even though they had participated in 1936. Participating National Olympic Committees  Argentina (9)  Austria (54)  Belgium (11)  Bulgaria (4)  Canada (28)  Chile (4)  Czechoslovakia (47)  Denmark (2)  Finland (24)  France (36)  Great Britain (55)  Greece (1)  Hungary (22)  Iceland (4)  Italy (57)  South Korea (3)  Lebanon (2)  Liechtenstein (10)  Netherlands (4)  Norway (49)  Poland (29)  Romania (7)  Spain (6)  Sweden (43)  Switzerland (70) (host)  Turkey (4)  United States (69)  Yugoslavia (17) Number of athletes by National Olympic Committees IOC Letter Code Country Athletes SUI  Switzerland 70 USA  United States 69 ITA  Italy 57 GBR  Great Britain 55 AUT  Austria 54 NOR  Norway 49 TCH  Czechoslovakia 47 SWE  Sweden 43 POL  Poland 29 CAN  Canada 28 FIN  Finland 24 HUN  Hungary 22 YUG  Yugoslavia 17 BEL  Belgium 11 LIE  Liechtenstein 10 ARG  Argentina 9 ROU  Romania 7 ESP  Spain 6 BUL  Bulgaria 4 CHI  Chile 4 ISL  Iceland 4 NED  Netherlands 4 TUR  Turkey 4 KOR  South Korea 3 DEN  Denmark 2 LIB  Lebanon 2 Total 669 Medal count Main article: 1948 Winter Olympics medal table These are the top ten nations that won medals at the 1948 Winter Games.   *   Host nation (Switzerland)RankNationGoldSilverBronzeTotal1 Norway43310 Sweden433103 Switzerland*343104 United States34295 France21256 Canada20137 Austria13488 Finland13269 Belgium110210 Italy1001Totals (10 entries)22222064 Podium sweeps Date Sport Event NOC Gold Silver Bronze 31 January Cross-country skiing Men's 18 kilometre  Sweden Martin Lundström Nils Östensson Gunnar Eriksson 7 February Ski jumping Normal hill  Norway Petter Hugsted Birger Ruud Thorleif Schjelderup See also List of 1948 Winter Olympics medal winners Olympic Games portal 1948 Summer Olympics Olympic Games celebrated in Switzerland 1928 Winter Olympics – St. Moritz 1948 Winter Olympics – St. Moritz List of IOC country codes Notes ^ "Factsheet - Opening Ceremony of the Winter Olympic Games" (PDF) (Press release). International Olympic Committee. 9 October 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 August 2016. Retrieved 22 September 2019. ^ "Past Olympic host city election results". GamesBids. Archived from the original on 24 January 2011. Retrieved 17 March 2011. ^ "1948 Winter Olympics". Olympedia. ^ Comité Olympique Suisse (1948), p.7 ^ a b c Comité Olympique Suisse (1948), p. 17 ^ Comité Olympique Suisse (1948), p. 8 ^ Comité Olympique Suisse (1948), pp. 9–10 ^ Comité Olympique Suisse (1948), p. 24 ^ Comité Olympique Suisse (1948), p. 15 ^ a b c d Comité Olympique Suisse (1948), p. 25 ^ a b c d "Did you know?". The Beijing Organizing Committee for the Games of the XXIX Olympiad. Archived from the original on 29 April 2009. Retrieved 26 May 2009. ^ Judd (2009), p. 26 ^ a b c d Findling and Pelle (2004) p. 315 ^ Comité Olympique Suisse (1948) p. 13 ^ a b c d Guttman (2002) p. 74 ^ a b c Findling and Pelle (2004), p. 316 ^ "St. Moritz Olympics 1948". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 1 April 2009. Retrieved 15 May 2009. ^ "St. Moritz 1948". International Olympic Committee. Archived from the original on 23 April 2009. Retrieved 15 May 2009. ^ a b "Storms over St. Moritz". Time Magazine. Time Inc. 9 February 1948. Archived from the original on 2 March 2012. Retrieved 26 May 2009. ^ a b Findling & Pelle (2004), p. 318 ^ a b c d e f g h i "The 1948 Winter Olympics:St. Moritz Switzerland". Hickoksports.com. Archived from the original on 27 February 2010. Retrieved 26 May 2009. ^ "Ice Hockey at the 1948 Sankt Moritz Winter Games: Men's Ice Hockey". Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 3 September 2009. Retrieved 28 May 2009. ^ Buchanon and Mallon (2006), pp.45–46 ^ Findling & Pelle (2004), p. 317 ^ Smith, Beverley (3 May 2009). "Where are they now:Barbara Ann Scott". The Globe and Mail. CTVOlympics.ca. Archived from the original on 26 May 2009. Retrieved 27 May 2009. ^ a b Judd (2009), p. 27 ^ Smits, Ted (6 February 1948). "Mrs. Fraser, Dick Button pace Yanks". The Washington Post. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 15 January 2010. Retrieved 19 March 2010. ^ "Han Gerschwiler". ABC.net. Archived from the original on 2 March 2012. Retrieved 19 March 2010. ^ a b "Speed skating at the 1948 Winter Olympics". Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 22 March 2010. ^ "Speed Skating at the 1948 Sankt Moritz Winter Games-Men's 5,000 metres". Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 22 March 2010. ^ "St. Moritz 1948—V Olympic Winter Games". The Beijing Organizing Committee for the Games of the XXIX Olympiad. Archived from the original on 29 April 2009. Retrieved 26 May 2009. ^ Comité Olympique Suisse (1948), p.11 ^ "1948 Winter Olympics nordic skiing results". The International Olympic Committee. Archived from the original on 22 August 2011. Retrieved 23 March 2010. ^ "Nino Bibbia". Sports-reference.com. Archived from the original on 2 March 2012. Retrieved 26 May 2009. ^ "Nordic Combined at the 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo Winter Games". Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2010. ^ Comité Olympique Suisse (1948), p.37 ^ Judd (2009), p. 229 ^ Wright (2001), p.903 ^ Comité Olympique Suisse (1948), p.47 ^ "About Biathlon". Biathlon.net. Archived from the original on 4 May 2009. Retrieved 28 May 2009. ^ "Olympic Games Medallists-other winter sports". GBRAthletics.com. Archived from the original on 3 November 2009. Retrieved 28 May 2009. ^ Comité Olympique Suisse (1948) pp.26–27 ^ a b Comité Olympique Suisse (1948) p. 19 ^ "History of the Track" (in German). Olympia-bobrun. Archived from the original on 7 July 2011. Retrieved 25 February 2010. ^ "Olympiaschanze". Ski Jumping Hill archive. Retrieved 25 February 2010. ^ Sunny St. Mortiz. ViaMichelin. ^ Comité Olympique Suisse (1948) p. 11 ^ Comité Olympique Suisse (1948) p. 21 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1948 Winter Olympics. "St Moritz 1948". Olympics.com. International Olympic Committee. Buchanon, Ian; Mallon, Bill (2006). Historical Dictionary of the Olympic Movement. Oxford, United Kingdom: Scarecrow Press. p. 46. ISBN 0-8108-4054-5. Retrieved 23 March 2010. ice hockey at the 1948 winter olympics. Comité Olympique Suisse (1948). Rapport Général les Ves Jeux Olympiques D'hiver St. Moritz 1948 (PDF) (in French). Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 April 2008. Retrieved 9 February 2010. Findling, John E.; Pelle, Kimberly D. (2004). Encyclopedia of the Modern Olympic Movement. Westport CT.: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-32278-3. Retrieved 30 March 2009. Guttman, Allen (2002). The Olympics, a history of the modern games. Champaign, IL: The University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0-252-02725-6. Retrieved 16 May 2009. Judd, Ron C. (2008). The Winter Olympics. Seattle, Washington: The Mountaineers Books. ISBN 978-1-59485-063-9. Retrieved 13 March 2009. Wright, John (2001). The New York Times Almanac-2002 edition. New York, United States: Penguin Group. ISBN 1-57958-348-2. Retrieved 23 March 2010. Winter Olympics Preceded byCortina d'Ampezzo cancelled due to World War II V Olympic Winter GamesSt. Moritz 1948 Succeeded byOslo vteOlympic Games Olympic sports Olympism IOC Charter Olympic Congress IOC meetings International sports federations Medals Medal table All-time medal table youth Medal table leaders by Olympic Games Medalists youth Medal ties Incentives by country Stripped medals Olympic diploma Olive wreath Nations Summer Olympics Winter Olympics tropical nations country codes Host cities Bids youth Venues youth Olympic Stadium Ceremonies People who opened the Olympics Torch relays lighters of the Olympic cauldron Keepers of the Olympic flag Media Television Olympic Broadcasting Services Olympic Channel Social media Films summer winter Video games Symbols Flame Olympiad Oath Songs and anthems Hymn Emblem Poster Mascots Coins summer winter Pierre de Coubertin medal Olympic Cup Olympic Diploma of Merit Olympic Laurel Olympic Order Other Art competitions at the Olympics medalists Scandals and controversies antisemitism colonialism doping Deaths WWI WWII Participation of women Related Paralympic Games Continental African Asian European Pacific Pan-American Olympic Esports Series Deaflympics Special Olympics 1906 Intercalated Games Ancient Olympic Games Olympic GamesSummer 1896 Athens 1900 Paris 1904 St. Louis 1908 London 1912 Stockholm 1916 1920 Antwerp 1924 Paris 1928 Amsterdam 1932 Los Angeles 1936 Berlin 1940 1944 1948 London 1952 Helsinki 1956 Melbourne 1960 Rome 1964 Tokyo 1968 Mexico City 1972 Munich 1976 Montreal 1980 Moscow 1984 Los Angeles 1988 Seoul 1992 Barcelona 1996 Atlanta 2000 Sydney 2004 Athens 2008 Beijing 2012 London 2016 Rio de Janeiro 2020 Tokyo 2024 Paris 2028 Los Angeles 2032 Brisbane 2036 Winter 1924 Chamonix 1928 St. Moritz 1932 Lake Placid 1936 Garmisch-Partenkirchen 1940 1944 1948 St. Moritz 1952 Oslo 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo 1960 Squaw Valley 1964 Innsbruck 1968 Grenoble 1972 Sapporo 1976 Innsbruck 1980 Lake Placid 1984 Sarajevo 1988 Calgary 1992 Albertville 1994 Lillehammer 1998 Nagano 2002 Salt Lake City 2006 Turin 2010 Vancouver 2014 Sochi 2018 Pyeongchang 2022 Beijing 2026 Milan Cortina 2030 Youth Olympic GamesSummer 2010 Singapore 2014 Nanjing 2018 Buenos Aires 2026 Dakar 2030 Winter 2012 Innsbruck 2016 Lillehammer 2020 Lausanne 2024 Gangwon 2028 ^ Cancelled due to World War I ^ a b c d Cancelled due to World War II ^ Postponed to 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic Portal Category Commons vte Events at the 1948 Winter Olympics (St. Moritz) Alpine skiing Bobsleigh Cross‑country skiing Figure skating Ice hockey Military patrol (demonstration) Nordic combined Skeleton Ski jumping Speed skating Winter pentathlon (demonstration) vte National Olympic Committees at the 1948 Winter Olympics in St. Moritz, SwitzerlandAfricaNo representationAmerica Argentina Canada Chile United States Asia South Korea Lebanon Europe Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czechoslovakia Denmark Finland France Great Britain Greece Hungary Iceland Italy Liechtenstein Netherlands Norway Poland Romania Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Yugoslavia OceaniaNo representation vteVenues of the 1948 Winter Olympics (St. Moritz) Cresta Run Kulm Olympiaschanze Olympic Stadium Piz Nair St. Moritz-Celerina Olympic Bobrun Suvretta Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Portals: Olympics Switzerland
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Olympische Winterspiele; French: Ves Jeux olympiques d'hiver; Italian: V Giochi olimpici invernali; Romansh: V Gieus olimpics d'enviern) and commonly known as St. Moritz 1948 (French: Saint-Moritz 1948; Romansh: San Murezzan 1948), were a winter multi-sport event held from 30 January to 8 February 1948 in St. Moritz, Switzerland. The Games were the first to be celebrated after World War II; it had been twelve years since the last Winter Games in 1936.From the selection of a host city in a neutral country to the exclusion of Japan and Germany, the political atmosphere of the post-war world was inescapable during the 1948 Games. The organizing committee faced several challenges due to the lack of financial and human resources consumed by the war. These were the first of two winter Olympic Games under the IOC presidency of Sigfrid Edström.28 nations marched in the opening ceremonies on 30 January 1948. Bibi Torriani played for the Switzerland men's national ice hockey team and became the first ice hockey player to recite the Olympic Oath on behalf of all athletes.[1] Nearly 670 athletes competed in 22 events in four sports. The 1948 Games also featured two demonstration sports: military patrol, which later became the biathlon, and winter pentathlon, which was discontinued after these Games. Notable performances were turned in by figure skaters Dick Button and Barbara Ann Scott and skier Henri Oreiller. Most athletic venues have existed since St. Moritz first hosted the Winter Games in 1928. All the venues were outdoors, meaning the Games were heavily dependent on favorable weather conditions.","title":"1948 Winter Olympics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"general session","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOC_Session"},{"link_name":"Lausanne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lausanne"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-votes-2"},{"link_name":"Lake Placid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Placid,_New_York"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"1928 Winter Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1928_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1936","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Garmisch-Partenkirchen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garmisch-Partenkirchen"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-report7-4"}],"text":"The IOC selected St. Moritz to host the 1948 Games by acclamation at the 40 general session in Lausanne, Switzerland, on 6 September 1946.[2] The selection process consisted of two bids, and saw St. Moritz be selected ahead of Lake Placid, New York, United States. St. Moritz was chosen because all of the venues of the 1928 Winter Olympics were available, and the Swiss resort could organize the Games much quicker than any other city except for 1936 host Garmisch-Partenkirchen which was not considered.[3] Despite the existence of many of the 1928 sites, it was still a difficult task to organize a Winter Olympic Games in less than 18 months.[4]","title":"Host city selection"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Switzerland_adm_location_map.svg"},{"link_name":"class=notpageimage|","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Switzerland_adm_location_map.svg"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-report17-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-report17-5"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-report17-5"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-report25-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-report25-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-report25-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-report25-10"}],"text":"St. Moritzclass=notpageimage| Location of St. Moritz in SwitzerlandThe Comité Olympique (CO) was composed of local dignitaries and members of the Swiss National Olympic Committee (COS).[5] They decided to separate into several sub-committees responsible for various aspects of the Games. These committees included housing and maintenance, venue construction, finances, and media and advertising.[6] The local committees worked very closely with the Swiss federal government and the IOC to ensure that the organization of the Games proceeded without hindrance.[7] Since no athletes' village existed from the previous Games, the athletes and officials were housed in hotels around the city.[5] It was essential for the committees to draw upon their experiences from the 1928 Olympics. Their selection of locations for the various events was contingent on the weather conditions, as all the events were held outdoors.[8]Over 800 people were involved in reporting the news of the Games to the world.[5] Nearly 500 press credentials were issued by the Press Commission for the Games. Television would not make its Olympic debut until 1956. The coverage of the 1948 Games was split between newspapers and radio broadcasts.[9] The organizing committee had to provide technology, such as long-distance telephone lines and telegraph services, to assist the press in communicating with their constituents.[10]Over 2,200 people were needed to provide all the services for the press, officials, and athletes at the Games. These services included sanitation, security, and care of the venues.[10] Accommodating the influx of people into St. Moritz was difficult for the organizing committee. It was complicated by the mountainous region in which the community was situated. A massive project to improve the village's transportation infrastructure had to be completed before the Games. This included building and widening roads for vehicular traffic. Several train stations were built to accommodate the increased demands for public transit. They also had to increase the capacity of the city's sewers. All of the projects had to be approved by the Swiss government and justified by its impact on the success of the Games.[10] To aid the organizing committee, the IOC demanded that all participating nations provide lists of their athletes several months before the Games. Consequently, the Swiss knew exactly how many athletes and officials to plan for.[10]","title":"Organizing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dyk-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-judd26-12"},{"link_name":"1952","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fp315-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fp315-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Since these Games were the first since World War II, they were named \"The Games of Renewal.\"[11] Japan and Germany were not invited to these Games because the international community still ostracized them for their role in World War II.[12] Their absence was short-lived, though, as they returned to Olympic competition in 1952.[13] The Soviet Union did not send athletes to the St. Moritz Games of 1948, but they did send ten delegates as observers of the Games to determine how successful the Soviet athletes would have been had they competed.[13][14]","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sapporo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapporo"},{"link_name":"1940 Winter Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1940_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gutt74-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gutt74-15"},{"link_name":"1936 Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Garmisch-Partenkirchen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garmisch-Partenkirchen"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gutt74-15"},{"link_name":"invaded Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"invasion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_War"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gutt74-15"},{"link_name":"1944 Winter Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1944_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Cortina d'Ampezzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortina_d%27Ampezzo"},{"link_name":"olympiad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympiad"},{"link_name":"Lake Placid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Placid,_New_York"},{"link_name":"St. Moritz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Moritz"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fp315-13"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-findling316-16"},{"link_name":"Norwegian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_at_the_1948_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_at_the_1948_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-findling316-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Impact of World War II","text":"Sapporo, Japan had been the choice for the 1940 Winter Games.[15] In 1938, the Japanese decided to decline the invitation to host the Games claiming that preparations for the Olympic Games were draining the country's resources.[15] The IOC turned to the host of the 1936 Games, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, which would make it the only city to host consecutive Games.[15] This became impractical when Germany invaded Poland on 1 September 1939; subsequently Germany withdrew its bid to host the Games. Finland believed it could host the Games and extended an invitation to the IOC, but the Soviet Union's invasion of Finland ended all hope of an Olympic Games in 1940.[15] The 1944 Winter Olympics had been awarded to Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy in 1939. As the war continued, this proved impractical, and the second consecutive olympiad passed without celebrating the Games. The IOC was presented with two possible host cities for the first post-war Games: Lake Placid, United States and St. Moritz, Switzerland. The IOC decided to award the Games to Switzerland, a neutral country immediately following World War II, to avoid political posturing by former combatants.[13]The impact of World War II was still being felt in 1948. The lack of financial resources and human energy made the organization of the Games challenging.[16] Athletes were also affected by a lack of resources. Many competitors arrived with little or no equipment. In one notable case, Norwegian skiers had to borrow skis from the American team to compete.[16][17]","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stmoritz-18"},{"link_name":"Bobsleigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobsleigh"},{"link_name":"Bobsleigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobsleigh"},{"link_name":"details","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobsleigh_at_the_1948_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Skeleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeleton_(sport)"},{"link_name":"details","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeleton_at_the_1948_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Ice hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"details","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey_at_the_1948_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Skating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_Skating"},{"link_name":"Figure skating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_skating"},{"link_name":"details","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_skating_at_the_1948_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Speed skating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_skating"},{"link_name":"details","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_skating_at_the_1948_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Skiing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skiing"},{"link_name":"Alpine skiing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_skiing"},{"link_name":"details","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_1948_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Nordic skiing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_skiing"},{"link_name":"details","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_skiing_at_the_1948_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Cross-country skiing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_(sport)"},{"link_name":"details","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_1948_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Nordic combined","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_combined"},{"link_name":"details","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_combined_at_the_1948_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Ski jumping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_jumping"},{"link_name":"details","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_1948_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"military patrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_patrol_at_the_1948_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"winter pentathlon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_pentathlon_at_the_1948_Winter_Olympics"}],"text":"Medals were awarded in 22 events contested in 4 sports (9 disciplines).[18]Bobsleigh\n Bobsleigh (2) (details)\n Skeleton (1) (details)\n Ice hockey (1) (details)\nSkating\n Figure skating (3) (details)\n Speed skating (4) (details)\nSkiing\n Alpine skiing (6) (details)\n Nordic skiing (details)\n Cross-country skiing (3) (details)\n Nordic combined (1) (details)\n Ski jumping (1) (details)There were also two demonstration sports, military patrol and the winter pentathlon.","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-time-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-findling318-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-results-21"},{"link_name":"Swiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland_at_the_1948_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-results-21"},{"link_name":"Felix Endrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Endrich"},{"link_name":"Fritz Feierabend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Feierabend"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-time-19"}],"sub_title":"Bobsled","text":"Two sliding sports were contested at the 1948 Winter Games; the first was bobsled. A controversy erupted when it was alleged that the sleds of the United States team had been sabotaged. It was discovered that the steering wheels had been damaged.[19] After news broke of the apparent improprieties a truck driver stepped forward and admitted to having accidentally backed into the shed housing the bobsleds.[20] The accident, however, did not hinder the United States teams, who won a bronze in the two-man event and a gold and a bronze in the four-man event.[21] The Swiss two-man teams placed first and second, which is the best possible result for the event since only two teams were allowed to enter.[21] The driver of the first place team, Felix Endrich, beat his coach, the driver of the second place team, Fritz Feierabend.[19]","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ice hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_men%27s_national_ice_hockey_team"},{"link_name":"Czechoslovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakia_at_the_1948_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland_at_the_1948_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"1920 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1920_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Great Britain at the 1936 Winter Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain_at_the_1936_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Amateur Athletic Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur_Athletic_Union"},{"link_name":"United States Olympic Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Olympic_Committee"},{"link_name":"Amateur Hockey Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur_Hockey_Association_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Ligue Internationale de Hockey sur Glace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligue_Internationale_de_Hockey_sur_Glace"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-findling316-16"},{"link_name":"International Olympic Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee"},{"link_name":"opening ceremony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Games_ceremony"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-findling317-24"}],"sub_title":"Ice hockey","text":"The ice hockey tournament was won by Canada, with Czechoslovakia second and Switzerland third.[22] This was the fifth Olympic gold medal for Canada in hockey. The only team to beat Canada since hockey was introduced at the 1920 Summer Olympics was Great Britain at the 1936 Winter Olympics.[23] The tournament was almost canceled when rival teams representing the United States arrived. An Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) team was supported by the United States Olympic Committee (USOC), and an Amateur Hockey Association (AHA) team was supported by the Ligue Internationale de Hockey sur Glace (LIHG).[16] The International Olympic Committee ruled that neither team could compete. Still, the Swiss organizing committee allowed the AAU team to march in the opening ceremony and the AHA team to play unofficially without being eligible for medals.[24]","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Barbara Ann Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Ann_Scott"},{"link_name":"Canadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_at_the_1948_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"ice resurfacer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_resurfacer"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Dick Button","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Button"},{"link_name":"double Axel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_Axel"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-judd27-26"},{"link_name":"Swiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland_at_the_1948_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Hans Gerschwiler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Gerschwiler"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"Figure skating","text":"Barbara Ann Scott became the first and only Canadian woman to win an Olympic gold medal in figure skating when she won the competition at St. Moritz. Despite the distraction caused by a low-flying airplane during her compulsory routine, she could muster the focus to place first entering the free skate. The ice had been shredded the night before the free skate by two ice hockey games (the ice resurfacer had not yet been invented); nonetheless, she was able to adjust her routine to avoid the potholes and emerge victorious.[25]Eighteen-year-old American Dick Button completed the unprecedented North American sweep of the figure skating gold medals. He led the field after the compulsory skate and won the gold medal by becoming the first person to complete a double Axel in competition. Later in the 1952 Olympics, Dick Button would win gold a second time.[26] Swiss world champion Hans Gerschwiler fell during the free skate,[27] but rebounded to win the silver medal.[28]","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-srss-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-srss-29"},{"link_name":"Finn Helgesen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finn_Helgesen"},{"link_name":"Thomas Byberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Byberg"},{"link_name":"Robert Fitzgerald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Fitzgerald_(speed_skater)"},{"link_name":"Kenneth Bartholomew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Bartholomew"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-results-21"},{"link_name":"Swede","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden_at_the_1948_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Åke Seyffarth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85ke_Seyffarth"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-results-21"},{"link_name":"Reidar Liaklev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reidar_Liaklev"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"sub_title":"Speed skating","text":"The speed skating competition was held on the same rink that had hosted the events in 1928. At 1,856 m (6,089 ft) above sea level, the speed skating competition was held at the second-highest altitude in Olympic history; only Squaw Valley in 1960 was higher.[29] The competition was dominated by the Scandinavian countries of Norway and Sweden who won nine out of the twelve possible medals. Scandinavians had done poorly in speed skating events up until the 1948 Games. Their success was because speed skating in Europe had reached a standstill during World War II. Only countries that were ancillary to the conflict had the resources to keep their speed skating programs intact.[29] The 500 meter race was won by Finn Helgesen of Norway. There was a three-way tie for second place between Norwegian Thomas Byberg and Americans Robert Fitzgerald and Kenneth Bartholomew. All three had finished in exactly 43.2 seconds.[21] Swede Åke Seyffarth won a gold medal in the 10,000 meter race and a silver medal in the 1,500 meter race.[21] The 5,000 meter event was affected by weather. The twenty racers encountered wind, sun, and snow during the day's competition. Finally, long-distance specialist Reidar Liaklev from Norway prevailed.[30]","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dyk-11"},{"link_name":"1936 Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dyk-11"},{"link_name":"Frenchman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_at_the_1948_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Henri Oreiller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Oreiller"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-results-21"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-results-21"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria_at_the_1948_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Trude Beiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trude_Beiser"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_at_the_1948_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Gretchen Fraser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gretchen_Fraser"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-results-21"},{"link_name":"Erika Mahringer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erika_Mahringer"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-results-21"}],"sub_title":"Alpine skiing","text":"Alpine skiing made its Olympic debut at these Games.[11] A few events had been held at the 1936 Games, but the St. Moritz Games featured a full slate of three men's and three women's alpine events.[11] Frenchman Henri Oreiller won a medal in all three Alpine events: gold in the downhill and combined, and bronze in the slalom.[21] He was one of only two athletes to win two gold medals at the 1948 Games,[31] and he was also the only athlete to win three or more medals.[21]Austria dominated the women's alpine events, winning five out of nine possible medals. Trude Beiser was a double-medal winner, earning gold in the combined event and silver in the downhill. She was not the only female skier to win two medals, though United States skier Gretchen Fraser won gold in the slalom and took silver behind Beiser in the combined.[21] Austrian Erika Mahringer earned two medals by winning bronze medals in both the slalom and the combined.[21]","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Martin Lundström","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Lundstr%C3%B6m"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden_at_the_1948_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland_at_the_1948_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-results-21"}],"sub_title":"Cross-country skiing","text":"In cross-country skiing, 106 skiers from 15 nations competed in three events. The events were the 50 kilometer race, the 18 kilometer race, and the 4 x 10 kilometer relay.[32] There were no women's events at the 1948 Games.[33] Martin Lundström of Sweden was the other athlete to win two gold medals when he won the 18 kilometer race and participated on the winning cross-country relay team. Sweden won seven out of fifteen possible medals in the Nordic events, including all three gold medals and a sweep of the 18 kilometer race. All fifteen medals were won by either Sweden, Norway, or Finland.[21]","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1928 Winter Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1928_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dyk-11"},{"link_name":"John Heaton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Heaton_(athlete)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-judd27-26"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy_at_the_1948_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Nino Bibbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nino_Bibbia"},{"link_name":"Cesana Pariol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesana_Pariol"},{"link_name":"bobsled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobsleigh_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"luge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luge_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"skeleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeleton_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"2006 Winter Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Turin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turin"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"sub_title":"Skeleton","text":"Skeleton made its second appearance at the Olympics during these Games. It debuted in St. Moritz at the 1928 Winter Olympics. Skeleton was a form of luge that had originally appeared in the St. Moritz region at the end of the 19th century.[11] American John Heaton won his second Olympic medal in the skeleton; he won his first 20 years earlier when he was 19 years old.[26] Italian slider Nino Bibbia won the gold medal. It was the first of his 231 career wins on the Cresta Boblsed track. One of the curves at Cesana Pariol, where the bobsled, luge, and skeleton events took place at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, was named after Bibbia.[34]","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Heikki Hasu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heikki_Hasu"},{"link_name":"Martti Huhtala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martti_Huhtala"},{"link_name":"Sven Israelsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sven_Israelsson"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"sub_title":"Nordic combined","text":"The Nordic combined event had been contested at each Winter Olympics since 1924. Nordic combined required athletes to first compete in the open 18 kilometer cross-country ski race alongside the other cross-country competitors. Their times would be assigned a point value. The athletes would take two jumps off the ski jump hill two days later. The jumps would be given a point value, and the longest jump would be combined with their cross-country time to create a score.[35] Traditional Nordic combined power Norway was stunned at the 1948 Games when Finland's Heikki Hasu became the first non-Norwegian to win the event. Norway did not even make the podium. Hasu's teammate Martti Huhtala took the silver, and Sven Israelsson from Sweden won the bronze.[36]","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Norwegians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_at_the_1948_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Birger Ruud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birger_Ruud"},{"link_name":"1932","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1932_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1936","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Petter Hugsted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petter_Hugsted"},{"link_name":"Thorleif Schjelderup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorleif_Schjelderup"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"sub_title":"Ski jumping","text":"The Norwegians swept the ski jumping event. Birger Ruud had won the gold medal in the ski jumping event at both the 1932 and 1936 Winter Games. The twelve-year hiatus due to World War II meant that Ruud was 36 years old in 1948. He had retired from competition and was coaching the Norwegian team. However, when he arrived at the Games, he decided to come out of retirement and compete one last time. Despite not having competed for several years, he earned a silver medal.[37][38] Norwegian Petter Hugsted won the gold and teammate Thorleif Schjelderup won the bronze.[39]","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1924","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924_Winter_Olympic_Games"},{"link_name":"1928","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1928_Winter_Olympic_Games"},{"link_name":"1936 Winter Olympic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936_Winter_Olympic_Games"},{"link_name":"1960 Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_Winter_Olympic_Games"},{"link_name":"Squaw Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squaw_Valley_Ski_Resort"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-findling318-20"}],"sub_title":"Demonstration sports","text":"Two demonstration sports were held at the 1948 Games. Military patrol had been a demonstration sport at the 1924, 1928, and 1936 Winter Olympic Games. It entailed a combination of cross-country skiing and shooting at targets. Eventually the competition would be renamed Biathlon and was made an official Olympic medal sport at the 1960 Games in Squaw Valley, United States.[40] Winter pentathlon involved five competitions: 10 kilometer cross-country ski race, shooting, downhill skiing, fencing and horseback riding.[41] This was the first and last time the event was held. Fourteen competitors took part in the event.[20]","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Central European Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_European_Time"},{"link_name":"UTC+1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%2B1"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"text":"All dates are in Central European Time (UTC+1)The opening ceremonies were held at 10:00 am on 30 January, along with the initial hockey games and the first two runs of the two-man bobsled. The closing ceremonies were held at 4:00 pm on 8 February. All of the medals were awarded at the closing ceremonies rather than immediately after the event, as current tradition dictates.[42]","title":"Calendar"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Olympiaschanze_St._Moritz.jpg"},{"link_name":"Stad Olympique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Moritz_Olympic_Ice_Rink"},{"link_name":"opening and closing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Games_ceremony"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-report19-43"},{"link_name":"Suvretta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Moritz"},{"link_name":"Kulm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Moritz"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-report19-43"},{"link_name":"St. Moritz-Celerina Olympic Bobrun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Moritz-Celerina_Olympic_Bobrun"},{"link_name":"Cresta Run","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cresta_Run"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Olympiaschanze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympiaschanze_St._Moritz"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Piz Nair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piz_Nair"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"}],"text":"The Olympiaschanze ski jump hill in St. MoritzThe Stad Olympique (Olympic Stadium) hosted the opening and closing ceremonies. The stadium was also used for speed skating, the figure skating competition, and the medal games for ice hockey.[43] Most of the ice hockey games were held at the Suvretta and Kulm stadiums in St. Moritz.[43] Bobsled was held at the St. Moritz-Celerina Olympic Bobrun. Skeleton was contested on the Cresta Run track. Olympia Bob Run was built in 1897 and modernized for the 1948 Games, while the Cresta Run was first constructed in 1885.[44] The ski jump competitions were held at Olympiaschanze ski jump hill in St. Moritz. It was built in 1927 for the 1928 Games and remained in use until 2006.[45] The alpine events were held on ski-runs in and around Piz Nair.[46]","title":"Venues"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1948_Winter_Olympics_countries.PNG"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile_at_the_1948_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark_at_the_1948_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Iceland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland_at_the_1948_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea_at_the_1948_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon_at_the_1948_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fp315-13"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy_at_the_1948_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Estonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia"},{"link_name":"Latvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia"},{"link_name":"Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina_at_the_1948_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg"}],"text":"Participating nationsTwenty-eight nations competed in St. Moritz, the same number as the previous Winter Games in 1936.[47] Chile, Denmark, Iceland, Korea, and Lebanon all made their Winter Olympic debut at these Games.[13] Germany and Japan were not invited because of their involvement in World War II. Despite being an Axis power, Italy was allowed to send athletes after it defected to the Allies in 1943. Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania had been annexed by the Soviet Union in 1940 and would not compete again as independent nations until 1992. Argentina returned to the Winter Games after missing the 1932 and 1936 Games, and Australia and Luxembourg did not compete in 1948, even though they had participated in 1936.","title":"Participating nations"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Number of athletes by National Olympic Committees","title":"Participating nations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland_at_the_1948_Winter_Olympics"}],"text":"These are the top ten nations that won medals at the 1948 Winter Games.[48]*   Host nation (Switzerland)","title":"Medal count"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Podium sweeps","title":"Medal count"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-IOC_1-0"},{"link_name":"\"Factsheet - Opening Ceremony of the Winter Olympic 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original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.gbrathletics.com/olympic/winter.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-42"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-report19_43-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-report19_43-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-44"},{"link_name":"\"History of the Track\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110707001149/http://www.olympia-bobrun.ch/geschichte.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.olympia-bobrun.ch/geschichte.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-45"},{"link_name":"\"Olympiaschanze\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//skisprungschanzen.com/e_index.htm?/sui/suie_stmoritz.htm"},{"link_name":"permanent dead link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-46"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-47"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-48"}],"text":"^ \"Factsheet - Opening Ceremony of the Winter Olympic Games\" (PDF) (Press release). International Olympic Committee. 9 October 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 August 2016. Retrieved 22 September 2019.\n\n^ \"Past Olympic host city election results\". GamesBids. Archived from the original on 24 January 2011. Retrieved 17 March 2011.\n\n^ \"1948 Winter Olympics\". Olympedia.\n\n^ Comité Olympique Suisse (1948), p.7\n\n^ a b c Comité Olympique Suisse (1948), p. 17\n\n^ Comité Olympique Suisse (1948), p. 8\n\n^ Comité Olympique Suisse (1948), pp. 9–10\n\n^ Comité Olympique Suisse (1948), p. 24\n\n^ Comité Olympique Suisse (1948), p. 15\n\n^ a b c d Comité Olympique Suisse (1948), p. 25\n\n^ a b c d \"Did you know?\". The Beijing Organizing Committee for the Games of the XXIX Olympiad. Archived from the original on 29 April 2009. Retrieved 26 May 2009.\n\n^ Judd (2009), p. 26\n\n^ a b c d Findling and Pelle (2004) p. 315\n\n^ Comité Olympique Suisse (1948) p. 13\n\n^ a b c d Guttman (2002) p. 74\n\n^ a b c Findling and Pelle (2004), p. 316\n\n^ \"St. Moritz Olympics 1948\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 1 April 2009. Retrieved 15 May 2009.\n\n^ \"St. Moritz 1948\". International Olympic Committee. Archived from the original on 23 April 2009. Retrieved 15 May 2009.\n\n^ a b \"Storms over St. Moritz\". Time Magazine. Time Inc. 9 February 1948. Archived from the original on 2 March 2012. Retrieved 26 May 2009.\n\n^ a b Findling & Pelle (2004), p. 318\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i \"The 1948 Winter Olympics:St. Moritz Switzerland\". Hickoksports.com. Archived from the original on 27 February 2010. Retrieved 26 May 2009.\n\n^ \"Ice Hockey at the 1948 Sankt Moritz Winter Games: Men's Ice Hockey\". Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 3 September 2009. Retrieved 28 May 2009.\n\n^ Buchanon and Mallon (2006), pp.45–46\n\n^ Findling & Pelle (2004), p. 317\n\n^ Smith, Beverley (3 May 2009). \"Where are they now:Barbara Ann Scott\". The Globe and Mail. CTVOlympics.ca. Archived from the original on 26 May 2009. Retrieved 27 May 2009.\n\n^ a b Judd (2009), p. 27\n\n^ Smits, Ted (6 February 1948). \"Mrs. Fraser, Dick Button pace Yanks\". The Washington Post. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 15 January 2010. Retrieved 19 March 2010.\n\n^ \"Han Gerschwiler\". ABC.net. Archived from the original on 2 March 2012. Retrieved 19 March 2010.\n\n^ a b \"Speed skating at the 1948 Winter Olympics\". Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 22 March 2010.\n\n^ \"Speed Skating at the 1948 Sankt Moritz Winter Games-Men's 5,000 metres\". Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 22 March 2010.\n\n^ \"St. Moritz 1948—V Olympic Winter Games\". The Beijing Organizing Committee for the Games of the XXIX Olympiad. Archived from the original on 29 April 2009. Retrieved 26 May 2009.\n\n^ Comité Olympique Suisse (1948), p.11\n\n^ \"1948 Winter Olympics nordic skiing results\". The International Olympic Committee. Archived from the original on 22 August 2011. Retrieved 23 March 2010.\n\n^ \"Nino Bibbia\". Sports-reference.com. Archived from the original on 2 March 2012. Retrieved 26 May 2009.\n\n^ \"Nordic Combined at the 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo Winter Games\". Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2010.\n\n^ Comité Olympique Suisse (1948), p.37\n\n^ Judd (2009), p. 229\n\n^ Wright (2001), p.903\n\n^ Comité Olympique Suisse (1948), p.47\n\n^ \"About Biathlon\". Biathlon.net. Archived from the original on 4 May 2009. Retrieved 28 May 2009.\n\n^ \"Olympic Games Medallists-other winter sports\". GBRAthletics.com. Archived from the original on 3 November 2009. Retrieved 28 May 2009.\n\n^ Comité Olympique Suisse (1948) pp.26–27\n\n^ a b Comité Olympique Suisse (1948) p. 19\n\n^ \"History of the Track\" (in German). Olympia-bobrun. Archived from the original on 7 July 2011. Retrieved 25 February 2010.\n\n^ \"Olympiaschanze\". Ski Jumping Hill archive. Retrieved 25 February 2010.[permanent dead link]\n\n^ Sunny St. Mortiz. ViaMichelin.\n\n^ Comité Olympique Suisse (1948) p. 11\n\n^ Comité Olympique Suisse (1948) p. 21","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"The Olympiaschanze ski jump hill in St. Moritz","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Olympiaschanze_St._Moritz.jpg/220px-Olympiaschanze_St._Moritz.jpg"},{"image_text":"Participating nations","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/1948_Winter_Olympics_countries.PNG/220px-1948_Winter_Olympics_countries.PNG"}]
[{"title":"List of 1948 Winter Olympics medal winners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_1948_Winter_Olympics_medal_winners"},{"title":"Olympic Games portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Olympic_Games"},{"title":"1948 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Summer_Olympics"},{"title":"1928 Winter Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1928_Winter_Olympics"},{"title":"1948 Winter Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"title":"List of IOC country codes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IOC_country_codes"}]
[{"reference":"\"Factsheet - Opening Ceremony of the Winter Olympic Games\" (PDF) (Press release). International Olympic Committee. 9 October 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 August 2016. Retrieved 22 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160821222755/https://stillmed.olympic.org/Documents/Reference_documents_Factsheets/Opening_ceremony_of_the_Olympic_Winter_Games.pdf","url_text":"\"Factsheet - Opening Ceremony of the Winter Olympic Games\""},{"url":"https://stillmed.olympic.org/Documents/Reference_documents_Factsheets/Opening_ceremony_of_the_Olympic_Winter_Games.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Past Olympic host city election results\". GamesBids. Archived from the original on 24 January 2011. Retrieved 17 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gamesbids.com/english/archives/past.shtml","url_text":"\"Past Olympic host city election results\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GamesBids","url_text":"GamesBids"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110124022022/http://www.gamesbids.com/eng/past.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"1948 Winter Olympics\". Olympedia.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.olympedia.org/editions/33","url_text":"\"1948 Winter Olympics\""}]},{"reference":"\"Did you know?\". The Beijing Organizing Committee for the Games of the XXIX Olympiad. Archived from the original on 29 April 2009. 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Retrieved 15 May 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.olympic.org/uk/games/past/index_uk.asp?OLGT=2&OLGY=1948","url_text":"\"St. Moritz 1948\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090423010846/http://www.olympic.org/uk/games/past/index_uk.asp?OLGT=2&OLGY=1948","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Storms over St. Moritz\". Time Magazine. Time Inc. 9 February 1948. Archived from the original on 2 March 2012. Retrieved 26 May 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120302185224/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,856028,00.html?iid=chix-sphere","url_text":"\"Storms over St. Moritz\""},{"url":"http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,856028,00.html?iid=chix-sphere","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The 1948 Winter Olympics:St. Moritz Switzerland\". Hickoksports.com. Archived from the original on 27 February 2010. Retrieved 26 May 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100227051400/http://hickoksports.com/history/wol1948.shtml","url_text":"\"The 1948 Winter Olympics:St. Moritz Switzerland\""},{"url":"http://www.hickoksports.com/history/wol1948.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ice Hockey at the 1948 Sankt Moritz Winter Games: Men's Ice Hockey\". Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 3 September 2009. Retrieved 28 May 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090903111140/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/1948/ICH/mens-ice-hockey.html","url_text":"\"Ice Hockey at the 1948 Sankt Moritz Winter Games: Men's Ice Hockey\""},{"url":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/1948/ICH/mens-ice-hockey.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Beverley (3 May 2009). \"Where are they now:Barbara Ann Scott\". The Globe and Mail. CTVOlympics.ca. Archived from the original on 26 May 2009. Retrieved 27 May 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090526073710/http://www.ctvolympics.ca/figure-skating/news/newsid=10248.html","url_text":"\"Where are they now:Barbara Ann Scott\""},{"url":"http://www.ctvolympics.ca/figure-skating/news/newsid=10248.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Smits, Ted (6 February 1948). \"Mrs. Fraser, Dick Button pace Yanks\". The Washington Post. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 15 January 2010. Retrieved 19 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/sports/longterm/olympics1998/history/memories/48-button.htm","url_text":"\"Mrs. Fraser, Dick Button pace Yanks\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100115201601/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/sports/longterm/olympics1998/history/memories/48-button.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Han Gerschwiler\". ABC.net. Archived from the original on 2 March 2012. Retrieved 19 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.abc.net.au/olympics/2008/results/historical/athletes/6521.htm","url_text":"\"Han Gerschwiler\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120302185225/http://www.abc.net.au/olympics/2008/results/historical/athletes/6521.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Speed skating at the 1948 Winter Olympics\". Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 22 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200417054017/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/1948/SSK/","url_text":"\"Speed skating at the 1948 Winter Olympics\""},{"url":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/1948/SSK/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Speed Skating at the 1948 Sankt Moritz Winter Games-Men's 5,000 metres\". Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 22 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200418034142/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/1948/SSK/mens-5000-metres.html","url_text":"\"Speed Skating at the 1948 Sankt Moritz Winter Games-Men's 5,000 metres\""},{"url":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/1948/SSK/mens-5000-metres.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"St. Moritz 1948—V Olympic Winter Games\". The Beijing Organizing Committee for the Games of the XXIX Olympiad. Archived from the original on 29 April 2009. Retrieved 26 May 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090429051750/http://en.beijing2008.cn/spirit/pastgames/winterolympics/stmoritz1948/n214049246.shtml","url_text":"\"St. Moritz 1948—V Olympic Winter Games\""},{"url":"http://en.beijing2008.cn/spirit/pastgames/winterolympics/stmoritz1948/n214049246.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"1948 Winter Olympics nordic skiing results\". The International Olympic Committee. Archived from the original on 22 August 2011. Retrieved 23 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.olympic.org/uk/athletes/results/search_r_uk.asp","url_text":"\"1948 Winter Olympics nordic skiing results\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110822060027/http://www.olympic.org/athletes","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Nino Bibbia\". Sports-reference.com. Archived from the original on 2 March 2012. Retrieved 26 May 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120302185232/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/bi/nino-bibbia-1.html","url_text":"\"Nino Bibbia\""},{"url":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/bi/nino-bibbia-1.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Nordic Combined at the 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo Winter Games\". Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200417053615/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/1956/NCO/","url_text":"\"Nordic Combined at the 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo Winter Games\""},{"url":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/1956/NCO/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"About Biathlon\". Biathlon.net. Archived from the original on 4 May 2009. Retrieved 28 May 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090504143851/http://www.biathlon.net/intro.html","url_text":"\"About Biathlon\""},{"url":"http://www.biathlon.net/intro.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Olympic Games Medallists-other winter sports\". GBRAthletics.com. Archived from the original on 3 November 2009. Retrieved 28 May 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091103055525/http://gbrathletics.com/olympic/winter.htm","url_text":"\"Olympic Games Medallists-other winter sports\""},{"url":"http://www.gbrathletics.com/olympic/winter.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"History of the Track\" (in German). Olympia-bobrun. Archived from the original on 7 July 2011. Retrieved 25 February 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110707001149/http://www.olympia-bobrun.ch/geschichte.html","url_text":"\"History of the Track\""},{"url":"http://www.olympia-bobrun.ch/geschichte.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Olympiaschanze\". Ski Jumping Hill archive. Retrieved 25 February 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://skisprungschanzen.com/e_index.htm?/sui/suie_stmoritz.htm","url_text":"\"Olympiaschanze\""}]},{"reference":"Sunny St. Mortiz. ViaMichelin.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"St Moritz 1948\". Olympics.com. International Olympic Committee.","urls":[{"url":"https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/st-moritz-1948","url_text":"\"St Moritz 1948\""}]},{"reference":"Buchanon, Ian; Mallon, Bill (2006). Historical Dictionary of the Olympic Movement. Oxford, United Kingdom: Scarecrow Press. p. 46. ISBN 0-8108-4054-5. Retrieved 23 March 2010. ice hockey at the 1948 winter olympics.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio00buch_0","url_text":"Historical Dictionary of the Olympic Movement"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio00buch_0/page/46","url_text":"46"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8108-4054-5","url_text":"0-8108-4054-5"}]},{"reference":"Comité Olympique Suisse (1948). Rapport Général les Ves Jeux Olympiques D'hiver St. Moritz 1948 (PDF) (in French). Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 April 2008. Retrieved 9 February 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080410085049/http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1948/ORW1948.pdf","url_text":"Rapport Général les Ves Jeux Olympiques D'hiver St. Moritz 1948"},{"url":"http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1948/ORW1948.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Findling, John E.; Pelle, Kimberly D. (2004). Encyclopedia of the Modern Olympic Movement. Westport CT.: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-32278-3. Retrieved 30 March 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QmXi_-Jujj0C&q=winter+games+at+the+1912+summer+olympics&pg=PA283","url_text":"Encyclopedia of the Modern Olympic Movement"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-32278-3","url_text":"0-313-32278-3"}]},{"reference":"Guttman, Allen (2002). The Olympics, a history of the modern games. Champaign, IL: The University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0-252-02725-6. Retrieved 16 May 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TbLmQQG-2bQC&q=world+war+2+1948+winter+olympics&pg=PA81","url_text":"The Olympics, a history of the modern games"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-252-02725-6","url_text":"0-252-02725-6"}]},{"reference":"Judd, Ron C. (2008). The Winter Olympics. Seattle, Washington: The Mountaineers Books. ISBN 978-1-59485-063-9. Retrieved 13 March 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Hc2dCHfyh0AC","url_text":"The Winter Olympics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59485-063-9","url_text":"978-1-59485-063-9"}]},{"reference":"Wright, John (2001). The New York Times Almanac-2002 edition. New York, United States: Penguin Group. ISBN 1-57958-348-2. Retrieved 23 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=G81HonU81pAC&q=birger+ruud&pg=PA903","url_text":"The New York Times Almanac-2002 edition"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57958-348-2","url_text":"1-57958-348-2"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lars_Burgsm%C3%BCller
Lars Burgsmüller
["1 ATP career finals","1.1 Singles: 2 (1 win, 1 loss)","1.2 Doubles: 3 (1 win, 2 losses)","2 ATP Challenger and ITF Futures finals","2.1 Singles: 11 (4–7)","2.2 Doubles: 11 (2–9)","3 Performance timelines","3.1 Singles","3.2 Doubles","4 External links"]
German tennis player This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (June 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Lars BurgsmüllerCountry (sports) GermanyResidenceAltstätten, SwitzerlandBorn (1975-12-06) 6 December 1975 (age 48)Mülheim, West GermanyHeight1.83 m (6 ft 0 in)Turned pro1993Retired2008PlaysRight-handed (two-handed backhand)Prize money$1,887,164SinglesCareer record90–152Career titles1Highest rankingNo. 65 (18 February 2002)Grand Slam singles resultsAustralian Open3R (2001)French Open3R (2001)Wimbledon2R (2003, 2005)US Open2R (1999, 2003)DoublesCareer record31–70Career titles1Highest rankingNo. 61 (28 August 2006)Grand Slam doubles resultsAustralian Open1R (2001, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006)Wimbledon2R (2006)US Open3R (2005) Lars Burgsmüller (born 6 December 1975) is a German former professional tennis player. Burgsmüller reached a career-high ATP singles ranking of world No. 65, achieved on 18 February 2002. He also reached a career high ATP doubles ranking of world No. 61, achieved on 28 August 2006. Burgsmüller reached two singles finals on the ATP Tour, winning the 2002 Copenhagen Open in Denmark where he defeated Olivier Rochus of Belgium in the final in straight sets, and losing the final of the 2004 ATP Shanghai to Argentine Guillermo Cañas, also in straight sets. He also reached three doubles finals on the ATP Tour with three different partners. Partnered with Andrew Painter, he lost in the final of the 2000 Grand Prix Hassan II tournament in Casablanca falling in two sets to Frenchmen Sébastien Grosjean and Arnaud Clément. Alongside Jan Vacek he lost his next doubles final at the 2004 Ordina Open in 's-Hertogenbosch, Netherlands in three sets to Czech pairing Martin Damm and Cyril Suk. He would prove victorious in his third and last ATP doubles final appearance at the 2005 Ho Chi Minh City Open in Vietnam, where partnering compatriot Philipp Kohlschreiber he defeated Ashley Fisher and Robert Lindstedt in three sets. ATP career finals Singles: 2 (1 win, 1 loss) Legend Grand Slam (0) ATP Masters Series (0) ATP Tour (1) Result W/L Date Tournament Surface Opponent Score Win 1–0 Feb 2002 Copenhagen, Denmark Carpet Olivier Rochus 6–3, 6–3 Loss 1–1 Sep 2004 Shanghai, China Hard Guillermo Cañas 0–6, 1–6 Doubles: 3 (1 win, 2 losses) Legend Grand Slam (0) ATP Masters Series (0) ATP Tour (1) Result W/L Date Tournament Surface Partner Opponents Score Loss 0–1 Apr 2000 Casablanca, Morocco Clay Andrew Painter Arnaud Clément Sébastien Grosjean 6–7(4–7), 4–6 Loss 0–2 Sep 2004 's-Hertogenbosch, Netherlands Grass Jan Vacek Martin Damm Cyril Suk 3–6, 7–6(9–7), 3–6 Win 1–2 Sep 2005 Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam Carpet Philipp Kohlschreiber Ashley Fisher Robert Lindstedt 5–7, 6–4, 6–2 ATP Challenger and ITF Futures finals Singles: 11 (4–7) Legend (singles) ATP Challenger Tour (4–7) ITF World Tennis Tour (0–0) Finals by surface Hard (1–2) Clay (0–1) Grass (0–0) Carpet (3–4) Result W–L Date Tournament Tier Surface Opponent Score Win 1–0 Feb 1995 Lippstadt, Germany Challenger Carpet Jonas Svensson walkover Loss 1–1 Jun 1995 Weiden, Germany Challenger Clay Dinu-Mihai Pescariu 4–6, 2–6 Loss 1–2 Nov 1997 Portorož, Slovenia Challenger Hard Orlin Stanoytchev 6–1, 6–7, 0–6 Win 2–2 Mar 1998 Magdeburg, Germany Challenger Carpet Andrei Pavel 6–4, 6–3 Win 3–2 Aug 2002 Wrexham, United Kingdom Challenger Hard Ivo Heuberger 6–2, 6–7(5–7) 6–4 Win 4–2 Nov 2002 Eckental, Germany Challenger Carpet Björn Phau 7–6(7–3), 5–7, 6–4 Loss 4–3 Apr 2003 Calabasas, United States Challenger Hard Jérôme Golmard 3–6, 5–7 Loss 4–4 Feb 2004 Heilbronn, Germany Challenger Carpet Gilles Elseneer 6–3, 3–6, 6–7(5–7) Loss 4–5 Nov 2004 Aachen, Germany Challenger Carpet Novak Djokovic 4–6, 6–3, 4–6 Loss 4–6 Nov 2004 Eckental, Germany Challenger Carpet Alexander Waske 5–7, 6–7(15–17) Loss 4–7 Jan 2005 Heilbronn, Germany Challenger Carpet Jiří Vaněk 2–6, 4–6 Doubles: 11 (2–9) Legend (doubles) ATP Challenger Tour (2–9) ITF World Tennis Tour (0–0) Finals by surface Hard (0–2) Clay (0–2) Grass (0–0) Carpet (2–5) Result W–L Date Tournament Tier Surface Partner Opponents Score Loss 0–1 Nov 1997 Neumünster, Germany Challenger Carpet Markus Hantschk John-Laffnie de Jager Chris Haggard 3–6, 1–6 Win 1–1 Dec 1997 Wismar, Germany Challenger Carpet Michael Kohlmann Bernardo Martínez Óscar Ortiz 6–4, 7–6 Win 2–1 Nov 1999 Aachen, Germany Challenger Carpet Takao Suzuki Juan Ignacio Carrasco Jairo Velasco 7–6, 6–4 Loss 2–2 May 2000 Edinburgh, United Kingdom Challenger Clay Ota Fukárek Michael Russell Tommy Robredo 0–6, 2–6 Loss 2–3 Nov 2003 Eckental, Germany Challenger Carpet Andreas Tattermusch Stephen Huss Robert Lindstedt walkover Loss 2–4 Feb 2004 Heilbronn, Germany Challenger Carpet Kenneth Carlsen Mariusz Fyrstenberg Marcin Matkowski 3–6, 3–6 Loss 2–5 Nov 2005 Aachen, Germany Challenger Carpet Michael Kohlmann James Auckland Jamie Delgado 6–2, 5–7, 3–6 Loss 2–6 Jan 2006 Nouméa, New Caledonia Challenger Hard Denis Gremelmayr Alex Bogomolov Jr. Todd Widom 6–3, 2–6, Loss 2–7 Jun 2006 Ettlingen, Germany Challenger Clay Simon Greul Vasilis Mazarakis Felipe Parada 6–3, 1–6, Loss 2–8 Nov 2006 Shrewsbury, United Kingdom Challenger Hard Mischa Zverev Philipp Marx Frederik Nielsen 4–6, 4–6 Loss 2–9 Jul 2007 Dublin, Ireland Challenger Carpet Mischa Zverev Rohan Bopanna Adam Feeney 2–6, 2–6 Performance timelines Key W  F  SF QF #R RR Q# DNQ A NH (W) winner; (F) finalist; (SF) semifinalist; (QF) quarterfinalist; (#R) rounds 4, 3, 2, 1; (RR) round-robin stage; (Q#) qualification round; (DNQ) did not qualify; (A) absent; (NH) not held; (SR) strike rate (events won / competed); (W–L) win–loss record. Singles Tournament 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 SR W–L Win % Grand Slam tournaments Australian Open Q3 2R Q2 A 1R 1R Q2 3R 1R 2R 1R 1R 2R Q1 0 / 9 5–9 36% French Open A Q1 Q1 A Q1 Q1 Q2 3R 1R 2R 2R 1R Q2 A 0 / 5 4–5 44% Wimbledon A 1R A A Q2 A Q3 1R 1R 2R 1R 2R Q2 Q2 0 / 6 2–6 25% US Open A A Q1 Q2 Q1 2R 1R 1R 1R 2R Q1 1R Q1 Q1 0 / 6 2–6 25% Win–loss 0–0 1–2 0–0 0–0 0–1 1–2 0–1 4–4 0–4 4–4 1–3 1–4 1–1 0–0 0 / 26 13–26 33% ATP Tour Masters 1000 Indian Wells Masters A A A A A A A Q2 Q2 A 1R Q1 1R A 0 / 2 0–2 0% Miami Open A A A A A Q1 Q2 Q1 2R 1R 2R 1R Q1 A 0 / 4 2–4 33% Monte-Carlo Masters Q3 Q1 Q2 A A A A Q1 A A Q1 Q1 A A 0 / 0 0–0  –  Hamburg Masters Not Masters Series A 2R 1R 2R 2R 1R A A 0 / 5 3–5 38% Italian Open A A A A A A A Q2 Q1 Q1 Q1 Q2 Q1 A 0 / 0 0–0  –  Canada Masters A A A A A Q2 A A A A A A A A 0 / 0 0–0  –  Cincinnati Masters A A A A Q2 A A A A A A Q1 A A 0 / 0 0–0  –  Stuttgart A A A A A A A Q2 Not Held 0 / 0 0–0  –  Paris Masters A A A A A A A Q2 A A A A A A 0 / 0 0–0  –  Win–loss 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 1–1 1–2 1–2 2–3 0–2 0–1 0–0 0 / 11 5–11 31% Doubles Tournament 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 SR W–L Win % Grand Slam tournaments Australian Open A 1R A 1R 1R 1R 1R A 0 / 5 0–5 0% French Open A A A A A A A A 0 / 0 0–0  –  Wimbledon Q2 A A A A A 2R 1R 0 / 2 1–2 33% US Open 1R A A A A 3R 2R A 0 / 3 3–3 50% Win–loss 0–1 0–1 0–0 0–1 0–1 2–2 2–3 0–1 0 / 10 4–10 29% External links Lars Burgsmüller at the Association of Tennis Professionals Lars Burgsmüller at the International Tennis Federation Lars Burgsmüller at the Davis Cup Official website Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Germany
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boerehaat
Boerehaat
["1 Etymology and origin","1.1 Second Boer War","2 Apartheid era","3 Post-apartheid era","4 See also","5 References"]
Afrikaans word for people perceived as hating Afrikaners Boerehaat is an Afrikaans word that means "ethnic hatred of Boers" or Afrikaners as they became known after the Second Boer War. The related term Boerehater (English: "Boer-hater" or "Boer hater") has been used to describe a person who hates, prejudices or criticises Boers or Afrikaners. These terms were initially applied to British people perceived as prejudiced against the Boers, in the context of political conflict between the British and the Boers in southern Africa which culminated in the British defeat of the Boers in the Second Boer War. Accusations of Boerehaat have subsequently been made by numerous Afrikaner nationalists to exploit historical British prejudice against the Boers for political gain. They have applied the term Boerehater to anyone who criticised them or opposed their interests in the Cape Colony, including English-speaking white South Africans, dissident Afrikaners and black South Africans. Etymology and origin See also: History of South Africa § British at the Cape, and Boer Wars 1880 political cartoon by W. H. Schröder in The Lantern depicting a Boer petitioning Britain for continued independence. The personification of annexation is associated with prosperity, independence with anarchy and bankruptcy. Boerehaat is an Afrikaans word meaning hatred of the Boers, or Afrikaners as they became known after the Second Boer War. The related term Boerehater (English: "Boer-hater" or "Boer hater") has been used to describe a person who hates, prejudices or criticises the Boers, or Afrikaners. Anti-Boer sentiments among the British were recorded as early as the 18th century. Boers were frequently portrayed in British literature and editorial cartoons as uncivilised and cruel, with many of these depictions being used in order to obtain the support of the British public for annexing the South African republics during the Second Boer War.: 34  The English term Boer-hater was used in a political context in the British Cape Colony as early as 1889, referring to individuals who opposed Cape Dutch interests, the use of their language in Parliament in particular. Second Boer War Anglo-Irish politician James Bryce, writing about the attitude of uitlanders (English-speaking immigrants) towards the Boer authorities in the independent South African Republic during the Witwatersrand Gold Rush following the discovery of gold in 1886, states: "English became the general spoken tongue not only of Johannesburg, but of the mining districts generally. Hearing nothing but English spoken, seeing nothing all round them that was not far more English than Dutch, though English with a half-colonial, half-American tinge, it was natural that the bulk of the Uitlanders should deem themselves to be in a country which had become virtually English, and should see something unreasonable or even grotesque in the control of a small body of persons whom they deemed in every way their inferiors." Animosity between the British and the Boers intensified in the run-up to the Second Boer War fought from 1899 to 1902, and continued thereafter.: 169–173  One British soldier sent home a letter detailing his hatred of the Boer forces: "The Cape Dutch and Boers are a dirty treacherous lot and as soon as the Transvaal is subdued and the beggars (those that survive) trek farther out of our way the better. We do hate them down here like poison. The rascally dirty varmints, they must be exterminated; the country swarms with them and their dirty compatriots the German JewThe sight of them and their mean tricks is enough to make the mildest mannered man a demon. God pity the poor white or black under them when they have the power. During the war, Lord Kitchener began a policy of putting all Boer civilians in the South African republics in concentration camps, with 27,000 of those interned dying primarily due to infectious diseases. This resulted in a long-lasting legacy of bitterness towards the British from Afrikaners. The British won the war, but persisting anti-British sentiments contributed to the rise of Afrikaner nationalism and the pro-Afrikaner National Party became the ruling party of South Africa from 1948 until 1994, the apartheid era.: 33–34  Apartheid era See also: Apartheid § Unity among white South Africans, and British diaspora in Africa § White minority rule The Afrikaner Nationalist is not an individualist. His whole sense of identity is bound up with conforming to his own homogeneous in-group. He tends to conform in religious worship, in unquestioning allegiance to authoritarian figures, in political ideology and in exaggerated loyalty to his in-group. Criticism of his attitudes is interpreted as an attack on the autonomy of his group (Boerehaat). He is terrified of losing his Afrikanerhood and his whiteness. Threaten these and he feels that his very self will cease to exist, and will therefore cling to them with passionate intensity. Anti-apartheid activist Wendy Woods, wife of Donald Woods, Daily Dispatch, 1977 During the apartheid era, the Afrikaners dominated in number of voters, politics and civil service, while English-speaking white South Africans dominated economically.: 87–88, 93  The Afrikaners separated themselves from the rest of the population, both black people and English-speaking whites.: 33–37  In 1971 sociologist Heribert Adam writes "the historical friction between the English and Afrikaans-speaking populace is gradually being replaced by class contradictions within the two groups." Historical friction was revived and exploited by the ruling National Party for political gain however.: 173  In 1973 Edward Feit, professor of political science at the University of Michigan, writes in the American Journal of Sociology: "Recent political campaigns have shown that the old bogey of Boerehaat still has its charms for an Afrikaaner majority." The National Party, under the leadership of B. J. Vorster, appealed to the emotions of Afrikaner voters by depicting English-speaking white citizens as being guilty of Boerehaat. The National Party and its political mouthpiece Die Burger waged a "Boerehaat campaign" during a by-election in Oudtshoorn in 1972, depicting their United Party opposition, once supported by the majority of English-speaking voters,: 117  as Boerehaters, and won. The Nationalists also used the term to censure members of the Progressive Federal Party opposition party formed in 1977. After interviewing various South Africans including government officials during the early 1980s, American historian Otto Scott writes: "This sort of xenophobic solidarity perceived the opposition as Boer haters." White South African critics of apartheid, such as liberal politician Alex Boraine and Afrikaner anti-apartheid activist Beyers Naudé, were labelled unpatriotic Boerehaters by Nationalists and the Afrikaans press in an attempt to discredit them. White dissidents were also associated with the rooi gevaar ("communist threat"). South African poet and writer Guy Butler was called a Boerehater by Afrikaners for his promotion of English-language literature and his opposition to Afrikaner nationalism and the National Party. English-speaking film critics were more lenient towards Afrikaans-language films lest they be accused of Boerehaat. According to The Star film critic Robert Greig, "An apology situation developed with the English-language newspapers who tended not to slam Afrikaans films because they didn't want to be accused of boerehaat (Boer-hater)." According to film critic Barry Ronge, "The cries of boerehaat come from the industry itself when they feel they are not getting 'support'." Post-apartheid era See also: Julius Malema § "Shoot the Boer" song: 2010–2022, and Hate speech § South Africa In 1995 ANC politician Zola Skweyiya was accused of Boerehaat by Die Burger for disrespecting the Afrikaans official language in Parliament. In 1998 Jaap Marais, Afrikaner nationalist leader of the right-wing Herstigte Nasionale Party, described the post-apartheid Truth and Reconciliation Commission as an exercise in Boerehaat. In 2011 South African politician Julius Malema was found guilty of hate speech in the High Court in Johannesburg for repeatedly singing the anti-apartheid protest song "Shoot the Boer" at political gatherings. Civil rights organisation AfriForum accused Malema of inciting violence against white South Africans, citing the ongoing spate of farm attacks (the literal meaning of Boer is "farmer"). Judge Colin Lamont ruled that Malema's singing of the song in a post-apartheid South Africa was "derogatory, dehumanising and hurtful" to the Afrikaner minority group. Lamont said "People must develop new customs and rejoice in a developing society by giving up old practices which are hurtful to members who live in that society with them." In an incident reminiscent of the National Party's Boerehaat propaganda campaign during apartheid, ANC deputy president Cyril Ramaphosa urged disgruntled residents of the Limpopo province to vote in the 2014 general election otherwise "the Boers will come back to control us". Freedom Front Plus leader Pieter Mulder described his remarks as "primitive scare tactics" and "racist and polarising". Sociologist Michael Neocosmos notes that critics of the ruling ANC can similarly be labelled as "standing outside the state-defined national consensus", with for example ad hominem accusations of racism and disloyalty replacing accusations of Boerehaat and communist sympathies which are hard to defend. See also Jingoism Race card Schwabenhass References ^ a b Hope, Christopher (9 November 1996). "Books: Hairybacks and white kaffirs". The Independent. Archived from the original on 14 June 2014. Retrieved 14 June 2014. whenever English speakers objected to living in a racial zoo designed to protect the mythical purity of Afrikaner nationalists, they were accused by their masters of giving way to Boerehaat (hatred of the Boers) ^ a b c Kent, Kelley S. (2013). "Propaganda, Public Opinion, and the Second South African Boer War". Student Pulse. 5 (10). Retrieved 19 June 2014. After the war, the Boers became known to the world as 'Afrikaners'. ^ a b HAT. Johannesburg: Perskor. 2000. p. 104. ISBN 9780628037695. Someone who hates Afrikaners and tries to harm or prejudice them ^ a b c du Preez, Max (2004). Pale Native: Memories of a Renegade Reporter. Cape Town: Zebra Press. p. 65,143. ISBN 9781868729135. a Boerehater, someone who hated Afrikaners ^ Burton, Antoinette (2012). "'States of injury': Josephine Butler on slavery, citizenship and the Boer War". In Fletcher, Ian Christopher; Levine, Philippa; Mayhall, Laura E. Nym (eds.). Women's Suffrage in the British Empire: Citizenship, Nation and Race. Routledge. p. 25. ISBN 9781135639990. English images of the oppressive, uncouth Afrikaner dated back to the eighteenth century and, as Todd Lee has shown, the war in South Africa brought these images before the public in quite dramatic ways through fiction and the political cartoon, genres which caricatured the Boer male as criminal, dull-witted, and brutal. ^ a b c d e f g Hanf, Theodor (1981). South Africa, the Prospects of Peaceful Change: An Empirical Enquiry into the Possibility of Democratic Conflict Regulation. Indiana University Press. ISBN 9780253353948. ^ a b Miller, Stephen M. (2007). Volunteers on the Veld: Britain's Citizen-soldiers and the South African War, 1899–1902. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. p. 131. ISBN 9780806138640. ^ Dilke, Charles Wentworth (1890). Problems of Greater Britain: Volume 1. London: Macmillan and Co. p. 472. Retrieved 15 June 2014. ^ Bryce, James (1899). Impressions of South Africa. London: Macmillan and Co., Limited. p. 409. ^ Lowry, Donald (2012). "'Making fresh Britains across the seas': Imperial authority and anti-feminism in Rhodesia". In Fletcher, Ian Christopher; Levine, Philippa; Mayhall, Laura E. Nym (eds.). Women's Suffrage in the British Empire: Citizenship, Nation and Race. Routledge. p. 181. ISBN 9781135639990. ^ Totten, Samuel; Bartrop, Paul R. (2008). "Concentration Camps, South African War". Dictionary of Genocide. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. pp. 84–85. ISBN 9780313346415. ^ West, Michael O. (2002). The Rise of an African Middle Class: Colonial Zimbabwe, 1898–1965. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. p. 183. ISBN 9780253109330. ^ Woods, Wendy (1977). "South Africa's Class and Colour Conflict" (PDF). Daily Dispatch. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 June 2014. Retrieved 14 June 2014. ^ a b Feit, Edward (November 1973). "Modernizing Racial Domination: The Dynamics of South African Politics by Heribert Adam (book review)". American Journal of Sociology. 79 (3): 754. doi:10.1086/225610. JSTOR 2776284. ^ Adam, Heribert (1971). Modernizing Racial Domination: South Africa's Political Dynamics. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 179. ISBN 9780520018235. ^ "Obituary: Edward E. Feit, professor emeritus of Political Science". University of Massachusetts Amherst. 3 December 2007. Archived from the original on 14 June 2014. Retrieved 14 June 2014. ^ Davenport, T.R.H. (1998). The Transfer of Power in South Africa. Cape Town: David Philip Publishers. p. 119. ISBN 9780864864109. ^ "Dit was lekker". Der Spiegel (in German). 26 June 1972. Archived from the original on 13 January 2011. Retrieved 13 June 2014. ^ Horrell, Muriel (1974). A Survey of Race Relations in South Africa. Johannesburg: South African Institute of Race Relations. p. 1, 3,7. ISBN 9780869820407. ^ Welsh, David (1975). "The Politics of White Supremacy". In Thompson, Leonard; Butler, Jeffrey (eds.). Change in Contemporary South Africa. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 68. ISBN 9780520028395. ^ Butler, Jeffrey (1975). "The Significance of Recent Changes Within the White Ruling Caste". In Thompson, Leonard; Butler, Jeffrey (eds.). Change in Contemporary South Africa. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 82. ISBN 9780520028395. ^ Basson, Japie (2008). "'Boerehaat' – Dangerous New Nat Propaganda". State of the Nation: As Viewed from a Front Bench in Parliament, 1969–1981. Camps Bay, South Africa: Politika. pp. 147–149. ISBN 9780620409070. ^ Hughes, Timothy Peter David (1994). Political liberalism in South Africa in the 1980s and the formation of the Democratic Party (M.A.). University of Cape Town. p. 134. ^ Scott, Otto (1985). The Other End of the Lifeboat. Chicago: Regnery Books. p. 179. ISBN 9780895266026. ^ Allen, John (2006). Rabble-Rouser for Peace: The Authorized Biography of Desmond Tutu. New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 363. ISBN 9780743298667. ^ "A man of principle". City Press. South Africa. 20 May 2010. Archived from the original on 13 June 2014. Retrieved 13 June 2014. (obituary of Frederik van Zyl Slabbert) ^ Thurman, Chris (2010). Guy Butler: Reassessing a South African Literary Life. Scottsville, South Africa: University of KwaZulu-Natal Press. ISBN 9781869141837. ^ Crous, Marius (25 October 2010). "Guy Butler: Reassessing a South African Literary Life (book review)". Die Burger (in Afrikaans). Archived from the original on 13 June 2014. Retrieved 13 June 2014. ^ Tomaselli, Keyan (2013). The Cinema of Apartheid: Race and Class in South African Film. Routledge. p. 102. ISBN 9781317928409. ^ "Boerehaat". Die Burger (in Afrikaans). 28 June 1995. Archived from the original on 16 June 2014. Retrieved 16 June 2014. ^ "Net oefening in Boerehaat, sê HNP" . Die Burger (in Afrikaans). 30 October 1998. Archived from the original on 14 June 2014. Retrieved 14 June 2014. ^ Smith, David (15 March 2010). "South African court finds ANC's Julius Malema guilty of hate speech". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 12 February 2014. Retrieved 13 June 2014. ^ Laing, Aislinn (12 September 2011). "Julius Malema found guilty of hate speech for singing 'Shoot the Boer'". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 13 June 2014. ^ "Vote or 'Boers' will come back to power – Cyril Ramaphosa". City Press. South Africa. 11 November 2013. Archived from the original on 14 November 2013. Retrieved 16 June 2014. ^ Poplak, Richard (11 November 2013). "The Boers are back and the 2014 shape of things to come". Daily Maverick. Archived from the original on 13 November 2013. Retrieved 17 June 2014. ^ "'Boer' comment not meant to cause offence – Cyril Ramaphosa". City Press. South Africa. 12 November 2013. Archived from the original on 13 November 2013. Retrieved 17 June 2014. ^ Moloto, Moloko (12 November 2013). "Cyril blasted over Boer comment". The Star. South Africa. Archived from the original on 21 March 2014. Retrieved 17 June 2014. ^ Neocosmos, Michael (2004). "Thinking the Impossible? Elements of a Critique of Political Liberalism in Southern Africa" (PDF). Identity, Culture and Politics. 5 (1, 2). CODESRIA: 207–234. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 14 June 2014. vtePolitics of South AfricaBy province Eastern Cape Free State Gauteng KwaZulu-Natal Limpopo Mpumalanga North West Northern Cape Western Cape Flag of South AfricaPoliticalmovementsIdeologies African nationalism Afrikaner nationalism Anarchism Anti-war Black consciousness Environmentalism Federalism Feminism Liberalism Libertarianism Pan-Africanism Non-racialism Trotskyism Political partiessee South Africa political partiesOther politicalorganisations AfriForum Afrikanerbond Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging (AWB) Congress of Traditional Leaders of South Africa (CONTRALESA) Congress of South African Students (COSAS) Earthlife Africa Keep Left Khanya College Koeberg Alert Lesbian and Gay Equality Project (LGEP) People Against Gangsterism and Drugs (PAGAD) South African Liberal Students' Association (SALSA) South African Students Congress (SASCO) South African Wine Initiative Zabalaza Anarchist Communist Front (ZACF) Trade unions andSocial movementssee South Africa trade unions Equal Education Mandela Park Backyarders People Against Suffering, Oppression and Poverty (PASSOP) Poor People's Alliance Abahlali baseMjondolo Landless Peoples Movement Western Cape Anti-Eviction Campaign Reclaim the City Social Justice Coalition Treatment Action Campaign Unemployed Peoples' MovementLawsee South African lawPolitical culture African Renaissance Alternative media Azania Corruption (Don't) touch me on my studio Freedom Charter Proudly South African Rainbow nation Renaming Tenderpreneurs Toyi-toyi Ubuntu UnFreedom Day White monopoly capital Xenophobia Anti-Chinese sentiment Anti-Indian sentiment Slogans "Amandla Ngawethu!" "No Land! No House! No Vote!" "Dubul' ibhunu" (Shoot the Boer) "One Settler, One Bullet" "Each One, Teach One" Books andperiodicals African Communist Amandla ANC Today Biko I Write What I Like Long Walk to Freedom Molotov Cocktail No Land! No House! No Vote! Other Corrective rape Crime Cape Independence Elections e-tolling Farm attacks Gupta family HIV/AIDS Labour brokering Land occupations Legacies of apartheid Lindela Phala Phala robbery Political assassinations Political repression Protests Sexual violence Shack fires Terrorism Third Force Category vtePolitical history of South AfricaDefunct polities Kingdom of Mapungubwe (c. 1075–c. 1220) Dutch Cape Colony (1652–1806) Mthethwa Paramountcy (c. 1780–1817) Ndwandwe Kingdom (c. 1780–1819) Cape Colony (1795–1910) Zulu Kingdom (1816–1897) Natalia Republic (1839–1843) Natal Colony (1843–1910) Orange Free State (1854–1902) South African Republic (1856–1902) Griqualand East (1861–1879) Griqualand West (1870–1873) Goshen (1882–1883) Stellaland (1882–1885) Nieuwe Republiek (1884–1888) Upingtonia (1885–1887) Klein Vrystaat (1886–1891) Orange River Colony (1902–1910) Transvaal Colony (1902–1910) Union of South Africa (1910–1961) Transkei (1976–1994) Bophuthatswana (1977–1994) Venda (1979–1994) Ciskei (1981–1994) EventsPre-colonial Bantu migrations Battle of Salt River 1652–1815 Dutch settlement French Huguenot settlement Khoikhoi–Dutch Wars Xhosa Wars Battle of Muizenberg Battle of Blaauwberg Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 1815–1910 Mfecane 1820 Settlers Great Trek Boer Republics Transvaal Civil War Mineral Revolution Witwatersrand Gold Rush South African Wars South Africa Act 1909 (National Convention) 1910–1948 South West Africa campaign Maritz rebellion Rand Rebellion Great Depression 1946 African Mine Workers' Union strike Bantustans Apartheid 1948 general election Apartheid legislation Pass laws Internal resistance Coloured-vote constitutional crisis Defiance Campaign Congress of the People Freedom Charter Women's March 1956 1957 Alexandra bus boycott Sharpeville massacre 1960 republic referendum International isolation UN Resolution 1761 UNSC Resolution 591 Academic boycott Disinvestment Constructive engagement Tar Baby Option Sporting boycott Olympics Rugby union Rivonia Trial Durban Moment Border War Mafeje affair Soweto Uprising Weapons of mass destruction Project Coast Church Street bombing 1983 constitutional referendum Langa massacre Rubicon speech Operation Vula Dakar Conference Transkei coup d'état Ciskei coup d'état Venda coup d'état Third Force CODESA Storming of the Kempton Park World Trade Centre Bisho massacre 1992 apartheid referendum Saint James Church massacre Bophuthatswana crisis Shell House massacre Post-apartheid 1994 general election Government of National Unity Reconstruction and Development Programme Truth and Reconciliation Commission Arms Deal Floor crossing Soweto bombings African Renaissance Travelgate Xenophobia Attack on Kennedy Road Blikkiesdorp Marikana massacre 2012 Western Cape farm workers' strike Nkandlagate Racism 2014 platinum strike #RhodesMustFall protests #FeesMustFall student protests Tshwane riots 2019 service delivery protests 2019 Johannesburg riots COVID-19 pandemic 2020 Phala Phala Robbery 2021 unrest Lady R incident Political culture African nationalism Afrikaner Calvinism Afrikaner nationalism Anarchism Azania Baasskap Boerehaat Black Consciousness Movement Cape Independence Day of the Vow Greater South Africa Honorary whites Rooi gevaar Slavery Swart gevaar Uitlander Volkstaat DefunctorganisationsCivic and politicalorganisations Afrikaner Bond Afrikaner Broederbond Afrikaner Party AITUP APO AVF BPC Black Sash Boerestaat Party CDA CNIP CTEG COD Congress Alliance COSG CP DLF Dominion Party DP (1973–1977) DP (1989–2000) DPP DSM ECC FA FD Genootskap van Regte Afrikaners GNP Het Volk HNP (Herenigde) HNP (Herstigte) IDASA ID IP ISL Jeugkrag Johannesburg Reform Committee Labour Party (1910–1958) Labour Party (1969–1994) Liberal Party (1953–1968) NA NCP Natal Indian Congress NLP NNP NP NPP NRP NUSAS Occupy Orangia Unie Oranjewerkers Orde Boerevolk PAVN PFP Progressive Party (Cape Colony) Progressive Party PRP Radio Freedom Reform Party SABP SADECO SAIC SASO SAYCO SAYRCO South African Party (Cape Colony) South African Party (1911–1934) South African Party (1977–1980) TNIP Torch Commando UFP United Party Unionist Party Volksparty Workers Party WOSA Trade unions andsocial movements APF BCM BLATU CNETU CTSWU FCWU FNETU FOSATU ICU IWW MUSA NEUM NURHS PAWE SAAPAWU SACTU SAIF SARHU SATUC Die Spoorbund UDF Umkosi Wezintaba Paramilitary andterrorist organisations APLA ARM AWB BBB Boeremag Greyshirts MK Ossewabrandwag Orde van die Dood PAGAD SANF Histories ofpolitical parties African National Congress Democratic Alliance Pan Africanist Congress of Azania Category
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Afrikaans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaans"},{"link_name":"ethnic hatred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_hatred"},{"link_name":"Boers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boer"},{"link_name":"Afrikaners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaner"},{"link_name":"Second Boer War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Boer_War"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hope-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kent-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HAT-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-duPreez-4"},{"link_name":"British people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_people"},{"link_name":"Afrikaner nationalists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaner_nationalism"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"white South Africans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_South_African"},{"link_name":"dissident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissident"},{"link_name":"black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_people"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Afrikaans word for people perceived as hating AfrikanersBoerehaat is an Afrikaans word that means \"ethnic hatred of Boers\" or Afrikaners as they became known after the Second Boer War.[1][2] The related term Boerehater (English: \"Boer-hater\" or \"Boer hater\") has been used to describe a person who hates, prejudices or criticises Boers or Afrikaners.[3][4]These terms were initially applied to British people perceived as prejudiced against the Boers, in the context of political conflict between the British and the Boers in southern Africa which culminated in the British defeat of the Boers in the Second Boer War. Accusations of Boerehaat have subsequently been made by numerous Afrikaner nationalists[citation needed] to exploit historical British prejudice against the Boers for political gain. They have applied the term Boerehater to anyone who criticised them or opposed their interests in the Cape Colony, including English-speaking white South Africans, dissident Afrikaners and black South Africans.[citation needed]","title":"Boerehaat"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"History of South Africa § British at the Cape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_South_Africa#British_at_the_Cape"},{"link_name":"Boer Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boer_Wars"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:An_AD_MISERICORDIAM_appeal_-_Lantern_-_13_March_1880.jpg"},{"link_name":"political cartoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editorial_cartoon"},{"link_name":"W. H. Schröder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Schr%C3%B6der"},{"link_name":"The Lantern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lantern_(Cape_newspaper)"},{"link_name":"personification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropomorphism"},{"link_name":"annexation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annexation"},{"link_name":"Afrikaans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaans"},{"link_name":"Boers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boer"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hope-1"},{"link_name":"Afrikaners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaner"},{"link_name":"Second Boer War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Boer_War"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kent-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HAT-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-duPreez-4"},{"link_name":"British literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literature_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"editorial cartoons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editorial_cartoon"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Burton-5"},{"link_name":"annexing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annexation"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kent-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hanf-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miller-7"},{"link_name":"Cape Colony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Colony"},{"link_name":"Cape Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Dutch"},{"link_name":"Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"See also: History of South Africa § British at the Cape, and Boer Wars1880 political cartoon by W. H. Schröder in The Lantern depicting a Boer petitioning Britain for continued independence. The personification of annexation is associated with prosperity, independence with anarchy and bankruptcy.Boerehaat is an Afrikaans word meaning hatred of the Boers,[1] or Afrikaners as they became known after the Second Boer War.[2] The related term Boerehater (English: \"Boer-hater\" or \"Boer hater\") has been used to describe a person who hates, prejudices or criticises the Boers, or Afrikaners.[3][4]Anti-Boer sentiments among the British were recorded as early as the 18th century. Boers were frequently portrayed in British literature and editorial cartoons as uncivilised and cruel,[5] with many of these depictions being used in order to obtain the support of the British public for annexing the South African republics during the Second Boer War.[2][6]: 34 [7] The English term Boer-hater was used in a political context in the British Cape Colony as early as 1889, referring to individuals who opposed Cape Dutch interests, the use of their language in Parliament in particular.[8]","title":"Etymology and origin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anglo-Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Irish_people"},{"link_name":"James Bryce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Bryce,_1st_Viscount_Bryce"},{"link_name":"uitlanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uitlander"},{"link_name":"South African Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_Republic"},{"link_name":"Witwatersrand Gold Rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witwatersrand_Gold_Rush"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Second Boer War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Boer_War"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hanf-6"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"British soldier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army"},{"link_name":"German Jew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Germany"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miller-7"},{"link_name":"Lord Kitchener","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Kitchener,_1st_Earl_Kitchener"},{"link_name":"concentration camps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internment"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Afrikaner nationalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaner_nationalism"},{"link_name":"National Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Party_(South_Africa)"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"apartheid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hanf-6"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Second Boer War","text":"Anglo-Irish politician James Bryce, writing about the attitude of uitlanders (English-speaking immigrants) towards the Boer authorities in the independent South African Republic during the Witwatersrand Gold Rush following the discovery of gold in 1886, states: \"English became the general spoken tongue not only of Johannesburg, but of the mining districts generally. Hearing nothing but English spoken, seeing nothing all round them that was not far more English than Dutch, though English with a half-colonial, half-American tinge, it was natural that the bulk of the Uitlanders should deem themselves to be in a country which had become virtually English, and should see something unreasonable or even grotesque in the control of a small body of persons whom they deemed in every way their inferiors.\"[9]Animosity between the British and the Boers intensified in the run-up to the Second Boer War fought from 1899 to 1902, and continued thereafter.[6]: 169–173 [10] One British soldier sent home a letter detailing his hatred of the Boer forces: \"The Cape Dutch and Boers are a dirty treacherous lot and as soon as the Transvaal is subdued and the beggars (those that survive) trek farther out of our way the better. We do hate them down here like poison. The rascally dirty varmints, they must be exterminated; the country swarms with them and their dirty compatriots the German JewThe sight of them and their mean tricks is enough to make the mildest mannered man a demon. God pity the poor white or black under them when they have the power.[7]During the war, Lord Kitchener began a policy of putting all Boer civilians in the South African republics in concentration camps, with 27,000 of those interned dying primarily due to infectious diseases. This resulted in a long-lasting legacy of bitterness towards the British from Afrikaners.[11] The British won the war, but persisting anti-British sentiments contributed to the rise of Afrikaner nationalism and the pro-Afrikaner National Party became the ruling party of South Africa from 1948 until 1994, the apartheid era.[6]: 33–34 [12]","title":"Etymology and origin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Apartheid § Unity among white South Africans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid#Unity_among_white_South_Africans"},{"link_name":"British diaspora in Africa § White minority rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_diaspora_in_Africa#White_minority_rule"},{"link_name":"Wendy Woods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendy_Woods"},{"link_name":"Donald Woods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Woods"},{"link_name":"Daily Dispatch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Dispatch"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hanf-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hanf-6"},{"link_name":"sociologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology"},{"link_name":"Heribert Adam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heribert_Adam"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Feit-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"National Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Party_(South_Africa)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hanf-6"},{"link_name":"political science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_science"},{"link_name":"University of Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Michigan"},{"link_name":"American Journal of Sociology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Journal_of_Sociology"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Feit-14"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"B. J. Vorster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._J._Vorster"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Die Burger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Burger"},{"link_name":"by-election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/By-election"},{"link_name":"Oudtshoorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oudtshoorn"},{"link_name":"United Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Party_(South_Africa)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hanf-6"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Nationalists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Party_(South_Africa)"},{"link_name":"Progressive Federal Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_Federal_Party"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Otto Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Scott"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Alex Boraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Boraine"},{"link_name":"Beyers Naudé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyers_Naud%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"rooi gevaar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooi_gevaar"},{"link_name":"communist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communism"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-duPreez-4"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Guy Butler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Butler_(poet)"},{"link_name":"Afrikaner nationalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaner_nationalism"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"The Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Star_(South_Africa)"},{"link_name":"Barry Ronge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Ronge"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"text":"See also: Apartheid § Unity among white South Africans, and British diaspora in Africa § White minority ruleThe Afrikaner Nationalist is not an individualist. His whole sense of identity is bound up with conforming to his own homogeneous in-group. He tends to conform in religious worship, in unquestioning allegiance to authoritarian figures, in political ideology and in exaggerated loyalty to his in-group. Criticism of his attitudes is interpreted as an attack on the autonomy of his group (Boerehaat). He is terrified of losing his Afrikanerhood and his whiteness. Threaten these and he feels that his very self will cease to exist, and will therefore cling to them with passionate intensity.\n\n\nAnti-apartheid activist Wendy Woods, wife of Donald Woods, Daily Dispatch, 1977[13]During the apartheid era, the Afrikaners dominated in number of voters, politics and civil service, while English-speaking white South Africans dominated economically.[6]: 87–88, 93  The Afrikaners separated themselves from the rest of the population, both black people and English-speaking whites.[6]: 33–37  In 1971 sociologist Heribert Adam writes \"the historical friction between the English and Afrikaans-speaking populace is gradually being replaced by class contradictions within the two groups.\"[14][15] Historical friction was revived and exploited by the ruling National Party for political gain however.[6]: 173  In 1973 Edward Feit, professor of political science at the University of Michigan, writes in the American Journal of Sociology: \"Recent political campaigns have shown that the old bogey of Boerehaat still has its charms for an Afrikaaner majority.\"[14][16]The National Party, under the leadership of B. J. Vorster, appealed to the emotions of Afrikaner voters by depicting English-speaking white citizens as being guilty of Boerehaat.[17][18] The National Party and its political mouthpiece Die Burger waged a \"Boerehaat campaign\" during a by-election in Oudtshoorn in 1972, depicting their United Party opposition, once supported by the majority of English-speaking voters,[6]: 117  as Boerehaters, and won.[19][20][21][22] The Nationalists also used the term to censure members of the Progressive Federal Party opposition party formed in 1977.[23] After interviewing various South Africans including government officials during the early 1980s, American historian Otto Scott writes: \"This sort of xenophobic solidarity perceived the opposition as Boer haters.\"[24]White South African critics of apartheid, such as liberal politician Alex Boraine and Afrikaner anti-apartheid activist Beyers Naudé, were labelled unpatriotic Boerehaters by Nationalists and the Afrikaans press in an attempt to discredit them. White dissidents were also associated with the rooi gevaar (\"communist threat\").[4][25][26] South African poet and writer Guy Butler was called a Boerehater by Afrikaners for his promotion of English-language literature and his opposition to Afrikaner nationalism and the National Party.[27][28]English-speaking film critics were more lenient towards Afrikaans-language films lest they be accused of Boerehaat. According to The Star film critic Robert Greig, \"An apology situation developed with the English-language newspapers who tended not to slam Afrikaans films because they didn't want to be accused of boerehaat (Boer-hater).\" According to film critic Barry Ronge, \"The cries of boerehaat come from the industry itself when they feel they are not getting 'support'.\"[29]","title":"Apartheid era"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Julius Malema § \"Shoot the Boer\" song: 2010–2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Malema#%22Shoot_the_Boer%22_song:_2010%E2%80%932022"},{"link_name":"Hate speech § South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hate_speech#South_Africa"},{"link_name":"ANC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_National_Congress"},{"link_name":"Zola Skweyiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zola_Skweyiya"},{"link_name":"Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Jaap Marais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaap_Marais"},{"link_name":"right-wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right-wing_politics"},{"link_name":"Herstigte Nasionale Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herstigte_Nasionale_Party"},{"link_name":"Truth and Reconciliation Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth_and_Reconciliation_Commission_(South_Africa)"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Julius Malema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Malema"},{"link_name":"hate speech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hate_speech"},{"link_name":"High Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Court_of_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Johannesburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg"},{"link_name":"anti-apartheid protest song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protest_song#Anti-apartheid_protest_music"},{"link_name":"AfriForum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AfriForum"},{"link_name":"farm attacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_farm_attacks"},{"link_name":"post-apartheid South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_South_Africa_(1994%E2%80%93present)"},{"link_name":"minority group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minority_group"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Cyril Ramaphosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril_Ramaphosa"},{"link_name":"Limpopo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limpopo"},{"link_name":"2014 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_general_election,_2014"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Freedom Front Plus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_Front_Plus"},{"link_name":"Pieter Mulder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Mulder"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Michael Neocosmos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Neocosmos"},{"link_name":"ad hominem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_hominem"},{"link_name":"racism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racism"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"text":"See also: Julius Malema § \"Shoot the Boer\" song: 2010–2022, and Hate speech § South AfricaIn 1995 ANC politician Zola Skweyiya was accused of Boerehaat by Die Burger for disrespecting the Afrikaans official language in Parliament.[30] In 1998 Jaap Marais, Afrikaner nationalist leader of the right-wing Herstigte Nasionale Party, described the post-apartheid Truth and Reconciliation Commission as an exercise in Boerehaat.[31]In 2011 South African politician Julius Malema was found guilty of hate speech in the High Court in Johannesburg for repeatedly singing the anti-apartheid protest song \"Shoot the Boer\" at political gatherings. Civil rights organisation AfriForum accused Malema of inciting violence against white South Africans, citing the ongoing spate of farm attacks (the literal meaning of Boer is \"farmer\"). Judge Colin Lamont ruled that Malema's singing of the song in a post-apartheid South Africa was \"derogatory, dehumanising and hurtful\" to the Afrikaner minority group. Lamont said \"People must develop new customs and rejoice in a developing society by giving up old practices which are hurtful to members who live in that society with them.\"[32][33]In an incident reminiscent of the National Party's Boerehaat propaganda campaign during apartheid, ANC deputy president Cyril Ramaphosa urged disgruntled residents of the Limpopo province to vote in the 2014 general election otherwise \"the Boers will come back to control us\".[34][35][36] Freedom Front Plus leader Pieter Mulder described his remarks as \"primitive scare tactics\" and \"racist and polarising\".[37]Sociologist Michael Neocosmos notes that critics of the ruling ANC can similarly be labelled as \"standing outside the state-defined national consensus\", with for example ad hominem accusations of racism and disloyalty replacing accusations of Boerehaat and communist sympathies which are hard to defend.[38]","title":"Post-apartheid era"}]
[{"image_text":"1880 political cartoon by W. H. Schröder in The Lantern depicting a Boer petitioning Britain for continued independence. The personification of annexation is associated with prosperity, independence with anarchy and bankruptcy.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/An_AD_MISERICORDIAM_appeal_-_Lantern_-_13_March_1880.jpg/220px-An_AD_MISERICORDIAM_appeal_-_Lantern_-_13_March_1880.jpg"},{"image_text":"Flag of South Africa","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/50px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png"}]
[{"title":"Jingoism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jingoism"},{"title":"Race card","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_card"},{"title":"Schwabenhass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwabenhass"}]
[{"reference":"Hope, Christopher (9 November 1996). \"Books: Hairybacks and white kaffirs\". The Independent. Archived from the original on 14 June 2014. Retrieved 14 June 2014. whenever English speakers objected to living in a racial zoo designed to protect the mythical purity of Afrikaner nationalists, they were accused by their masters of giving way to Boerehaat (hatred of the Boers)","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/books-hairybacks-and-white-kaffirs-1351381.html","url_text":"\"Books: Hairybacks and white kaffirs\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140614103034/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/books-hairybacks-and-white-kaffirs-1351381.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kent, Kelley S. (2013). \"Propaganda, Public Opinion, and the Second South African Boer War\". Student Pulse. 5 (10). Retrieved 19 June 2014. After the war, the Boers became known to the world as 'Afrikaners'.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.studentpulse.com/articles/781/propaganda-public-opinion-and-the-second-south-african-boer-war","url_text":"\"Propaganda, Public Opinion, and the Second South African Boer War\""}]},{"reference":"HAT. Johannesburg: Perskor. 2000. p. 104. ISBN 9780628037695. Someone who hates Afrikaners and tries to harm or prejudice them","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handwoordeboek_van_die_Afrikaanse_Taal","url_text":"HAT"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780628037695","url_text":"9780628037695"}]},{"reference":"du Preez, Max (2004). Pale Native: Memories of a Renegade Reporter. Cape Town: Zebra Press. p. 65,143. ISBN 9781868729135. a Boerehater, someone who hated Afrikaners","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9zThrIM5GhIC","url_text":"Pale Native: Memories of a Renegade Reporter"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781868729135","url_text":"9781868729135"}]},{"reference":"Burton, Antoinette (2012). \"'States of injury': Josephine Butler on slavery, citizenship and the Boer War\". In Fletcher, Ian Christopher; Levine, Philippa; Mayhall, Laura E. Nym (eds.). Women's Suffrage in the British Empire: Citizenship, Nation and Race. Routledge. p. 25. ISBN 9781135639990. English images of the oppressive, uncouth Afrikaner dated back to the eighteenth century and, as Todd Lee has shown, the war in South Africa brought these images before the public in quite dramatic ways through fiction and the political cartoon, genres which caricatured the Boer male as criminal, dull-witted, and brutal.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoinette_Burton","url_text":"Burton, Antoinette"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7U5hln57PtkC","url_text":"Women's Suffrage in the British Empire: Citizenship, Nation and Race"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135639990","url_text":"9781135639990"}]},{"reference":"Hanf, Theodor (1981). South Africa, the Prospects of Peaceful Change: An Empirical Enquiry into the Possibility of Democratic Conflict Regulation. Indiana University Press. ISBN 9780253353948.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/southafricaprosp0000hanf","url_text":"South Africa, the Prospects of Peaceful Change: An Empirical Enquiry into the Possibility of Democratic Conflict Regulation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780253353948","url_text":"9780253353948"}]},{"reference":"Miller, Stephen M. (2007). Volunteers on the Veld: Britain's Citizen-soldiers and the South African War, 1899–1902. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. p. 131. ISBN 9780806138640.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9jZEtTfeyigC","url_text":"Volunteers on the Veld: Britain's Citizen-soldiers and the South African War, 1899–1902"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780806138640","url_text":"9780806138640"}]},{"reference":"Dilke, Charles Wentworth (1890). Problems of Greater Britain: Volume 1. London: Macmillan and Co. p. 472. Retrieved 15 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Charles_Dilke,_2nd_Baronet","url_text":"Dilke, Charles Wentworth"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/problemsofgreate01dilk","url_text":"Problems of Greater Britain: Volume 1"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/problemsofgreate01dilk/page/472","url_text":"472"}]},{"reference":"Bryce, James (1899). Impressions of South Africa. London: Macmillan and Co., Limited. p. 409.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/impressionsofso00bryc","url_text":"Impressions of South Africa"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/impressionsofso00bryc/page/409","url_text":"409"}]},{"reference":"Lowry, Donald (2012). \"'Making fresh Britains across the seas': Imperial authority and anti-feminism in Rhodesia\". In Fletcher, Ian Christopher; Levine, Philippa; Mayhall, Laura E. Nym (eds.). Women's Suffrage in the British Empire: Citizenship, Nation and Race. Routledge. p. 181. ISBN 9781135639990.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7U5hln57PtkC","url_text":"Women's Suffrage in the British Empire: Citizenship, Nation and Race"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135639990","url_text":"9781135639990"}]},{"reference":"Totten, Samuel; Bartrop, Paul R. (2008). \"Concentration Camps, South African War\". Dictionary of Genocide. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. pp. 84–85. ISBN 9780313346415.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rgGA91skoP4C","url_text":"Dictionary of Genocide"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313346415","url_text":"9780313346415"}]},{"reference":"West, Michael O. (2002). The Rise of an African Middle Class: Colonial Zimbabwe, 1898–1965. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. p. 183. ISBN 9780253109330.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=BLREQGMgZ9AC","url_text":"The Rise of an African Middle Class: Colonial Zimbabwe, 1898–1965"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780253109330","url_text":"9780253109330"}]},{"reference":"Woods, Wendy (1977). \"South Africa's Class and Colour Conflict\" (PDF). Daily Dispatch. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 June 2014. Retrieved 14 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140614084608/http://www.disa.ukzn.ac.za/webpages/DC/resep77.10/resep77.10.pdf","url_text":"\"South Africa's Class and Colour Conflict\""},{"url":"http://www.disa.ukzn.ac.za/webpages/DC/resep77.10/resep77.10.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Feit, Edward (November 1973). \"Modernizing Racial Domination: The Dynamics of South African Politics by Heribert Adam (book review)\". American Journal of Sociology. 79 (3): 754. doi:10.1086/225610. JSTOR 2776284.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F225610","url_text":"10.1086/225610"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2776284","url_text":"2776284"}]},{"reference":"Adam, Heribert (1971). Modernizing Racial Domination: South Africa's Political Dynamics. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 179. ISBN 9780520018235.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heribert_Adam","url_text":"Adam, Heribert"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/modernizingracia00adam","url_text":"Modernizing Racial Domination: South Africa's Political Dynamics"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/modernizingracia00adam/page/179","url_text":"179"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520018235","url_text":"9780520018235"}]},{"reference":"\"Obituary: Edward E. Feit, professor emeritus of Political Science\". University of Massachusetts Amherst. 3 December 2007. Archived from the original on 14 June 2014. Retrieved 14 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.umass.edu/newsoffice/article/obituary-edward-e-feit-professor-emeritus-political-science","url_text":"\"Obituary: Edward E. Feit, professor emeritus of Political Science\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140614073046/https://www.umass.edu/newsoffice/article/obituary-edward-e-feit-professor-emeritus-political-science","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Davenport, T.R.H. (1998). The Transfer of Power in South Africa. Cape Town: David Philip Publishers. p. 119. ISBN 9780864864109.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7cWNQ_C_iW8C","url_text":"The Transfer of Power in South Africa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780864864109","url_text":"9780864864109"}]},{"reference":"\"Dit was lekker\". Der Spiegel (in German). 26 June 1972. Archived from the original on 13 January 2011. Retrieved 13 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-42891736.html","url_text":"\"Dit was lekker\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110113144905/http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-42891736.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Horrell, Muriel (1974). A Survey of Race Relations in South Africa. Johannesburg: South African Institute of Race Relations. p. 1, 3,7. ISBN 9780869820407.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/surveyofracerela00horr","url_text":"A Survey of Race Relations in South Africa"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/surveyofracerela00horr/page/1","url_text":"1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780869820407","url_text":"9780869820407"}]},{"reference":"Welsh, David (1975). \"The Politics of White Supremacy\". In Thompson, Leonard; Butler, Jeffrey (eds.). Change in Contemporary South Africa. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 68. ISBN 9780520028395.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CQjOc2kSntcC","url_text":"Change in Contemporary South Africa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520028395","url_text":"9780520028395"}]},{"reference":"Butler, Jeffrey (1975). \"The Significance of Recent Changes Within the White Ruling Caste\". In Thompson, Leonard; Butler, Jeffrey (eds.). Change in Contemporary South Africa. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 82. ISBN 9780520028395.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CQjOc2kSntcC","url_text":"Change in Contemporary South Africa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520028395","url_text":"9780520028395"}]},{"reference":"Basson, Japie (2008). \"'Boerehaat' – Dangerous New Nat Propaganda\". State of the Nation: As Viewed from a Front Bench in Parliament, 1969–1981. Camps Bay, South Africa: Politika. pp. 147–149. ISBN 9780620409070.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=NJQPAQAAMAAJ","url_text":"State of the Nation: As Viewed from a Front Bench in Parliament, 1969–1981"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780620409070","url_text":"9780620409070"}]},{"reference":"Hughes, Timothy Peter David (1994). Political liberalism in South Africa in the 1980s and the formation of the Democratic Party (M.A.). University of Cape Town. p. 134.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Scott, Otto (1985). The Other End of the Lifeboat. Chicago: Regnery Books. p. 179. ISBN 9780895266026.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Scott","url_text":"Scott, Otto"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DHshAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"The Other End of the Lifeboat"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780895266026","url_text":"9780895266026"}]},{"reference":"Allen, John (2006). Rabble-Rouser for Peace: The Authorized Biography of Desmond Tutu. New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 363. ISBN 9780743298667.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=IIxMu_US0ssC","url_text":"Rabble-Rouser for Peace: The Authorized Biography of Desmond Tutu"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780743298667","url_text":"9780743298667"}]},{"reference":"\"A man of principle\". City Press. South Africa. 20 May 2010. Archived from the original on 13 June 2014. Retrieved 13 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140613132806/http://152.111.1.87/argief/berigte/citypress/2010/05/20/CP/10/VZboraine.html","url_text":"\"A man of principle\""},{"url":"http://152.111.1.87/argief/berigte/citypress/2010/05/20/CP/10/VZboraine.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Thurman, Chris (2010). Guy Butler: Reassessing a South African Literary Life. Scottsville, South Africa: University of KwaZulu-Natal Press. ISBN 9781869141837.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781869141837","url_text":"9781869141837"}]},{"reference":"Crous, Marius (25 October 2010). \"Guy Butler: Reassessing a South African Literary Life (book review)\". Die Burger (in Afrikaans). Archived from the original on 13 June 2014. Retrieved 13 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140613150303/http://152.111.1.87/argief/berigte/dieburger/2010/10/25/SK/13/Boek1.html","url_text":"\"Guy Butler: Reassessing a South African Literary Life (book review)\""},{"url":"http://152.111.1.87/argief/berigte/dieburger/2010/10/25/SK/13/Boek1.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Tomaselli, Keyan (2013). The Cinema of Apartheid: Race and Class in South African Film. Routledge. p. 102. ISBN 9781317928409.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=d5xWAgAAQBAJ","url_text":"The Cinema of Apartheid: Race and Class in South African Film"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317928409","url_text":"9781317928409"}]},{"reference":"\"Boerehaat\". Die Burger (in Afrikaans). 28 June 1995. Archived from the original on 16 June 2014. Retrieved 16 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140616084739/http://152.111.1.87/argief/berigte/dieburger/1995/06/28/14/3.html","url_text":"\"Boerehaat\""},{"url":"http://152.111.1.87/argief/berigte/dieburger/1995/06/28/14/3.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Net oefening in Boerehaat, sê HNP\" [Only exercise in Boerehaat, says HNP]. Die Burger (in Afrikaans). 30 October 1998. Archived from the original on 14 June 2014. Retrieved 14 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140614091146/http://152.111.1.87/argief/berigte/dieburger/1998/10/30/2/13.html","url_text":"\"Net oefening in Boerehaat, sê HNP\""},{"url":"http://152.111.1.87/argief/berigte/dieburger/1998/10/30/2/13.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Smith, David (15 March 2010). \"South African court finds ANC's Julius Malema guilty of hate speech\". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 12 February 2014. Retrieved 13 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/mar/15/anc-julius-malema-guilty-hate-speech","url_text":"\"South African court finds ANC's Julius Malema guilty of hate speech\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140212225434/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/mar/15/anc-julius-malema-guilty-hate-speech","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Laing, Aislinn (12 September 2011). \"Julius Malema found guilty of hate speech for singing 'Shoot the Boer'\". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 13 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/8757630/Julius-Malema-found-guilty-of-hate-speech-for-singing-Shoot-the-Boer.html","url_text":"\"Julius Malema found guilty of hate speech for singing 'Shoot the Boer'\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110928210448/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/8757630/Julius-Malema-found-guilty-of-hate-speech-for-singing-Shoot-the-Boer.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Vote or 'Boers' will come back to power – Cyril Ramaphosa\". City Press. South Africa. 11 November 2013. Archived from the original on 14 November 2013. Retrieved 16 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131114012305/http://www.citypress.co.za/politics/vote-boers-will-come-back-power-cyril-ramaphosa","url_text":"\"Vote or 'Boers' will come back to power – Cyril Ramaphosa\""},{"url":"http://www.citypress.co.za/politics/vote-boers-will-come-back-power-cyril-ramaphosa/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Poplak, Richard (11 November 2013). \"The Boers are back and the 2014 shape of things to come\". Daily Maverick. Archived from the original on 13 November 2013. Retrieved 17 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2013-11-11-the-boers-are-back-and-the-2014-shape-of-things-to-come/#.U5__TpSSyyg","url_text":"\"The Boers are back and the 2014 shape of things to come\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131113193314/http://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2013-11-11-the-boers-are-back-and-the-2014-shape-of-things-to-come/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"'Boer' comment not meant to cause offence – Cyril Ramaphosa\". City Press. South Africa. 12 November 2013. Archived from the original on 13 November 2013. Retrieved 17 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131113092653/http://www.citypress.co.za/politics/boer-comment-meant-cause-offence-cyril-ramaphosa/","url_text":"\"'Boer' comment not meant to cause offence – Cyril Ramaphosa\""},{"url":"http://www.citypress.co.za/politics/boer-comment-meant-cause-offence-cyril-ramaphosa/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Moloto, Moloko (12 November 2013). \"Cyril blasted over Boer comment\". The Star. South Africa. Archived from the original on 21 March 2014. Retrieved 17 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/cyril-blasted-over-boer-comment-1.1605799#.U6AAJ5SSyyg","url_text":"\"Cyril blasted over Boer comment\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140321000450/http://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/cyril-blasted-over-boer-comment-1.1605799","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Neocosmos, Michael (2004). \"Thinking the Impossible? Elements of a Critique of Political Liberalism in Southern Africa\" (PDF). Identity, Culture and Politics. 5 (1, 2). CODESRIA: 207–234. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 14 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Neocosmos","url_text":"Neocosmos, Michael"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150923205330/http://www.codesria.org/IMG/pdf/neocosmos.pdf","url_text":"\"Thinking the Impossible? Elements of a Critique of Political Liberalism in Southern Africa\""},{"url":"http://www.codesria.org/IMG/pdf/neocosmos.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aya_Group
Aya Group
["1 Location","2 Overview","3 Aya Foundation","4 Subsidiary companies","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
Coordinates: 00°22′39″N 32°33′17″E / 0.37750°N 32.55472°E / 0.37750; 32.55472Business conglomerate based in Uganda Aya GroupIndustryInvestments, Transportation, Food ProcessingHeadquartersKampala, UgandaKey peopleMohammed HamidGroup Chairman & Managing DirectorProductsWheat, Bread, Flour, Construction, Hotels & ResortsTotal assetsUS$400+ million (2012)Number of employees5,000+ (2011) The Aya Group of Companies, commonly referred to as the Aya Group, is a business conglomerate based in Uganda. Location With headquarters at 62 Bombo Road, Kawempe, in northern Kampala, Uganda's largest city, the group's business activities extend to the countries of Burundi, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda, and South Sudan. Aya Group also maintains subsidiaries in Dubai, United Arab Emirates and in New York City. The company headquarters is located in Kawempe, approximately 10 kilometres (6 mi), by road, north of the central business district of the city. The geographical coordinates of the Aya Group headquarters are 0°22'39.0"N, 32°33'17.0"E (Latitude:0.377500; Longitude:32.554725). Overview As of June 2014, the Aya Group was a fast-growing conglomerate. It is one of the largest corporate employers in Uganda, with over 5,000 people under payroll. With a total asset base in excess of US$400 million, the group is involved in the following business lines, among others: food processing, investments, transportation, real estate development, hospitality, mining, and merchandising. The 300-room The Pearl of Africa Hotel Kampala, was constructed by Aya Investments, a subsidiary of the group. It sits on Nakasero Hill in central Kampala. The hotel cost over US$150 million to build. It was expected to be Uganda's third 5-star hotel, next to the Kampala Serena Hotel, which was commissioned in 2006, and the Kampala Intercontinental Hotel, currently under construction. Because the majority of construction materials are sourced locally, the construction of this hotel has contributed enormously to Uganda's economy. Fifi Transport Limited, another group subsidiary, owns a fleet of Mercedes-Benz trucks. Aya Foundation The Aya Foundation is a non-profit charitable organization that was set up on the urging Mohammed Hamid, the Group Chairman. The foundation assists organizations that cater for needy children. One area that the foundation pays special attention to is the provision of pediatric medications. Subsidiary companies The Aya Group includes but is not limited to the following companies: Aya Bakery Limited - Kampala, Uganda Aya Biscuits Limited - Kampala, Uganda Aya Foundation Limited - Kampala, Uganda - non-profit charity, helping needy children Aya Investments Limited - Kampala Uganda - Owners of Kampala Hilton Hotel - One of the only three 5-star hotels in Uganda Aya Mills Limited - Kampala, Uganda Fifi Transport Limited - Kampala, Uganda Pan Afric Commodities Limited - Kampala, Uganda Aya Mining Limited - Kampala, Uganda Aya Mohammed Trade Plc. - Dubai, United Arab Emirates Aya Property Developers Inc. - New York City See also List of tallest buildings in Kampala List of wealthiest people in Uganda List of conglomerates in Uganda Kawempe Division Kampala Capital City Authority References ^ Google (14 July 2022). "Distance Between Bank of Uganda, Central Kampala, Uganda And Aya Group Headquarters, Kawempe, Kampala, Uganda" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved 14 July 2022. ^ Google (14 July 2022). "Location of Aya Group Headquarters" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved 14 July 2022. ^ Allio, Emmy (14 June 2006). "Nakasero Hill Excites Hotelier". New Vision. Archived from the original on 15 August 2007. Retrieved 23 June 2014. ^ New Vision (2012). "Uganda to Earn $45 Million Annually From Hilton Hotel". New Vision Mobile. Archived from the original on 2014-06-23. Retrieved 23 June 2013. ^ a b Business Focus Uganda (28 November 2021). "Aya Group Tycoon's Father, Who Helped Many Needy People Passes On At 95". Businessfocus.co.ug. Kampala, Uganda. Retrieved 14 July 2022. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help) ^ Newvision (29 April 2012). "I Juggled Business, Books At Eight Years". New Vision. Archived from the original on 8 November 2014. Retrieved 23 June 2014. ^ Vision, Reporters (24 July 2005). "Pan-Afric Installs $2 Million Bakery". New Vision. Archived from the original on 23 June 2014. Retrieved 23 June 2014. External links Group Website 00°22′39″N 32°33′17″E / 0.37750°N 32.55472°E / 0.37750; 32.55472 vteKampala DistrictCapital: KampalaDivisions Kampala Central Division Kawempe Division Lubaga Division Makindye Division Nakawa Division Neighborhoods Banda Bugoloobi Bukoto Busega Butabika Bwaise Ggaba Kabalagala Kamwookya Kansanga Kaleerwe Kanyanya Kasubi Katwe Kawaala Kawempe Kibuli Kibuye Kigoowa Kikaaya Kisaasi Kiwaatule Kulambiro Kololo Kyambogo Kyebando Lubaga Lungujja Luzira Makerere Makindye Mbuya Mengo Mpererwe Mulago Munyonyo Muyenga Naakulabye Naguru Najjanankumbi Nakasero Nakawa Nakawa–Naguru Estates Namirembe Namungoona Namuwongo Nateete Ndeeba Nsambya Ntinda Old Kampala Port Bell WandegeyaBanking Bank of Uganda Uganda Deposit Protection Fund ABC Bank (Uganda) Absa Bank Uganda Limited Bank of Africa Uganda Limited Bank of Baroda Uganda Limited Bank of India (Uganda) DFCU Group Cairo Bank Uganda Centenary Bank Citibank DFCU Bank Diamond Trust Bank Ecobank Equity Bank Exim Bank (Uganda) Finance Trust Bank Guaranty Trust Bank Housing Finance Bank I&M Bank Uganda KCB Bank Uganda Limited NCBA Bank Uganda Opportunity Bank Uganda Limited PostBank Uganda Stanbic Bank Uganda Limited Standard Chartered Uganda Tropical Bank United Bank for Africa East African Development Bank Uganda Development Bank Pride Microfinance Limited EFC Uganda Limited FINCA Uganda Limited UGAFODE Microfinance Limited Exodus Sacco Mercantile Credit Bank Letshego Microfinance Uganda Top Finance Bank Uganda Yako Microfinance Limited Industry Aya Group Cipla Quality Chemical Industries Limited FI Holdings–House of Dawda Group Mukwano Group Kiira Motors Corporation Sarrai Group Media Daily Monitor New Vision New Vision Group The Independent (Uganda) The Observer (Uganda) Information technology Airtel Uganda K2 Telecom MTN Uganda Uganda Communications Commission Uganda Telecommunications Corporation Limited Vodafone Uganda Economy Dott Services National Housing and Construction Company Tirupati Development Uganda Limited Insurance Regulatory Authority of Uganda National Food and Drug Authority National Planning Authority National Identification and Registration Authority National Social Security Fund National Water and Sewerage Corporation Uganda Securities Exchange Uganda Investment Authority Ruparelia Group Kyagalanyi Coffee Limited Brookside Dairy Limited Jesa Farm Dairy Limited Uganda Retirement Benefits Regulatory Authority Uganda Land Commission Capital Markets Authority of Uganda Uganda Coffee Development Authority ROKO Construction Company Uganda Business Facilitation Centre Transport Uganda Air Cargo Uganda Airlines Kampala Airport Uganda National Roads Authority Entebbe–Kampala Expressway Kampala–Jinja Expressway Kampala–Jinja Highway Kampala–Entebbe Road Kampala–Gayaza Road Kampala–Bombo Expressway Kampala–Busunju Expressway Kampala–Mpigi Expressway Kampala–Masaka Road Kampala–Mityana Road Kampala–Hoima Road Kampala Northern Bypass Highway Kampala Southern Bypass Highway Kampala Outer Beltway Tondeka Metro Bus Service Energy Umeme Electricity Regulatory Authority Uganda National Oil Company Uganda Refinery Holding Company Uganda National Pipeline Company Petroleum Authority of Uganda Uganda Electricity Generation Company Limited Uganda Electricity Transmission Company Limited Uganda Energy Credit Capitalisation Company Notablelandmarks Afrexim Bank House, Kampala Bulange Christ the King Catholic Church Uganda Parliament Buildings Kampala Capital City Authority Complex DFCU House Kampala Protea Hotel Kampala Hilton Garden Inn Kampala Hilton Hotel Kampala Serena Hotel Kampala Sheraton Hotel Imperial Hotels Group Imperial Royale Hotel Grand Imperial Hotel Janani Luwum Church House Kampala Kingdom Hotel Kampala Speke Hotel Mapeera House Movement House Munyonyo Commonwealth Resort Thobani Centre Speke Resort and Conference Center East African Development Bank Building Bank of Uganda Building Complex Mengo Palace Kabaka's Place Banda Namirembe Cathedral Rubaga Cathedral Makerere University Main Campus National Water and Sewerage Corporation Headquarters Building Kampala Tower Hotel Africana Kibuli Mosque Old Kampala Mosque Uganda Inspectorate of Government Towers Uganda Ministry of Education Complex Uganda Museum Uganda National Cultural Centre Uganda National Records Centre and Archives Kasubi Tombs DFCU House Pension Towers JLOS House Project Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Kampala Education Aga Khan University, Kampala Cavendish University Uganda Clarke International University Habib Medical School Institute of Petroleum Studies Kampala International Health Sciences University International University of East Africa ISBAT University Kampala International School Kampala University Kibuli Secondary School Kitante Hill Secondary School Kololo Senior Secondary School Kyambogo University Law Development Centre Makerere College School Makerere University Makerere University Business School Mengo Senior School Nabisunsa Girls' Secondary School Nakawa Vocational Training Institute Nexus International University Rubaga Community School Stafford University Uganda St. Augustine International University St. Lawrence University Uganda Christian University School of Medicine Team University Uganda Industrial Research Institute Uganda Management Institute Uganda Martyrs University School of Medicine Uganda National Entrepreneurship Development Institute Uganda Technology and Management University Victoria University Uganda Uganda National Council for Higher Education Health Aga Khan University Hospital, Kampala Butabika Hospital Case Medical Centre International Hospital Kampala Kadic Hospital Kampala Hospital Kampala Medical Chambers Hospital Kawempe General Hospital Kibuli Hospital Kiruddu General Hospital Lubaga Hospital Makerere University Hospital Mbuya Military Hospital Mengo Hospital Mulago Hospital Mulago Women's Referral Hospital Murchison Bay Hospital Upper Mulago Regional Referral Hospital Nakasero Hospital Naguru General Hospital Nsambya Hospital Paragon Hospital Uganda Cancer Institute Uganda Heart Institute Uganda Medical and Dental Practitioners Council Women's Hospital International and Fertility Centre Galilee Community General Jewish Hospital of Uganda International Medical Group Uganda Joint Medical Store Legal A.F. Mpanga Advocates ENSafrica Kampala Associated Advocates Kasirye Byaruhanga and Company Advocates Kateera & Kagumire Advocates Katende Ssempebwa & Company Advocates Kigozi Ssempala Mukasa Obonyo Advocates Ligomarc Advocates Sebalu & Lule Advocates Environment National Environment Management Authority of Uganda Notable people Apolo Nsibambi Nasser Sebaggala David Serwadda Fred Ruhindi John Ssebaana Kizito Bulaimu Muwanga Kibirige Erias Lukwago Ian Clarke Jennifer Musisi Josephine Nambooze Maria Kiwanuka Laurence Sematimba Joseph Kizito Justinian Tamusuza Robert Ssejjemba Eugene Sseppuya Phillip Ssozi Sudhir Ruparelia Wasswa Serwanga Yusef Sozi Margaret Zziwa Beti Kamya-Turwomwe Moses Matovu Mohammed Hamid Hasmukh Dawda
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"conglomerate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conglomerate_(company)"},{"link_name":"Uganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda"}],"text":"Business conglomerate based in UgandaThe Aya Group of Companies, commonly referred to as the Aya Group, is a business conglomerate based in Uganda.","title":"Aya Group"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kawempe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawempe"},{"link_name":"Kampala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampala"},{"link_name":"Burundi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi"},{"link_name":"Democratic Republic of the Congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo"},{"link_name":"Kenya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya"},{"link_name":"Rwanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda"},{"link_name":"Tanzania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzania"},{"link_name":"South Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sudan"},{"link_name":"Kawempe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawempe"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"With headquarters at 62 Bombo Road, Kawempe, in northern Kampala, Uganda's largest city, the group's business activities extend to the countries of Burundi, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda, and South Sudan. Aya Group also maintains subsidiaries in Dubai, United Arab Emirates and in New York City. The company headquarters is located in Kawempe, approximately 10 kilometres (6 mi), by road, north of the central business district of the city.[1] The geographical coordinates of the Aya Group headquarters are 0°22'39.0\"N, 32°33'17.0\"E (Latitude:0.377500; Longitude:32.554725).[2]","title":"Location"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aya_Group&action=edit"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"hospitality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospitality"},{"link_name":"merchandising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchandising"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"The Pearl of Africa Hotel Kampala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pearl_of_Africa_Hotel_Kampala"},{"link_name":"Nakasero Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakasero"},{"link_name":"Kampala Serena Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serena_Hotels"},{"link_name":"Kampala Intercontinental Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampala_Intercontinental_Hotel"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Mercedes-Benz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes-Benz"}],"text":"As of June 2014[update], the Aya Group was a fast-growing conglomerate. It is one of the largest corporate employers in Uganda, with over 5,000 people under payroll.[citation needed] With a total asset base in excess of US$400 million, the group is involved in the following business lines, among others: food processing, investments, transportation, real estate development, hospitality, mining, and merchandising.[citation needed]The 300-room The Pearl of Africa Hotel Kampala, was constructed by Aya Investments, a subsidiary of the group. It sits on Nakasero Hill in central Kampala. The hotel cost over US$150 million to build. It was expected to be Uganda's third 5-star hotel, next to the Kampala Serena Hotel, which was commissioned in 2006, and the Kampala Intercontinental Hotel, currently under construction.[3] Because the majority of construction materials are sourced locally, the construction of this hotel has contributed enormously to Uganda's economy.[4]Fifi Transport Limited, another group subsidiary, owns a fleet of Mercedes-Benz trucks.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mohammed Hamid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Hamid_(entrepreneur)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FoundR-5"}],"text":"The Aya Foundation is a non-profit charitable organization that was set up on the urging Mohammed Hamid, the Group Chairman. The foundation assists organizations that cater for needy children. One area that the foundation pays special attention to is the provision of pediatric medications.[5]","title":"Aya Foundation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Kampala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampala"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FoundR-5"},{"link_name":"Kampala Hilton Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampala_Hilton_Hotel"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The Aya Group includes but is not limited to the following companies:[6]Aya Bakery Limited - Kampala, Uganda\nAya Biscuits Limited - Kampala, Uganda\nAya Foundation Limited - Kampala, Uganda - non-profit charity, helping needy children[5]\nAya Investments Limited - Kampala Uganda - Owners of Kampala Hilton Hotel - One of the only three 5-star hotels in Uganda\nAya Mills Limited - Kampala, Uganda\nFifi Transport Limited - Kampala, Uganda\nPan Afric Commodities Limited - Kampala, Uganda[7]\nAya Mining Limited - Kampala, Uganda\nAya Mohammed Trade Plc. - Dubai, United Arab Emirates\nAya Property Developers Inc. - New York City","title":"Subsidiary companies"}]
[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Kampala_District_in_Uganda.svg/200px-Kampala_District_in_Uganda.svg.png"}]
[{"title":"List of tallest buildings in Kampala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Kampala"},{"title":"List of wealthiest people in Uganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_wealthiest_people_in_Uganda"},{"title":"List of conglomerates in Uganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_conglomerates_in_Uganda"},{"title":"Kawempe Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawempe_Division"},{"title":"Kampala Capital City Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampala_Capital_City_Authority"}]
[{"reference":"Google (14 July 2022). \"Distance Between Bank of Uganda, Central Kampala, Uganda And Aya Group Headquarters, Kawempe, Kampala, Uganda\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved 14 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google","url_text":"Google"},{"url":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Central+Bank+of+Uganda,+37%2F45,+Plot+17%2F19+Kampala+Road,+Kampala/AYA+Group+Uganda+Limited,+9HH3%2B3W2,+Kampala+256/@0.3477267,32.5327117,13z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x177dbc80f7f01c39:0x6b9adae1ecae2406!2m2!1d32.5803791!2d0.3137527!1m5!1m1!1s0x177dbaa0d663bf4b:0xffbd72389a7c2e17!2m2!1d32.5547738!2d0.377633!3e0","url_text":"\"Distance Between Bank of Uganda, Central Kampala, Uganda And Aya Group Headquarters, Kawempe, Kampala, Uganda\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]},{"reference":"Google (14 July 2022). \"Location of Aya Group Headquarters\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved 14 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google","url_text":"Google"},{"url":"https://www.google.com/maps/place/0%C2%B022'39.0%22N+32%C2%B033'17.0%22E/@0.3792279,32.5552943,2640m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m5!3m4!1s0x0:0x322649e1c3fe7bc5!8m2!3d0.3775!4d32.5547222","url_text":"\"Location of Aya Group Headquarters\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]},{"reference":"Allio, Emmy (14 June 2006). \"Nakasero Hill Excites Hotelier\". New Vision. Archived from the original on 15 August 2007. Retrieved 23 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070815232235/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/13/503999","url_text":"\"Nakasero Hill Excites Hotelier\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Vision","url_text":"New Vision"},{"url":"http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/13/503999","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"New Vision (2012). \"Uganda to Earn $45 Million Annually From Hilton Hotel\". New Vision Mobile. Archived from the original on 2014-06-23. Retrieved 23 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20140623233622/http://www.newvision.co.ug/mobile/Detail.aspx?NewsID=634973&CatID=1","url_text":"\"Uganda to Earn $45 Million Annually From Hilton Hotel\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Vision","url_text":"New Vision Mobile"},{"url":"http://www.newvision.co.ug/mobile/Detail.aspx?NewsID=634973&CatID=1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Business Focus Uganda (28 November 2021). \"Aya Group Tycoon's Father, Who Helped Many Needy People Passes On At 95\". Businessfocus.co.ug. Kampala, Uganda. Retrieved 14 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://businessfocus.co.ug/aya-group-tycoons-father-who-helped-many-needy-people-passes-on-at-95/","url_text":"\"Aya Group Tycoon's Father, Who Helped Many Needy People Passes On At 95\""}]},{"reference":"Newvision (29 April 2012). \"I Juggled Business, Books At Eight Years\". New Vision. Archived from the original on 8 November 2014. Retrieved 23 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141108224305/http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/630693-I-juggled-business--books-at-eight-years.html","url_text":"\"I Juggled Business, Books At Eight Years\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Vision","url_text":"New Vision"},{"url":"http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/630693-I-juggled-business--books-at-eight-years.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Vision, Reporters (24 July 2005). \"Pan-Afric Installs $2 Million Bakery\". New Vision. Archived from the original on 23 June 2014. Retrieved 23 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20140623233551/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/220/446617","url_text":"\"Pan-Afric Installs $2 Million Bakery\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Vision","url_text":"New Vision"},{"url":"http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/220/446617","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Policy_Forum
National Policy Forum
["1 Membership of the National Policy Forum","2 External links"]
Policy-making wing of the British Labour PartyNational Policy ForumTop table of the National Policy Forum in 2012AbbreviationNPFPredecessorProvisional National Policy ForumFounderTony BlairLocationUnited KingdomMembership (2018) 204 representativesParent organizationLabour PartyWebsitewww.policyforum.labour.org.uk The National Policy Forum (NPF) of the British Labour Party is part of the policy-making system of the Party, set up by Leader Tony Blair as part of the Partnership in Power process. A Provisional National Policy Forum had been established by Blair's predecessor, John Smith, in May 1993. The NPF is made up of 204 members representing parliament, devolved assemblies, local government, affiliated trade unions, socialist societies and others, and individual members of the Labour Party, who elect representatives through an all member ballot. The body is responsible for overseeing policy development. It meets two or three weekends a year to discuss in detail documents produced by the policy commissions, of which there are five, jointly set up by the NPF, the Party's National Executive Committee and (under Blair) the Government. It submits three types of documents to Labour Party Conference: pre-decision consultative, final policy documents and an annual report on the work of the policy commissions. There are also policy forums set up for the English regions and for Scotland and Wales, feeding into the National Policy Forum and discussing more local matters. The Joint Policy Committee acts as a steering group for the National Policy Forum. Membership of the National Policy Forum As of 2018, there were 204 members: Elected, for two year terms: Constituency Labour Parties - 55 Affiliated Trade Unions - 30 Regional Conferences/Policy Forums - 22 Local Government Councillors - 10 Socialist societies - 3 BAME Labour - 4 Members of Parliament - 9 Members of the European Parliament - 6 Labour Students - 1 Members of the House of Lords - 2 Northern Ireland Labour - 1 Labour International - 1 LGBT Labour - 1 Disabled Members Group - 1 Ex officio: Welsh Policy Forum officers - 4 Scottish Policy Forum officers - 4 Government/Shadow Cabinet - 8 Co-operative Party - 2 General Secretary of the Co-operative Party - 1 National Executive Committee - 39 Non-voting one representative of all otherwise non-represented socialist societies External links Official website National Policy Forum Report 2017 Labour's National Policy Forum, Nick Assinder, BBC Talking Politics, 5 June 1998 Results of elections to the National Policy Forum and Conference Arrangements Committee, Labour Party, 2015 2018 Labour Party Rule Book vteLabour PartyHistoryMain History of the Labour Party Topics Electoral history General election manifestos History of the socialist movement in the United Kingdom European Parliamentary Labour Party Scottish Labour Party (1888) Independent Labour Party Labour Representation Committee Gladstone–MacDonald pact National Labour Organisation Labour Independent Group Campaign for Democratic Socialism Lib–Lab pact Formation of SDP Gang of Four Limehouse Declaration Militant tendency The longest suicide note in history One more heave New Labour Tony's Cronies Blue Labour One Nation Labour Chakrabarti Inquiry LeadershipLeaders Hardie Henderson Barnes MacDonald Henderson Adamson Clynes MacDonald Henderson Lansbury Attlee Morrison^ Gaitskell Brown^ Wilson Callaghan Foot Kinnock Smith Beckett^ Blair Brown Harman^ Miliband Harman^ Corbyn Starmer Deputy Leaders Clynes Graham Attlee Greenwood Morrison Griffiths Bevan Brown Jenkins Short Foot Healey Hattersley Beckett Prescott Harman Watson Rayner General Secretaries MacDonald Henderson Middleton Phillips Williams Barker^ Nicholas Hayward Mortimer Whitty Sawyer McDonagh Triesman Carter Watt Collins McNicol Formby Evans Treasurers Henderson MacDonald Henderson Lathan Greenwood Gaitskell Bevan Nicholas Davies Callaghan Atkinson Varley Booth McCluskie Burlison Prosser Elsby Dromey Holland Leaders in the Lords Haldane Cripps Ponsonby Snell Addison Jowitt Alexander Pakenham Shackleton Shepherd Peart Hughes Richard Jay Williams Amos Ashton Royall Smith of Basildon Scottish Labour Leaders Dewar McLeish Jamieson^ McConnell Jamieson^ Alexander Jamieson^ Gray Lamont Sarwar^ Murphy Gray^ Dugdale Rowley^ Baillie^ Leonard Sarwar PLP Chairs Hardie Henderson Barnes MacDonald Henderson Hodge* Wardle* Adamson Clynes MacDonald Henderson Lansbury Attlee Lees-Smith* Pethick-Lawrence* Greenwood* Gaitskell Wilson Houghton Mikardo Hughes Willey Dormand Orme Hoyle Soley Corston Clwyd Lloyd Watts Cryer EPLP Leaders Stewart Prescott Castle Lomas Martin Seal Ford Green David Donnelly Murphy Titley Willmott Corbett * = wartime, in opposition ^ Interim/ActingInternal elections and selectionsLeadership elections 1922 Ramsay MacDonald 1931 Arthur Henderson 1932 George Lansbury 1935 Clement Attlee 1955 Hugh Gaitskell 1960 1961 1963 Harold Wilson 1976 James Callaghan 1980 Michael Foot 1983 Neil Kinnock 1988 1992 John Smith 1994 Tony Blair 2007 Gordon Brown 2010 Ed Miliband 2015 Jeremy Corbyn 2016 2020 Keir Starmer Deputy Leadership elections 1952 Herbert Morrison 1953 1956 Jim Griffiths 1959 Aneurin Bevan 1960 George Brown 1961 1962 1970 Roy Jenkins 1971 1972 Edward Short 1976 Michael Foot 1980 Denis Healey 1981 1983 Roy Hattersley 1988 1992 Margaret Beckett 1994 John Prescott 2007 Harriet Harman 2015 Tom Watson 2020 Angela Rayner Shadow Cabinet elections and reshuffles Sep 1931 (Henderson) Nov 1931 1932 (Lansbury) 1933 1934 1935 (Attlee) 1936 1937 1938 1939 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 (Gaitskell) 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 (Wilson) 1970 1971 1972 1973 1979 (Callaghan) 1980 (Foot) 1981 1982 1983 (Kinnock) 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 (Smith) 1993 1994 (Blair) 1995 1996 2010 (Miliband) June 2016 (Corbyn) May 2021 (Starmer) November 2021 2023 Party structureConstitution Clause IV Executive National Executive Committee General Secretary Treasurer Parliamentary Parliamentary Labour Party Chief Whip of the Labour Party Conference Labour Party Conference Subnational Scottish Labour Welsh Labour Labour Party in Northern Ireland Directly elected city mayoral authorities London Labour CLPs Constituency Labour Party Labour International Miscellaneous National Policy Forum Affiliated trade unions Trade Union and Labour Party Liaison Organisation Labour Co-operative Co-operative Party Labour – Federation of Labour Groups Associated organisationsList Organisations associated with the Labour Party Sectional groups Young Labour Labour International LGBT+ Labour Labour Campaign for Trans Rights Labour Students BAME Labour Disability Labour Factional groups Blue Labour Campaign for Labour Party Democracy Christians on the Left Compass Fabian Society Young Fabians Future Britain Centre-Left Grassroots Alliance Jewish Labour Movement Labour Campaign for Electoral Reform Labour CND Labour Friends of Israel Labour Friends of Palestine & the Middle East Labour Party Irish Society Labour Representation Committee (2004) Momentum Open Labour National Union of Labour and Socialist Clubs Progressive Britain Revolutionary Communist Party Formerly Socialist Appeal Socialist Health Association Socialist Educational Association Socialist Environment and Resources Association Socialist Campaign Group Socialist Youth Network Socialist societies Media publications LabourList Tribune Party alliancesCurrent Party of European Socialists Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats Progressive Alliance Socialist International
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Labour Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Tony Blair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Blair"},{"link_name":"John Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Smith_(Labour_Party_leader)"},{"link_name":"affiliated trade unions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affiliated_trade_union"},{"link_name":"socialist societies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_society_(Labour_Party)"},{"link_name":"National Executive Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Executive_Committee_of_the_Labour_Party"},{"link_name":"Labour Party Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_Conference"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"Joint Policy Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Policy_Committee"}],"text":"The National Policy Forum (NPF) of the British Labour Party is part of the policy-making system of the Party, set up by Leader Tony Blair as part of the Partnership in Power process. A Provisional National Policy Forum had been established by Blair's predecessor, John Smith, in May 1993.The NPF is made up of 204 members representing parliament, devolved assemblies, local government, affiliated trade unions, socialist societies and others, and individual members of the Labour Party, who elect representatives through an all member ballot.The body is responsible for overseeing policy development. It meets two or three weekends a year to discuss in detail documents produced by the policy commissions, of which there are five, jointly set up by the NPF, the Party's National Executive Committee and (under Blair) the Government. It submits three types of documents to Labour Party Conference: pre-decision consultative, final policy documents and an annual report on the work of the policy commissions.There are also policy forums set up for the English regions and for Scotland and Wales, feeding into the National Policy Forum and discussing more local matters.The Joint Policy Committee acts as a steering group for the National Policy Forum.","title":"National Policy Forum"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Constituency Labour Parties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constituency_Labour_Party"},{"link_name":"Affiliated Trade Unions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_Union_and_Labour_Party_Liaison_Organisation"},{"link_name":"Local Government Councillors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_government_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Socialist societies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_societies"},{"link_name":"Members of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Members_of_Parliament#United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Members of the European Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Members_of_the_European_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Labour Students","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Students"},{"link_name":"House of Lords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lords"},{"link_name":"Northern Ireland Labour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_in_Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Labour International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_International"},{"link_name":"LGBT Labour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_Labour"},{"link_name":"Co-operative Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-operative_Party"},{"link_name":"Co-operative Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-operative_Party"},{"link_name":"National Executive Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Executive_Committee_of_the_Labour_Party"}],"text":"As of 2018, there were 204 members:Elected, for two year terms:Constituency Labour Parties - 55\nAffiliated Trade Unions - 30\nRegional Conferences/Policy Forums - 22\nLocal Government Councillors - 10\nSocialist societies - 3\nBAME Labour - 4\nMembers of Parliament - 9\nMembers of the European Parliament - 6\nLabour Students - 1\nMembers of the House of Lords - 2\nNorthern Ireland Labour - 1\nLabour International - 1\nLGBT Labour - 1\nDisabled Members Group - 1Ex officio:Welsh Policy Forum officers - 4\nScottish Policy Forum officers - 4\nGovernment/Shadow Cabinet - 8\nCo-operative Party - 2\nGeneral Secretary of the Co-operative Party - 1\nNational Executive Committee - 39Non-votingone representative of all otherwise non-represented socialist societies","title":"Membership of the National Policy Forum"}]
[]
null
[]
[{"Link":"http://www.policyforum.labour.org.uk/","external_links_name":"www.policyforum.labour.org.uk"},{"Link":"http://www.policyforum.labour.org.uk/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"http://www.leftfutures.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/NPF2017.pdf","external_links_name":"National Policy Forum Report 2017"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world_cup_98/results_and_reports/107292.stm","external_links_name":"Labour's National Policy Forum"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151018155131/http://www.labour.org.uk/blog/entry/results-of-elections-to-the-national-policy-forum-and-conference-arrangemen","external_links_name":"Results of elections to the National Policy Forum and Conference Arrangements Committee"},{"Link":"https://skwawkbox.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Labour-Party-2018-Rule-Book.pdf","external_links_name":"2018 Labour Party Rule Book"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doppelg%C3%A4ngers_(Parks_and_Recreation)
Parks and Recreation season 6
["1 Cast","1.1 Main","1.2 Recurring","1.3 Guest stars","2 Production","3 Episodes","4 References","5 External links"]
Season of television series Season of television series Parks and RecreationSeason 6Region 1 DVD cover artShowrunnerMichael SchurStarring Amy Poehler Rashida Jones Aziz Ansari Nick Offerman Aubrey Plaza Chris Pratt Adam Scott Rob Lowe Jim O'Heir Retta No. of episodes22ReleaseOriginal networkNBCOriginal releaseSeptember 26, 2013 (2013-09-26) –April 24, 2014 (2014-04-24)Season chronology← PreviousSeason 5Next →Season 7List of episodes The sixth season of Parks and Recreation originally aired in the United States on the NBC television network, from September 26, 2013, with an hour long premiere, and concluded on April 24, 2014, with an hour-long finale. It premiered in its new Thursday 8:00 pm timeslot. This season consisted of 22 episodes. It stars Amy Poehler, Rashida Jones, Aziz Ansari, Nick Offerman, Aubrey Plaza, Chris Pratt, Adam Scott, Rob Lowe, Jim O'Heir, and Retta. The show moved to Thursdays at 8:30 pm beginning with its 100th episode. Much like the other seasons, Season 6 follows Leslie Knope (Amy Poehler) and her co-workers in local government of fictional Indiana town, Pawnee. The season chronicles Leslie facing the recall vote from City Council, Ann Perkins's (Rashida Jones) and Chris Traeger's (Rob Lowe) move to Michigan to start their family, Andy Dwyer's (Chris Pratt) career in London, and the city merger of Eagleton and Pawnee, resulting in the Unity Concert organized by Leslie. Cast Main Amy Poehler as Leslie Knope, the councilwoman for the town of Pawnee who loves her home town. She has not let politics dampen her optimism; her ultimate goal is to become President of the United States. Poehler departed from the NBC sketch comedy series Saturday Night Live, where she was a cast member for nearly seven years, to star in Parks and Recreation. It was only after she was cast that Daniels and Schur established the general concept of the show and the script for the pilot was written. Rashida Jones as Ann Perkins, a nurse and political outsider who gradually becomes more involved in Pawnee government through her friendship with Leslie. Jones was among the first to be cast by Daniels and Schur in 2008, when the series was still being considered as a spin-off to The Office, where Jones had played Jim Halpert's girlfriend Karen Filippelli. Aziz Ansari as Tom Haverford, Leslie's sarcastic and underachieving subordinate, who eventually begins to consider leaving his city hall job to pursue his own entrepreneurial interests. As with Jones, Daniels and Schur had intended to cast Ansari from the earliest stages of the development of Parks and Recreation. Nick Offerman as Ron Swanson, the deadpan parks and recreation director who, as a libertarian, believes in as small a government as possible. As such, Ron strives to make his department as ineffective as possible, and favors hiring employees who do not care about their jobs or are poor at them. Nevertheless, Ron consistently demonstrates that he secretly cares deeply about his co-workers. Aubrey Plaza as April Ludgate, a cynical and uninterested parks department intern who eventually becomes the perfect assistant for Ron. The role was written specifically for Plaza; after meeting her, casting director Allison Jones told Schur, "I just met the weirdest girl I've ever met in my life. You have to meet her and put her on your show." Chris Pratt as Andy Dwyer, a goofy and dim-witted but lovable slacker. Pratt was originally intended to be a guest star and the character Andy was initially meant to appear only in the first season, but the producers liked Pratt so much that, almost immediately after casting him, they decided to make him a regular cast member starting with season two. Adam Scott as Ben Wyatt, Leslie's husband, a competent but socially awkward government official trying to redeem his past as a failed mayor in his youth. Scott left his starring role on the Starz comedy series Party Down to join the show. Rob Lowe as Chris Traeger, an excessively positive and extremely health-conscious government official. Unlike Scott, Lowe was originally expected to depart after a string of guest appearances, but later signed a multi-year contract to become a regular cast member. Jim O'Heir as Jerry Gergich, a sweet-natured but painfully incompetent longtime city employee who is the main target of the office petty unkindness, yet enjoys his life as the husband of a gorgeous woman and the father of three beautiful daughters. He reached retirement with a full pension in season 5, but returned to the Parks office to work as an intern. As of season six, the other characters have taken to calling him "Larry Gengurch," after accidentally calling himself that name. Retta as Donna Meagle, the confident and competent office manager for the Pawnee Parks and Recreation Department. She is now accepting of her coworkers, previously dismissing them as boring. She has little tolerance for stupidity, can sometimes be selfish, enjoys casual dating, and is irresistible to many men. Donna loves her car, a Mercedes-Benz M-Class SUV. Recurring John Balma as Barney Varmn, an accountant. He regularly attempts to hire Ben as an employee. Alison Becker as Shauna Malwae-Tweep, a newspaper journalist working for The Pawnee Journal. Kristen Bell as Ingrid de Forest, an elitist city councilwoman from Eagleton. Lucy Lawless as Diane Lewis, a middle school vice-principal and Ron's wife. Richard Burch as Herman Lerpiss, the owner of the Pawnee Pawn Shop. Andrew Burlinson as Wyatt "Burly" Burlison, the lead guitarist of Andy's band "Mouse Rat". Mo Collins as Joan Callamezzo, a tabloid journalist and hostess of the local news/talk show Pawnee Today. Billy Eichner as Craig Middlebrooks, the former office manager of Eagleton's parks department. After the Pawnee-Eagleton city merger, he is brought into the Pawnee parks department as the "associate administrator", and forms a friendship with Donna. Sydney Endicott as Madison, a young intern at the parks department. Mary Faber as Kathryn Pinewood, a representative for the Pawnee Restaurant Association. Andy Forrest as Kyle, a government employee who is constantly ridiculed by Andy. Jon Glaser as Councilman Jeremy Jamm, a member of the Pawnee city council and Leslie's nemesis. James Greene as Councilman Fielding Milton, the longest serving member of the Pawnee city council. Eric Isenhower as Orin, a creepy and disturbed friend of April. Jay Jackson as Perd Hapley, a popular Pawnee television journalist and the host of news programs Ya Heard? With Perd! and The Final Word with Perd!. Marc Evan Jackson as Trevor Nelsson, one of Pawnee's top attorneys in the employment of Dr. Saperstein. Yvans Jourdain as Councilman Douglass Howser, the head of the Pawnee city council. Richard Portnow as Mitch Savner, a local businessman and potential investor for Tom's restaurant. Ben Schwartz as Jean-Ralphio Saperstein, Tom's dimwitted and cocky best friend. Jenny Slate as Mona-Lisa Saperstein, Tom's crazy ex-girlfriend and Jean-Ralphio's sister. Helen Slayton-Hughes as Ethel Beavers, an elderly government employee. Brady Smith as Grant Larson, director of the Midwest branch of the National Park Service. Kevin Symons as Councilman Bill Dexhart, a member of the Pawnee city council who is frequently embroiled in outrageous sex scandals. Cooper Thornton as Dr. Harris, a sarcastic doctor at Pawnee's hospital. Jeff Tweedy as Scott Tanner, the former lead singer of a band called "Land Ho!". Susan Yeagley as Jessica Wicks, the vain and superficial widow of Nick Newport Sr., one of the richest men in Pawnee. Henry Winkler as Dr. Saperstein, a gynecologist and father of Jean-Ralphio and Mona-Lisa. Guest stars Blake Anderson as Mike Bean, CEO of tech company "Gryzzl". Matt Besser as Crazy Ira, one of the hosts of the radio show Crazy Ira and The Douche. Dan Castellaneta as Derry Murbles, the host of the Pawnee radio show Thoughts for Your Thoughts. The Decemberists as themselves. Bo Burnham as Chip McCapp, a spoiled teenage country singer. Sam Elliott as Ron Dunn, the former head of the Eagleton parks department. Ginuwine as a fictional version of himself; he is Donna's cousin. Kathryn Hahn as Jennifer Barkley, a successful political campaign manager and old acquaintance of Ben and Leslie. Jon Hamm as Ed, an incompetent employee at the National Park Service. Kay Hanley as herself. Erinn Hayes as Annabel Porter, a well-respected Pawnee lifestyle guru. John Hodgman as August Clementine, an Eagleton radio host. Rob Huebel as Harvey Spielyorm, the unlikable owner of a tent store. Keegan-Michael Key as Joe, a school principal and Donna's ex-boyfriend. Heidi Klum as Ulee Danssen, the mayor of a town in Denmark. Nick Kroll as Howard "The Douche" Tuttleman, one of the hosts of the Pawnee radio show Crazy Ira and The Douche. Letters to Cleo as themselves. Andrew Luck as himself. Tatiana Maslany as Nadia Stasky, a doctor and love interest for Tom. Robert Mathis as himself. Megan Mullally as Tammy Swanson (aka Tammy Two), Ron's sex-crazed ex-wife. Michelle Obama as herself. June Diane Raphael as Tynnyfer, a former employee of the Eagleton parks department. Peter Serafinowicz as His Royal Excellence Lord Edgar Darby Covington, 14th Earl of Cornwall-Upon-Thames and 29th Baron of Hertfordshire, who also goes by the name "Eddie", the head of a British charitable organization. Yo La Tengo as Bobby Knight Ranger, a fictional Night Ranger tribute band. Adam Vinatieri as himself. Production On July 31, 2013, it was reported by BuzzFeed that Rob Lowe and Rashida Jones would be leaving the series around the middle of the season. Their final episode was episode 13, "Ann and Chris". Due to the departure of Jones and Lowe, longtime regulars Jim O'Heir and Retta were added to the show's opening credit sequence starting with episode 14, "Anniversaries". Jones appears as a special guest star in episode 17 when Ann has her baby. Chris Pratt was absent for much of the early part of the season, due to him filming Guardians of the Galaxy in London. Executive producer Michael Schur stated the show went to London for the first two episodes in order for Pratt's character Andy to make an appearance. Pratt made a brief return in the sixth episode, with Schur adding that Pratt would return to the series in the tenth episode, the series' 100th episode. In February 2014, NBC announced a digital tie-in for the show, titled "The Hapley Group", which aired on February 20. Created "to help viewers remain engaged with their favorite programs" while NBC broadcasts the 2014 Winter Olympics, it featured Jay Jackson, Matt Besser, Nick Kroll and Mo Collins reprising their roles as Perd Hapley, Crazy Ira, The Douche, and Joan Callamezzo, respectively, with Seth Morris as Mike Patterson, a new character who recurred on the TV show as well. The tie-in, directed by Morgan Sackett and written by Greg Levine, features the characters in a heated, political round-table discussion of Pawnee's hot topics. Retta tweeted on February 27, 2014, that filming for the season had finished. Episodes See also: List of Parks and Recreation episodes † denotes an extended episode. ‡ denotes an hour-long episode. Parks and Recreation, season 6 episodesNo.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateU.S. viewers(millions)911"London"‡Dean HollandMichael SchurSeptember 26, 2013 (2013-09-26)3.27922 Continuing moments after the previous episode, as Diane tells Ron that she's pregnant, Ron proposes, and they get married in the municipal building. Leslie wins an international award that takes her, Ben, Andy, April and Ron to London, while Tom learns who his business competitor is. Ann and Chris progress in their relationship. 933"The Pawnee-Eagleton Tip Off Classic"Nicole HolofcenerAlan YangOctober 3, 2013 (2013-10-03)3.14 Leslie, Ben and Chris go to Eagleton on government business, while Ann takes April to her veterinary school orientation in Bloomington. Ron attempts to destroy every piece of evidence of his existence after receiving a junk mail flier, and Ann suggests that she and Chris move away from Pawnee after their baby is born. 944"Doppelgängers"Jay KarasDonick CaryOctober 10, 2013 (2013-10-10)3.23 Leslie pairs the Pawnee Parks Department with their Eagleton counterparts, however, none of them seem to get along. Jerry (now known as Larry) comes out of retirement to become the Parks' department filer. Ann tells Leslie that she and Chris are planning to move away from Pawnee to Michigan, which Leslie does not take well. 955"Gin It Up!"Jorma TacconeMatt MurrayOctober 17, 2013 (2013-10-17)3.27 When Donna uses the department's Twitter account instead of her own, Leslie helps calm the over reaction to the sex-themed tweet. Elsewhere, Tom tries to impress someone who stops by the Parks Department by making her simple request take extra long, and Ron meets with a lawyer to craft his last will. 966"Filibuster"Morgan SackettHarris WittelsNovember 14, 2013 (2013-11-14)3.03 Andy returns briefly from London, while Ron takes Donna hunting after failing at a computer version. Leslie plans a 1990s themed birthday party for Ben, only to miss it in order to attend a filibuster to fight for the rights of former Eagletonians to vote. 977"Recall Vote"Wendey StanzlerAisha MuharrarNovember 14, 2013 (2013-11-14)3.03 Leslie prepares Halloween festivities at town hall on the day of her recall vote, while Ron convinces Tom to sell his business in order to gain money through the deal. 988"Fluoride"Michael TrimMatt HubbardNovember 21, 2013 (2013-11-21)2.81 Leslie accepts that she has been recalled, and attempts to introduce Eagleton's water fluoridation to Pawnee, using a new attitude as a lame duck, but Jamm ruins it with fear-mongering. Tom counters with T-Dazzle, a rebrand, but Jamm decides to introduce Drink-ems, an unhealthy drink to replace water. Leslie berates Sweetums for the Drink-ems idea, which costs Ben his job. Needing Ben to have a job, Leslie decides to apologize, but through encouragement from Ben, she gets Tom to once again rebrand fluoride as H2-Flow, which successfully works. Meanwhile, Chris tries to learn parenting techniques from a reluctant Ron, who is really just showing him how to build a crib. Elsewhere, Donna gets upset with April for choosing spirit dogs for the department, and choosing hers under basic explanations. 999"The Cones of Dunshire"Julie Anne RobinsonDave KingNovember 21, 2013 (2013-11-21)2.81 Leslie faces off with Councilman Jamm on a park proposal. Laid-off Ben gets a new hobby, before accepting a job offer from an accounting firm that has been courting him for two years. Tom, April and Donna help Ron sell his cabin. Chris gets Leslie to finally come to terms with his and Ann's move to Michigan. 10010"Second Chunce"†Dean HollandAmy Poehler & Michael SchurJanuary 9, 2014 (2014-01-09)3.43 Leslie comes to terms with her last days in office, but when Councilman Dexhart gets into another scandal, she tries to convince the department that she should run again for Dexhart's seat. Meanwhile, Ann and Chris find out that they are having a boy. Andy comes home from London. 10111"New Beginnings"Alan YangSam MeansJanuary 16, 2014 (2014-01-16)3.05 Leslie returns to her old job and Ben becomes City Manager after Chris stepped down. April and Andy pull pranks on Ben. 10212"Farmers Market"Adam ScottJoe MandeJanuary 23, 2014 (2014-01-23)2.98 Leslie fights with Ben over the ways the new Farmers Market is being handled. The department gets annoyed with Ann's pregnancy aspects. April supports Andy on playing music for children. 10313"Ann and Chris"Dean HollandAisha Muharrar & Michael SchurJanuary 30, 2014 (2014-01-30)3.03 Leslie throws a goodbye party for Ann and Chris and tries to fulfill a promise by finally beginning to break ground on Pawnee Commons (the project that got her and Ann together). The guys search for a going-away gift for Chris. Ann and Chris say their goodbyes and leave Pawnee. 10414"Anniversaries"Morgan SackettMegan AmramFebruary 27, 2014 (2014-02-27)2.52 Ben tries to surprise Leslie with an anniversary gifts, but ends up spending more time with Larry. Donna doesn't show up for work, so April tries to discipline her using the internet which backfires. Leslie tries to put a spin on the Pawnee-Eagleton merger. Andy and Tom come up with an idea to hold a concert to celebrate the merger. Meanwhile, Ron writes letters to all the things he hates. 10515"The Wall"Ken WhittinghamJen StatskyMarch 6, 2014 (2014-03-06)2.95 Ben and Tom try to get sponsors for the Pawnee/Eagleton unity concert and Tom ends up getting an investment offer for one of his ideas; Leslie tries to tear down the wall dividing the two towns, only to release bees, causing Jamm to propose a secede bill; Leslie also gets an offer to run a new National Parks office out of Chicago. Meanwhile, Ron begins to bring his newborn son, John, to the office, as he rebuilds an abandoned floor in Town Hall. 10616"New Slogan"Dean HollandAlan Yang & Sam MeansMarch 13, 2014 (2014-03-13)2.72 Ben revamps the Pawnee website, on which Leslie solicits suggestions for a new town slogan, but The Douche convinces his radio listeners to write in obscene slogans. April tries to keep Tom from leaving by saying bad things about potential restaurant locations. She realizes Donna was doing the same thing by showing him awful locations, so they both try to make things right. Andy discovers Ron is Duke Silver and tries to convince him to play the unity concert. 10717"Galentine's Day"Beth McCarthy-MillerEmma Fletcher & Rachna FruchbomMarch 20, 2014 (2014-03-20)3.05 Leslie throws a Galentine's Day brunch in an effort to find a new best friend. Ben, Tom and Larry search for tents for the Unity Concert. With new parental instincts Ron looks after Andy. Meanwhile, Leslie visits Ann after she gives birth to her baby, Oliver. 10818"Prom"Ken WhittinghamMatt Murray & Harris WittelsApril 3, 2014 (2014-04-03)2.67 After it is cut from the budget, Leslie brings back the senior prom, and asks Ben and Tom to be DJs. Andy tries everything to get April, who hates prom, to go with him. 10919"Flu Season 2"†Nick OffermanMegan Amram & Dave KingApril 10, 2014 (2014-04-10)2.56 Leslie and Andy try to find music for the unity concert while battling the flu; Donna, Tom and April go wine tasting for Tom's new restaurant. Ron and Ben have a bonding session. Later, Ben realizes he wants to start a family, and Leslie announces that she is pregnant. 11020"One in 8,000"Dean HollandDonick Cary & Joe MandeApril 17, 2014 (2014-04-17)2.39 Leslie and Ben try to keep Leslie's pregnancy a secret, which proves a problem when they realize she is having triplets. Meanwhile, Donna seeks Ron's help dealing with her ex-boyfriend at a school, and April organizes Andy's schedule while trying to learn his secret. Leslie and Ben eventually tell the office, with everyone offering some form of help to them once the babies arrive. 11121"Moving Up"†‡Michael SchurAisha Muharrar & Alan YangApril 24, 2014 (2014-04-24)2.7111222 Leslie, Ben, and Andy visit San Francisco for a National Parks Conference, where Ben (with the help of First Lady Michelle Obama) convinces Leslie to take the job in Chicago. Tom opens his restaurant early, which backfires and the investor pulls out. The Parks Department holds the Pawnee/Eagleton Unity Concert, which is a success. Tom reopens his restaurant the night of the concert, having better luck this time and gaining another investor. Later, Leslie convinces her National Parks boss to bring her job to Pawnee, using the City Hall building's third floor that Ron has finished renovating. Three years later in the future, Leslie is shown being stressed but successful at her new job, while she and Ben raise their triplets. 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Retrieved April 18, 2014. ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (April 25, 2014). "Thursday Final Ratings: 'The Big Bang Theory' & 'The Vampire Diaries' Adjusted Up; 'The Millers' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on April 26, 2014. Retrieved April 25, 2014. External links Official Parks and Recreation site at NBC.com Parks and Recreation at IMDb vteParks and RecreationEpisodesSeason 1 "Pilot" "Canvassing" "The Reporter" "Boys' Club" "The Banquet" "Rock Show" Season 2 "Pawnee Zoo" "The Stakeout" "Beauty Pageant" "Practice Date" "Sister City" "Kaboom" "Greg Pikitis" "Ron and Tammy" "The Camel" "Hunting Trip" "Tom's Divorce" "Christmas Scandal" "The Set Up" "Leslie's House" "Sweetums" "Galentine's Day" "Woman of the Year" "The Possum" "Park Safety" "Summer Catalog" "94 Meetings" "Telethon" "The Master Plan" "Freddy Spaghetti" Season 3 "Go Big or Go Home" "Flu Season" "Time Capsule" "Ron & Tammy: Part Two" "Media Blitz" "Indianapolis" "Harvest Festival" "Camping" "Andy and April's Fancy Party" "Soulmates" "Jerry's Painting" "Eagleton" "The Fight" "Road Trip" "The Bubble" "Li'l Sebastian" Season 4 "I'm Leslie Knope" "Ron and Tammys" "Born & Raised" "Pawnee Rangers" "End of the World" "Smallest Park" "The Trial of Leslie Knope" "Bowling for Votes" "Operation Ann" "The Debate" "Bus Tour" "Win, Lose, or Draw" Season 5 "Ms. Knope Goes to Washington" "Soda Tax" "How a Bill Becomes a Law" "Sex Education" "Halloween Surprise" Season 6 Season 7 "2017" "Leslie and Ron" "One Last Ride" Special "A Parks and Recreation Special" Characters Leslie Knope Ron Swanson Tom Haverford Ann Perkins April Ludgate Andy Dwyer Ben Wyatt Chris Traeger Jerry Gergich Donna Meagle Mark Brendanawicz Jean-Ralphio Saperstein Related Pawnee Awards and nominations
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Parks and Recreation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parks_and_Recreation"},{"link_name":"NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-futon-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-futon-1"},{"link_name":"Amy Poehler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Poehler"},{"link_name":"Rashida Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashida_Jones"},{"link_name":"Aziz Ansari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aziz_Ansari"},{"link_name":"Nick Offerman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Offerman"},{"link_name":"Aubrey Plaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aubrey_Plaza"},{"link_name":"Chris Pratt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Pratt"},{"link_name":"Adam Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Scott_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Rob Lowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Lowe"},{"link_name":"Jim O'Heir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_O%27Heir"},{"link_name":"Retta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retta"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Leslie Knope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Knope"},{"link_name":"Amy Poehler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Poehler"},{"link_name":"Pawnee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawnee_(Parks_and_Recreation)"},{"link_name":"Ann Perkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Perkins"},{"link_name":"Rashida Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashida_Jones"},{"link_name":"Chris Traeger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Traeger"},{"link_name":"Rob Lowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Lowe"},{"link_name":"Andy Dwyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Dwyer"},{"link_name":"Chris Pratt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Pratt"}],"text":"Season of television seriesSeason of television seriesThe sixth season of Parks and Recreation originally aired in the United States on the NBC television network, from September 26, 2013, with an hour long premiere, and concluded on April 24, 2014, with an hour-long finale.[1] It premiered in its new Thursday 8:00 pm timeslot.[2] This season consisted of 22 episodes.[1] It stars Amy Poehler, Rashida Jones, Aziz Ansari, Nick Offerman, Aubrey Plaza, Chris Pratt, Adam Scott, Rob Lowe, Jim O'Heir, and Retta. The show moved to Thursdays at 8:30 pm beginning with its 100th episode.[3]Much like the other seasons, Season 6 follows Leslie Knope (Amy Poehler) and her co-workers in local government of fictional Indiana town, Pawnee. The season chronicles Leslie facing the recall vote from City Council, Ann Perkins's (Rashida Jones) and Chris Traeger's (Rob Lowe) move to Michigan to start their family, Andy Dwyer's (Chris Pratt) career in London, and the city merger of Eagleton and Pawnee, resulting in the Unity Concert organized by Leslie.","title":"Parks and Recreation season 6"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Amy Poehler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Poehler"},{"link_name":"Leslie Knope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Knope"},{"link_name":"President of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Saturday Night Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYPost0409-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT0326-7"},{"link_name":"Rashida Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashida_Jones"},{"link_name":"Ann Perkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Perkins"},{"link_name":"Jim Halpert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Halpert"},{"link_name":"Karen Filippelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Filippelli"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT0326-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sepinwall0721-8"},{"link_name":"Aziz Ansari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aziz_Ansari"},{"link_name":"Tom Haverford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Haverford"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AVClub0426-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT0326-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sepinwall0721-8"},{"link_name":"Nick Offerman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Offerman"},{"link_name":"Ron Swanson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Swanson"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AVClub0426-9"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Snierson0127-11"},{"link_name":"Aubrey Plaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aubrey_Plaza"},{"link_name":"April Ludgate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_Ludgate"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Chris Pratt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Pratt"},{"link_name":"Andy Dwyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Dwyer"},{"link_name":"slacker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slacker"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sepinwall0917-13"},{"link_name":"Adam Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Scott_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Ben Wyatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Wyatt_(Parks_and_Recreation)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Starz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starz_(TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"Party Down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_Down"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Martin0304-15"},{"link_name":"Rob Lowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Lowe"},{"link_name":"Chris Traeger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Traeger"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sepinwall0203-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sepinwall0203-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Jim O'Heir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_O%27Heir"},{"link_name":"Jerry Gergich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Gergich"},{"link_name":"Retta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retta"},{"link_name":"Donna Meagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donna_Meagle"}],"sub_title":"Main","text":"Amy Poehler as Leslie Knope, the councilwoman for the town of Pawnee who loves her home town. She has not let politics dampen her optimism; her ultimate goal is to become President of the United States.[4] Poehler departed from the NBC sketch comedy series Saturday Night Live, where she was a cast member for nearly seven years, to star in Parks and Recreation.[5][6] It was only after she was cast that Daniels and Schur established the general concept of the show and the script for the pilot was written.[7]\nRashida Jones as Ann Perkins, a nurse and political outsider who gradually becomes more involved in Pawnee government through her friendship with Leslie. Jones was among the first to be cast by Daniels and Schur in 2008, when the series was still being considered as a spin-off to The Office, where Jones had played Jim Halpert's girlfriend Karen Filippelli.[7][8]\nAziz Ansari as Tom Haverford, Leslie's sarcastic and underachieving subordinate,[9] who eventually begins to consider leaving his city hall job to pursue his own entrepreneurial interests.[10] As with Jones, Daniels and Schur had intended to cast Ansari from the earliest stages of the development of Parks and Recreation.[7][8]\nNick Offerman as Ron Swanson, the deadpan parks and recreation director who, as a libertarian, believes in as small a government as possible. As such, Ron strives to make his department as ineffective as possible, and favors hiring employees who do not care about their jobs or are poor at them.[9] Nevertheless, Ron consistently demonstrates that he secretly cares deeply about his co-workers.[11]\nAubrey Plaza as April Ludgate, a cynical and uninterested parks department intern who eventually becomes the perfect assistant for Ron.[12] The role was written specifically for Plaza; after meeting her, casting director Allison Jones told Schur, \"I just met the weirdest girl I've ever met in my life. You have to meet her and put her on your show.\"\nChris Pratt as Andy Dwyer, a goofy and dim-witted but lovable slacker. Pratt was originally intended to be a guest star and the character Andy was initially meant to appear only in the first season, but the producers liked Pratt so much that, almost immediately after casting him, they decided to make him a regular cast member starting with season two.[13]\nAdam Scott as Ben Wyatt, Leslie's husband, a competent but socially awkward government official trying to redeem his past as a failed mayor in his youth.[14] Scott left his starring role on the Starz comedy series Party Down to join the show.[15]\nRob Lowe as Chris Traeger, an excessively positive and extremely health-conscious government official.[16] Unlike Scott, Lowe was originally expected to depart after a string of guest appearances,[17][18] but later signed a multi-year contract to become a regular cast member.[18][19]\nJim O'Heir as Jerry Gergich, a sweet-natured but painfully incompetent longtime city employee who is the main target of the office petty unkindness, yet enjoys his life as the husband of a gorgeous woman and the father of three beautiful daughters. He reached retirement with a full pension in season 5, but returned to the Parks office to work as an intern. As of season six, the other characters have taken to calling him \"Larry Gengurch,\" after accidentally calling himself that name.\nRetta as Donna Meagle, the confident and competent office manager for the Pawnee Parks and Recreation Department. She is now accepting of her coworkers, previously dismissing them as boring. She has little tolerance for stupidity, can sometimes be selfish, enjoys casual dating, and is irresistible to many men. Donna loves her car, a Mercedes-Benz M-Class SUV.","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alison Becker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alison_Becker"},{"link_name":"Kristen Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristen_Bell"},{"link_name":"Lucy Lawless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy_Lawless"},{"link_name":"Mo Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo_Collins"},{"link_name":"Billy Eichner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Eichner"},{"link_name":"Mary Faber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Faber"},{"link_name":"Jon Glaser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Glaser"},{"link_name":"Councilman Jeremy Jamm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Jamm"},{"link_name":"James Greene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Greene_(American_actor)"},{"link_name":"Marc Evan Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Evan_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Richard Portnow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Portnow"},{"link_name":"Ben Schwartz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Schwartz"},{"link_name":"Jean-Ralphio Saperstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Ralphio_Saperstein"},{"link_name":"Jenny Slate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenny_Slate"},{"link_name":"Helen Slayton-Hughes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Slayton-Hughes"},{"link_name":"Brady Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brady_Smith_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Kevin Symons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Symons"},{"link_name":"Jeff Tweedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Tweedy"},{"link_name":"Susan Yeagley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Yeagley"},{"link_name":"Henry Winkler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Winkler"}],"sub_title":"Recurring","text":"John Balma as Barney Varmn, an accountant. He regularly attempts to hire Ben as an employee.\nAlison Becker as Shauna Malwae-Tweep, a newspaper journalist working for The Pawnee Journal.\nKristen Bell as Ingrid de Forest, an elitist city councilwoman from Eagleton.\nLucy Lawless as Diane Lewis, a middle school vice-principal and Ron's wife.\nRichard Burch as Herman Lerpiss, the owner of the Pawnee Pawn Shop.\nAndrew Burlinson as Wyatt \"Burly\" Burlison, the lead guitarist of Andy's band \"Mouse Rat\".\nMo Collins as Joan Callamezzo, a tabloid journalist and hostess of the local news/talk show Pawnee Today.\nBilly Eichner as Craig Middlebrooks, the former office manager of Eagleton's parks department. After the Pawnee-Eagleton city merger, he is brought into the Pawnee parks department as the \"associate administrator\", and forms a friendship with Donna.\nSydney Endicott as Madison, a young intern at the parks department.\nMary Faber as Kathryn Pinewood, a representative for the Pawnee Restaurant Association.\nAndy Forrest as Kyle, a government employee who is constantly ridiculed by Andy.\nJon Glaser as Councilman Jeremy Jamm, a member of the Pawnee city council and Leslie's nemesis.\nJames Greene as Councilman Fielding Milton, the longest serving member of the Pawnee city council.\nEric Isenhower as Orin, a creepy and disturbed friend of April.\nJay Jackson as Perd Hapley, a popular Pawnee television journalist and the host of news programs Ya Heard? With Perd! and The Final Word with Perd!.\nMarc Evan Jackson as Trevor Nelsson, one of Pawnee's top attorneys in the employment of Dr. Saperstein.\nYvans Jourdain as Councilman Douglass Howser, the head of the Pawnee city council.\nRichard Portnow as Mitch Savner, a local businessman and potential investor for Tom's restaurant.\nBen Schwartz as Jean-Ralphio Saperstein, Tom's dimwitted and cocky best friend.\nJenny Slate as Mona-Lisa Saperstein, Tom's crazy ex-girlfriend and Jean-Ralphio's sister.\nHelen Slayton-Hughes as Ethel Beavers, an elderly government employee.\nBrady Smith as Grant Larson, director of the Midwest branch of the National Park Service.\nKevin Symons as Councilman Bill Dexhart, a member of the Pawnee city council who is frequently embroiled in outrageous sex scandals.\nCooper Thornton as Dr. Harris, a sarcastic doctor at Pawnee's hospital.\nJeff Tweedy as Scott Tanner, the former lead singer of a band called \"Land Ho!\".\nSusan Yeagley as Jessica Wicks, the vain and superficial widow of Nick Newport Sr., one of the richest men in Pawnee.\nHenry Winkler as Dr. Saperstein, a gynecologist and father of Jean-Ralphio and Mona-Lisa.","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Blake Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blake_Anderson"},{"link_name":"Matt Besser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Besser"},{"link_name":"Dan Castellaneta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Castellaneta"},{"link_name":"The Decemberists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Decemberists"},{"link_name":"Bo Burnham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo_Burnham"},{"link_name":"Sam Elliott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Elliott"},{"link_name":"Ginuwine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginuwine"},{"link_name":"Kathryn Hahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathryn_Hahn"},{"link_name":"Jon Hamm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Hamm"},{"link_name":"Kay Hanley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kay_Hanley"},{"link_name":"Erinn Hayes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erinn_Hayes"},{"link_name":"John Hodgman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hodgman"},{"link_name":"Rob Huebel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Huebel"},{"link_name":"Keegan-Michael Key","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keegan-Michael_Key"},{"link_name":"Heidi Klum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heidi_Klum"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"Nick Kroll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Kroll"},{"link_name":"Letters to Cleo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letters_to_Cleo"},{"link_name":"Andrew Luck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Luck"},{"link_name":"Tatiana Maslany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatiana_Maslany"},{"link_name":"Robert Mathis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mathis"},{"link_name":"Megan Mullally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megan_Mullally"},{"link_name":"Michelle Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_Obama"},{"link_name":"June Diane Raphael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_Diane_Raphael"},{"link_name":"Peter Serafinowicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Serafinowicz"},{"link_name":"Yo La Tengo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yo_La_Tengo"},{"link_name":"Night Ranger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_Ranger"},{"link_name":"Adam Vinatieri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Vinatieri"}],"sub_title":"Guest stars","text":"Blake Anderson as Mike Bean, CEO of tech company \"Gryzzl\".\nMatt Besser as Crazy Ira, one of the hosts of the radio show Crazy Ira and The Douche.\nDan Castellaneta as Derry Murbles, the host of the Pawnee radio show Thoughts for Your Thoughts.\nThe Decemberists as themselves.\nBo Burnham as Chip McCapp, a spoiled teenage country singer.\nSam Elliott as Ron Dunn, the former head of the Eagleton parks department.\nGinuwine as a fictional version of himself; he is Donna's cousin.\nKathryn Hahn as Jennifer Barkley, a successful political campaign manager and old acquaintance of Ben and Leslie.\nJon Hamm as Ed, an incompetent employee at the National Park Service.\nKay Hanley as herself.\nErinn Hayes as Annabel Porter, a well-respected Pawnee lifestyle guru.\nJohn Hodgman as August Clementine, an Eagleton radio host.\nRob Huebel as Harvey Spielyorm, the unlikable owner of a tent store.\nKeegan-Michael Key as Joe, a school principal and Donna's ex-boyfriend.\nHeidi Klum as Ulee Danssen, the mayor of a town in Denmark.\nNick Kroll as Howard \"The Douche\" Tuttleman, one of the hosts of the Pawnee radio show Crazy Ira and The Douche.\nLetters to Cleo as themselves.\nAndrew Luck as himself.\nTatiana Maslany as Nadia Stasky, a doctor and love interest for Tom.\nRobert Mathis as himself.\nMegan Mullally as Tammy Swanson (aka Tammy Two), Ron's sex-crazed ex-wife.\nMichelle Obama as herself.\nJune Diane Raphael as Tynnyfer, a former employee of the Eagleton parks department.\nPeter Serafinowicz as His Royal Excellence Lord Edgar Darby Covington, 14th Earl of Cornwall-Upon-Thames and 29th Baron of Hertfordshire, who also goes by the name \"Eddie\", the head of a British charitable organization.\nYo La Tengo as Bobby Knight Ranger, a fictional Night Ranger tribute band.\nAdam Vinatieri as himself.","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BuzzFeed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BuzzFeed"},{"link_name":"Rob Lowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Lowe"},{"link_name":"Rashida Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashida_Jones"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Chris Pratt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Pratt"},{"link_name":"Guardians of the Galaxy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardians_of_the_Galaxy_(film)"},{"link_name":"Michael Schur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Schur"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"2014 Winter Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Matt Besser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Besser"},{"link_name":"Nick Kroll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Kroll"},{"link_name":"Mo Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo_Collins"},{"link_name":"Perd Hapley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Characters_of_Parks_and_Recreation#Perd_Hapley"},{"link_name":"Crazy Ira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Characters_of_Parks_and_Recreation#Crazy_Ira_and_The_Douche"},{"link_name":"Joan Callamezzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Characters_of_Parks_and_Recreation#Joan_Callamezzo"},{"link_name":"Seth Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seth_Morris"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"tweeted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"On July 31, 2013, it was reported by BuzzFeed that Rob Lowe and Rashida Jones would be leaving the series around the middle of the season.[20] Their final episode was episode 13, \"Ann and Chris\". Due to the departure of Jones and Lowe, longtime regulars Jim O'Heir and Retta were added to the show's opening credit sequence starting with episode 14, \"Anniversaries\". Jones appears as a special guest star in episode 17 when Ann has her baby.Chris Pratt was absent for much of the early part of the season, due to him filming Guardians of the Galaxy in London. Executive producer Michael Schur stated the show went to London for the first two episodes in order for Pratt's character Andy to make an appearance. Pratt made a brief return in the sixth episode, with Schur adding that Pratt would return to the series in the tenth episode, the series' 100th episode.[21]In February 2014, NBC announced a digital tie-in for the show, titled \"The Hapley Group\", which aired on February 20. Created \"to help viewers remain engaged with their favorite programs\" while NBC broadcasts the 2014 Winter Olympics, it featured Jay Jackson, Matt Besser, Nick Kroll and Mo Collins reprising their roles as Perd Hapley, Crazy Ira, The Douche, and Joan Callamezzo, respectively, with Seth Morris as Mike Patterson, a new character who recurred on the TV show as well.[22] The tie-in, directed by Morgan Sackett and written by Greg Levine, features the characters in a heated, political round-table discussion of Pawnee's hot topics.[23]Retta tweeted on February 27, 2014, that filming for the season had finished.[24]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Parks and Recreation episodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Parks_and_Recreation_episodes"}],"text":"See also: List of Parks and Recreation episodes† denotes an extended episode.\n‡ denotes an hour-long episode.","title":"Episodes"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Shows A–Z – parks & recreation on nbc\". The Futon Critic. Retrieved February 28, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thefutoncritic.com/showatch/parks-and-recreation/listings/","url_text":"\"Shows A–Z – parks & recreation on nbc\""}]},{"reference":"Kondolojy, Amanda (May 12, 2013). \"NBC 2013-2014 Schedule: 'Revolution' Goes to Wednesday, 'Grimm' & 'Dracula' Pair for Friday, 'Parenthood' Thursday + 'Biggest Loser' & 'Chicago Fire' to Tuesdays\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on June 7, 2013. Retrieved January 30, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130607114141/https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2013/05/12/nbc-2013-2014-schedule-revolution-goes-to-wednesday-grimm-dracula-pair-for-friday-parenthood-thursday-biggest-loser-chicago-fire-to-tuesdays/182261/","url_text":"\"NBC 2013-2014 Schedule: 'Revolution' Goes to Wednesday, 'Grimm' & 'Dracula' Pair for Friday, 'Parenthood' Thursday + 'Biggest Loser' & 'Chicago Fire' to Tuesdays\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_by_the_Numbers","url_text":"TV by the Numbers"},{"url":"https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2013/05/12/nbc-2013-2014-schedule-revolution-goes-to-wednesday-grimm-dracula-pair-for-friday-parenthood-thursday-biggest-loser-chicago-fire-to-tuesdays/182261/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bibel, Sara (October 18, 2013). \"'Ironside' & 'Welcome to the Family' Canceled by NBC; 'Community' to Premiere January 2, 'Chicago P.D.' January 8\". TV by the Numbers. 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TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on March 8, 2014. 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TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on March 14, 2014. 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TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on April 13, 2014. Retrieved April 11, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140413125427/https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2014/04/11/thursday-final-ratings-community-greys-anatomy-shark-tank-the-big-bang-theory-the-millers-elementary-adjusted-down/253131/","url_text":"\"Thursday Final Ratings: 'Community', 'Grey's Anatomy', 'Shark Tank', 'The Big Bang Theory' & 'American Idol' Adjusted Up; 'The Millers' & 'Elementary ' Adjusted Down\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_by_the_Numbers","url_text":"TV by the Numbers"},{"url":"https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2014/04/11/thursday-final-ratings-community-greys-anatomy-shark-tank-the-big-bang-theory-the-millers-elementary-adjusted-down/253131/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bibel, Sara (April 18, 2014). \"Thursday Final Ratings: 'Grey's Anatomy' Adjusted Up\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on April 19, 2014. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Slippers
Golden Slippers
["1 Song","2 References"]
For other uses, see Golden slippers (disambiguation). "Golden Slippers" is a spiritual popularized in the years following the American Civil War by the Fisk Jubilee Singers. The song is also known by its opening line, "What Kind of Shoes You Gwine (Going) To Wear". The song became the basis for a minstrel show parody song, "Oh, Dem Golden Slippers", which itself became an American musical standard. The parody song is also frequently referred to as "Golden Slippers". Golden Slippers 1909 recording by the Fisk Jubilee Singers Problems playing this file? See media help. Song As presented in its earliest recordings, "Golden Slippers" is a stirring and proud song, considerably different than its rather jaunty parody. In it, the lead singer asks the choir what kind of finery they will wear in going to join the Heavenly choir. The lyrics for the first stanza are: What kind of shoes you goin’ to wear? / Golden slippers! / What kind of shoes you goin’ to wear? / Golden slippers! Golden slippers I’m bound to wear, / To outshine the glittering sun. / Oh, yes, yes, yes my Lord, / I’m going to join the Heavenly choir. / Yes, yes, yes my Lord, / Soldier of the cross. Although there are variations between existing recordings, subsequent stanzas involve a "long white robe" (as in "Oh, Dem Golden Slippers"), a "starry crown", a "new song", and a "golden harp". Over the first half of the twentieth century, various recordings of the song as "Golden Slippers" were made by the Fisk Jubilee Singers, the Golden Echo Quartet, the Tuskegee Institute (University) Singers, Wood's Famous Blind Jubilee Singers & Cotton Belt Quartet, and the Wiseman Quartet. As "What Kind Of Shoes You Gwine To Wear", the song was recorded in the late 1920s with a considerably different up-tempo melody and playful arrangement by William Rexroat and his Cedar Crest Singers. As the chorus sings each of the questions and responses, the lead singer interjects a smart-aleck answer before joining with them. (An example: "I'm goin' to wear my old work shoes!" to "What kind of shoes you gwine to wear, golden shoes".) A performance of this latter arrangement appeared on the 1973 folk album "Lonesome Robin" by Bob Coltman, as "What Kind of Shoes". References ^ "Library of Congress webpage with background on "Golden Slippers" and "Oh, Dem Golden Slippers". memory.loc.gov. Retrieved 2008-02-16. ^ Goldsborough, Edmund K. (1900). Typical stanza lyrics, as listed in "Ole Mars An' Ole Miss" by Edmund K. Goldsborough, copyrighted 1900. Retrieved 2008-02-16. ^ ""Golden Slippers" recording by the Fisk Jubilee Singers (circa 1910), free-sample online access via Rhapsody.com". Rhapsody.com. Retrieved 2008-02-17. ^ ""Golden Slippers" recording by the Fisk Jubilee Singers (1940), free-sample online access via Rhapsody.com". Rhapsody.com. Retrieved 2008-02-17. ^ ""Golden Slippers" recording by the Golden Echo Quartet, free-sample online access via Rhapsody.com". Rhapsody.com. Retrieved 2008-02-17. ^ ""Golden Slippers" recording by the Tuskegee Institute Singers, free-sample online access via Rhapsody.com". Rhapsody.com. Retrieved 2008-02-17. ^ ""Golden Slippers" recording by Wood's Famous Blind Jubilee Singers & Cotton Belt Quartet, free-sample online access via Rhapsody.com". Rhapsody.com. Retrieved 2008-02-17. ^ ""Golden Slippers" recording by the Wiseman Quartet, free-sample online access via Rhapsody.com". Rhapsody.com. Retrieved 2008-02-17. ^ "Recording of "What Kind Of Shoes You Going To Wear" by William Rexroat and his Cedar Crest Singers (free sample by Rhapsody.com)". Rhapsody.com. Retrieved 2008-02-17. ^ "Reworked lyrics, matching those of the Rexroat and Coltman recordings". lyrics007.com. Archived from the original on 2011-05-16. Retrieved 2008-02-16. vteAmerican folk music Appalachian Old-time Cajun Swamp pop Folk revival (1950s–60s) Native American New Mexico Red dirt Tejano Western African-American music Blues Jazz Dixieland Creole Zydeco Jug Ragtime Spirituals Country music Americana Roots rock Bluegrass Honky-tonk Rockabilly Western swing
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[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Library of Congress webpage with background on \"Golden Slippers\" and \"Oh, Dem Golden Slippers\". memory.loc.gov. Retrieved 2008-02-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/smhtml/audiodir.html#7901966","url_text":"\"Library of Congress webpage with background on \"Golden Slippers\" and \"Oh, Dem Golden Slippers\""}]},{"reference":"Goldsborough, Edmund K. (1900). Typical stanza lyrics, as listed in \"Ole Mars An' Ole Miss\" by Edmund K. Goldsborough, copyrighted 1900. Retrieved 2008-02-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Sr8NAAAAYAAJ&q=what+kind+of+shoes+you+gwine&pg=PA218","url_text":"Typical stanza lyrics, as listed in \"Ole Mars An' Ole Miss\" by Edmund K. Goldsborough, copyrighted 1900"}]},{"reference":"\"\"Golden Slippers\" recording by the Fisk Jubilee Singers (circa 1910), free-sample online access via Rhapsody.com\". Rhapsody.com. Retrieved 2008-02-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rhapsody.com/artist/fisk-jubilee-singers/album/fisk-jubilee-singers-vol-1-1909-1911/track/golden-slippers","url_text":"\"\"Golden Slippers\" recording by the Fisk Jubilee Singers (circa 1910), free-sample online access via Rhapsody.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Golden Slippers\" recording by the Fisk Jubilee Singers (1940), free-sample online access via Rhapsody.com\". Rhapsody.com. Retrieved 2008-02-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rhapsody.com/artist/fisk-jubilee-singers/album/fisk-jubilee-singers-vol-3-1924-1940/track/golden-slippers","url_text":"\"\"Golden Slippers\" recording by the Fisk Jubilee Singers (1940), free-sample online access via Rhapsody.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Golden Slippers\" recording by the Golden Echo Quartet, free-sample online access via Rhapsody.com\". Rhapsody.com. Retrieved 2008-02-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rhapsody.com/player?type=track&id=tra.11282138&remote=false&page=&pageregion=&guid=&from=","url_text":"\"\"Golden Slippers\" recording by the Golden Echo Quartet, free-sample online access via Rhapsody.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Golden Slippers\" recording by the Tuskegee Institute Singers, free-sample online access via Rhapsody.com\". Rhapsody.com. Retrieved 2008-02-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rhapsody.com/artist/various-artists/album/tuskegee-institute-singers-1914-1927/track/golden-slippers","url_text":"\"\"Golden Slippers\" recording by the Tuskegee Institute Singers, free-sample online access via Rhapsody.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Golden Slippers\" recording by Wood's Famous Blind Jubilee Singers & Cotton Belt Quartet, free-sample online access via Rhapsody.com\". Rhapsody.com. Retrieved 2008-02-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rhapsody.com/artist/various-artists/album/woods-famous-blind-jubilee-singers-1925-cotton-belt-quartet-/track/golden-slippers","url_text":"\"\"Golden Slippers\" recording by Wood's Famous Blind Jubilee Singers & Cotton Belt Quartet, free-sample online access via Rhapsody.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Golden Slippers\" recording by the Wiseman Quartet, free-sample online access via Rhapsody.com\". Rhapsody.com. Retrieved 2008-02-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rhapsody.com/player?type=track&id=tra.7638033&remote=false&page=&pageregion=&guid=&from=","url_text":"\"\"Golden Slippers\" recording by the Wiseman Quartet, free-sample online access via Rhapsody.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"Recording of \"What Kind Of Shoes You Going To Wear\" by William Rexroat and his Cedar Crest Singers (free sample by Rhapsody.com)\". Rhapsody.com. Retrieved 2008-02-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rhapsody.com/player?type=track&id=tra.11332158&remote=false&page=&pageregion=&guid=&from=","url_text":"\"Recording of \"What Kind Of Shoes You Going To Wear\" by William Rexroat and his Cedar Crest Singers (free sample by Rhapsody.com)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Reworked lyrics, matching those of the Rexroat and Coltman recordings\". lyrics007.com. Archived from the original on 2011-05-16. Retrieved 2008-02-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110516195759/http://www.lyrics007.com/Unknown%20Lyrics/What%20Kind%20Of%20Shoes%20You%20Gwine%20To%20Wear%20Lyrics.html","url_text":"\"Reworked lyrics, matching those of the Rexroat and Coltman recordings\""},{"url":"http://www.lyrics007.com/Unknown%20Lyrics/What%20Kind%20Of%20Shoes%20You%20Gwine%20To%20Wear%20Lyrics.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/smhtml/audiodir.html#7901966","external_links_name":"\"Library of Congress webpage with background on \"Golden Slippers\" and \"Oh, Dem Golden Slippers\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Sr8NAAAAYAAJ&q=what+kind+of+shoes+you+gwine&pg=PA218","external_links_name":"Typical stanza lyrics, as listed in \"Ole Mars An' Ole Miss\" by Edmund K. Goldsborough, copyrighted 1900"},{"Link":"http://www.rhapsody.com/artist/fisk-jubilee-singers/album/fisk-jubilee-singers-vol-1-1909-1911/track/golden-slippers","external_links_name":"\"\"Golden Slippers\" recording by the Fisk Jubilee Singers (circa 1910), free-sample online access via Rhapsody.com\""},{"Link":"http://www.rhapsody.com/artist/fisk-jubilee-singers/album/fisk-jubilee-singers-vol-3-1924-1940/track/golden-slippers","external_links_name":"\"\"Golden Slippers\" recording by the Fisk Jubilee Singers (1940), free-sample online access via Rhapsody.com\""},{"Link":"http://www.rhapsody.com/player?type=track&id=tra.11282138&remote=false&page=&pageregion=&guid=&from=","external_links_name":"\"\"Golden Slippers\" recording by the Golden Echo Quartet, free-sample online access via Rhapsody.com\""},{"Link":"http://www.rhapsody.com/artist/various-artists/album/tuskegee-institute-singers-1914-1927/track/golden-slippers","external_links_name":"\"\"Golden Slippers\" recording by the Tuskegee Institute Singers, free-sample online access via Rhapsody.com\""},{"Link":"http://www.rhapsody.com/artist/various-artists/album/woods-famous-blind-jubilee-singers-1925-cotton-belt-quartet-/track/golden-slippers","external_links_name":"\"\"Golden Slippers\" recording by Wood's Famous Blind Jubilee Singers & Cotton Belt Quartet, free-sample online access via Rhapsody.com\""},{"Link":"http://www.rhapsody.com/player?type=track&id=tra.7638033&remote=false&page=&pageregion=&guid=&from=","external_links_name":"\"\"Golden Slippers\" recording by the Wiseman Quartet, free-sample online access via Rhapsody.com\""},{"Link":"http://www.rhapsody.com/player?type=track&id=tra.11332158&remote=false&page=&pageregion=&guid=&from=","external_links_name":"\"Recording of \"What Kind Of Shoes You Going To Wear\" by William Rexroat and his Cedar Crest Singers (free sample by Rhapsody.com)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110516195759/http://www.lyrics007.com/Unknown%20Lyrics/What%20Kind%20Of%20Shoes%20You%20Gwine%20To%20Wear%20Lyrics.html","external_links_name":"\"Reworked lyrics, matching those of the Rexroat and Coltman recordings\""},{"Link":"http://www.lyrics007.com/Unknown%20Lyrics/What%20Kind%20Of%20Shoes%20You%20Gwine%20To%20Wear%20Lyrics.html","external_links_name":"the original"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromley_War_Memorial
Bromley War Memorial
["1 Location","2 Design","3 Dedications","4 National Heritage List for England","5 Sculptor","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
Coordinates: 51°24′17.7″N 00°00′39.9″E / 51.404917°N 0.011083°E / 51.404917; 0.011083War memorial in London Bromley War MemorialBromley War Memorial as viewed from the southwest51°24′17.7″N 00°00′39.9″E / 51.404917°N 0.011083°E / 51.404917; 0.011083LocationBromley, Greater London, EnglandDesignerSydney MarchTypeobeliskMaterialBronze and Portland StoneCompletion date1922Opening date1922Dedicated toFallen of World War I and World War II The Bromley War Memorial in Bromley, Greater London, England commemorates the fallen of World War I and World War II. It was designed by British sculptor Sydney March, of the March family of artists. Location The Bromley War Memorial is located on Martin's Hill near the intersection of Glassmill Lane and Church Road in Bromley, Greater London, England. The memorial is set within a garden and surrounded by iron railings. It is positioned inside the entrance to Martin's Hill, Bromley's first ornamental park. Martin's Hill was ostensibly named after a baker who once resided there. For years, the residents of Bromley promenaded on the hill. In the latter half of the 1800s, Martin's Hill had a commanding view of the Crystal Palace in Hyde Park, London. Bromley itself took its name from the broom, a yellow-flowered shrub, that once grew abundantly in the area. In the 1800s, Martin's Hill was one of the last places that still had flowering broom. In 1878, the site was acquired by the Bromley Council; trees and flower beds were planted, and it became an ornamental park. The National Grid Reference for the Bromley War Memorial is TQ 39979 69238. Design The monument includes a square obelisk constructed of Portland stone, a limestone quarried on the Isle of Portland in the English Channel. It is positioned on a base with three steps. The memorial features three bronze figures adjacent to the lower portion of the obelisk. On the fourth side of the obelisk, the back of the monument, there is a bronze cartouche. In addition, there are bronze plaques with the names of the fallen on all four sides of the base. The statues include a winged Victory in the centre, with a laurel wreath. That statue is flanked by two additional bronze figures, one of Liberty with a torch and the other of Peace with flowers of remembrance. The monument records the names of 769 soldiers from the area who died in World War I. It also lists the names of 476 soldiers and civilians who were killed during World War II. The memorial was completed by the sculptor in 1922. Dedications Plaque on the west face of the war memorial The Bromley War Memorial was unveiled on 29 October 1922, by Lord Henry Horne, 1st Baron Horne, G.C.B., K.C.M.G. (1861–1929). Sir Henry Horne was a general during World War I. The monument was dedicated by the Bishop of Rochester, John Reginald Harmer D.D. (1857–1944), an Anglican bishop. Before his service in Rochester, Kent, Harmer served as Bishop of Adelaide. The rededication purportedly took place on 6 November 1949, Remembrance Sunday. However, Remembrance Sunday falls on the second Sunday in November, the Sunday closest to Armistice Day (11 November). The dedication of the plaques for the fallen of World War II was performed by the Vicar of Bromley, the Rev. W. H. Murray-Walton. In his brief address, he stated "This memorial, in front of which we now stand, was dedicated in memory of those who laid down their lives in the First World War. Since 1939, however, it has also been a silent symbol of remembrance of those who were killed in the last war." Those present included the mayor, Alderman B. J. Finnie, and other council members, as well as the Parliament member for Bromley, Harold Macmillan. National Heritage List for England The Bromley War Memorial was listed on the National Heritage List for England on 14 December 1995. The National Heritage List is the official database for all national heritage assets in England. It is managed by English Heritage, the Historic Buildings and Monuments Commission for England. The war memorial's English Heritage list entry number is 1116976. Its English Heritage building ID number and Images of England number is 442525. Images of England is a photographic library of the country's listed structures, as of the turn of the 21st century. The Bromley War Memorial is listed as a Grade II* structure. Grade II* structures are particularly important structures "of more than special interest." Only 5.5% of listed structures are Grade II*. The majority are Grade II. Sculptor The east face of Bromley War Memorial on Martin's Hill The Bromley War Memorial was designed and sculpted by British artist Sydney March. The son of George and Elizabeth March, he was born in 1876 in Stoneferry, a suburb of Hull, East Riding of Yorkshire, England. He was the second of nine children, eight of whom became artists. As a child, Sydney March worked as a monumental sculptor's apprentice. Later, he attended the Royal Academy Schools, where he won first prize in 1900. March exhibited thirteen times at The Exhibition of the Royal Academy of Arts between 1906 and 1932. His family established studios at their home of Goddendene in Farnborough, Kent in 1902. Sydney March was a prolific artist whose primary focus was war memorials, as well as sculptures of British royalty and other contemporary figures. He and his siblings completed the National War Memorial of Canada after the 1930 death of their brother, sculptor Vernon March. Other monuments for which he is renowned include the Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers South African War Memorial in Northern Ireland, the United Empire Loyalist Monument in Canada, and the Lancaster Monument in England. Smaller-scale pieces include the portrait busts of King Edward VII and Cecil John Rhodes, both in the National Portrait Gallery in London. Sydney March died in 1968 at age 92. His ashes were interred in the family plot at Saint Giles the Abbot Churchyard in Farnborough. In 1922, Sydney had sculpted the bronze angel monument that marks the March plot. Front West face Left side Back See also Grade II* listed war memorials in England List of public art in Bromley Bromley Parish Church Memorial References ^ a b c d e f Historic England. "Bromley War Memorial, St Martin's Hill (1116976)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 31 March 2012. ^ a b c d "Bromley War Memorial". bromley.gov.uk. War Memorials in Bromley. p. 7. Retrieved 31 March 2012. ^ "War Memorial". Google Maps. Retrieved 31 March 2012. ^ "Latitude and Longitude of a Point". itouchmap.com. Retrieved 1 April 2012. ^ a b c "London Gardens Online". londongardensonline.org.uk. London Parks & Gardens Trust. Retrieved 1 April 2012. ^ a b c "Bromley War Memorial, St Martin's Hill, Bromley". britishlistedbuildings.co.uk. British Listed Buildings. Retrieved 30 March 2012. ^ "Bromley War Memorial". bromley.gov.uk. London Borough of Bromley. Retrieved 31 March 2012. ^ "War Memorial Bromley". ww2museums.com. STIWOT. Retrieved 1 April 2012. ^ Robbins, Simon (2010). British Generalship during the Great War: The Military Career of Sir Henry Horne (1861–1929). Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. ISBN 978-0-7546-6127-6. Retrieved 1 April 2012. ^ Hilliard, David. Harmer, John Reginald (1857–1944). The Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. Retrieved 1 April 2012. ^ "Remembrance Sunday". britishlegion.org.uk. The Royal British Legion. Archived from the original on 15 April 2012. Retrieved 1 April 2012. ^ "The National Heritage List for England". english-heritage.org.uk. English Heritage. Retrieved 1 April 2012. ^ "English Heritage (The Historic Buildings and Monuments Commission for England)". webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk. The National Archives. Archived from the original on 30 October 2011. Retrieved 1 April 2012. ^ Historic England. "Details from listed building database (1116976)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 1 April 2012. ^ "Welcome to Images of England". imagesofengland.org.uk. Images of England. Archived from the original on 13 August 2009. Retrieved 1 April 2012. ^ "Listed Buildings". english-heritage.org.uk. English Heritage. Archived from the original on 26 January 2013. Retrieved 1 April 2012. ^ March, Sidney, "1891 England Census", ancestry.com, Census Returns of England and Wales, 1891. The National Archives of the UK (as re-printed on Ancestry.com) ^ a b March, Sydney. "Mapping the Practice and Profession of Sculpture in Britain & Ireland 1851–1951". sculpture.gla.ac.uk. University of Glasgow History of Art and HATII. Retrieved 31 March 2012. ^ March, Sydney. "First World War Art – Sculpture". dsfa.com. David Cohen Fine Art. Retrieved 31 March 2012. ^ Baker, Eamonn (15 July 2008). "Memorial to a celebrated sculptor". Derry Journal. Retrieved 1 April 2012. ^ "The Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers South African War Memorial". omagh.gov.uk. Omagh District Council. Archived from the original on 24 October 2013. Retrieved 1 April 2012. ^ "Loyalist Monuments – Hamilton UEL Monument". uelac.org. United Empire Loyalists' Association of Canada. Retrieved 1 April 2012. ^ Historic England. "The Lancaster Monument, East Sheen Cemetery (1239967)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 31 March 2012. ^ "King Edward VII". npg.org.uk. National Portrait Gallery. Retrieved 1 April 2012. ^ "Cecil John Rhodes". npg.org.uk. National Portrait Gallery. Retrieved 1 April 2012. ^ General Register Office. "England and Wales Death Registration Index 1837-2007". FamilySearch. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Retrieved 29 September 2015. Sydney March, 1968; Bromley, Kent, England ^ "Burial and Cremation Records". farnborough-kent-parish.org. St. Giles the Abbot, Farnborough (Kent). Retrieved 1 April 2012. External links Photograph of Bromley War Memorial on flickr Another photograph of Bromley War Memorial on flickr vtePublic art and memorials in LondonPortrait sculptureBritish/Englishroyalty Boudica Alfred the Great Richard I Queen Eleanor (Charing Cross) Edward VI St Thomas' Hospital: bronze stone Charles I (Interregnum: Oliver Cromwell) Charles II Chelsea Soho Stocks Market† James II William III Kensington Palace St James's Anne St Paul's Westminster George III George IV King's Cross† Trafalgar Square Duke of York Duke of Kent Duke of Cambridge Victoria Kensington Palace Victoria Memorial Prince Albert Albert Memorial Memorial to the Great Exhibition George V George VI and Queen Elizabeth Arts John Betjeman Marc Bolan Robert Burns Thomas Carlyle Charlie Chaplin Geoffrey Chaucer† Agatha Christie John Donne Henry Irving Michael Jackson† John Milton† George Orwell Joshua Reynolds William Shakespeare Heminges and Condell Memorial Leicester Square Park Lane† Arthur Sullivan Oscar Wilde Amy Winehouse Explorers James Cook Yuri Gagarin Merchants John Cass† Thomas Guy Quintin Hogg Robert Milligan† Hugh Myddelton Military Lord Alanbrooke Lord Baden-Powell Ferdinand Foch Charles George Gordon Earl Haig Henry Havelock Lord Kitchener Lord Montgomery Lord Mountbatten Charles James Napier Admiral Lord Nelson (Nelson's Column) James Outram Lord Roberts Viscount Slim Duke of Wellington City Hyde Park Corner George Stuart White Lord Wolseley Nurses Edith Cavell Florence Nightingale Mary Seacole PoliticsBritishPrime ministers Clement Attlee George Canning Winston Churchill Parliament Square Woodford Lord Derby Benjamin Disraeli David Lloyd George William Ewart Gladstone Lord Palmerston Robert Peel Other politicians Robert Clayton Robert Clive Duke of Devonshire Charles James Fox Henry Bartle Frere Sidney Herbert Wilfrid Lawson Simon Milton (Paddington, St James's, Southwark) Marquess of Westminster International Simón Bolívar Mahatma Gandhi Bloomsbury Westminster Charles de Gaulle Haile Selassie† John F. Kennedy† Abraham Lincoln Nelson Mandela Karl Marx Peter the Great José de San Martín Jan Smuts Trajan Volodymyr George Washington Religion Thomas Becket John Henry Newman John Wesley St Paul's Shoreditch Science andengineering Joseph Bazalgette Isambard Kingdom Brunel Sigmund Freud James Henry Greathead Nigel Gresley Edward Jenner Joseph Lister Isaac Newton Robert Stephenson Social reformersand humanitarians Thomas Barnardo Millicent Fawcett Margaret MacDonald Emmeline and Christabel Pankhurst Sylvia Pankhurst Robert Raikes Raoul Wallenberg Sport Harry Kane (planned) Bobby Moore Upton Park—with Geoff Hurst, Martin Peters and Ray Wilson Wembley Fictionalcharacters Paddington Bear Peter Pan Sherlock Holmes See also Talking Statues Statues in London on Wikimedia Commons Other monuments and memorials 7 July bombings Queen Alexandra Anti–air war Bali bombings Lady Burdett-Coutts Lord Cheylesmore Cleopatra's Needle Conscientious objectors COVID-19 pandemic Michael Faraday Firefighters W. G. Grace Great Fire of London Golden Boy of Pye Corner The Monument Heroic self-sacrifice Journalists Police Queen Elizabeth Gate Silver Jubilee Crystal Crown Star and Garter Home Stratford Martyrs Suffragettes Virginia Quay Settlers Monument Wellington Arch Wellington Monument Whittington Stone Windrush generation Custard Apple (Annonaceae), Breadfruit (Moraceae) and Soursop (Annonaceae) National Windrush Monument Mary Wollstonecraft War memorialsPre-C20 Animals in War Guards Brigade (Crimean War) Gurkhas (1816–) Marble Arch New Zealand Campaign (1863–1864) Siege of Cádiz Westminster School Boer Wars 61st Battery Royal Field Artillery (Woolwich) Barnet Boys School Royal Artillery (The Mall) Royal Marines WWI · WWII The Cenotaph Africa and the Caribbean Australia Battle of Britain Belgium Blood Swept Lands and Seas of Red Burma Railway Canada La Délivrance Flanders Fields Memorial Garden Malta Memorial Gates Merchant Navy Ships named on the memorial New Zealand Poland South Africa Submarines Women of World War II Regimental 24th Division Cavalry Chindits Civil Service Rifles Eagle Squadrons Fleet Air Arm Guards Brigade Imperial Camel Corps Machine Gun Corps Rifle Brigade Royal Air Force RAF Bomber Command Royal Artillery Royal Fusiliers Royal Naval Division Royal Tank Regiment Local London Troops Arkley Bromley parish Chingford Chipping Barnet Cockfosters Croydon East Barnet Enfield Town (3 memorials) Finchley Friern Barnet (parish) Fulham Golders Green Hampstead Hampton Wick Hendon Hornsey Islington Kingston Monken Hadley New Barnet New Malden Paddington Poplar Rainham Richmond St Michael, Cornhill (parish) St Saviour, Southwark (parish) Silvertown Streatham Twickenham Wood Green Corporate Baltic Exchange Bank of England British Medical Association Dulwich College Old New Great Eastern Railway Great Western Railway Lincoln's Inn London and North Western Railway London, Brighton and South Coast Railway Pearl Assurance † South Suburban Gas Company Holocaust Victoria Tower Gardens (planned) Hyde Park Kindertransport Post-WWII Victims of Communism Korean War Iraq and Afghanistan Blue plaques Camden Kensington and Chelsea City of Westminster Other worksSculptures Atalanta The Barbican Muse Bellerophon Taming Pegasus The Bermondsey Lion Big 4 Bull The Burghers of Calais Christ Child Cornerstone Crystal Palace Dinosaurs The Diver Dolphin lamp standards Dragon boundary marks Elfin Oak Enwrought Light Father Time Fulcrum The Gold Smelters Gorilla The Hampstead Figure Homage to Leonardo Icarus Labyrinth Liberty Clock London Noses London Pride The Meeting Place The Messenger Millennium Dial Monolith and Shadow The Naked Ladies The Neighbours Nelson's Ship in a Bottle Nike Paternoster Vents Peckham Arch Physical Energy Platforms Piece Pope's Urn Putney Sculpture Trail The Queen's Beasts The Rush of Green St Paul's Cross Skylon† Slipstream South Bank Lion Still Water Tortoises with Triangle and Time Traffic Light Tree Union (Horse with Two Discs) The Watchers The World Turned Upside Down The Young Lovers Fourth plinth, Trafalgar Square The End Hahn/Cock Nelson's Ship in a Bottle One & Other Elisabeth Frink Blind Beggar and his Dog Horse and Rider Paternoster Barbara Hepworth Meridian† Single Form (Memorial) Two Forms (Divided Circle)† Winged Figure Henry Moore The Arch 1979–1980 Draped Seated Woman 1957–58 Knife Edge Two Piece 1962–65 Large Standing Figure (Knife Edge) Locking Piece Three Standing Figures 1947 Eduardo Paolozzi The Artist as Hephaestus† Piscator The Line ArcelorMittal Orbit Here Quantum Cloud Liberty Grip A Slice of Reality Fountains Buxton Memorial Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Fountain Diana Fountain, Bushy Park Diana Fountain, Green Park Edward VII Jewish Memorial Fountain Henry Fawcett Memorial The Horses of Helios Guilford Place Matilda Fountain Poets' Fountain† Readymoney Drinking Fountain Revolving Torsion Roehampton St Lawrence Jewry and St Mary Magdalene Shaftesbury Memorial ("Eros") Lady Henry Somerset Memorial Victoria Park Murals Brixton Children at Play Cable Street Dulwich Old Kent Road National Covid Memorial Wall Poplar Rates Rebellion Poured Lines Sutton twin towns Sutton Heritage Mosaic Banksy From this moment despair ends and tactics begin Girl with Balloon† One Nation Under CCTV† Pulp Fiction† Slave Labour† Land art Northala Fields See also Art on the Underground Tube map covers Commission for Diversity in the Public Realm London Mural Preservation Society Metropolitan Drinking Fountain and Cattle Trough Association By location City of London Barking and Dagenham Barnet Bexley Brent Bromley Camden Croydon Ealing Enfield Greenwich Hackney Hammersmith and Fulham Haringey Harrow Havering Hillingdon Hounslow Islington Kensington and Chelsea Kingston Lambeth Lewisham Merton Newham Redbridge Richmond Southwark Sutton Tower Hamlets Waltham Forest Wandsworth City of Westminster Belgravia1 Covent Garden2 Green Park Hyde Park Kensington1 Kensington Gardens1 Knightsbridge1 Mayfair Millbank Paddington Pimlico St James's St Marylebone Soho Strand Trafalgar Square Victoria Victoria Embankment3 Westminster Whitehall 1 Partly in Kensington and Chelsea 2 Partly in Camden 3 Partly in the City of London Key: † No longer extant, on public display or in London (see List of public art formerly in London)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bromley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromley"},{"link_name":"Sydney March","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_March"}],"text":"War memorial in LondonThe Bromley War Memorial in Bromley, Greater London, England commemorates the fallen of World War I and World War II. It was designed by British sculptor Sydney March, of the March family of artists.","title":"Bromley War Memorial"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-english-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bromley-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-martin-5"},{"link_name":"Crystal Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Crystal_Palace"},{"link_name":"Hyde Park, London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyde_Park,_London"},{"link_name":"broom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broom_(shrub)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-martin-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-martin-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-english-1"}],"text":"The Bromley War Memorial is located on Martin's Hill near the intersection of Glassmill Lane and Church Road in Bromley, Greater London, England.[1][2][3][4] \nThe memorial is set within a garden and surrounded by iron railings. It is positioned inside the entrance to Martin's Hill, Bromley's first ornamental park.[5] Martin's Hill was ostensibly named after a baker who once resided there. For years, the residents of Bromley promenaded on the hill. In the latter half of the 1800s, Martin's Hill had a commanding view of the Crystal Palace in Hyde Park, London. Bromley itself took its name from the broom, a yellow-flowered shrub, that once grew abundantly in the area.[5] In the 1800s, Martin's Hill was one of the last places that still had flowering broom. In 1878, the site was acquired by the Bromley Council; trees and flower beds were planted, and it became an ornamental park.[5]\nThe National Grid Reference for the Bromley War Memorial is TQ 39979 69238.[1]","title":"Location"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"obelisk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obelisk"},{"link_name":"Portland stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland_stone"},{"link_name":"Isle of Portland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Portland"},{"link_name":"English Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Channel"},{"link_name":"cartouche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartouche"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-british-6"},{"link_name":"laurel wreath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurel_wreath"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-british-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-english-1"}],"text":"The monument includes a square obelisk constructed of Portland stone, a limestone quarried on the Isle of Portland in the English Channel. It is positioned on a base with three steps. The memorial features three bronze figures adjacent to the lower portion of the obelisk. On the fourth side of the obelisk, the back of the monument, there is a bronze cartouche. In addition, there are bronze plaques with the names of the fallen on all four sides of the base.[6] The statues include a winged Victory in the centre, with a laurel wreath. That statue is flanked by two additional bronze figures, one of Liberty with a torch and the other of Peace with flowers of remembrance.[6] The monument records the names of 769 soldiers from the area who died in World War I. It also lists the names of 476 soldiers and civilians who were killed during World War II.[7][8] The memorial was completed by the sculptor in 1922.[1]","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sculptures_on_the_Bromley_War_Memorial_(West_Face_-_03).jpg"},{"link_name":"Henry Horne, 1st Baron Horne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Horne,_1st_Baron_Horne"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Rochester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Rochester"},{"link_name":"John Reginald Harmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Harmer_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"Rochester, Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester,_Kent"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bromley-2"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Remembrance Sunday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remembrance_Sunday"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bromley-2"},{"link_name":"Armistice Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armistice_Day"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bromley-2"}],"text":"Plaque on the west face of the war memorialThe Bromley War Memorial was unveiled on 29 October 1922, by Lord Henry Horne, 1st Baron Horne, G.C.B., K.C.M.G. (1861–1929). Sir Henry Horne was a general during World War I.[9] The monument was dedicated by the Bishop of Rochester, John Reginald Harmer D.D. (1857–1944), an Anglican bishop. Before his service in Rochester, Kent, Harmer served as Bishop of Adelaide.[2][10] The rededication purportedly took place on 6 November 1949, Remembrance Sunday.[2] However, Remembrance Sunday falls on the second Sunday in November, the Sunday closest to Armistice Day (11 November).[11] The dedication of the plaques for the fallen of World War II was performed by the Vicar of Bromley, the Rev. W. H. Murray-Walton. In his brief address, he stated \"This memorial, in front of which we now stand, was dedicated in memory of those who laid down their lives in the First World War. Since 1939, however, it has also been a silent symbol of remembrance of those who were killed in the last war.\" Those present included the mayor, Alderman B. J. Finnie, and other council members, as well as the Parliament member for Bromley, Harold Macmillan.[2]","title":"Dedications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Heritage List for England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-english-1"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"English Heritage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Heritage"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-english-1"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-british-6"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"The Bromley War Memorial was listed on the National Heritage List for England on 14 December 1995.[1] The National Heritage List is the official database for all national heritage assets in England.[12] It is managed by English Heritage, the Historic Buildings and Monuments Commission for England.[13] The war memorial's English Heritage list entry number is 1116976.[1] Its English Heritage building ID number and Images of England number is 442525.[14] Images of England is a photographic library of the country's listed structures, as of the turn of the 21st century.[15] \nThe Bromley War Memorial is listed as a Grade II* structure.[6] Grade II* structures are particularly important structures \"of more than special interest.\" Only 5.5% of listed structures are Grade II*. The majority are Grade II.[16]","title":"National Heritage List for England"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bromley_War_Memorial_(East_View_-_01).jpg"},{"link_name":"Sydney March","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_March"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-english-1"},{"link_name":"Stoneferry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoneferry"},{"link_name":"Hull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cens-17"},{"link_name":"Royal Academy Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academy_Schools"},{"link_name":"The Exhibition of the Royal Academy of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academy_summer_exhibition"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mapSM-18"},{"link_name":"Farnborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farnborough,_London"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"National War Memorial of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_War_Memorial_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"Vernon March","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernon_March"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Inniskilling_Fusiliers"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"United Empire Loyalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Empire_Loyalists"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lancaster-23"},{"link_name":"King Edward VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Edward_VII"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Cecil John Rhodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_John_Rhodes"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"National Portrait Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mapSM-18"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bromley_War_Memorial.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bromley_War_Memorial_(West_View_-_03).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BROMLEY_WAR_MEMORIAL,_ST_MARTIN%27S_HILL_Left_side.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BROMLEY_WAR_MEMORIAL,_ST_MARTIN%27S_HILL_Back_Side.JPG"}],"text":"The east face of Bromley War Memorial on Martin's HillThe Bromley War Memorial was designed and sculpted by British artist Sydney March.[1] The son of George and Elizabeth March, he was born in 1876 in Stoneferry, a suburb of Hull, East Riding of Yorkshire, England. He was the second of nine children, eight of whom became artists. As a child, Sydney March worked as a monumental sculptor's apprentice.[17] Later, he attended the Royal Academy Schools, where he won first prize in 1900. March exhibited thirteen times at The Exhibition of the Royal Academy of Arts between 1906 and 1932.[18] His family established studios at their home of Goddendene in Farnborough, Kent in 1902.[19] Sydney March was a prolific artist whose primary focus was war memorials, as well as sculptures of British royalty and other contemporary figures.He and his siblings completed the National War Memorial of Canada after the 1930 death of their brother, sculptor Vernon March.[20] Other monuments for which he is renowned include the Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers South African War Memorial in Northern Ireland,[21] the United Empire Loyalist Monument in Canada,[22] and the Lancaster Monument in England.[23] Smaller-scale pieces include the portrait busts of King Edward VII[24] and Cecil John Rhodes,[25] both in the National Portrait Gallery in London. Sydney March died in 1968 at age 92.[26] His ashes were interred in the family plot at Saint Giles the Abbot Churchyard in Farnborough.[27] In 1922, Sydney had sculpted the bronze angel monument that marks the March plot.[18]Front\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWest face\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLeft side\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBack","title":"Sculptor"}]
[{"image_text":"Plaque on the west face of the war memorial","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Sculptures_on_the_Bromley_War_Memorial_%28West_Face_-_03%29.jpg/220px-Sculptures_on_the_Bromley_War_Memorial_%28West_Face_-_03%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The east face of Bromley War Memorial on Martin's Hill","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Bromley_War_Memorial_%28East_View_-_01%29.jpg/220px-Bromley_War_Memorial_%28East_View_-_01%29.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Grade II* listed war memorials in England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grade_II*_listed_war_memorials_in_England"},{"title":"List of public art in Bromley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_public_art_in_Bromley"},{"title":"Bromley Parish Church Memorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromley_Parish_Church_Memorial"}]
[{"reference":"Historic England. \"Bromley War Memorial, St Martin's Hill (1116976)\". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 31 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England","url_text":"Historic England"},{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1116976","url_text":"\"Bromley War Memorial, St Martin's Hill (1116976)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England","url_text":"National Heritage List for England"}]},{"reference":"\"Bromley War Memorial\". bromley.gov.uk. War Memorials in Bromley. p. 7. Retrieved 31 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:WEbfdUHmJU0J:www.bromley.gov.uk/download/downloads/id/286/war_memorials_in_bromley+Bromley+War+Memorial&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESicbqAoBWOIj_iZ8SuWwSFYuK0xJy_gLZn2Xu9DTx4V50XJSO74sBbB9W_XvREMBxrJvqObs-iEE1Aymxw8QoiU7mW28m7pOrSLDzSvjMAKItD9YNh10OCUEpetEXDYvzv7J6cZ&sig=AHIEtbT8wXQNXV22iBs7nJV-Vi_oL_u6gA","url_text":"\"Bromley War Memorial\""}]},{"reference":"\"War Memorial\". Google Maps. Retrieved 31 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://maps.google.com/maps/place?client=safari&rls=en&oe=UTF-8&um=1&ie=UTF-8&q=Bromley+War+Memorial&fb=1&gl=us&hq=Bromley+War+Memorial&hnear=Bromley+War+Memorial&cid=17515216103604821180","url_text":"\"War Memorial\""}]},{"reference":"\"Latitude and Longitude of a Point\". itouchmap.com. Retrieved 1 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://itouchmap.com/latlong.html","url_text":"\"Latitude and Longitude of a Point\""}]},{"reference":"\"London Gardens Online\". londongardensonline.org.uk. London Parks & Gardens Trust. Retrieved 1 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.londongardensonline.org.uk/gardens-online-record.asp?ID=BRO052","url_text":"\"London Gardens Online\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bromley War Memorial, St Martin's Hill, Bromley\". britishlistedbuildings.co.uk. British Listed Buildings. Retrieved 30 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/en-442525-bromley-war-memorial-st-martin-s-hill-br","url_text":"\"Bromley War Memorial, St Martin's Hill, Bromley\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bromley War Memorial\". bromley.gov.uk. London Borough of Bromley. Retrieved 31 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bromley.gov.uk/directory_record/4743/bromley_war_memorial","url_text":"\"Bromley War Memorial\""}]},{"reference":"\"War Memorial Bromley\". ww2museums.com. STIWOT. Retrieved 1 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ww2museums.com/article/20785/War-Memorial-Bromley.htm","url_text":"\"War Memorial Bromley\""}]},{"reference":"Robbins, Simon (2010). British Generalship during the Great War: The Military Career of Sir Henry Horne (1861–1929). Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. ISBN 978-0-7546-6127-6. Retrieved 1 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Eq38Nu58dlMC","url_text":"British Generalship during the Great War: The Military Career of Sir Henry Horne (1861–1929)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-6127-6","url_text":"978-0-7546-6127-6"}]},{"reference":"Hilliard, David. Harmer, John Reginald (1857–1944). The Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. Retrieved 1 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/harmer-john-reginald-6566","url_text":"Harmer, John Reginald (1857–1944)"}]},{"reference":"\"Remembrance Sunday\". britishlegion.org.uk. The Royal British Legion. Archived from the original on 15 April 2012. Retrieved 1 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120415000535/http://www.britishlegion.org.uk/remembrance/the-nation-remembers/remembrance-sunday","url_text":"\"Remembrance Sunday\""},{"url":"http://www.britishlegion.org.uk/remembrance/the-nation-remembers/remembrance-sunday","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The National Heritage List for England\". english-heritage.org.uk. English Heritage. Retrieved 1 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/professional/protection/process/national-heritage-list-for-england/","url_text":"\"The National Heritage List for England\""}]},{"reference":"\"English Heritage (The Historic Buildings and Monuments Commission for England)\". webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk. The National Archives. Archived from the original on 30 October 2011. Retrieved 1 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20111030105248/www.direct.gov.uk/en/Dl1/Directories/DG_10011944","url_text":"\"English Heritage (The Historic Buildings and Monuments Commission for England)\""},{"url":"http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/Dl1/Directories/DG_10011944","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Historic England. \"Details from listed building database (1116976)\". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 1 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England","url_text":"Historic England"},{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1116976","url_text":"\"Details from listed building database (1116976)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England","url_text":"National Heritage List for England"}]},{"reference":"\"Welcome to Images of England\". imagesofengland.org.uk. Images of England. Archived from the original on 13 August 2009. Retrieved 1 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090813190017/http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/","url_text":"\"Welcome to Images of England\""},{"url":"http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Listed Buildings\". english-heritage.org.uk. English Heritage. Archived from the original on 26 January 2013. Retrieved 1 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130126151823/http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/caring/listing/listed-buildings","url_text":"\"Listed Buildings\""},{"url":"http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/caring/listing/listed-buildings/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"March, Sidney, \"1891 England Census\", ancestry.com, Census Returns of England and Wales, 1891. The National Archives of the UK (as re-printed on Ancestry.com)","urls":[]},{"reference":"March, Sydney. \"Mapping the Practice and Profession of Sculpture in Britain & Ireland 1851–1951\". sculpture.gla.ac.uk. University of Glasgow History of Art and HATII. Retrieved 31 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://sculpture.gla.ac.uk/view/person.php?id=msib4_1261394439","url_text":"\"Mapping the Practice and Profession of Sculpture in Britain & Ireland 1851–1951\""}]},{"reference":"March, Sydney. \"First World War Art – Sculpture\". dsfa.com. David Cohen Fine Art. Retrieved 31 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dcfa.com/Sculpture/slides/3396.shtml","url_text":"\"First World War Art – Sculpture\""}]},{"reference":"Baker, Eamonn (15 July 2008). \"Memorial to a celebrated sculptor\". Derry Journal. Retrieved 1 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.derryjournal.com/news/local/memorial_to_a_celebrated_sculptor_1_2127878","url_text":"\"Memorial to a celebrated sculptor\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers South African War Memorial\". omagh.gov.uk. Omagh District Council. Archived from the original on 24 October 2013. Retrieved 1 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131024085135/http://www.omagh.gov.uk/culture_leisure_and_tourism/things_to_do/activities/history_and_heritage/item.php?id=40","url_text":"\"The Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers South African War Memorial\""},{"url":"http://www.omagh.gov.uk/culture_leisure_and_tourism/things_to_do/activities/history_and_heritage/item.php?id=40","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Loyalist Monuments – Hamilton UEL Monument\". uelac.org. United Empire Loyalists' Association of Canada. Retrieved 1 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uelac.org/Loyalist-Monuments/Hamilton-Monument.php","url_text":"\"Loyalist Monuments – Hamilton UEL Monument\""}]},{"reference":"Historic England. \"The Lancaster Monument, East Sheen Cemetery (1239967)\". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 31 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England","url_text":"Historic England"},{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1239967","url_text":"\"The Lancaster Monument, East Sheen Cemetery (1239967)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England","url_text":"National Heritage List for England"}]},{"reference":"\"King Edward VII\". npg.org.uk. National Portrait Gallery. Retrieved 1 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw02038/King-Edward-VII?LinkID=mp07281&search=sas&sText=Sydney+March&OConly=true&role=art&rNo=0","url_text":"\"King Edward VII\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cecil John Rhodes\". npg.org.uk. National Portrait Gallery. Retrieved 1 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw05290/Cecil-John-Rhodes?LinkID=mp07281&search=sas&sText=Sydney+March&OConly=true&role=art&rNo=1","url_text":"\"Cecil John Rhodes\""}]},{"reference":"General Register Office. \"England and Wales Death Registration Index 1837-2007\". FamilySearch. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Retrieved 29 September 2015. Sydney March, 1968; Bromley, Kent, England","urls":[{"url":"https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QVCL-1JL2","url_text":"\"England and Wales Death Registration Index 1837-2007\""}]},{"reference":"\"Burial and Cremation Records\". farnborough-kent-parish.org. St. Giles the Abbot, Farnborough (Kent). Retrieved 1 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.farnborough-kent-parish.org.uk/parish_registers.html","url_text":"\"Burial and Cremation Records\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Bartlett_Pearce
Nicholas Bartlett Pearce
["1 Early life and career","2 Civil War service","3 Post-war career","4 See also","5 References","6 Notes"]
Brigadier general in the Arkansas State Troops during the American Civil War (1828–1894) Nicholas Bartlett PearceBorn(1828-07-20)July 20, 1828Caldwell County, KentuckyDiedMarch 8, 1894(1894-03-08) (aged 65)Dallas, TexasPlace of burialWhitesboro, TexasAllegiance United States of America Arkansas Confederate States of AmericaService/branch United States Army Arkansas Militia Confederate States ArmyYears of service1850–1858 (USA)1861–1865 (CSA)Rank First Lieutenant (USA) Colonel (Arkansas Militia) Brigadier General (Arkansas State Troops) Major (CSA)Commands held 1st (Western) Division (Brigade), Arkansas State Troops; Fort SmithBattles/warsAmerican Civil War Battle of Wilson's Creek Other workMerchant, college professor, land examiner Nicholas Bartlett Pearce (commonly known as N. Bart Pearce) (July 20, 1828 – March 8, 1894) was a brigadier general in the Arkansas State Troops during the American Civil War. He led a brigade of infantry in one of the war's earliest battles in the Trans-Mississippi Theater before serving as a commissary officer in the Confederate States Army for the rest of the war. Early life and career Pearce was born in Caldwell County, Kentucky, to Allen and Mary (Polly) Morse Pearce. He studied at Cumberland College in Kentucky before appointment to the United States Military Academy. He graduated from West Point in 1850, twenty-sixth in a class of forty-four. He was commissioned a second lieutenant in the 7th U.S. Infantry and stationed in Arkansas and the Indian Territory for most of his United States Army career. In March 1858 he resigned to join his father-in-law's mercantile in Osage Mills, Arkansas. Pearce was elected and briefly served as the Colonel of the Benton County Militia Regiment. Civil War service Despite Pearce's vocal opposition to secession, in May 1861 the Arkansas Secession Convention appointed Pearce as a brigadier general and assigned him command of the state militia's 1st (Western) Division. He took command of Fort Smith in June after the Confederate recommissioned the abandoned U.S. Army post. Brigadier General Pearce assumed command of the 1st (Western) Division and had the following units under his direct command: 3rd Regiment, Arkansas State Troops, (Gratiot's Regiment) 4th Regiment, Arkansas State Troops, (Walker's Regiment) 5th Regiment, Arkansas State Troops, (Dockery's Regiment) 1st Cavalry Regiment, Arkansas State Troops (Carrols Regiment) Pulaski Light Artillery, (Woodruff's Battery). Fort Smith Artillery, (Ried's Battery) Brigadier General Pearce, who lived in Benton County, established the headquarters, 1st Division, Provisional Army of Arkansas at Camp Walker at Maysville. Thus when a Union army began operating around Springfield in Southwest Missouri, Pearce's state troops were nearby. Pearce's troops, which are referred to as a brigade of State Troops in the official accounts of the battle, numbered 2,234 troops. Pearce agreed to co-operate with Brigadier General Benjamin McCulloch and his force of about 8,000 other soldiers from several commands, to form a sizable force and immediately marched toward Springfield. On August 10, 1861, Brigadier General Nathaniel Lyon, the forceful commander of Union troops in Missouri, attacked the Confederates. The Battle of Wilson's Creek came to an abrupt and inglorious halt when the Union commander was killed. Leaderless and outnumbered five-to-one, the bluecoats fled the battlefield. The Arkansas troops played a role in winning the battle, but paid a heavy price for victory. Two Arkansas units suffered particularly heavy casualties. Colonel Thomas J. Churchill's 1st Arkansas Mounted Rifles counted 42 killed and 155 wounded out of 600 men. Colonel John Gratiot's 3rd Arkansas Infantry, State Troops suffered 109 casualties, including 25 killed, out of a force of 500 men. Pearce's brief and controversial command ended shortly after the battle when in August, Arkansas authorities attempted to transfer his brigade to Confederate service. Pearce's troops were polled as to whether they wanted to be transferred to Confederate command as had been arranged prior to the battle. Brig. Gen. Pearce actively campaigned against joining the Confederate States Army. Sources differ as to how many of these Arkansas state troops agreed to the transfer. It appears that few were willing to continue in either service. Several units signed petitions requesting that General Pearce be allowed to remain in command. By the end of September 1861, all organized state troops had either been transferred to Confederate command or mustered out of state service. From December 13, 1861, to the end of the war, Pearce served as a major in the Confederate Commissary Department in Arkansas, the Indian Territory, and Texas. On June 21, 1865, he was paroled in Houston, Texas. He then went to Washington, D.C., and secured a pardon from President Andrew Johnson. Post-war career This section includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this section by introducing more precise citations. (March 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Pearce returned to Osage Mills in 1867 to rebuild his home, mill, and store. In 1872 he left to teach mathematics at the University of Arkansas, resigning this position in 1874 and returning to Osage Mills. From 1870 to 1884 he was employed by a Kansas City wholesale house. Later he moved to Texas for his wife's health and worked as a land examiner. N. Bart Pearce died in Dallas, Texas, on March 8, 1894, at the home of his daughter-in-law. He is buried in Whitesboro, Texas. See also American Civil War portal List of American Civil War generals (Acting Confederate) References Allardice, Bruce S., More Generals in Gray. Baton Rouge, Louisiana: Louisiana State University Press, 1995. Notes ^ Dougan, Michael, Nicholas Bartlett Pearce (1828–1894), The Encyclopedia of Arkansas History and Culture, Accessed January 24, 2011, http://encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?entryID=5887 ^ "General Pike in Controversy with General Hindman," Native American Nations. Retrieved 2008-10-17. ^ Johnson, Robert Underwood; Buel, Clarence Clough (1887). Battles and Leaders of the Civil War: Being for the Most Part Contributions by Union and Confederate Officers : Based Upon "The Century War Series". Century Company. ^ a b Edwin C. Bearss, Battle of Wilson's Creek (Diamond, MO, 1975), pp. 59, 77–78. See also Huff, "Military Board", p. 90. ^ Report of Brig. Gen N. B. Pearce, commanding First Division, Army of Arkansas, The war of the rebellion: a compilation of the official records of the Union and Confederate armies.; Series 1 – Volume 3, Page 123, Accessed January 11, 2011, http://dlxs2.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=moawar;cc=moawar;xc=1;idno=waro0003;g=moagrp;q1=arkansas;q2=Wilson%20s%20Creek;q3=Gratiot;frm=frameset;view=image;seq=137;page=root;size=s ^ National Park Service, Brief Account of the Battle of Wilson's Creek. Retrieved 2008-10-17. ^ The War of the Rebellion: a Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies.; Series 1 – Volume 3, Page 716, Accessed 10 January 2010, http://dlxs2.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=moawar;cc=moawar;xc=1;idno=waro0003;g=moagrp;q1=Arkansas;q2=Wilson%20s%20Creek;q3=Gratiot;node=waro0003%3A4;frm=frameset;view=image;seq=729;page=root;size=s ^ Bearss and Gibson, Little Gibraltar, pp. 250–251; Montgomery, "DWJ", p. 3.; Huff, "Military Board", p. 80; Dougan, Confederate Arkansas, pp. 77–79. Service Profile Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National United States Other SNAC
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He led a brigade of infantry in one of the war's earliest battles in the Trans-Mississippi Theater before serving as a commissary officer in the Confederate States Army for the rest of the war.","title":"Nicholas Bartlett Pearce"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Caldwell County, Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caldwell_County,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Cumberland College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumberland_College_(Princeton,_Kentucky)"},{"link_name":"United States Military Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy"},{"link_name":"second lieutenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Lieutenant#United_States"},{"link_name":"7th U.S. Infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7th_U.S._Infantry"},{"link_name":"Indian Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Territory"},{"link_name":"United States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"Osage Mills, Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osage_Mills,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Pearce was born in Caldwell County, Kentucky, to Allen and Mary (Polly) Morse Pearce. He studied at Cumberland College in Kentucky before appointment to the United States Military Academy. He graduated from West Point in 1850, twenty-sixth in a class of forty-four. He was commissioned a second lieutenant in the 7th U.S. Infantry and stationed in Arkansas and the Indian Territory for most of his United States Army career. In March 1858 he resigned to join his father-in-law's mercantile in Osage Mills, Arkansas. Pearce was elected and briefly served as the Colonel of the Benton County Militia Regiment.[1]","title":"Early life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"secession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secession"},{"link_name":"Fort Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Smith,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google150-3"},{"link_name":"3rd Regiment, Arkansas State Troops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Regiment,_Arkansas_State_Troops"},{"link_name":"4th Regiment, Arkansas State Troops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_Regiment,_Arkansas_State_Troops"},{"link_name":"5th Regiment, Arkansas State Troops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_Regiment,_Arkansas_State_Troops"},{"link_name":"1st Cavalry Regiment, Arkansas State Troops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Cavalry_Regiment,_Arkansas_State_Troops"},{"link_name":"Pulaski Light Artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulaski_Light_Artillery"},{"link_name":"Fort Smith Artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Smith_Artillery"},{"link_name":"Maysville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maysville,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Springfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri"},{"link_name":"Benjamin McCulloch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_McCulloch"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-military154-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cornell153-5"},{"link_name":"1st Arkansas Mounted Rifles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Arkansas_Mounted_Rifles"},{"link_name":"3rd Arkansas Infantry, State Troops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Regiment,_Arkansas_State_Troops"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-military154-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cornell155-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-confederate156-8"},{"link_name":"major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"Houston, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"Andrew Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Johnson"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Despite Pearce's vocal opposition to secession, in May 1861 the Arkansas Secession Convention appointed Pearce as a brigadier general and assigned him command of the state militia's 1st (Western) Division. He took command of Fort Smith in June after the Confederate recommissioned the abandoned U.S. Army post.[2] Brigadier General Pearce assumed command of the 1st (Western) Division and had the following units under his direct command:[3]3rd Regiment, Arkansas State Troops, (Gratiot's Regiment)\n4th Regiment, Arkansas State Troops, (Walker's Regiment)\n5th Regiment, Arkansas State Troops, (Dockery's Regiment)\n1st Cavalry Regiment, Arkansas State Troops (Carrols Regiment)\nPulaski Light Artillery, (Woodruff's Battery).\nFort Smith Artillery, (Ried's Battery)Brigadier General Pearce, who lived in Benton County, established the headquarters, 1st Division, Provisional Army of Arkansas at Camp Walker at Maysville. Thus when a Union army began operating around Springfield in Southwest Missouri, Pearce's state troops were nearby. Pearce's troops, which are referred to as a brigade of State Troops in the official accounts of the battle, numbered 2,234 troops. Pearce agreed to co-operate with Brigadier General Benjamin McCulloch and his force of about 8,000 other soldiers from several commands, to form a sizable force and immediately marched toward Springfield. On August 10, 1861, Brigadier General Nathaniel Lyon, the forceful commander of Union troops in Missouri, attacked the Confederates.[4]The Battle of Wilson's Creek came to an abrupt and inglorious halt when the Union commander was killed. Leaderless and outnumbered five-to-one, the bluecoats fled the battlefield. The Arkansas troops played a role in winning the battle, but paid a heavy price for victory.[5] Two Arkansas units suffered particularly heavy casualties. Colonel Thomas J. Churchill's 1st Arkansas Mounted Rifles counted 42 killed and 155 wounded out of 600 men. Colonel John Gratiot's 3rd Arkansas Infantry, State Troops suffered 109 casualties, including 25 killed, out of a force of 500 men.[4][6]Pearce's brief and controversial command ended shortly after the battle when in August, Arkansas authorities attempted to transfer his brigade to Confederate service. Pearce's troops were polled as to whether they wanted to be transferred to Confederate command as had been arranged prior to the battle. Brig. Gen. Pearce actively campaigned against joining the Confederate States Army. Sources differ as to how many of these Arkansas state troops agreed to the transfer. It appears that few were willing to continue in either service. Several units signed petitions requesting that General Pearce be allowed to remain in command.[7] By the end of September 1861, all organized state troops had either been transferred to Confederate command or mustered out of state service.[8]From December 13, 1861, to the end of the war, Pearce served as a major in the Confederate Commissary Department in Arkansas, the Indian Territory, and Texas. On June 21, 1865, he was paroled in Houston, Texas. He then went to Washington, D.C., and secured a pardon from President Andrew Johnson.[citation needed]","title":"Civil War service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Kansas City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Dallas, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Whitesboro, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitesboro,_Texas"}],"text":"Pearce returned to Osage Mills in 1867 to rebuild his home, mill, and store. In 1872 he left to teach mathematics at the University of Arkansas, resigning this position in 1874 and returning to Osage Mills. From 1870 to 1884 he was employed by a Kansas City wholesale house. Later he moved to Texas for his wife's health and worked as a land examiner.N. Bart Pearce died in Dallas, Texas, on March 8, 1894, at the home of his daughter-in-law. He is buried in Whitesboro, Texas.","title":"Post-war career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"http://encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?entryID=5887","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?entryID=5887"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Native American Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.nanations.com/civilwar/gen-pike-gen-hindman.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-google150_3-0"},{"link_name":"Battles and Leaders of the Civil War: Being for the Most Part Contributions by Union and Confederate Officers : Based Upon \"The Century War Series\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=8C4OAAAAIAAJ&dq=Sam%20J.%20Churchill%20Arkansas%20general&pg=PA306"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-military154_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-military154_4-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-cornell153_5-0"},{"link_name":"http://dlxs2.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=moawar;cc=moawar;xc=1;idno=waro0003;g=moagrp;q1=arkansas;q2=Wilson%20s%20Creek;q3=Gratiot;frm=frameset;view=image;seq=137;page=root;size=s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//dlxs2.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=moawar;cc=moawar;xc=1;idno=waro0003;g=moagrp;q1=arkansas;q2=Wilson%20s%20Creek;q3=Gratiot;frm=frameset;view=image;seq=137;page=root;size=s"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Brief Account of the Battle of Wilson's Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.nps.gov/wicr/historyculture/brief-account-of-the-battle.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-cornell155_7-0"},{"link_name":"http://dlxs2.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=moawar;cc=moawar;xc=1;idno=waro0003;g=moagrp;q1=Arkansas;q2=Wilson%20s%20Creek;q3=Gratiot;node=waro0003%3A4;frm=frameset;view=image;seq=729;page=root;size=s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//dlxs2.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=moawar;cc=moawar;xc=1;idno=waro0003;g=moagrp;q1=Arkansas;q2=Wilson%20s%20Creek;q3=Gratiot;node=waro0003%3A4;frm=frameset;view=image;seq=729;page=root;size=s"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-confederate156_8-0"},{"link_name":"Service Profile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/America/United_States/Army/USMA/Cullums_Register/1475*.html"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7025032#identifiers"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/1950123"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJyxccYQKrWMgpfgQwhfv3"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n2008163705"},{"link_name":"SNAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6tb50pk"}],"text":"^ Dougan, Michael, Nicholas Bartlett Pearce (1828–1894), The Encyclopedia of Arkansas History and Culture, Accessed January 24, 2011, http://encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?entryID=5887\n\n^ \"General Pike in Controversy with General Hindman,\" Native American Nations. Retrieved 2008-10-17.\n\n^ Johnson, Robert Underwood; Buel, Clarence Clough (1887). Battles and Leaders of the Civil War: Being for the Most Part Contributions by Union and Confederate Officers : Based Upon \"The Century War Series\". Century Company.\n\n^ a b Edwin C. Bearss, Battle of Wilson's Creek (Diamond, MO, 1975), pp. 59, 77–78. See also Huff, \"Military Board\", p. 90.\n\n^ Report of Brig. Gen N. B. Pearce, commanding First Division, Army of Arkansas, The war of the rebellion: a compilation of the official records of the Union and Confederate armies.; Series 1 – Volume 3, Page 123, Accessed January 11, 2011, http://dlxs2.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=moawar;cc=moawar;xc=1;idno=waro0003;g=moagrp;q1=arkansas;q2=Wilson%20s%20Creek;q3=Gratiot;frm=frameset;view=image;seq=137;page=root;size=s\n\n^ National Park Service, Brief Account of the Battle of Wilson's Creek. Retrieved 2008-10-17.\n\n^ The War of the Rebellion: a Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies.; Series 1 – Volume 3, Page 716, Accessed 10 January 2010, http://dlxs2.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=moawar;cc=moawar;xc=1;idno=waro0003;g=moagrp;q1=Arkansas;q2=Wilson%20s%20Creek;q3=Gratiot;node=waro0003%3A4;frm=frameset;view=image;seq=729;page=root;size=s\n\n^ Bearss and Gibson, Little Gibraltar, pp. 250–251; Montgomery, \"DWJ\", p. 3.; Huff, \"Military Board\", p. 80; Dougan, Confederate Arkansas, pp. 77–79.Service ProfileAuthority control databases International\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nUnited States\nOther\nSNAC","title":"Notes"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Roy_Henderson
Charles Roy Henderson
["1 Honors and awards","2 Selected bibliography","3 References","4 Footnotes","5 External links"]
American mathematician For other people named Charles Henderson, see Charles Henderson (disambiguation). Charles Roy HendersonBorn(1911-04-01)April 1, 1911Coin, Iowa, USDiedMarch 14, 1989(1989-03-14) (aged 77)Urbana, Illinois, USAlma materIowa State UniversityKnown for Best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) Mixed models Variance component estimation AwardsElected to the United States National Academy of SciencesScientific careerFields Biostatistics Genetics Institutions Cornell University University of Illinois University of Guelph Doctoral advisor Lenoy Nelson Hazel Oscar Kempthorne Doctoral studentsShayle R. Searle Charles Roy Henderson ((1911-04-01)April 1, 1911 – (1989-03-14)March 14, 1989) was an American statistician and a pioneer in animal breeding — the application of quantitative methods for the genetic evaluation of domestic livestock. This is critically important because it allows farmers and geneticists to predict whether a crop or animal will have a desired trait, and to what extent the trait will be expressed. He developed mixed model equations to obtain best linear unbiased predictions of breeding values and, in general, any random effect. He invented three methods for the estimation of variance components in unbalanced settings of mixed models, and invented a method for constructing the inverse of Wright's numerator relationship matrix based on a simple list of pedigree information. He, with his Ph.D. student Shayle R. Searle, greatly extended the use of matrix notation in statistics. His methods are widely used by the domestic livestock industry throughout the world and are a cornerstone of linear model theory. Henderson obtained his B.Sc., M.Sc.(nutrition) and Ph.D.(breeding) degrees at Iowa State University, where he was a student of Professor L. N. Hazel. Henderson joined the faculty of the Department of Animal Science at Cornell University in 1948, and headed the Animal Breeding division for nearly 30 years until he retired in 1976. After retiring from Cornell, he was a visiting professor at the University of Guelph and University of Illinois until his death. He completed his book in 1984 at the University of Guelph. Honors and awards 1955, Senior Fulbright Research Scholar (New Zealand) 1964, Borden Award, American Dairy Science Association 1964, Animal Breeding and Genetics Award, American Society of Animal Science 1969, Fellow, American Statistical Association 1971, Morrison Award, American Society of Animal Science 1977, National Association of Animal Breeders Award, American Dairy Science Association 1980, Member of the Massey University Wellington 1981, Visiting professor at the University of California, Davis 1981, Hermann-von-Nathusius-Medaille in Gold of the German Society for Animal Production (DGfZ) 1981, Fellow, American Society of Animal Science 1982, Jay L. Lush Animal Breeding and Genetics Award, American Dairy Science Association 1984, Henry A. Wallace Award for Service to Agriculture, Iowa State University 1985, Elected to the United States National Academy of Sciences Selected bibliography 1990s Henderson, CR (1990). "Statistical Methods in Animal Improvement: Historical Overview". In Gianola, Daniel; Hammond, Keith (eds.). Advances in Statistical Methods for Genetic Improvement of Livestock. Springer-Verlag Inc. pp. 2–14. ISBN 978-3-540-50809-0. Henderson, CR (1990). "Accounting for Selection and Mating Biases in Genetic Evaluation". In Gianola, Daniel; Hammond, Keith (eds.). Advances in Statistical Methods for Genetic Improvement of Livestock. Springer-Verlag Inc. pp. 413–436. ISBN 978-3-540-50809-0. 1980s Henderson, C. R. (1989). "Prediction of Merits of Potential Matings from Sire-Maternal Grandsire Models with Nonadditive Genetic Effects". Journal of Dairy Science. 72 (10): 2592–2605. doi:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(89)79400-5. Henderson, CR (1988). "Use of an average numerator relationship matrix for multiple-sire joining". Journal of Animal Science. 66 (7): 1614–1621. doi:10.2527/jas1988.6671614x. Henderson, C. R. (1988). "The use of equivalent linear models in mixed model estimation and prediction". Communications in Statistics - Theory and Methods. 17 (4): 969–982. doi:10.1080/03610928808829668. Henderson, C. R. (1988). "Simple Method to Compute Biases and Mean Squared Errors of Linear Estimators and Predictors in a Selection Model Assuming Multivariate Normality". Journal of Dairy Science. 71 (11): 3135–3142. doi:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(88)79914-2. Henderson, C. R. (1988). "Exact Prediction Error Variances for Full Model Computed from Reduced Model". Journal of Dairy Science. 71 (11): 3128–3134. doi:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(88)79913-0. Henderson, C. R. (1988). "A Simple Method to Account for Selected Base Populations". Journal of Dairy Science. 71 (12): 3399–3404. doi:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(88)79945-2. Sasaki, Yoshiyuki; Henderson, C. R. (1986). "Best Linear Unbiased Prediction with the Reduced Animal Model: An Application to Evaluation of Performance-Tested Males". Journal of Animal Science. 63 (5): 1384–1388. doi:10.2527/jas1986.6351384x. ISSN 0021-8812. Henderson, C. R. (1986). "Estimation of Variances in Animal Model and Reduced Animal Model for Single Traits and Single Records". Journal of Dairy Science. 69 (5): 1394–1402. doi:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(86)80546-X. Henderson, C. R. (1986). "Estimation of Singular Covariance Matrices of Random Effects". Journal of Dairy Science. 69 (9): 2379–2385. doi:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(86)80677-4. Henderson, CR (1986). "Recent Developments in Variance and Covariance Estimation". Journal of Animal Science. 63: 208–216. doi:10.2527/jas1986.631208x. Henderson, CR (1985). "Best linear unbiased prediction of nonadditive genetic merits in noninbred populations". Journal of Animal Science. 60: 111–117. doi:10.2527/jas1985.601111x. Henderson, C. R. (1985). "Equivalent Linear Models to Reduce Computations". Journal of Dairy Science. 68 (9): 2267–2277. doi:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(85)81099-7. Henderson, C. R. (1985). "Best Linear Unbiased Prediction Using Relationship Matrices Derived from Selected Base Populations". Journal of Dairy Science. 68 (2): 443–448. doi:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(85)80843-2. Henderson, CR (1985). "MIVQUE and REML Estimation of Additive and Nonadditive Genetic Variances". Journal of Animal Science. 61: 113–121. doi:10.2527/jas1985.611113x. Henderson, C. R. (1984). "Estimation of Variances and Covariances under Multiple Trait Models". Journal of Dairy Science. 67 (7): 1581–1589. doi:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(84)81480-0. Henderson, CR (1984). Applications of Linear Models in Animal Breeding. Guelph, Ont: University of Guelph. ISBN 978-0-88955-030-8. Henderson, C.R. (1984). "ANOVA, MIVQUE, REML, and ML Algorithms for Estimation of Variances and Covariances". In David, H. A.; David, H. T. (eds.). Statistics: An Appraisal. Iowa State University. pp. 257–280. ISBN 978-0-8138-1721-7. Henderson, CR (1980). "Comparison of Unbiased Estimators and Approximate Tests of Hypothesis in the Unbalanced Mixed Model with Unknown Variances". ASA Proceedings of the Statistical Computing Section. American Statistical Association. pp. 47–51. 1970s Henderson, C. R. (1979). "Analysis of covariance in mixed models with unequal subclass numbers". Communications in Statistics - Theory and Methods. 8 (8): 751–787. doi:10.1080/03610927908827798. Henderson, CR (1978). "Simulation to examine distributions of estimators of variances and ratios of variances". Journal of Dairy Science. 61 (2): 267–273. doi:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(78)83590-5. Henderson, CR; McAllister, AJ (1978). "The missing subclass problem in two way fixed models". Journal of Animal Science. 46 (4): 1125–1137. doi:10.2527/jas1978.4641125x. Henderson, C. R. (1978). "Variance-Covariance Matrix of Estimators of Variances in Unweighted Means ANOVA". Biometrics. 34 (3): 462–468. doi:10.2307/2530609. JSTOR 2530609. Henderson, CR (1977). "Best linear unbiased prediction of breeding values not in the model for records". Journal of Dairy Science. 60 (5): 783–787. doi:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(77)83935-0. Henderson, C. R. (1977). "Prediction of the merits of single crosses". Theoretical and Applied Genetics. 49 (6): 273–282. doi:10.1007/BF00275133. PMID 24407416. S2CID 20208156. Henderson, CR (1976). "Inverse of a matrix of relationships due to sires and maternal grandsires in an inbred population". Journal of Dairy Science. 59 (9): 1585–1588. doi:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(76)84409-8. Henderson, CR; Quaas, RL (1976). "Multiple trait evaluation using relatives' records". Journal of Animal Science. 43 (6): 1188–1197. doi:10.2527/jas1976.4361188x. Henderson, CR (1976). "Multiple trait sire evaluation using the relationship matrix". Journal of Dairy Science. 59 (4): 769–774. doi:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(76)84274-9. Henderson, C. R. (1976). "A Simple Method for Computing the Inverse of a Numerator Relationship Matrix Used in Prediction of Breeding Values". Biometrics. 32 (1): 69–83. doi:10.2307/2529339. JSTOR 2529339. Henderson, CR (1975). "Comparison of alternative sire evaluation methods". Journal of Animal Science. 41 (3): 760–770. doi:10.2527/jas1975.413760x. Henderson, CR (1975). "Use of relationships among sires to increase accuracy of sire evaluation". Journal of Dairy Science. 58 (11): 1731–1738. doi:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(75)84777-1. Henderson, CR (1975). "Rapid method for computing the inverse of a relationship matrix". Journal of Dairy Science. 58 (11): 1727–1730. doi:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(75)84776-X. Henderson, CR (1975). "Use of all relatives in intraherd prediction of breeding values and producing abilities". Journal of Dairy Science. 58 (12): 1910–1916. doi:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(75)84808-9. Henderson, CR (1975). "Inverse of a matrix of relationships due to sires and maternal grandsires". Journal of Dairy Science. 58 (12): 1917–1921. doi:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(75)84809-0. Henderson, C. R. (1975). "Rapid Method for Computing the Inverse of a Relationship Matrix". Journal of Dairy Science. 58 (11): 1727–1730. doi:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(75)84776-X. Henderson, C. R. (1975). "Best Linear Unbiased Estimation and Prediction under a Selection Model". Biometrics. 31 (2): 423–447. doi:10.2307/2529430. JSTOR 2529430. PMID 1174616. Henderson, C. R.; Searle, S. R.; Schaeffer, L. R. (1974). "The Invariance and Calculation of Method 2 for Estimating Variance Components". Biometrics. 30 (4): 583–588. doi:10.2307/2529223. JSTOR 2529223. Henderson, C. R. (1973). "Sire Evaluation and Genetic Trends". Journal of Animal Science. 1973: 10–41. doi:10.1093/ansci/1973.Symposium.10. Lee, A. J; Henderson, C. R. (1971). "Effect of Cow Culling on Repeatability Estimates". Journal of Animal Science. 32 (2): 167–173. doi:10.2527/jas1971.322167x. ISSN 0021-8812. 1960s Lee, AJ; Henderson, CR (1969). "Components in genetic variance in milk yield". J Dairy Sci. 52 (6): 780–9. doi:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(69)86648-8. PMID 4907259. Cunningham, E. P.; Henderson, C. R. (1968). "An Iterative Procedure for Estimating Fixed Effects and Variance Components in Mixed Model Situations". Biometrics. 24 (1): 13–25. doi:10.2307/2528457. JSTOR 2528457. PMID 5642400. Cunningham, E. P.; Henderson, C. R. (1966). "Analytical Techniques for Incomplete Block Experiments". Biometrics. 22 (4): 829–842. doi:10.2307/2528077. JSTOR 2528077. Van Vleck, L. D.; Henderson, C.R. (1965). "Statistics in the Design and Analysis of Physiology Experiments". J. Anim. Sci. 24 (2): 559–67. doi:10.2527/jas1965.242559x. PMID 14324385. Cunningham, E. P.; Henderson, C. R. (1965). "Repeatability of Weaning Traits in Beef Cattle1". Journal of Animal Science. 24 (1): 188–191. doi:10.2527/jas1965.241188x. ISSN 0021-8812. Cunningham, E. P.; Henderson, C. R. (1965). "Estimation of Genetic and Phenotypic Parameters of Weaning Traits in Beef Cattle1". Journal of Animal Science. 24 (1): 182–187. doi:10.2527/jas1965.241182x. ISSN 0021-8812. Allaire, F. R.; Henderson, C. R. (1965). "Inbreeding Within an Artificially Bred Dairy Cattle Population". Journal of Dairy Science. 48 (10): 1366–1371. doi:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(65)88465-X. PMID 5863527. VanVleck, L. D.; Henderson, C. R.; Carter, H. W. (1962). "Evaluation of Sires Available through Planned Mating". Journal of Animal Science. 21 (1): 30–32. doi:10.2527/jas1962.21130x. ISSN 0021-8812. S2CID 86233026. VanVleck, L. D.; Wadell, L. H.; Henderson, C. R. (1961). "Components of Variance Associated with Milk and Fat Records of Artificially Sired Holstein Daughters". Journal of Animal Science. 20 (4): 812–816. doi:10.2527/jas1961.204812x. ISSN 0021-8812. S2CID 82719432. Searle, S. R.; Henderson, C. R. (1961). "Computing Procedures for Estimating Components of Variance in the Two-Way Classification, Mixed Model". Biometrics. 17 (4): 607–616. doi:10.2307/2527859. JSTOR 2527859. Heidhues, T; Henderson, C. R. (1961). "Teaching Selection Principles with Herd Records Generated by an Electronic Computer". Journal of Animal Science. 20 (3): 659–664. doi:10.2527/jas1961.203659x. ISSN 0021-8812. VanVleck, L. D.; Searle, S. R.; Henderson, C. R. (1960). "The Number of Daughter-Dam Pairs Needed for Estimating Heritability". Journal of Animal Science. 19 (3): 916–920. doi:10.2527/jas1960.193916x. ISSN 0021-8812. S2CID 82532852. 1950s Henderson, C. R.; Kempthorne, O.; Searle, S. R.; Von Krosigk, C. M. (1959). "The Estimation of Environmental and Genetic Trends from Records Subject to Culling". Biometrics. 15 (2): 192–218. doi:10.2307/2527669. JSTOR 2527669. Blackwell, R. L.; Henderson, C. R. (1955). "Variation in Fleece Weight, Weaning Weight and Birth Weight of Sheep under Farm Conditions". Journal of Animal Science. 14 (3): 831–843. doi:10.1093/ansci/14.3.831. ISSN 0021-8812. Henderson, C. R. (1953). "Estimation of Variance and Covariance Components". Biometrics. 9 (2): 226–252. doi:10.2307/3001853. JSTOR 3001853. References Anon (1980). "Henderson, CR: Estimation of variance and covariance components" (PDF). Current Contents/Agriculture Biology & Environmental Sciences. 24: 10. Van Vleck, L. D. (1998). "Charles Roy Henderson, 1911-1989: A brief biography". Journal of Animal Science. 76 (12): 2959–2961. doi:10.2527/1998.76122959x. PMID 9928597. Freeman, A. E. (1991). "C. R. Henderson: Contributions to the Dairy Industry". Journal of Dairy Science. 74 (11): 4045–4051. doi:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(91)78600-1. PMID 1757642. Kennedy, B. W. (1991). "C. R. Henderson: The Unfinished Legacy". Journal of Dairy Science. 74 (11): 4067–4081. doi:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(91)78602-5. PMID 1757644. Schaeffer, L. R. (1991). "C. R. Henderson: Contributions to Predicting Genetic Merit". Journal of Dairy Science. 74 (11): 4052–4066. doi:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(91)78601-3. PMID 1757643. Searle, S. R. (1991). "C. R. Henderson, the Statistician; and His Contributions to Variance Components Estimation" (PDF). Journal of Dairy Science. 74 (11): 4035–4044. doi:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(91)78599-8. hdl:1813/31657. PMID 1757641. Van Vleck, L. D. (1991). "C. R. Henderson: Farm Boy, Athlete, and Scientist". Journal of Dairy Science. 74 (11): 4082–4096. doi:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(91)78603-7. PMID 1757645. "Charles Henderson, Statistician, Dies at 77". The New York Times. March 18, 1989. p. 10. L. Dale Van Vleck (1998). Charles Roy Henderson, April 1, 1911 – March 14, 1989 (PDF). United States National Academy of Sciences. Robert H. Foote (August 2002). Summary of Oral Interviews Created as Part of an Artificial Insemination Documentation Project (PDF). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University. ISBN 9780889550308. OCLC 64074423. Footnotes ^ Lanoy Nelson Hazel 1911-1992 Archived May 5, 2014, at the Wayback Machine ^ List of people honored with the Herman-von-Nathusius-Medaille External links Charles Roy Henderson at the Mathematics Genealogy Project Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National United States Academics MathSciNet Mathematics Genealogy Project zbMATH Other SNAC IdRef
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This is critically important because it allows farmers and geneticists to predict whether a crop or animal will have a desired trait, and to what extent the trait will be expressed. He developed mixed model equations to obtain best linear unbiased predictions of breeding values and, in general, any random effect. He invented three methods for the estimation of variance components in unbalanced settings of mixed models, and invented a method for constructing the inverse of Wright's numerator relationship matrix based on a simple list of pedigree information. He, with his Ph.D. student Shayle R. Searle, greatly extended the use of matrix notation in statistics. His methods are widely used by the domestic livestock industry throughout the world and are a cornerstone of linear model theory.Henderson obtained his B.Sc., M.Sc.(nutrition) and Ph.D.(breeding) degrees at Iowa State University, where he was a student of Professor L. N. Hazel. Henderson joined the faculty of the Department of Animal Science at Cornell University in 1948, and headed the Animal Breeding division for nearly 30 years until he retired in 1976. After retiring from Cornell, he was a visiting professor at the University of Guelph and University of Illinois until his death. He completed his book in 1984 at the University of Guelph.","title":"Charles Roy Henderson"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fulbright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulbright"},{"link_name":"American Dairy Science Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Dairy_Science_Association"},{"link_name":"American Society of Animal Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_of_Animal_Science"},{"link_name":"American Statistical Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Statistical_Association"},{"link_name":"Massey University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massey_University"},{"link_name":"University of California, Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Davis"},{"link_name":"Hermann-von-Nathusius-Medaille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann-von-Nathusius-Medaille"},{"link_name":"German Society for Animal Production","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Gesellschaft_f%C3%BCr_Z%C3%BCchtungskunde"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"United States National Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_National_Academy_of_Sciences"}],"text":"1955, Senior Fulbright Research Scholar (New Zealand)\n1964, Borden Award, American Dairy Science Association\n1964, Animal Breeding and Genetics Award, American Society of Animal Science\n1969, Fellow, American Statistical Association\n1971, Morrison Award, American Society of Animal Science\n1977, National Association of Animal Breeders Award, American Dairy Science Association\n1980, Member of the Massey University Wellington\n1981, Visiting professor at the University of California, Davis\n1981, Hermann-von-Nathusius-Medaille in Gold of the German Society for Animal Production (DGfZ) [2]\n1981, Fellow, American Society of Animal Science\n1982, Jay L. Lush Animal Breeding and Genetics Award, American Dairy Science Association\n1984, Henry A. 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in Fleece Weight, Weaning Weight and Birth Weight of Sheep under Farm Conditions\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093/ansci/14.3.831"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1093/ansci/14.3.831","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Fansci%2F14.3.831"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0021-8812","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0021-8812"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/3001853","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F3001853"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3001853","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/3001853"}],"text":"1990s\nHenderson, CR (1990). \"Statistical Methods in Animal Improvement: Historical Overview\". In Gianola, Daniel; Hammond, Keith (eds.). Advances in Statistical Methods for Genetic Improvement of Livestock. Springer-Verlag Inc. pp. 2–14. ISBN 978-3-540-50809-0.\nHenderson, CR (1990). \"Accounting for Selection and Mating Biases in Genetic Evaluation\". In Gianola, Daniel; Hammond, Keith (eds.). Advances in Statistical Methods for Genetic Improvement of Livestock. Springer-Verlag Inc. pp. 413–436. ISBN 978-3-540-50809-0.\n1980s\nHenderson, C. R. (1989). \"Prediction of Merits of Potential Matings from Sire-Maternal Grandsire Models with Nonadditive Genetic Effects\". Journal of Dairy Science. 72 (10): 2592–2605. doi:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(89)79400-5.\nHenderson, CR (1988). \"Use of an average numerator relationship matrix for multiple-sire joining\". Journal of Animal Science. 66 (7): 1614–1621. doi:10.2527/jas1988.6671614x.\nHenderson, C. R. (1988). \"The use of equivalent linear models in mixed model estimation and prediction\". Communications in Statistics - Theory and Methods. 17 (4): 969–982. doi:10.1080/03610928808829668.\nHenderson, C. R. (1988). \"Simple Method to Compute Biases and Mean Squared Errors of Linear Estimators and Predictors in a Selection Model Assuming Multivariate Normality\". Journal of Dairy Science. 71 (11): 3135–3142. doi:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(88)79914-2.\nHenderson, C. R. (1988). \"Exact Prediction Error Variances for Full Model Computed from Reduced Model\". Journal of Dairy Science. 71 (11): 3128–3134. doi:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(88)79913-0.\nHenderson, C. R. (1988). \"A Simple Method to Account for Selected Base Populations\". Journal of Dairy Science. 71 (12): 3399–3404. doi:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(88)79945-2.\nSasaki, Yoshiyuki; Henderson, C. R. (1986). \"Best Linear Unbiased Prediction with the Reduced Animal Model: An Application to Evaluation of Performance-Tested Males\". Journal of Animal Science. 63 (5): 1384–1388. doi:10.2527/jas1986.6351384x. ISSN 0021-8812.\nHenderson, C. R. (1986). \"Estimation of Variances in Animal Model and Reduced Animal Model for Single Traits and Single Records\". Journal of Dairy Science. 69 (5): 1394–1402. doi:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(86)80546-X.\nHenderson, C. R. (1986). \"Estimation of Singular Covariance Matrices of Random Effects\". Journal of Dairy Science. 69 (9): 2379–2385. doi:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(86)80677-4.\nHenderson, CR (1986). \"Recent Developments in Variance and Covariance Estimation\". Journal of Animal Science. 63: 208–216. doi:10.2527/jas1986.631208x.\nHenderson, CR (1985). \"Best linear unbiased prediction of nonadditive genetic merits in noninbred populations\". Journal of Animal Science. 60: 111–117. doi:10.2527/jas1985.601111x.\nHenderson, C. R. (1985). \"Equivalent Linear Models to Reduce Computations\". Journal of Dairy Science. 68 (9): 2267–2277. doi:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(85)81099-7.\nHenderson, C. R. (1985). \"Best Linear Unbiased Prediction Using Relationship Matrices Derived from Selected Base Populations\". Journal of Dairy Science. 68 (2): 443–448. doi:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(85)80843-2.\nHenderson, CR (1985). \"MIVQUE and REML Estimation of Additive and Nonadditive Genetic Variances\". Journal of Animal Science. 61: 113–121. doi:10.2527/jas1985.611113x.\nHenderson, C. R. (1984). \"Estimation of Variances and Covariances under Multiple Trait Models\". Journal of Dairy Science. 67 (7): 1581–1589. doi:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(84)81480-0.\nHenderson, CR (1984). Applications of Linear Models in Animal Breeding. Guelph, Ont: University of Guelph. ISBN 978-0-88955-030-8.\nHenderson, C.R. (1984). \"ANOVA, MIVQUE, REML, and ML Algorithms for Estimation of Variances and Covariances\". In David, H. A.; David, H. T. (eds.). Statistics: An Appraisal. Iowa State University. pp. 257–280. ISBN 978-0-8138-1721-7.\nHenderson, CR (1980). \"Comparison of Unbiased Estimators and Approximate Tests of Hypothesis in the Unbalanced Mixed Model with Unknown Variances\". ASA Proceedings of the Statistical Computing Section. American Statistical Association. pp. 47–51.\n1970s\nHenderson, C. R. (1979). \"Analysis of covariance in mixed models with unequal subclass numbers\". Communications in Statistics - Theory and Methods. 8 (8): 751–787. doi:10.1080/03610927908827798.\nHenderson, CR (1978). \"Simulation to examine distributions of estimators of variances and ratios of variances\". Journal of Dairy Science. 61 (2): 267–273. doi:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(78)83590-5.\nHenderson, CR; McAllister, AJ (1978). \"The missing subclass problem in two way fixed models\". Journal of Animal Science. 46 (4): 1125–1137. doi:10.2527/jas1978.4641125x.\nHenderson, C. R. (1978). \"Variance-Covariance Matrix of Estimators of Variances in Unweighted Means ANOVA\". Biometrics. 34 (3): 462–468. doi:10.2307/2530609. JSTOR 2530609.\nHenderson, CR (1977). \"Best linear unbiased prediction of breeding values not in the model for records\". Journal of Dairy Science. 60 (5): 783–787. doi:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(77)83935-0.\nHenderson, C. R. (1977). \"Prediction of the merits of single crosses\". Theoretical and Applied Genetics. 49 (6): 273–282. doi:10.1007/BF00275133. PMID 24407416. S2CID 20208156.\nHenderson, CR (1976). \"Inverse of a matrix of relationships due to sires and maternal grandsires in an inbred population\". Journal of Dairy Science. 59 (9): 1585–1588. doi:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(76)84409-8.\nHenderson, CR; Quaas, RL (1976). \"Multiple trait evaluation using relatives' records\". Journal of Animal Science. 43 (6): 1188–1197. doi:10.2527/jas1976.4361188x.\nHenderson, CR (1976). \"Multiple trait sire evaluation using the relationship matrix\". Journal of Dairy Science. 59 (4): 769–774. doi:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(76)84274-9.\nHenderson, C. R. (1976). \"A Simple Method for Computing the Inverse of a Numerator Relationship Matrix Used in Prediction of Breeding Values\". Biometrics. 32 (1): 69–83. doi:10.2307/2529339. JSTOR 2529339.\nHenderson, CR (1975). \"Comparison of alternative sire evaluation methods\". Journal of Animal Science. 41 (3): 760–770. doi:10.2527/jas1975.413760x.\nHenderson, CR (1975). \"Use of relationships among sires to increase accuracy of sire evaluation\". Journal of Dairy Science. 58 (11): 1731–1738. doi:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(75)84777-1.\nHenderson, CR (1975). \"Rapid method for computing the inverse of a relationship matrix\". Journal of Dairy Science. 58 (11): 1727–1730. doi:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(75)84776-X.\nHenderson, CR (1975). \"Use of all relatives in intraherd prediction of breeding values and producing abilities\". Journal of Dairy Science. 58 (12): 1910–1916. doi:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(75)84808-9.\nHenderson, CR (1975). \"Inverse of a matrix of relationships due to sires and maternal grandsires\". Journal of Dairy Science. 58 (12): 1917–1921. doi:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(75)84809-0.\nHenderson, C. R. (1975). \"Rapid Method for Computing the Inverse of a Relationship Matrix\". Journal of Dairy Science. 58 (11): 1727–1730. doi:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(75)84776-X.\nHenderson, C. R. (1975). \"Best Linear Unbiased Estimation and Prediction under a Selection Model\". Biometrics. 31 (2): 423–447. doi:10.2307/2529430. JSTOR 2529430. PMID 1174616.\nHenderson, C. R.; Searle, S. R.; Schaeffer, L. R. (1974). \"The Invariance and Calculation of Method 2 for Estimating Variance Components\". Biometrics. 30 (4): 583–588. doi:10.2307/2529223. JSTOR 2529223.\nHenderson, C. R. (1973). \"Sire Evaluation and Genetic Trends\". Journal of Animal Science. 1973: 10–41. doi:10.1093/ansci/1973.Symposium.10.\nLee, A. J; Henderson, C. R. (1971). \"Effect of Cow Culling on Repeatability Estimates\". Journal of Animal Science. 32 (2): 167–173. doi:10.2527/jas1971.322167x. ISSN 0021-8812.\n1960s\nLee, AJ; Henderson, CR (1969). \"Components in genetic variance in milk yield\". J Dairy Sci. 52 (6): 780–9. doi:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(69)86648-8. PMID 4907259.\nCunningham, E. P.; Henderson, C. R. (1968). \"An Iterative Procedure for Estimating Fixed Effects and Variance Components in Mixed Model Situations\". Biometrics. 24 (1): 13–25. doi:10.2307/2528457. JSTOR 2528457. PMID 5642400.\nCunningham, E. P.; Henderson, C. R. (1966). \"Analytical Techniques for Incomplete Block Experiments\". Biometrics. 22 (4): 829–842. doi:10.2307/2528077. JSTOR 2528077.\nVan Vleck, L. D.; Henderson, C.R. (1965). \"Statistics in the Design and Analysis of Physiology Experiments\". J. Anim. Sci. 24 (2): 559–67. doi:10.2527/jas1965.242559x. PMID 14324385.\nCunningham, E. P.; Henderson, C. R. (1965). \"Repeatability of Weaning Traits in Beef Cattle1\". Journal of Animal Science. 24 (1): 188–191. doi:10.2527/jas1965.241188x. ISSN 0021-8812.\nCunningham, E. P.; Henderson, C. R. (1965). \"Estimation of Genetic and Phenotypic Parameters of Weaning Traits in Beef Cattle1\". Journal of Animal Science. 24 (1): 182–187. doi:10.2527/jas1965.241182x. ISSN 0021-8812.\nAllaire, F. R.; Henderson, C. R. (1965). \"Inbreeding Within an Artificially Bred Dairy Cattle Population\". Journal of Dairy Science. 48 (10): 1366–1371. doi:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(65)88465-X. PMID 5863527.\nVanVleck, L. D.; Henderson, C. R.; Carter, H. W. (1962). \"Evaluation of Sires Available through Planned Mating\". Journal of Animal Science. 21 (1): 30–32. doi:10.2527/jas1962.21130x. ISSN 0021-8812. S2CID 86233026.\nVanVleck, L. D.; Wadell, L. H.; Henderson, C. R. (1961). \"Components of Variance Associated with Milk and Fat Records of Artificially Sired Holstein Daughters\". Journal of Animal Science. 20 (4): 812–816. doi:10.2527/jas1961.204812x. ISSN 0021-8812. S2CID 82719432.\nSearle, S. R.; Henderson, C. R. (1961). \"Computing Procedures for Estimating Components of Variance in the Two-Way Classification, Mixed Model\". Biometrics. 17 (4): 607–616. doi:10.2307/2527859. JSTOR 2527859.\nHeidhues, T; Henderson, C. R. (1961). \"Teaching Selection Principles with Herd Records Generated by an Electronic Computer\". Journal of Animal Science. 20 (3): 659–664. doi:10.2527/jas1961.203659x. ISSN 0021-8812.\nVanVleck, L. D.; Searle, S. R.; Henderson, C. R. (1960). \"The Number of Daughter-Dam Pairs Needed for Estimating Heritability\". Journal of Animal Science. 19 (3): 916–920. doi:10.2527/jas1960.193916x. ISSN 0021-8812. S2CID 82532852.\n1950s\nHenderson, C. R.; Kempthorne, O.; Searle, S. R.; Von Krosigk, C. M. (1959). \"The Estimation of Environmental and Genetic Trends from Records Subject to Culling\". Biometrics. 15 (2): 192–218. doi:10.2307/2527669. JSTOR 2527669.\nBlackwell, R. L.; Henderson, C. R. (1955). \"Variation in Fleece Weight, Weaning Weight and Birth Weight of Sheep under Farm Conditions\". Journal of Animal Science. 14 (3): 831–843. doi:10.1093/ansci/14.3.831. ISSN 0021-8812.\nHenderson, C. R. (1953). \"Estimation of Variance and Covariance Components\". Biometrics. 9 (2): 226–252. doi:10.2307/3001853. JSTOR 3001853.","title":"Selected bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Lanoy Nelson Hazel 1911-1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ans.iastate.edu/history/faculty/hazel/hazel.html"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20140505184520/http://www.ans.iastate.edu/history/faculty/hazel/hazel.html"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"List of people honored with the Herman-von-Nathusius-Medaille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.dgfz-bonn.de/hermann_von_nathusius.html"}],"text":"^ Lanoy Nelson Hazel 1911-1992 Archived May 5, 2014, at the Wayback Machine\n\n^ List of people honored with the Herman-von-Nathusius-Medaille","title":"Footnotes"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Henderson, CR (1990). \"Statistical Methods in Animal Improvement: Historical Overview\". In Gianola, Daniel; Hammond, Keith (eds.). Advances in Statistical Methods for Genetic Improvement of Livestock. Springer-Verlag Inc. pp. 2–14. ISBN 978-3-540-50809-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-50809-0","url_text":"978-3-540-50809-0"}]},{"reference":"Henderson, CR (1990). \"Accounting for Selection and Mating Biases in Genetic Evaluation\". In Gianola, Daniel; Hammond, Keith (eds.). Advances in Statistical Methods for Genetic Improvement of Livestock. Springer-Verlag Inc. pp. 413–436. ISBN 978-3-540-50809-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Gianola","url_text":"Gianola, Daniel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Keith_Hammond&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Hammond, Keith"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-50809-0","url_text":"978-3-540-50809-0"}]},{"reference":"Henderson, C. R. (1989). \"Prediction of Merits of Potential Matings from Sire-Maternal Grandsire Models with Nonadditive Genetic Effects\". Journal of Dairy Science. 72 (10): 2592–2605. doi:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(89)79400-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3168%2Fjds.S0022-0302%2889%2979400-5","url_text":"\"Prediction of Merits of Potential Matings from Sire-Maternal Grandsire Models with Nonadditive Genetic Effects\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3168%2Fjds.S0022-0302%2889%2979400-5","url_text":"10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(89)79400-5"}]},{"reference":"Henderson, CR (1988). \"Use of an average numerator relationship matrix for multiple-sire joining\". Journal of Animal Science. 66 (7): 1614–1621. doi:10.2527/jas1988.6671614x.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2527%2Fjas1988.6671614x","url_text":"10.2527/jas1988.6671614x"}]},{"reference":"Henderson, C. R. (1988). \"The use of equivalent linear models in mixed model estimation and prediction\". Communications in Statistics - Theory and Methods. 17 (4): 969–982. doi:10.1080/03610928808829668.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03610928808829668","url_text":"10.1080/03610928808829668"}]},{"reference":"Henderson, C. R. (1988). \"Simple Method to Compute Biases and Mean Squared Errors of Linear Estimators and Predictors in a Selection Model Assuming Multivariate Normality\". Journal of Dairy Science. 71 (11): 3135–3142. doi:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(88)79914-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3168%2Fjds.S0022-0302%2888%2979914-2","url_text":"\"Simple Method to Compute Biases and Mean Squared Errors of Linear Estimators and Predictors in a Selection Model Assuming Multivariate Normality\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3168%2Fjds.S0022-0302%2888%2979914-2","url_text":"10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(88)79914-2"}]},{"reference":"Henderson, C. R. (1988). \"Exact Prediction Error Variances for Full Model Computed from Reduced Model\". Journal of Dairy Science. 71 (11): 3128–3134. doi:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(88)79913-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3168%2Fjds.S0022-0302%2888%2979913-0","url_text":"\"Exact Prediction Error Variances for Full Model Computed from Reduced Model\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3168%2Fjds.S0022-0302%2888%2979913-0","url_text":"10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(88)79913-0"}]},{"reference":"Henderson, C. R. (1988). \"A Simple Method to Account for Selected Base Populations\". Journal of Dairy Science. 71 (12): 3399–3404. doi:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(88)79945-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3168%2Fjds.S0022-0302%2888%2979945-2","url_text":"\"A Simple Method to Account for Selected Base Populations\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3168%2Fjds.S0022-0302%2888%2979945-2","url_text":"10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(88)79945-2"}]},{"reference":"Sasaki, Yoshiyuki; Henderson, C. R. (1986). \"Best Linear Unbiased Prediction with the Reduced Animal Model: An Application to Evaluation of Performance-Tested Males\". Journal of Animal Science. 63 (5): 1384–1388. doi:10.2527/jas1986.6351384x. ISSN 0021-8812.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2527/jas1986.6351384x","url_text":"\"Best Linear Unbiased Prediction with the Reduced Animal Model: An Application to Evaluation of Performance-Tested Males\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2527%2Fjas1986.6351384x","url_text":"10.2527/jas1986.6351384x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0021-8812","url_text":"0021-8812"}]},{"reference":"Henderson, C. R. (1986). \"Estimation of Variances in Animal Model and Reduced Animal Model for Single Traits and Single Records\". Journal of Dairy Science. 69 (5): 1394–1402. doi:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(86)80546-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3168%2Fjds.S0022-0302%2886%2980546-X","url_text":"\"Estimation of Variances in Animal Model and Reduced Animal Model for Single Traits and Single Records\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3168%2Fjds.S0022-0302%2886%2980546-X","url_text":"10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(86)80546-X"}]},{"reference":"Henderson, C. R. (1986). \"Estimation of Singular Covariance Matrices of Random Effects\". Journal of Dairy Science. 69 (9): 2379–2385. doi:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(86)80677-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3168%2Fjds.S0022-0302%2886%2980677-4","url_text":"\"Estimation of Singular Covariance Matrices of Random Effects\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3168%2Fjds.S0022-0302%2886%2980677-4","url_text":"10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(86)80677-4"}]},{"reference":"Henderson, CR (1986). \"Recent Developments in Variance and Covariance Estimation\". Journal of Animal Science. 63: 208–216. doi:10.2527/jas1986.631208x.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2527%2Fjas1986.631208x","url_text":"10.2527/jas1986.631208x"}]},{"reference":"Henderson, CR (1985). \"Best linear unbiased prediction of nonadditive genetic merits in noninbred populations\". Journal of Animal Science. 60: 111–117. doi:10.2527/jas1985.601111x.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2527%2Fjas1985.601111x","url_text":"10.2527/jas1985.601111x"}]},{"reference":"Henderson, C. R. (1985). \"Equivalent Linear Models to Reduce Computations\". Journal of Dairy Science. 68 (9): 2267–2277. doi:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(85)81099-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3168%2Fjds.S0022-0302%2885%2981099-7","url_text":"\"Equivalent Linear Models to Reduce Computations\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3168%2Fjds.S0022-0302%2885%2981099-7","url_text":"10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(85)81099-7"}]},{"reference":"Henderson, C. R. (1985). \"Best Linear Unbiased Prediction Using Relationship Matrices Derived from Selected Base Populations\". Journal of Dairy Science. 68 (2): 443–448. doi:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(85)80843-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3168%2Fjds.S0022-0302%2885%2980843-2","url_text":"\"Best Linear Unbiased Prediction Using Relationship Matrices Derived from Selected Base Populations\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3168%2Fjds.S0022-0302%2885%2980843-2","url_text":"10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(85)80843-2"}]},{"reference":"Henderson, CR (1985). \"MIVQUE and REML Estimation of Additive and Nonadditive Genetic Variances\". Journal of Animal Science. 61: 113–121. doi:10.2527/jas1985.611113x.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2527%2Fjas1985.611113x","url_text":"10.2527/jas1985.611113x"}]},{"reference":"Henderson, C. R. (1984). \"Estimation of Variances and Covariances under Multiple Trait Models\". Journal of Dairy Science. 67 (7): 1581–1589. doi:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(84)81480-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3168%2Fjds.S0022-0302%2884%2981480-0","url_text":"\"Estimation of Variances and Covariances under Multiple Trait Models\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3168%2Fjds.S0022-0302%2884%2981480-0","url_text":"10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(84)81480-0"}]},{"reference":"Henderson, CR (1984). Applications of Linear Models in Animal Breeding. Guelph, Ont: University of Guelph. ISBN 978-0-88955-030-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88955-030-8","url_text":"978-0-88955-030-8"}]},{"reference":"Henderson, C.R. (1984). \"ANOVA, MIVQUE, REML, and ML Algorithms for Estimation of Variances and Covariances\". In David, H. A.; David, H. T. (eds.). Statistics: An Appraisal. Iowa State University. pp. 257–280. ISBN 978-0-8138-1721-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8138-1721-7","url_text":"978-0-8138-1721-7"}]},{"reference":"Henderson, CR (1980). \"Comparison of Unbiased Estimators and Approximate Tests of Hypothesis in the Unbalanced Mixed Model with Unknown Variances\". ASA Proceedings of the Statistical Computing Section. American Statistical Association. pp. 47–51.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Henderson, C. R. (1979). \"Analysis of covariance in mixed models with unequal subclass numbers\". Communications in Statistics - Theory and Methods. 8 (8): 751–787. doi:10.1080/03610927908827798.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03610927908827798","url_text":"10.1080/03610927908827798"}]},{"reference":"Henderson, CR (1978). \"Simulation to examine distributions of estimators of variances and ratios of variances\". Journal of Dairy Science. 61 (2): 267–273. doi:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(78)83590-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3168%2Fjds.S0022-0302%2878%2983590-5","url_text":"\"Simulation to examine distributions of estimators of variances and ratios of variances\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Dairy_Science","url_text":"Journal of Dairy Science"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3168%2Fjds.S0022-0302%2878%2983590-5","url_text":"10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(78)83590-5"}]},{"reference":"Henderson, CR; McAllister, AJ (1978). \"The missing subclass problem in two way fixed models\". Journal of Animal Science. 46 (4): 1125–1137. doi:10.2527/jas1978.4641125x.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2527%2Fjas1978.4641125x","url_text":"10.2527/jas1978.4641125x"}]},{"reference":"Henderson, C. R. (1978). \"Variance-Covariance Matrix of Estimators of Variances in Unweighted Means ANOVA\". Biometrics. 34 (3): 462–468. doi:10.2307/2530609. JSTOR 2530609.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2530609","url_text":"10.2307/2530609"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2530609","url_text":"2530609"}]},{"reference":"Henderson, CR (1977). \"Best linear unbiased prediction of breeding values not in the model for records\". Journal of Dairy Science. 60 (5): 783–787. doi:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(77)83935-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3168%2Fjds.S0022-0302%2877%2983935-0","url_text":"\"Best linear unbiased prediction of breeding values not in the model for records\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Dairy_Science","url_text":"Journal of Dairy Science"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3168%2Fjds.S0022-0302%2877%2983935-0","url_text":"10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(77)83935-0"}]},{"reference":"Henderson, C. R. (1977). \"Prediction of the merits of single crosses\". Theoretical and Applied Genetics. 49 (6): 273–282. doi:10.1007/BF00275133. PMID 24407416. S2CID 20208156.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00275133","url_text":"10.1007/BF00275133"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24407416","url_text":"24407416"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:20208156","url_text":"20208156"}]},{"reference":"Henderson, CR (1976). \"Inverse of a matrix of relationships due to sires and maternal grandsires in an inbred population\". Journal of Dairy Science. 59 (9): 1585–1588. doi:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(76)84409-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3168%2Fjds.S0022-0302%2876%2984409-8","url_text":"\"Inverse of a matrix of relationships due to sires and maternal grandsires in an inbred population\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Dairy_Science","url_text":"Journal of Dairy Science"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3168%2Fjds.S0022-0302%2876%2984409-8","url_text":"10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(76)84409-8"}]},{"reference":"Henderson, CR; Quaas, RL (1976). \"Multiple trait evaluation using relatives' records\". Journal of Animal Science. 43 (6): 1188–1197. doi:10.2527/jas1976.4361188x.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2527%2Fjas1976.4361188x","url_text":"10.2527/jas1976.4361188x"}]},{"reference":"Henderson, CR (1976). \"Multiple trait sire evaluation using the relationship matrix\". Journal of Dairy Science. 59 (4): 769–774. doi:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(76)84274-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3168%2Fjds.S0022-0302%2876%2984274-9","url_text":"\"Multiple trait sire evaluation using the relationship matrix\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Dairy_Science","url_text":"Journal of Dairy Science"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3168%2Fjds.S0022-0302%2876%2984274-9","url_text":"10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(76)84274-9"}]},{"reference":"Henderson, C. R. (1976). \"A Simple Method for Computing the Inverse of a Numerator Relationship Matrix Used in Prediction of Breeding Values\". Biometrics. 32 (1): 69–83. doi:10.2307/2529339. JSTOR 2529339.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2529339","url_text":"10.2307/2529339"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2529339","url_text":"2529339"}]},{"reference":"Henderson, CR (1975). \"Comparison of alternative sire evaluation methods\". Journal of Animal Science. 41 (3): 760–770. doi:10.2527/jas1975.413760x.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2527%2Fjas1975.413760x","url_text":"10.2527/jas1975.413760x"}]},{"reference":"Henderson, CR (1975). \"Use of relationships among sires to increase accuracy of sire evaluation\". Journal of Dairy Science. 58 (11): 1731–1738. doi:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(75)84777-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3168%2Fjds.S0022-0302%2875%2984777-1","url_text":"\"Use of relationships among sires to increase accuracy of sire evaluation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Dairy_Science","url_text":"Journal of Dairy Science"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3168%2Fjds.S0022-0302%2875%2984777-1","url_text":"10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(75)84777-1"}]},{"reference":"Henderson, CR (1975). \"Rapid method for computing the inverse of a relationship matrix\". Journal of Dairy Science. 58 (11): 1727–1730. doi:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(75)84776-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3168%2Fjds.S0022-0302%2875%2984776-X","url_text":"\"Rapid method for computing the inverse of a relationship matrix\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Dairy_Science","url_text":"Journal of Dairy Science"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3168%2Fjds.S0022-0302%2875%2984776-X","url_text":"10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(75)84776-X"}]},{"reference":"Henderson, CR (1975). \"Use of all relatives in intraherd prediction of breeding values and producing abilities\". Journal of Dairy Science. 58 (12): 1910–1916. doi:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(75)84808-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3168%2Fjds.S0022-0302%2875%2984808-9","url_text":"\"Use of all relatives in intraherd prediction of breeding values and producing abilities\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Dairy_Science","url_text":"Journal of Dairy Science"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3168%2Fjds.S0022-0302%2875%2984808-9","url_text":"10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(75)84808-9"}]},{"reference":"Henderson, CR (1975). \"Inverse of a matrix of relationships due to sires and maternal grandsires\". Journal of Dairy Science. 58 (12): 1917–1921. doi:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(75)84809-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3168%2Fjds.S0022-0302%2875%2984809-0","url_text":"\"Inverse of a matrix of relationships due to sires and maternal grandsires\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Dairy_Science","url_text":"Journal of Dairy Science"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3168%2Fjds.S0022-0302%2875%2984809-0","url_text":"10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(75)84809-0"}]},{"reference":"Henderson, C. R. (1975). \"Rapid Method for Computing the Inverse of a Relationship Matrix\". Journal of Dairy Science. 58 (11): 1727–1730. doi:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(75)84776-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3168%2Fjds.S0022-0302%2875%2984776-X","url_text":"\"Rapid Method for Computing the Inverse of a Relationship Matrix\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3168%2Fjds.S0022-0302%2875%2984776-X","url_text":"10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(75)84776-X"}]},{"reference":"Henderson, C. R. (1975). \"Best Linear Unbiased Estimation and Prediction under a Selection Model\". Biometrics. 31 (2): 423–447. doi:10.2307/2529430. JSTOR 2529430. PMID 1174616.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2529430","url_text":"10.2307/2529430"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2529430","url_text":"2529430"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1174616","url_text":"1174616"}]},{"reference":"Henderson, C. R.; Searle, S. R.; Schaeffer, L. R. (1974). \"The Invariance and Calculation of Method 2 for Estimating Variance Components\". Biometrics. 30 (4): 583–588. doi:10.2307/2529223. JSTOR 2529223.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2529223","url_text":"10.2307/2529223"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2529223","url_text":"2529223"}]},{"reference":"Henderson, C. R. (1973). \"Sire Evaluation and Genetic Trends\". Journal of Animal Science. 1973: 10–41. doi:10.1093/ansci/1973.Symposium.10.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fansci%2F1973.Symposium.10","url_text":"10.1093/ansci/1973.Symposium.10"}]},{"reference":"Lee, A. J; Henderson, C. R. (1971). \"Effect of Cow Culling on Repeatability Estimates\". Journal of Animal Science. 32 (2): 167–173. doi:10.2527/jas1971.322167x. ISSN 0021-8812.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2527/jas1971.322167x","url_text":"\"Effect of Cow Culling on Repeatability Estimates\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2527%2Fjas1971.322167x","url_text":"10.2527/jas1971.322167x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0021-8812","url_text":"0021-8812"}]},{"reference":"Lee, AJ; Henderson, CR (1969). \"Components in genetic variance in milk yield\". J Dairy Sci. 52 (6): 780–9. doi:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(69)86648-8. PMID 4907259.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.journalofdairyscience.org/article/S0022-0302(69)86648-8/pdf","url_text":"\"Components in genetic variance in milk yield\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3168%2Fjds.s0022-0302%2869%2986648-8","url_text":"10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(69)86648-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4907259","url_text":"4907259"}]},{"reference":"Cunningham, E. P.; Henderson, C. R. (1968). \"An Iterative Procedure for Estimating Fixed Effects and Variance Components in Mixed Model Situations\". Biometrics. 24 (1): 13–25. doi:10.2307/2528457. JSTOR 2528457. PMID 5642400.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2528457","url_text":"10.2307/2528457"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2528457","url_text":"2528457"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5642400","url_text":"5642400"}]},{"reference":"Cunningham, E. P.; Henderson, C. R. (1966). \"Analytical Techniques for Incomplete Block Experiments\". Biometrics. 22 (4): 829–842. doi:10.2307/2528077. JSTOR 2528077.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2528077","url_text":"10.2307/2528077"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2528077","url_text":"2528077"}]},{"reference":"Van Vleck, L. D.; Henderson, C.R. (1965). \"Statistics in the Design and Analysis of Physiology Experiments\". J. Anim. Sci. 24 (2): 559–67. doi:10.2527/jas1965.242559x. PMID 14324385.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/9260641","url_text":"\"Statistics in the Design and Analysis of Physiology Experiments\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2527%2Fjas1965.242559x","url_text":"10.2527/jas1965.242559x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14324385","url_text":"14324385"}]},{"reference":"Cunningham, E. P.; Henderson, C. R. (1965). \"Repeatability of Weaning Traits in Beef Cattle1\". Journal of Animal Science. 24 (1): 188–191. doi:10.2527/jas1965.241188x. ISSN 0021-8812.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2527/jas1965.241188x","url_text":"\"Repeatability of Weaning Traits in Beef Cattle1\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2527%2Fjas1965.241188x","url_text":"10.2527/jas1965.241188x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0021-8812","url_text":"0021-8812"}]},{"reference":"Cunningham, E. P.; Henderson, C. R. (1965). \"Estimation of Genetic and Phenotypic Parameters of Weaning Traits in Beef Cattle1\". Journal of Animal Science. 24 (1): 182–187. doi:10.2527/jas1965.241182x. ISSN 0021-8812.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2527/jas1965.241182x","url_text":"\"Estimation of Genetic and Phenotypic Parameters of Weaning Traits in Beef Cattle1\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2527%2Fjas1965.241182x","url_text":"10.2527/jas1965.241182x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0021-8812","url_text":"0021-8812"}]},{"reference":"Allaire, F. R.; Henderson, C. R. (1965). \"Inbreeding Within an Artificially Bred Dairy Cattle Population\". Journal of Dairy Science. 48 (10): 1366–1371. doi:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(65)88465-X. PMID 5863527.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3168%2Fjds.S0022-0302%2865%2988465-X","url_text":"\"Inbreeding Within an Artificially Bred Dairy Cattle Population\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3168%2Fjds.S0022-0302%2865%2988465-X","url_text":"10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(65)88465-X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5863527","url_text":"5863527"}]},{"reference":"VanVleck, L. D.; Henderson, C. R.; Carter, H. W. (1962). \"Evaluation of Sires Available through Planned Mating\". Journal of Animal Science. 21 (1): 30–32. doi:10.2527/jas1962.21130x. ISSN 0021-8812. S2CID 86233026.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2527/jas1962.21130x","url_text":"\"Evaluation of Sires Available through Planned Mating\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2527%2Fjas1962.21130x","url_text":"10.2527/jas1962.21130x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0021-8812","url_text":"0021-8812"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:86233026","url_text":"86233026"}]},{"reference":"VanVleck, L. D.; Wadell, L. H.; Henderson, C. R. (1961). \"Components of Variance Associated with Milk and Fat Records of Artificially Sired Holstein Daughters\". Journal of Animal Science. 20 (4): 812–816. doi:10.2527/jas1961.204812x. ISSN 0021-8812. S2CID 82719432.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2527/jas1961.204812x","url_text":"\"Components of Variance Associated with Milk and Fat Records of Artificially Sired Holstein Daughters\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2527%2Fjas1961.204812x","url_text":"10.2527/jas1961.204812x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0021-8812","url_text":"0021-8812"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:82719432","url_text":"82719432"}]},{"reference":"Searle, S. R.; Henderson, C. R. (1961). \"Computing Procedures for Estimating Components of Variance in the Two-Way Classification, Mixed Model\". Biometrics. 17 (4): 607–616. doi:10.2307/2527859. JSTOR 2527859.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2527859","url_text":"10.2307/2527859"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2527859","url_text":"2527859"}]},{"reference":"Heidhues, T; Henderson, C. R. (1961). \"Teaching Selection Principles with Herd Records Generated by an Electronic Computer\". Journal of Animal Science. 20 (3): 659–664. doi:10.2527/jas1961.203659x. 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JSTOR 3001853.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3001853","url_text":"10.2307/3001853"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3001853","url_text":"3001853"}]},{"reference":"Anon (1980). \"Henderson, CR: Estimation of variance and covariance components\" (PDF). Current Contents/Agriculture Biology & Environmental Sciences. 24: 10.","urls":[{"url":"http://garfield.library.upenn.edu/classics1980/A1980JU47400001.pdf","url_text":"\"Henderson, CR: Estimation of variance and covariance components\""}]},{"reference":"Van Vleck, L. D. (1998). \"Charles Roy Henderson, 1911-1989: A brief biography\". Journal of Animal Science. 76 (12): 2959–2961. doi:10.2527/1998.76122959x. PMID 9928597.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2527%2F1998.76122959x","url_text":"10.2527/1998.76122959x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9928597","url_text":"9928597"}]},{"reference":"Freeman, A. E. (1991). \"C. R. Henderson: Contributions to the Dairy Industry\". Journal of Dairy Science. 74 (11): 4045–4051. doi:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(91)78600-1. PMID 1757642.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3168%2Fjds.S0022-0302%2891%2978600-1","url_text":"\"C. R. 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United States National Academy of Sciences.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/henderson-charles.pdf","url_text":"Charles Roy Henderson, April 1, 1911 – March 14, 1989"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_National_Academy_of_Sciences","url_text":"United States National Academy of Sciences"}]},{"reference":"Robert H. Foote (August 2002). Summary of Oral Interviews Created as Part of an Artificial Insemination Documentation Project (PDF). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University. ISBN 9780889550308. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Center_Detroit
New Center, Detroit
["1 History","2 Architecture","3 Economy","4 Districts","4.1 Structures","5 Gallery","6 Culture and contemporary life","6.1 Revitalization","7 Education","7.1 History of schools","8 Media","9 See also","10 References","11 External links"]
Coordinates: 42°22′09″N 83°04′37″W / 42.3693°N 83.077°W / 42.3693; -83.077Cultural enclave and neighborhoods in Wayne County, Michigan, United States Cultural enclave and neighborhoods in Wayne, Michigan, United StatesNew Center, Detroit, MichiganCultural enclave and neighborhoodsGrand Boulevard looking west through New Center. The National Historic Landmarks Cadillac Place (left) and the Fisher Building in the background, with the Hotel St. Regis on the rightCountry United StatesState MichiganCounty WayneCity DetroitTime zoneUTC-5 (Eastern Standard Time (North America)) • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (Eastern Daylight Time (North America)) New Center is a commercial and residential district located in Detroit, Michigan, adjacent to Midtown, one mile (1.6 km) north of the Cultural Center, and approximately three miles (5 km) north of Downtown. The area is centered just west of the intersection of Woodward Avenue and Grand Boulevard, and is bounded by, and includes the Virginia Park Historic District on the north, the Edsel Ford Freeway (I-94) on the south, John R Street on the east and the Lodge Freeway on the west. New Center, and the surrounding areas north of I-94, are sometimes seen as coterminous with the North End, while in fact separate districts. The heart of New Center was developed in the 1920s as a business hub that would offer convenient access to both downtown resources and outlying factories. Some historians believe that New Center may be the original edge city—a sub-center remote from, but related to, a main urban core. The descriptor "New Center" derived its name from the New Center News, an automotive-focused free newspaper begun in 1933 that continues to operate under the name Detroit Auto Scene. From 1923 to 1996, General Motors maintained its world headquarters in New Center (in what is now Cadillac Place) before relocating downtown to the Renaissance Center; before becoming a division of GM, Fisher Body was headquartered in the Fisher Building. Both Cadillac Place and the Fisher Building are National Historic Landmarks. In addition to the government and commercial offices along Woodward and Grand Boulevard, New Center contains the Fisher Theatre, the Hotel St. Regis, the Henry Ford Hospital, restaurants, and residential areas. History In 1891, Detroit mayor Hazen S. Pingree broke ground on the construction of Grand Boulevard, a ring road that wrapped around the city of Detroit. The Boulevard ran for 12 miles (19 km), curving from the Detroit River on the west to the river on the east and crossing Woodward Avenue at a point approximately 3 miles (4.8 km) from downtown. The Boulevard was originally thought to represent the absolute limit of the city's expansion, although tremendous growth at the beginning of the 20th century quickly pushed the city limits far beyond Grand Boulevard. In the 1890s, major railroad infrastructure known as the Milwaukee Junction was built just south of Grand Boulevard to facilitate industrial expansion in the city of Detroit. To take advantage of the rail line, industrial plants were built in this area on both sides of Woodward Avenue, with the automotive industry prominently involved. Part of this area east of Woodward is now the Piquette Avenue Industrial Historic District, while the area west of Woodward and south of the railroad tracks is the New Amsterdam Historic District. Most notably, in 1904, Burroughs Adding Machine Company built a large factory on Third, and the following year Cadillac built an assembly plant just to the east of Burroughs. In 1915, Henry Ford bought the financially struggling Detroit General Hospital and its lands on Grand Boulevard and Hamilton (just west of Woodward) and reopened it as Henry Ford Hospital with 48 beds. Soon after, Ford broke ground on a 50,000-square-foot (4,600 m2) facility at the same location; the larger hospital opened in 1921. Architecture Skyline of New Center In the late 1910s and early 1920s, the automobile industry in Detroit grew rapidly. The economic surge made land in downtown Detroit difficult to obtain. The lack of suitable parcels frustrated William C. Durant in his search for the optimum location for his planned General Motors headquarters. Durant looked to the north, and settled on a location just west of Woodward Avenue on Grand Boulevard. At the time, the area was a residential district of private homes and small apartment buildings. Durant hired Albert Kahn to design his building, and ground was broken in 1919. The building was originally to be called the "Durant Building", but Durant left the company before the building was completed, so when it opened in 1922, the building was called the "General Motors Building" (now the Cadillac Place). As General Motors continued to grow, the company required more space. In the later 1920s, they built a second building, the General Motors Research Laboratory (also known as the Argonaut Building), also designed by Kahn, directly south of their headquarters. The building was built in two phases, and was completed in 1930. Around the same time, the Fisher Brothers of Fisher Body followed General Motors to the area. They broke ground on their eponymous Fisher Building in 1927, located across Grand Boulevard from the General Motors Building. The Fisher Brothers also hired Kahn, and spared no expense to construct their headquarters building. The followed this up with the construction of New Center Building (now the Albert Kahn Building), completed in 1932. The Great Depression, however, forced the Fishers to break off their plans to construct a complex of buildings in New Center, including a grandiose three-towered version of the Fisher building. In 1940 Saks Fifth Avenue opened their fourth full-line department store in this building. The store closed in 1978 and relocated to Fairlane Town Center in Dearborn. Henry Ford Hospital has continued to expand. The hospital has built numerous additions to their campus since its inception by Henry Ford, from the Clara Ford Nursing Home in 1925 to their high-rise clinic in 1955 to hospital apartments in 1976. In 1992, Henry Ford purchased the old Burroughs headquarters to the south and renamed it One Ford Place. The building is now the Henry Ford Hospital corporate headquarters. In 1966, the Hotel St. Regis was built on the north side of Grand Boulevard near General Motors' headquarters. In 1988, the hotel was doubled in size. In 1980, General Motors built another addition to the heart of New Center, New Center One, located across Grand Boulevard from their headquarters. The new eight-story building housed retail stores, offices, and some divisions of General Motors. In 1977, General Motors began refurbishing some of the residential neighborhoods north of Grand Boulevard. The result was the "New Center Commons", a collection of refurbished single-family homes on the north side of New Center. With the revitalization of Virginia Park, New Center has two distinct historic residential neighborhoods within its boundaries. General Motors also facilitated the rehabilitation of some multi-family dwellings. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, new townhomes and condominiums were constructed in what had been empty areas of New Center, including a section along Woodward just north of Grand Boulevard. Additional loft renovation (as well as TechTown, the WSU research and business incubator hub) took place at the same time within the New Amsterdam Historic District. Economy New Center served as a kind of corporate campus for GM for 70 years. However, the company left the area in the 1990s, moving their headquarters to the Renaissance Center downtown. The old General Motors Building—now called Cadillac Place—is owned and occupied by the State of Michigan. The economy of the New Center area is largely dominated by Henry Ford Health, the Detroit Public Schools system with their headquarters in the Fisher Building, and more than 2,000 State of Michigan employees in the high-rise office complex Cadillac Place. Shinola has its headquarters, and 30,000-square-feet in the College for Creative Studies, – CCS – (originally the Argonaut building, or General Motors Research Laboratory). In 2012, Shinola renovated the fifth floor and turned it into their corporate office as well as a watch factory and bicycle workshop. In 2014, Shinola gifted the city of Detroit with four new 13-foot tall street clocks, installed at Cobo Center, Eastern Market, in front of the College for Creative Studies at the corner of Cass and Milwaukee, and near Shinola's own first retail location, at the corner of Cass and Canfield. Midtown Detroit, Inc., has become a driving force behind the planning, investment, and future development north of Detroit's downtown area, and has expanded those area boundaries, and of the New Center area by going north to Philadelphia Street, east to the Chrysler Freeway (I-75), south to the Edsel Ford Freeway (I-94), and west to Rosa Parks Boulevard. Districts Name Image Location Summary Arden Park-East Boston Historic District Arden Park and East Boston Avenues between Woodward and Oakland Avenues42°23′19″N 83°4′49″W / 42.38861°N 83.08028°W / 42.38861; -83.08028 (Arden Park-East Boston Historic District) The Arden Park-East Boston Historic District was platted in the 1890s east of Woodward in what was then the far northern reaches of Detroit. The neighborhood was platted with large lots which feature richly planted trees and flowers, and attracts wealthier residents; some of the neighborhood's first residents included Frederick Fisher, John Dodge, and J.L. Hudson. The neighborhood, along with nearby Boston-Edison (also on the register), remained a premier address for residential living in Detroit with about 92 large homes and mansions. Atkinson Avenue Historic District Atkinson Avenue between the John C. Lodge Freeway (M-10) and Linwood Avenue South of Boston-Edison, it contains approximately 225 homes built from 1915 to 1925. Boston-Edison Historic District Roughly bounded by Edison Street, Woodward and Linwood Avenues and Glynn Court42°22′54″N 83°5′50″W / 42.38167°N 83.09722°W / 42.38167; -83.09722 (Boston-Edison Historic District) The Boston-Edison Historic District is a historic neighborhood consisting of over 900 homes, primarily built from 1905 to 1925 which makes it the largest residential historic district in the nation. Historically significant residents include Henry Ford, James J. Couzens, Horace Rackham, Charles T. Fisher, Peter E. Martin, C. Harold Wills, Clarence W. Avery, Sebastian S. Kresge, and Clarence Burton. It is one of the largest residential historic district in the nation. New Amsterdam Historic District 435, 450 Amsterdam;440, 41-47 Burroughs; 5911–5919, 6050-6160 Cass; 6100-6200 Second; 425 York42°21′56″N 83°4′21″W / 42.36556°N 83.07250°W / 42.36556; -83.07250 (New Amsterdam Historic District) The New Amsterdam Historic District contains a mix of industrial, commercial, and government/utility buildings constructed primarily near the turn of the century. Industry in the district was enabled by the construction of major railroad infrastructure, known as the Milwaukee Junction, in the 1890s. The district includes the original Cadillac assembly plant. New Center 7430 Second Avenue and 3011 West Grand Boulevard42°22′11″N 83°4′39″W / 42.36972°N 83.07750°W / 42.36972; -83.07750 (Fisher and New Center Buildings) Cadillac Place and the Fisher Building are National Historic Landmarks in the New Center area. The significant complex demonstrates some of the finest craftsmanship and artistry in Art Deco style buildings. Both were funded by the Fisher brothers (of Fisher Body) and designed by Albert Kahn. New Center is a vibrant residential community. The Hotel St. Regis in 2016 will be another Historic Landmark in the New Center Area. Piquette Avenue Industrial Historic District Roughly bounded by Woodward, Harper, Hastings and the Grand Trunk Western Railroad Line42°22′5″N 83°3′57″W / 42.36806°N 83.06583°W / 42.36806; -83.06583 (Piquette Avenue Industrial Historic District) The area along Piquette was an important center for automobile production in the early 20th century. Ford Motor Company, Studebaker, Cadillac, Dodge, and Regal Motor Car had plants in the area, as well as suppliers such as Fisher Body. In 1910, the two largest automobile producers in the world, Studebaker and Ford, were located next door to each other on Piquette. The district includes the National Historic Landmark Ford Piquette Avenue Plant. Virginia Park Historic District Both sides of Virginia Park From Woodward Avenue to service drive for John Lodge Freeway (M-10)42°22′29″N 83°4′54″W / 42.37472°N 83.08167°W / 42.37472; -83.08167 (Virginia Park Historic District) In 1893, Virginia Park was platted with 92 relatively small lots. Requirements ensured that only well-to-do businessmen and professionals could afford to erect a home in the neighborhood. Most of the homes were built between 1893 and 1915, in Tudor, Neo-Georgian, Bungalow and Arts and Crafts architectural styles. Structures Historic 6001 Cass Avenue building, houses new offices, and a 6,000-square-foot gallery for WSU’s art collection, after $40M renovation. Albert Kahn Building (200 unit residential building) Argonaut Building (College for Creative Studies) Cadillac Place (GM Building / state office complex) Detroit Amtrak station (Adjacent to QLine Baltimore Street station) Fisher Building Henry Ford Health System Henry Ford Hospital Hitsville U.S.A. Hotel St. Regis, Detroit Metropolitan United Methodist Church New Center One (Henry Ford Medical Center) New Center Park Gallery Streetscape on Cass, looking north, in the New Amsterdam Historic District The Fisher Building, which has the headquarters of Detroit Public Schools Woodward Avenue looking north just past Grand Boulevard at the Lakeshore Global Building New Center townhomes on Pallister Henry Ford Hospital The Henry Ford Health System Headquarters Complex in New Center Hotel St. Regis, Detroit General Motors Building (now Cadillac Place) Homes on Pallister, a pedestrian only street in this block. Apartment building (Wellington Place) at 59 Seward Avenue on the north side of New Center under renovation in 2017 for 91 senior apartments. The former WJBK-TV Studios Building (on the National Register of Historic Places) sold to developers in late 2019. Culture and contemporary life New Center has a retail section, primarily along the Woodward and Grand Boulevard corridors. The Cadillac Place state office complex and the Fisher Building are National Historic Landmarks in the area. An area south of Grand Boulevard along Woodward contains some retail stores in the district which have existed at their present location since the 1920s. The boutique Hotel St. Regis, Detroit is adjacent to the Fisher Theatre. The Consulate-General of Lebanon in Detroit is located in Suite 560 in the New Center One Building. New Center hosts the annual summer-long series of events in New Center Park and includes a 1,000 person outdoor concert venue with a center stage capable of hosting national acts. Grand Boulevard, along its entire extent, became an attractive residential address at the beginning of the 20th century. This was also true in the area that was to become New Center. At the turn of the century, a number of private homes were built along Grand Boulevard and in the neighborhoods to the north, notably including what is now the Virginia Park Historic District on the northern edge of New Center. Interspersed in the area were small apartment buildings. Larger apartment buildings were constructed in the area in the 1920s to serve the population of workers and visitors to the area after larger office buildings had been built on Grand Boulevard. Revitalization The 2010s have seen a growth of new development in the New Center area. One of the first major projects, begun in 2010, was by the Henry Ford Health System of a $500 million revitalization effort of 300 mostly blighted acres for hospital expansion and neighborhood redevelopment just south of the main hospital campus on the western edge of New Center. The first development on the new South Campus site was the construction of a $30 million, 275,000-square-foot, Medical Distribution Center on 18-acres, built for Cardinal Health, Inc. Further plans were announced in 2017, with the construction of a new $155 million, 187,000-square-foot, six-story, Brigitte Harris Cancer Pavilion, along with a skywalk across West Grand Boulevard to connect it to the Henry Ford Hospital, opened in January 2021. In February 2023, Henry Ford Health announced plans for a major $2.5 billion development, and will partner with the Detroit Pistons and Michigan State University. Streetcar maintenance bay, inside Penske Tech Center Additional new construction in New Center includes Wayne State University's, $92 million Integrative Biosciences Center (IBio), the 2015 M-1 Rail Penske Tech Center, the $60 million, 231 apartment & retail space complex, The Boulevard, the $137 million Detroit Pistons practice, training, and team headquarters building, known as the, Henry Ford-Detroit Pistons Performance Center, and the WSU Computing & Information Technology (C&IT) new Data center attached to the current Computing Services Center, along with a new Pocket park along Cass Avenue. 6200 Second Avenue, now the Lofts at New Amsterdam, with 62 loft units, located across from the new Pistons Performance Center New Center has also seen redevelopment of existing structures. This includes U-Haul's 2013 restoration of the 250,000-square-foot, seven-story historic NBC-Nabisco Building, built in 1920 at 899 W. Baltimore St. and, in 2014, the conversion of the Hotel St. Regis annex into a 58-apartment residential building, now known as Regis Houze. In 2015, Central Detroit Christian Community Development Corporation announced a $10.2 million plan to renovate the four-story, 44-unit, 42,200-square-foot Casamira Apartments at 680 Delaware St., built in 1925. In 2018, a local investment group purchased the 125-room Hotel St. Regis, and plans a $6 million modernization, and that was followed by the purchase of the Albert Kahn Building by a joint venture with a $58 million plan to convert it into 211 apartments, and more than 75,000 square feet of retail and office space, and renamed, The Kahn. In 2022, the former WJBK-TV studios building was purchased, and donated to the nonprofit Midnight Golf Program to become their new headquarters. A $10-12 million reconstruction is planned. In the Greater New Center area, the 1913, nine-story, so-called Rainbow Building, now known as, Chroma, completed a $16 million redevelopment with large floor-to-ceiling windows all around the building. Further redevelopment was underway at 3040 E. Grand Blvd and John R St, on the Albert Kahn historic 1901 designed sandstone constructed residence for Robert Robertson. Education New Center is within the Detroit Public Schools district. DPS has its headquarters in the Fisher Building. The district paid the owner of the Fisher Building $24.1 million in 2002 so the district could occupy five floors in the building. Officials claimed leasing the Fisher Building as its headquarters was more economical than a remodel of the Maccabees Building in Midtown where the district previously had its headquarters. Three schools, Golightly K-8, Loving Elementary, and Thirkell Elementary, serve sections of New Center for elementary school. Golightly K-8 and Durfee K-8 serve sections of New Center for middle school. All residents are zoned to Northwestern High School. In addition, the New Center area houses the administrative offices of the University Prep Schools system, along with the following schools: Ellen Thompson Elementary School Mark Murray Elementary School University Prep Academy High School (New Center) The College for Creative Studies (CCS) is a private, fully accredited college with campuses in Midtown and New Center, that offers Bachelor and Master of Fine Arts degrees . The New Center campus contains the Henry Ford Academy: School for Creative Studies, an art and design charter school for middle and high school students. Beginning in the 1970s Wayne State University held its criminal justice program classes in the 147,500-square-foot (13,700 m2) Criminal Justice Building, designed by Albert Kahn and built in 1920. By 2016 the university stopped use of the building, then used by the Detroit Police Department for training purposes. WSU sold it to real estate firm The Platform for $2 million and it will become a mixed-use development. History of schools Previously Sherhard K-8 served sections of New Center for elementary and middle school. Previously Hutchins Middle School served sections of New Center for middle school. Previously Murray-Wright High School and Northern High School served sections of New Center, while at the time Northwestern High School did not serve New Center. Media During the 1950s and 1960s, the studios of WJBK (then a Storer Broadcasting-owned CBS affiliate) were on Second Avenue in New Center. After WJBK moved to Southfield in 1970, WTVS (Detroit Public Television), the city's PBS station, took over the New Center site and operated there until 2008. See also Michigan portal Woodward Corridor Woodbridge North End Lee Plaza Motown Museum Milwaukee Junction Neighborhoods in Detroit References ^ a b c d e f Randall Fogelman, Detroit's New Center, Arcadia Publishing, 2004, ISBN 0-7385-3271-1. ^ a b c d Richard Bak, Detroit Across Three Centuries, Sleeping Bear Press, 2001, ISBN 1-58536-001-5, p. 60. ^ Eric J. Hill, John Gallagher, and the American Institute of Architects Detroit Chapter, AIA Detroit: The American Institute of Architects Guide to Detroit Architecture, Wayne State University Press, Detroit, 2002, ISBN 0-8143-3120-3. pp. 168–169. ^ Fogelman, pp. 57–66. ^ a b c d Fogelman, pp. 9–20. ^ a b Fogelman, pp. 22–23. ^ Fogelman, p. 32. ^ a b Fogelman, pp. 37–48. ^ "Saks Fifth Avenue, New York City, New York". ^ Fogelman, pp. 84–85. ^ Fogelman, p. 35. ^ a b c Fogelman, pp. 87–100. ^ VanderMay, Ann (July 9, 2013). "Think you know Shinola? Think Again". CNN Money. Retrieved April 19, 2014. ^ Muller, Joann (July 26, 2013). "In Bankrupt Detroit, Shinola Puts Its Faith In American Manufacturing". Forbes. Retrieved January 29, 2015. ^ Gomelsky, Victoria (June 1, 2013). "Shinola Puts Motown Watches in Motion". JCK Magazine (Online). Retrieved April 19, 2014. ^ Doerr, Elizabeth. "Shinola Installs Vintage-Style City Clocks In Detroit". Forbes. Retrieved March 10, 2014. ^ "Map: Midtown Boundary is Expanding". May 12, 2014. ^ "The Detroit Historic District Commission" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on February 8, 2012. Retrieved December 30, 2011. ^ "Arden Park East Boston from Boston-Edison". Archived from the original on February 18, 2008. Retrieved December 30, 2011. ^ a b c "Cityscape Detroit - see neighborhoods". Archived from the original on December 15, 2013. Retrieved December 30, 2011. ^ "The Platform Signs WeWork as Tenant for 6001 Cass in Detroit's Tech Town Neighborhood". Dbusiness Magazine. September 13, 2019. ^ "$40M renovation project in TechTown pays homage to building's Cadillac roots". November 13, 2020. ^ "Developer continues work in Detroit neighborhoods". April 12, 2017. ^ "National Register of Historic Places" (PDF). March 4, 2016. ^ "New Center developers buy former WJBK building for $2.6M". January 13, 2020. ^ "Workers begin recount of Detroit mayoral race." The Detroit News. December 9, 2005. Retrieved on August 15, 2010. "The day got off to a slow start in 1 Cadillac Place, the former GM headquarters on West Grand Boulevard," ^ a b Fogelman, pp. 67–71. ^ New Center. Retrieved on July 8, 2009. ^ Home page Archived January 10, 2006, at the Wayback Machine. Consulate-General of Lebanon in Detroit. Retrieved on February 1, 2009. ^ "Contact Us." Consulate-General of Lebanon in Detroit. January 10, 2006. Retrieved on November 7, 2009. ^ New Center Park ^ "Cardinal Health opens $30 million medical products distribution plant in Detroit". June 9, 2015. ^ "Henry Ford begins $155M cancer pavilion expansion". ^ "Building Hope: Henry Ford's New Cancer Pavilion". ^ "Building Hope: New Cancer Pavilion to Open January 20, 2021". ^ "Henry Ford Health Partners with Detroit Pistons and MSU on $2.5B Expansion". February 8, 2023. ^ "Wayne State University IBio - The Integrative Biosciences Center". ^ Gallagher, John (February 15, 2015). "M-1 Rail's Tech Center Under Construction". Detroit Free Press. Retrieved February 15, 2015. ^ "New Home of Detroit's streetcar line unveiled". ^ "$60 million The Boulevard development opens in New Center". December 5, 2019. ^ "The Platform breaks ground on Third and Grand, the first such major development in Detroit's New Center in decades". ^ "Pistons, Henry Ford unveil new joint training, medical facility and team HQ". February 23, 2017. ^ "Detroit Pistons and Henry Ford Health System Announce State-Of-The-Art Training, Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine Complex". ^ "Henry Ford-Detroit Pistons sports medicine complex in New Center". September 18, 2019. ^ "WSU Construction begins on new university data center". February 6, 2018. ^ "Granger Construction begins on new university data center". ^ "Construction begins on 62-unit New Amsterdam Lofts". May 22, 2007. ^ "U-Haul Is Open for Business in Detroit's New Center Area". ^ "U-Haul moving into historic, and renovating the 250,000 square foot former Nabisco building". ^ "58-unit Regis Houze apartments opens in Detroit's New Center". November 10, 2015. ^ "Barbat set to turn St. Regis House into a success". ^ "State gives $1M grant to renovate Casamira Apartments". ^ "Detroit nonprofit to invest $10.2 million to redevelop New Center apartment building". August 25, 2015. ^ "Investment group buys Hotel St. Regis". February 18, 2018. ^ "Albert Kahn Building redevelopment to cost $58 million". October 15, 2018. ^ "Former long-vacant historic WJBK building to become Midnight Golf headquarters". September 1, 2022. ^ "The Platform's Chroma Development". November 1, 2020. ^ "Detroit Artist Sydney James Commissioned For Chroma Development Mural". August 26, 2020. ^ "Realtors plan $1.12 million rehab of E Grand Blvd building". May 31, 2019. ^ "Albert Kahn Legacy Projects". ^ "Picture of 3040 E Grand Blvd before restoration". ^ "School Location Map Archived 2012-07-30 at the Wayback Machine." Detroit Public Schools. Retrieved on November 7, 2009. ^ Oosting, Jonathan. "Audit: Detroit Public Schools overpaid millions for real estate after middle-man markups." MLive.com. September 24, 2009. Retrieved on November 7, 2009. ^ Duggan, Daniel. "Freman Hendrix asked about Detroit Public Schools’ $13 million lease in 2001." Crain's Detroit Business. November 4, 2009. Retrieved on November 7, 2009. ^ Duggan, Daniel. "Construction profits for Detroit Public Schools’ projects excessive, Bobb says." Crain's Detroit Business. October 28, 2009. Retrieved on November 7, 2009. ^ "Elementary Boundaries - 2012/13 School Year." (Archive) Detroit Public Schools. Retrieved on November 1, 2012. ^ "Middle School Boundaries - 2012/13 School Year." (Archive) Detroit Public Schools. Retrieved on November 1, 2012. ^ "High School Boundaries - 2012/13 School Year." (Archive) Detroit Public Schools. Retrieved on November 1, 2012. ^ "About." University Prep Schools. Retrieved on August 8, 2015. "Our Offices610 Antoinette St Detroit, MI 48202" ^ "Ellen Thompson Elementary School." University Prep Schools. Retrieved on August 8, 2015. "Ellen Thompson Elementary 957 Holden Detroit, MI 48202" ^ "Mark Murray Elementary School." University Prep Schools. Retrieved on August 8, 2015. "Mark Murray Elementary 435 Amsterdam Detroit, MI 48202" ^ "UPA High School." University Prep Schools. Retrieved on August 8, 2015. "UPA High School 600 Antoinette Detroit, MI 48202" ^ "History". ^ "SCS". Archived from the original on August 26, 2015. Retrieved August 9, 2015. ^ "Wayne State board approves $2M sale of former Criminal Justice Building in Detroit's New Center". clickondetroit.com. December 2, 2016. Retrieved January 2, 2018. ^ "Elementary Attendance Areas." Detroit Public Schools. July 10, 2003. Retrieved on November 3, 2012. ^ "Middle School Attendance Areas." Detroit Public Schools. July 10, 2003. Retrieved on November 3, 2012. ^ "Middle School Boundary Map." Detroit Public Schools. Retrieved on November 7, 2009. ^ "High School Attendance Areas." Detroit Public Schools. July 10, 2003. Retrieved on November 3, 2012. ^ "Driving Directions." WTVS. Retrieved on December 8, 2012. ^ "Frequently Asked Questions." WTVS. February 4, 2005. Retrieved on December 8, 2012. "Detroit Public Television 7441 Second Avenue Detroit, MI 48202". External links Midtown and the New Center travel guide from Wikivoyage New Center Council vteNew Center, DetroitStructures Argonaut Building Cadillac Place Detroit Amtrak Station Fisher Building Henry Ford Hospital Hotel St. Regis, Detroit Metropolitan United Methodist Church New Center Building Parks New Center Park Education Detroit Public Schools University Prep Schools This list is incomplete. vteMetro DetroitTopics Architecture Culture Detroit River Economy Freeways History Historic places International Riverfront Lake St. Clair Media Music Parks and beaches People Performing arts Skyscrapers Sports Tourism Transportation Detroit Downtown Detroit Midtown Detroit New Center Municipalities over 80,000 Canton Township Clinton Township Dearborn Farmington Hills Livonia Macomb Township Sterling Heights Troy Warren Westland Municipalities 40,000 to 80,000 Bloomfield Township Chesterfield Township Commerce Township Dearborn Heights Grosse Pointe Lincoln Park Novi Pontiac Redford Township Rochester Hills Roseville Royal Oak St. Clair Shores Shelby Charter Township Southfield Taylor Waterford Township West Bloomfield Township Culturalenclaves Ann Arbor Auburn Hills Birmingham Bloomfield Hills Dearborn Downriver Downtown Detroit Grosse Pointe Midtown Detroit New Center Northville Rochester Royal Oak Southfield Troy Plymouth Satellite cities Ann Arbor Brighton Flint Howell Lapeer Monroe Port Huron Toledo Windsor Ypsilanti Counties in MSA Lapeer Livingston Macomb Oakland St. Clair Wayne Counties in CSA Genesee Lenawee Monroe Washtenaw Southeast  Michigan  United States vteNeighborhoods in DetroitDowntown Bricktown Broadway Avenue Campus Martius Capitol Park Chinatown Downtown Financial District Greektown Grand Circus Park Griswold Street West Jefferson Avenue Monroe Avenue Park Avenue Randolph Street Riverfront Condominiums Washington Boulevard Lower Woodward Avenue Woodward Avenue Wayne State UniversityMidtown Art Center Brush Park Cass Corridor Cass-Davenport Cass Park Cultural Center Medical Center East Ferry Avenue Jeffries Midtown Midtown Woodward Sugar Hill University–Cultural Center Wayne State University Warren-Prentis West Canfield Willis-Selden Woodbridge Woodward East Woodward Avenue New Center Alden Park Arden Park-East Boston Atkinson Avenue Boston-Edison Henry Ford Hospital New Amsterdam New Center Piquette Avenue Virginia Park Woodward Avenue University of Detroit MercyNorth Chaldean Town Detroit Golf Club State Fairgrounds Green Acres Highland Park Martin Park Palmer Park Apartments Palmer Park Blvd. Palmer Woods Sherwood Forest University District University of Detroit Mercy EastUpper Chandler Park Conant Gardens East English Village Fox Creek Greenbriar Grixdale Hamtramck Highland Heights-Stevens' Sub. Krainz Woods Milwaukee Junction La Salle College Park Mohican Regent MorningSide North End Osborn Pulaski Ravendale Regent Park Van Steuban Central Eastern Market Forest Park Poletown East Lower Barry Sub. Belle Isle Park Conner Creek East Grand Boulevard East Jefferson Avenue East Village Eastside Cemetery Elmwood Park English Village Gold Coast Indian Village Islandview Jefferson-Chalmers Lafayette Park McDougall-Hunt Marina Park Rivertown St. John Hospital Victoria Park West Village WestUpper Bagley Belmont Berg-Lahser Brightmoor Blackstone Park Castle Rouge Eight Mile Wyoming Eliza Howell The Eye Fitzgerald Five Points Grandmont # 1 Grandmont - Rosedale LaSalle Gardens Minock Park NW Goldberg Oakman Boulevard Old Redford Petosky-Otsego Riverdale Russell Woods Rosedale Park Westwood Park Central Aviation Barton-McFarland Briggs Castle Rouge Core City Fiskhorn Franklin Park Grandale Herman Gardens Littlefield Parkland Hubbard-Richard Warrendale Weatherby Southwest Boynton Carbon Works Delray Corktown Hubbard Farms North Corktown Mexicantown Michigan-Martin Millennium Village Oakwood Heights Springwells West Vernor-Junction West Vernor-Lawndale Westside Industrial Historic DistrictsResidential Arden Park-East Boston Atkinson Avenue Boston-Edison Brush Park Corktown East Ferry East Grand Boulevard East Jefferson Avenue Highland Heights-Stevens' Sub. Indian Village Layafette Park Palmer Park Apartments Palmer Park Blvd. Palmer Woods Park Avenue Rosedale Park Sherwood Forest Virginia Park Warren-Prentis West Canfield West Village Willis-Selden Woodbridge Woodward East Mixed-use Adams Street Broadway Avenue Capitol Park Cass Park Cass-Davenport Congress Street Cultural Center Eastern Market Eastside Cemetery Financial District Grand Boulevard Grand Circus Park Grand River Avenue Gratiot Avenue Griswold Street Greektown West Jefferson Avenue Jefferson Chalmers Larned Street Michigan Avenue Midtown Woodward Monroe Avenue New Amsterdam New Center Piquette Avenue Randolph Street Shelby Street State Street Sugar Hill University–Cultural Center Washington Boulevard Wayne State University West Vernor-Junction West Vernor-Lawndale West Vernor–Springwells Lower Woodward Woodward Avenue See also: Historic homes in metropolitan Detroit vteArchitecture of metropolitan DetroitSkyscrapers10 tallest Renaissance Center One Detroit Center Penobscot RenCen Towers 100-400 Guardian Book Tower 150 West Jefferson 20 tallest Fisher Cadillac Tower Stott One Woodward Avenue McNamara Federal DTE Energy Broderick 211 West Fort Buhl Westin Book Cadillac Hotel Hollywood Casino 30 tallest First National Cadillac Centre RenCen Towers 500-600 1001 Woodward Millender Center AT&T Chrysler House Jeffersonian Blue Cross Blue Shield Coleman A. Young Municipal Center 40 tallest Penobscot Annex Lafayette East Riverfront Tower 300 Riverfront Tower 200 Whitney Washington Square Riverfront Tower 100 Water Board Washington Boulevard 50 tallest Riverside Hotel Fort Shelby Hotel Industrial-Stevens Ford Leland Fyfe Grand Park Centre Compuware United Artists Theatre Michigan Central Station Cadillac Place 60 tallest MGM Grand Detroit MotorCity Casino Hotel The Qube Maccabees Fort Washington Plaza One Kennedy Square Detroit Free Press Metropolitan Wardell 70–195 tallest Kales Masonic Temple Town Apartments Michigan Building Park Avenue House Penobscot Building (1905) 1212 Griswold Belcrest Griswold Building Harvard Square Professional Plaza Tower Vinton Detroit Building Fox Theatre Lawyers Building Levin United States Courthouse Marquette New Center Fisher Cadillac Place Argonaut Building Henry Ford Hospital New Center Building East side Lafayette Park Jeffersonian Detroit Towers The Kean The Whittier Harbortown Apartments Suburban Southfield Town Center American Center Top of Troy Tower Plaza Adoba Hotel Parklane Towers Chrysler Headquarters Low riseunder 10 storiesselectedDowntown 411 Bankers Trust Cass Building Detroit Athletic Club Detroit Club Detroit Cornice and Slate Fillmore Harmonie Centre Harmonie Club L. B. King Opera House Music Hall Merchants One Griswold Street Wayne County Building Wright-Kay Savoyard Centre Midtown Orchestra Hall Metropolitan Center Phoenix Group Old Main Rackham Building McGregor Memorial Conference Center Verona Wayne State University Buildings Clay Office North University of Detroit Mercy Detroit Golf Club East side Alden Park Towers Brewery Park Coronado El Tovar Garden Court Milner Arms Riverwalk Hotel Pasadena Suburban Country Club of Detroit The Dearborn Inn GM Technical Center Royal Park Hotel Inn at St. John's Townsend Hotel Parks and gardens Belle Isle Cranbrook Campus Martius Grand Circus Metroparks Matthaei Botanical Gardens Riverfront parks Detroit Zoo Museums and libraries Cranbrook Educational Community Charles H. Wright Museum of African American History Detroit Historical Museum Detroit Institute of Arts Detroit Public Library Detroit Science Center Edsel and Eleanor Ford House Fair Lane Ford Piquette Avenue Plant The Henry Ford Meadowbrook Hall Pewabic Pottery Southfield Public Library University of Michigan Museum of Art Religious landmarks Religious landmarks Performance centers Theatres and performing arts venues NeighborhoodHistoric DistrictsResidential Arden Park-East Boston Atkinson Avenue Beverly Road Boston-Edison Brush Park Canton Township MPS Corktown East Ferry East Grand Boulevard East Jefferson Avenue Grosse Pointe Highland Heights-Stevens' Sub. Indian Village Layafette Park Northville Palmer Park Apartments Palmer Park Blvd. Palmer Woods Park Avenue Rosedale Gardens Rosedale Park Sherwood Forest Virginia Park Warren-Prentis West Canfield West Village Willis-Selden Woodbridge Woodward East (See also: Historic homes) Mixed-use Adams Street Broadway Avenue Capitol Park Cass Park Cass-Davenport Congress Street Cultural Center Eastern Market Eastside Cemetery Financial District Grand Boulevard Grand Circus Grand River Avenue Gratiot Avenue Griswold Street Greektown West Jefferson Avenue Jefferson Chalmers Larned Street Michigan Avenue Monroe Avenue New Amsterdam New Center Piquette Avenue Randolph Street Shelby Street State Street Sugar Hill University–Cultural Center Washington Boulevard Wayne State University West Vernor-Junction West Vernor-Lawndale West Vernor-Springwells Lower Woodward Midtown Woodward Woodward Avenue See also: List of tallest buildings in Detroit 42°22′09″N 83°04′37″W / 42.3693°N 83.077°W / 42.3693; -83.077
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"commercial and residential district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_neighborhoods_in_Detroit"},{"link_name":"Detroit, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Midtown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midtown_Detroit"},{"link_name":"Cultural Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_Center_Historic_District_(Detroit)"},{"link_name":"Downtown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Detroit"},{"link_name":"Woodward Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M-1_(Michigan_highway)"},{"link_name":"Grand Boulevard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Boulevard_(Detroit)"},{"link_name":"Virginia Park Historic District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Park_Historic_District"},{"link_name":"Edsel Ford Freeway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edsel_Ford_Freeway"},{"link_name":"John R Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_R._Williams"},{"link_name":"Lodge Freeway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M-10_(Michigan_highway)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nc-1"},{"link_name":"North End","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_End,_Detroit"},{"link_name":"edge city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edge_city"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nc-1"},{"link_name":"General Motors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Motors"},{"link_name":"Cadillac Place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadillac_Place"},{"link_name":"Renaissance Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_Center"},{"link_name":"Fisher Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisher_Building"},{"link_name":"National Historic Landmarks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Landmarks_in_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boutique_hotel"},{"link_name":"St. Regis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotel_St._Regis,_Detroit"},{"link_name":"Henry Ford Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ford_Hospital"}],"text":"Cultural enclave and neighborhoods in Wayne County, Michigan, United StatesCultural enclave and neighborhoods in Wayne, Michigan, United StatesNew Center is a commercial and residential district located in Detroit, Michigan, adjacent to Midtown, one mile (1.6 km) north of the Cultural Center, and approximately three miles (5 km) north of Downtown. The area is centered just west of the intersection of Woodward Avenue and Grand Boulevard, and is bounded by, and includes the Virginia Park Historic District on the north, the Edsel Ford Freeway (I-94) on the south, John R Street on the east and the Lodge Freeway on the west.[1] New Center, and the surrounding areas north of I-94, are sometimes seen as coterminous with the North End, while in fact separate districts.The heart of New Center was developed in the 1920s as a business hub that would offer convenient access to both downtown resources and outlying factories. Some historians believe that New Center may be the original edge city—a sub-center remote from, but related to, a main urban core.[1] The descriptor \"New Center\" derived its name from the New Center News, an automotive-focused free newspaper begun in 1933 that continues to operate under the name Detroit Auto Scene. From 1923 to 1996, General Motors maintained its world headquarters in New Center (in what is now Cadillac Place) before relocating downtown to the Renaissance Center; before becoming a division of GM, Fisher Body was headquartered in the Fisher Building. Both Cadillac Place and the Fisher Building are National Historic Landmarks. In addition to the government and commercial offices along Woodward and Grand Boulevard, New Center contains the Fisher Theatre, the Hotel St. Regis, the Henry Ford Hospital, restaurants, and residential areas.","title":"New Center, Detroit"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hazen S. Pingree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazen_S._Pingree"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bak-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bak-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bak-2"},{"link_name":"Milwaukee Junction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee_Junction"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Piquette Avenue Industrial Historic District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piquette_Avenue_Industrial_Historic_District"},{"link_name":"New Amsterdam Historic District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Amsterdam_Historic_District"},{"link_name":"Burroughs Adding Machine Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burroughs_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Cadillac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadillac"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Henry Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ford"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nc9-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nc9-5"}],"text":"In 1891, Detroit mayor Hazen S. Pingree broke ground on the construction of Grand Boulevard, a ring road that wrapped around the city of Detroit.[2] The Boulevard ran for 12 miles (19 km), curving from the Detroit River on the west to the river on the east and crossing Woodward Avenue at a point approximately 3 miles (4.8 km) from downtown.[2] The Boulevard was originally thought to represent the absolute limit of the city's expansion, although tremendous growth at the beginning of the 20th century quickly pushed the city limits far beyond Grand Boulevard.[2]In the 1890s, major railroad infrastructure known as the Milwaukee Junction was built just south of Grand Boulevard to facilitate industrial expansion in the city of Detroit.[3] To take advantage of the rail line, industrial plants were built in this area on both sides of Woodward Avenue, with the automotive industry prominently involved. Part of this area east of Woodward is now the Piquette Avenue Industrial Historic District, while the area west of Woodward and south of the railroad tracks is the New Amsterdam Historic District. Most notably, in 1904, Burroughs Adding Machine Company built a large factory on Third, and the following year Cadillac built an assembly plant just to the east of Burroughs.[4]In 1915, Henry Ford bought the financially struggling Detroit General Hospital and its lands on Grand Boulevard and Hamilton (just west of Woodward) and reopened it as Henry Ford Hospital with 48 beds.[5] Soon after, Ford broke ground on a 50,000-square-foot (4,600 m2) facility at the same location; the larger hospital opened in 1921.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Detroit_December_2021_35_(New_Center_skyline).jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nc-1"},{"link_name":"William C. Durant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_C._Durant"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nc-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nc23-6"},{"link_name":"Albert Kahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Kahn_(architect)"},{"link_name":"General Motors Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadillac_Place"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nc23-6"},{"link_name":"Argonaut Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argonaut_Building"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Fisher Body","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisher_Body"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nc-1"},{"link_name":"New Center Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Center_Building"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nc37-8"},{"link_name":"Great Depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nc37-8"},{"link_name":"Saks Fifth Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saks_Fifth_Avenue"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nc9-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nc9-5"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nc87-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nc87-12"},{"link_name":"TechTown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tech_Town_(Detroit)"}],"text":"Skyline of New CenterIn the late 1910s and early 1920s, the automobile industry in Detroit grew rapidly. The economic surge made land in downtown Detroit difficult to obtain.[1] The lack of suitable parcels frustrated William C. Durant in his search for the optimum location for his planned General Motors headquarters. Durant looked to the north, and settled on a location just west of Woodward Avenue on Grand Boulevard.[1] At the time, the area was a residential district of private homes and small apartment buildings.[6]Durant hired Albert Kahn to design his building, and ground was broken in 1919. The building was originally to be called the \"Durant Building\", but Durant left the company before the building was completed, so when it opened in 1922, the building was called the \"General Motors Building\"[6] (now the Cadillac Place). As General Motors continued to grow, the company required more space. In the later 1920s, they built a second building, the General Motors Research Laboratory (also known as the Argonaut Building), also designed by Kahn, directly south of their headquarters. The building was built in two phases, and was completed in 1930.[7]Around the same time, the Fisher Brothers of Fisher Body followed General Motors to the area. They broke ground on their eponymous Fisher Building in 1927, located across Grand Boulevard from the General Motors Building.[1] The Fisher Brothers also hired Kahn, and spared no expense to construct their headquarters building. The followed this up with the construction of New Center Building (now the Albert Kahn Building), completed in 1932.[8] The Great Depression, however, forced the Fishers to break off their plans to construct a complex of buildings in New Center, including a grandiose three-towered version of the Fisher building.[8]\nIn 1940 Saks Fifth Avenue opened their fourth full-line department store in this building.[9] The store closed in 1978 and relocated to Fairlane Town Center in Dearborn.Henry Ford Hospital has continued to expand. The hospital has built numerous additions to their campus since its inception by Henry Ford, from the Clara Ford Nursing Home in 1925 to their high-rise clinic in 1955 to hospital apartments in 1976.[5] In 1992, Henry Ford purchased the old Burroughs headquarters to the south and renamed it One Ford Place.[5] The building is now the Henry Ford Hospital corporate headquarters.In 1966, the Hotel St. Regis was built on the north side of Grand Boulevard near General Motors' headquarters. In 1988, the hotel was doubled in size.[10] In 1980, General Motors built another addition to the heart of New Center, New Center One, located across Grand Boulevard from their headquarters. The new eight-story building housed retail stores, offices, and some divisions of General Motors.[11]In 1977, General Motors began refurbishing some of the residential neighborhoods north of Grand Boulevard. The result was the \"New Center Commons\", a collection of refurbished single-family homes on the north side of New Center.[12] With the revitalization of Virginia Park, New Center has two distinct historic residential neighborhoods within its boundaries. General Motors also facilitated the rehabilitation of some multi-family dwellings. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, new townhomes and condominiums were constructed in what had been empty areas of New Center, including a section along Woodward just north of Grand Boulevard.[12] Additional loft renovation (as well as TechTown, the WSU research and business incubator hub) took place at the same time within the New Amsterdam Historic District.","title":"Architecture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Renaissance Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_Center"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nc-1"},{"link_name":"Henry Ford Health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ford_Health"},{"link_name":"Detroit Public Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Public_Schools_Community_District"},{"link_name":"Shinola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinola_(retail_company)"},{"link_name":"College for Creative Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_for_Creative_Studies"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"street clocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_clock"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Midtown Detroit, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//midtowndetroitinc.org/"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"New Center served as a kind of corporate campus for GM for 70 years. However, the company left the area in the 1990s, moving their headquarters to the Renaissance Center downtown.[1] The old General Motors Building—now called Cadillac Place—is owned and occupied by the State of Michigan.The economy of the New Center area is largely dominated by Henry Ford Health, the Detroit Public Schools system with their headquarters in the Fisher Building, and more than 2,000 State of Michigan employees in the high-rise office complex Cadillac Place.Shinola has its headquarters, and 30,000-square-feet in the College for Creative Studies, – CCS – (originally the Argonaut building, or General Motors Research Laboratory). In 2012, Shinola renovated the fifth floor and turned it into their corporate office as well as a watch factory and bicycle workshop.[13][14][15]\nIn 2014, Shinola gifted the city of Detroit with four new 13-foot tall street clocks, installed at Cobo Center, Eastern Market, in front of the College for Creative Studies at the corner of Cass and Milwaukee, and near Shinola's own first retail location, at the corner of Cass and Canfield.[16]Midtown Detroit, Inc., has become a driving force behind the planning, investment, and future development north of Detroit's downtown area, and has expanded those area boundaries, and of the New Center area by going north to Philadelphia Street, east to the Chrysler Freeway (I-75), south to the Edsel Ford Freeway (I-94), and west to Rosa Parks Boulevard.[17]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Districts"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cadillac_Sales_and_Service_Building_-_Detroit_Michigan.jpg"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Albert Kahn Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Kahn_Building"},{"link_name":"Argonaut Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argonaut_Building"},{"link_name":"Cadillac Place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadillac_Place"},{"link_name":"Detroit Amtrak station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_(Amtrak_station)"},{"link_name":"Fisher Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisher_Building"},{"link_name":"Henry Ford Health System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ford_Health_System"},{"link_name":"Henry Ford Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ford_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Hitsville U.S.A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitsville_U.S.A."},{"link_name":"Hotel St. Regis, Detroit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotel_St._Regis,_Detroit"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan United Methodist Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_United_Methodist_Church"},{"link_name":"New Center One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.henryford.com/locations/new-center-one"},{"link_name":"New Center Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Center_Park"}],"sub_title":"Structures","text":"Historic 6001 Cass Avenue building, houses new offices, and a 6,000-square-foot gallery for WSU’s art collection, after $40M renovation.[21][22]Albert Kahn Building (200 unit residential building)\nArgonaut Building (College for Creative Studies)\nCadillac Place (GM Building / state office complex)\nDetroit Amtrak station (Adjacent to QLine Baltimore Street station)\nFisher Building\nHenry Ford Health System\nHenry Ford Hospital\nHitsville U.S.A.\nHotel St. Regis, Detroit\nMetropolitan United Methodist Church\nNew Center One (Henry Ford Medical Center)\nNew Center Park","title":"Districts"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:New_Amsterdam_streetscape_-_Detroit_Michigan.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fisher_Building_Detroit.jpg"},{"link_name":"Fisher Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisher_Building"},{"link_name":"Detroit Public Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Public_Schools"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WoodwardatGrandBoulevardDetroitMI.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NewCenterTownhomes.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HenryFordHospitaldetroit.jpg"},{"link_name":"Henry Ford Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ford_Hospital"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Henry_Ford_Health_System_Headquarters_June_2008.jpg"},{"link_name":"Henry Ford Health System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ford_Health_System"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Detroit_St_regis_Hotel_New_center_area.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hotel St. Regis, Detroit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotel_St._Regis,_Detroit"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:General_Motors_building_089833pv.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Detroit_December_2021_23_(Pallister_Street).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ApartmentsonSewardDetroitMI.jpg"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WJBK-TV_Studios_Building_Detroit_MI.jpg"},{"link_name":"WJBK-TV Studios Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WJBK-TV_Studios_Building"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"Streetscape on Cass, looking north, in the New Amsterdam Historic District\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Fisher Building, which has the headquarters of Detroit Public Schools\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWoodward Avenue looking north just past Grand Boulevard at the Lakeshore Global Building\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNew Center townhomes on Pallister\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHenry Ford Hospital\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Henry Ford Health System Headquarters Complex in New Center\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHotel St. Regis, Detroit\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGeneral Motors Building (now Cadillac Place)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHomes on Pallister, a pedestrian only street in this block.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tApartment building (Wellington Place) at 59 Seward Avenue on the north side of New Center under renovation in 2017 for 91 senior apartments.[23]\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe former WJBK-TV Studios Building (on the National Register of Historic Places) sold to developers in late 2019.[24][25]","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Historic Landmarks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Historic_Landmarks"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nd67-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nd67-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Consulate-General of Lebanon in Detroit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Lebanon"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"New Center Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Center_Park"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bak-2"},{"link_name":"Virginia Park Historic District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Park_Historic_District"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nc87-12"}],"text":"New Center has a retail section, primarily along the Woodward and Grand Boulevard corridors. The Cadillac Place state office complex and the Fisher Building are National Historic Landmarks in the area.[26][27] An area south of Grand Boulevard along Woodward contains some retail stores in the district which have existed at their present location since the 1920s.[27][28] The boutique Hotel St. Regis, Detroit is adjacent to the Fisher Theatre.The Consulate-General of Lebanon in Detroit is located in Suite 560 in the New Center One Building.[29][30]New Center hosts the annual summer-long series of events in New Center Park and includes a 1,000 person outdoor concert venue with a center stage capable of hosting national acts.[31]Grand Boulevard, along its entire extent, became an attractive residential address at the beginning of the 20th century.[2] This was also true in the area that was to become New Center. At the turn of the century, a number of private homes were built along Grand Boulevard and in the neighborhoods to the north, notably including what is now the Virginia Park Historic District on the northern edge of New Center.[12] Interspersed in the area were small apartment buildings. Larger apartment buildings were constructed in the area in the 1920s to serve the population of workers and visitors to the area after larger office buildings had been built on Grand Boulevard.","title":"Culture and contemporary life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Henry Ford Health System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ford_Health_System"},{"link_name":"Cardinal Health, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_Health,_Inc."},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:QLine_maintenance_facility,_May_2017.jpg"},{"link_name":"Wayne State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_State_University"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"M-1 Rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QLine"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Detroit Pistons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Pistons"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Data center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_center"},{"link_name":"Pocket park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pocket_park"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Caille_Brothers_Building_-_Detroit_Michigan.jpg"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"U-Haul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U-Haul"},{"link_name":"NBC-Nabisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabisco"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"}],"sub_title":"Revitalization","text":"The 2010s have seen a growth of new development in the New Center area. One of the first major projects, begun in 2010, was by the Henry Ford Health System of a $500 million revitalization effort of 300 mostly blighted acres for hospital expansion and neighborhood redevelopment just south of the main hospital campus on the western edge of New Center. The first development on the new South Campus site was the construction of a $30 million, 275,000-square-foot, Medical Distribution Center on 18-acres, built for Cardinal Health, Inc.[32] Further plans were announced in 2017, with the construction of a new $155 million, 187,000-square-foot, six-story, Brigitte Harris Cancer Pavilion, along with a skywalk across West Grand Boulevard to connect it to the Henry Ford Hospital, opened in January 2021.[33][34][35] In February 2023, Henry Ford Health announced plans for a major $2.5 billion development, and will partner with the Detroit Pistons and Michigan State University.\n[36]Streetcar maintenance bay, inside Penske Tech CenterAdditional new construction in New Center includes Wayne State University's, $92 million Integrative Biosciences Center (IBio),[37] the 2015 M-1 Rail Penske Tech Center,[38][39] the $60 million, 231 apartment & retail space complex, The Boulevard,[40][41] the $137 million Detroit Pistons practice, training, and team headquarters building, known as the, Henry Ford-Detroit Pistons Performance Center,[42][43][44] and the WSU Computing & Information Technology (C&IT) new Data center attached to the current Computing Services Center, along with a new Pocket park along Cass Avenue.[45][46]6200 Second Avenue, now the Lofts at New Amsterdam, with 62 loft units, located across from the new Pistons Performance Center [47]New Center has also seen redevelopment of existing structures. This includes U-Haul's 2013 restoration of the 250,000-square-foot, seven-story historic NBC-Nabisco Building, built in 1920 at 899 W. Baltimore St.[48][49] and, in 2014, the conversion of the Hotel St. Regis annex into a 58-apartment residential building, now known as Regis Houze.[50][51] In 2015, Central Detroit Christian Community Development Corporation announced a $10.2 million plan to renovate the four-story, 44-unit, 42,200-square-foot Casamira Apartments at 680 Delaware St., built in 1925.[52][53] In 2018, a local investment group purchased the 125-room Hotel St. Regis, and plans a $6 million modernization,\n[54] and that was followed by the purchase of the Albert Kahn Building by a joint venture with a $58 million plan to convert it into 211 apartments, and more than 75,000 square feet of retail and office space, and renamed, The Kahn.[55] In 2022, the former WJBK-TV studios building was purchased, and donated to the nonprofit Midnight Golf Program to become their new headquarters. A $10-12 million\nreconstruction is planned.[56]In the Greater New Center area, the 1913, nine-story, so-called Rainbow Building, now known as, Chroma, completed a $16 million redevelopment with large floor-to-ceiling windows all around the building.[57][58] Further redevelopment was underway at 3040 E. Grand Blvd and John R St, on the Albert Kahn historic 1901 designed sandstone constructed residence for Robert Robertson.\n[59] \n[60][61]","title":"Culture and contemporary life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Detroit Public Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Public_Schools"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"Maccabees Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maccabees_Building"},{"link_name":"Midtown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midtown_Detroit"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"Northwestern High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_High_School_(Michigan)"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"University Prep Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Prep_Schools"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"College for Creative Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_for_Creative_Studies"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"Albert Kahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Kahn_(architect)"},{"link_name":"Detroit Police Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Police_Department"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"}],"text":"New Center is within the Detroit Public Schools district. DPS has its headquarters in the Fisher Building.[62] The district paid the owner of the Fisher Building $24.1 million in 2002 so the district could occupy five floors in the building.[63] Officials claimed leasing the Fisher Building as its headquarters was more economical than a remodel of the Maccabees Building in Midtown where the district previously had its headquarters.[64][65]Three schools, Golightly K-8, Loving Elementary, and Thirkell Elementary, serve sections of New Center for elementary school.[66] Golightly K-8 and Durfee K-8 serve sections of New Center for middle school.[67] All residents are zoned to Northwestern High School.[68]In addition, the New Center area houses the administrative offices of the University Prep Schools system,[69] along with the following schools:Ellen Thompson Elementary School[70]\nMark Murray Elementary School[71]\nUniversity Prep Academy High School (New Center)[72]The College for Creative Studies (CCS) is a private, fully accredited college with campuses in Midtown and New Center, that offers Bachelor and Master of Fine Arts degrees . The New Center campus contains the Henry Ford Academy: School for Creative Studies, an art and design charter school for middle and high school students.[73][74]Beginning in the 1970s Wayne State University held its criminal justice program classes in the 147,500-square-foot (13,700 m2) Criminal Justice Building, designed by Albert Kahn and built in 1920. By 2016 the university stopped use of the building, then used by the Detroit Police Department for training purposes. WSU sold it to real estate firm The Platform for $2 million and it will become a mixed-use development.[75]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"Murray-Wright High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray-Wright_High_School"},{"link_name":"Northern High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_High_School_(Detroit,_Michigan)"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"}],"sub_title":"History of schools","text":"Previously Sherhard K-8 served sections of New Center for elementary and middle school.[76][77] Previously Hutchins Middle School served sections of New Center for middle school.[78] Previously Murray-Wright High School and Northern High School served sections of New Center, while at the time Northwestern High School did not serve New Center.[79]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"WJBK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WJBK"},{"link_name":"Storer Broadcasting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storer_Broadcasting"},{"link_name":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS"},{"link_name":"Southfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southfield,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"WTVS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTVS"},{"link_name":"PBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"}],"text":"During the 1950s and 1960s, the studios of WJBK (then a Storer Broadcasting-owned CBS affiliate) were on Second Avenue in New Center. After WJBK moved to Southfield in 1970, WTVS (Detroit Public Television), the city's PBS station, took over the New Center site and operated there until 2008.[80][81]","title":"Media"}]
[{"image_text":"Skyline of New Center","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Detroit_December_2021_35_%28New_Center_skyline%29.jpg/250px-Detroit_December_2021_35_%28New_Center_skyline%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Historic 6001 Cass Avenue building, houses new offices, and a 6,000-square-foot gallery for WSU’s art collection, after $40M renovation.[21][22]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Cadillac_Sales_and_Service_Building_-_Detroit_Michigan.jpg/250px-Cadillac_Sales_and_Service_Building_-_Detroit_Michigan.jpg"},{"image_text":"Streetcar maintenance bay, inside Penske Tech Center","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/QLine_maintenance_facility%2C_May_2017.jpg/250px-QLine_maintenance_facility%2C_May_2017.jpg"},{"image_text":"6200 Second Avenue, now the Lofts at New Amsterdam, with 62 loft units, located across from the new Pistons Performance Center [47]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Caille_Brothers_Building_-_Detroit_Michigan.jpg/250px-Caille_Brothers_Building_-_Detroit_Michigan.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Michigan portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Michigan"},{"title":"Woodward Corridor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodward_Corridor"},{"title":"Woodbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodbridge_Historic_District"},{"title":"North End","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_End,_Detroit"},{"title":"Lee Plaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Plaza_(Detroit)"},{"title":"Motown Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitsville_U.S.A."},{"title":"Milwaukee Junction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee_Junction"},{"title":"Neighborhoods in Detroit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neighborhoods_in_Detroit"}]
[{"reference":"\"Saks Fifth Avenue, New York City, New York\".","urls":[{"url":"http://departmentstoremuseum.blogspot.com/2010/11/saks-fifth-avenue-new-york-city-new.html","url_text":"\"Saks Fifth Avenue, New York City, New York\""}]},{"reference":"VanderMay, Ann (July 9, 2013). \"Think you know Shinola? Think Again\". CNN Money. Retrieved April 19, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://features.blogs.fortune.cnn.com/2013/07/09/think-you-know-shinola-think-again/","url_text":"\"Think you know Shinola? Think Again\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN_Money","url_text":"CNN Money"}]},{"reference":"Muller, Joann (July 26, 2013). \"In Bankrupt Detroit, Shinola Puts Its Faith In American Manufacturing\". Forbes. Retrieved January 29, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/joannmuller/2013/07/26/in-bankrupt-detroit-shinola-puts-its-faith-in-american-manufacturing/2/","url_text":"\"In Bankrupt Detroit, Shinola Puts Its Faith In American Manufacturing\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes","url_text":"Forbes"}]},{"reference":"Gomelsky, Victoria (June 1, 2013). \"Shinola Puts Motown Watches in Motion\". JCK Magazine (Online). Retrieved April 19, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jckonline.com/2013/03/29/shinola-puts-motown-watches-in-motion","url_text":"\"Shinola Puts Motown Watches in Motion\""}]},{"reference":"Doerr, Elizabeth. \"Shinola Installs Vintage-Style City Clocks In Detroit\". Forbes. Retrieved March 10, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/elizabethdoerr/2014/03/10/shinola-installs-vintage-style-city-clocks-in-detroit/","url_text":"\"Shinola Installs Vintage-Style City Clocks In Detroit\""}]},{"reference":"\"Map: Midtown Boundary is Expanding\". May 12, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://detroitography.com/2014/05/12/map-midtown-boundary-is-expanding/","url_text":"\"Map: Midtown Boundary is Expanding\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Detroit Historic District Commission\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on February 8, 2012. Retrieved December 30, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120208031403/http://www.ci.detroit.mi.us/historic/districts/arden_park.pdf","url_text":"\"The Detroit Historic District Commission\""},{"url":"http://www.ci.detroit.mi.us/historic/districts/arden_park.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Arden Park East Boston from Boston-Edison\". Archived from the original on February 18, 2008. Retrieved December 30, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080218024337/http://www.historicbostonedison.org/apeb.shtml","url_text":"\"Arden Park East Boston from Boston-Edison\""},{"url":"http://www.historicbostonedison.org/apeb.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Cityscape Detroit - see neighborhoods\". Archived from the original on December 15, 2013. Retrieved December 30, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131215233228/http://cityscapedetroit.org/","url_text":"\"Cityscape Detroit - see neighborhoods\""},{"url":"http://www.cityscapedetroit.org/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Platform Signs WeWork as Tenant for 6001 Cass in Detroit's Tech Town Neighborhood\". Dbusiness Magazine. September 13, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dbusiness.com/daily-news/the-platform-signs-wework-as-tenant-for-6001-cass-in-detroits-tech-town-neighborhood/","url_text":"\"The Platform Signs WeWork as Tenant for 6001 Cass in Detroit's Tech Town Neighborhood\""}]},{"reference":"\"$40M renovation project in TechTown pays homage to building's Cadillac roots\". November 13, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/detroit/2020/11/13/techtown-renovation-former-cadillac-showroom-completed/6280229002/","url_text":"\"$40M renovation project in TechTown pays homage to building's Cadillac roots\""}]},{"reference":"\"Developer continues work in Detroit neighborhoods\". April 12, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wxyz.com/news/region/detroit/developer-continues-work-in-detroit-neighborhoods","url_text":"\"Developer continues work in Detroit neighborhoods\""}]},{"reference":"\"National Register of Historic Places\" (PDF). 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November 10, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.crainsdetroit.com/article/20151110/NEWS/151119981/58-unit-regis-houze-opens-in-detroits-new-center","url_text":"\"58-unit Regis Houze apartments opens in Detroit's New Center\""}]},{"reference":"\"Barbat set to turn St. Regis House into a success\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.joebarbatwirelesstoyz.com/commercial-real-estate/barbat-set-to-turn-st-regis-house-into-detroit-success/","url_text":"\"Barbat set to turn St. Regis House into a success\""}]},{"reference":"\"State gives $1M grant to renovate Casamira Apartments\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/detroit-city/2015/08/25/state-grant-renovate-new-center-casamira-apartments/32349755/","url_text":"\"State gives $1M grant to renovate Casamira Apartments\""}]},{"reference":"\"Detroit nonprofit to invest $10.2 million to redevelop New Center apartment building\". August 25, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.crainsdetroit.com/article/20150825/NEWS/150829916/detroit-nonprofit-to-invest-10-2-million-to-redevelop-new-center","url_text":"\"Detroit nonprofit to invest $10.2 million to redevelop New Center apartment building\""}]},{"reference":"\"Investment group buys Hotel St. Regis\". February 18, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.crainsdetroit.com/article/20180218/news/653261/investment-group-buys-hotel-st-regis","url_text":"\"Investment group buys Hotel St. Regis\""}]},{"reference":"\"Albert Kahn Building redevelopment to cost $58 million\". October 15, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crainsdetroit.com/real-estate/albert-kahn-building-redevelopment-cost-58-million","url_text":"\"Albert Kahn Building redevelopment to cost $58 million\""}]},{"reference":"\"Former long-vacant historic WJBK building to become Midnight Golf headquarters\". 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May 31, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crainsdetroit.com/real-estate/realtors-plan-112-million-rehab-east-grand-boulevard-building","url_text":"\"Realtors plan $1.12 million rehab of E Grand Blvd building\""}]},{"reference":"\"Albert Kahn Legacy Projects\".","urls":[{"url":"https://viewer.mapme.com/kahn-legacy-projects/?mc_cid=20119d2dd2&mc_eid=4b2068735f","url_text":"\"Albert Kahn Legacy Projects\""}]},{"reference":"\"Picture of 3040 E Grand Blvd before restoration\".","urls":[{"url":"https://c2.staticflickr.com/8/7168/6497415933_4945413b9c_b.jpg","url_text":"\"Picture of 3040 E Grand Blvd before restoration\""}]},{"reference":"\"History\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.collegeforcreativestudies.edu/about-us/history","url_text":"\"History\""}]},{"reference":"\"SCS\". Archived from the original on August 26, 2015. Retrieved August 9, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150826012718/http://scs.hfli.org/","url_text":"\"SCS\""},{"url":"http://scs.hfli.org/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Wayne State board approves $2M sale of former Criminal Justice Building in Detroit's New Center\". clickondetroit.com. December 2, 2016. Retrieved January 2, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.clickondetroit.com/news/wsu-board-approves-2-million-sale-of-former-criminal-justice-building-in-detroits-new-center","url_text":"\"Wayne State board approves $2M sale of former Criminal Justice Building in Detroit's New Center\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clickondetroit.com&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"clickondetroit.com"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucio_Silla
Lucio Silla
["1 Performance history","2 Roles","3 Synopsis","3.1 Act 1","3.2 Act 2","3.3 Act 3","4 Noted arias","5 Recordings","6 References","7 External links"]
Opera by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Lucio SillaOpera by W. A. MozartThe composer in 1777, by an unknown painterLibrettistGiovanni de GamerraLanguageItalianPremiere26 December 1772 (1772-12-26)Teatro Regio Ducale, Milan Lucio Silla (Italian: ), K. 135, is an Italian opera seria in three acts composed by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart at the age of 16. The libretto was written by Giovanni de Gamerra, revised by Pietro Metastasio. It was first performed on 26 December 1772 at the Teatro Regio Ducale in Milan and was regarded as "a moderate success". Handel's opera Silla (1713) covered the same subject. Other operas with the same title were also composed by Leonardo Vinci (1723), Pasquale Anfossi (1774), and Johann Christian Bach (1776). Performance history Lucio Silla premiered on 26 December 1772 in Milan at the Teatro Regio Ducale. Its UK premiere was produced by Camden Town Hall in London in 1967. Its US premiere followed in 1968 with a performance in Baltimore. Among other performances, Lucio Silla was given by the Santa Fe Opera in 2005 and in Warsaw in 2011 and by The Classical Opera Company in London in 2012. In 2013 the Gran Teatre del Liceu produced the opera in Barcelona and it was performed at both the Mozartwoche Salzburg and Salzburg Festival. Chicago Opera Theater presented the piece in 2015 at the Harris Theater for Music and Dance under the direction of then-General Director Andreas Mitisek. Lucio Silla was staged at Madrid's Teatro Real in 2017 as part of the program for its bicentennial celebration. In November 2017, La Monnaie in Belgium produced and performed the opera in a contemporary setting. Roles Role Voice type Premiere cast, 26 December 1772(Conductor: Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart) Lucio Silla (Lucius Cornelius Sulla), dictator of Rome tenor Bassano Morgnoni Celia, sister of Lucio Silla soprano Daniella Mienci Giunia (Junia), betrothed to Cecilio soprano Anna de Amicis Buonsolazzi Cecilio (Cecilius), Roman senator in exile soprano castrato Venanzio Rauzzini Lucio (Lucius) Cinna, friend of Cecilio soprano (en travesti) Felicità Suardi Aufidio (Aufidius), tribune and friend of Lucio Silla tenor Giuseppe Onofrio Guards, nobles, senators, people (chorus) Synopsis The story concerns the Roman dictator Lucio Silla (Lucius Sulla) who lusts after Giunia, the daughter of his enemy Gaius Marius. Giunia, on the other hand, loves the exiled senator Cecilio. Act 1 Scene 1: A secluded spot on the banks of the Tiber' The exiled Senator Cecilio meets his friend Cinna who tells him his betrothed Giunia mourns his death, a lie by the dictator Silla so that he can win her for himself. Cinna advises Cecilio to meet Giunia by the tomb of her father (murdered hero Gaius Marius). Cecilio is filled with joy at the idea and Cinna shares his joy and predicts the freedom of Rome (aria: "Vieni ov' amor t' inita"). Scene 2 Cecilio excited at the prospect of meeting his betrothed sings of his love (aria: "Il tenero momento"). Scene 3: Giunia's apartments Silla seeks the advice of his sister Celia on his approach with Giunia and she advises subtlety and kindness (aria: "Se lusinghiera speme"). Scene 4 On Silla's approach, Giunia declares her love for Cecilio and her hate for Silla, her father's enemy (aria: "Dalla sponda tenebrosa"). Scene 5 Alone, Silla, insulted, decides to behave as a tyrant (aria: "Il desìo di vendetta, e di morte"). Scene 6 Cecilio waits by the tomb for Giunia. Scene 7 Giunia arrives (chorus and ariosa: "Fuor di queste urne dolente"). Act 2 An archway decorated with military trophies Silla is joined by Celia to whom he tells of his plans to wed Giunia and for Celia to wed her beloved Cinna on this day. Scene 3 Cinna restrains Cecilio who has his sword drawn trying to follow Silla, believing he has been instructed by the spirit of Gaius Marius to seek revenge. Cinna tells him to consider Giunia and his rage is controlled (aria: "Quest' improvviso trèmito"). Scene 4 Giunia consults with Cinna who suggests she accept Silla's proposal and then murder him in their wedding bed. Giunia refuses, stating that vengeance is for Heaven alone to consider. She asks Cinna to make sure that Cecilio stays hidden from danger (aria: "Ah se il crudel periglio"). Scene 5 Cinna resolves to kill Silla himself (aria: "Nel fortunato istante"). Scene 6, Hanging gardens Silla's love for Giunia starts to bring out his compassion. Scene 7 Giunia's hateful face angers him again and he threatens her with death but not to die alone (aria: "D' ogni pieta mi spoglio"). Scene 8 With Cecilio, Giunia worries about Silla's words and they part. Scene 9 Celia asks Giunia to accept Silla's proposal for the sake of happiness saying she is also to be married to Cinna (aria: "Quando sugl' arsi campi"). Scene 10 Giunia ponders her wretchedness. Scene 11, the Capitol Silla asks the Senate and the people of Rome to reward him as a hero of Rome with the marriage to Giunia. Scene 12 When Cecilio appears, there is confrontation (trio: "Quell' orgoglioso sdegno"). Act 3 Scene 1: Entrance to the dungeons Cecilio has been imprisoned. Cinna and Celia has gained access and Cinna asks Celia to convince Cecilio to repent and forget his love. Cinna promises to marry Celia if she is successful, for which she is hopeful (aria: "Strider sento la procella"). Scene 2 Whilst Cecilio accepts his fate Cinna tells him not to worry, Silla's heart over his head will bring about his own downfall (aria: "De' più superbi il core"). Scene 3 Silla has allowed Giunia one last visit to Cecilio and they say their farewells (aria: "Pupille amate"). Scene 4 Giunia alone with her thoughts of Cecilio's impending death thinks of her own (aria: "Frà I pensier più funesti di morte"). Scene 5: The audience chamber Before the Senators and the people of Rome, to everybody's surprise, Silla declares that he wishes Cecilio to live and marry Giunia. When questioned on his silence, Cinna declares his hatred of Silla and his intention of killing him. Silla issues his "punishment" to Cinna that he should marry his beloved Celia. He further declares that he will step down as dictator and restore liberty to Rome. He explains that he has seen proof that innocence and a virtuous heart is triumphant over power and glory. The people of Rome celebrate liberty and the greatness of Silla. Noted arias Act 1 "Dalla sponda tenebrosa" – Giunia "Il desio di vendetta" – Silla "Il tenero momento" – Cecilio "Se lusinghiera speme" – Celia "Vieni ov'amor t'invita" – Lucio Cinna Act 2 "Guerrier che d'un acciaro" – Aufidio "Nel fortunato istante" – Lucio Cinna "Parto, m'affretto" – Giunia "Ah se a morir" – Cecilio "Ah se il crudel periglio" – Giunia "D'ogni pietà mi spoglio" – Silla "Quando sugl'arsi campi" – Celia "Quest' improvviso tremito" – Cecilio "Se il labbro timido" – Celia Act 3 "De più superbi il core" – Lucio Cinna "Fra i pensier" – Giunia "Pupille amate" – Cecilio "Strider sento la procella" – Celia Recordings 1962 – Fiorenza Cossotto (Cecilio), Dora Gatta (Giunia), Rena Gary Falachi (Celia), Ferrando Ferrari (Lucio Silla), Luigi Pontiggia (Aufidio), Anna Maria Rota (Lucio Cinna) – Coro Polifonico di Milano, Orchestra da Camera dell'Angelicum di Milano, Carlo Felice Cillario (RCA) 1980 – Júlia Várady (Cecilio), Arleen Augér (Giunia), Helen Donath (Celia), Peter Schreier (Lucio Silla), Werner Krenn (Aufidio), Edith Mathis (Lucio Cinna) – Salzburger Rundfunkchor, Mozarteum-Orchester Salzburg, Leopold Hager (Deutsche Grammophon). Recorded in 1980 for Deutsche Grammophon, it was later reissued in 1991 as part of the Complete Mozart Edition on Philips (Vol. 32), and then again in 2000 as part of the Complete Mozart Compact Edition, where it was included in Box 13 (Early Italian Operas), with no libretto and stripped down booklets. The original 1991 release included an extensive booklet consisting of the complete libretto in Italian, English, German and French, as well as notes by Gottfried Kraus, and paintings and illustrations. It's still regarded as the most complete recording, and is now the reference version of the opera. 1985 – Ann Murray (Cecilio), Lella Cuberli (Giunia), Christine Barbaux (Celia), Anthony Rolfe Johnson (Lucio Silla), Ad van Baasbank (Aufidio), Britt-Marie Aruhn (Lucio Cinna) – Orchestre et Chœrs du Théâtre Royal de la Monnaie, Sylvain Cambreling (Brilliant Classics) 1989 – Cecilia Bartoli (Cecilio), Edita Gruberová (Giunia), Dawn Upshaw (Celia), Peter Schreier (Lucio Silla), Yvonne Kenny (Lucio Cinna) – Arnold Schoenberg Chor, Concentus Musicus Wien, Nikolaus Harnoncourt (Teldec). Recorded between June and September of 1989, it was the first recording of the opera on period instruments, and Harnoncourt chose to add some of his own touches. He removed the minor character of Aufidio altogether, as well as cutting some irrelevant numbers, making it shorter than Hager's 1980 recording. This is also due to the sometimes overly-fast paces that Harnoncourt chooses to apply, which is often disliked or criticized by music critics. 2006 – Monica Bacelli (Cecilio), Annick Massis (Giunia), Julia Kleiter (Celia), Roberto Saccà (Lucio Silla), Stefano Ferrari (Aufidio), Veronica Cangemi (Lucio Cinna) – Orchestra and Chorus of Teatro La Fenice di Venezia, Tomáš Netopil (Deutsche Grammophon). Originally recorded at La Fenice in 2006, staged and directed by Jürgen Flimm, it was released in 2006 in DVD form on Deutsche Grammophon, and was late reissued in 2007 in CD form on Dynamic Records (licensed from DG). It was remastered in digital for the CD release. 2008 – Kristina Hammarström (Cecilio), Simone Nold (Giunia), Susanne Elmark (Celia), Lothar Odinius (Lucio Silla), Jakob Næslund Madsen (Aufidio), Henriette Bonde-Hansen (Lucio Cinna) – Vocal Group Ars Nova, Danish Radio Sinfonietta, Ádám Fischer (Dacapo) References Notes ^ a b Holden 2001, pp. 600–601. ^ "Santa Fe opera's performance database". ^ "Lucio Silla by Mozart – Opera". Operabase. 9 July 2021. Retrieved 15 July 2021. ^ "Temporada 2016/17 | Liceu Opera Barcelona". www.liceubarcelona.cat. ^ Apthorp, Shirley (7 August 2013). "Falstaff/Lucio Silla/Jeanne d'Arc, Salzburg Festival – review". The Financial Times. Retrieved 20 April 2018. ^ "Lucio Silla". Teatro Real. 13 September 2017. Retrieved 15 July 2021. ^ Vergels, Emil (12 October 2017). "Five reasons to go and see La Monnaie's Lucio Silla". thewordmagazine.com. Retrieved 20 April 2018. Sources Holden, Amanda, ed. (2001). The New Penguin Opera Guide. New York: Penguin Putnam. ISBN 0-14-029312-4. External links  Lucio Silla: Score in the Neue Mozart-Ausgabe Lucio Silla: Scores at the International Music Score Library Project Libretto (in English translation) Libretto (Italian) – opera.stanford.edu Lucio Silla trailer on YouTube, La Scala (the 2013 Salzburg production) vteWolfgang Amadeus MozartBiography Biographies Birthplace Grand tour Name Nationality Residence Scatology Smallpox Italy Berlin Prague Appearance and character Pet starling Death Music Concert arias, songs, canons Dances Horn concertos Masses Operas Piano concertos Works for solo piano Sonatas Symphonies Violin concertos Compositional method Relationship with G minor Editions Köchel catalogue Alte Mozart-Ausgabe Neue Mozart-Ausgabe Family Leopold Mozart (father) Anna Maria Mozart (mother) Maria Anna Mozart (Nannerl) (sister) Constanze Mozart (wife) Maria Anna Thekla Mozart (Bäsle) (first cousin) Franz Xaver Wolfgang Mozart (son) Karl Thomas Mozart (son) Johann Georg Mozart (paternal grandfather) Franz Mozart (paternal great-grandfather) Joseph Lange (brother-in-law) Cäcilia Weber (mother-in-law) Josepha Weber (sister-in-law) Aloysia Weber (sister-in-law) Sophie Weber (sister-in-law) Influences Beethoven Catholic Church Freemasonry Haydn Salieri Related Georg Nissen Mozart in popular culture Beethoven–Haydn–Mozart Memorial Mozart effect Mozart Monument, Vienna Category vteOperas by Wolfgang Amadeus MozartOperas Die Schuldigkeit des ersten Gebots (1767) Apollo et Hyacinthus (1767) Bastien und Bastienne (1768) La finta semplice (1769) Mitridate, re di Ponto (1770) Ascanio in Alba (1771) Il sogno di Scipione (1772) Lucio Silla (1772) La finta giardiniera (1775) Il re pastore (1775) Thamos, King of Egypt (1779) Zaide (1780) Idomeneo (1781) Die Entführung aus dem Serail (1782) L'oca del Cairo (1783) Lo sposo deluso (1784) Der Schauspieldirektor (1786) The Marriage of Figaro (1786) Don Giovanni (1787) Così fan tutte (1790) La clemenza di Tito (1791) The Magic Flute (1791) Arias "Canzonetta sull'aria" "Der Hölle Rache kocht in meinem Herzen" "Dies Bildnis ist bezaubernd schön" "Dove sono" "Il mio tesoro" "Là ci darem la mano" "Madamina, il catalogo è questo" "Non più andrai" "O, wie will ich triumphieren" "O zittre nicht, mein lieber Sohn" "Se vuol ballare" Discographies Così fan tutte Die Entführung aus dem Serail Don Giovanni The Magic Flute The Marriage of Figaro Related Da Ponte operas Derived works Portal: Opera Authority control databases International VIAF National Spain France BnF data Germany United States Other MusicBrainz work
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[ˈluːtʃo ˈsilla]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian"},{"link_name":"K.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6chel_catalogue"},{"link_name":"opera seria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera_seria"},{"link_name":"Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart"},{"link_name":"libretto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libretto"},{"link_name":"Giovanni de Gamerra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_de_Gamerra"},{"link_name":"Pietro Metastasio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietro_Metastasio"},{"link_name":"Teatro Regio Ducale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teatro_Regio_Ducale"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolden2001600%E2%80%93601-1"},{"link_name":"Handel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel"},{"link_name":"Silla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silla_(opera)"},{"link_name":"Leonardo Vinci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_Vinci"},{"link_name":"Pasquale Anfossi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasquale_Anfossi"},{"link_name":"Johann Christian Bach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Christian_Bach"}],"text":"Lucio Silla (Italian: [ˈluːtʃo ˈsilla]), K. 135, is an Italian opera seria in three acts composed by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart at the age of 16. The libretto was written by Giovanni de Gamerra, revised by Pietro Metastasio.It was first performed on 26 December 1772 at the Teatro Regio Ducale in Milan and was regarded as \"a moderate success\".[1]Handel's opera Silla (1713) covered the same subject. Other operas with the same title were also composed by Leonardo Vinci (1723), Pasquale Anfossi (1774), and Johann Christian Bach (1776).","title":"Lucio Silla"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Teatro Regio Ducale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teatro_Regio_Ducale"},{"link_name":"Camden Town Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camden_Town_Hall"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolden2001600%E2%80%93601-1"},{"link_name":"Santa Fe Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Fe_Opera"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Operabase_2021-3"},{"link_name":"Gran Teatre del Liceu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Teatre_del_Liceu"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Mozartwoche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozartwoche"},{"link_name":"Salzburg Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salzburg_Festival"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Chicago Opera Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Opera_Theater"},{"link_name":"Teatro Real","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teatro_Real"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Teatro_Real_2017-6"},{"link_name":"La Monnaie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Monnaie"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Lucio Silla premiered on 26 December 1772 in Milan at the Teatro Regio Ducale. Its UK premiere was produced by Camden Town Hall in London in 1967. Its US premiere followed in 1968 with a performance in Baltimore.[1]Among other performances, Lucio Silla was given by the Santa Fe Opera in 2005[2] and in Warsaw in 2011 and by The Classical Opera Company in London in 2012.[3] In 2013 the Gran Teatre del Liceu produced the opera in Barcelona[4] and it was performed at both the Mozartwoche Salzburg and Salzburg Festival.[5] Chicago Opera Theater presented the piece in 2015 at the Harris Theater for Music and Dance under the direction of then-General Director Andreas Mitisek. Lucio Silla was staged at Madrid's Teatro Real in 2017 as part of the program for its bicentennial celebration.[6] In November 2017, La Monnaie in Belgium produced and performed the opera in a contemporary setting.[7]","title":"Performance history"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Roles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lucius Sulla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_Sulla"}],"text":"The story concerns the Roman dictator Lucio Silla (Lucius Sulla) who lusts after Giunia, the daughter of his enemy Gaius Marius. Giunia, on the other hand, loves the exiled senator Cecilio.","title":"Synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Act 1","text":"Scene 1: A secluded spot on the banks of the Tiber'The exiled Senator Cecilio meets his friend Cinna who tells him his betrothed Giunia mourns his death, a lie by the dictator Silla so that he can win her for himself. Cinna advises Cecilio to meet Giunia by the tomb of her father (murdered hero Gaius Marius). Cecilio is filled with joy at the idea and Cinna shares his joy and predicts the freedom of Rome (aria: \"Vieni ov' amor t' inita\").Scene 2Cecilio excited at the prospect of meeting his betrothed sings of his love (aria: \"Il tenero momento\").Scene 3: Giunia's apartmentsSilla seeks the advice of his sister Celia on his approach with Giunia and she advises subtlety and kindness (aria: \"Se lusinghiera speme\").Scene 4On Silla's approach, Giunia declares her love for Cecilio and her hate for Silla, her father's enemy (aria: \"Dalla sponda tenebrosa\").Scene 5Alone, Silla, insulted, decides to behave as a tyrant (aria: \"Il desìo di vendetta, e di morte\").Scene 6Cecilio waits by the tomb for Giunia.Scene 7Giunia arrives (chorus and ariosa: \"Fuor di queste urne dolente\").","title":"Synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Act 2","text":"An archway decorated with military trophiesSilla is joined by Celia to whom he tells of his plans to wed Giunia and for Celia to wed her beloved Cinna on this day.Scene 3Cinna restrains Cecilio who has his sword drawn trying to follow Silla, believing he has been instructed by the spirit of Gaius Marius to seek revenge. Cinna tells him to consider Giunia and his rage is controlled (aria: \"Quest' improvviso trèmito\").Scene 4[??]Giunia consults with Cinna who suggests she accept Silla's proposal and then murder him in their wedding bed. Giunia refuses, stating that vengeance is for Heaven alone to consider. She asks Cinna to make sure that Cecilio stays hidden from danger (aria: \"Ah se il crudel periglio\").Scene 5Cinna resolves to kill Silla himself (aria: \"Nel fortunato istante\").Scene 6, Hanging gardensSilla's love for Giunia starts to bring out his compassion.Scene 7Giunia's hateful face angers him again and he threatens her with death but not to die alone (aria: \"D' ogni pieta mi spoglio\").Scene 8With Cecilio, Giunia worries about Silla's words and they part.Scene 9Celia asks Giunia to accept Silla's proposal for the sake of happiness saying she is also to be married to Cinna (aria: \"Quando sugl' arsi campi\").Scene 10Giunia ponders her wretchedness.Scene 11, the CapitolSilla asks the Senate and the people of Rome to reward him as a hero of Rome with the marriage to Giunia.Scene 12When Cecilio appears, there is confrontation (trio: \"Quell' orgoglioso sdegno\").","title":"Synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Act 3","text":"Scene 1: Entrance to the dungeonsCecilio has been imprisoned. Cinna and Celia has gained access and Cinna asks Celia to convince Cecilio to repent and forget his love. Cinna promises to marry Celia if she is successful, for which she is hopeful (aria: \"Strider sento la procella\").Scene 2Whilst Cecilio accepts his fate Cinna tells him not to worry, Silla's heart over his head will bring about his own downfall (aria: \"De' più superbi il core\").Scene 3Silla has allowed Giunia one last visit to Cecilio and they say their farewells (aria: \"Pupille amate\").Scene 4Giunia alone with her thoughts of Cecilio's impending death thinks of her own (aria: \"Frà I pensier più funesti di morte\").Scene 5: The audience chamberBefore the Senators and the people of Rome, to everybody's surprise, Silla declares that he wishes Cecilio to live and marry Giunia. When questioned on his silence, Cinna declares his hatred of Silla and his intention of killing him. Silla issues his \"punishment\" to Cinna that he should marry his beloved Celia. He further declares that he will step down as dictator and restore liberty to Rome. He explains that he has seen proof that innocence and a virtuous heart is triumphant over power and glory. The people of Rome celebrate liberty and the greatness of Silla.","title":"Synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Act 1\"Dalla sponda tenebrosa\" – Giunia\n\"Il desio di vendetta\" – Silla\n\"Il tenero momento\" – Cecilio\n\"Se lusinghiera speme\" – Celia\n\"Vieni ov'amor t'invita\" – Lucio CinnaAct 2\"Guerrier che d'un acciaro\" – Aufidio\n\"Nel fortunato istante\" – Lucio Cinna\n\"Parto, m'affretto\" – Giunia\n\"Ah se a morir\" – Cecilio\n\"Ah se il crudel periglio\" – Giunia\n\"D'ogni pietà mi spoglio\" – Silla\n\"Quando sugl'arsi campi\" – Celia\n\"Quest' improvviso tremito\" – Cecilio\n\"Se il labbro timido\" – CeliaAct 3\"De più superbi il core\" – Lucio Cinna\n\"Fra i pensier\" – Giunia\n\"Pupille amate\" – Cecilio\n\"Strider sento la procella\" – Celia","title":"Noted arias"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fiorenza Cossotto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiorenza_Cossotto"},{"link_name":"Coro Polifonico di Milano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coro_Polifonico_di_Milano&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Orchestra da Camera dell'Angelicum di Milano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orchestra_da_Camera_dell%27Angelicum_di_Milano&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carlo Felice Cillario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Felice_Cillario"},{"link_name":"RCA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCA_Records"},{"link_name":"Júlia Várady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BAlia_V%C3%A1rady"},{"link_name":"Arleen Augér","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arleen_Auger"},{"link_name":"Helen Donath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Donath"},{"link_name":"Peter Schreier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Schreier"},{"link_name":"Werner Krenn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Krenn"},{"link_name":"Edith Mathis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Mathis"},{"link_name":"Salzburger Rundfunkchor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salzburger_Rundfunkchor&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mozarteum-Orchester Salzburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozarteum_Orchestra_Salzburg"},{"link_name":"Leopold Hager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_Hager"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Grammophon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Grammophon"},{"link_name":"Complete Mozart Edition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Complete_Mozart_Edition"},{"link_name":"Philips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philips_Records"},{"link_name":"Gottfried Kraus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gottfried_Kraus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ann Murray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Murray"},{"link_name":"Lella Cuberli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lella_Cuberli"},{"link_name":"Anthony Rolfe Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Rolfe_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Orchestre et Chœrs du Théâtre Royal de la Monnaie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Monnaie"},{"link_name":"Sylvain Cambreling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvain_Cambreling"},{"link_name":"Brilliant Classics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brilliant_Classics"},{"link_name":"Cecilia Bartoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecilia_Bartoli"},{"link_name":"Edita Gruberová","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edita_Gruberov%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Dawn Upshaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawn_Upshaw"},{"link_name":"Yvonne Kenny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvonne_Kenny"},{"link_name":"Arnold Schoenberg Chor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg_Choir"},{"link_name":"Concentus Musicus Wien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentus_Musicus_Wien"},{"link_name":"Nikolaus Harnoncourt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaus_Harnoncourt"},{"link_name":"Teldec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teldec"},{"link_name":"period instruments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historically_informed_performance"},{"link_name":"Annick Massis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annick_Massis"},{"link_name":"Julia Kleiter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Kleiter"},{"link_name":"Roberto Saccà","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Sacc%C3%A0"},{"link_name":"Orchestra and Chorus of Teatro La Fenice di Venezia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Fenice"},{"link_name":"Tomáš Netopil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1_Netopil"},{"link_name":"La Fenice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Fenice"},{"link_name":"Jürgen Flimm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Flimm"},{"link_name":"DVD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD"},{"link_name":"CD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD"},{"link_name":"Dynamic Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_(record_label)"},{"link_name":"Henriette Bonde-Hansen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henriette_Bonde-Hansen"},{"link_name":"Vocal Group Ars Nova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ars_Nova_Copenhagen"},{"link_name":"Danish Radio Sinfonietta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_Radio_Sinfonietta"},{"link_name":"Ádám Fischer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81d%C3%A1m_Fischer"},{"link_name":"Dacapo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacapo_Records"}],"text":"1962 – Fiorenza Cossotto (Cecilio), Dora Gatta (Giunia), Rena Gary Falachi (Celia), Ferrando Ferrari (Lucio Silla), Luigi Pontiggia (Aufidio), Anna Maria Rota (Lucio Cinna) – Coro Polifonico di Milano, Orchestra da Camera dell'Angelicum di Milano, Carlo Felice Cillario (RCA)\n1980 – Júlia Várady (Cecilio), Arleen Augér (Giunia), Helen Donath (Celia), Peter Schreier (Lucio Silla), Werner Krenn (Aufidio), Edith Mathis (Lucio Cinna) – Salzburger Rundfunkchor, Mozarteum-Orchester Salzburg, Leopold Hager (Deutsche Grammophon). Recorded in 1980 for Deutsche Grammophon, it was later reissued in 1991 as part of the Complete Mozart Edition on Philips (Vol. 32), and then again in 2000 as part of the Complete Mozart Compact Edition, where it was included in Box 13 (Early Italian Operas), with no libretto and stripped down booklets. The original 1991 release included an extensive booklet consisting of the complete libretto in Italian, English, German and French, as well as notes by Gottfried Kraus, and paintings and illustrations. It's still regarded as the most complete recording, and is now the reference version of the opera.\n1985 – Ann Murray (Cecilio), Lella Cuberli (Giunia), Christine Barbaux (Celia), Anthony Rolfe Johnson (Lucio Silla), Ad van Baasbank (Aufidio), Britt-Marie Aruhn (Lucio Cinna) – Orchestre et Chœrs du Théâtre Royal de la Monnaie, Sylvain Cambreling (Brilliant Classics)\n1989 – Cecilia Bartoli (Cecilio), Edita Gruberová (Giunia), Dawn Upshaw (Celia), Peter Schreier (Lucio Silla), Yvonne Kenny (Lucio Cinna) – Arnold Schoenberg Chor, Concentus Musicus Wien, Nikolaus Harnoncourt (Teldec). Recorded between June and September of 1989, it was the first recording of the opera on period instruments, and Harnoncourt chose to add some of his own touches. He removed the minor character of Aufidio altogether, as well as cutting some irrelevant numbers, making it shorter than Hager's 1980 recording. This is also due to the sometimes overly-fast paces that Harnoncourt chooses to apply, which is often disliked or criticized by music critics.\n2006 – Monica Bacelli (Cecilio), Annick Massis (Giunia), Julia Kleiter (Celia), Roberto Saccà (Lucio Silla), Stefano Ferrari (Aufidio), Veronica Cangemi (Lucio Cinna) – Orchestra and Chorus of Teatro La Fenice di Venezia, Tomáš Netopil (Deutsche Grammophon). Originally recorded at La Fenice in 2006, staged and directed by Jürgen Flimm, it was released in 2006 in DVD form on Deutsche Grammophon, and was late reissued in 2007 in CD form on Dynamic Records (licensed from DG). It was remastered in digital for the CD release.\n2008 – Kristina Hammarström (Cecilio), Simone Nold (Giunia), Susanne Elmark (Celia), Lothar Odinius (Lucio Silla), Jakob Næslund Madsen (Aufidio), Henriette Bonde-Hansen (Lucio Cinna) – Vocal Group Ars Nova, Danish Radio Sinfonietta, Ádám Fischer (Dacapo)","title":"Recordings"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Santa Fe opera's performance database\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.santafeopera.org/thecompany/overview/operaarchives.aspx?id=406","url_text":"\"Santa Fe opera's performance database\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lucio Silla by Mozart – Opera\". Operabase. 9 July 2021. Retrieved 15 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.operabase.com/works/lucio-silla-3947/performances/en","url_text":"\"Lucio Silla by Mozart – Opera\""}]},{"reference":"\"Temporada 2016/17 | Liceu Opera Barcelona\". www.liceubarcelona.cat.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.liceubarcelona.cat/en/properament_2016","url_text":"\"Temporada 2016/17 | Liceu Opera Barcelona\""}]},{"reference":"Apthorp, Shirley (7 August 2013). \"Falstaff/Lucio Silla/Jeanne d'Arc, Salzburg Festival – review\". The Financial Times. Retrieved 20 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ft.com/content/2848cbce-fe8a-11e2-b9b0-00144feabdc0","url_text":"\"Falstaff/Lucio Silla/Jeanne d'Arc, Salzburg Festival – review\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lucio Silla\". Teatro Real. 13 September 2017. Retrieved 15 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.teatroreal.es/en/show/lucio-silla","url_text":"\"Lucio Silla\""}]},{"reference":"Vergels, Emil (12 October 2017). \"Five reasons to go and see La Monnaie's Lucio Silla\". thewordmagazine.com. Retrieved 20 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://thewordmagazine.com/art/exhibition-reviews/five-reasons-to-go-and-see-la-monnaies-lucio-silla/","url_text":"\"Five reasons to go and see La Monnaie's Lucio Silla\""}]},{"reference":"Holden, Amanda, ed. (2001). The New Penguin Opera Guide. New York: Penguin Putnam. ISBN 0-14-029312-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanda_Holden_(writer)","url_text":"Holden, Amanda"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780140514759","url_text":"The New Penguin Opera Guide"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-029312-4","url_text":"0-14-029312-4"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shall_We_Kiss%3F
Shall We Kiss?
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Reception","4 References","5 External links"]
2007 French filmShall We Kiss?Directed byEmmanuel MouretWritten byEmmanuel MouretProduced byFrédéric NiedermayerStarringVirginie Ledoyen Emmanuel Mouret Julie GayetCinematographyLaurent DesmetEdited byMartial SalomonProductioncompaniesArte France CinémaMoby Dick FilmsTPS StarDistributed byTFM DistributionRelease dates 4 September 2007 (2007-09-04) (Venice) 12 December 2007 (2007-12-12) (France) Running time96 minutesCountryFranceLanguageFrench Shall We Kiss? (French title: Un baiser s'il vous plaît) is a 2007 French romantic comedy film directed by Emmanuel Mouret that stars Mouret himself with Virginie Ledoyen, Julie Gayet, Michaël Cohen, Frédérique Bel and Stefano Accorsi. Through frame stories, it light-heartedly explores some of the byways of adulterous passion, ending sombrely. Plot On a business trip to Nantes, Émilie is given a lift by Gabriel and agrees to meet him for dinner. When he takes her back to her hotel and asks for a goodnight kiss, she says a kiss can have undesired results and then offers to explain. In Paris her friend Judith, married to Claudio, shared all her confidences with her bachelor friend Nicolas. One day Nicolas told Judith he was desperate to have a woman, but felt it dishonest to get to know somebody for that sole purpose. Judith suggested trying a prostitute, which Nicolas had never done, but it was an expensive disaster as the girl went crazy when he tried to kiss her. Nicolas then asked if Judith would let him kiss her, just a purely physical thing, and the two ended up in bed. An intermittent secret affair followed. Even though Nicolas met and started living with Câline, he could not stop seeing Judith. To resolve the burden of guilt each felt towards their innocent partners, the pair decided Câline should be persuaded to seduce Claudio. Unfortunately for their plan, Claudio overheard the plot and told Câline. Left on their own, the two guilty lovers had to face the fact that they had badly wounded their faithful ex-partners, who had done nothing to deserve such treatment. Ending her story, Émilie says Gabriel can have a proper goodnight kiss, provided he leaves in silence and never tries to see her again. Cast Virginie Ledoyen: Judith (research scientist) Emmanuel Mouret: Nicolas (mathematics teacher), Judith's best friend Julie Gayet: Émilie (fabric designer), friend of Judith's Michaël Cohen: Gabriel (art restorer), attracted to Émilie Frédérique Bel: Câline (air hostess), Nicolas' girlfriend Stefano Accorsi: Claudio (pharmacist), Judith's husband Marie Madinier: Églantine (prostitute) Reception The film received mostly positive reviews. On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 78% of 74 critics' reviews are positive, with an average rating of 6.6/10. The website's consensus reads: "Shall We Kiss? combines just enough romance and laughs to make for a charming French take on Woody Allen comedies." References ^ Shall We Kiss? Official Site, http://www.shallwekiss.com/ ^ "Shall We Kiss? (2007)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved April 29, 2023. External links Shall We Kiss? at IMDb vteFilms directed by Emmanuel Mouret Shall We Kiss? (2007) Fais-moi plaisir! (2009) The Art of Love (2011) Another Life (2013) Caprice (2015) Lady J (2018) Love Affair(s) (2020) Diary of a Fleeting Affair (2022) This article about a 2000s romantic comedy film is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article related to a French film of the 2000s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"romantic comedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_comedy"},{"link_name":"Emmanuel Mouret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Mouret"},{"link_name":"Virginie Ledoyen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginie_Ledoyen"},{"link_name":"Julie Gayet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie_Gayet"},{"link_name":"Michaël Cohen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micha%C3%ABl_Cohen"},{"link_name":"Frédérique Bel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9rique_Bel"},{"link_name":"Stefano Accorsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefano_Accorsi"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Shall We Kiss? (French title: Un baiser s'il vous plaît) is a 2007 French romantic comedy film directed by Emmanuel Mouret that stars Mouret himself with Virginie Ledoyen, Julie Gayet, Michaël Cohen, Frédérique Bel and Stefano Accorsi.[1] Through frame stories, it light-heartedly explores some of the byways of adulterous passion, ending sombrely.","title":"Shall We Kiss?"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"On a business trip to Nantes, Émilie is given a lift by Gabriel and agrees to meet him for dinner. When he takes her back to her hotel and asks for a goodnight kiss, she says a kiss can have undesired results and then offers to explain.In Paris her friend Judith, married to Claudio, shared all her confidences with her bachelor friend Nicolas. One day Nicolas told Judith he was desperate to have a woman, but felt it dishonest to get to know somebody for that sole purpose. Judith suggested trying a prostitute, which Nicolas had never done, but it was an expensive disaster as the girl went crazy when he tried to kiss her. Nicolas then asked if Judith would let him kiss her, just a purely physical thing, and the two ended up in bed.An intermittent secret affair followed. Even though Nicolas met and started living with Câline, he could not stop seeing Judith. To resolve the burden of guilt each felt towards their innocent partners, the pair decided Câline should be persuaded to seduce Claudio. Unfortunately for their plan, Claudio overheard the plot and told Câline. Left on their own, the two guilty lovers had to face the fact that they had badly wounded their faithful ex-partners, who had done nothing to deserve such treatment.Ending her story, Émilie says Gabriel can have a proper goodnight kiss, provided he leaves in silence and never tries to see her again.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Virginie Ledoyen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginie_Ledoyen"},{"link_name":"Emmanuel Mouret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Mouret"},{"link_name":"Julie Gayet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie_Gayet"},{"link_name":"Michaël Cohen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micha%C3%ABl_Cohen"},{"link_name":"Frédérique Bel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9rique_Bel"},{"link_name":"Stefano Accorsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefano_Accorsi"}],"text":"Virginie Ledoyen: Judith (research scientist)\nEmmanuel Mouret: Nicolas (mathematics teacher), Judith's best friend\nJulie Gayet: Émilie (fabric designer), friend of Judith's\nMichaël Cohen: Gabriel (art restorer), attracted to Émilie\nFrédérique Bel: Câline (air hostess), Nicolas' girlfriend\nStefano Accorsi: Claudio (pharmacist), Judith's husband\nMarie Madinier: Églantine (prostitute)","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"review aggregator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Review_aggregator"},{"link_name":"Rotten Tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The film received mostly positive reviews. On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 78% of 74 critics' reviews are positive, with an average rating of 6.6/10. The website's consensus reads: \"Shall We Kiss? combines just enough romance and laughs to make for a charming French take on Woody Allen comedies.\"[2]","title":"Reception"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Shall We Kiss? (2007)\". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved April 29, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/shall_we_kiss/","url_text":"\"Shall We Kiss? (2007)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes","url_text":"Rotten Tomatoes"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.shallwekiss.com/","external_links_name":"http://www.shallwekiss.com/"},{"Link":"http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/shall_we_kiss/","external_links_name":"\"Shall We Kiss? (2007)\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0920473/","external_links_name":"Shall We Kiss?"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shall_We_Kiss%3F&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shall_We_Kiss%3F&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Monrovia
SS Monrovia
["1 Description","2 History","3 References"]
Coordinates: 44°35′25″N 82°33′12″W / 44.59028°N 82.55333°W / 44.59028; -82.55333French cargo ship Passageway in shipwreck History Name Empire Falstaff (1943–45) Commandant Mantelet (1945–50) Commandant le Bilboul (1950-54) Monrovia (1954-59) Owner Ministry of War Transport (1943–45) French Government (1945–50) Société Navale Delmas-Vieljeux (1950–54) Eastern Shipping Corporation (1954–59) Operator Gibbs & Co Ltd (1943–45) Compagnie de Transports Oceaniques (1945–50) Société Navale Delmas-Vieljeux (1950–54) Eastern Shipping Corporation (1954–59) Port of registry Greenock, United Kingdom (1943–45) Cherbourg, France (1945–50) La Rochelle (1950–54) Monrovia, Liberia (1954–59) BuilderLithgows Ltd Yard number981 Launched8 April 1943 CompletedMay 1943 Maiden voyage25 June 1943 Out of service26 May 1959 Identification United Kingdom Official Number 169502 (1943–45) Code Letters BFGV (1943–45) Code Letters ELOF (1954–56) FateRammed and sunk General characteristics TypeCargo ship Tonnage 7,067 GRT 4,808 NRT 9,950 DWT Length432 ft 7 in (131.85 m) Beam56 ft 2 in (17.12 m) Draught26 ft 3 in (8.00 m) Depth34 ft 2 in (10.41 m) PropulsionTriple expansion steam engine, single screw propeller class=notpageimage| Location where Monrovia sank in Lake Huron off the coast of Michigan. Monrovia was a 7,067 GRT cargo ship that was built in 1943 by Lithgows Ltd, Glasgow, United Kingdom as Empire Falstaff for the Ministry of War Transport (MoWT). In 1945, she was transferred to the French Government and renamed Commandant Mantelet. She was sold into merchant service in 1950 and renamed Commandant le Bilboul. In 1954, she was sold to a Liberian company and renamed Monrovia, serving until 1959 when she was in collision with another ship in Lake Huron, United States and sank. Description The ship was built in 1943 by Lithgows Ltd, Glasgow. She was yard number 981. The ship was 432 feet 7 inches (131.85 m) long, with a beam of 56 feet 2 inches (17.12 m). She had a depth of 34 feet 2 inches (10.41 m) and a draught of 26 feet 3 inches (8.00 m). She was assessed at 7,067 GRT, 4,808 NRT. 9,950 DWT. The ship was propelled by a triple expansion steam engine, which had cylinders of 251⁄2 inches (65 cm), 371⁄2 inches (95 cm) and 68 inches (170 cm) diameter by 48 inches (120 cm) stroke. The engine was built by Rankin & Blackmore, Glasgow and drove a single screw propeller. History Empire Falstaff was launched on 8 April 1943 and completed in May 1943. The Code Letters BFGV and United Kingdom Official Number 169502 were allocated. Her port of registry was Greenock. She was operated under the management of Gibbs & Co Ltd. Empire Falstaff made her maiden voyage as part of Convoy KMS19G, which departed from the Clyde on 25 June and passed Gibraltar on 6 July, becoming Convoy KMS19, which arrived at Malta on 22 July as part of Operation Husky. Empire Falstaff then joined Convoy KMS19T, which departed from Malta on 23 July and arrived at Tripoli, Libya the next day. She departed from Tripoli on 26 July as a member of Convoy MKS19Y, which arrived at Gibraltar on 31 July. Empire Falstaff left the convoy at Bizerta, Algeria the next day. Empire Falstaff departed from Bizerta on 4 September to join Convoy GUS14, which had departed from Alexandria, Egypt on 30 August and arrived at the Hampton Roads, Virginia, United States on 26 September. She left the convoy at Bougie, Algeria on 6 September. Empire Falstaff departed from Bougie on 21 September to join Convoy KMS26, which had departed from Gibraltar on 18 September and arrived at Port Said, Egypt on 29 September. She left the convoy at Malta on 24 September. She then sailed to Naples, Italy, from where she departed on 14 October for Malta, arriving two days later. Empire Falstaff sailed from Malta on 24 October and arrived at Tripoli the next day. Empire Falstaff departed from Tripoli on 28 October with Convoy TX6 to Alexandria. She departed from Alexandria on 13 November to join Convoy MKS31, which had departed from Port Said that day and arrived at Gibraltar on 23 November. She left the convoy at Augusta, Sicily, Italy, from where she sailed on 19 November with Convoy AH9A, which arrived at Bari, Italy two days later. She left the convoy at Taranto. Empire Falstaff departed from Taranto on 28 November to join Convoy HA10, which had departed from Brindisi that day and arrived at Augusta on 30 November. She departed from Augusta on 2 December to join Convoy GUS23, which had departed from Port Said on 27 November and arrived at the Hampton Roads on 25 December. She left the convoy at Bizerta on 4 December, sailing four days later to join Convoy MKS33, which had departed from Alexandria on 2 December and arrived at Gibraltar on 13 December. She left the convoy at Philippeville, Algeria the next day. Empire Falstaff departed from Philippeville on 23 December and sailed to Augusta, arriving on 26 December. She departed the next day with Convoy AH15, which arrived at Bari on 30 December. She left the convoy at Taranto on 29 December. View of Lieutenant General George S. Patton's Seventh Army staff aboard SS Monrovia, en route to Sicily, June/July 1943. Empire Falstaff departed from Taranto on 5 January 1944 to join Convoy HA16, which had departed from Bari that day and arrived at Augusta two days later. She sailed three days later to join Convoy GUS27, which had departed from Port Said on 5 January and arrived at the Hampton Roads on 4 February. She left the convoy at Gibraltar on 16 January. Empire Falstaff departed from Gibraltar on 26 January for Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, where she arrived on 17 February. She sailed on 1 March for Freetown, Sierra Leone, arriving on 14 March. Empire Falstaff departed from Freetown on 22 March as a member of Convoy SL153, which rendezvoused at sea with Convoy MKS44 on 2 April. She was carrying a cargo of iron ore and eight passengers. The combined convoy arrived at Liverpool, Lancashire on 13 April. Empire Falstaff continued on to Loch Ewe and joined Convoy WN570, which arrived at Methil, Fife on 15 April. She then joined Convoy FS1424, which departed from Methil on 16 April and arrived at Southend, Essex on 18 April. She left the convoy at Middlesbrough, Yorkshire on 17 April. Empire Falstaff then sailed to Southend. She spent July and the first week in August 1944 sailing between Southend and the Seine Bay in various convoys, arriving back at Southend on 6 August. Empire Falstaff departed from Southend on 24 August as a member of Convoy FN1459, which arrived at Methil on 26 August. She left the convoy at the River Tyne on 26 August, departing the next day to join Convoy FN1461, which had departed from Southend that day and arrived at Methil on 28 August. She then joined Convoy EN428 which departed the next day and arrived at Loch Ewe on 31 August. Empire Falstaff then sailed to Sydney, Nova Scotia, Canada, where she joined Convoy SQ93, which departed on 15 September and arrived at Father Point, Quebec three days later. She then sailed to Red Islet, from where she joined Convoy QS94, which sailed on 29 September and arrived at Sydney on 3 October. Empire Falstaff arrived at Halifax, Nova Scotia on 5 October. Laden with a cargo of lumber, she departed with Convoy SC159 on 18 October, arriving at Liverpool on 2 November. Empire Falstaff departed from Liverpool on 28 November with Convoy ONS37, which arrived at Halifax on 21 December. Her destination was New York, United States. She then joined Convoy XB138, which arrived at Boston, Massachusetts, United States on 23 December. She left the convoy at the Cape Cod Canal on 22 December and arrived at New York two days later. Empire Falstaff departed from New York on 17 January 1945 as a member of Convoy NG484, which arrived at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba on 23 January. She then joined Convoy GAT 186, which arrived at Trinidad on 29 January. Empire Falstaff was the only member of Convoy TJ63, which departed from Trinidad on 30 January and arrived at Rio de Janeiro on 16 February. The convoy was listed as being bound for Cape Town, South Africa, which is where she arrived on 28 February. She sailed from Cape Town on 3 March, arriving at Durban, South Africa five days later. Empire Falstaff departed from Durban on 4 April for Aden, arriving on 21 April and departing the next day. She arrived at Suez, Egypt on 29 April and the sailed to Port Said, arriving the next day and Alexandria the day after that. Empire Falstaff departed from Alexandria on 14 May for Gibraltar, arriving on 23 May. Laden with a cargo of cotton and onions, she departed on 25 May as a member of Convoy MKS103G, which arrived at Liverpool on 1 June. She left the convoy in British waters and arrived at Swansea, Glamorgan on 31 May. She departed from Swansea on 13 June and arrived at Newport, Monmouthshire the next day. Empire Falstaff departed from Newport on 28 June for Cherbourg, Seine-Maritime, arriving two days later. She was sold to the French Government and renamed Commandant Mantelet. She was operated under the management of Compagnie de Transports Oceaniques, Cherbourg. On 5 February 1950, Commandant Mantelet suffered machinery damage off the Île de Sein, Finistère (47°15′N 4°54′W / 47.250°N 4.900°W / 47.250; -4.900) and requested assistance. The tug Abeille 25 was sent to her aid. Before the tug arrived, temporary repairs had been made and she was able to steam slowly to Le Verdon-sur-Mer, Marne, escorted by Abeille 25. In 1954, she was sold to Société Navale Delmas Vieljeux, La Rochelle and renamed Commandant le Bilboul. In 1954, Commandant le Bilboul was sold to the Eastern Shipping Corporation, Monrovia, Liberia and renamed Monrovia. The Code Letters ELOF were allocated. On 26 May 1959, she was rammed by Royalston in Lake Huron 11 nautical miles (20 km) north of Thunder Bay Island, Michigan, United States (44°35′25″N 82°33′12″W / 44.59028°N 82.55333°W / 44.59028; -82.55333) during foggy weather and sank. She was on a voyage from Antwerp, Belgium to Chicago, Illinois, United States. Her crew survived. The wreck lies upright in 140 feet (43 m) deep water. References ^ a b c d e Mitchell, W.H.; Sawyer, L.A. (1995). The Empire Ships. London, New York, Hamburg, Hong Kong: Lloyd's of London Press Ltd. p. not cited. ISBN 1-85044-275-4. ^ "ss EMPIRE FALSTAFF". Clydesite. Archived from the original on 16 January 2014. Retrieved 14 January 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) ^ a b c d "LLOYD'S REGISTER, STEAMERS & MOTORSHIPS" (PDF). Plimsoll Ship Data. Retrieved 6 November 2011. ^ a b Perchoc, Yvon. "L'ABEILLE 25... une activité très intense" (in French). Marine Marchande. Retrieved 14 January 2014. ^ "Convoy KMS.19G". Convoyweb. Retrieved 14 January 2014. ^ "Convoy KMS.19". Convoyweb. Retrieved 14 January 2014. ^ "Convoy KMS.19T". Convoyweb. Retrieved 14 January 2014. ^ "Convoy MKS.19Y". Convoyweb. Retrieved 14 January 2014. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y "EMPIRE FALSTAFF". Convoyweb. Retrieved 14 January 2014. ^ "Convoy GUS.14". Convoyweb. Retrieved 14 January 2014. ^ "Convoy KMS.26". Convoyweb. Retrieved 14 January 2014. ^ "Convoy MKS.31". Convoyweb. Retrieved 14 January 2014. ^ "Convoy AH.9A". Convoyweb. Retrieved 14 January 2014. ^ "Convoy HA.10". Convoyweb. Retrieved 14 January 2014. ^ "Convoy GUS.23". Convoyweb. Retrieved 14 January 2014. ^ "Convoy MKS.33". Convoyweb. Retrieved 14 January 2014. ^ "Convoy AH.15". Convoyweb. Retrieved 14 January 2014. ^ "Convoy HA.16". Convoyweb. Retrieved 14 January 2014. ^ "Convoy GUS.27". Convoyweb. Retrieved 14 January 2014. ^ "Convoy SL.153". Convoyweb. Retrieved 14 January 2014. ^ "Convoy MKS.44". Convoyweb. Retrieved 14 January 2014. ^ "Convoy FS.1424 = Convoy FS.24 / Phase 15". Convoyweb. Retrieved 14 January 2014. ^ "Convoy FN.1459 = Convoy FN.59 / Phase 14". Convoyweb. Retrieved 14 January 2014. ^ "Convoy FN.1459 = Convoy FN.61 / Phase 15". Convoyweb. Retrieved 14 January 2014. ^ "Convoy SQ.93". Convoyweb. Retrieved 14 January 2014. ^ "Convoy QS.94". Convoyweb. Retrieved 14 January 2014. ^ "Convoy SC.159". Convoyweb. Retrieved 14 January 2014. ^ "Convoy ONS.37". Convoyweb. Retrieved 14 January 2014. ^ "Convoy XB.138". Convoyweb. Retrieved 14 January 2014. ^ "Convoy NG.484". Convoyweb. Retrieved 14 January 2014. ^ "Convoy GAT.186". Convoyweb. Retrieved 14 January 2014. ^ "Convoy TJ.163". Convoyweb. Retrieved 14 January 2014. ^ "Convoy MKS.103G". Convoyweb. Retrieved 14 January 2014. ^ "BRITISH MERCHANT SHIPS FOR FRANCE". The Times. No. 50220. London. 14 August 1945. col E, p. 2. ^ a b "Delmas Frères / Delmas-Vieljeux / Société Navale Delmas Vieljeux (SNDV) / SCAC-Delmas-Vieljeux (SDV), La Rochelle, Le Havre". The Ships List. Archived from the original on 9 May 2012. Retrieved 6 November 2011. ^ a b c "Monrovia". National Oceanographic & Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 14 January 2014. ^ "Great Lakes Shipwrecks M". Boatnerd. Retrieved 14 January 2014. vteEmpire shipsBy suffix, Empire x A B Ca–Cl Co–Cy D E F G H I–J K L M N O P R Sa–Sh Si–Sy Ta–Te Th–Ty U–Z See also: Fort ship, Liberty ship, Park ship, Ocean ship, Victory ship. vteShipwrecks and maritime incidents in 1959Shipwrecks 23 Jan: Natone 25 Jan: Yandra 30 Jan: Hans Hedtoft 19 Feb: Marios II 3 Mar: USS Cassia County 13 Mar: USS Lyon County 13 Apr: Alkaira 26 May: Monrovia 9 Jun: Margaret Rose 15 Jun: Ocean Layer 29 Jul: River Witham, HMS Upstart 24 Nov: Holmglen 8 Dec: RNLB Mona 9 Dec: Elfrida Unknown date: USS Esmeraldo County, Kwinana Other incidents 26 Mar: Santa Rosa 13 Apr: Holdernith 15 Apr: Spurn Lightship 13 Dec: Tyne Breeze 1958 1960 vteRecreational dive sitesReef diving regions Akumal Aliwal Shoal Marine Protected Area Aliwal Shoal Amed (Bali) Anilao Apo Island Apo Reef Arrecifes de Cozumel National Park Bay of Pigs Belize Barrier Reef Biscayne National Park Bohol Sea Bowie Seamount Bunaken Bunaken National Park Cahuita National Park Calve Island Capurganá Ċirkewwa Cliff Villa Peninsula Cozumel Dhilba Guuranda-Innes National Park Edmonds Underwater Park El Ikhwa Islands False Bay Għar Qawqla Gili Islands Great Barrier Reef Great Southern Reef Guadalupe Island Biosphere Reserve Haql Hol Chan Marine Reserve iSimangaliso Marine Protected Area Sodwana Bay John Pennekamp Coral Reef State Park Kadmat Island Ko Tao Lighthouse Reef Mantanani Islands Malapascua Martin's Haven Marsa Alam Molasses Reef Molokini Neptune Islands Osprey Reef Palancar Reef Panglao, Bohol Pescador Island Petit Saint Vincent Poor Knights Islands Porteau Cove Provincial Park Puerto Galera Punta Cana Ras Muhammad National Park Rondo Island Rottnest Island San Andrés (island) San Pedro Nolasco Island Shaʽb Abu Nuħas Shadwan Island Similan Islands Sipadan Socorro Island Sound of Mull St. Crispin's Reef Table Mountain National Park Marine Protected Area Taganga Tsitsikamma Marine Protected Area Tubbataha Reef Utila Wakatobi Regency Weh Island Reef dive sites Azure Window Cod Hole Daedalus Reef Darwin's Arch Devil's Throat at Punta Sur Elphinstone Reef Eyemouth Fanadir Frederiksted Pier French Reef Fowey Rocks Light Gamul Kebir Hillsea Point Rock Inland Sea, Gozo Kennack Sands The Manacles Magic Point Octopus Hole Pope's Eye Portsea Hole Second Valley Sund Rock St Abbs Stingray City, Grand Cayman Wolf Rock Artificial reefs Edithburgh jetty Gibraltar Artificial Reef Merkanti Reef Port Hughes jetty Port Noarlunga jetty Rapid Bay jetty Shark River Reef South Channel Fort Osborne Reef Underwater artworks Cancún Underwater Museum Christ of the Abyss Circle of Heroes Kristu tal-Baħħara Molinere Underwater Sculpture Park Snorkelling sites Fungus Rock Wreck diving regions Bullhead Point Historical and Archeological District Calve Island Chuuk Lagoon Coron Bay Edmonds Underwater Park Shipwrecks of Isle Royale Loch Long Maritime Heritage Trail – Battle of Saipan Michigan Underwater Preserves Pearl and Hermes Atoll Porteau Cove Provincial Park Robben Island Marine Protected Area Scapa Flow Table Mountain National Park Marine Protected Area Tulagi Tulamben Thunder Bay National Marine Sanctuary List of shipwrecks in the Thunder Bay National Marine Sanctuary Ve Skerries Wardang Island Western Rocks, Isles of Scilly Whitefish Point Underwater Preserve Wreck Alley, San Diego Wreck dive sites 115 (barge) A HMS A1 HMS A3 USS Aaron Ward Abessinia USS Accokeek HMAS Adelaide SS Admiral Sampson MV Adolphus Busch Aeolian Sky USS Aeolus Agat World War II Amtrac SS Ajax Albert C. Field USS Algol SS Algoma Al Munassir Amaryllis SS America USS Anderson Andrea Doria Antilla Antilles USS Apogon SS Appomattox Aquila Aratama Maru Arctic USS Arkansas SS Arratoon Apcar USS Arthur W. Radford SS Atlanta USS Atlanta (CL-51) SS Australasia B HMAS Bayonet SS Ben Doran SS Benwood Bianca C. USCGC Bibb SS Binnendijk USS Blenny HMS Boadicea Booya HMSAS Bloemfontein Breda Brian Davis HMAS Brisbane HMHS Britannic Bud Bar Bungsberg Byron C HMAS Canberra HMCS Cape Breton USCGC Cape Henlopen Captain Keith Tibbetts Carl D. Bradley USS Carlisle Carnatic Carthaginian II SS Cayuga SS Cedarville Christina Nilsson City of Bangor SS City of Everett SS City of Launceston HMCS Chaudière ROCS Chen Hai Chester A. Congdon SS Clan Ranald SS Clifton USCGC Comanche SS Comet Constandis HMAS Coogee Cormoran Cornelia B. Windiate HMS Coronation Crusader PS Cumberland USS Curb USCGC Cuyahoga D MV Dania Daniel Lyons David Tucker SMS Dresden SS D.R. Hanna USCGC Duane Dunraven SS Dwight L. Moody E Eagle Eastfield SS Eber Ward SS Edgar E. Clark HMT Elk Ellengowan USS Emmons SS Emperor RMS Empress of Ireland SS Erie L. Hackley SS Espagne SS Etruria F HMS Falmouth Fifi Fleetwing SS Francisco Morazan SS Francis Hinton SS Frank O'Connor F.T. Barney Fujikawa Maru Fumizuki G Gallinipper SATS General Botha USNS General Hoyt S. Vandenberg George A. Marsh SS George Dewey George M. Cox Georg Thiele HMS Ghurka USS Gilliam SS Glenlyon Glen Strathallan SAS Good Hope HMAS Goorangai Gothenburg Grace A. Channon SS Grecian Green Bay MV Gregory Poole Gunilda H MT Haven SS Henry Chisholm MT Hephaestus Hermann Künne HMS Hermes Herzogin Cecilie SS Hesper Hilma Hooker Hispania Home HMS Hood HMAS Hobart I Igara USS Indra SS Ironsides SS Isaac M. Scott Island City J HMAS J1 HMAS J2 HMAS J4 HMAS J5 James Eagan Layne J.S. Seaverns SS John B. Cowle John M. Osborn SS John Mitchell Jura K SS Kamloops Kashi Maru PS Keystone State King Cruiser USS Kittiwake Kizugawa Maru SMS Kronprinz Kyarra Kyle Spangler L PS Lady Elgin Lady Thetis HMS Laforey SS Lakeland USS Lamson USAT Liberty SS Louisiana Louis Sheid SS L.R. Doty USS LST-507 Lumberman M HMS M2 HMCS Mackenzie Madeira SMS Markgraf SS Marquette Mayflower (scow) Mikhail Lermontov Maine Maloja HMS Maori SS Maori SS Margaret Olwill Marguerite SS Mauna Loa USAT Meigs Mendi MV Mercedes I USCGC Mesquite Metamora SS Midland City USS Mindanao Minnedosa SS Miowera SS Milwaukee USS Mizpah Miztec USCGC Mohawk Mohegan RMS Moldavia SS Monarch SS Monrovia HMS Montagu SS M.M. Drake MV RMS Mulheim USS Muliphen SS Myron N Nagato Niagara Niagara (tug) HMCS Nipigon SS Norman Northerner O Oceana SS Onoko USS Oriskany Oslofjord Ozone P P29 P31 SS Panay SS Papoose Pedernales Persier HMAS Perth SS Pewabic SAS Pietermaritzburg USS Pilotfish Piłsudski SS Pioneer USCGC Point Swift Pool Fisher SS Port Kembla HMS Port Napier Preußen President Coolidge HMS Prince of Wales Q PS Queen Victoria R SS R.P. Resor Radaas USS Rankin Rainbow Warrior SS Regina HMS Repulse RMS Rhone Riva Palacio Robert C. Pringle SS Robert Wallace USS Rochester Rondo Rosehill Rosinco Rotorua Rouse Simmons Royal Adelaide Royal Charter Rozi SS Russia S HMS Safari Sagamore HMCS Saguenay Sakawa Salem Express SS Samuel Mather Samuel P. Ely Sanko Harvest USS Saratoga HMCS Saskatchewan SS S.C. Baldwin USS Schurz USS Scuffle USS Scrimmage HMS Scylla SS Selah Chamberlain HMS Sidon USCGC Spar South Australian USS Spiegel Grove Sport Stanegarth Stanwood Stella SS Stepas Darius HMS St Lawrence SS Superior City HMAS Swan Sweepstakes T SS Tahoe USCGC Tamaroa USS Tarpon Thesis Thistlegorm Thomas Friant Thomas Wilson Thunderbolt Wreck Toa Maru HMAS Tobruk Tokai Maru Torrey Canyon SAS Transvaal MV Treasure HMNZS Tui U U-40 U-352 U-1195 Um El Faroud V Varvassi USS Vermilion SS Vernon SS Vienna W HMNZS Waikato Walter L M Russ Washingtonian (1913) PS Waubuno HMNZS Wellington SS Wexford SS William C. Moreland SS Wisconsin USS Wilkes-Barre Y USS Yancey YO-257 Yongala HMCS Yukon Z Zenobia Zealandia Zingara Cave dive sitesCave diving regions of the world Cave dive sites: Blauhöhle Blue hole Blue Hole (Red Sea) Great Blue Hole Blue Hole (Guam) Boesmansgat Cenote Dzibilchaltun Chinhoyi Caves Cocklebiddy, Western Australia Devil's Throat at Punta Sur Engelbrecht Cave Fossil Cave Hranice Abyss Jordbrugrotta Kilsby sinkhole Molnár János Cave Nereo Cave Piccaninnie Ponds Pluragrotta Pollatoomary Ricks Spring The Shaft Sistema Dos Ojos Sistema Huautla Sistema Nohoch Nah Chich Sistema Ox Bel Ha Sistema Sac Actun Uamh an Claonaite Vortex Spring Wakulla Springs Wondergat ZacatónFreshwater dive sites Blue Hole (New Mexico) Blue Lake (Utah) Dinorwic quarry Dorothea quarry Dutch Springs Ewens Ponds Homestead caldera Little Blue Lake Logue Brook Dam Ponce de Leon Spring Rum Jungle Silfra Vortex Spring Wast Water Wazee Lake Training sites Blue Abyss Capernwray Dive Centre Deep Dive Dubai Deepspot Eccleston Quarry Hotel Terme Millepini National Diving and Activity Centre Nemo 33 Seacrest Cove 2 Slickstones Quarry, Cromhall Stoney Cove Swanage Pier Related topics Black-water diving Blue-water diving Low impact diving Recreational diving Scuba diving Scuba diving tourism Underwater archaeology Underwater diving Wall diving Outline of recreational dive sites Category: Underwater diving sites Commons: Category:Recreational dive sites Index of recreational dive sites  Portal:Underwater diving
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USA_Michigan_location_map.svg"},{"link_name":"class=notpageimage|","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USA_Michigan_location_map.svg"},{"link_name":"GRT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_register_tonnage"},{"link_name":"cargo ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cargo_ship"},{"link_name":"Lithgows Ltd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithgows"},{"link_name":"Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow"},{"link_name":"Ministry of War Transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_War_Transport"},{"link_name":"Lake Huron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Huron"}],"text":"French cargo shipclass=notpageimage| Location where Monrovia sank in Lake Huron off the coast of Michigan.Monrovia was a 7,067 GRT cargo ship that was built in 1943 by Lithgows Ltd, Glasgow, United Kingdom as Empire Falstaff for the Ministry of War Transport (MoWT). In 1945, she was transferred to the French Government and renamed Commandant Mantelet. She was sold into merchant service in 1950 and renamed Commandant le Bilboul. In 1954, she was sold to a Liberian company and renamed Monrovia, serving until 1959 when she was in collision with another ship in Lake Huron, United States and sank.","title":"SS Monrovia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lithgows Ltd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithgows"},{"link_name":"Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ships-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clydesite-2"},{"link_name":"GRT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_register_tonnage"},{"link_name":"NRT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net_register_tonnage"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Falstaff45-3"},{"link_name":"DWT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadweight_tonnage"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Abeille25-4"},{"link_name":"triple expansion steam engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_expansion_steam_engine"},{"link_name":"Rankin & Blackmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rankin_%26_Blackmore"},{"link_name":"propeller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propeller_(ship)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Falstaff45-3"}],"text":"The ship was built in 1943 by Lithgows Ltd, Glasgow.[1] She was yard number 981.[2]The ship was 432 feet 7 inches (131.85 m) long, with a beam of 56 feet 2 inches (17.12 m). She had a depth of 34 feet 2 inches (10.41 m) and a draught of 26 feet 3 inches (8.00 m). She was assessed at 7,067 GRT, 4,808 NRT.[3] 9,950 DWT.[4]The ship was propelled by a triple expansion steam engine, which had cylinders of 251⁄2 inches (65 cm), 371⁄2 inches (95 cm) and 68 inches (170 cm) diameter by 48 inches (120 cm) stroke. The engine was built by Rankin & Blackmore, Glasgow and drove a single screw propeller.[3]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ships-1"},{"link_name":"Code Letters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_Letters"},{"link_name":"Official Number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Number"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Falstaff45-3"},{"link_name":"Greenock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenock"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Falstaff45-3"},{"link_name":"Clyde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Clyde"},{"link_name":"Gibraltar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KMS19G-5"},{"link_name":"Malta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta"},{"link_name":"Operation Husky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Husky"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KMS19-6"},{"link_name":"Tripoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya"},{"link_name":"Libya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Libya"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KMS19T-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MKS19Y-8"},{"link_name":"Bizerta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizerta"},{"link_name":"Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Algeria"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Port-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Port-9"},{"link_name":"Alexandria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_the_British"},{"link_name":"Hampton Roads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampton_Roads"},{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GUS14-10"},{"link_name":"Bougie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Port-9"},{"link_name":"Port Said","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Said"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KMS26-11"},{"link_name":"Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naples"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Port-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Port-9"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MKS31-12"},{"link_name":"Augusta, Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusta,_Sicily"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Port-9"},{"link_name":"Bari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bari"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AH9A-13"},{"link_name":"Taranto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taranto"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Port-9"},{"link_name":"Brindisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brindisi"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HA10-14"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Port-9"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GUS23-15"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Port-9"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MKS33-16"},{"link_name":"Philippeville, Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippeville,_Algeria"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Port-9"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AH15-17"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Port-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SC_335393_-_View_of_Lt._Gen._George_S._Patton%27s_7th_Army_staff._Aboard_S.S._Monrovia,_enroute_to_Sicily._(52121689715).jpg"},{"link_name":"George S. Patton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_S._Patton"},{"link_name":"Seventh Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventh_United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"SS Monrovia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Port-9"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HA16-18"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Port-9"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GUS27-19"},{"link_name":"Rio de Janeiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro"},{"link_name":"Freetown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freetown"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Port-9"},{"link_name":"Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool"},{"link_name":"Lancashire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancashire"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SL153-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MKS44-21"},{"link_name":"Loch Ewe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loch_Ewe"},{"link_name":"Methil, Fife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methil,_Fife"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Port-9"},{"link_name":"Southend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southend-on-Sea"},{"link_name":"Essex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FS1424-22"},{"link_name":"Middlesbrough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlesbrough"},{"link_name":"Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Riding_of_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Port-9"},{"link_name":"Seine Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seine_Bay"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Port-9"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FN1459-23"},{"link_name":"River Tyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Tyne"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Port-9"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FN1461-24"},{"link_name":"Sydney, Nova Scotia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Port-9"},{"link_name":"Father Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Father_Point"},{"link_name":"Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SQ93-25"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Port-9"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-QS94-26"},{"link_name":"Halifax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halifax_Regional_Municipality"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Port-9"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SC159-27"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ONS37-28"},{"link_name":"Boston, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-XB138-29"},{"link_name":"Cape Cod Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Cod_Canal"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Port-9"},{"link_name":"Guantanamo Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guant%C3%A1namo_Bay"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NG484-30"},{"link_name":"Trinidad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GAT186-31"},{"link_name":"Cape Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Town"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TJ163-32"},{"link_name":"Durban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durban"},{"link_name":"Aden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aden"},{"link_name":"Suez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Port-9"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MKS103G-33"},{"link_name":"Swansea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swansea"},{"link_name":"Glamorgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glamorgan"},{"link_name":"Newport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport,_Wales"},{"link_name":"Monmouthshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monmouthshire_(historic)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Port-9"},{"link_name":"Cherbourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherbourg"},{"link_name":"Seine-Maritime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seine-Maritime"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Port-9"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ships-1"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times140845-34"},{"link_name":"Cherbourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherbourg"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-List-35"},{"link_name":"Île de Sein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Ele_de_Sein"},{"link_name":"Finistère","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finist%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"47°15′N 4°54′W / 47.250°N 4.900°W / 47.250; -4.900","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=SS_Monrovia&params=47_15_N_4_54_W_"},{"link_name":"tug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tugboat"},{"link_name":"Abeille 25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ST_Abeille_25&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Le Verdon-sur-Mer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Verdon-sur-Mer"},{"link_name":"Marne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marne_(department)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Abeille25-4"},{"link_name":"La Rochelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Rochelle"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-List-35"},{"link_name":"Monrovia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monrovia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ships-1"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NOAA-36"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ships-1"},{"link_name":"Royalston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS_Royalston&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lake Huron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Huron"},{"link_name":"Thunder Bay Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunder_Bay_Island"},{"link_name":"Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan"},{"link_name":"44°35′25″N 82°33′12″W / 44.59028°N 82.55333°W / 44.59028; -82.55333","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=SS_Monrovia&params=44_35_25_N_82_33_12_W_"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NOAA-36"},{"link_name":"Antwerp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerp"},{"link_name":"Chicago, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nerd-37"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NOAA-36"}],"text":"Empire Falstaff was launched on 8 April 1943 and completed in May 1943.[1] The Code Letters BFGV and United Kingdom Official Number 169502 were allocated.[3] Her port of registry was Greenock. She was operated under the management of Gibbs & Co Ltd.[3]Empire Falstaff made her maiden voyage as part of Convoy KMS19G, which departed from the Clyde on 25 June and passed Gibraltar on 6 July,[5] becoming Convoy KMS19, which arrived at Malta on 22 July as part of Operation Husky.[6] Empire Falstaff then joined Convoy KMS19T, which departed from Malta on 23 July and arrived at Tripoli, Libya the next day.[7] She departed from Tripoli on 26 July as a member of Convoy MKS19Y, which arrived at Gibraltar on 31 July.[8] Empire Falstaff left the convoy at Bizerta, Algeria the next day.[9]Empire Falstaff departed from Bizerta on 4 September to join Convoy GUS14,[9] which had departed from Alexandria, Egypt on 30 August and arrived at the Hampton Roads, Virginia, United States on 26 September.[10] She left the convoy at Bougie, Algeria on 6 September. Empire Falstaff departed from Bougie on 21 September to join Convoy KMS26,[9] which had departed from Gibraltar on 18 September and arrived at Port Said, Egypt on 29 September.[11] She left the convoy at Malta on 24 September. She then sailed to Naples, Italy, from where she departed on 14 October for Malta, arriving two days later. Empire Falstaff sailed from Malta on 24 October and arrived at Tripoli the next day.[9]Empire Falstaff departed from Tripoli on 28 October with Convoy TX6 to Alexandria. She departed from Alexandria on 13 November to join Convoy MKS31,[9] which had departed from Port Said that day and arrived at Gibraltar on 23 November.[12] She left the convoy at Augusta, Sicily, Italy, from where she sailed on 19 November with Convoy AH9A,[9] which arrived at Bari, Italy two days later.[13] She left the convoy at Taranto. Empire Falstaff departed from Taranto on 28 November to join Convoy HA10,[9] which had departed from Brindisi that day and arrived at Augusta on 30 November.[14] She departed from Augusta on 2 December to join Convoy GUS23,[9] which had departed from Port Said on 27 November and arrived at the Hampton Roads on 25 December.[15] She left the convoy at Bizerta on 4 December, sailing four days later to join Convoy MKS33,[9] which had departed from Alexandria on 2 December and arrived at Gibraltar on 13 December.[16] She left the convoy at Philippeville, Algeria the next day. Empire Falstaff departed from Philippeville on 23 December and sailed to Augusta, arriving on 26 December. She departed the next day with Convoy AH15,[9] which arrived at Bari on 30 December.[17] She left the convoy at Taranto on 29 December.[9]View of Lieutenant General George S. Patton's Seventh Army staff aboard SS Monrovia, en route to Sicily, June/July 1943.Empire Falstaff departed from Taranto on 5 January 1944 to join Convoy HA16,[9] which had departed from Bari that day and arrived at Augusta two days later.[18] She sailed three days later to join Convoy GUS27,[9] which had departed from Port Said on 5 January and arrived at the Hampton Roads on 4 February.[19] She left the convoy at Gibraltar on 16 January. Empire Falstaff departed from Gibraltar on 26 January for Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, where she arrived on 17 February. She sailed on 1 March for Freetown, Sierra Leone, arriving on 14 March.[9] Empire Falstaff departed from Freetown on 22 March as a member of Convoy SL153, which rendezvoused at sea with Convoy MKS44 on 2 April. She was carrying a cargo of iron ore and eight passengers. The combined convoy arrived at Liverpool, Lancashire on 13 April.[20][21] Empire Falstaff continued on to Loch Ewe and joined Convoy WN570, which arrived at Methil, Fife on 15 April. She then joined Convoy FS1424,[9] which departed from Methil on 16 April and arrived at Southend, Essex on 18 April.[22] She left the convoy at Middlesbrough, Yorkshire on 17 April.[9]Empire Falstaff then sailed to Southend. She spent July and the first week in August 1944 sailing between Southend and the Seine Bay in various convoys, arriving back at Southend on 6 August. Empire Falstaff departed from Southend on 24 August as a member of Convoy FN1459,[9] which arrived at Methil on 26 August.[23] She left the convoy at the River Tyne on 26 August, departing the next day to join Convoy FN1461,[9] which had departed from Southend that day and arrived at Methil on 28 August.[24] She then joined Convoy EN428 which departed the next day and arrived at Loch Ewe on 31 August. Empire Falstaff then sailed to Sydney, Nova Scotia, Canada, where she joined Convoy SQ93,[9] which departed on 15 September and arrived at Father Point, Quebec three days later.[25] She then sailed to Red Islet,[9] from where she joined Convoy QS94, which sailed on 29 September and arrived at Sydney on 3 October.[26] Empire Falstaff arrived at Halifax, Nova Scotia on 5 October.[9] Laden with a cargo of lumber, she departed with Convoy SC159 on 18 October, arriving at Liverpool on 2 November.[27]Empire Falstaff departed from Liverpool on 28 November with Convoy ONS37, which arrived at Halifax on 21 December. Her destination was New York, United States.[28] She then joined Convoy XB138, which arrived at Boston, Massachusetts, United States on 23 December.[29] She left the convoy at the Cape Cod Canal on 22 December and arrived at New York two days later.[9]Empire Falstaff departed from New York on 17 January 1945 as a member of Convoy NG484, which arrived at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba on 23 January.[30] She then joined Convoy GAT 186, which arrived at Trinidad on 29 January.[31] Empire Falstaff was the only member of Convoy TJ63, which departed from Trinidad on 30 January and arrived at Rio de Janeiro on 16 February. The convoy was listed as being bound for Cape Town, South Africa,[32] which is where she arrived on 28 February. She sailed from Cape Town on 3 March, arriving at Durban, South Africa five days later. Empire Falstaff departed from Durban on 4 April for Aden, arriving on 21 April and departing the next day. She arrived at Suez, Egypt on 29 April and the sailed to Port Said, arriving the next day and Alexandria the day after that. Empire Falstaff departed from Alexandria on 14 May for Gibraltar, arriving on 23 May.[9] Laden with a cargo of cotton and onions, she departed on 25 May as a member of Convoy MKS103G, which arrived at Liverpool on 1 June.[33] She left the convoy in British waters and arrived at Swansea, Glamorgan on 31 May. She departed from Swansea on 13 June and arrived at Newport, Monmouthshire the next day.[9]Empire Falstaff departed from Newport on 28 June for Cherbourg, Seine-Maritime, arriving two days later.[9] She was sold to the French Government and renamed Commandant Mantelet.[1][34] She was operated under the management of Compagnie de Transports Oceaniques, Cherbourg.[35] On 5 February 1950, Commandant Mantelet suffered machinery damage off the Île de Sein, Finistère (47°15′N 4°54′W / 47.250°N 4.900°W / 47.250; -4.900) and requested assistance. The tug Abeille 25 was sent to her aid. Before the tug arrived, temporary repairs had been made and she was able to steam slowly to Le Verdon-sur-Mer, Marne, escorted by Abeille 25.[4] In 1954, she was sold to Société Navale Delmas Vieljeux, La Rochelle and renamed Commandant le Bilboul.[35]In 1954, Commandant le Bilboul was sold to the Eastern Shipping Corporation, Monrovia, Liberia and renamed Monrovia.[1] The Code Letters ELOF were allocated.[36] On 26 May 1959,[1] she was rammed by Royalston in Lake Huron 11 nautical miles (20 km) north of Thunder Bay Island, Michigan, United States (44°35′25″N 82°33′12″W / 44.59028°N 82.55333°W / 44.59028; -82.55333) during foggy weather and sank.[36] She was on a voyage from Antwerp, Belgium to Chicago, Illinois, United States. Her crew survived.[37] The wreck lies upright in 140 feet (43 m) deep water.[36]","title":"History"}]
[{"image_text":"View of Lieutenant General George S. Patton's Seventh Army staff aboard SS Monrovia, en route to Sicily, June/July 1943.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/SC_335393_-_View_of_Lt._Gen._George_S._Patton%27s_7th_Army_staff._Aboard_S.S._Monrovia%2C_enroute_to_Sicily._%2852121689715%29.jpg/220px-SC_335393_-_View_of_Lt._Gen._George_S._Patton%27s_7th_Army_staff._Aboard_S.S._Monrovia%2C_enroute_to_Sicily._%2852121689715%29.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Mitchell, W.H.; Sawyer, L.A. (1995). The Empire Ships. London, New York, Hamburg, Hong Kong: Lloyd's of London Press Ltd. p. not cited. ISBN 1-85044-275-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85044-275-4","url_text":"1-85044-275-4"}]},{"reference":"\"ss EMPIRE FALSTAFF\". Clydesite. Archived from the original on 16 January 2014. Retrieved 14 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140116113010/http://clydesite.co.uk/clydebuilt/viewship.asp?id=18306","url_text":"\"ss EMPIRE FALSTAFF\""}]},{"reference":"\"LLOYD'S REGISTER, STEAMERS & MOTORSHIPS\" (PDF). Plimsoll Ship Data. Retrieved 6 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://plimsoll.southampton.gov.uk/shipdata/pdfs/45/45a0336.pdf","url_text":"\"LLOYD'S REGISTER, STEAMERS & MOTORSHIPS\""}]},{"reference":"Perchoc, Yvon. \"L'ABEILLE 25... une activité très intense\" (in French). Marine Marchande. Retrieved 14 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.marine-marchande.net/groupe%20mar-mar/Documents/Perchoc/Abeille25/abeille25-marine-marchande.htm","url_text":"\"L'ABEILLE 25... une activité très intense\""}]},{"reference":"\"Convoy KMS.19G\". Convoyweb. Retrieved 14 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.convoyweb.org.uk/kms/index.html?kms.php?convoy=19G!~kmsmain","url_text":"\"Convoy KMS.19G\""}]},{"reference":"\"Convoy KMS.19\". Convoyweb. Retrieved 14 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.convoyweb.org.uk/kms/index.html?kms.php?convoy=19!~kmsmain","url_text":"\"Convoy KMS.19\""}]},{"reference":"\"Convoy KMS.19T\". Convoyweb. Retrieved 14 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.convoyweb.org.uk/kms/index.html?kms.php?convoy=19T!~kmsmain","url_text":"\"Convoy KMS.19T\""}]},{"reference":"\"Convoy MKS.19Y\". Convoyweb. Retrieved 14 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.convoyweb.org.uk/mks/index.html?mks.php?convoy=19Y!~mksmain","url_text":"\"Convoy MKS.19Y\""}]},{"reference":"\"EMPIRE FALSTAFF\". Convoyweb. Retrieved 14 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://convoyweb.org.uk/ports/index.html?search.php?vessel=EMPIRE%20FALSTAFF~armain","url_text":"\"EMPIRE FALSTAFF\""}]},{"reference":"\"Convoy GUS.14\". Convoyweb. Retrieved 14 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.convoyweb.org.uk/gus/index.html?gus.php?convoy=14!~gusmain","url_text":"\"Convoy GUS.14\""}]},{"reference":"\"Convoy KMS.26\". Convoyweb. Retrieved 14 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.convoyweb.org.uk/kms/index.html?kms.php?convoy=26!~kmsmain","url_text":"\"Convoy KMS.26\""}]},{"reference":"\"Convoy MKS.31\". Convoyweb. Retrieved 14 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.convoyweb.org.uk/mks/index.html?mks.php?convoy=31!~mksmain","url_text":"\"Convoy MKS.31\""}]},{"reference":"\"Convoy AH.9A\". Convoyweb. Retrieved 14 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.convoyweb.org.uk/ah/index.html?ah.php?convoy=9A!~ahmain","url_text":"\"Convoy AH.9A\""}]},{"reference":"\"Convoy HA.10\". Convoyweb. Retrieved 14 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.convoyweb.org.uk/ha/index.html?ha.php?convoy=10!~hamain","url_text":"\"Convoy HA.10\""}]},{"reference":"\"Convoy GUS.23\". Convoyweb. Retrieved 14 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.convoyweb.org.uk/gus/index.html?gus.php?convoy=23!~gusmain","url_text":"\"Convoy GUS.23\""}]},{"reference":"\"Convoy MKS.33\". Convoyweb. Retrieved 14 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.convoyweb.org.uk/mks/index.html?mks.php?convoy=33!~mksmain","url_text":"\"Convoy MKS.33\""}]},{"reference":"\"Convoy AH.15\". Convoyweb. Retrieved 14 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.convoyweb.org.uk/ah/index.html?ah.php?convoy=15!~ahmain","url_text":"\"Convoy AH.15\""}]},{"reference":"\"Convoy HA.16\". Convoyweb. 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Retrieved 14 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.convoyweb.org.uk/fs/index.html?fs.php?convoy=1424!~fsmain","url_text":"\"Convoy FS.1424 = Convoy FS.24 / Phase 15\""}]},{"reference":"\"Convoy FN.1459 = Convoy FN.59 / Phase 14\". Convoyweb. Retrieved 14 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.convoyweb.org.uk/fn/index.html?fn.php?convoy=1459!~fnmain","url_text":"\"Convoy FN.1459 = Convoy FN.59 / Phase 14\""}]},{"reference":"\"Convoy FN.1459 = Convoy FN.61 / Phase 15\". Convoyweb. Retrieved 14 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.convoyweb.org.uk/fn/index.html?fn.php?convoy=1461!~fnmain","url_text":"\"Convoy FN.1459 = Convoy FN.61 / Phase 15\""}]},{"reference":"\"Convoy SQ.93\". Convoyweb. Retrieved 14 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.convoyweb.org.uk/misc/index.html?yy.php?convoy=SQ.93!~miscmain","url_text":"\"Convoy SQ.93\""}]},{"reference":"\"Convoy QS.94\". Convoyweb. Retrieved 14 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.convoyweb.org.uk/misc/index.html?yy.php?convoy=QS.94!~miscmain","url_text":"\"Convoy QS.94\""}]},{"reference":"\"Convoy SC.159\". Convoyweb. Retrieved 14 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.convoyweb.org.uk/sc/index.html?sc.php?convoy=159!~scmain","url_text":"\"Convoy SC.159\""}]},{"reference":"\"Convoy ONS.37\". Convoyweb. Retrieved 14 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.convoyweb.org.uk/ons/index.html?ons.php?convoy=37!~onsmain","url_text":"\"Convoy ONS.37\""}]},{"reference":"\"Convoy XB.138\". Convoyweb. Retrieved 14 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.convoyweb.org.uk/xb/index.html?xb.php?convoy=138!~xbmain","url_text":"\"Convoy XB.138\""}]},{"reference":"\"Convoy NG.484\". Convoyweb. Retrieved 14 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.convoyweb.org.uk/ng/index.html?ng.php?convoy=484!~ngmain","url_text":"\"Convoy NG.484\""}]},{"reference":"\"Convoy GAT.186\". Convoyweb. Retrieved 14 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.convoyweb.org.uk/gat/index.html?gat.php?convoy=186!~gatmain","url_text":"\"Convoy GAT.186\""}]},{"reference":"\"Convoy TJ.163\". Convoyweb. Retrieved 14 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.convoyweb.org.uk/tj/index.html?tj.php?convoy=63!~tjmain","url_text":"\"Convoy TJ.163\""}]},{"reference":"\"Convoy MKS.103G\". Convoyweb. Retrieved 14 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.convoyweb.org.uk/mks/index.html?mks.php?convoy=103G!~mksmain","url_text":"\"Convoy MKS.103G\""}]},{"reference":"\"BRITISH MERCHANT SHIPS FOR FRANCE\". The Times. No. 50220. London. 14 August 1945. col E, p. 2.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Delmas Frères / Delmas-Vieljeux / Société Navale Delmas Vieljeux (SNDV) / SCAC-Delmas-Vieljeux (SDV), La Rochelle, Le Havre\". The Ships List. Archived from the original on 9 May 2012. Retrieved 6 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120509225443/http://www.theshipslist.com/ships/lines/delmas.htm?pagewanted=all","url_text":"\"Delmas Frères / Delmas-Vieljeux / Société Navale Delmas Vieljeux (SNDV) / SCAC-Delmas-Vieljeux (SDV), La Rochelle, Le Havre\""},{"url":"http://www.theshipslist.com/ships/lines/delmas.htm?pagewanted=all","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Monrovia\". National Oceanographic & Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 14 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://thunderbay.noaa.gov/shipwrecks/monrovia.html","url_text":"\"Monrovia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Great Lakes Shipwrecks M\". Boatnerd. Retrieved 14 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.boatnerd.com/swayze/shipwreck/m.htm","url_text":"\"Great Lakes Shipwrecks M\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-Shape
D-Shape
["1 Technical description","2 Process","3 Awards and achievements","3.1 NYC Waterfront Construction Competition","3.2 Radiolaria","4 Future of D-Shape","4.1 Lunar bases","5 References","6 External links"]
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(February 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) D-Shape is a large 3-dimensional printer that uses binder-jetting, a layer by layer printing process, to bind sand with an inorganic seawater and magnesium-based binder in order to create stone-like objects. Invented by Enrico Dini, founder of Monolite UK Ltd, the first model of the D-Shape printer used epoxy resin, commonly used as an adhesive in the construction of skis, cars, and airplanes, as a binder. Dini patented this model in 2006. After experiencing problems with the epoxy, Dini changed the binder to the current magnesium-based one and patented the printer again in September 2008. In the future, Dini aims to use the printer to create full-scale buildings. Technical description The current version of the D-Shape 3-D printer sits in a 6m by 6m aluminum frame. The frame consists of a square base that moves upwards along four vertical beams during the printing process via stepper motors, which are used to repeatedly move a specified length and then hold in place, on each beam. Spanning the entire horizontal 6m of the base is a printer head with 300 nozzles, each spaced 20mm apart. The printer head is connected to the base by an aluminum beam that runs perpendicular to the printer head. Process Before the actual printing process can begin, a 3-D model of the object to be printed must be created on CAD, a software that allows a designer to create 3-D models on a computer. Once the model is finished, the CAD file is sent to the printer head. The printing process begins when a layer of sand from 5 to 10 mm thick, mixed with solid magnesium oxide (MgO), is evenly distributed by the printer head in the area enclosed by the frame. The printer head breaks the 3-D model into 2-D slices. Then, starting with the bottom slice, the head moves across the base and deposits an inorganic binding liquid made up of a solution that includes magnesium chloride, at a resolution of 25 DPI (1.0 mm). The binder and sand chemically react to form a sandstone material. It takes about 24 hours for the material to completely solidify. The material is resembling by composition the Sorel cement. Because the nozzles are 20mm apart there are gaps that may need to be filled up. To fill in these gaps and ensure the sand is uniformly exposed to the binder, an electric piston on the beam that holds the printer head forces the printer head to shift in the direction perpendicular to the printer's direction of motion. It takes D-Shape four forward and backward strokes to finish printing a layer. After a layer is finished, the stepper motors on the vertical beams move the base upwards. From the hollow framework just above the printer head, new sand, which is cyclically refilled, is distributed into the area of the frame to create the next layer. During printing, excess sand acts as a support for the solidifying sand and can also be reused in later printings. The printing process is continuous and stops only when the desired structure is completely printed. After the printer finishes its work, the final structure must be extruded from the sand. Workers use shovels to take out the excess sand and reveal the final product. The magnesium oxide mixed in with the sand causes the sand to become an active participant rather than inert during the reaction with the binder. If the sand was inert, the resulting material would be more like concrete in that the sand would be only slightly bound together, but because of the MgO, the final product is a mineral-like material with a microcrystalline structure. Compared to concrete, which has low resistance to tension and as a result needs iron reinforcement, D-Shape's structures have relatively high tension resistance and require no iron reinforcement. The entire building process is reported to take a quarter of the time and a third to a half of the cost it would take to build the same structure with traditional means using portland cement, the material currently used in building construction. Awards and achievements NYC Waterfront Construction Competition In the fall of 2012, D-Shape entered into the NYC Waterfront Construction Competition hosted by the New York City Economic Development Corporation (NYCEDC) in which competitors had to create an innovative solution to help strengthen New York City's deteriorating piers and coastline structures. D-Shape's idea, called, "Digital Concrete," was to take 3-D scans of each piece of pier or infrastructure, and then print a support jacket for each specific piece. D-Shape was the First Place Winner and received $50,000 for the idea, which is estimated to save New York City $2.9 billion. Radiolaria D-Shape successfully created the tallest printed sculpture, Radiolaria, in 2009. Radiolaria, a sculpture created by Italian architect Andrea Morgante and inspired by radiolarians, unicellular organisms with intricate mineral skeletons, shows off D-Shape's ability to print large freeform structures. The current version of the sculpture is only a 3 x 3 x 3m scale model of the full-size Radiolaria that is planned to be put in a roundabout in Pontedera, Italy. Future of D-Shape Currently, Jake Wake-Walker and Marc Webb are working on a documentary, titled The Man Who Prints Houses, about Enrico Dini and his invention. Although D-Shape has garnered attention for its printing abilities, it is still a work in progress. While it has gotten close to printing an actual house by printing a trullo, which is a small, stone hut, the printer still needs to be modified in order to make Dini's dreams of printing larger and more complex buildings a reality. Lunar bases Brick made of agglomerated dust similar to lunar regolith, made for ESA by the Italian company D-Shape. Such bricks could cover a European permanent Moon base to protect it from radiations and meteorites. On display at Cité de l'Espace, Toulouse, France. Because of D-Shape's capabilities, the European Space Agency (ESA) has taken interest in using the printer to build Moon bases. The ESA is interested in using D-Shape to build Moon bases out of lunar regolith, otherwise known as Moon dust, because the 3-D printer can build the base onsite without human intervention. This is advantageous because only the machine would have to be taken to the Moon, thus reducing the cost of bringing building materials to the lunar surface to create the bases. D-Shape has been successful in printing components for the lunar bases with a simulated Moon dust, and has also been subject to tests that aim to see how the printer will work in the environment on the Moon. References ^ "Discovery Channel Covers DShape 3D Printing". Youtube, DShape3DPrinting. Retrieved 21 October 2013. ^ Cesaretti, Giovanni; Enrico Dini; Xavier de Kestelier; Valentina Colla; Laurent Pambaguian (January 2014). "Building components for an outpost on the Lunar soil by means of a novel 3D printing technology". Acta Astronautica. 93: 430–450. Bibcode:2014AcAau..93..430C. doi:10.1016/j.actaastro.2013.07.034. ^ Dini, Enrico. "Method and device for building automatically conglomerate structures CA 2602071 A1". US Patents. Retrieved 11 November 2013. ^ Dini, Enrico. "Method for automatically producing a conglomerate structure and apparatus therefor US 8337736 B2". US Patents. Retrieved 11 November 2013. ^ Cesaretti, Giovanni; Enrico Dini; Xavier de Kestelier; Valentina Colla; Laurent Pambaguian (January 2014). "Building components for an outpost on the Lunar soil by means of a novel 3D printing technology". Acta Astronautica. 93: 430–450. Bibcode:2014AcAau..93..430C. doi:10.1016/j.actaastro.2013.07.034. ^ Cesaretti, Giovanni; Enrico Dini; Xavier de Kestelier; Valentina Colla; Laurent Pambaguian (January 2014). "Building components for an outpost on the Lunar soil by means of a novel 3D printing technology". Acta Astronautica. 93: 430–450. Bibcode:2014AcAau..93..430C. doi:10.1016/j.actaastro.2013.07.034. ^ Edwards, Lin (19 April 2010). "3D printer could build moon bases". Phys.org. Retrieved 21 October 2013. ^ Cesaretti, Giovanni; Enrico Dini; Xavier de Kestelier; Valentina Colla; Laurent Pambaguian (January 2014). "Building components for an outpost on the Lunar soil by means of a novel 3D printing technology". Acta Astronautica. 93: 430–450. Bibcode:2014AcAau..93..430C. doi:10.1016/j.actaastro.2013.07.034. ^ Dini, Enrico. "Method for automatically producing a conglomerate structure and apparatus therefor US 8337736 B2". US Patents. Retrieved 11 November 2013. ^ Parsons, Sarah (17 March 2010). "3-D Printer Creates Entire Buildings From Solid Rock". Habitat. Retrieved 22 October 2013. ^ Belezina, Jan (24 February 2012). "D-Shape 3D printer can print full-sized houses". Gizmag. Retrieved 21 October 2013. ^ "D-Shape Promises To Modernize New York's Shoreline Using 3D-Printing Technology". The Huffington Post. 3 June 2013. Retrieved 21 October 2013. ^ "D-Shape wins top prize in NYC Waterfront Construction Competition". 3ders.org. 12 April 2013. Archived from the original on 13 October 2013. Retrieved 20 October 2013. ^ Quirk, Vanessa (12 July 2012). "How 3D Printing Will Change Our World". Arch Daily. Retrieved 20 October 2013. ^ Edwards, Lin (19 April 2010). "3D printer could build moon bases". Phys.org. Retrieved 21 October 2013. ^ Blagdon, Jeff (21 February 2012). "British company uses 3D printing to make stone buildings out of sand". The Verge. Retrieved 21 October 2013. ^ Quirk, Vanessa (12 July 2012). "How 3D Printing Will Change Our World". Arch Daily. Retrieved 20 October 2013. ^ Edwards, Lin (19 April 2010). "3D printer could build moon bases". Phys.org. Retrieved 21 October 2013. ^ Cesaretti, Giovanni; Enrico Dini; Xavier de Kestelier; Valentina Colla; Laurent Pambaguian (January 2014). "Building components for an outpost on the Lunar soil by means of a novel 3D printing technology". Acta Astronautica. 93: 430–450. Bibcode:2014AcAau..93..430C. doi:10.1016/j.actaastro.2013.07.034. External links Discovery Channel Covering D-Shape https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RYaRUVTwIVc
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Dini patented this model in 2006.[3] After experiencing problems with the epoxy, Dini changed the binder to the current magnesium-based one and patented the printer again in September 2008.[4] In the future, Dini aims to use the printer to create full-scale buildings.","title":"D-Shape"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"stepper motors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepper_motor"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The current version of the D-Shape 3-D printer sits in a 6m by 6m aluminum frame. The frame consists of a square base that moves upwards along four vertical beams during the printing process via stepper motors, which are used to repeatedly move a specified length and then hold in place, on each beam. Spanning the entire horizontal 6m of the base is a printer head with 300 nozzles, each spaced 20mm apart. The printer head is connected to the base by an aluminum beam that runs perpendicular to the printer head.[5]","title":"Technical description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CAD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-aided_design"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"magnesium chloride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium_chloride"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Sorel cement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorel_cement"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"microcrystalline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcrystalline"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"portland cement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland_cement"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Before the actual printing process can begin, a 3-D model of the object to be printed must be created on CAD, a software that allows a designer to create 3-D models on a computer. Once the model is finished, the CAD file is sent to the printer head. The printing process begins when a layer of sand from 5 to 10 mm thick, mixed with solid magnesium oxide (MgO),[6] is evenly distributed by the printer head in the area enclosed by the frame. The printer head breaks the 3-D model into 2-D slices. Then, starting with the bottom slice, the head moves across the base and deposits an inorganic binding liquid made up of a solution that includes magnesium chloride, at a resolution of 25 DPI (1.0 mm).[7] The binder and sand chemically react to form a sandstone material. It takes about 24 hours for the material to completely solidify. The material is resembling by composition the Sorel cement.Because the nozzles are 20mm apart there are gaps that may need to be filled up. To fill in these gaps and ensure the sand is uniformly exposed to the binder, an electric piston on the beam that holds the printer head forces the printer head to shift in the direction perpendicular to the printer's direction of motion. It takes D-Shape four forward and backward strokes to finish printing a layer. After a layer is finished, the stepper motors on the vertical beams move the base upwards. From the hollow framework just above the printer head, new sand, which is cyclically refilled, is distributed into the area of the frame to create the next layer.[8] During printing, excess sand acts as a support for the solidifying sand and can also be reused in later printings. The printing process is continuous and stops only when the desired structure is completely printed.After the printer finishes its work, the final structure must be extruded from the sand. Workers use shovels to take out the excess sand and reveal the final product. The magnesium oxide mixed in with the sand causes the sand to become an active participant rather than inert during the reaction with the binder. If the sand was inert, the resulting material would be more like concrete in that the sand would be only slightly bound together, but because of the MgO, the final product is a mineral-like material with a microcrystalline structure. Compared to concrete, which has low resistance to tension and as a result needs iron reinforcement, D-Shape's structures have relatively high tension resistance and require no iron reinforcement.[9] The entire building process is reported to take a quarter of the time and a third to a half of the cost[10] it would take to build the same structure with traditional means using portland cement, the material currently used in building construction.[11]","title":"Process"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and achievements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York City Economic Development Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Economic_Development_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"NYC Waterfront Construction Competition","text":"In the fall of 2012, D-Shape entered into the NYC Waterfront Construction Competition hosted by the New York City Economic Development Corporation (NYCEDC) in which competitors had to create an innovative solution to help strengthen New York City's deteriorating piers and coastline structures. D-Shape's idea, called, \"Digital Concrete,\" was to take 3-D scans of each piece of pier or infrastructure, and then print a support jacket for each specific piece. D-Shape was the First Place Winner and received $50,000 for the idea, which is estimated to save New York City $2.9 billion.[12][13]","title":"Awards and achievements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"radiolarians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiolaria"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Radiolaria","text":"D-Shape successfully created the tallest printed sculpture, Radiolaria, in 2009.[14] Radiolaria, a sculpture created by Italian architect Andrea Morgante and inspired by radiolarians, unicellular organisms with intricate mineral skeletons, shows off D-Shape's ability to print large freeform structures. The current version of the sculpture is only a 3 x 3 x 3m scale model of the full-size Radiolaria that is planned to be put in a roundabout in Pontedera, Italy.[15]","title":"Awards and achievements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"trullo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trullo"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Currently, Jake Wake-Walker and Marc Webb are working on a documentary, titled The Man Who Prints Houses, about Enrico Dini and his invention.[16] Although D-Shape has garnered attention for its printing abilities, it is still a work in progress. While it has gotten close to printing an actual house by printing a trullo, which is a small, stone hut,[17] the printer still needs to be modified in order to make Dini's dreams of printing larger and more complex buildings a reality.","title":"Future of D-Shape"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:D-Shape_moon_rock_brick_at_Cit%C3%A9_de_l%27Espace-IMG_1908.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cité de l'Espace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cit%C3%A9_de_l%27Espace"},{"link_name":"European Space Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Space_Agency"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"regolith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regolith"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Lunar bases","text":"Brick made of agglomerated dust similar to lunar regolith, made for ESA by the Italian company D-Shape. Such bricks could cover a European permanent Moon base to protect it from radiations and meteorites. On display at Cité de l'Espace, Toulouse, France.Because of D-Shape's capabilities, the European Space Agency (ESA) has taken interest in using the printer to build Moon bases.[18] The ESA is interested in using D-Shape to build Moon bases out of lunar regolith, otherwise known as Moon dust, because the 3-D printer can build the base onsite without human intervention. This is advantageous because only the machine would have to be taken to the Moon, thus reducing the cost of bringing building materials to the lunar surface to create the bases. D-Shape has been successful in printing components for the lunar bases with a simulated Moon dust, and has also been subject to tests that aim to see how the printer will work in the environment on the Moon.[19]","title":"Future of D-Shape"}]
[{"image_text":"Brick made of agglomerated dust similar to lunar regolith, made for ESA by the Italian company D-Shape. Such bricks could cover a European permanent Moon base to protect it from radiations and meteorites. On display at Cité de l'Espace, Toulouse, France.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/D-Shape_moon_rock_brick_at_Cit%C3%A9_de_l%27Espace-IMG_1908.jpg/220px-D-Shape_moon_rock_brick_at_Cit%C3%A9_de_l%27Espace-IMG_1908.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Discovery Channel Covers DShape 3D Printing\". Youtube, DShape3DPrinting. Retrieved 21 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RYaRUVTwIVc","url_text":"\"Discovery Channel Covers DShape 3D Printing\""}]},{"reference":"Cesaretti, Giovanni; Enrico Dini; Xavier de Kestelier; Valentina Colla; Laurent Pambaguian (January 2014). \"Building components for an outpost on the Lunar soil by means of a novel 3D printing technology\". Acta Astronautica. 93: 430–450. Bibcode:2014AcAau..93..430C. doi:10.1016/j.actaastro.2013.07.034.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AcAau..93..430C","url_text":"2014AcAau..93..430C"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.actaastro.2013.07.034","url_text":"10.1016/j.actaastro.2013.07.034"}]},{"reference":"Dini, Enrico. \"Method and device for building automatically conglomerate structures CA 2602071 A1\". US Patents. Retrieved 11 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://patents.google.com/patent/CA2602071A1/en?oq=enrico+dini","url_text":"\"Method and device for building automatically conglomerate structures CA 2602071 A1\""}]},{"reference":"Dini, Enrico. \"Method for automatically producing a conglomerate structure and apparatus therefor US 8337736 B2\". US Patents. Retrieved 11 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://patents.google.com/patent/US8337736?oq=enrico+dini","url_text":"\"Method for automatically producing a conglomerate structure and apparatus therefor US 8337736 B2\""}]},{"reference":"Cesaretti, Giovanni; Enrico Dini; Xavier de Kestelier; Valentina Colla; Laurent Pambaguian (January 2014). \"Building components for an outpost on the Lunar soil by means of a novel 3D printing technology\". Acta Astronautica. 93: 430–450. Bibcode:2014AcAau..93..430C. doi:10.1016/j.actaastro.2013.07.034.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AcAau..93..430C","url_text":"2014AcAau..93..430C"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.actaastro.2013.07.034","url_text":"10.1016/j.actaastro.2013.07.034"}]},{"reference":"Cesaretti, Giovanni; Enrico Dini; Xavier de Kestelier; Valentina Colla; Laurent Pambaguian (January 2014). \"Building components for an outpost on the Lunar soil by means of a novel 3D printing technology\". Acta Astronautica. 93: 430–450. Bibcode:2014AcAau..93..430C. doi:10.1016/j.actaastro.2013.07.034.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AcAau..93..430C","url_text":"2014AcAau..93..430C"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.actaastro.2013.07.034","url_text":"10.1016/j.actaastro.2013.07.034"}]},{"reference":"Edwards, Lin (19 April 2010). \"3D printer could build moon bases\". Phys.org. Retrieved 21 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://phys.org/news190873132.html","url_text":"\"3D printer could build moon bases\""}]},{"reference":"Cesaretti, Giovanni; Enrico Dini; Xavier de Kestelier; Valentina Colla; Laurent Pambaguian (January 2014). \"Building components for an outpost on the Lunar soil by means of a novel 3D printing technology\". Acta Astronautica. 93: 430–450. Bibcode:2014AcAau..93..430C. doi:10.1016/j.actaastro.2013.07.034.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AcAau..93..430C","url_text":"2014AcAau..93..430C"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.actaastro.2013.07.034","url_text":"10.1016/j.actaastro.2013.07.034"}]},{"reference":"Dini, Enrico. \"Method for automatically producing a conglomerate structure and apparatus therefor US 8337736 B2\". US Patents. Retrieved 11 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://patents.google.com/patent/US8337736?oq=enrico+dini","url_text":"\"Method for automatically producing a conglomerate structure and apparatus therefor US 8337736 B2\""}]},{"reference":"Parsons, Sarah (17 March 2010). \"3-D Printer Creates Entire Buildings From Solid Rock\". Habitat. Retrieved 22 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://inhabitat.com/3-d-printer-creates-entire-buildings-from-solid-rock/","url_text":"\"3-D Printer Creates Entire Buildings From Solid Rock\""}]},{"reference":"Belezina, Jan (24 February 2012). \"D-Shape 3D printer can print full-sized houses\". Gizmag. Retrieved 21 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gizmag.com/d-shape-3d-printer/21594/","url_text":"\"D-Shape 3D printer can print full-sized houses\""}]},{"reference":"\"D-Shape Promises To Modernize New York's Shoreline Using 3D-Printing Technology\". The Huffington Post. 3 June 2013. Retrieved 21 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/06/03/3d-printing-company-dshap_n_3367376.html","url_text":"\"D-Shape Promises To Modernize New York's Shoreline Using 3D-Printing Technology\""}]},{"reference":"\"D-Shape wins top prize in NYC Waterfront Construction Competition\". 3ders.org. 12 April 2013. Archived from the original on 13 October 2013. Retrieved 20 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131013185136/http://www.3ders.org/articles/20130412-dshape-wins-top-prize-in-nyc-waterfront-construction-competition.html","url_text":"\"D-Shape wins top prize in NYC Waterfront Construction Competition\""},{"url":"http://www.3ders.org/articles/20130412-dshape-wins-top-prize-in-nyc-waterfront-construction-competition.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Quirk, Vanessa (12 July 2012). \"How 3D Printing Will Change Our World\". Arch Daily. Retrieved 20 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.archdaily.com/253380/how-3d-printing-will-change-our-world/","url_text":"\"How 3D Printing Will Change Our World\""}]},{"reference":"Edwards, Lin (19 April 2010). \"3D printer could build moon bases\". Phys.org. Retrieved 21 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://phys.org/news190873132.html","url_text":"\"3D printer could build moon bases\""}]},{"reference":"Blagdon, Jeff (21 February 2012). \"British company uses 3D printing to make stone buildings out of sand\". The Verge. Retrieved 21 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theverge.com/2012/2/21/2811146/3d-printing-d-shape-monolite-enrico-dini","url_text":"\"British company uses 3D printing to make stone buildings out of sand\""}]},{"reference":"Quirk, Vanessa (12 July 2012). \"How 3D Printing Will Change Our World\". Arch Daily. Retrieved 20 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.archdaily.com/253380/how-3d-printing-will-change-our-world/","url_text":"\"How 3D Printing Will Change Our World\""}]},{"reference":"Edwards, Lin (19 April 2010). \"3D printer could build moon bases\". Phys.org. Retrieved 21 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://phys.org/news190873132.html","url_text":"\"3D printer could build moon bases\""}]},{"reference":"Cesaretti, Giovanni; Enrico Dini; Xavier de Kestelier; Valentina Colla; Laurent Pambaguian (January 2014). \"Building components for an outpost on the Lunar soil by means of a novel 3D printing technology\". Acta Astronautica. 93: 430–450. Bibcode:2014AcAau..93..430C. doi:10.1016/j.actaastro.2013.07.034.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AcAau..93..430C","url_text":"2014AcAau..93..430C"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.actaastro.2013.07.034","url_text":"10.1016/j.actaastro.2013.07.034"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calling_All_Husbands
Calling All Husbands
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 References","4 External links"]
1940 film by Noel M. Smith Calling All HusbandsTheatrical release posterDirected byNoel M. SmithScreenplay byRobert E. KentBased onBroken Dishes1929 playby Martin FlavinProduced byWilliam JacobsStarringGeorge TobiasLucile FairbanksErnest TruexGeorge ReevesFlorence BatesCharles HaltonCinematographyTed D. McCordEdited byFrank MageeMusic byHoward JacksonProductioncompanyWarner Bros.Distributed byWarner Bros.Release date September 7, 1940 (1940-09-07) Running time79 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglish Calling All Husbands is a 1940 American comedy film directed by Noel M. Smith and written by Robert E. Kent and based on Martin Flavin's 1929 play "Broken Dishes". The film stars George Tobias, Lucile Fairbanks, Ernest Truex, George Reeves, Florence Bates and Charles Halton. The film was released by Warner Bros. on September 7, 1940. Plot This article needs a plot summary. Please add one in your own words. (July 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Cast George Tobias as Oscar Armstrong Lucile Fairbanks as Bette Trippe Ernest Truex as Homer Trippe George Reeves as Dan Williams Florence Bates as Emmie Trippe Charles Halton as Hadley Weaver Virginia Sale as Mabel Parker John Alexander as Sheriff Ben Bar Clem Bevans as Judge Todd Sam McDaniel as Nappy Elliott Sullivan as Chunky References ^ "Calling All Husbands (1940) - Overview". TCM.com. Retrieved 2015-07-26. ^ Sandra Brennan (2016). "Calling-All-Husbands - Trailer - Cast - Showtimes". Movies & TV Dept. The New York Times. Baseline & All Movie Guide. Archived from the original on 2016-03-07. Retrieved 2015-07-26. External links Calling All Husbands at IMDb Calling All Husbands at AllMovie Calling All Husbands at the TCM Movie Database Calling All Husbands at the AFI Catalog of Feature Films This 1940s comedy film-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"comedy film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy_film"},{"link_name":"Noel M. Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noel_M._Smith"},{"link_name":"Robert E. Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_E._Kent"},{"link_name":"Martin Flavin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Flavin"},{"link_name":"George Tobias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Tobias"},{"link_name":"Lucile Fairbanks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucile_Fairbanks"},{"link_name":"Ernest Truex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Truex"},{"link_name":"George Reeves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Reeves"},{"link_name":"Florence Bates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence_Bates"},{"link_name":"Charles Halton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Halton"},{"link_name":"Warner Bros.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros."},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Calling All Husbands is a 1940 American comedy film directed by Noel M. Smith and written by Robert E. Kent and based on Martin Flavin's 1929 play \"Broken Dishes\". The film stars George Tobias, Lucile Fairbanks, Ernest Truex, George Reeves, Florence Bates and Charles Halton. The film was released by Warner Bros. on September 7, 1940.[1][2]","title":"Calling All Husbands"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"George Tobias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Tobias"},{"link_name":"Lucile Fairbanks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucile_Fairbanks"},{"link_name":"Ernest Truex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Truex"},{"link_name":"George Reeves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Reeves"},{"link_name":"Florence Bates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence_Bates"},{"link_name":"Charles Halton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Halton"},{"link_name":"Virginia Sale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Sale"},{"link_name":"John Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Alexander_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Clem Bevans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clem_Bevans"},{"link_name":"Sam McDaniel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_McDaniel"},{"link_name":"Elliott Sullivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliott_Sullivan"}],"text":"George Tobias as Oscar Armstrong\nLucile Fairbanks as Bette Trippe\nErnest Truex as Homer Trippe\nGeorge Reeves as Dan Williams\nFlorence Bates as Emmie Trippe\nCharles Halton as Hadley Weaver\nVirginia Sale as Mabel Parker\nJohn Alexander as Sheriff Ben Bar\nClem Bevans as Judge Todd\nSam McDaniel as Nappy\nElliott Sullivan as Chunky","title":"Cast"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Calling All Husbands (1940) - Overview\". TCM.com. Retrieved 2015-07-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/1096/Calling-All-Husbands/","url_text":"\"Calling All Husbands (1940) - Overview\""}]},{"reference":"Sandra Brennan (2016). \"Calling-All-Husbands - Trailer - Cast - Showtimes\". Movies & TV Dept. The New York Times. Baseline & All Movie Guide. Archived from the original on 2016-03-07. Retrieved 2015-07-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160307070112/http://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/86493/Calling-All-Husbands/overview","url_text":"\"Calling-All-Husbands - Trailer - Cast - Showtimes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseline_(database)","url_text":"Baseline"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Movie_Guide","url_text":"All Movie Guide"},{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/86493/Calling-All-Husbands/overview","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_I_Tocco
Leonardo I Tocco
["1 Notes","2 References"]
Arms of Leonardo I Tocco as Count Palatine of Cephalonia and Zakynthos: the Tocco arms with Anjou-Taranto in canton Leonardo I Tocco (died 1375/1377) was the count palatine of the islands of Cephalonia and Zakynthos from 1357 until his death, and later lord of Ithaca, Lefkada, and the port of Vonitsa as well. He was the son of Guglielmo Tocco, the Angevin governor of Corfu in the 1330s, and his second wife Margaret Orsini, the daughter of John I Orsini, Count palatine of Cephalonia. Through his father, Leonardo was closely connected to the Angevin dynasty, and in particular Robert of Taranto. Leonardo was one of the witnesses to his marriage, and later was instrumental in securing Robert's release from captivity in Hungary in 1352. As a reward, in 1357, Robert named him Count palatine of Cephalonia, Zakynthos and possibly Ithaca as well. Probably by ca. 1362, and certainly before 1373, Leonardo also succeeded in gaining control over Lefkada and the port of Vonitsa on the Epirote mainland. In 1374, following the death of Philip II of Taranto, he was part of a delegation which went to Naples and offered the Principality of Achaea to Queen Joan I of Naples. He died sometime between March 1375 and August 1377. Leonardo was married to Maddalena Buondelmonti, a niece of the powerful Niccolò Acciaioli. By her he had five children: Petronilla (died 1409/1410), married Niccolò III dalle Carceri, Duke of Naxos (died 1383) and then Nicola Venier, the Venetian bailli of Negroponte Giovanna, married Enrico di Ventimiglia, Count of Geraci Susanna, married Nicola Ruffo, Count of Cantanzaro, Viceroy of Calabria, Marquess of Cotrone Carlo I Tocco (died 1429), Leonardo's successor as count palatine, he eventually became Despot of Epirus as well Leonardo II Tocco (died 1418/19), lord of Zakynthos, governor of Corinth, lord of Glarentza and Angelokastron Notes ^ a b c d ODB, "Tocco" (A.-M. Talbot), p. 2090 ^ a b c Miller 1908, p. 292 ^ a b Fine 1994, p. 354 ^ Miller 1908, p. 307 References Fine, John V. A. Jr. (1994) . The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-08260-4. Kazhdan, Alexander, ed. (1991). The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-504652-8. Miller, William (1908). The Latins in the Levant: A History of Frankish Greece (1204–1566). London: John Murray. OCLC 563022439. Zečević, Nada (2014). The Tocco of the Greek Realm: Nobility, Power and Migration in Latin Greece (14th-15th centuries). Belgrade: Makart. ISBN 9788691944100. Preceded byRobert of Taranto Count palatine of Cephalonia 1357 – 1375/77 Succeeded byCarlo I Tocco
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"count palatine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_palatine_of_Cephalonia_and_Zakynthos"},{"link_name":"Cephalonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cephalonia"},{"link_name":"Zakynthos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zakynthos"},{"link_name":"Ithaca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ithaca_(island)"},{"link_name":"Lefkada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lefkada"},{"link_name":"Vonitsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vonitsa"},{"link_name":"Guglielmo Tocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Tocco"},{"link_name":"Angevin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capetian_House_of_Anjou"},{"link_name":"Corfu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corfu"},{"link_name":"John I Orsini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_I_Orsini"},{"link_name":"Count palatine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_palatine_of_Cephalonia_and_Zakynthos"},{"link_name":"Cephalonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cephalonia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODB-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miller292-2"},{"link_name":"Robert of Taranto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_of_Taranto"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Ithaca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ithaca_(island)"},{"link_name":"Lefkada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lefkada"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODB-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miller292-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fine354-3"},{"link_name":"Philip II of Taranto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_II_of_Taranto"},{"link_name":"Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naples"},{"link_name":"Principality of Achaea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Achaea"},{"link_name":"Joan I of Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_I_of_Naples"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fine354-3"},{"link_name":"Niccolò Acciaioli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Acciaioli"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miller292-2"},{"link_name":"Niccolò III dalle Carceri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_III_dalle_Carceri"},{"link_name":"Duke of Naxos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Naxos"},{"link_name":"Venetian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Venice"},{"link_name":"bailli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bailli"},{"link_name":"Negroponte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lordship_of_Negroponte"},{"link_name":"Viceroy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viceroy"},{"link_name":"Calabria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calabria"},{"link_name":"Marquess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquess"},{"link_name":"Carlo I Tocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_I_Tocco"},{"link_name":"Despot of Epirus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Despot_of_Epirus"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODB-1"},{"link_name":"Leonardo II Tocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_II_Tocco"},{"link_name":"Corinth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corinth"},{"link_name":"Glarentza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glarentza"},{"link_name":"Angelokastron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelokastro,_Aetolia-Acarnania"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODB-1"}],"text":"Leonardo I Tocco (died 1375/1377) was the count palatine of the islands of Cephalonia and Zakynthos from 1357 until his death, and later lord of Ithaca, Lefkada, and the port of Vonitsa as well.He was the son of Guglielmo Tocco, the Angevin governor of Corfu in the 1330s, and his second wife Margaret Orsini, the daughter of John I Orsini, Count palatine of Cephalonia.[1][2]Through his father, Leonardo was closely connected to the Angevin dynasty, and in particular Robert of Taranto. Leonardo was one of the witnesses to his marriage, and later was instrumental in securing Robert's release from captivity in Hungary in 1352. As a reward, in 1357, Robert named him Count palatine of Cephalonia, Zakynthos and possibly Ithaca as well. Probably by ca. 1362, and certainly before 1373, Leonardo also succeeded in gaining control over Lefkada and the port of Vonitsa on the Epirote mainland.[1][2][3] In 1374, following the death of Philip II of Taranto, he was part of a delegation which went to Naples and offered the Principality of Achaea to Queen Joan I of Naples.[4] He died sometime between March 1375 and August 1377.[3]Leonardo was married to Maddalena Buondelmonti, a niece of the powerful Niccolò Acciaioli. By her he had five children:[2]Petronilla (died 1409/1410), married Niccolò III dalle Carceri, Duke of Naxos (died 1383) and then Nicola Venier, the Venetian bailli of Negroponte\nGiovanna, married Enrico di Ventimiglia, Count of Geraci\nSusanna, married Nicola Ruffo, Count of Cantanzaro, Viceroy of Calabria, Marquess of Cotrone\nCarlo I Tocco (died 1429), Leonardo's successor as count palatine, he eventually became Despot of Epirus as well[1]\nLeonardo II Tocco (died 1418/19), lord of Zakynthos, governor of Corinth, lord of Glarentza and Angelokastron[1]","title":"Leonardo I Tocco"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ODB_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ODB_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ODB_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ODB_1-3"},{"link_name":"ODB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFODB"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Miller292_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Miller292_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Miller292_2-2"},{"link_name":"Miller 1908","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMiller1908"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Fine354_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Fine354_3-1"},{"link_name":"Fine 1994","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFine1994"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Miller 1908","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMiller1908"}],"text":"^ a b c d ODB, \"Tocco\" (A.-M. Talbot), p. 2090\n\n^ a b c Miller 1908, p. 292\n\n^ a b Fine 1994, p. 354\n\n^ Miller 1908, p. 307","title":"Notes"}]
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null
[{"reference":"Fine, John V. A. Jr. (1994) [1987]. The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-08260-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Van_Antwerp_Fine_Jr.","url_text":"Fine, John V. A. Jr."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LvVbRrH1QBgC","url_text":"The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-472-08260-4","url_text":"0-472-08260-4"}]},{"reference":"Kazhdan, Alexander, ed. (1991). The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-504652-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Kazhdan","url_text":"Kazhdan, Alexander"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_Byzantium","url_text":"The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-504652-8","url_text":"0-19-504652-8"}]},{"reference":"Miller, William (1908). The Latins in the Levant: A History of Frankish Greece (1204–1566). London: John Murray. OCLC 563022439.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Miller_(historian)","url_text":"Miller, William"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/latinsinlevanthi00mill/","url_text":"The Latins in the Levant: A History of Frankish Greece (1204–1566)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/563022439","url_text":"563022439"}]},{"reference":"Zečević, Nada (2014). The Tocco of the Greek Realm: Nobility, Power and Migration in Latin Greece (14th-15th centuries). Belgrade: Makart. ISBN 9788691944100.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LcqfAQAACAAJ","url_text":"The Tocco of the Greek Realm: Nobility, Power and Migration in Latin Greece (14th-15th centuries)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788691944100","url_text":"9788691944100"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_Sergius_Esquilinus
Lucius Sergius Esquilinus
["1 Family","2 Biography","3 References","4 Bibliography","4.1 Ancient bibliography","4.2 Modern bibliography"]
5th-century BC Roman politician and decemvir Lucius Sergius Esquilinus was a Roman politician, and member of the Second Decemvirate in 450 and 449 BC. Family He was a member of the Sergii Esquilini, patrician branch of the gens Sergia. His praenomen is not reported in the Fasti Capitolini, and ancient authors disagree on what it is. Livy gives Marcus then Lucius, Diodorus Siculus mentions a Caius and Dionysius of Halicarnassus, a Marcus. Biography Further information: Decemviri and Twelve Tables Lucius Sergius Esquilinus was one of the ten members of the second decemvirate, presided over by Appius Claudius Sabinus and elected for the writing of the Twelve Tables, first body of written law protecting Roman rights. At the instigation of Sabinus, the decemvirs had maintained their power illegally the following year, refusing to proceed in the election of consuls. That year, the Sabines' occupied Eretum, while the Aequi were camped on Mount Algidus. Roman troops were divided into two armies so they could fight on two fronts. Esquilinus received command of the army opposing the Aequi, with three other decemvirs, Lucius Minucius, Marcus Cornelius Maluginensis, and Titus Antonius Merenda. Meanwhile, Sabinus and Spurius Oppius Cornicen stayed in Rome to assure the defense of the city, and four other decemvirs went against the Sabines. The two Roman armies were held in check on each front. The army commanded by Esquilinus withdrew to Tusculum then answered the call of Lucius Verginius whose daughter had been reduced to slavery by Sabinus during one of his scandalous trials. After that infamous trial, Verginius had been forced to kill his own daughter. His story provoked the mutiny of the soldiers who elected the ten military tribunes. Under their command, they headed back toward Rome and settled on the Aventine then joined with the other army on Monte Sacro. Under pressure by the soldiers and the plebeians, the decemvirs resigned. Appius Claudius Sabinus and Spurius Oppius Cornicen stayed in Rome and were imprisoned, but committed suicide before their trial. The other eight decemvirs, including Esquilinus, left in exile. References ^ a b Broughton 1951, p. 47. ^ Broughton 1951, p. 46. ^ Cicero, De Republica, II.61 ^ Cels-Saint-Hilaire 1995, p. 180. ^ Livy, ab urbe condita, III.38.42 ^ Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities, XI.2 ^ a b Broughton 1951, p. 48. ^ Cels-Saint-Hilaire 1995, p. 181. ^ Livy, ab urbe condita, III.43.54 ^ Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities, XI.24.43 Bibliography Ancient bibliography Livy, Ab urbe condita Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities Modern bibliography Broughton, T. Robert S. (1951), The American Philological Association (ed.), "The Magistrates of the Roman Republic", Philological Monographs, number XV, volume I, vol. I, 509 B.C. - 100 B.C., New York (in French) Cels-Saint-Hilaire, Janine (1995), Presses universitaires du Mirail (ed.), "La République des tribus: Du droit de vote et de ses enjeux aux débuts de la République romaine (495-300 av. J.-C.)", Tempus, ISBN 2-85816-262-X vteDecemviri of the Roman RepublicFirst Decemvirate (451 BC) Appius Claudius Crassus Titus Genucius Augurinus Servius Sulpicius Camerinus Spurius Postumius Albus Aulus Manlius Vulso Publius Sestius Capitolinus Titus Veturius Geminus Gaius Iulius Iullus Publius Curiatius Fistus Titus Romilius Rocus Second Decemvirate (450–449 BC) Appius Claudius Crassus Quintus Fabius Vibulanus Lucius Minucius Esquilinus Marcus Cornelius Maluginensis Lucius Sergius Esquilinus Titus Antonius Merenda Manius Rabuleius Spurius Oppius Cornicen Quintus Poetelius Libo Kaeso Duillius Longus
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Second Decemvirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decemviri"}],"text":"Lucius Sergius Esquilinus was a Roman politician, and member of the Second Decemvirate in 450 and 449 BC.","title":"Lucius Sergius Esquilinus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"gens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_gens"},{"link_name":"Sergia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergia_gens"},{"link_name":"Fasti Capitolini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasti_Capitolini"},{"link_name":"Livy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livy"},{"link_name":"Diodorus Siculus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus"},{"link_name":"Dionysius of Halicarnassus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionysius_of_Halicarnassus"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton195147-1"}],"text":"He was a member of the Sergii Esquilini, patrician branch of the gens Sergia. His praenomen is not reported in the Fasti Capitolini, and ancient authors disagree on what it is. Livy gives Marcus then Lucius, Diodorus Siculus mentions a Caius and Dionysius of Halicarnassus, a Marcus.[1]","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Decemviri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decemviri"},{"link_name":"Twelve Tables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve_Tables"},{"link_name":"Appius Claudius Sabinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appius_Claudius_Crassus"},{"link_name":"Twelve Tables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve_Tables"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton195146-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton195147-1"},{"link_name":"Sabines'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabines"},{"link_name":"Eretum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eretum"},{"link_name":"Aequi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aequi"},{"link_name":"Mount Algidus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Algidus"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECels-Saint-Hilaire1995180-4"},{"link_name":"Lucius Minucius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_Minucius_Esquilinus_Augurinus"},{"link_name":"Marcus Cornelius Maluginensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Cornelius_Maluginensis"},{"link_name":"Titus Antonius Merenda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titus_Antonius_Merenda"},{"link_name":"Spurius Oppius Cornicen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spurius_Oppius_Cornicen"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton195148-7"},{"link_name":"Tusculum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tusculum"},{"link_name":"Lucius Verginius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_Verginius"},{"link_name":"Aventine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aventine_Hill"},{"link_name":"Monte Sacro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Sacro"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECels-Saint-Hilaire1995181-8"},{"link_name":"Appius Claudius Sabinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appius_Claudius_Crassus"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton195148-7"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Further information: Decemviri and Twelve TablesLucius Sergius Esquilinus was one of the ten members of the second decemvirate, presided over by Appius Claudius Sabinus and elected for the writing of the Twelve Tables, first body of written law protecting Roman rights.[2] At the instigation of Sabinus, the decemvirs had maintained their power illegally the following year, refusing to proceed in the election of consuls.[3][1]That year, the Sabines' occupied Eretum, while the Aequi were camped on Mount Algidus.[4] Roman troops were divided into two armies so they could fight on two fronts. Esquilinus received command of the army opposing the Aequi, with three other decemvirs, Lucius Minucius, Marcus Cornelius Maluginensis, and Titus Antonius Merenda. Meanwhile, Sabinus and Spurius Oppius Cornicen stayed in Rome to assure the defense of the city, and four other decemvirs went against the Sabines.[5][6][7]The two Roman armies were held in check on each front. The army commanded by Esquilinus withdrew to Tusculum then answered the call of Lucius Verginius whose daughter had been reduced to slavery by Sabinus during one of his scandalous trials. After that infamous trial, Verginius had been forced to kill his own daughter. His story provoked the mutiny of the soldiers who elected the ten military tribunes. Under their command, they headed back toward Rome and settled on the Aventine then joined with the other army on Monte Sacro.[8] Under pressure by the soldiers and the plebeians, the decemvirs resigned. Appius Claudius Sabinus and Spurius Oppius Cornicen stayed in Rome and were imprisoned, but committed suicide before their trial. The other eight decemvirs, including Esquilinus, left in exile.[7][9][10]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Livy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livy"},{"link_name":"Ab urbe condita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ab_Urbe_Condita_Libri_(Livy)"},{"link_name":"Dionysius of Halicarnassus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionysius_of_Halicarnassus"}],"sub_title":"Ancient bibliography","text":"Livy, Ab urbe condita\nDionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2-85816-262-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-85816-262-X"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Decemviri"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Decemviri"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Decemviri"},{"link_name":"Decemviri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decemviri"},{"link_name":"Roman Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Republic"},{"link_name":"First Decemvirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Decemvirate"},{"link_name":"Appius Claudius Crassus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appius_Claudius_Crassus"},{"link_name":"Titus Genucius Augurinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titus_Genucius_Augurinus"},{"link_name":"Servius Sulpicius Camerinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servius_Sulpicius_Camerinus_Cornutus_(consul_461_BC)"},{"link_name":"Spurius Postumius Albus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spurius_Postumius_Albus_Regillensis_(consul_466_BC)"},{"link_name":"Aulus Manlius Vulso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aulus_Manlius_Vulso_(decemvir)"},{"link_name":"Publius Sestius Capitolinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publius_Sestius_Capitolinus_Vaticanus"},{"link_name":"Titus Veturius Geminus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titus_Veturius_Geminus_Cicurinus_(consul_462_BC)"},{"link_name":"Gaius Iulius Iullus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Iulus_(consul_482_BC)"},{"link_name":"Publius Curiatius Fistus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publius_Curiatius_Fistus_Trigeminus"},{"link_name":"Titus Romilius Rocus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titus_Romilius_Rocus_Vaticanus"},{"link_name":"Second Decemvirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Decemvirate"},{"link_name":"Appius Claudius Crassus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appius_Claudius_Crassus"},{"link_name":"Quintus Fabius Vibulanus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintus_Fabius_Vibulanus_(consul_467_BC)"},{"link_name":"Lucius Minucius Esquilinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_Minucius_Esquilinus_Augurinus"},{"link_name":"Marcus Cornelius Maluginensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Cornelius_Maluginensis"},{"link_name":"Lucius Sergius Esquilinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Titus Antonius Merenda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titus_Antonius_Merenda"},{"link_name":"Manius Rabuleius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manius_Rabuleius"},{"link_name":"Spurius Oppius Cornicen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spurius_Oppius_Cornicen"},{"link_name":"Quintus Poetelius Libo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintus_Poetelius_Libo_Visolus"}],"sub_title":"Modern bibliography","text":"Broughton, T. Robert S. (1951), The American Philological Association (ed.), \"The Magistrates of the Roman Republic\", Philological Monographs, number XV, volume I, vol. I, 509 B.C. - 100 B.C., New York\n(in French) Cels-Saint-Hilaire, Janine (1995), Presses universitaires du Mirail (ed.), \"La République des tribus: Du droit de vote et de ses enjeux aux débuts de la République romaine (495-300 av. J.-C.)\", Tempus, ISBN 2-85816-262-XvteDecemviri of the Roman RepublicFirst Decemvirate (451 BC)\nAppius Claudius Crassus\nTitus Genucius Augurinus\nServius Sulpicius Camerinus\nSpurius Postumius Albus\nAulus Manlius Vulso\nPublius Sestius Capitolinus\nTitus Veturius Geminus\nGaius Iulius Iullus\nPublius Curiatius Fistus\nTitus Romilius Rocus\nSecond Decemvirate (450–449 BC)\nAppius Claudius Crassus\nQuintus Fabius Vibulanus\nLucius Minucius Esquilinus\nMarcus Cornelius Maluginensis\nLucius Sergius Esquilinus\nTitus Antonius Merenda\nManius Rabuleius\nSpurius Oppius Cornicen\nQuintus Poetelius Libo\nKaeso Duillius Longus","title":"Bibliography"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Broughton, T. Robert S. (1951), The American Philological Association (ed.), \"The Magistrates of the Roman Republic\", Philological Monographs, number XV, volume I, vol. I, 509 B.C. - 100 B.C., New York","urls":[]},{"reference":"Cels-Saint-Hilaire, Janine (1995), Presses universitaires du Mirail (ed.), \"La République des tribus: Du droit de vote et de ses enjeux aux débuts de la République romaine (495-300 av. J.-C.)\", Tempus, ISBN 2-85816-262-X","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-85816-262-X","url_text":"2-85816-262-X"}]}]
[]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Get_Real_(U.S._TV_series)
Get Real (American TV series)
["1 Premise","2 Cast","3 Episodes","4 Reception","5 References","6 External links"]
American TV series or program Get RealGenreComedy dramaCreated byClyde PhillipsStarringJon TenneyDebrah FarentinoAnne HathawayChristina PicklesEric Christian OlsenJesse EisenbergScott VickaryousComposerDennis McCarthyCountry of originUnited StatesOriginal languageEnglishNo. of seasons1No. of episodes22 (2 unaired)ProductionExecutive producersRobert Lloyd LewisClyde PhillipsPam VeaseyRunning time60 minutesProduction companiesClyde Phillips Productions20th Century Fox TelevisionOriginal releaseNetworkFoxReleaseSeptember 8, 1999 (1999-09-08) –April 12, 2000 (2000-04-12) Get Real is an American comedy-drama series that aired on the Fox Network and ran from September 1999 to April 2000. It follows the fictional Green family headed by parents Mitch and Mary and consisting of three teenagers – Meghan, Cameron, and Kenny. It stars Eric Christian Olsen, Jesse Eisenberg, Anne Hathaway, Debrah Farentino, and Jon Tenney. The series marked both Hathaway and Eisenberg's onscreen debuts. Hathaway and Olsen portrayed the older siblings to Eisenberg's central character. Premise The series follows the dysfunctional Green family. Parents Mitch and Mary, who first became parents when they were teenagers, find their marriage has hit the skids. Oldest child Meghan is an achiever who is nominated for class valedictorian and is accepted to UC Berkeley, but she drops a bombshell on her parents when she announces she is foregoing college. Middle child Cameron is a slacker who upsets his mom by bringing girls to stay over for the night. Youngest child Kenny is awkward and a target of bullies. Living with the Greens is Mary's mom Elizabeth, who has taken up residence in their home after the death of her husband. Mitch comes from a Reform Jewish family. Mary comes from a Catholic family. The Green kids periodically address the camera, a technique show creator Clyde Phillips employed in his previous teen series Parker Lewis Can't Lose. These asides to the audience are sometimes delivered in a sarcastic tone that references popular culture and other TV shows. In the pilot, Meghan comments to the audience, "I know what you're thinking. 'This is another one of those smart-ass shows where the kids talk to the audience' like on um, Dawson's Creek, which, actually come to think of it, I'm not even sure does voice-overs. See, personally I wouldn't be caught dead watching it because there is nothing more obnoxious than self-aware teens who know more about life's great mysteries than their parents. And don't worry, we're not gonna get all sturmy-eyed either like on My So-Called Life. Although, you know, that chick didn't do so bad for herself." Cast Jon Tenney as Mitch Green Debrah Farentino as Mary Green Eric Christian Olsen as Cameron Green Anne Hathaway as Meghan Green Jesse Eisenberg as Kenny Green Natalie Ramsey as Jennell Hutchison Scott Vickaryous as Clay Forman Christina Pickles as Elizabeth Parker Episodes No. Title Directed by Written by Original air date 1"Pilot"Scott WinantClyde PhillipsSeptember 8, 1999 (1999-09-08) After fantasizing about an encounter with another man, Mary attempts to reignite her marriage with Mitch. Mitch's colleague at work (Peter Hermann) suggests he have an affair. Kenny has to face a school bully and tries to talk to the girl of his dreams (January Jones), but is dismayed to learn she is involved with Cameron. Meghan announces to the family she is not attending college as planned. 2"Sexual Healing"Larry ShawClyde PhillipsSeptember 15, 1999 (1999-09-15) Mitch and Mary go to a therapist who advises more intimacy. Meghan gets a navel ring and dates a 23-year-old (Jeremy Garrett), Cameron is suspended from school, and Rebecca (Taryn Manning) shows interest in Kenny. 3"Passages"Ken FinkTom SpezialySeptember 22, 1999 (1999-09-22) Cameron starts to get serious about school, while Kenny's peeping escapades land him in counseling. 4"Stay"Larry ShawClyde Phillips & Lon DiamondSeptember 29, 1999 (1999-09-29) Mitch gets some upsetting news about his best friend (Jay Thomas), which affects the whole Green family. Meghan gets mad at Cameron for ratting her out to Mary, who is planning an elaborate birthday party for a 7-year-old. 5"Anatomy of a Rumor"Ken FinkPam VeaseyOctober 20, 1999 (1999-10-20) Rumors spread at Truman High about Meghan being pregnant. Cameron makes a deal with Kenny in a bid to relax the school's skateboarding ban. A depressed Mitch decides on a career change. 6"Performance Anxiety"Bill D'EliaStory by : Douglas Steinberg & Kevin MurphyTeleplay by : Kevin MurphyOctober 27, 1999 (1999-10-27) Mitch's loan officer turns out to be Mary's old high-school flame. Kenny is obsessed with the idea of having sex with Rebecca, while a lifelong dream of Cameron's is fulfilled when he takes up scuba diving lessons. Mary things Meghan is too tight with her English lit teacher Ms. LaSalle (Sydney Walsh). 7"Prey"Stephen CraggWendy Battles & Tim SchlattmannNovember 3, 1999 (1999-11-03) When Rebecca fails to show up for a beach date with Kenny, he sets his sights on another girl. Meghan is devastated by Dan's tryst with Ms. LaSalle. 8"Big Numbers"Richard ComptonAlan CrossNovember 10, 1999 (1999-11-10) Meghan is intrigued by a transfer student. Mitch clashes with the new city project engineer (Kelly Rutherford) assigned to his firehouse rehab. Cam has his eye on the daughter of Victor's rich but overprotective uncle. 9"Crime and Punishment"David GrossmanTara Butters & Michele FazekasDecember 15, 1999 (1999-12-15) Mitch and Mary deal with the news Mary is pregnant. Meghan defies her mother by attending a rave. Kenny tries to get someone to teach him how to drive. 10"Denial"Stephen CraggTim Schlattmann & Wendy BattlesDecember 22, 1999 (1999-12-22) Meghan's torn between her desire for Clay (Scott Vickaryous) and her friendship with Amy (Alexandra Picatto). Mitch's colleague Laura surprises him with an expensive present. Kenny discovers that he's a natural at selling Christmas trees. 11"Choices"James Whitmore Jr.Clyde Phillips & Lon DiamondJanuary 12, 2000 (2000-01-12) Meghan finds herself drawn to Trent (James Roday), but Trent and Cam don't see eye to eye. Kenny finds marijuana in an old jacket of Mary's. 12"Absolution"Jefery LevyKevin MurphyJanuary 19, 2000 (2000-01-19) Kenny's missing after a spin in his mother's SUV leads to a fender bender. Amy finds out about Clay and Meghan's feelings for each other. Cameron's confession about a junior-high crush causes him major embarrassment. A major development in Mary's pregnancy arises. 13"Falling from Grace"James Whitmore Jr.Tara Butters & Michele FazekasJanuary 26, 2000 (2000-01-26) A prank gone awry at Truman High ends up with a "total Whitewater investigation" underway. Two of the culprits are revealed to be Cameron and Amy, which presents an interesting pair of problems for Meghan. Meghan is also invited to Truman's Winter Ball by Clay while Kenny receives an anonymous invitation by e-mail. Mitch receives a tempting invitation from city engineer Laura. 14"Tough Love"Stephen CraggPam VeaseyFebruary 2, 2000 (2000-02-02) Mitch's ne'er-do-well younger brother (Michael Landes) reappears after a four-year absence. Tension between Mitch and Cameron increases as Cam's expulsion hearing approaches. 15"Waiting"Jefery LevyClyde Phillips & Lon DiamondMarch 8, 2000 (2000-03-08) Kenny collapses in school and is rushed to the hospital with a temperature of 104.5. He is diagnosed with bacterial meningitis and given an alarming prognosis. Meghan and Clay make a snap decision about their relationship. 16"Saved"James Whitmore Jr.Tom SpezialyMarch 15, 2000 (2000-03-15) Kate (Debi Mazar), a former babysitter for the Green kids who is now a bestselling author, returns to visit the family. Clay receives a track scholarship to attend college in Boston. Cameron begins "continuation school." 17"The Distance"Lou AntonioAlan CrossMarch 22, 2000 (2000-03-22) Mitch and Mary learn that Meghan and Clay are having sex. Kenny's ex-girlfriend Rebecca wants to meet his new girlfriend, Kimberly (Alaina Talbot). Cam has a reinstatement hearing before the school board. 18"Guilt"Jefery LevyWendy BattlesMarch 29, 2000 (2000-03-29) Meghan takes a job with a 22-year-old dot-com entrepreneur (Eric Mabius), whose father (John Michael Higgins), a long-time family friend, is buying Mitch's firehouse. Cam returns to school and discovers Jody (Natalie Ramsey) with her arms around another guy. Kenny is at a loss as to how to celebrate Kimberly's upcoming 16th birthday. 19"Support System"Richard ComptonKevin MurphyApril 5, 2000 (2000-04-05) Mitch must sell the firehouse, and a potential buyer (Tom Arnold) is an unpaid electrical contractor who also wants his money. Mary's unaware of her husband's straits but Elizabeth isn't. Meanwhile, Mary, who has been volunteering at a women's crisis center since leaving her party-planning business, is given her first counseling assignment. Cam behaves uncharacteristically after Jody stands him up. 20"History Lessons"Oz ScottTara Butters & Michele FazekasApril 12, 2000 (2000-04-12) Clay's track scholarship is jeopardized by his failing calculus grades. 21"Tested"Jefery LevyTim SchlattmannUNAIRED 22"The Last Weekend"David GrossmanClyde Phillips & Lon DiamondUNAIRED Reception Ray Richmond of Variety reviewed the show positively, saying "it manages to feel sassy, hip and provocative" and "...sophistication, angst and wit while adding a healthy dash of self-aware irony to the stew." Of the pilot, he added, " Phillips and Winant dare viewers to dismiss their show as so much hypersensitive blather, using the characters to satirize the show's zeitgeist via the script's liberal pop-culture referencing", and that "what saves the production as a whole, is its giddy irreverence and sharp observations about the ways that family members at different stages of life endure their distinctive brands of hell." The Star Tribune also gave a positive review, noting "The narration and pop-culture asides are fast, loose, and often very funny, especially when delivered by the sarcastic Jesse Eisenberg, who reacts to bullies and his parents' marital troubles with hilarious nerd-in-the-headlights takes." The Bangor Daily News praised the cast, with critic Dale McGarrigle saying "Somehow, Phillips and a fine cast of actors make 'Get Real' work, despite" its mesh of various genres including "observational comedy, the next relationship melodrama, the next life-or-death suspense." Kay McFadden of The Seattle Times called Get Real "self-conscious and smirky," saying it "fails to distinguish itself from the herd of like-minded shows this fall." Kinney Littlefield of the Orange County Register criticized the show, calling it a "teen-targeted sketch comedy, stuffed with quick visual schtick, shock-inducing dialogue, and facile, wink-wink, ain't-we-bad digs at other fave teen shows." Hal Boedeker of the Orlando Sentinel wrote the show's style "is comical, smart-aleck, cynical", but its "emotional force is blunted by fantasy scenes, glib dialogue and constant references to other TV series." He also criticized the show's tone as "veering from sophomoric sex comedy to wrenching drama" in a "baffling" fashion. The series aired in a competitive Wednesday night time slot, going up against the debut of NBC's The West Wing and The WB's teen drama Roswell. It struggled ratings-wise and was eventually cancelled in the spring of 2000, before its final two episodes could be aired. References ^ Brooks, Tim; Marsh, Earle (2003). The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows, 1946-Present (8th ed.). Ballantine Books. p. 459. ISBN 0-345-45542-8. OCLC 53228840. ^ McKinley, Jesse (February 18, 2002). "An A for Aplomb Onstage, and Political Science in the Wings". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 21, 2022. ^ a b McGarrigle, Dale (September 7, 1999). "Fox show explores family life". Bangor Daily News. pp. C1, C3. Retrieved June 25, 2022. ^ Phillips, Clyde (writer); Winant, Scott (director). "Pilot". September 8, 1999. Get Real. Season 1. Episode 1. Fox. ^ a b c Richmond, Ray (September 7, 1999). "Get Real". Variety. Retrieved June 21, 2022. ^ "Get Real". Star Tribune. September 12, 1999. p. 98. Retrieved June 21, 2022. ^ McFadden, Kay (July 23, 1999). "Kay In L.A.: FOX For Fall - The Naked Truth". The Seattle Times. Retrieved June 21, 2022. ^ Littlefield, Kinney (October 2, 1999). "Season marks teen-trauma TV". Orange County Register. p. 21. Retrieved June 21, 2022 – via Calhoun Register. ^ a b Boedeker, Hal (September 7, 1999). "Smart-Aleck Fox Family Drama Needs to Get Real". Orlando Sentinel. Archived from the original on June 21, 2022. Retrieved June 21, 2022. ^ Goodykoontz, Bill (September 22, 1999). "'West Wing' soars, 'Get Real' fakes it". Arizona Republic. p. 45. Retrieved June 21, 2022. ^ "What's up next season? TV's 'upfronts' have the lowdown". Associated Press. May 12, 2000. pp. C8. Retrieved June 21, 2022 – via Sun Journal (Lewiston, Maine). ^ Buchanan, Kyle (August 30, 2011). "Read a Very Surprising Story About Young Anne Hathaway". Vulture. Retrieved June 25, 2022. Just after the cancellation was announced, I got an email from my insider, letting me know that he was going to send me copies of the final two unaired episodes, just so I could have a full set of recaps. ^ Pereira, Sergio (October 3, 2018). "20 '90s Teen Shows Fans Completely Forgot About". Screen Rant. External links Get Real at IMDb Get Real at epguides.com
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"comedy-drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy-drama"},{"link_name":"Fox Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"Eric Christian Olsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Christian_Olsen"},{"link_name":"Jesse Eisenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Eisenberg"},{"link_name":"Anne Hathaway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Hathaway"},{"link_name":"Debrah Farentino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debrah_Farentino"},{"link_name":"Jon Tenney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Tenney"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"American TV series or programGet Real is an American comedy-drama series that aired on the Fox Network and ran from September 1999 to April 2000. It follows the fictional Green family headed by parents Mitch and Mary and consisting of three teenagers – Meghan, Cameron, and Kenny. It stars Eric Christian Olsen, Jesse Eisenberg, Anne Hathaway, Debrah Farentino, and Jon Tenney.[1] The series marked both Hathaway and Eisenberg's onscreen debuts.[2] Hathaway and Olsen portrayed the older siblings to Eisenberg's central character.","title":"Get Real (American TV series)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"UC Berkeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley"},{"link_name":"address the camera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_wall"},{"link_name":"Clyde Phillips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clyde_Phillips_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Parker Lewis Can't Lose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parker_Lewis_Can%27t_Lose"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"Dawson's Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawson%27s_Creek"},{"link_name":"My So-Called Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_So-Called_Life"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The series follows the dysfunctional Green family. Parents Mitch and Mary, who first became parents when they were teenagers, find their marriage has hit the skids. Oldest child Meghan is an achiever who is nominated for class valedictorian and is accepted to UC Berkeley, but she drops a bombshell on her parents when she announces she is foregoing college. Middle child Cameron is a slacker who upsets his mom by bringing girls to stay over for the night. Youngest child Kenny is awkward and a target of bullies. Living with the Greens is Mary's mom Elizabeth, who has taken up residence in their home after the death of her husband. Mitch comes from a Reform Jewish family. Mary comes from a Catholic family.The Green kids periodically address the camera, a technique show creator Clyde Phillips employed in his previous teen series Parker Lewis Can't Lose.[3] These asides to the audience are sometimes delivered in a sarcastic tone that references popular culture and other TV shows. In the pilot, Meghan comments to the audience, \"I know what you're thinking. 'This is another one of those smart-ass shows where the kids talk to the audience' like on um, Dawson's Creek, which, actually come to think of it, I'm not even sure does voice-overs. See, personally I wouldn't be caught dead watching it because there is nothing more obnoxious than self-aware teens who know more about life's great mysteries than their parents. And don't worry, we're not gonna get all sturmy-eyed either like on My So-Called Life. Although, you know, that chick didn't do so bad for herself.\"[4]","title":"Premise"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jon Tenney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Tenney"},{"link_name":"Debrah Farentino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debrah_Farentino"},{"link_name":"Eric Christian Olsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Christian_Olsen"},{"link_name":"Anne Hathaway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Hathaway"},{"link_name":"Jesse Eisenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Eisenberg"},{"link_name":"Natalie Ramsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalie_Ramsey"},{"link_name":"Christina Pickles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christina_Pickles"}],"text":"Jon Tenney as Mitch Green\nDebrah Farentino as Mary Green\nEric Christian Olsen as Cameron Green\nAnne Hathaway as Meghan Green\nJesse Eisenberg as Kenny Green\nNatalie Ramsey as Jennell Hutchison\nScott Vickaryous as Clay Forman\nChristina Pickles as Elizabeth Parker","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ray Richmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Richmond"},{"link_name":"Variety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"Star Tribune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Tribune"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Bangor Daily News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangor_Daily_News"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"The Seattle Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Seattle_Times"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Orange County Register","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_County_Register"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Orlando Sentinel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_Sentinel"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-9"},{"link_name":"NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC"},{"link_name":"The West Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_West_Wing"},{"link_name":"The WB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_WB"},{"link_name":"Roswell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roswell_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Ray Richmond of Variety reviewed the show positively, saying \"it manages to feel sassy, hip and provocative\" and \"[carries]...sophistication, angst and wit while adding a healthy dash of self-aware irony to the stew.\"[5] Of the pilot, he added, \"[Clyde] Phillips and [Scott] Winant dare viewers to dismiss their show as so much hypersensitive blather, using the characters to satirize the show's zeitgeist via the script's liberal pop-culture referencing\", and that \"what saves the production as a whole, is its giddy irreverence and sharp observations about the ways that family members at different stages of life endure their distinctive brands of hell.\"[5]The Star Tribune also gave a positive review, noting \"The narration and pop-culture asides are fast, loose, and often very funny, especially when delivered by the sarcastic Jesse Eisenberg, who reacts to bullies and his parents' marital troubles with hilarious nerd-in-the-headlights takes.\"[6] The Bangor Daily News praised the cast, with critic Dale McGarrigle saying \"Somehow, Phillips and a fine cast of actors make 'Get Real' work, despite\" its mesh of various genres including \"observational comedy, the next relationship melodrama, [and] the next life-or-death suspense.\"[3]Kay McFadden of The Seattle Times called Get Real \"self-conscious and smirky,\" saying it \"fails to distinguish itself from the herd of like-minded shows this fall.\"[7] Kinney Littlefield of the Orange County Register criticized the show, calling it a \"teen-targeted sketch comedy, stuffed with quick visual schtick, shock-inducing dialogue, and facile, wink-wink, ain't-we-bad digs at other fave teen shows.\"[8] Hal Boedeker of the Orlando Sentinel wrote the show's style \"is comical, smart-aleck, [and] cynical\", but its \"emotional force is blunted by fantasy scenes, glib dialogue and constant references to other TV series.\"[9] He also criticized the show's tone as \"veering from sophomoric sex comedy to wrenching drama\" in a \"baffling\" fashion.[9]The series aired in a competitive Wednesday night time slot, going up against the debut of NBC's The West Wing and The WB's teen drama Roswell.[10][5] It struggled ratings-wise and was eventually cancelled in the spring of 2000, before its final two episodes could be aired.[11][12][13]","title":"Reception"}]
[]
null
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Retrieved June 21, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2002/02/18/theater/an-a-for-aplomb-onstage-and-political-science-in-the-wings.html","url_text":"\"An A for Aplomb Onstage, and Political Science in the Wings\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"McGarrigle, Dale (September 7, 1999). \"Fox show explores family life\". Bangor Daily News. pp. C1, C3. Retrieved June 25, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=g6JJAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA86","url_text":"\"Fox show explores family life\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangor_Daily_News","url_text":"Bangor Daily News"}]},{"reference":"Richmond, Ray (September 7, 1999). \"Get Real\". Variety. Retrieved June 21, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/1999/tv/reviews/get-real-2-1117752089/","url_text":"\"Get Real\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"}]},{"reference":"\"Get Real\". Star Tribune. September 12, 1999. p. 98. Retrieved June 21, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/74726245/west-wing-season-one-get-real-oh/","url_text":"\"Get Real\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Tribune","url_text":"Star Tribune"}]},{"reference":"McFadden, Kay (July 23, 1999). \"Kay In L.A.: FOX For Fall - The Naked Truth\". The Seattle Times. Retrieved June 21, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.seattletimes.com/archive/?date=19990723&slug=2973346","url_text":"\"Kay In L.A.: FOX For Fall - The Naked Truth\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Seattle_Times","url_text":"The Seattle Times"}]},{"reference":"Littlefield, Kinney (October 2, 1999). \"Season marks teen-trauma TV\". Orange County Register. p. 21. Retrieved June 21, 2022 – via Calhoun Register.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tVEjAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA31","url_text":"\"Season marks teen-trauma TV\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_County_Register","url_text":"Orange County Register"}]},{"reference":"Boedeker, Hal (September 7, 1999). \"Smart-Aleck Fox Family Drama Needs to Get Real\". Orlando Sentinel. Archived from the original on June 21, 2022. Retrieved June 21, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220621060657/https://www.orlandosentinel.com/news/os-xpm-1999-09-08-9909070245-story.html","url_text":"\"Smart-Aleck Fox Family Drama Needs to Get Real\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_Sentinel","url_text":"Orlando Sentinel"},{"url":"https://www.orlandosentinel.com/news/os-xpm-1999-09-08-9909070245-story.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Goodykoontz, Bill (September 22, 1999). \"'West Wing' soars, 'Get Real' fakes it\". Arizona Republic. p. 45. Retrieved June 21, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/74445182/west-wing-season-one-get-real-oh/","url_text":"\"'West Wing' soars, 'Get Real' fakes it\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_Republic","url_text":"Arizona Republic"}]},{"reference":"\"What's up next season? TV's 'upfronts' have the lowdown\". Associated Press. May 12, 2000. pp. C8. Retrieved June 21, 2022 – via Sun Journal (Lewiston, Maine).","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jJ80AAAAIBAJ&pg=PA17","url_text":"\"What's up next season? TV's 'upfronts' have the lowdown\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"Associated Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Journal_(Lewiston,_Maine)","url_text":"Sun Journal (Lewiston, Maine)"}]},{"reference":"Buchanan, Kyle (August 30, 2011). \"Read a Very Surprising Story About Young Anne Hathaway\". Vulture. Retrieved June 25, 2022. Just after the cancellation was announced, I got an email from my insider, letting me know that he was going to send me copies of the final two unaired episodes, just so I could have a full set of recaps.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vulture.com/2011/08/anne_hathaway_get_real.html","url_text":"\"Read a Very Surprising Story About Young Anne Hathaway\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulture_(website)","url_text":"Vulture"}]},{"reference":"Pereira, Sergio (October 3, 2018). \"20 '90s Teen Shows Fans Completely Forgot About\". Screen Rant.","urls":[{"url":"https://screenrant.com/90s-teen-shows-fans-completely-forgot/","url_text":"\"20 '90s Teen Shows Fans Completely Forgot About\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Rant","url_text":"Screen Rant"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Renwick
Tim Renwick
["1 Career","2 Pink Floyd and other projects","3 Solo work","4 Solo discography","5 References","6 External links"]
Tim RenwickRenwick with the Bucket Boys, performing at Fairport's Cropredy Convention Festival, 2007Background informationBirth nameTimothy John Pearson RenwickBorn (1949-08-07) 7 August 1949 (age 74)Cambridge, EnglandGenresRock, popOccupation(s) Musician songwriter guitarist Instrument(s)GuitarbassvocalsYears active1963–presentLabelsAudio Network PlcWebsitewww.timrenwick.comMusical artist Timothy John Pearson Renwick (born 7 August 1949) is an English guitarist. He is best known for his association with Al Stewart in his early career and for his long-standing role as lead guitarist for the Sutherland Brothers & Quiver. His single "Dark Island" peaked at number 80 in Australia in 1980. He also performed with Pink Floyd on their 1987-89 and 1994 tours, as well as accompanying the band during their Live 8 performance in 2005. Career Renwick was born and grew up in Cambridge. He passed his 11 plus and consequently attended Cambridgeshire High School for Boys, as had future Floyd members Syd Barrett and Roger Waters. After dabbling in other instruments, he started to play guitar when he was 14, and progressed to playing in local bands in 1963. Throughout that decade he performed with Little Women, Wages of Sin, Junior's Eyes, The Hype, Quiver (later Sutherland Brothers & Quiver) and Lazy Racer. He also worked for the Alan Parsons' rhythm section at Abbey Road Studios with Pete Moss for the Sutherland Brothers and Al Stewart. He did session work for Elton John, Procol Harum, Andy Gibb, Bridget St. John, Shirley Collins and The Albion Country Band, David Bowie, Mike Oldfield, Gary Brooker, Roger Waters, Eric Clapton, David Byron, Rick Wright, Jonathan Kelly (credited also with flute), Sally Oldfield, Maggie Reilly, China Crisis, Pink Floyd and Brian Joseph Friel. Pink Floyd and other projects Renwick is credited as the co-composer of Elton John's song "Dreamboat". The song was released on the "Kiss the Bride" single in 1983, but was most likely recorded in the late 1970s, when Renwick was briefly a member of Elton John's band, recording with him on A Single Man and playing with him in John's 1980 concert in Central Park, New York. In 1984, Renwick toured with Roger Waters during his The Pros and Cons of Hitchhiking tour. Among the other musicians in Waters' band was Eric Clapton, with whom Tim toured the following year, on Clapton's Behind The Sun tour. He appeared as a member of Clapton's band at the Live Aid Concert 13 July 1985 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. In 1987, David Gilmour invited Renwick to tour with Pink Floyd as a session musician, and recordings from the August 1988 shows were released in the double live album Delicate Sound of Thunder. This makes Renwick, along with Michael Kamen, Patrick Leonard and Jon Carin, one of the few musicians who performed with both Waters and his former bandmates after Waters had left Pink Floyd. Renwick joined the Tex Maniax with Andy Roberts and other ex Wangfords (1984) and Mike + The Mechanics (1989). Renwick joined Pink Floyd again later on their 1989 European tour, on the 1994 studio album, The Division Bell, and on the Division Bell tour, which again resulted in a double live album, Pulse. Renwick made a live appearance with the Alan Parsons Band in the 1998 Michael Jackson Gala (replacing the original guitarist Ian Bairnson). He recorded with Pink Floyd colleague Rick Wright, playing guitar on his 1996 album Broken China. In 2005 he appeared once more with Pink Floyd as second guitarist (and bassist on "Wish You Were Here") for their Live 8 reunion. He also played with Al Stewart at Cambridge Corn Exchange on 7 October 2013, and again on Stewart's 2015 UK and Ireland tour. Solo work Renwick has recorded an eponymous album, Tim Renwick, released in 1980, and in 2007 compiled an instrumental album titled Privateer, published by Audio Network Plc. and available from his website. Privateer II was released in 2017 following a similar theme. He now lives in Pentewan, Cornwall, and plays guitar in The Bucket Boys. He also played in a duo called Hobson's Choice, and is an occasional guest player with Cornish band The Hoodle. Solo discography Tim Renwick (1980) Privateer (2007) Electric Blue (2008) Vintage Blues Guitar (2013) Privateer 2 (2017) References ^ Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992 (illustrated ed.). St Ives, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book. p. 250. ISBN 0-646-11917-6. ^ a b "Tim Renwick – Chronology". Official Site. Archived from the original on 2 November 2012. Retrieved 18 October 2012. ^ Chapman, Rob (2010). "Oh Mother, Tell Me More". Syd Barrett: A Very Irregular Head (Paperback ed.). London: Faber. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-571-23855-2. ^ a b c d "Allmusic bio". Allmusic. Retrieved 6 February 2010. ^ ""No Roses" by Shirley Collins and The Albion Country Band". Mainly Norfolk. Retrieved 5 September 2011. ^ Mike Daly (17 May 1982). "Oldfield and his band magnificent". The Age. Retrieved 6 February 2010. ^ Stephen Holden (3 October 1991). "Pop/Jazz in Review". New York Times. Retrieved 6 February 2010. ^ John Pareles (1 June 1986). "Recent releases of video cassettes". New York Times. Retrieved 6 February 2010. ^ a b c d e f Mabbett, Andy (2010). Pink Floyd – The Music and the Mystery. London: Omnibus. ISBN 978-1-84938-370-7. ^ "BMI "Dreamboat" song information". Broadcast Music Incorporated. Archived from the original on 17 July 2012. Retrieved 6 February 2010. ^ a b Miles, Barry; Andy Mabbett (1994). Pink Floyd the visual documentary. London: Omnibus. ISBN 0-7119-4109-2. ^ a b "Allmusic discography". Allmusic. Retrieved 6 February 2010. External links Official website Tim Renwick Myspace Tim Renwick bio with details of all band line-ups etc. vteAlbion Band Ashley Hutchings Steve Ashley Phil Beer Bill Caddick Martin Carthy Dolly Collins Shirley Collins Lol Coxhill Sue Draheim Barry Dransfield Blair Dunlop Howard Evans Trevor Foster Sue Harris Nic Jones John Kirkpatrick Chris Leslie Cathy Lesurf Dave Mattacks Julie Matthews Ken Nicol Simon Nicol Philip Pickett Maddy Prior Brian Protheroe Tim Renwick Colin Ross Ric Sanders Martin Simpson Roger Swallow John Tams Graeme Taylor Linda Thompson Richard Thompson Lal and Mike Waterson Chris While Kellie While Pete Zorn Studio albums No Roses (1971) Battle of the Field (1976) The Prospect Before Us (1977) Rise Up Like the Sun (1978) Yuletracks (1986) Acousticity (1993) Albion Heart (1995) Ridgeriders (1999) Live albums "Ridgeriders" In Concert (2001) Related articles Fairport Convention Steeleye Span Home Service Etchingham Steam Band Show of Hands vtePink Floyd David Gilmour Nick Mason Syd Barrett Bob Klose Roger Waters Richard Wright Studio albums The Piper at the Gates of Dawn A Saucerful of Secrets More Ummagumma Atom Heart Mother Meddle Obscured by Clouds The Dark Side of the Moon Wish You Were Here Animals The Wall The Final Cut A Momentary Lapse of Reason The Division Bell The Endless River Live albums Ummagumma Delicate Sound of Thunder Pulse London '66–'67 Is There Anybody Out There? The Wall Live 1980–81 The Dark Side of the Moon Live at Wembley 1974 Compilations The Best of the Pink Floyd Relics A Nice Pair A Collection of Great Dance Songs Works Echoes: The Best of Pink Floyd The Best of Pink Floyd: A Foot in the Door 1967–1972: Cre/ation The Later Years: 1987–2019 Extended plays 1967: The First Three Singles 1965: Their First Recordings Box sets Shine On Oh, by the Way Discovery The Early Years 1965–1972 The Later Years The Dark Side of the Moon 50th Anniversary Soundtracks San Francisco The Committee Tonite Lets All Make Love in London More Zabriskie Point La Carrera Panamericana Singles "Lucy Leave" / "I'm a King Bee" "Arnold Layne" / "Candy and a Currant Bun" "See Emily Play" / "The Scarecrow" "Flaming" / "The Gnome" "Apples and Oranges" / "Paint Box" "It Would Be So Nice" / "Julia Dream" "Let There Be More Light" / "Remember a Day" "Point Me at the Sky" / "Careful with That Axe, Eugene" "The Nile Song" "One of These Days" / "Fearless" "Free Four" "Money" / "Any Colour You Like" "Time" / "Us and Them" "Have a Cigar" / "Welcome to the Machine" / "Shine On You Crazy Diamond Part I" "Another Brick in the Wall (Part 2)" / "One of My Turns" "Run Like Hell" / "Don't Leave Me Now" "Comfortably Numb" / "Hey You" "When the Tigers Broke Free" / "Bring the Boys Back Home" "Not Now John" / "The Hero's Return" "Learning to Fly" / "Terminal Frost" "On the Turning Away" "One Slip" / "The Dogs of War" "Keep Talking" "Lost for Words" "What Do You Want from Me" "Take It Back" / "Astronomy Domine" "High Hopes" "Wish You Were Here" / "Coming Back to Life" "Louder than Words" "Grantchester Meadows" "Childhood's End" "Green Is the Colour" "Hey, Hey, Rise Up!" "Brain Damage" "The Great Gig in the Sky" FilmsConcerts London '66–'67 Live at Pompeii Delicate Sound of Thunder Pulse Narratives The Wall Documentaries The Pink Floyd and Syd Barrett Story London '66–'67 La Carrera Panamericana The Story of Wish You Were Here Tours World Tour 1968 The Man and The Journey Tour Dark Side of the Moon Tour 1974 French Summer/British Winter Tour North American/Wish You Were Here Tour In the Flesh/Animals Tour The Wall Tour A Momentary Lapse of Reason Tour (Concert in Venice, Italy) The Division Bell Tour Lists Discography Songs Unreleased songs Videography Band members Live performances Bootleg recordings Related mediaand tributes 19367 Pink Floyd The Amazing Pudding The Australian Pink Floyd Show Brit Floyd The Dark Side of the Moo "Echoes" "Embryo" Inside Out: A Personal History of Pink Floyd Live at the Empire Pool The Man and The Journey Music from The Body Nick Mason's Saucerful of Secrets Pinkfloydia Pink Floyd: The Music and the Mystery "Proper Education" Roger Waters: The Wall Synalpheus pinkfloydi Umma gumma Their Mortal Remains Related topics The 14 Hour Technicolor Dream Azimuth Co-ordinator Blackhill Enterprises Britannia Row Studios The Dark Side of the Rainbow Games for May Pink Floyd pigs   Category vteProcol Harum Gary Brooker Geoff Dunn Matt Pegg Josh Phillips Geoff Whitehorn Dave Ball Graham Broad Dave Bronze Pete Brown Mark Brzezicki Alan Cartwright Chris Copping Laurence Cottle Matthew Fisher Mick Grabham Bobby Harrison David Knights Dee Murray Keith Reid Tim Renwick Ray Royer Don Snow Peter Solley Henry Spinetti Jerry Stevenson Robin Trower Ian Wallace B. J. Wilson Studio albums Procol Harum Shine On Brightly A Salty Dog Home Broken Barricades Grand Hotel Exotic Birds and Fruit Procol's Ninth Something Magic The Prodigal Stranger The Well's on Fire Novum Live albums Procol Harum Live: In Concert with the Edmonton Symphony Orchestra Live at the Union Chapel Procol Harum – In Concert with the Danish National Concert Orchestra and Choir Some Long Road As Liquorice John Death Ain't Nothin' to Get Excited About Songs "A Whiter Shade of Pale" "Homburg" "A Salty Dog" "Conquistador" Related articles Discography Members The Paramounts The Long Goodbye Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National France BnF data Germany Artists MusicBrainz
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His single \"Dark Island\" peaked at number 80 in Australia in 1980.[1]He also performed with Pink Floyd on their 1987-89 and 1994 tours, as well as accompanying the band during their Live 8 performance in 2005.","title":"Tim Renwick"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"11 plus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleven-plus_exam"},{"link_name":"Cambridgeshire High School for Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridgeshire_High_School_for_Boys"},{"link_name":"Syd Barrett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syd_Barrett"},{"link_name":"Roger Waters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Waters"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-official-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Irghd9-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-official-2"},{"link_name":"Junior's Eyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junior%27s_Eyes_(band)"},{"link_name":"Quiver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quiver_(band)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusic-4"},{"link_name":"Alan Parsons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Parsons"},{"link_name":"rhythm section","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm_section"},{"link_name":"Abbey Road Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey_Road_Studios"},{"link_name":"Sutherland Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutherland_Brothers"},{"link_name":"Al Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Stewart"},{"link_name":"Elton John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elton_John"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusic-4"},{"link_name":"Procol Harum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procol_Harum"},{"link_name":"Andy Gibb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Gibb"},{"link_name":"Bridget St. John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridget_St._John"},{"link_name":"Shirley Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirley_Collins"},{"link_name":"The Albion Country Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Albion_Country_Band"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"David Bowie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusic-4"},{"link_name":"Mike Oldfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Oldfield"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Gary Brooker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Brooker"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Roger Waters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Waters"},{"link_name":"Eric Clapton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Clapton"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"David Byron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Byron"},{"link_name":"Rick Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wright_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Kelly"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusic-4"},{"link_name":"Sally Oldfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sally_Oldfield"},{"link_name":"Maggie Reilly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maggie_Reilly"},{"link_name":"China Crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Crisis"},{"link_name":"Pink Floyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink_Floyd"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mabbett3-9"}],"text":"Renwick was born and grew up in Cambridge. He passed his 11 plus and consequently attended Cambridgeshire High School for Boys, as had future Floyd members Syd Barrett and Roger Waters.[2][3] After dabbling in other instruments, he started to play guitar when he was 14, and progressed to playing in local bands in 1963.[2] Throughout that decade he performed with Little Women, Wages of Sin, Junior's Eyes, The Hype, Quiver[4] (later Sutherland Brothers & Quiver) and Lazy Racer. He also worked for the Alan Parsons' rhythm section at Abbey Road Studios with Pete Moss for the Sutherland Brothers and Al Stewart. He did session work for Elton John,[4] Procol Harum, Andy Gibb, Bridget St. John, Shirley Collins and The Albion Country Band,[5] David Bowie,[4] Mike Oldfield,[6] Gary Brooker,[7] Roger Waters, Eric Clapton,[8] David Byron, Rick Wright, Jonathan Kelly[4] (credited also with flute), Sally Oldfield, Maggie Reilly, China Crisis, Pink Floyd[9] and Brian Joseph Friel.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Elton John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elton_John"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Kiss the Bride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiss_the_Bride_(song)"},{"link_name":"A Single Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Single_Man_(album)"},{"link_name":"Central Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Park"},{"link_name":"Roger Waters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Waters"},{"link_name":"The Pros and Cons of Hitchhiking tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pros_and_Cons_of_Hitch_Hiking_(tour)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mabbett-11"},{"link_name":"Eric Clapton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Clapton"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mabbett-11"},{"link_name":"Behind The Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behind_the_Sun_(Eric_Clapton_album)"},{"link_name":"Live Aid Concert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_Aid"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"David Gilmour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Gilmour"},{"link_name":"Delicate Sound of Thunder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delicate_Sound_of_Thunder"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mabbett3-9"},{"link_name":"Michael Kamen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Kamen"},{"link_name":"Patrick Leonard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Leonard"},{"link_name":"Jon Carin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Carin"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mabbett3-9"},{"link_name":"Mike + The Mechanics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_%2B_The_Mechanics"},{"link_name":"The Division Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Division_Bell"},{"link_name":"Division Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Division_Bell"},{"link_name":"Pulse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse_(Pink_Floyd_album)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mabbett3-9"},{"link_name":"Alan Parsons Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Parsons"},{"link_name":"Michael Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Ian Bairnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Bairnson"},{"link_name":"Rick Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Wright"},{"link_name":"Broken China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broken_China"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mabbett3-9"},{"link_name":"Wish You Were Here","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wish_You_Were_Here_(Pink_Floyd_song)"},{"link_name":"Live 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mabbett3-9"},{"link_name":"Al Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Stewart"},{"link_name":"Cambridge Corn Exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_Corn_Exchange"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.alstewart.com/calendar.html"}],"text":"Renwick is credited as the co-composer of Elton John's song \"Dreamboat\".[10] The song was released on the \"Kiss the Bride\" single in 1983, but was most likely recorded in the late 1970s, when Renwick was briefly a member of Elton John's band, recording with him on A Single Man and playing with him in John's 1980 concert in Central Park, New York.In 1984, Renwick toured with Roger Waters during his The Pros and Cons of Hitchhiking tour.[11] Among the other musicians in Waters' band was Eric Clapton,[11] with whom Tim toured the following year, on Clapton's Behind The Sun tour. He appeared as a member of Clapton's band at the Live Aid Concert 13 July 1985 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. In 1987, David Gilmour invited Renwick to tour with Pink Floyd as a session musician, and recordings from the August 1988 shows were released in the double live album Delicate Sound of Thunder.[9] This makes Renwick, along with Michael Kamen, Patrick Leonard and Jon Carin, one of the few musicians who performed with both Waters and his former bandmates after Waters had left Pink Floyd.[9]Renwick joined the Tex Maniax with Andy Roberts and other ex Wangfords (1984) and Mike + The Mechanics (1989). Renwick joined Pink Floyd again later on their 1989 European tour, on the 1994 studio album, The Division Bell, and on the Division Bell tour, which again resulted in a double live album, Pulse.[9]Renwick made a live appearance with the Alan Parsons Band in the 1998 Michael Jackson Gala (replacing the original guitarist Ian Bairnson). He recorded with Pink Floyd colleague Rick Wright, playing guitar on his 1996 album Broken China.[9] In 2005 he appeared once more with Pink Floyd as second guitarist (and bassist on \"Wish You Were Here\") for their Live 8 reunion.[9]He also played with Al Stewart at Cambridge Corn Exchange on 7 October 2013, and again on Stewart's 2015 UK and Ireland tour.[1]","title":"Pink Floyd and other projects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"eponymous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eponymous"},{"link_name":"Tim Renwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Renwick_(album)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-disco-12"},{"link_name":"Privateer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privateer_(album)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-disco-12"},{"link_name":"Pentewan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentewan"}],"text":"Renwick has recorded an eponymous album, Tim Renwick,[12] released in 1980, and in 2007 compiled an instrumental album titled Privateer,[12] published by Audio Network Plc. and available from his website. Privateer II was released in 2017 following a similar theme.He now lives in Pentewan, Cornwall, and plays guitar in The Bucket Boys. He also played in a duo called Hobson's Choice, and is an occasional guest player with Cornish band The Hoodle.","title":"Solo work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tim Renwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Renwick_(album)"},{"link_name":"Privateer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privateer_(album)"},{"link_name":"Electric Blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electric_Blue_(Tim_Renwick_album)&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Tim Renwick (1980)\nPrivateer (2007)\nElectric Blue (2008)\nVintage Blues Guitar (2013)\nPrivateer 2 (2017)","title":"Solo discography"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992 (illustrated ed.). St Ives, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book. p. 250. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Kent_(historian)","url_text":"Kent, David"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-646-11917-6","url_text":"0-646-11917-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Tim Renwick – Chronology\". Official Site. Archived from the original on 2 November 2012. Retrieved 18 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121102103003/http://www.timrenwick.com/Pages/Chronology.html","url_text":"\"Tim Renwick – Chronology\""},{"url":"http://www.timrenwick.com/Pages/Chronology.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Chapman, Rob (2010). \"Oh Mother, Tell Me More\". Syd Barrett: A Very Irregular Head (Paperback ed.). London: Faber. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-571-23855-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sydbarrettveryir00chap","url_text":"Syd Barrett: A Very Irregular Head"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sydbarrettveryir00chap/page/9","url_text":"9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-23855-2","url_text":"978-0-571-23855-2"}]},{"reference":"\"Allmusic bio\". Allmusic. Retrieved 6 February 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/p20144","url_text":"\"Allmusic bio\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allmusic","url_text":"Allmusic"}]},{"reference":"\"\"No Roses\" by Shirley Collins and The Albion Country Band\". Mainly Norfolk. Retrieved 5 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.informatik.uni-hamburg.de/~zierke/shirley.collins/records/noroses.html","url_text":"\"\"No Roses\" by Shirley Collins and The Albion Country Band\""}]},{"reference":"Mike Daly (17 May 1982). \"Oldfield and his band magnificent\". The Age. Retrieved 6 February 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=cjERAAAAIBAJ&pg=3648,65238&dq=tim-renwick&hl=en","url_text":"\"Oldfield and his band magnificent\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Age","url_text":"The Age"}]},{"reference":"Stephen Holden (3 October 1991). \"Pop/Jazz in Review\". New York Times. Retrieved 6 February 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1991/10/03/arts/pop-jazz-in-review-521491.html","url_text":"\"Pop/Jazz in Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times","url_text":"New York Times"}]},{"reference":"John Pareles (1 June 1986). \"Recent releases of video cassettes\". New York Times. Retrieved 6 February 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1986/06/01/arts/recent-releases-of-video-cassettes-846886.html","url_text":"\"Recent releases of video cassettes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times","url_text":"New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Mabbett, Andy (2010). Pink Floyd – The Music and the Mystery. London: Omnibus. ISBN 978-1-84938-370-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84938-370-7","url_text":"978-1-84938-370-7"}]},{"reference":"\"BMI \"Dreamboat\" song information\". Broadcast Music Incorporated. Archived from the original on 17 July 2012. Retrieved 6 February 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120717045646/http://repertoire.bmi.com/title.asp?blnWriter=True&blnPublisher=True&blnArtist=True&keyID=7453483&ShowNbr=0&ShowSeqNbr=0&querytype=WorkID","url_text":"\"BMI \"Dreamboat\" song information\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcast_Music_Incorporated","url_text":"Broadcast Music Incorporated"},{"url":"http://repertoire.bmi.com/title.asp?blnWriter=True&blnPublisher=True&blnArtist=True&keyID=7453483&ShowNbr=0&ShowSeqNbr=0&querytype=WorkID","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Miles, Barry; Andy Mabbett (1994). Pink Floyd the visual documentary. London: Omnibus. ISBN 0-7119-4109-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7119-4109-2","url_text":"0-7119-4109-2"}]},{"reference":"\"Allmusic discography\". Allmusic. Retrieved 6 February 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/p20144/discography","url_text":"\"Allmusic discography\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allmusic","url_text":"Allmusic"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.timrenwick.com/","external_links_name":"www.timrenwick.com"},{"Link":"http://www.alstewart.com/calendar.html","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121102103003/http://www.timrenwick.com/Pages/Chronology.html","external_links_name":"\"Tim Renwick – Chronology\""},{"Link":"http://www.timrenwick.com/Pages/Chronology.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/sydbarrettveryir00chap","external_links_name":"Syd Barrett: A Very Irregular Head"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/sydbarrettveryir00chap/page/9","external_links_name":"9"},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/p20144","external_links_name":"\"Allmusic bio\""},{"Link":"http://www.informatik.uni-hamburg.de/~zierke/shirley.collins/records/noroses.html","external_links_name":"\"\"No Roses\" by Shirley Collins and The Albion Country Band\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=cjERAAAAIBAJ&pg=3648,65238&dq=tim-renwick&hl=en","external_links_name":"\"Oldfield and his band magnificent\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1991/10/03/arts/pop-jazz-in-review-521491.html","external_links_name":"\"Pop/Jazz in Review\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1986/06/01/arts/recent-releases-of-video-cassettes-846886.html","external_links_name":"\"Recent releases of video cassettes\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120717045646/http://repertoire.bmi.com/title.asp?blnWriter=True&blnPublisher=True&blnArtist=True&keyID=7453483&ShowNbr=0&ShowSeqNbr=0&querytype=WorkID","external_links_name":"\"BMI \"Dreamboat\" song information\""},{"Link":"http://repertoire.bmi.com/title.asp?blnWriter=True&blnPublisher=True&blnArtist=True&keyID=7453483&ShowNbr=0&ShowSeqNbr=0&querytype=WorkID","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/p20144/discography","external_links_name":"\"Allmusic discography\""},{"Link":"http://www.timrenwick.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.myspace.com/timrenwick","external_links_name":"Tim Renwick Myspace"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20010410215548/http://www.geocities.com/SunsetStrip/Diner/2674/trenw_b.htm","external_links_name":"Tim Renwick bio with details of all band line-ups etc."},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000055187125","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/59281964","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14015999h","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14015999h","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/134495616","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/962b21ee-72ea-4ada-b506-7bb541b91225","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Framee-class_destroyer
Framée-class destroyer
["1 Design and description","2 Ships","3 Citations","4 Bibliography"]
Framée class Pique Class overview NameFramée class Operators French Navy Preceded byDurandal class Succeeded byRochefortais class Built1897–1901 In service1900–1921 Completed4 Lost2 Scrapped2 General characteristics TypeDestroyer Displacement319 t (314 long tons) Length58.2 m (190 ft 11 in) o/a Beam6.31 m (20 ft 8 in) Draft3.03 m (9 ft 11 in) Installed power 4 water-tube boilers 4,800–5,200 ihp (3,600–3,900 kW) Propulsion2 shafts; 2 triple-expansion steam engines Speed26 knots (48 km/h; 30 mph) Range2,055 nmi (3,806 km; 2,365 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph) Complement48 Armament 1 × single 65 mm (2.6 in) gun 6 × single 47 mm (1.9 in) guns 2 × single 381 mm (15 in) torpedo tubes The Framée class consisted of four destroyers built for the French Navy at the beginning of the 20th century. One ship was sunk in a collision shortly after completion, but the others served during the First World War. One ship was sunk in a collision with a British cargo ship in 1916, but the others survived the war to be discarded in 1920–1921. Design and description The Framées had an overall length of 58.2 meters (190 ft 11 in), a beam of 6.31 meters (20 ft 8 in), and a maximum draft of 3.03 meters (9 ft 11 in). They displaced 319 metric tons (314 long tons) at deep load. The two triple-expansion steam engines, each driving one propeller shaft, produced a total of 4,200–5,200 indicated horsepower (3,132–3,878 kW), using steam provided by four water-tube boilers which exhausted through four funnels. The ships had a designed speed of 26 knots (48 km/h; 30 mph), but they reached 25.88–27.07 knots (47.93–50.13 km/h; 29.78–31.15 mph) during their sea trials. The ships carried up to 99 metric tons (97 long tons) of coal to give them a range of 2,055 nautical miles (3,806 km; 2,365 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph). Their complement consisted of four officers and forty-four enlisted men. The Framée-class ships were armed with a single 65-millimeter (2.6 in) gun forward of the bridge and six 47-millimeter (1.9 in) Hotchkiss guns, three on each broadside. They were fitted with two single 381-millimeter (15 in) torpedo tubes, one between the funnels and the other on the stern. Two reload torpedoes were also carried. Ships Name Builder Launched In Service Fate Framée Ateliers et Chantiers de la Loire, Nantes October 21, 1899 June 20, 1900 Sunk August 11, 1900 Yatagan July 20, 1900 October 1900 Sunk November 3, 1916 Pique Forges et Chantiers de la Méditerranée Le Havre March 31, 1900 June 1901 Struck January 28, 1921 Scrapped, 1921 Épée July 27, 1900 August 1901 Struck October 1, 1920Scrapped, 1921 Citations ^ a b Couhat, p. 83 ^ a b Campbell, p. 326 ^ Couhat, p. 81 Bibliography Wikimedia Commons has media related to Framée-class destroyer. Campbell, N. J. M. (1979). "France". In Chesneau, Roger & Kolesnik, Eugene M. (eds.). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905. Greenwich: Conway Maritime Press. pp. 283–333. ISBN 0-8317-0302-4. Couhat, Jean Labayle (1974). French Warships of World War I. London: Ian Allan. ISBN 0-7110-0445-5. Osborne, Eric W. (2005). Destroyers - An Illustrated History of Their Impact. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-Clio. ISBN 1-85109-479-2. Prévoteaux, Gérard (2017). La marine française dans la Grande guerre: les combattants oubliés: Tome I 1914–1915 . Collection Navires & Histoire des Marines du Mond. Vol. 23. Le Vigen, France: Éditions Lela presse. ISBN 978-2-37468-000-2. Prévoteaux, Gérard (2017). La marine française dans la Grande guerre: les combattants oubliés: Tome II 1916–1918 . Collection Navires & Histoire des Marines du Mond. Vol. 27. Le Vigen, France: Éditions Lela presse. ISBN 978-2-37468-001-9. Roberts, Stephen S. (2021). French Warships in the Age of Steam 1859–1914: Design, Construction, Careers and Fates. Barnsley, UK: Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-5267-4533-0. vteFramée-class destroyers Framée Pique Yatagan Épée Preceded by: Durandal class Followed by: Pertuisane class List of destroyers of the French Navy vteFrench naval ship classes of World War IDreadnought battleships Courbet Bretagne NormandieX LyonX Pre-dreadnought battleships JauréguiberryS BouvetS Charlemagne SuffrenS République Liberté Danton Coast defense ships Henri IVS Armoured cruisers Dupuy de LômeS Amiral Charner PothuauS Jeanne d'ArcS Gueydon Dupleix Gloire Léon Gambetta Jules MicheletS Ernest RenanS Edgar Quinet Protected cruisers Amiral CécilleS Forbin Troude Friant Linois Descartes D'Assas D'EntrecasteauxS GuichenS ChâteaurenaultS D'Estrées Jurien de la GravièreS Light cruisers La Motte-PicquetX Destroyers Durandal Framée Pertuisane Arquebuse Claymore Branlebas Spahi Voltigeur Chasseur Bouclier Bisson Enseigne Roux Enseigne GaboldeSC M89X Aventurier Arabe Submarines Sirène Aigrette ArgonauteS Émeraude Circé Pluviôse Brumaire ArchimèdeS MariotteS Amiral BourgoisS Charles BrunS Clorinde Gustave Zédé Amphitrite Bellone Dupuy de Lôme Diane Joessel Lagrange Armide O'Byrne Seaplane carriers FoudreS S Single ship of class C Completed after the war X Cancelled
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They displaced 319 metric tons (314 long tons) at deep load. The two triple-expansion steam engines, each driving one propeller shaft, produced a total of 4,200–5,200 indicated horsepower (3,132–3,878 kW), using steam provided by four water-tube boilers which exhausted through four funnels. The ships had a designed speed of 26 knots (48 km/h; 30 mph), but they reached 25.88–27.07 knots (47.93–50.13 km/h; 29.78–31.15 mph) during their sea trials.[1] The ships carried up to 99 metric tons (97 long tons) of coal[2] to give them a range of 2,055 nautical miles (3,806 km; 2,365 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph). Their complement consisted of four officers and forty-four enlisted men.[1]The Framée-class ships were armed with a single 65-millimeter (2.6 in) gun forward of the bridge and six 47-millimeter (1.9 in) Hotchkiss guns, three on each broadside. They were fitted with two single 381-millimeter (15 in) torpedo tubes, one between the funnels and the other on the stern.[2] Two reload torpedoes were also carried.[3]","title":"Design and description"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Ships"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-c2_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-c2_1-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ck6_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ck6_2-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"}],"text":"^ a b Couhat, p. 83\n\n^ a b Campbell, p. 326\n\n^ Couhat, p. 81","title":"Citations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Framée-class destroyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fram%C3%A9e_class_destroyer"},{"link_name":"Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 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cruisers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armored_cruiser"},{"link_name":"Dupuy de Lôme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_cruiser_Dupuy_de_L%C3%B4me"},{"link_name":"Amiral Charner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiral_Charner-class_cruiser"},{"link_name":"Pothuau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_cruiser_Pothuau"},{"link_name":"Jeanne d'Arc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_cruiser_Jeanne_d%27Arc_(1899)"},{"link_name":"Gueydon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gueydon-class_cruiser"},{"link_name":"Dupleix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dupleix-class_cruiser"},{"link_name":"Gloire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloire-class_cruiser"},{"link_name":"Léon Gambetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Gambetta-class_cruiser"},{"link_name":"Jules Michelet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_cruiser_Jules_Michelet"},{"link_name":"Ernest Renan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_cruiser_Ernest_Renan"},{"link_name":"Edgar Quinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Quinet-class_cruiser"},{"link_name":"Protected cruisers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protected_cruiser"},{"link_name":"Amiral Cécille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_cruiser_Amiral_C%C3%A9cille"},{"link_name":"Forbin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbin-class_cruiser"},{"link_name":"Troude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troude-class_cruiser"},{"link_name":"Friant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friant-class_cruiser"},{"link_name":"Linois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linois-class_cruiser"},{"link_name":"Descartes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descartes-class_cruiser"},{"link_name":"D'Assas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%27Assas-class_cruiser"},{"link_name":"D'Entrecasteaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_cruiser_D%27Entrecasteaux"},{"link_name":"Guichen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_cruiser_Guichen_(1897)"},{"link_name":"Châteaurenault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_cruiser_Ch%C3%A2teaurenault_(1898)"},{"link_name":"D'Estrées","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%27Estr%C3%A9es-class_cruiser"},{"link_name":"Jurien de la Gravière","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_cruiser_Jurien_de_la_Gravi%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"Light cruisers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_cruiser"},{"link_name":"La Motte-Picquet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Motte-Picquet-class_cruiser"},{"link_name":"Destroyers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroyer"},{"link_name":"Durandal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durandal-class_destroyer"},{"link_name":"Framée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Pertuisane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertuisane-class_destroyer"},{"link_name":"Arquebuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arquebuse-class_destroyer"},{"link_name":"Claymore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claymore-class_destroyer"},{"link_name":"Branlebas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branlebas-class_destroyer"},{"link_name":"Spahi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spahi-class_destroyer"},{"link_name":"Voltigeur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltigeur-class_destroyer"},{"link_name":"Chasseur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chasseur-class_destroyer"},{"link_name":"Bouclier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouclier-class_destroyer"},{"link_name":"Bisson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisson-class_destroyer"},{"link_name":"Enseigne Roux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enseigne_Roux-class_destroyer"},{"link_name":"Enseigne Gabolde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_destroyer_Enseigne_Gabolde"},{"link_name":"M89","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M89-class_destroyer"},{"link_name":"Aventurier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aventurier-class_destroyer"},{"link_name":"Arabe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabe-class_destroyer"},{"link_name":"Submarines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine"},{"link_name":"Sirène","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir%C3%A8ne-class_submarine_(1901)"},{"link_name":"Aigrette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aigrette-class_submarine"},{"link_name":"Argonaute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_submarine_Argonaute_(1905)"},{"link_name":"Émeraude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89meraude-class_submarine_(1906)"},{"link_name":"Circé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circ%C3%A9-class_submarine_(1907)"},{"link_name":"Pluviôse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluvi%C3%B4se-class_submarine"},{"link_name":"Brumaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brumaire-class_submarine"},{"link_name":"Archimède","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_submarine_Archim%C3%A8de_(1909)"},{"link_name":"Mariotte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_submarine_Mariotte"},{"link_name":"Amiral Bourgois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_submarine_Amiral_Bourgois"},{"link_name":"Charles Brun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_submarine_Charles_Brun"},{"link_name":"Clorinde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clorinde-class_submarine"},{"link_name":"Gustave Zédé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Z%C3%A9d%C3%A9-class_submarine"},{"link_name":"Amphitrite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphitrite-class_submarine"},{"link_name":"Bellone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellone-class_submarine"},{"link_name":"Dupuy de Lôme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dupuy_de_L%C3%B4me-class_submarine"},{"link_name":"Diane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diane-class_submarine_(1916)"},{"link_name":"Joessel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joessel-class_submarine"},{"link_name":"Lagrange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagrange-class_submarine"},{"link_name":"Armide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armide-class_submarine"},{"link_name":"O'Byrne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%27Byrne-class_submarine"},{"link_name":"Seaplane carriers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaplane_carrier"},{"link_name":"Foudre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_seaplane_carrier_Foudre"}],"text":"Wikimedia Commons has media related to Framée-class destroyer.Campbell, N. J. M. (1979). \"France\". In Chesneau, Roger & Kolesnik, Eugene M. (eds.). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905. Greenwich: Conway Maritime Press. pp. 283–333. ISBN 0-8317-0302-4.\nCouhat, Jean Labayle (1974). French Warships of World War I. London: Ian Allan. ISBN 0-7110-0445-5.\nOsborne, Eric W. (2005). Destroyers - An Illustrated History of Their Impact. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-Clio. ISBN 1-85109-479-2.\nPrévoteaux, Gérard (2017). La marine française dans la Grande guerre: les combattants oubliés: Tome I 1914–1915 [The French Navy during the Great War: The Forgotten Combatants, Book I 1914–1915]. Collection Navires & Histoire des Marines du Mond. Vol. 23. Le Vigen, France: Éditions Lela presse. ISBN 978-2-37468-000-2.\nPrévoteaux, Gérard (2017). La marine française dans la Grande guerre: les combattants oubliés: Tome II 1916–1918 [The French Navy during the Great War: The Forgotten Combatants, Book II 1916–1918]. Collection Navires & Histoire des Marines du Mond. Vol. 27. Le Vigen, France: Éditions Lela presse. ISBN 978-2-37468-001-9.\nRoberts, Stephen S. (2021). French Warships in the Age of Steam 1859–1914: Design, Construction, Careers and Fates. Barnsley, UK: Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-5267-4533-0.vteFramée-class destroyers\nFramée\nPique\nYatagan\nÉpée\n\nPreceded by: Durandal class\nFollowed by: Pertuisane class\n\nList of destroyers of the French NavyvteFrench naval ship classes of World War IDreadnought battleships\nCourbet\nBretagne\nNormandieX\nLyonX\nPre-dreadnought battleships\nJauréguiberryS\nBouvetS\nCharlemagne\nSuffrenS\nRépublique\nLiberté\nDanton\nCoast defense ships\nHenri IVS\nArmoured cruisers\nDupuy de LômeS\nAmiral Charner\nPothuauS\nJeanne d'ArcS\nGueydon\nDupleix\nGloire\nLéon Gambetta\nJules MicheletS\nErnest RenanS\nEdgar Quinet\nProtected cruisers\nAmiral CécilleS\nForbin\nTroude\nFriant\nLinois\nDescartes\nD'Assas\nD'EntrecasteauxS\nGuichenS\nChâteaurenaultS\nD'Estrées\nJurien de la GravièreS\nLight cruisers\nLa Motte-PicquetX\nDestroyers\nDurandal\nFramée\nPertuisane\nArquebuse\nClaymore\nBranlebas\nSpahi\nVoltigeur\nChasseur\nBouclier\nBisson\nEnseigne Roux\nEnseigne GaboldeSC\nM89X\nAventurier\nArabe\nSubmarines\nSirène\nAigrette\nArgonauteS\nÉmeraude\nCircé\nPluviôse\nBrumaire\nArchimèdeS\nMariotteS\nAmiral BourgoisS\nCharles BrunS\nClorinde\nGustave Zédé\nAmphitrite\nBellone\nDupuy de Lôme\nDiane\nJoessel\nLagrange\nArmide\nO'Byrne\nSeaplane carriers\nFoudreS\n\nS\nSingle ship of class\nC\nCompleted after the war\nX\nCancelled","title":"Bibliography"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Campbell, N. J. M. (1979). \"France\". In Chesneau, Roger & Kolesnik, Eugene M. (eds.). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905. Greenwich: Conway Maritime Press. pp. 283–333. ISBN 0-8317-0302-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/conwaysallworlds0000unse_l2e2","url_text":"Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8317-0302-4","url_text":"0-8317-0302-4"}]},{"reference":"Couhat, Jean Labayle (1974). French Warships of World War I. London: Ian Allan. ISBN 0-7110-0445-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7110-0445-5","url_text":"0-7110-0445-5"}]},{"reference":"Osborne, Eric W. (2005). Destroyers - An Illustrated History of Their Impact. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-Clio. ISBN 1-85109-479-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85109-479-2","url_text":"1-85109-479-2"}]},{"reference":"Prévoteaux, Gérard (2017). La marine française dans la Grande guerre: les combattants oubliés: Tome I 1914–1915 [The French Navy during the Great War: The Forgotten Combatants, Book I 1914–1915]. Collection Navires & Histoire des Marines du Mond. Vol. 23. Le Vigen, France: Éditions Lela presse. ISBN 978-2-37468-000-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-37468-000-2","url_text":"978-2-37468-000-2"}]},{"reference":"Prévoteaux, Gérard (2017). La marine française dans la Grande guerre: les combattants oubliés: Tome II 1916–1918 [The French Navy during the Great War: The Forgotten Combatants, Book II 1916–1918]. Collection Navires & Histoire des Marines du Mond. Vol. 27. Le Vigen, France: Éditions Lela presse. ISBN 978-2-37468-001-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-37468-001-9","url_text":"978-2-37468-001-9"}]},{"reference":"Roberts, Stephen S. (2021). French Warships in the Age of Steam 1859–1914: Design, Construction, Careers and Fates. Barnsley, UK: Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-5267-4533-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5267-4533-0","url_text":"978-1-5267-4533-0"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/conwaysallworlds0000unse_l2e2","external_links_name":"Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Athletic_Federation
UK Athletics
["1 History","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
Governing body for athletics in the UK This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (September 2020) UK AthleticsSportAthleticsAbbreviationUKAFounded1999AffiliationWorld AthleticsRegional affiliationEuropean AthleticsLocationBirmingham, EnglandPresidentDenise LewisChairmanIan BeattieReplacedBritish Athletics FederationOfficial websitewww.uka.org.uk UK Athletics (UKA) is the governing body for the sport of athletics in the United Kingdom. It is responsible for overseeing the governance of athletics events in the UK as well as athletes, their development, and athletics officials. The organisation outwardly rebranded itself as British Athletics in 2013, although it remains legally known as UK Athletics, and continues to use the UK Athletics name in internal governance. UK Athletics is structured as a non-profit company limited by guarantee. It has four member organisations from each of the constituent countries of the United Kingdom: England Athletics, Scottish Athletics, Welsh Athletics, and Athletics Northern Ireland. History UK Athletics was founded in 1999 as a successor to the British Athletics Federation, which had collapsed for financial reasons. Prominent among the reasons was the cost of the legal bills in the Diane Modahl contract dispute case. The British Athletics brand Former long distance runner David Moorcroft, previously Chief Executive of the British Athletics Federation, continued in the same role at the newly formed UKA. He headed the organisation until 2006 when he stepped down after Great Britain's worst performance at a European Athletics Championships for twenty years. The results in Gothenburg (their sole gold medal coming in the 100 m relay) were below expectations and failed to meet the target for improving British athletics in preparation for the upcoming 2012 London Olympics. Moorcroft's departure triggered a restructuring of the organisation and the creation of the role of chairman, to which businessman Ed Warner was appointed. Charles van Commenee was made national head coach, a newly created role, in September 2008. Shortly afterwards Peter Eriksson was appointed head coach of the Paralympic Programme. Van Commenee stepped down after the London 2012 Olympics due to the team's failure to meet the medal target he had set. This was despite a reasonably favourable reaction to Britain's achievement of six medals and the desire of UK Athletics that he should remain in the post. Van Commenee was succeeded by Peter Eriksson, who served only seven months of a five-year contract before resigning for personal reasons. UKA Performance Director Neil Black was appointed temporary replacement. A restructuring announced in December 2013 saw the single role of head coach replaced by three heads of department (endurance, sprints and field events). The athletes compete in Olympic competition under the brand name of Team GB. The current CEO is Jack Buckner and the Chair is Ian Beattie. Denise Lewis was elected as the organisation's president in December 2023, succeeding Jason Gardener, but stepped down temporarily from the post in February 2024. See also British records in athletics London Grand Prix England Athletics Scottish Athletics Welsh Athletics References ^ a b "Dame Denise Lewis: Olympic gold medallist is new UK Athletics president". BBC Sport. 12 December 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2024. ^ "UKA Unveils British Athletics". UK Athletics. 24 January 2013. Retrieved 7 February 2013. ^ "About UK Athletics". UK Athletics. 2013. Archived from the original on 11 December 2013. Retrieved 7 February 2013. ^ Barrie Houlihan (2002). Dying to win: doping in sport and the development of anti-doping policy. Council of Europe. pp. 190–. ISBN 978-92-871-4685-4. Retrieved 16 March 2012. ^ Ivan Waddington; Andy Smith (29 January 2009). An introduction to drugs in sport: addicted to winning?. Routledge. pp. 230–. ISBN 978-0-415-43125-5. Retrieved 16 March 2012. ^ http://www.britishathletics.org.uk/e-inspire/hall-of-fame-athletes/dave-moorcroft/ ^ Moorcroft quits as athletics boss. BBC Sport (24 August 2006). Retrieved on 7 November 2009. ^ Businessman to head UK Athletics. BBC Sport (9 January 2007). Retrieved on 7 November 2009. ^ Van Commenee named UKA head coach. BBC Sport (2009-09-23). Retrieved on 2009-11-07. ^ "Charles Van Commenee Appointed as Head Coach by UK Athletics". uksport.gov.uk. 23 September 2008. Archived from the original on 22 October 2008. Retrieved 21 March 2020. ^ UK Athletics snares Canada's Eriksson. CBC Sport. Retrieved on 2010-06-08. ^ UK Athletics head coach Charles van Commenee to step down, BBC Sport, 11 September 2012 ^ "London 2012: UK Athletics urges Charles van Commenee not to quit", The Guardian, 12 August 2012 ^ Peter Eriksson steps down as UK Athletics head coach just seven months after replacing Charles van Commenee, The Telegraph, 15 May 2013 ^ British Athletics Performance Structure Announcement, 5 December 2013 ^ "British Swimming chief takes over at UK Athletics". BBC Sport. Retrieved 2 January 2023. ^ "New UK Athletics chair to give athletes direct say in how governing body is run". the Guardian. 31 October 2021. Retrieved 2 January 2023. ^ "Dame Denise Lewis temporarily steps down as UK Athletics president". BBC Sport. 28 February 2024. Retrieved 19 March 2024. External links Official website British Athletics Power of 10 (UK Athletics rankings and statistics) UK & Ireland Athletic Club Directory vteSports governing bodies in the United KingdomSummer Olympic sports Aquatics Diving Swimming Synchronized swimming Water polo Archery Athletics Badminton ENG WAL SCO Baseball Basketball GBR ENG SCO WAL Boxing Professional Amateur GBR ENG SCO WAL Canoeing Cycling BC CTT Dance sport Equestrian Fencing Football GBRMW ENG NI SCO WAL Golf GBR ENG WAL SCO Gymnastics Handball GBR ENG SCO WAL NI Hockey GBR ENG SCO WAL Judo Modern Pentathlon Rugby 7's ENG NI SCO WAL Rowing Sailing Shooting GBR ENG SCO WAL Softball Surfing GBR ENG SCO WAL Table Tennis ENG SCO WAL Taekwondo Tennis SCO WAL Triathlon Volleyball GBR ENG SCO WAL NI Beach Volleyball Weightlifting Wrestling Winter Olympic sports Biathlon Bobsleigh Curling ENG SCO WAL Ice skating Ice Hockey GBR ENG NI SCO Luge Skeleton Skiing Snowboarding Other IOC recognised sports Air sports Bandy Billiard sports ENG NI SCO WAL Boules Bowling Bridge Chess ENG SCO WAL Cricket ENG & WAL SCO Floorball Karate Korfball ENG SCO WAL Lacrosse ENG SCO WAL Lifesaving Motorcycle racing Motorsport Mountaineering and climbing Netball GBR ENG SCO WAL NI Orienteering Pelota vasca Polo Powerboating Racquetball Roller Sports Rugby Union ENG WAL SCO Squash ENG SCO WAL Sumo Tug-of-war Underwater sports ENG NI SCO WAL Water ski Wushu Disability and Paralympic sports Wheelchair rugby Wheelchair basketball Other sports American football Australian rules football Backgammon British baseball ENG WAL Bog snorkelling Bowls ENG SCO WAL Caving Croquet Darts Fullbore Target Rifle Horse racing Kho-kho Kiteboarding Quidditch Radio-controlled racing Sailing in schools Real Tennis Rugby league Smallbore Target Rifle British Olympic Association British Paralympic Association Team GB Department for Culture, Media and Sport UK Sport Sport England Sport Northern Ireland Sportscotland Sport Wales Commonwealth Games England Northern Ireland Commonwealth Games Council Commonwealth Games Scotland Commonwealth Games Wales For some sports, Northern Ireland belongs to all-Irish governing bodies; for these, see Category:All-island sports governing bodies in Ireland. vteNational members of World AthleticsAfrica(CAA)Central (Congo) Burundi Cameroon Central African Rep. 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El Salvador French Guyana† Grenada Guadeloupe† Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Martinique† Mexico Montserrat Nicaragua Puerto Rico Saint Kitts & Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent & The Grenadines Sint Maarten† Trinidad & Tobago Turks & Caicos Islands United States U.S. Virgin Islands Oceania(OAA) American Samoa Australia Cook Isl. Fiji French Polynesia  Guam Kiribati Marshall Isl. F.S. Micronesia Nauru New Caledonia † New Zealand Niue† Norfolk Isl. Northern Mariana Isl. Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Isl. Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Wallis et Futuna† South America(CONSUDATLE) Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Guyana Panama Paraguay Peru Suriname Uruguay Venezuela Sport of athletics portal • † NACAC and OAA associate member • ǂ Suspended by the decision of the World Athletics Council or OAA Council. vteNational Members of the European Athletic Association Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Gibraltar Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Israel Italy Kosovo Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands North Macedonia Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom National subdivisions Belgium Flemish  French  United Kingdom England Northern Ireland Scotland Wales Sport of athletics portal vteAthletics in the United Kingdom UK Athletics British records in athletics Major meetings London Grand Prix British Grand Prix Birmingham Indoor Grand Prix Glasgow International Match British Athletics Championships British Indoor Athletics Championships National Athletics League Major road races London Marathon Great City Race Great Run series Great Manchester Run Great North Run Great South Run The Big Half Major cross country Antrim International Cross Country Great Edinburgh International Cross Country UK Cross Challenge Championships 1983 IAAF World Cross Country Championships 1994 IAAF World Cup 1995 IAAF World Cross Country Championships 2003 IAAF World Indoor Championships 2007 European Athletics Indoor Championships 2013 European Team Championships 2017 World Championships in Athletics See also Category:Athletics in the United Kingdom Category:British athletes
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It is responsible for overseeing the governance of athletics events in the UK as well as athletes, their development, and athletics officials. The organisation outwardly rebranded itself as British Athletics in 2013, although it remains legally known as UK Athletics, and continues to use the UK Athletics name in internal governance.[2]UK Athletics is structured as a non-profit company limited by guarantee. It has four member organisations from each of the constituent countries of the United Kingdom: England Athletics, Scottish Athletics, Welsh Athletics, and Athletics Northern Ireland.","title":"UK Athletics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Diane Modahl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diane_Modahl"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Houlihan2002-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WaddingtonSmith2009-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:British_Athletics.png"},{"link_name":"David Moorcroft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Moorcroft"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"European Athletics Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Athletics_Championships"},{"link_name":"Gothenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_European_Championships_in_Athletics"},{"link_name":"2012 London Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_London_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Charles van Commenee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_van_Commenee"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Peter Eriksson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Eriksson_(coach)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"London 2012 Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Team GB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_GB"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Denise Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denise_Lewis"},{"link_name":"Jason Gardener","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Gardener"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DL-1"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"UK Athletics was founded in 1999 as a successor to the British Athletics Federation,[3] which had collapsed for financial reasons. Prominent among the reasons was the cost of the legal bills in the Diane Modahl contract dispute case.[4][5]The British Athletics brandFormer long distance runner David Moorcroft, previously Chief Executive of the British Athletics Federation, continued in the same role at the newly formed UKA.[6] He headed the organisation until 2006 when he stepped down after Great Britain's worst performance at a European Athletics Championships for twenty years. The results in Gothenburg (their sole gold medal coming in the 100 m relay) were below expectations and failed to meet the target for improving British athletics in preparation for the upcoming 2012 London Olympics.[7] Moorcroft's departure triggered a restructuring of the organisation and the creation of the role of chairman, to which businessman Ed Warner was appointed.[8]Charles van Commenee was made national head coach, a newly created role, in September 2008.[9][10] Shortly afterwards Peter Eriksson was appointed head coach of the Paralympic Programme.[11] Van Commenee stepped down after the London 2012 Olympics due to the team's failure to meet the medal target he had set.[12] This was despite a reasonably favourable reaction to Britain's achievement of six medals and the desire of UK Athletics that he should remain in the post.[13] Van Commenee was succeeded by Peter Eriksson, who served only seven months of a five-year contract before resigning for personal reasons. UKA Performance Director Neil Black was appointed temporary replacement.[14] A restructuring announced in December 2013 saw the single role of head coach replaced by three heads of department (endurance, sprints and field events).[15]The athletes compete in Olympic competition under the brand name of Team GB.The current CEO is Jack Buckner[16] and the Chair is Ian Beattie.[17] Denise Lewis was elected as the organisation's president in December 2023, succeeding Jason Gardener,[1] but stepped down temporarily from the post in February 2024.[18]","title":"History"}]
[{"image_text":"The British Athletics brand","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/fc/British_Athletics.png"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Ayala_P%C3%A9rez
Daniel Ayala Pérez
["1 Biography","2 Compositions","3 Selected works","3.1 Ballets","3.2 Orchestra","3.3 Vocal","3.4 Piano","3.5 Chamber music","4 Sources","5 Further reading"]
Mexican violinist, conductor, and composer For the Spanish footballer, see Daniel Ayala. Daniel Ayala Pérez (21 July 1906 – 20 June 1975) was a Mexican violinist, conductor, and composer. Biography Ayala was born in Abalá, Yucatán, and studied violin with Revueltas and composition with Chávez, Manuel M. Ponce, Vicente T. Mendoza, Candelario Huízar and Julián Carrillo at the Conservatorio Nacional de Música, Mexico City from 1927 to 1932. For a time he earned his living playing in the night club Salón México, a locale later celebrated in a well-known composition by Aaron Copland. In 1934 he formed, together with fellow composers Salvador Contreras, Blas Galindo and José Pablo Moncayo, the "Group of Four" -- "Grupo de los cuatro." From 1931 he was a second violinist in the Orquesta Sinfónica de México under Chávez, and directed a choir in Morelia for two years, but in 1940 returned to his native Yucatán to accept an appointment as conductor of the Police Band in Mérida. In 1942 he founded the Orquesta Típica Yukalpetén, which performs compositions by Yucatecan composers of the past and present. In 1944 he became conductor of the newly reorganized Mérida Symphony Orchestra and director of the Yucatán Conservatory. In 1955 he moved to Veracruz to take up the directorship of the school of music there, and also worked for the Veracruz Institute of Fine Arts. He died in 1975 in Xalapa, Veracruz. Compositions As a composer, Ayala's first major success was with a symphonic poem, Uchben X'coholte (1933), whose title means "In an Ancient Cemetery" in the Mayan language. His most ambitious work is the ballet El Hombre Maya (The Mayan Man), but the symphonic poem Tribu (1934) is perhaps his best-known work, thanks to a recording made in 1956 by the Orquesta Sinfónica Nacional under Luís Herrera de la Fuente (Musart 3-LP set MCDC 3033, included on the single disc Viva México! released in the USA on Capitol T-10083). After 1944 his conducting and administrative duties occupied more and more of his time, and he composed comparatively little. Selected works Ballets El hombre maya (1939) La gruta diabólica, for chamber orchestra (1940) Orchestra Cinco piezas infantiles, for string orchestra (1933) Tribu, sym. poem, (1934) En la llanura (On the Prairie) La serpiente negra (The Black Serpent) La danza del fuego (Fire Dance) Paisaje (Landscape), suite, (1935) Panoramas de México, suite (1936) Sonora Veracruz Yucatán Mi viaje a Norte América (My North-American Journey), suite (1947) Acuarela nocturna (en San Salvador), op. 20 (1949) Suite veracruzana (1957) Concertino for Piano and Orchestra (1974) Vocal Uchben X'coholte (In an Ancient Cemetery), for soprano and chamber orchestra (1931) Cuatro canciones, for soprano and piano (1932) El grillo (The Cricket, words by Daniel Castañeda), for soprano, clarinet, violin, piano, and rattle (1933) U kayil chaac (Mayan rain song), for soprano and chamber orchestra with indigenous percussion (1934) Suite infantil (Children's Suite), for soprano and chamber orchestra (1936) Duerme. Moderato cantabile El aire. Allegro El caimán. Andantino El violín. Andante El indigena. Allegretto El gallo. Allegro Los pescadores Seris (The Seri Fishermen), for voice and chamber orchestra with indigenous percussion (1938) Los danzantes Yaquis (The Yaqui Dancers), for voice and chamber orchestra with indigenous percussion (1938) Piano Radiogramma (1931) Chamber music String Quartet (1933) Vidrios rotos (Broken Windows), for oboe, clarinet, bassoon, horn, piano (1938) Sources ^ Slonimsky, Nicolas. 1945. Music of Latin America. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell. p. 226-7. ^ Stevenson, Robert (2001). "Ayala Pérez, Daniel". In Sadie, Stanley; Tyrrell, John (eds.). The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians (2nd ed.). London: Macmillan. ISBN 9780195170672. Further reading Alvarez Coral, Juan. "Daniel Ayala Pérez". Compositor 40 (July) 22–23. Alvarez Coral, Juan. 1993. Compositores mexicanos. Sixth, enlarged edition. México: EDAMEX, 1993. ISBN 968-409-109-5. Stevenson, Robert Murrell. 1952. Music in Mexico: A Historical Survey. New York: Crowell. vteGrupo de los cuatro Daniel Ayala Salvador Contreras Blas Galindo José Pablo Moncayo Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States Czech Republic Other SNAC
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Ponce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_M._Ponce"},{"link_name":"Julián Carrillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juli%C3%A1n_Carrillo"},{"link_name":"Mexico City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_City"},{"link_name":"Aaron Copland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Copland"},{"link_name":"Blas Galindo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blas_Galindo"},{"link_name":"José Pablo Moncayo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Pablo_Moncayo"},{"link_name":"Mérida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9rida,_Yucat%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Slonimsky1945_226-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GroveDict2001_Ayala-2"},{"link_name":"Xalapa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xalapa"},{"link_name":"Veracruz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veracruz"}],"text":"Ayala was born in Abalá, Yucatán, and studied violin with Revueltas and composition with Chávez, Manuel M. Ponce, Vicente T. Mendoza, Candelario Huízar and Julián Carrillo at the Conservatorio Nacional de Música, Mexico City from 1927 to 1932. For a time he earned his living playing in the night club Salón México, a locale later celebrated in a well-known composition by Aaron Copland. In 1934 he formed, together with fellow composers Salvador Contreras, Blas Galindo and José Pablo Moncayo, the \"Group of Four\" -- \"Grupo de los cuatro.\" From 1931 he was a second violinist in the Orquesta Sinfónica de México under Chávez, and directed a choir in Morelia for two years, but in 1940 returned to his native Yucatán to accept an appointment as conductor of the Police Band in Mérida. In 1942 he founded the Orquesta Típica Yukalpetén, which performs compositions by Yucatecan composers of the past and present.[1]In 1944 he became conductor of the newly reorganized Mérida Symphony Orchestra and director of the Yucatán Conservatory. In 1955 he moved to Veracruz to take up the directorship of the school of music there, and also worked for the Veracruz Institute of Fine Arts.[2]He died in 1975 in Xalapa, Veracruz.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mayan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_peoples"}],"text":"As a composer, Ayala's first major success was with a symphonic poem, Uchben X'coholte (1933), whose title means \"In an Ancient Cemetery\" in the Mayan language. His most ambitious work is the ballet El Hombre Maya (The Mayan Man), but the symphonic poem Tribu (1934) is perhaps his best-known work, thanks to a recording made in 1956 by the Orquesta Sinfónica Nacional under Luís Herrera de la Fuente (Musart 3-LP set MCDC 3033, included on the single disc Viva México! released in the USA on Capitol T-10083). After 1944 his conducting and administrative duties occupied more and more of his time, and he composed comparatively little.","title":"Compositions"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Selected works"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Ballets","text":"El hombre maya (1939)\nLa gruta diabólica, for chamber orchestra (1940)","title":"Selected works"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Orchestra","text":"Cinco piezas infantiles, for string orchestra (1933)\nTribu, sym. poem, (1934)\nEn la llanura (On the Prairie)\nLa serpiente negra (The Black Serpent)\nLa danza del fuego (Fire Dance)\nPaisaje (Landscape), suite, (1935)\nPanoramas de México, suite (1936)\nSonora\nVeracruz\nYucatán\nMi viaje a Norte América (My North-American Journey), suite (1947)\nAcuarela nocturna (en San Salvador), op. 20 (1949)\nSuite veracruzana (1957)\nConcertino for Piano and Orchestra (1974)","title":"Selected works"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Vocal","text":"Uchben X'coholte (In an Ancient Cemetery), for soprano and chamber orchestra (1931)\nCuatro canciones, for soprano and piano (1932)\nEl grillo (The Cricket, words by Daniel Castañeda), for soprano, clarinet, violin, piano, and rattle (1933)\nU kayil chaac (Mayan rain song), for soprano and chamber orchestra with indigenous percussion (1934)\nSuite infantil (Children's Suite), for soprano and chamber orchestra (1936)\nDuerme. Moderato cantabile\nEl aire. Allegro\nEl caimán. Andantino\nEl violín. Andante\nEl indigena. Allegretto\nEl gallo. Allegro\nLos pescadores Seris (The Seri Fishermen), for voice and chamber orchestra with indigenous percussion (1938)\nLos danzantes Yaquis (The Yaqui Dancers), for voice and chamber orchestra with indigenous percussion (1938)","title":"Selected works"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Piano","text":"Radiogramma (1931)","title":"Selected works"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Chamber music","text":"String Quartet (1933)\nVidrios rotos (Broken Windows), for oboe, clarinet, bassoon, horn, piano (1938)","title":"Selected works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Slonimsky1945_226_1-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-GroveDict2001_Ayala_2-0"},{"link_name":"Sadie, Stanley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Sadie"},{"link_name":"Tyrrell, John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyrrell_(professor_of_music)"},{"link_name":"The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780195170672","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195170672"}],"text":"^ Slonimsky, Nicolas. 1945. Music of Latin America. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell. p. 226-7.\n\n^ Stevenson, Robert (2001). \"Ayala Pérez, Daniel\". In Sadie, Stanley; Tyrrell, John (eds.). The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians (2nd ed.). London: Macmillan. ISBN 9780195170672.","title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"full citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"968-409-109-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/968-409-109-5"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Grupo_de_los_cuatro"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Grupo_de_los_cuatro"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Grupo_de_los_cuatro"},{"link_name":"Grupo de los cuatro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupo_de_los_cuatro"},{"link_name":"Daniel Ayala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Salvador Contreras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvador_Contreras"},{"link_name":"Blas Galindo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blas_Galindo"},{"link_name":"José Pablo Moncayo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Pablo_Moncayo"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1159997#identifiers"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000114599593"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/13484109"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqw3fbCQCCTWf6xqrBdcP"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/132883317"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/nr92010110"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0149931&CON_LNG=ENG"},{"link_name":"SNAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6fn2qmx"}],"text":"Alvarez Coral, Juan. \"Daniel Ayala Pérez\". Compositor [Sociedad de Autores y Compositores de México] 40 (July) 22–23.[full citation needed]\nAlvarez Coral, Juan. 1993. Compositores mexicanos. Sixth, enlarged edition. México: EDAMEX, 1993. ISBN 968-409-109-5.\nStevenson, Robert Murrell. 1952. Music in Mexico: A Historical Survey. New York: Crowell.vteGrupo de los cuatro\nDaniel Ayala\nSalvador Contreras\nBlas Galindo\nJosé Pablo MoncayoAuthority control databases International\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nGermany\nUnited States\nCzech Republic\nOther\nSNAC","title":"Further reading"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Llamada
La Llamada
["1 Background and composition","2 Critical reception and covers","3 Charts","4 Certifications","5 Personnel","6 References"]
For the 1965 film, see La llamada (1965 film). For the 2013 musical, see La llamada (musical). For the 2017 film, see Holy Camp! For the song by AK-7, see El Avion De Las Tres. 1993 single by Selena"La Llamada"Single by Selenafrom the album Selena Live! B-side"¿Qué Creías?"ReleasedOctober 18, 1993Recorded1993GenreTejanoMexican cumbiaLength3:49LabelEMI LatinSongwriter(s)Pete AstudilloA.B. Quintanilla IIIProducer(s)A.B. Quintanilla IIIBebu SilvettiSelena singles chronology "No Debes Jugar" (1993) "La Llamada" (1993) "Donde Quiera Que Estés" (1994) Music video"La Llamada" on YouTube "La Llamada" (English: "The Phone Call") is a song recorded by American recording artist Selena for her first live album Live! (1993). It was composed by Selena y Los Dinos backup singer Pete Astudillo and Selena's brother and principal record producer A.B. Quintanilla III and produced by Quintanilla III and Argentine music producer Bebu Silvetti. "La Llamada" was released as the second single from Live!. "La Llamada" is an uptempo Mexican cumbia song centering on female empowerment. Lyrically, the song sees Selena break up with her cheating boyfriend over the phone. The song received generally positive reviews from music critics. It peaked at number 5 on the US Hot Latin Tracks on the week ending 23 October 1993. On the week ending 9 April 2011, "La Llamada" entered the Regional Mexican Digital Songs chart. A music video was released and features Selena dancing in a crowd at a beach house in Malibu, California. There have been many cover versions of "La Llamada" ranging from Mexican to Dominican artists. Background and composition "La Llamada" was one of three studio tracks recorded for Live! (1993). It was written by Selena y Los Dinos backup singer Pete Astudillo and Selena's brother, principal record producer and songwriter A.B. Quintanilla III. It was produced by Quintanilla III and Argentine music producer Bebu Silvetti. The song was intended to be one of three studio tracks for Selena's Live! album. Astudillo and Quintanilla III had spent an hour writing a song together. They wanted to write a song on a topic that many women face with their boyfriends. Quintanilla III had wanted to empower women, letting them know that they should hold their heads up and remember that life goes on. Selena favored the lyrical content and central theme, a common one in her songs. "La Llamada" was recorded in Corpus Christi, Texas, at Selena's father and manager Abraham Quintanilla, Jr.'s recording studio Q-Productions. Before Live! was released, the song was mixed by Brian "Red" Moore, a family friend. Because Selena favored the song, the band released a music video. It was filmed in a beach house in Malibu, California. The video features Selena dancing with guys on one side and woman on the other. In other scenes, Selena is belting the lyrics behind blue curtains. "La Llamada" is an uptempo Mexican cumbia song. Written in the key of A minor, the beat is set in common time and moves at a moderate 90 beats per minute. "La Llamada" describes a woman telling her boyfriend over the phone that she saw him kissing another girl, while her boyfriend tries to persuade to her that it was not him. The central theme explored on "La Llamada" suggests female empowerment. Critical reception and covers Howard Blumenthal wrote in his book The World Music CD Listener's Guide that "La Llamada" is an "energetic" song. An editor from the Fort Worth Star-Telegram compared "La Llamada" and another Live! single "No Debes Jugar". The editor expressed the similarities the songs shared in both its lyrical content and the instruments used in the songs. Sue Anne Pressley of the Chicago Sun-Times believed that "La Llamada" is a "fan favorite", calling it "a danceable pop number". A Philadelphia Daily News editor called "La Llamada" a "catchy tune", though commented that it is the least memorable song on Live!. Mexican band Banda El Grullo recorded the song on their tribute album Lo Mejor De Selena Con Banda. Mexican singer Dalila also recorded the song for her album Dalila en Vivo. Dominican bachata singer Kiko Rodriguez recorded the song on his album Otra Vez Con Amor. Charts Chart (1993) Peakposition US Billboard Hot Latin Tracks 5 Mexico Grupera Songs (El Siglo de Torreón) 15 Chart (2011) Peakposition US Billboard Regional Mexican Digital Songs 10 Certifications Region Certification Certified units/sales United States (RIAA) Platinum (Latin) 60,000‡ ‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. Personnel All credits were taken from the Live! album notes. Selena – vocals Ricky Vela – keyboardist Joe Ojeda – keyboards Chris Pérez – guitar Pete Astudillo - writer A.B. Quintanilla III – co-writer, producer, arranger Brian "Red" Moore – audio mixer Bebu Silvetti – producer References ^ a b c Live! (CD). Selena. EMI Latin. 2002. 724354084027.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) ^ Perez, Chris (2012). To Selena, With Love. Penguin Books. p. 304. ISBN 978-1101580264. ^ La época. Epoca de México: University of Texas. 1994. ^ a b Quintanilla-Perez, Selena; Quintanilla III, A.B. (1993). "Live!: Selena Digital Sheet Music". Musicnotes.com. Alfred Music Publishing. MN090674 (Product Number). ^ "Tejano music celebrates its best". Fort Worth Star Telegram. 13 March 1993. Retrieved 21 June 2012. ^ Blumenthal, Howard J. (1997). The World Music CD Listener's Guide (1st print. ed.). New York: Billboard Books. ISBN 0-8230-7663-6. ^ "With Tejano music, Selena joins pioneers". Fort Worth Star-Telegram. 4 April 1995. Retrieved 21 June 2012. ^ Pressley, Sue Anne (2 April 1995). "Suspect Charged In Selena's Death Warnings Cited". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved 21 June 2012. ^ "Selena's Story Going on Film". Philadelphia Daily News. 29 August 1995. Retrieved 21 June 2012. ^ "iTunes > Music > Lo Mejor de Selena Con Banda". iTunes Store. Apple Inc. 11 October 2005. Retrieved 21 June 2012. ^ "iTunes > Music > Dailia en Vivo". iTunes Store. Apple Inc. Retrieved 21 June 2012. ^ "iTunes > Music > Otra Vez Con Amor". iTunes Store. Apple Inc. January 2007. Retrieved 21 June 2012. ^ "Allmusic > Selena Awards". Allmusic. Rovi Corporation. Retrieved 21 June 2012. ^ "Posiciones de las Canciones Con Mayor Exito en America Latina". El Siglo de Torreón. December 7, 1993. Archived from the original on May 13, 2022. Retrieved 13 May 2022. ^ "Latin Regional Digital Songs: 9 April 2011 | Billboard Chart Archive". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 3 August 2012. ^ "American single certifications – Selena – Baila Esta Cumbia". Recording Industry Association of America. vteSelena songs Albums discography Singles discography Selena "Sukiyaki" Ven Conmigo "Ya Ves" "Baila Esta Cumbia" Entre a Mi Mundo "La Carcacha" "Como la Flor" "¿Qué Creías?" "Amame" Selena Live! "No Debes Jugar" "La Llamada" Amor Prohibido "Amor Prohibido" "Bidi Bidi Bom Bom" "No Me Queda Más" "Fotos y Recuerdos" Dreaming of You "I Could Fall in Love" "Tú Sólo Tú" "Dreaming of You" "I'm Getting Used to You" Siempre Selena "Siempre Hace Frio" "Costumbres" Collaborations "Buenos Amigos" "Donde Quiera Que Estés" Other songs "Dame Tu Amor" "Quiero" "Besitos" "Enamorada de Ti" "No Quiero Saber" "Missing My Baby" "El Chico del Apartamento 512" "El Toro Relajo" "Techno Cumbia" "Si Una Vez" "Where Did the Feeling Go?" "Disco Medley" "A Boy Like That" "Encontre El Amor" "Acuerdate De Mi" Category Template
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Quintanilla III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.B._Quintanilla_III"},{"link_name":"Bebu Silvetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bebu_Silvetti"},{"link_name":"uptempo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo"},{"link_name":"Mexican cumbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_cumbia"},{"link_name":"female empowerment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_empowerment"},{"link_name":"Hot Latin Tracks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Latin_Tracks"},{"link_name":"Regional Mexican Digital Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_charts#Latin_music"},{"link_name":"Malibu, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malibu,_California"}],"text":"For the 1965 film, see La llamada (1965 film). For the 2013 musical, see La llamada (musical). For the 2017 film, see Holy Camp! For the song by AK-7, see El Avion De Las Tres.1993 single by Selena\"La Llamada\" (English: \"The Phone Call\") is a song recorded by American recording artist Selena for her first live album Live! (1993). It was composed by Selena y Los Dinos backup singer Pete Astudillo and Selena's brother and principal record producer A.B. Quintanilla III and produced by Quintanilla III and Argentine music producer Bebu Silvetti. \"La Llamada\" was released as the second single from Live!. \"La Llamada\" is an uptempo Mexican cumbia song centering on female empowerment. Lyrically, the song sees Selena break up with her cheating boyfriend over the phone.The song received generally positive reviews from music critics. It peaked at number 5 on the US Hot Latin Tracks on the week ending 23 October 1993. On the week ending 9 April 2011, \"La Llamada\" entered the Regional Mexican Digital Songs chart. A music video was released and features Selena dancing in a crowd at a beach house in Malibu, California. There have been many cover versions of \"La Llamada\" ranging from Mexican to Dominican artists.","title":"La Llamada"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Live!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selena_Live!"},{"link_name":"Selena y Los Dinos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selena_y_Los_Dinos"},{"link_name":"Pete Astudillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Astudillo"},{"link_name":"A.B. Quintanilla III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.B._Quintanilla_III"},{"link_name":"Bebu Silvetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bebu_Silvetti"},{"link_name":"Corpus Christi, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_Christi,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Abraham Quintanilla, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Quintanilla,_Jr."},{"link_name":"Q-Productions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q-Productions"},{"link_name":"mixed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_mixing_(recorded_music)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-albumnotes-1"},{"link_name":"Malibu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malibu,_California"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-albumnotes-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Mexican cumbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_cumbia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mexican-3"},{"link_name":"key","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_(music)"},{"link_name":"A minor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_minor"},{"link_name":"beat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beat_(music)"},{"link_name":"common time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_time"},{"link_name":"beats per minute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beats_per_minute"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-music-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-music-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"\"La Llamada\" was one of three studio tracks recorded for Live! (1993). It was written by Selena y Los Dinos backup singer Pete Astudillo and Selena's brother, principal record producer and songwriter A.B. Quintanilla III. It was produced by Quintanilla III and Argentine music producer Bebu Silvetti. The song was intended to be one of three studio tracks for Selena's Live! album. Astudillo and Quintanilla III had spent an hour writing a song together. They wanted to write a song on a topic that many women face with their boyfriends. Quintanilla III had wanted to empower women, letting them know that they should hold their heads up and remember that life goes on. Selena favored the lyrical content and central theme, a common one in her songs. \"La Llamada\" was recorded in Corpus Christi, Texas, at Selena's father and manager Abraham Quintanilla, Jr.'s recording studio Q-Productions. Before Live! was released, the song was mixed by Brian \"Red\" Moore, a family friend.[1] Because Selena favored the song, the band released a music video. It was filmed in a beach house in Malibu, California. The video features Selena dancing with guys on one side and woman on the other. In other scenes, Selena is belting the lyrics behind blue curtains.[1][2]\"La Llamada\" is an uptempo Mexican cumbia song.[3] Written in the key of A minor, the beat is set in common time and moves at a moderate 90 beats per minute.[4] \"La Llamada\" describes a woman telling her boyfriend over the phone that she saw him kissing another girl, while her boyfriend tries to persuade to her that it was not him.[4] The central theme explored on \"La Llamada\" suggests female empowerment.[5]","title":"Background and composition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Howard Blumenthal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Blumenthal"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-howard-6"},{"link_name":"Fort Worth Star-Telegram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Worth_Star-Telegram"},{"link_name":"No Debes Jugar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Debes_Jugar"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Chicago Sun-Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Sun-Times"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Daily News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Daily_News"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"bachata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachata_(music)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Howard Blumenthal wrote in his book The World Music CD Listener's Guide that \"La Llamada\" is an \"energetic\" song.[6] An editor from the Fort Worth Star-Telegram compared \"La Llamada\" and another Live! single \"No Debes Jugar\". The editor expressed the similarities the songs shared in both its lyrical content and the instruments used in the songs.[7] Sue Anne Pressley of the Chicago Sun-Times believed that \"La Llamada\" is a \"fan favorite\", calling it \"a danceable pop number\".[8] A Philadelphia Daily News editor called \"La Llamada\" a \"catchy tune\", though commented that it is the least memorable song on Live!.[9]Mexican band Banda El Grullo recorded the song on their tribute album Lo Mejor De Selena Con Banda.[10] Mexican singer Dalila also recorded the song for her album Dalila en Vivo.[11] Dominican bachata singer Kiko Rodriguez recorded the song on his album Otra Vez Con Amor.[12]","title":"Critical reception and covers"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Certifications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-albumnotes-1"},{"link_name":"Selena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selena"},{"link_name":"Ricky Vela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricky_Vela"},{"link_name":"Chris Pérez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_P%C3%A9rez"},{"link_name":"Pete Astudillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Astudillo"},{"link_name":"A.B. Quintanilla III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.B._Quintanilla_III"},{"link_name":"audio mixer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_mixing_(recorded_music)"},{"link_name":"Bebu Silvetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bebu_Silvetti"}],"text":"All credits were taken from the Live! album notes.[1]Selena – vocals\nRicky Vela – keyboardist\nJoe Ojeda – keyboards\nChris Pérez – guitar\n\n\nPete Astudillo - writer\nA.B. Quintanilla III – co-writer, producer, arranger\nBrian \"Red\" Moore – audio mixer\nBebu Silvetti – producer","title":"Personnel"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Live! (CD). Selena. EMI Latin. 2002. 724354084027.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selena","url_text":"Selena"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMI_Latin","url_text":"EMI Latin"}]},{"reference":"Perez, Chris (2012). To Selena, With Love. Penguin Books. p. 304. ISBN 978-1101580264.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Perez","url_text":"Perez, Chris"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=agvzRX-2SPwC&q=Selena+La+Llamada&pg=PT162","url_text":"To Selena, With Love"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Books","url_text":"Penguin Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1101580264","url_text":"978-1101580264"}]},{"reference":"La época. Epoca de México: University of Texas. 1994.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mMULAAAAYAAJ&q=No+Debes+Jugar+Selena","url_text":"La época"}]},{"reference":"Quintanilla-Perez, Selena; Quintanilla III, A.B. (1993). \"Live!: Selena Digital Sheet Music\". Musicnotes.com. Alfred Music Publishing. MN090674 (Product Number).","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selena","url_text":"Quintanilla-Perez, Selena"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.B._Quintanilla_III","url_text":"Quintanilla III, A.B."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Music_Publishing","url_text":"Alfred Music Publishing"}]},{"reference":"\"Tejano music celebrates its best\". Fort Worth Star Telegram. 13 March 1993. Retrieved 21 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=ST&s_site=dfw&p_multi=ST&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAF8EEED5AF80A6&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM","url_text":"\"Tejano music celebrates its best\""}]},{"reference":"Blumenthal, Howard J. (1997). The World Music CD Listener's Guide (1st print. ed.). New York: Billboard Books. ISBN 0-8230-7663-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uCc5AQAAIAAJ&q=No+Debes+Jugar,+La+Llamada,+Tu+Robaste+Mi+Corazon","url_text":"The World Music CD Listener's Guide"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8230-7663-6","url_text":"0-8230-7663-6"}]},{"reference":"\"With Tejano music, Selena joins pioneers\". Fort Worth Star-Telegram. 4 April 1995. Retrieved 21 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=ST&s_site=dfw&p_multi=ST&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAF8FF2AD4C7F8A&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM","url_text":"\"With Tejano music, Selena joins pioneers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Worth_Star-Telegram","url_text":"Fort Worth Star-Telegram"}]},{"reference":"Pressley, Sue Anne (2 April 1995). \"Suspect Charged In Selena's Death Warnings Cited\". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved 21 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=CSTB&p_theme=cstb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB4221C36591B57&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM","url_text":"\"Suspect Charged In Selena's Death Warnings Cited\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Sun-Times","url_text":"Chicago Sun-Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Selena's Story Going on Film\". Philadelphia Daily News. 29 August 1995. Retrieved 21 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=DN&s_site=philly&p_multi=PI%7CDN&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB2A296B65ABA83&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM","url_text":"\"Selena's Story Going on Film\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Daily_News","url_text":"Philadelphia Daily News"}]},{"reference":"\"iTunes > Music > Lo Mejor de Selena Con Banda\". iTunes Store. Apple Inc. 11 October 2005. Retrieved 21 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/lo-mejor-de-selena-con-banda/id195009929","url_text":"\"iTunes > Music > Lo Mejor de Selena Con Banda\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes_Store","url_text":"iTunes Store"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc","url_text":"Apple Inc"}]},{"reference":"\"iTunes > Music > Dailia en Vivo\". iTunes Store. Apple Inc. Retrieved 21 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://itunes.apple.com/ca/album/dalila-en-vivo/id430134824","url_text":"\"iTunes > Music > Dailia en Vivo\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes_Store","url_text":"iTunes Store"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc","url_text":"Apple Inc"}]},{"reference":"\"iTunes > Music > Otra Vez Con Amor\". iTunes Store. Apple Inc. January 2007. Retrieved 21 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/otra-vez-con-amor/id449192604","url_text":"\"iTunes > Music > Otra Vez Con Amor\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes_Store","url_text":"iTunes Store"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc","url_text":"Apple Inc"}]},{"reference":"\"Allmusic > Selena Awards\". Allmusic. Rovi Corporation. Retrieved 21 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/artist/selena-mn0000004852/awards","url_text":"\"Allmusic > Selena Awards\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allmusic","url_text":"Allmusic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rovi_Corporation","url_text":"Rovi Corporation"}]},{"reference":"\"Posiciones de las Canciones Con Mayor Exito en America Latina\". El Siglo de Torreón. December 7, 1993. Archived from the original on May 13, 2022. Retrieved 13 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20220513010428/http://h.elsiglodetorreon.com.mx/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Search&Key=EDT/1993/12/07/39/Ar03903.xml&CollName=EDT_1990_1999&DOCID=1441676&PageLabelPrint=39&skin=ElSiglo&sLanguage=English&Content=ALL&selLanguage=&sPublication=EDT&sDateFrom=01%252F01%252F1993&sDateTo=12%252F31%252F1993&dummy=1993&sQuery=Selena&x=0&y=0&RefineQueryView=&StartFrom=25&ViewMode=HTML","url_text":"\"Posiciones de las Canciones Con Mayor Exito en America Latina\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Siglo_de_Torre%C3%B3n","url_text":"El Siglo de Torreón"},{"url":"http://h.elsiglodetorreon.com.mx/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Search&Key=EDT/1993/12/07/39/Ar03903.xml&CollName=EDT_1990_1999&DOCID=1441676&PageLabelPrint=39&skin=%45%6c%53%69%67%6c%6f&sLanguage=%45%6e%67%6c%69%73%68&Content=%41%4c%4c&selLanguage=&sPublication=%45%44%54&sDateFrom=%30%31%25%32%46%30%31%25%32%46%31%39%39%33&sDateTo=%31%32%25%32%46%33%31%25%32%46%31%39%39%33&dummy=%31%39%39%33&sQuery=%53%65%6c%65%6e%61&x=%30&y=%30&RefineQueryView=&StartFrom=%32%35&ViewMode=HTML","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Latin Regional Digital Songs: 9 April 2011 | Billboard Chart Archive\". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 3 August 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20240526030730/https://www.webcitation.org/69d31Wwhk?url=http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/chart-search-results/singles/11947298","url_text":"\"Latin Regional Digital Songs: 9 April 2011 | Billboard Chart Archive\""},{"url":"http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/chart-search-results/singles/11947298","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"American single certifications – Selena – Baila Esta Cumbia\". Recording Industry Association of America.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=Selena&ti=Baila+Esta+Cumbia&format=Single&type=#search_section","url_text":"\"American single certifications – Selena – Baila Esta Cumbia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America","url_text":"Recording Industry Association of America"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tresus_capax
Tresus capax
["1 Identification","2 Habitat and lifestyle","3 Harvesting for food","4 Prehistorical exploitation","5 Notes and references","6 Bibliography","7 Further reading"]
Species of bivalve Tresus capax Siphons of Tresus capax (Gould, 1850) Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Mollusca Class: Bivalvia Order: Venerida Superfamily: Mactroidea Family: Mactridae Genus: Tresus Species: T. capax Binomial name Tresus capax(Gould, 1850) Tresus capax is a species of saltwater clam, marine bivalve mollusk, common name the fat gaper, in the family Mactridae. It also shares the common name horse clam with Tresus nuttallii a species which is similar in morphology and lifestyle. Both species are somewhat similar to the geoduck (Panopea generosa, which is in the family Hiatellidae), though smaller, with shells up to eight inches long (20 cm), weight to 3–4 lb (1.4–1.8 kg). The two species commonly known as horse clams inhabit the Pacific coast intertidal zones: the pacific gaper, T. nuttallii, more abundant south to California; and the fat gaper, T. capax, more abundant north to Alaska. Both have oval and chalky-white or yellow shells with patches of brown periostracum (leather-like skin) on the shell. These clams are also commonly called gapers because their shells are flared around the siphon and do not completely close, rather like geoduck clams. Like geoducks, they are unable to completely retract the siphon within the shell, though less flagrantly as the siphon on Tresus species is not as large. Identification An easy way to tell the two species apart is that T. nuttallii usually has relatively longer, narrower shells (longer compared to height) and larger siphonal plates (horny plates found at the tip of the siphon, often with a little algae or barnacles garden). Hence T. capax is the fat gaper. Habitat and lifestyle Their habitat is the lower intertidal zones on out to waters as deep as 50–60 feet (13–15 m). They prefer sand, mud, and gravel substrates, normally burying themselves 12–16 inches (30–41 cm), so they are much easier to dig than geoducks. Their preferred substrates are also preferred by butter and littleneck clams, so horse clams are often taken incidentally in commercial harvesting. Horse clams often have a relationship with small commensal pea crabs, Pinnixa faba, often a mating pair, which enter through the large siphon and live within the mantle cavity of the horse clam. The crabs are easily seen and in no way affect the clam as food. The meat is good and makes excellent chowder. They tend to be ignored by sport diggers in Washington but not in Oregon. Horse clams are broadcast spawners like geoducks; T. nuttalii spawns in summer and T. capax in winter. Harvesting for food Appreciated by pre-contact local Native Americans for their size, abundance, and relatively easy capture, they are less sought today than geoducks, which have gained a marketing cachet. Identification is important. Best recipes vary with species. For resource sustainability, the Washington State Department of Fish and Wildlife sets size and bag limits for these clams. The Department of Health sometimes closes beaches for public health and safety. The Department of Health Marine Biotoxin web site has current information. King County has a well-illustrated clam identification procedure . Some clammers find horse clams are not as tasty as others, so it's not unusual during clamming season to find horse clams left behind on the beach. The shells are more fragile than they might appear, so it is critical that they not be damaged when first digging if they are not kept. The clams will soon die if abandoned. The adults are unable to rebury themselves—they need the pressure of their surroundings to remain intact and maneuver. They can't hold their two big valves together, protecting their soft tissues. Responsible diggers carefully rebury them to about the depth at which the clams were found. Prehistorical exploitation Early exploitation of horse clams is known by Native Americans on the Pacific Ocean coast of California. For example, archaeological recovery from Chumash sites in San Luis Obispo County has revealed use of horse clam shells as a scoop implement. An unusually well decorated specimen was found at the present day town of Morro Bay during archaeological excavation. Notes and references ^ Tresus capax (Gould, 1850). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 23 September 2010. ^ Beach watchers ^ G.E. MacGinite & N. MacGinite, Natural History of Marine Animals (Second Edition), McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1968, at p. 313. ^ (1) "Shellfish". Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife. 2000. Retrieved 2006-08-06. (2) Nash ^ Brenner ^ C.M.Hogan, 2008 Bibliography Brenner, Bob (1998-11-02). "Beach Assessment Clam Identification Key". King County. Archived from the original on 2001-01-21. Retrieved 2006-08-06. Nash, Pat (2004-01-15). "At the Beach Now: Horse? Or Gaper Clams". Washington State University. Archived from the original on 2006-08-28. Retrieved 2006-08-06. "Shellfish". Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife. 2000. Retrieved 2006-08-06. C. Michael Hogan (2008) Morro Creek, The Megalithic Portal, ed. A. Burnham, February 28, 2008 Further reading Abbreviated edition of the clam identification key by the Washington State Department of Fish and Wildlife at the King County Department of Natural Resources Science: Geoduck and Horseclam Biology, an overview by Underwater Harvesters Association, British Columbia, developers of underwater farming. vteEdible mollusksBivalvesClams Atlantic jackknife Atlantic surf Geoduck Grooved carpet shell Hard clam Horse Mactra stultorum Blunt gaper Ocean quahog Pacific razor Venus California butterclam Senilia senilis Smooth clam Soft-shell Triangle shell Tuatua Japanese littleneck Razor clam Pod razor Ensis (razor genus) Paphies Cockles Common Blood Goolwa New Zealand Sydney Giant Atlantic Mussels Blue Mediterranean New Zealand green-lipped California Brown Asian/Philippine green Date Mytilidae (mussel family) Oysters Eastern Olympia Southern mud Colchester native Pacific Portuguese Windowpane Rock Sydney rock Ostra chilena/Bluff Gillardeau oysters Crassostrea ("true oyster" genus) Scallops Atlantic bay Great/king New Zealand Pecten jacobaeus Peruvian calico Yesso Placopecten magellanicus GastropodsAbalone White Red Black Green Pink Blacklip Greenlip Green ormer Pāua (group of three species) South African abalone Chilean Conches Queen Elegant Dog Limpets Black-foot opihi/Hawaiian Turtle/talc Yellow-foot opihi China Common European Rayed Mediterranean Ribbed Mediterranean Rustic Periwinkles Common Banded Littorina sitkana Whelks Channeled Common Kellet's Kelletia lischkei Knobbed Pear whelk Lightning Other snailsSea Mud-flat Korean mud Chorus giganteus Bailer Land Cornu aspersum Helix lucorum Helix pomatia Freshwater Apple Nerites InkfishCuttlefish Spineless Bottletail Octopus Common Atlantic white-spotted Big blue Pacific giant Southern red Mimic Amphioctopus fangsiao Squid New Zealand arrow Japanese flying Humboldt Neon flying Chitons Chiton magnificus Acanthopleura echinata Acanthopleura granulata Related topics Oyster farming Land snail farming Gastropod anatomy Bivalve anatomy Category Taxon identifiersTresus capax Wikidata: Q3016512 BOLD: 395169 CoL: 584FS GBIF: 5188976 iNaturalist: 126927 IRMNG: 10229948 ITIS: 80955 NatureServe: 2.1133845 NCBI: 31208 OBIS: 367776 Open Tree of Life: 131015 Paleobiology Database: 168081 SeaLifeBase: 47949 WoRMS: 367776
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bivalve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bivalve"},{"link_name":"mollusk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollusc"},{"link_name":"Mactridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mactridae"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WoRMS-1"},{"link_name":"Tresus nuttallii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tresus_nuttallii"},{"link_name":"geoduck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoduck"},{"link_name":"Panopea generosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panopea_generosa"},{"link_name":"Hiatellidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiatellidae"},{"link_name":"intertidal zones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intertidal_zone"}],"text":"Tresus capax is a species of saltwater clam, marine bivalve mollusk, common name the fat gaper, in the family Mactridae.[1] It also shares the common name horse clam with Tresus nuttallii a species which is similar in morphology and lifestyle. Both species are somewhat similar to the geoduck (Panopea generosa, which is in the family Hiatellidae), though smaller, with shells up to eight inches long (20 cm), weight to 3–4 lb (1.4–1.8 kg).The two species commonly known as horse clams inhabit the Pacific coast intertidal zones: the pacific gaper, T. nuttallii, more abundant south to California; and the fat gaper, T. capax, more abundant north to Alaska. Both have oval and chalky-white or yellow shells with patches of brown periostracum (leather-like skin) on the shell. These clams are also commonly called gapers because their shells are flared around the siphon and do not completely close, rather like geoduck clams. Like geoducks, they are unable to completely retract the siphon within the shell, though less flagrantly as the siphon on Tresus species is not as large.","title":"Tresus capax"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"An easy way to tell the two species apart is that T. nuttallii usually has relatively longer, narrower shells (longer compared to height) and larger siphonal plates (horny plates found at the tip of the siphon, often with a little algae or barnacles garden). Hence T. capax is the fat gaper.","title":"Identification"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"substrates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substrate_(marine_biology)"},{"link_name":"commensal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commensalism"},{"link_name":"pea crabs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pea_crab"},{"link_name":"Pinnixa faba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinnixa_faba"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Their habitat is the lower intertidal zones on out to waters as deep as 50–60 feet (13–15 m). They prefer sand, mud, and gravel substrates, normally burying themselves 12–16 inches (30–41 cm), so they are much easier to dig than geoducks. Their preferred substrates are also preferred by butter and littleneck clams, so horse clams are often taken incidentally in commercial harvesting.Horse clams often have a relationship with small commensal pea crabs, Pinnixa faba, often a mating pair, which enter through the large siphon and live within the mantle cavity of the horse clam.[2][3] The crabs are easily seen and in no way affect the clam as food. The meat is good and makes excellent chowder. They tend to be ignored by sport diggers in Washington but not in Oregon.Horse clams are broadcast spawners like geoducks; T. nuttalii spawns in summer and T. capax in winter.[4]","title":"Habitat and lifestyle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//wdfw.wa.gov/"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.doh.wa.gov/ehp/sf/biotoxin.htm"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20010121111200/http://dnr.metrokc.gov/wlr/waterres/beaches/clam/clamid.htm"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Appreciated by pre-contact local Native Americans for their size, abundance, and relatively easy capture, they are less sought today than geoducks, which have gained a marketing cachet.Identification is important. Best recipes vary with species. For resource sustainability, the Washington State Department of Fish and Wildlife [1] sets size and bag limits for these clams. The Department of Health sometimes closes beaches for public health and safety. The Department of Health Marine Biotoxin web site [2] has current information.King County has a well-illustrated clam identification procedure [3].[5]Some clammers find horse clams are not as tasty as others, so it's not unusual during clamming season to find horse clams left behind on the beach. The shells are more fragile than they might appear, so it is critical that they not be damaged when first digging if they are not kept. The clams will soon die if abandoned. The adults are unable to rebury themselves—they need the pressure of their surroundings to remain intact and maneuver. They can't hold their two big valves together, protecting their soft tissues. Responsible diggers carefully rebury them to about the depth at which the clams were found.","title":"Harvesting for food"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Native Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Pacific Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"San Luis Obispo County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Luis_Obispo_County"},{"link_name":"Morro Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morro_Bay"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Early exploitation of horse clams is known by Native Americans on the Pacific Ocean coast of California. For example, archaeological recovery from Chumash sites in San Luis Obispo County has revealed use of horse clam shells as a scoop implement. An unusually well decorated specimen was found at the present day town of Morro Bay during archaeological excavation.[6]","title":"Prehistorical exploitation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-WoRMS_1-0"},{"link_name":"Tresus capax (Gould, 1850)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=367776"},{"link_name":"World Register of Marine Species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Beach watchers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.beachwatchers.wsu.edu/ezidweb/animals/Pinnixasp..htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"Shellfish\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//wdfw.wa.gov/fish/shelfish/beachreg/1clam.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"}],"text":"^ Tresus capax (Gould, 1850). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 23 September 2010.\n\n^ Beach watchers\n\n^ G.E. MacGinite & N. MacGinite, Natural History of Marine Animals (Second Edition), McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1968, at p. 313.\n\n^ (1) \n\"Shellfish\". Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife. 2000. Retrieved 2006-08-06. (2) Nash\n\n^ Brenner\n\n^ C.M.Hogan, 2008","title":"Notes and references"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Beach Assessment Clam Identification Key\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20010121111200/http://dnr.metrokc.gov/wlr/waterres/beaches/clam/clamid.htm"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//dnr.metrokc.gov/wlr/waterres/beaches/clam/clamid.htm"},{"link_name":"\"At the Beach Now: Horse? Or Gaper Clams\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20060828101807/http://www.beachwatchers.wsu.edu/beachnow/gaper_clam.htm"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.beachwatchers.wsu.edu/beachnow/gaper_clam.htm"},{"link_name":"\"Shellfish\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//wdfw.wa.gov/fish/shelfish/beachreg/1clam.htm"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=18502"}],"text":"Brenner, Bob (1998-11-02). \"Beach Assessment Clam Identification Key\". King County. Archived from the original on 2001-01-21. Retrieved 2006-08-06.\nNash, Pat (2004-01-15). \"At the Beach Now: Horse? Or Gaper Clams\". Washington State University. Archived from the original on 2006-08-28. Retrieved 2006-08-06.\n\"Shellfish\". Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife. 2000. Retrieved 2006-08-06.\nC. Michael Hogan (2008) Morro Creek, The Megalithic Portal, ed. A. Burnham, February 28, 2008 [4]","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Abbreviated edition of the clam identification key","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20000531004042/http://dnr.metrokc.gov/wlr/waterres/beaches/clam/clam_sm.htm"},{"link_name":"Science: Geoduck and Horseclam Biology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.geoduck.org/Content_Frames/science.html"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Edible_molluscs"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Edible_molluscs"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Edible_molluscs"},{"link_name":"Bivalves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bivalvia"},{"link_name":"Clams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clam"},{"link_name":"Atlantic jackknife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_jackknife_clam"},{"link_name":"Atlantic surf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_surf_clam"},{"link_name":"Geoduck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoduck"},{"link_name":"Grooved carpet shell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grooved_carpet_shell"},{"link_name":"Hard clam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_clam"},{"link_name":"Horse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_clam"},{"link_name":"Mactra stultorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mactra_stultorum"},{"link_name":"Blunt gaper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mya_truncata"},{"link_name":"Ocean quahog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctica_islandica"},{"link_name":"Pacific razor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_razor_clam"},{"link_name":"Venus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruditapes_largillierti"},{"link_name":"California butterclam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxidomus_nuttalli"},{"link_name":"Senilia senilis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senilia_senilis"},{"link_name":"Smooth clam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smooth_clam"},{"link_name":"Soft-shell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft-shell_clam"},{"link_name":"Triangle shell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crassula_aequilatera"},{"link_name":"Tuatua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuatua"},{"link_name":"Japanese littleneck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venerupis_philippinarum"},{"link_name":"Razor clam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razor_shell"},{"link_name":"Pod razor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pod_razor"},{"link_name":"Ensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensis"},{"link_name":"Paphies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paphies"},{"link_name":"Cockles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cockle_(bivalve)"},{"link_name":"Common","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_cockle"},{"link_name":"Blood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tegillarca_granosa"},{"link_name":"Goolwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plebidonax_deltoides"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrovenus_stutchburyi"},{"link_name":"Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_cockle"},{"link_name":"Giant Atlantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinocardium"},{"link_name":"Mussels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mussel"},{"link_name":"Blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_mussel"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_mussel"},{"link_name":"New Zealand green-lipped","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perna_canaliculus"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_mussel"},{"link_name":"Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perna_perna"},{"link_name":"Asian/Philippine green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perna_viridis"},{"link_name":"Date","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithophaga_lithophaga"},{"link_name":"Mytilidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mytilidae"},{"link_name":"Oysters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyster"},{"link_name":"Eastern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_oyster"},{"link_name":"Olympia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrea_lurida"},{"link_name":"Southern mud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrea_angasi"},{"link_name":"Colchester native","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrea_edulis"},{"link_name":"Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_oyster"},{"link_name":"Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_oyster"},{"link_name":"Windowpane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windowpane_oyster"},{"link_name":"Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_oyster"},{"link_name":"Sydney rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_rock_oyster"},{"link_name":"Ostra chilena/Bluff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiostrea_chilensis"},{"link_name":"Gillardeau oysters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gillardeau_oysters"},{"link_name":"Crassostrea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crassostrea"},{"link_name":"Scallops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scallop"},{"link_name":"Atlantic bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argopecten_irradians"},{"link_name":"Great/king","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pecten_maximus"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pecten_novaezelandiae"},{"link_name":"Pecten jacobaeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pecten_jacobaeus"},{"link_name":"Peruvian calico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argopecten_purpuratus"},{"link_name":"Yesso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mizuhopecten_yessoensis"},{"link_name":"Placopecten magellanicus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placopecten_magellanicus"},{"link_name":"Gastropods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastropoda"},{"link_name":"Abalone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abalone"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haliotis_sorenseni"},{"link_name":"Red","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haliotis_rufescens"},{"link_name":"Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haliotis_cracherodii"},{"link_name":"Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haliotis_fulgens"},{"link_name":"Pink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haliotis_corrugata"},{"link_name":"Blacklip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haliotis_rubra"},{"link_name":"Greenlip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haliotis_laevigata"},{"link_name":"Green ormer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_ormer"},{"link_name":"Pāua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%81ua"},{"link_name":"South African abalone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haliotis_midae"},{"link_name":"Chilean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concholepas_concholepas"},{"link_name":"Conches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conch"},{"link_name":"Queen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobatus_gigas"},{"link_name":"Elegant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lentigo_pipus"},{"link_name":"Dog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laevistrombus_canarium"},{"link_name":"Limpets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limpet"},{"link_name":"Black-foot opihi/Hawaiian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellana_exarata"},{"link_name":"Turtle/talc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellana_talcosa"},{"link_name":"Yellow-foot opihi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellana_sandwicensis"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patella_ulyssiponensis"},{"link_name":"Common European","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patella_vulgata"},{"link_name":"Rayed Mediterranean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patella_caerulea"},{"link_name":"Ribbed Mediterranean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patella_ferruginea"},{"link_name":"Rustic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patella_rustica"},{"link_name":"Periwinkles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Littorinidae"},{"link_name":"Common","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_periwinkle"},{"link_name":"Banded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrolittorina_antipodum"},{"link_name":"Littorina sitkana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Littorina_sitkana"},{"link_name":"Whelks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whelk"},{"link_name":"Channeled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busycotypus_canaliculatus"},{"link_name":"Common","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buccinum_undatum"},{"link_name":"Kellet's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelletia_kelletii"},{"link_name":"Kelletia lischkei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelletia_lischkei"},{"link_name":"Knobbed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knobbed_whelk"},{"link_name":"Pear whelk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulguropsis_spirata"},{"link_name":"Lightning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinistrofulgur_perversum"},{"link_name":"Other snails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snail"},{"link_name":"Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_snail"},{"link_name":"Mud-flat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphibola_crenata"},{"link_name":"Korean mud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullacta_exarata"},{"link_name":"Chorus giganteus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorus_giganteus"},{"link_name":"Bailer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melo_melo"},{"link_name":"Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_snail"},{"link_name":"Cornu aspersum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornu_aspersum"},{"link_name":"Helix lucorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helix_lucorum"},{"link_name":"Helix pomatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helix_pomatia"},{"link_name":"Freshwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshwater_snail"},{"link_name":"Apple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_snail"},{"link_name":"Nerites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neritidae"},{"link_name":"Inkfish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inkfish"},{"link_name":"Cuttlefish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuttlefish"},{"link_name":"Spineless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepiella_inermis"},{"link_name":"Bottletail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepiadarium_kochi"},{"link_name":"Octopus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octopus"},{"link_name":"Common","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_octopus"},{"link_name":"Atlantic white-spotted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callistoctopus_macropus"},{"link_name":"Big blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octopus_cyanea"},{"link_name":"Pacific giant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enteroctopus_dofleini"},{"link_name":"Southern red","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enteroctopus_megalocyathus"},{"link_name":"Mimic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimic_octopus"},{"link_name":"Amphioctopus fangsiao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphioctopus_fangsiao"},{"link_name":"Squid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squid"},{"link_name":"New Zealand arrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nototodarus_sloanii"},{"link_name":"Japanese flying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_flying_squid"},{"link_name":"Humboldt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humboldt_squid"},{"link_name":"Neon flying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neon_flying_squid"},{"link_name":"Chitons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiton"},{"link_name":"Chiton magnificus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiton_magnificus"},{"link_name":"Acanthopleura echinata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acanthopleura_echinata"},{"link_name":"Acanthopleura granulata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acanthopleura_granulata"},{"link_name":"Oyster farming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyster_farming"},{"link_name":"Land snail farming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliciculture"},{"link_name":"Gastropod anatomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastropoda#Anatomy"},{"link_name":"Bivalve anatomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bivalvia#Anatomy"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Edible_molluscs"},{"link_name":"Taxon identifiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers"},{"link_name":"Wikidata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikidata"},{"link_name":"Q3016512","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3016512"},{"link_name":"BOLD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System"},{"link_name":"395169","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=395169"},{"link_name":"CoL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life"},{"link_name":"584FS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/584FS"},{"link_name":"GBIF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility"},{"link_name":"5188976","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.gbif.org/species/5188976"},{"link_name":"iNaturalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INaturalist"},{"link_name":"126927","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//inaturalist.org/taxa/126927"},{"link_name":"IRMNG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera"},{"link_name":"10229948","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10229948"},{"link_name":"ITIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System"},{"link_name":"80955","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=80955"},{"link_name":"NatureServe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NatureServe"},{"link_name":"2.1133845","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.1133845/"},{"link_name":"NCBI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information"},{"link_name":"31208","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=31208"},{"link_name":"OBIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_Biodiversity_Information_System"},{"link_name":"367776","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//obis.org/taxon/367776"},{"link_name":"Open Tree of Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life"},{"link_name":"131015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=131015"},{"link_name":"Paleobiology Database","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleobiology_Database"},{"link_name":"168081","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=168081"},{"link_name":"SeaLifeBase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SeaLifeBase"},{"link_name":"47949","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.sealifebase.ca/Summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=47949"},{"link_name":"WoRMS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species"},{"link_name":"367776","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=367776"}],"text":"Abbreviated edition of the clam identification key by the Washington State Department of Fish and Wildlife at the King County Department of Natural Resources\nScience: Geoduck and Horseclam Biology, an overview by Underwater Harvesters Association, British Columbia, developers of underwater farming.vteEdible mollusksBivalvesClams\nAtlantic jackknife\nAtlantic surf\nGeoduck\nGrooved carpet shell\nHard clam\nHorse\nMactra stultorum\nBlunt gaper\nOcean quahog\nPacific razor\nVenus\nCalifornia butterclam\nSenilia senilis\nSmooth clam\nSoft-shell\nTriangle shell\nTuatua\nJapanese littleneck\nRazor clam\nPod razor\nEnsis (razor genus)\nPaphies\nCockles\nCommon\nBlood\nGoolwa\nNew Zealand\nSydney\nGiant Atlantic\nMussels\nBlue\nMediterranean\nNew Zealand green-lipped\nCalifornia\nBrown\nAsian/Philippine green\n Date\nMytilidae (mussel family)\nOysters\nEastern\nOlympia\nSouthern mud\nColchester native\nPacific\nPortuguese\nWindowpane\nRock\nSydney rock\nOstra chilena/Bluff\nGillardeau oysters\nCrassostrea (\"true oyster\" genus)\nScallops\nAtlantic bay\nGreat/king\nNew Zealand\nPecten jacobaeus\nPeruvian calico\nYesso\nPlacopecten magellanicus\nGastropodsAbalone\nWhite\nRed\nBlack\nGreen\nPink\nBlacklip\nGreenlip\nGreen ormer\nPāua (group of three species)\nSouth African abalone\nChilean\nConches\nQueen\nElegant\nDog\nLimpets\nBlack-foot opihi/Hawaiian\nTurtle/talc\nYellow-foot opihi\nChina\nCommon European\nRayed Mediterranean\nRibbed Mediterranean\nRustic\nPeriwinkles\nCommon\nBanded\nLittorina sitkana\nWhelks\nChanneled\nCommon\nKellet's\nKelletia lischkei\nKnobbed\nPear whelk\nLightning\nOther snailsSea\nMud-flat\nKorean mud\nChorus giganteus\nBailer\nLand\nCornu aspersum\nHelix lucorum\nHelix pomatia\nFreshwater\nApple\nNerites\nInkfishCuttlefish\nSpineless\nBottletail\nOctopus\nCommon\nAtlantic white-spotted\nBig blue\nPacific giant\nSouthern red\nMimic\nAmphioctopus fangsiao\nSquid\nNew Zealand arrow\nJapanese flying\nHumboldt\nNeon flying\nChitons\nChiton magnificus\nAcanthopleura echinata\nAcanthopleura granulata\nRelated topics\nOyster farming\nLand snail farming\nGastropod anatomy\nBivalve anatomy\nCategoryTaxon identifiersTresus capax\nWikidata: Q3016512\nBOLD: 395169\nCoL: 584FS\nGBIF: 5188976\niNaturalist: 126927\nIRMNG: 10229948\nITIS: 80955\nNatureServe: 2.1133845\nNCBI: 31208\nOBIS: 367776\nOpen Tree of Life: 131015\nPaleobiology Database: 168081\nSeaLifeBase: 47949\nWoRMS: 367776","title":"Further reading"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Shellfish\". Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife. 2000. Retrieved 2006-08-06.","urls":[{"url":"http://wdfw.wa.gov/fish/shelfish/beachreg/1clam.htm","url_text":"\"Shellfish\""}]},{"reference":"Brenner, Bob (1998-11-02). \"Beach Assessment Clam Identification Key\". King County. Archived from the original on 2001-01-21. Retrieved 2006-08-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20010121111200/http://dnr.metrokc.gov/wlr/waterres/beaches/clam/clamid.htm","url_text":"\"Beach Assessment Clam Identification Key\""},{"url":"http://dnr.metrokc.gov/wlr/waterres/beaches/clam/clamid.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Nash, Pat (2004-01-15). \"At the Beach Now: Horse? Or Gaper Clams\". Washington State University. Archived from the original on 2006-08-28. Retrieved 2006-08-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060828101807/http://www.beachwatchers.wsu.edu/beachnow/gaper_clam.htm","url_text":"\"At the Beach Now: Horse? Or Gaper Clams\""},{"url":"http://www.beachwatchers.wsu.edu/beachnow/gaper_clam.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Shellfish\". Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife. 2000. Retrieved 2006-08-06.","urls":[{"url":"http://wdfw.wa.gov/fish/shelfish/beachreg/1clam.htm","url_text":"\"Shellfish\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Goldman
Jean-Jacques Goldman
["1 Biography","1.1 Personal life","2 Philanthropy","3 Discography","3.1 Solo","3.2 Taï Phong","3.3 Fredericks Goldman Jones","4 References","5 External links"]
French musician and record producer (born 1951) Jean-Jacques GoldmanGoldman in 2002 at Le Zénith in ParisBackground informationBorn (1951-10-11) 11 October 1951 (age 72)OriginParis, FranceGenresPop rock, rock, progressive rock, new waveOccupation(s)Singer-songwriterInstrument(s)Vocalist, guitarist, pianist, violinistYears active1975–2004Musical artist Jean-Jacques Goldman (French pronunciation: ; born 11 October 1951) is a French retired singer-songwriter and record producer whose work remains hugely popular in the French-speaking world. Since the death of Johnny Hallyday in 2017 he has been the highest grossing living French pop rock act. Born in Paris and active on the music scene from 1975, he had a highly successful solo career in the 1980s, before he was part of the trio Fredericks Goldman Jones, releasing another string of hits in the 1990s. A founding member of the Les Enfoirés charity collective in 1986 (with which he remained active until 2016), Goldman also wrote successful albums and songs for many artists, including D'eux for Céline Dion, which is the most successful French language record to date. He received his most notable recognition in the English-speaking world for winning a Grammy Award for Album of the Year in 1997, as a co-author of three tracks on Céline Dion's Falling into You. Despite a voluntary retirement from the music scene in the early 2000s, he remains highly appreciated and influential in France. Biography Born in Paris to an immigrant Polish Jewish father, Alter Mojze Goldman (born in Lublin) and a German Jewish mother, Ruth Ambrunn (born in Munich), Jean-Jacques Goldman was the third of four children. As a child, he began his music studies on the violin, then the piano. In 1968, he abandoned his classical music studies for "American Rock & Roll" as well as folk music, listening to The Beatles, Jimi Hendrix or Aretha Franklin, and emphasizing the guitar. He also earned a business degree from the École des hautes études commerciales du Nord, commonly known as EDHEC, in Lille. In 1972, he met Catherine, his first wife, with whom he had three children. He first entered the French music scene as a member of a progressive rock group named Taï Phong ("great wind", "typhoon" in Vietnamese), which released its first album in 1975. Their first song to be a moderate hit was "Sister Jane". After three albums in English (on which he sang and played guitar as well as violin), Goldman was determined to write and sing in French, which led him to leave the band. Marc Lumbroso saw his potential and managed to sign him a five-album contract with Epic Records. That same year he released his first album, which he wanted to call Démodé ("old-fashioned", "out of trend"), but the label refused so it was left untitled (although "Démodé" is now its unofficial title). "Il suffira d'un signe" was his first significant success. In 1982, he released a second album with no title – this time the intended title was Minoritaire, which was also refused as it was deemed un-commercial (and has likewise become its unofficial title). It featured several hits: "Quand la musique est bonne", "Comme toi" (inspired by a picture of a young Jewish girl who died in a concentration camp although the heartfelt lyrics never explicitly mention this specific historical context), "Au bout de mes rêves", and was his breakthrough album, with about 900.000 units sold. His third album in 1984, the first with an official title, Positif (chosen as an ironic response to the refusal of the intended "negative" titles of his first two), contained new hits such as "Encore un matin" and "Envole-moi", and performed even better with about 1.000.000 units sold. His fourth album, Non homologué ("not approved", which continued his trend of ironically self-depreciative titles) garnered the hit songs "Je marche seul", 'Je te donne" (a bilingual rock duet with Michael Jones with Jones singing the English verses and Goldman the French ones) and "Pas toi". He recorded a double album in 1987, Entre gris clair et gris foncé ("Between light grey and dark grey"), which launched a string of hits — "Elle a fait un bébé toute seule", "Puisque tu pars", "Là-bas" (a duet with Sirima), "Il changeait la vie" — and was a major success, with more than 2 million units sold. Yet most critics were harsh, deriding his high-pitched voice, his style and demeanour (described as tame and innocuous) and his soft songs presumably marketed for teenage girls. In reaction, at the end of 1985, he purchased a full page in two major newspapers (Libération and France Soir), displaying excerpts from his harshest reviews, with an ironic message to his fans at the end, again demonstrating his taste for unassuming self-promotion: "Thanks for coming anyway..." ("Merci d'être venus quand même..."). From 1990 to 1995, he went on to perform in a trio called Fredericks / Goldman / Jones with Carole Fredericks (an American singer and chorist who had settled in France in the 1970s, the sister of Taj Mahal) and Michael Jones (a Welsh guitarist and singer who had settled in his mother's native France, whom Goldman knew from Taï Phong—actually he joined the band when Goldman decided to stop touring—and with whom he had a hit in 1985 with "Je te donne"). Together they recorded two studio albums, Fredericks / Goldman / Jones in 1990 and Rouge in 1993 (inspired by the fall of the Berlin Wall and the end of the USSR—the title song features the Red Army Choir), one live album, Du New Morning au Zénith, and released several successful singles, such as "Nuit", "À nos actes manqués", "Né en 17 à Leidenstadt" (another song about war and how it affects people's lives), "Juste après" (inspired by a scene in a TV documentary about the work of Médecins Sans Frontières in Congo showing a missionary sister's harrowing struggle to reanimate a newborn) and "Tu manques". Several of these songs were later re-recorded in English, but did not find much success in England or the United States. From 1997 to 2003 he returned to performing as a solo act, releasing two albums, En passant in 1997 and Chansons pour les pieds in 2001, as well as two live albums, Tournée 98 En passant and Un tour ensemble, with new hit songs like "On ira", "Quand tu danses", "Sache que je", "Bonne idée", "Tournent les violons", "Ensemble", "Les choses", "Et l'on n'y peut rien". After a last concert in 2004, he suddenly stopped performing and recording, saying he wanted to spend more time with his family (he had remarried in 2001, to a young fan who was then studying mathematics and later got a PhD in pure mathematics). In 2011, to shut down rumors about a possible comeback, he published a short text denying any plan of a new album or tour in the foreseeable future, and remains elusive, largely absent from the media. He continued to compose and produce a few songs for other artists, though, sometimes lending his voice as part of a collaboration. For example, he recorded "4 Mots sur un piano" with Patrick Fiori and Christine Ricol in 2007; it was a significant hit. Jean-Jacques Goldman also had a prominent role in French charity acts from the middle of the 1980s, when in 1985 famous comedian Coluche asked him to write a song to promote the initiative he just created, Les restos du coeur, meant to provide food to poor people during the winter months; Goldman crafted and produced the eponymous song (reportedly written/composed in three days), then with Coluche they brought in other French celebrities (actors Yves Montand, Catherine Deneuve and Nathalie Baye, soccer player Michel Platini, TV host Michel Drucker) to perform it as an extended troupe (akin to "We are the world", each singing a verse, or rather reciting, as none of them were trained singers), called Les Enfoirés (originally a very crude and offensive word, literally translatable as "covered in diarrhea", commonly meaning "the bastards" or "the assholes", which was a gimmick of Coluche in his shows and has been somewhat watered down over the years, akin to "motherfucker"). After Coluche's death in 1986, he took over and became the main organizer of the annual charity concert and record, a role he kept fulfilling until 2016, when he decided to quit, after a song he wrote for that year's charity album, "Toute la vie", sparked controversy for its lyrics, which were deemed "reactionary", with an unfair portrayal of current youth and a pointless opposition between "young" and "old" generations. Throughout his career, Goldman has frequently composed for other singers (sometimes using pseudonyms), most notably Johnny Hallyday (the whole Gang album in 1985, among his most successful) and Céline Dion. He wrote and produced two whole albums for her: D'eux in 1995 (released in the US as The French Album), which is still the best selling French album in history with 10 million copies sold worldwide, and S'il suffisait d'aimer in 1998. He also worked with her on the album 1 fille & 4 types along with Gildas Arzel, Jacques Veneruso and Erick Benzi. The songs "If That's What It Takes", "I Don't Know" and "Fly" from her album Falling into You are English adaptations of songs Goldman wrote for Céline. Also, her song "Let's Talk About Love" from the album of the same name is an English adaptation of Goldman's 1987 solo song "Puisque tu pars". He has also collaborated with Patricia Kaas, Garou, Marc Lavoine, Gérald De Palmas, Patrick Fiori, Khaled ("Aïcha"), Lorie and Florent Pagny, as well as jazzman Chet Baker, Supertramp's saxophonist John Helliwell, Joe Cocker ("On my way home" from the album No Ordinary World is an adaptation from "Là-bas"), "king of soul" Ray Charles and North American songwriter Diane Warren. On 19 November 2012, Génération Goldman, a tribute album to Goldman, was released on the MyMajorCompany France and M6 Music labels, with a number of artists interpreting Goldman's songs. A second volume followed in 2013. In December 2023, Goldman's song Pense à nous was premiered on the album Destination Paris of cellist Gautier Capuçon as sung by children's choirs of the Orchester à l’Ecole Association and the Maîtrise de Radio France de Paris and Bondy. Personal life From 1975 to 1997, Goldman was married to Catherine Morlet, a psychologist. In 2001, he married Nathalie Thu Hong-Lagier, a mathematician. He is a father of six: Caroline (b. 1975), Michaël (b. 1979) and Nina (b. 1985) with Morlet, and Maya (b. 2004), Kimi (b. 2005) and Rose (b. 2007) with Thu Hong-Lagier. His son Michaël Goldman is one of the co-founders of My Major Company France, a major fan-funded music label. His younger brother Robert Goldman is also a songwriter (often known as J. Kapler). His half-brother Pierre Goldman, a left-wing intellectual and convicted (though later acquitted) robber, was murdered in mysterious circumstances in 1979 in Paris. Philanthropy Goldman was the leader of the Les Enfoirés charity ensemble from 1986 to 2016. Discography Main article: Jean-Jacques Goldman discography Solo Jean-Jacques Goldman (a.k.a. Démodé) (1981) Jean-Jacques Goldman (a.k.a. Minoritaire) (1982) Positif (1984) Non homologué (1985) Entre gris clair et gris foncé (1987) En passant (1997) Chansons pour les pieds (2001) Taï Phong Taï Phong (1975) Windows (1976) Last Flight (1979) Fredericks Goldman Jones Fredericks Goldman Jones (1990) Rouge (1993) References ^ "Jean-Jacques Goldman, personnalité préférée des Français". L'Obs (in French). 21 December 2012. Retrieved 23 January 2019. ^ "Céline Dion a "envie" de retravailler avec Jean-Jacques Goldman". chartsinfrance.net. Retrieved 23 January 2019. ^ "Jean-Jacques Goldman, personnalité préférée des Français" (in French). 3 August 2013. Retrieved 23 January 2019. ^ "Jean-Jacques Goldman, personnalité préférée des Français pour la 6e fois consécutive". Europe 1. 2 January 2016. Retrieved 23 January 2019. ^ a b "Il est comme ça… Jean-Jacques Goldman" (in French). 18 January 2019. Retrieved 9 December 2019. ^ JDD, Le (31 December 2018). "Mbappé numéro 1 chez les jeunes : découvrez les classements du Top 50 par catégorie". lejdd.fr (in French). Retrieved 9 December 2019. ^ His "conversion" is loosely chronicled in the song Un, deux, trois ^ Yves Bigot, Je t'aime, moi non plus. Les amours de la chanson, Don Quichotte, 2016, p. 179 ^ "Jean-Jacques Goldman : l'anti-star de la chanson (?, 1986)". www.parler-de-sa-vie.net. Retrieved 9 December 2019. ^ "Autrepart – Jean-Jacques Goldman – JJG pour les nuls". www.autrepart.info. Retrieved 9 December 2019. ^ "namenlijst van de missionarissen in Congo van de Zusters van Ten Bunderen uit Moorslede". www.tenbunderen.be. Retrieved 24 January 2019. ^ "Lagier, Nathalie Goldman". ^ "Info 20minutes.fr: Jean-Jacques Goldman dément tout projet d'album". www.20minutes.fr (in French). 5 January 2011. Retrieved 23 January 2019. ^ Rubin, Alissa J.; Breeden, Aurelien (3 March 2015). ""Toute la vie": Song for French charity strikes discordant note". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 23 January 2019. ^ Benjamin Jacquot (30 September 2013). "Céline Dion et Jean-Jacques Goldman: 20 ans d'amitié" (in French). France Bleu. Retrieved 10 August 2014. ^ "'Pense à nous': la dernière chanson inédite de Jean-Jacques Goldman". Nostalgie. 8 December 2023. ^ Kalai, Chan (17 July 2020). "Jean-Jacques Goldman : qui sont les femmes de sa vie ?". ^ Yair Auron, Les juifs d'extrême-gauche en mai 68: une génération révolutionnaire marquée par la Shoah, Albin Michel, 1998, p. 81 ^ "Jean-Jacques Goldman" (in French). Enfoires.com. Retrieved 23 February 2017. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jean-Jacques Goldman. (in French) Jean-Jacques Goldman clip/vidéo/live (in French) Là-bas Biography of Jean-Jacques Goldman, from Radio France Internationale (in French) JJG famille (in French) Parler d'sa vie (in French) Autre Part : L'univers des frères Goldman Preceded byMichel Jonasz Victoires de la MusiqueMale artist of the year 1986 Succeeded byJohnny Hallyday vteJean-Jacques GoldmanStudio albums Démodé Minoritaire Positif Non homologué Entre gris clair et gris foncé Fredericks Goldman Jones Rouge En passant Chansons pour les pieds Live albums Traces Sur scène Du New Morning au Zénith En passant tournée 1998 Un tour ensemble Singles "Il suffira d'un signe" "Envole-moi" "Long Is the Road (Américain)" "Je marche seul" "Je te donne" "Pas toi" "Là-bas" "C'est ta chance" "Puisque tu pars" "Nuit" "À nos actes manqués" "Né en 17 à Leidenstadt" "Tu manques" "4 Mots sur un piano" Related Discography Génération Goldman Authority control databases International FAST ISNI 2 VIAF WorldCat National Spain France BnF data Germany Israel Finland United States Czech Republic Korea Netherlands Poland Academics CiNii Artists Grammy Awards MusicBrainz People Deutsche Biographie Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[ʒɑ̃.ʒak ɡɔldman]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"link_name":"French-speaking world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francophonie"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Johnny Hallyday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Hallyday"},{"link_name":"pop rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_rock"},{"link_name":"Fredericks Goldman Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredericks_Goldman_Jones"},{"link_name":"Les Enfoirés","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Enfoir%C3%A9s"},{"link_name":"D'eux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%27eux"},{"link_name":"Céline Dion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celine_Dion"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Grammy Award for Album of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Album_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"Falling into You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falling_into_You"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Musical artistJean-Jacques Goldman (French pronunciation: [ʒɑ̃.ʒak ɡɔldman]; born 11 October 1951) is a French retired singer-songwriter and record producer whose work remains hugely popular in the French-speaking world.[1] Since the death of Johnny Hallyday in 2017 he has been the highest grossing living French pop rock act. Born in Paris and active on the music scene from 1975, he had a highly successful solo career in the 1980s, before he was part of the trio Fredericks Goldman Jones, releasing another string of hits in the 1990s.A founding member of the Les Enfoirés charity collective in 1986 (with which he remained active until 2016), Goldman also wrote successful albums and songs for many artists, including D'eux for Céline Dion, which is the most successful French language record to date.[2] He received his most notable recognition in the English-speaking world for winning a Grammy Award for Album of the Year in 1997, as a co-author of three tracks on Céline Dion's Falling into You. Despite a voluntary retirement from the music scene in the early 2000s, he remains highly appreciated and influential in France.[3][4][5][6]","title":"Jean-Jacques Goldman"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Polish Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Jew"},{"link_name":"Alter Mojze Goldman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alter_Mojze_Goldman"},{"link_name":"Lublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lublin"},{"link_name":"German Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Jew"},{"link_name":"Munich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich"},{"link_name":"The Beatles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beatles"},{"link_name":"Jimi Hendrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimi_Hendrix"},{"link_name":"Aretha Franklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aretha_Franklin"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"École des hautes études commerciales du 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camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocaust_victims"},{"link_name":"Positif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positif_(album)"},{"link_name":"Envole-moi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Envole-moi"},{"link_name":"Non homologué","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non_homologu%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Je marche seul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Je_marche_seul"},{"link_name":"Je te donne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Je_te_donne_(song)"},{"link_name":"Michael Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jones_(Welsh-French_musician)"},{"link_name":"Pas toi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pas_toi"},{"link_name":"double album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_album"},{"link_name":"Entre gris clair et gris foncé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entre_gris_clair_et_gris_fonc%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Puisque tu pars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puisque_tu_pars"},{"link_name":"Là-bas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A0-bas_(song)"},{"link_name":"Sirima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirima"},{"link_name":"Libération","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lib%C3%A9ration"},{"link_name":"France Soir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France-Soir"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Fredericks / Goldman / Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredericks_Goldman_Jones"},{"link_name":"Carole Fredericks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carole_Fredericks"},{"link_name":"Taj Mahal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taj_Mahal_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Michael Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jones_(Welsh-French_musician)"},{"link_name":"Fredericks / Goldman / Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredericks_Goldman_Jones_(album)"},{"link_name":"Rouge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouge_(Fredericks_Goldman_Jones_album)"},{"link_name":"Berlin Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Wall"},{"link_name":"end of the USSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Red Army Choir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandrov_Ensemble"},{"link_name":"Du New Morning au Zénith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du_New_Morning_au_Z%C3%A9nith"},{"link_name":"Nuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuit_(song)"},{"link_name":"À nos actes manqués","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80_nos_actes_manqu%C3%A9s"},{"link_name":"Né en 17 à Leidenstadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9_en_17_%C3%A0_Leidenstadt"},{"link_name":"Médecins Sans Frontières","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res"},{"link_name":"Congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Tu manques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tu_manques"},{"link_name":"En passant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/En_passant_(Jean-Jacques_Goldman_album)"},{"link_name":"Chansons pour les pieds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chansons_pour_les_pieds"},{"link_name":"Un tour ensemble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Un_tour_ensemble"},{"link_name":"pure mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pure_mathematics"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"4 Mots sur un piano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4_Mots_sur_un_piano"},{"link_name":"Patrick Fiori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Fiori"},{"link_name":"Coluche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coluche"},{"link_name":"Les restos du coeur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restaurants_du_C%C5%93ur"},{"link_name":"Yves Montand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yves_Montand"},{"link_name":"Catherine Deneuve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Deneuve"},{"link_name":"Nathalie Baye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathalie_Baye"},{"link_name":"Michel Platini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Platini"},{"link_name":"Michel Drucker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Drucker"},{"link_name":"We are the world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Are_the_World"},{"link_name":"Les Enfoirés","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Enfoir%C3%A9s"},{"link_name":"gimmick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gimmick"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Johnny Hallyday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Hallyday"},{"link_name":"Gang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gang_(album)"},{"link_name":"Céline Dion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celine_Dion"},{"link_name":"D'eux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%27eux"},{"link_name":"S'il suffisait d'aimer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%27il_suffisait_d%27aimer"},{"link_name":"1 fille & 4 types","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_fille_%26_4_types"},{"link_name":"Gildas Arzel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gildas_Arzel"},{"link_name":"Jacques Veneruso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Veneruso"},{"link_name":"Erick Benzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erick_Benzi"},{"link_name":"If That's What It Takes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pour_que_tu_m%27aimes_encore"},{"link_name":"I Don't Know","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Je_sais_pas"},{"link_name":"Falling into You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falling_into_You"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"album of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let%27s_Talk_About_Love"},{"link_name":"Puisque tu pars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puisque_tu_pars"},{"link_name":"Patricia Kaas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricia_Kaas"},{"link_name":"Garou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garou_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Marc Lavoine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Lavoine"},{"link_name":"Gérald De Palmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9rald_De_Palmas"},{"link_name":"Patrick Fiori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Fiori"},{"link_name":"Khaled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khaled_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Aïcha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%AFcha"},{"link_name":"Lorie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorie_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Florent Pagny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florent_Pagny"},{"link_name":"Chet Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chet_Baker"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Supertramp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supertramp"},{"link_name":"John Helliwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Helliwell"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Joe Cocker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Cocker"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"No Ordinary World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Ordinary_World"},{"link_name":"Là-bas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A0-bas_(song)"},{"link_name":"Ray Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Charles"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Diane Warren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diane_Warren"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Génération Goldman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ration_Goldman"},{"link_name":"MyMajorCompany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MyMajorCompany"},{"link_name":"M6 Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M6_Music"},{"link_name":"Gautier Capuçon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautier_Capu%C3%A7on"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Born in Paris to an immigrant Polish Jewish father, Alter Mojze Goldman (born in Lublin) and a German Jewish mother, Ruth Ambrunn (born in Munich), Jean-Jacques Goldman was the third of four children. As a child, he began his music studies on the violin, then the piano. In 1968, he abandoned his classical music studies for \"American Rock & Roll\" as well as folk music, listening to The Beatles, Jimi Hendrix or Aretha Franklin, and emphasizing the guitar.[7] He also earned a business degree from the École des hautes études commerciales du Nord, commonly known as EDHEC, in Lille. In 1972, he met Catherine, his first wife, with whom he had three children. He first entered the French music scene as a member of a progressive rock group named Taï Phong (\"great wind\", \"typhoon\" in Vietnamese), which released its first album in 1975. Their first song to be a moderate hit was \"Sister Jane\". After three albums in English (on which he sang and played guitar as well as violin), Goldman was determined to write and sing in French, which led him to leave the band.Marc Lumbroso saw his potential and managed to sign him a five-album contract with Epic Records. That same year he released his first album, which he wanted to call Démodé (\"old-fashioned\", \"out of trend\"), but the label refused so it was left untitled (although \"Démodé\" is now its unofficial title). \"Il suffira d'un signe\" was his first significant success. In 1982, he released a second album with no title – this time the intended title was Minoritaire, which was also refused as it was deemed un-commercial (and has likewise become its unofficial title). It featured several hits: \"Quand la musique est bonne\", \"Comme toi\" (inspired by a picture of a young Jewish girl who died in a concentration camp although the heartfelt lyrics never explicitly mention this specific historical context), \"Au bout de mes rêves\", and was his breakthrough album, with about 900.000 units sold. His third album in 1984, the first with an official title, Positif (chosen as an ironic response to the refusal of the intended \"negative\" titles of his first two), contained new hits such as \"Encore un matin\" and \"Envole-moi\", and performed even better with about 1.000.000 units sold. His fourth album, Non homologué (\"not approved\", which continued his trend of ironically self-depreciative titles) garnered the hit songs \"Je marche seul\", 'Je te donne\" (a bilingual rock duet with Michael Jones with Jones singing the English verses and Goldman the French ones) and \"Pas toi\". He recorded a double album in 1987, Entre gris clair et gris foncé (\"Between light grey and dark grey\"), which launched a string of hits — \"Elle a fait un bébé toute seule\", \"Puisque tu pars\", \"Là-bas\" (a duet with Sirima), \"Il changeait la vie\" — and was a major success, with more than 2 million units sold.Yet most critics were harsh, deriding his high-pitched voice, his style and demeanour (described as tame and innocuous) and his soft songs presumably marketed for teenage girls. In reaction, at the end of 1985, he purchased a full page in two major newspapers (Libération and France Soir), displaying excerpts from his harshest reviews, with an ironic message to his fans at the end, again demonstrating his taste for unassuming self-promotion: \"Thanks for coming anyway...\" (\"Merci d'être venus quand même...\").[8][9][10]From 1990 to 1995, he went on to perform in a trio called Fredericks / Goldman / Jones with Carole Fredericks (an American singer and chorist who had settled in France in the 1970s, the sister of Taj Mahal) and Michael Jones (a Welsh guitarist and singer who had settled in his mother's native France, whom Goldman knew from Taï Phong—actually he joined the band when Goldman decided to stop touring—and with whom he had a hit in 1985 with \"Je te donne\"). Together they recorded two studio albums, Fredericks / Goldman / Jones in 1990 and Rouge in 1993 (inspired by the fall of the Berlin Wall and the end of the USSR—the title song features the Red Army Choir), one live album, Du New Morning au Zénith, and released several successful singles, such as \"Nuit\", \"À nos actes manqués\", \"Né en 17 à Leidenstadt\" (another song about war and how it affects people's lives), \"Juste après\" (inspired by a scene in a TV documentary about the work of Médecins Sans Frontières in Congo showing a missionary sister's harrowing struggle to reanimate a newborn[11]) and \"Tu manques\". Several of these songs were later re-recorded in English, but did not find much success in England or the United States.From 1997 to 2003 he returned to performing as a solo act, releasing two albums, En passant in 1997 and Chansons pour les pieds in 2001, as well as two live albums, Tournée 98 En passant and Un tour ensemble, with new hit songs like \"On ira\", \"Quand tu danses\", \"Sache que je\", \"Bonne idée\", \"Tournent les violons\", \"Ensemble\", \"Les choses\", \"Et l'on n'y peut rien\". After a last concert in 2004, he suddenly stopped performing and recording, saying he wanted to spend more time with his family (he had remarried in 2001, to a young fan who was then studying mathematics and later got a PhD in pure mathematics).[12] In 2011, to shut down rumors about a possible comeback, he published a short text denying any plan of a new album or tour in the foreseeable future,[13] and remains elusive, largely absent from the media.[5]He continued to compose and produce a few songs for other artists, though, sometimes lending his voice as part of a collaboration. For example, he recorded \"4 Mots sur un piano\" with Patrick Fiori and Christine Ricol in 2007; it was a significant hit.Jean-Jacques Goldman also had a prominent role in French charity acts from the middle of the 1980s, when in 1985 famous comedian Coluche asked him to write a song to promote the initiative he just created, Les restos du coeur, meant to provide food to poor people during the winter months; Goldman crafted and produced the eponymous song (reportedly written/composed in three days), then with Coluche they brought in other French celebrities (actors Yves Montand, Catherine Deneuve and Nathalie Baye, soccer player Michel Platini, TV host Michel Drucker) to perform it as an extended troupe (akin to \"We are the world\", each singing a verse, or rather reciting, as none of them were trained singers), called Les Enfoirés (originally a very crude and offensive word, literally translatable as \"covered in diarrhea\", commonly meaning \"the bastards\" or \"the assholes\", which was a gimmick of Coluche in his shows and has been somewhat watered down over the years, akin to \"motherfucker\"). After Coluche's death in 1986, he took over and became the main organizer of the annual charity concert and record, a role he kept fulfilling until 2016, when he decided to quit, after a song he wrote for that year's charity album, \"Toute la vie\", sparked controversy for its lyrics, which were deemed \"reactionary\", with an unfair portrayal of current youth and a pointless opposition between \"young\" and \"old\" generations.[14]Throughout his career, Goldman has frequently composed for other singers (sometimes using pseudonyms), most notably Johnny Hallyday (the whole Gang album in 1985, among his most successful) and Céline Dion. He wrote and produced two whole albums for her: D'eux in 1995 (released in the US as The French Album), which is still the best selling French album in history with 10 million copies sold worldwide, and S'il suffisait d'aimer in 1998. He also worked with her on the album 1 fille & 4 types along with Gildas Arzel, Jacques Veneruso and Erick Benzi. The songs \"If That's What It Takes\", \"I Don't Know\" and \"Fly\" from her album Falling into You are English adaptations of songs Goldman wrote for Céline.[15] Also, her song \"Let's Talk About Love\" from the album of the same name is an English adaptation of Goldman's 1987 solo song \"Puisque tu pars\". He has also collaborated with Patricia Kaas, Garou, Marc Lavoine, Gérald De Palmas, Patrick Fiori, Khaled (\"Aïcha\"), Lorie and Florent Pagny, as well as jazzman Chet Baker[citation needed], Supertramp's saxophonist John Helliwell[citation needed], Joe Cocker[citation needed] (\"On my way home\" from the album No Ordinary World is an adaptation from \"Là-bas\"), \"king of soul\" Ray Charles[citation needed] and North American songwriter Diane Warren[citation needed].On 19 November 2012, Génération Goldman, a tribute album to Goldman, was released on the MyMajorCompany France and M6 Music labels, with a number of artists interpreting Goldman's songs. A second volume followed in 2013.In December 2023, Goldman's song Pense à nous was premiered on the album Destination Paris of cellist Gautier Capuçon as sung by children's choirs of the Orchester à l’Ecole Association and the Maîtrise de Radio France de Paris and Bondy.[16]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"My Major Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Major_Company"},{"link_name":"fan-funded music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fan-funded_music"},{"link_name":"Robert Goldman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Goldman_(French_songwriter)"},{"link_name":"Pierre Goldman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Goldman"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Personal life","text":"From 1975 to 1997, Goldman was married to Catherine Morlet, a psychologist. In 2001, he married Nathalie Thu Hong-Lagier, a mathematician. He is a father of six: Caroline (b. 1975), Michaël (b. 1979) and Nina (b. 1985) with Morlet, and Maya (b. 2004), Kimi (b. 2005) and Rose (b. 2007) with Thu Hong-Lagier.[17]His son Michaël Goldman is one of the co-founders of My Major Company France, a major fan-funded music label.His younger brother Robert Goldman is also a songwriter (often known as J. Kapler).His half-brother Pierre Goldman, a left-wing intellectual and convicted (though later acquitted) robber, was murdered in mysterious circumstances in 1979 in Paris.[18]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Les Enfoirés","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Enfoir%C3%A9s"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"Goldman was the leader of the Les Enfoirés charity ensemble from 1986 to 2016.[19]","title":"Philanthropy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jean-Jacques Goldman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9mod%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Jean-Jacques Goldman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minoritaire"},{"link_name":"Positif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positif_(album)"},{"link_name":"Non homologué","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non_homologu%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Entre gris clair et gris foncé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entre_gris_clair_et_gris_fonc%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"En passant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/En_passant_(Jean-Jacques_Goldman_album)"},{"link_name":"Chansons pour les pieds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chansons_pour_les_pieds"}],"sub_title":"Solo","text":"Jean-Jacques Goldman (a.k.a. Démodé) (1981)\nJean-Jacques Goldman (a.k.a. Minoritaire) (1982)\nPositif (1984)\nNon homologué (1985)\nEntre gris clair et gris foncé (1987)\nEn passant (1997)\nChansons pour les pieds (2001)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Taï Phong","text":"Taï Phong (1975)\nWindows (1976)\nLast Flight (1979)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fredericks Goldman Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredericks_Goldman_Jones_(album)"},{"link_name":"Rouge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouge_(Fredericks_Goldman_Jones_album)"}],"sub_title":"Fredericks Goldman Jones","text":"Fredericks Goldman Jones (1990)\nRouge (1993)","title":"Discography"}]
[]
null
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Retrieved 23 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2013/08/03/jean-jacques-goldman-personnalite-preferee-des-francais-omar-sy-detrone_3457243_3224.html","url_text":"\"Jean-Jacques Goldman, personnalité préférée des Français\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jean-Jacques Goldman, personnalité préférée des Français pour la 6e fois consécutive\". Europe 1. 2 January 2016. Retrieved 23 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.europe1.fr/societe/jean-jacques-goldman-personnalite-preferee-des-francais-pour-la-6e-fois-consecutive-2643885","url_text":"\"Jean-Jacques Goldman, personnalité préférée des Français pour la 6e fois consécutive\""}]},{"reference":"\"Il est comme ça… Jean-Jacques Goldman\" (in French). 18 January 2019. Retrieved 9 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lemonde.fr/m-le-mag/article/2019/01/18/il-est-comme-ca-jean-jacques-goldman_5411157_4500055.html","url_text":"\"Il est comme ça… Jean-Jacques Goldman\""}]},{"reference":"JDD, Le (31 December 2018). \"Mbappé numéro 1 chez les jeunes : découvrez les classements du Top 50 par catégorie\". lejdd.fr (in French). Retrieved 9 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lejdd.fr/Societe/mbappe-numero-1-chez-les-jeunes-decouvrez-les-classements-du-top-50-par-categorie-3828887","url_text":"\"Mbappé numéro 1 chez les jeunes : découvrez les classements du Top 50 par catégorie\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jean-Jacques Goldman : l'anti-star de la chanson (?, 1986)\". www.parler-de-sa-vie.net. Retrieved 9 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.parler-de-sa-vie.net/ecrits/interviews/1986xx06.php","url_text":"\"Jean-Jacques Goldman : l'anti-star de la chanson (?, 1986)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Autrepart – Jean-Jacques Goldman – JJG pour les nuls\". www.autrepart.info. Retrieved 9 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.autrepart.info/jean-jacques-goldman/jean-jacques-goldman-pour-les-nuls.html","url_text":"\"Autrepart – Jean-Jacques Goldman – JJG pour les nuls\""}]},{"reference":"\"namenlijst van de missionarissen in Congo van de Zusters van Ten Bunderen uit Moorslede\". www.tenbunderen.be. Retrieved 24 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tenbunderen.be/namenlijst.html","url_text":"\"namenlijst van de missionarissen in Congo van de Zusters van Ten Bunderen uit Moorslede\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lagier, Nathalie Goldman\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.idref.fr/118247549","url_text":"\"Lagier, Nathalie Goldman\""}]},{"reference":"\"Info 20minutes.fr: Jean-Jacques Goldman dément tout projet d'album\". www.20minutes.fr (in French). 5 January 2011. Retrieved 23 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.20minutes.fr/culture/647826-20110105-culture-info-20minutesfr-jean-jacques-goldman-dement-tout-projet-album","url_text":"\"Info 20minutes.fr: Jean-Jacques Goldman dément tout projet d'album\""}]},{"reference":"Rubin, Alissa J.; Breeden, Aurelien (3 March 2015). \"\"Toute la vie\": Song for French charity strikes discordant note\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 23 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/04/world/song-for-french-charity-strikes-discordant-note.html","url_text":"\"\"Toute la vie\": Song for French charity strikes discordant note\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"Benjamin Jacquot (30 September 2013). \"Céline Dion et Jean-Jacques Goldman: 20 ans d'amitié\" (in French). France Bleu. Retrieved 10 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.francebleu.fr/musique/celine-dion/celine-dion-et-goldman-20-ans-d-amitie-889726","url_text":"\"Céline Dion et Jean-Jacques Goldman: 20 ans d'amitié\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_Bleu","url_text":"France Bleu"}]},{"reference":"\"'Pense à nous': la dernière chanson inédite de Jean-Jacques Goldman\". Nostalgie. 8 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nostalgie.fr/artistes/jean-jacques-goldman/actus/pense-a-nous-la-derniere-chanson-inedite-de-jean-jacques-goldman-70249729","url_text":"\"'Pense à nous': la dernière chanson inédite de Jean-Jacques Goldman\""}]},{"reference":"Kalai, Chan (17 July 2020). \"Jean-Jacques Goldman : qui sont les femmes de sa vie ?\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.femmeactuelle.fr/actu/news-actu/photos-jean-jacques-goldman-qui-sont-les-femmes-de-sa-vie-2081750","url_text":"\"Jean-Jacques Goldman : qui sont les femmes de sa vie ?\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Field
Margaret Field
["1 Early years","2 Career","3 Personal life","4 Death","5 Filmography","6 Selected television","7 References","8 External links"]
American actress (1922–2011) For the actress born Margaret Cynthia Field, see Virginia Field. Margaret FieldField in the trailer for The Man from Planet X (1951)BornMargaret Morlan(1922-05-10)May 10, 1922Houston, Texas, U.S.DiedNovember 6, 2011(2011-11-06) (aged 89)Malibu, California, U.S.Other namesMaggie MahoneyAlma materPasadena Junior CollegeOccupationActressYears active1945–1973Spouses Richard Field ​ ​(m. 1942; div. 1950)​ Jock Mahoney ​ ​(m. 1952; div. 1968)​ Children3, including Sally and Richard Margaret Field (née Morlan; May 10, 1922 – November 6, 2011) was an American film actress usually billed as Maggie Mahoney after her marriage to actor Jock Mahoney. The mother of actress Sally Field, she was best known for her work in two science-fiction films, The Man from Planet X (1951) and Captive Women (1952) and played dozens of roles in various television series. Early years Field was born in Houston, Texas, the daughter of Joy Beatrice (née Bickeley) and Wallace Miller Morlan. Late in the 1930s, her family and she moved to Pasadena, California. Career Maggie Mahoney and Jock Mahoney in a 1958 episode of Yancy Derringer Field was discovered at the Pasadena Playhouse by talent scout Milton Lewis for Paramount Pictures. Following a successful screen test, she was offered an 18-month contract. She then attended Pasadena Junior College, studying voice training and acting, while acting in films. Early in her career, she acted in a series of Musical Parade short films for Paramount and had small roles in 26 full-length films from 1946 to 1953. She appeared, often more than once, in television series, among which were two roles as defendants on the CBS drama series Perry Mason. In 1959, she played title character Eva Martell in "The Case of the Borrowed Brunette". In 1960, she played Linda Osborne in "The Case of the Nine Dolls". Other television appearances included a 1950 episode of The Lone Ranger entitled "Greed for Gold", Wagon Train, Bonanza, The Virginian, The Range Rider, Yancy Derringer starring her husband Jock Mahoney, To Rome With Love starring John Forsythe, Lawman starring Barry Sullivan and Clu Gulager, Westinghouse Desilu Playhouse, and the 1963 Twilight Zone episode "The New Exhibit", among many others. She also appeared in the science-fiction films Captive Women and The Man from Planet X. In February 1956, Field co-starred with her husband Jock Mahoney in the Death Valley Days episode "Swamper Ike". Personal life In 1942, Field married Richard Dryden Field, an Army officer, and had two children with him: television and film actress Sally Field and physicist Richard D. Field. On January 21, 1952, Field married actor Jock Mahoney in Tijuana, Mexico, thereafter billed in her acting work as "Maggie Mahoney". Together they had a daughter, Princess, a director of television shows including ER and Shameless. Field and Mahoney divorced in June 1968. Around 1968, when her elder daughter Sally turned 22, Field virtually ended her acting career to focus on her family. Death Field, aged 89, died of cancer at her home in Malibu, California, on November 6, 2011, which was her daughter Sally Field's 65th birthday. Filmography Year Title Role Notes 1946 Our Hearts Were Growing Up Lowell Schoolgirl Uncredited 1946 Blue Skies Showgirl Uncredited 1947 Ladies' Man Girl at Cocktail Table Uncredited 1947 The Imperfect Lady Chorus Girl Uncredited 1947 Blaze of Noon Nurse Uncredited 1947 Welcome Stranger Photo of Cousin Hattie Uncredited 1947 The Perils of Pauline Juliet in Show Uncredited 1948 The Big Clock Second Secretary 1948 Beyond Glory Cora 1948 Night Has a Thousand Eyes Agnes Uncredited 1948 Isn't It Romantic? Burly Gent's Second Girl Uncredited 1948 The Paleface Guest Uncredited 1949 My Friend Irma Alice 1949 Chicago Deadline Minerva 1949 Samson and Delilah Temple Spectator Uncredited 1950 Paid in Full Mother of Betsy Uncredited 1950 Riding High Maid Uncredited 1950 It's a Small World Janie at Age 16 1950 A Modern Marriage Evelyn Brown 1950 The Du Pont Story Housewife Uncredited 1951 The Man from Planet X Enid Elliot 1951 The Dakota Kid Mary Lewis 1951 Take Care of My Little Girl Party Guest Uncredited 1951 Yukon Manhunt Polly Kaufman 1951 Chain of Circumstance Dell Dawson 1951 The Valparaiso Story 1951 Venture of Faith 1952 For Men Only Julie Brice 1952 Carrie Servant Girl Uncredited 1952 The Story of Will Rogers Sally Rogers 1952 Captive Women Ruth 1952 The Raiders Mary Morrell 1953 So This Is Love Edna Wallace 1956 Inside Detroit Barbara Linden 1956 Blackjack Ketchum, Desperado Nita Riordan 1957 The Walter Winchell File Louise Melk Episode: "Where Is Louise Milk?" 1957 Slim Carter Hat Check Girl 1960 Desire in the Dust Maude Wilson Selected television Year Title Role Notes 1953 Death Valley Days Laurie Season 1, Episode 12, "Swamper Ike" 1960 Perry Mason "The Case of the Nine Dolls" Season 4, Episode 9 Linda Osborne 1961 Lawman Ann Turner "Cold Fear" 1963 Twilight Zone "The New Exhibit" References ^ a b Wilson, Scott (2016). Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons, 3d ed. McFarland. p. 241. ISBN 9781476625997. Retrieved 11 June 2017. ^ "Actress Margaret OMahoney dies". Variety. 7 November 2011. Archived from the original on 11 June 2017. Retrieved 11 June 2017. ^ a b c d e Lentz, Harris M. III (2012). Obituaries in the Performing Arts, 2011. McFarland. p. 109. ISBN 9780786469949. Retrieved 11 June 2017. ^ 1940 United States Federal Census ^ a b c Parla, Paul; Mitchell, Charles P. (2000). Screen sirens scream! : interviews with 20 actresses from science fiction, horror, film noir, and mystery movies, 1930s to 1960s. McFarland. pp. 95–101. ISBN 0-7864-0701-8. ^ a b c Freese, Gene (2013). Jock Mahoney: The Life and Films of a Hollywood Stuntman. McFarland. p. 62. ISBN 9780786476893. Retrieved 11 June 2017. ^ "There were satisfactory performances by Jock Mahoney and Margaret Field. The 20-Mule Team Borax commercials were fairly good."Morse, Leon (February 18, 1956). "Death Valley Days (TV film)". Billboard , Inc. p. 13, Col. 2. ^ "Richard Field". ^ "Information: Field Family". ^ Margaret Field, Actress and Mother of Sally Field, Dies at 89 External links Margaret Field at IMDb Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain France BnF data Germany United States
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The mother of actress Sally Field,[1] she was best known for her work in two science-fiction films, The Man from Planet X (1951) and Captive Women (1952)[3] and played dozens of roles in various television series.","title":"Margaret Field"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-opa-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Pasadena, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasadena,_California"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-parla_mitchell-5"}],"text":"Field was born in Houston, Texas,[3] the daughter of Joy Beatrice (née Bickeley) and Wallace Miller Morlan.[4] Late in the 1930s, her family and she moved to Pasadena, California.[5]","title":"Early years"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Margaret_Field-Jock_Mahoney_in_Yancy_Derringer.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jock Mahoney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jock_Mahoney"},{"link_name":"Yancy Derringer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yancy_Derringer"},{"link_name":"Pasadena Playhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasadena_Playhouse"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jm-6"},{"link_name":"Paramount Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount_Pictures"},{"link_name":"Pasadena Junior College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasadena_Junior_College"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jm-6"},{"link_name":"short films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_film"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-opa-3"},{"link_name":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS"},{"link_name":"Perry Mason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perry_Mason_(1957_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Lone Ranger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lone_Ranger_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Wagon Train","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wagon_Train"},{"link_name":"Bonanza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonanza"},{"link_name":"The Virginian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Virginian_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Range Rider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Range_Rider"},{"link_name":"Yancy Derringer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yancy_Derringer"},{"link_name":"Jock Mahoney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jock_Mahoney"},{"link_name":"To Rome With Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/To_Rome_with_Love_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"John Forsythe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Forsythe"},{"link_name":"Lawman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawman_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Barry Sullivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Sullivan_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Clu Gulager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clu_Gulager"},{"link_name":"Westinghouse Desilu Playhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westinghouse_Desilu_Playhouse"},{"link_name":"Twilight Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Twilight_Zone_(1959_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The New Exhibit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Exhibit"},{"link_name":"science-fiction films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science-fiction_film"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-parla_mitchell-5"},{"link_name":"Death Valley Days","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_Valley_Days"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Maggie Mahoney and Jock Mahoney in a 1958 episode of Yancy DerringerField was discovered at the Pasadena Playhouse[6] by talent scout Milton Lewis for Paramount Pictures. Following a successful screen test, she was offered an 18-month contract. She then attended Pasadena Junior College, studying voice training and acting, while acting in films.[6] Early in her career, she acted in a series of Musical Parade short films for Paramount and had small roles in 26 full-length films from 1946 to 1953.[3]She appeared, often more than once, in television series, among which were two roles as defendants on the CBS drama series Perry Mason. In 1959, she played title character Eva Martell in \"The Case of the Borrowed Brunette\". In 1960, she played Linda Osborne in \"The Case of the Nine Dolls\". 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Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_D._Field"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Jock Mahoney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jock_Mahoney"},{"link_name":"Tijuana, Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tijuana,_Mexico"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jm-6"},{"link_name":"ER","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ER_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Shameless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shameless_(American_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-parla_mitchell-5"}],"text":"In 1942, Field married Richard Dryden Field, an Army officer,[3] and had two children with him: television and film actress Sally Field and physicist Richard D. Field.[8][9]On January 21, 1952, Field married actor Jock Mahoney in Tijuana, Mexico,[6] thereafter billed in her acting work as \"Maggie Mahoney\". Together they had a daughter, Princess, a director of television shows including ER and Shameless. Field and Mahoney divorced in June 1968. Around 1968, when her elder daughter Sally turned 22, Field virtually ended her acting career to focus on her family.[5]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-opa-3"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Field, aged 89, died of cancer at her home in Malibu, California, on November 6, 2011,[3] which was her daughter Sally Field's 65th birthday.[10]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Selected television"}]
[{"image_text":"Maggie Mahoney and Jock Mahoney in a 1958 episode of Yancy Derringer","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Margaret_Field-Jock_Mahoney_in_Yancy_Derringer.jpg/260px-Margaret_Field-Jock_Mahoney_in_Yancy_Derringer.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Wilson, Scott (2016). Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons, 3d ed. McFarland. p. 241. ISBN 9781476625997. Retrieved 11 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FOHgDAAAQBAJ&q=%22Margaret+Morlan%22+actress&pg=PA241","url_text":"Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons, 3d ed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781476625997","url_text":"9781476625997"}]},{"reference":"\"Actress Margaret OMahoney dies\". Variety. 7 November 2011. Archived from the original on 11 June 2017. Retrieved 11 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170611200831/http://variety.com/2011/film/news/actress-margaret-o-mahoney-dies-1118045776/","url_text":"\"Actress Margaret OMahoney dies\""},{"url":"https://variety.com/2011/film/news/actress-margaret-o-mahoney-dies-1118045776/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Lentz, Harris M. III (2012). Obituaries in the Performing Arts, 2011. McFarland. p. 109. ISBN 9780786469949. Retrieved 11 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5X_GCwAAQBAJ&q=%22Margaret+Morlan%22+actress&pg=PA109","url_text":"Obituaries in the Performing Arts, 2011"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786469949","url_text":"9780786469949"}]},{"reference":"Parla, Paul; Mitchell, Charles P. (2000). Screen sirens scream! : interviews with 20 actresses from science fiction, horror, film noir, and mystery movies, 1930s to 1960s. McFarland. pp. 95–101. ISBN 0-7864-0701-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7864-0701-8","url_text":"0-7864-0701-8"}]},{"reference":"Freese, Gene (2013). Jock Mahoney: The Life and Films of a Hollywood Stuntman. McFarland. p. 62. ISBN 9780786476893. Retrieved 11 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-XRzAQAAQBAJ&q=%22Margaret+Morlan%22+actress&pg=PA62","url_text":"Jock Mahoney: The Life and Films of a Hollywood Stuntman"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786476893","url_text":"9780786476893"}]},{"reference":"Morse, Leon (February 18, 1956). \"Death Valley Days (TV film)\". Billboard , Inc. p. 13, Col. 2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=GkUEAAAAMBAJ&q=margaret+field+%22death+valley+days%22&pg=PA13","url_text":"\"Death Valley Days (TV film)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Richard Field\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.phys.ufl.edu/wp/index.php/people/faculty/richard-field/","url_text":"\"Richard Field\""}]},{"reference":"\"Information: Field Family\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.phys.ufl.edu/~rfield/Family_frm.html","url_text":"\"Information: Field Family\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drammen_HK
Drammen HK
["1 Achievements","2 External links"]
Norwegian handball club Drammen HKFull nameDrammen HåndballklubbShort nameDHKFounded1992; 32 years ago (1992)ArenaDrammenshallen, DrammenCapacity4,200Head coachKristian KjellingLeagueEliteserienClub colours   Website Official site Drammen Håndballklubb (DHK) is a team handball club from Drammen, Norway. Currently, Drammen HK competes in the Norwegian First League of Handball. The club was founded on March 3, 1992. The foundation was the result of a long going project where handball clubs in Drammen and Lier gathered to discuss how to build a "Top Team" candidate for the region. The project resulted in two clubs joining forces - Reistad IL from Lier and IF Sturla from Drammen. The two clubs transferred their senior players to the new club, but continued as separate entities concentrating on development of children and youngsters. The colors of Drammen HK became blue - the same color as background of the city coat of arms. Reistad IL was qualified to play in Norway Premier Division, so Drammen really got a flying start starting at the top level. However, Drammen did not make it through and was degraded to the Second Division the year after. However, In 1993 Drammen HK signed the Swedish trainer Kent Harry Anderson, and returned to the Premier Division after one year. This was the beginning of a series of successes that was crowned in 1995, bringing home the City Cup as the first Norwegian club ever to win a European title. Some of the best Norway international players started their senior careers at Drammen HK, such as Glenn Solberg, Frode Hagen and Kristian Kjelling. Achievements EHF Challenge Cup: 1 1996 Norwegian Premier Division: 4 1997, 2007, 2008, 2010 Norwegian Cup: 2 2008, 2017 External links Official website vteNorwegian handball 2023–24Men's REMA 1000-ligaen Bergen Bækkelaget Drammen Elverum Fjellhammer Halden Haslum Kolstad Kristiansand Nærbø Runar Sandefjord Sandnes TIF Viking ØIF Arendal Women's REMA 1000-ligaen Aker Byåsen Fana Follo Damer Fredrikstad Gjerpen Larvik Oppsal Molde Romerike Ravens Sola Storhamar Tertnes Vipers Men's 1. divisjon Bergsøy Bodø Charlottenlund Falk Follo HK Fyllingen Melhus Nøtterøy Håndball Elite Oslo-Studentenes IK Randesund Ros Ryger Stavanger Sandefjord Urædd Women's 1. divisjon Fjellhammer Flint Tønsberg Fyllingen Glassverket Haslum Bærum Damer Junkeren Levanger Nordstrand Sarpsborg Storhamar Utleira Volda Ålgård Related topics Norwegian Handball Federation National men's team National women's team See also: EHF EHF Champions League EHF European League EHF European Cup Women's EHF Champions League Women's EHF European League Authority control databases VIAF
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"team handball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_handball"},{"link_name":"Drammen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drammen"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Norwegian First League of Handball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRUNDIGligaen"},{"link_name":"Lier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lier,_Norway"},{"link_name":"IF Sturla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IF_Sturla"},{"link_name":"Kent Harry Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kent_Harry_Anderson&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Glenn Solberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Solberg"},{"link_name":"Frode Hagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frode_Hagen"},{"link_name":"Kristian Kjelling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristian_Kjelling"}],"text":"Drammen Håndballklubb (DHK) is a team handball club from Drammen, Norway. Currently, Drammen HK competes in the Norwegian First League of Handball.The club was founded on March 3, 1992. The foundation was the result of a long going project where handball clubs in Drammen and Lier gathered to discuss how to build a \"Top Team\" candidate for the region. The project resulted in two clubs joining forces - Reistad IL from Lier and IF Sturla from Drammen. The two clubs transferred their senior players to the new club, but continued as separate entities concentrating on development of children and youngsters. The colors of Drammen HK became blue - the same color as background of the city coat of arms.Reistad IL was qualified to play in Norway Premier Division, so Drammen really got a flying start starting at the top level. However, Drammen did not make it through and was degraded to the Second Division the year after. However, In 1993 Drammen HK signed the Swedish trainer Kent Harry Anderson, and returned to the Premier Division after one year. This was the beginning of a series of successes that was crowned in 1995, bringing home the City Cup as the first Norwegian club ever to win a European title.Some of the best Norway international players started their senior careers at Drammen HK, such as Glenn Solberg, Frode Hagen and Kristian Kjelling.","title":"Drammen HK"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"EHF Challenge Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EHF_Challenge_Cup"},{"link_name":"Norwegian Premier Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliteserien_(men%27s_handball)"},{"link_name":"Norwegian Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Men%27s_Handball_Cup"}],"text":"EHF Challenge Cup: 11996Norwegian Premier Division: 41997, 2007, 2008, 2010Norwegian Cup: 22008, 2017","title":"Achievements"}]
[]
null
[]
[{"Link":"https://dhk.no/","external_links_name":"Official site"},{"Link":"http://dhk.no/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/439149106243768491935","external_links_name":"VIAF"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Hill
Morgan Hill, California
["1 History","2 Geography","2.1 Neighborhoods","2.2 Climate","3 Demographics","3.1 2000","3.2 2010","3.3 2020","4 Economy","4.1 Technology","4.2 Top employers","5 Culture","6 Parks and recreation","7 Government","8 Education","8.1 Public education","8.2 Private education","9 Infrastructure","9.1 Airports","9.2 Public transportation","9.3 Public libraries","10 Notable people","10.1 Culture","10.2 Sciences","10.3 Athletics","11 Sister cities","12 Gallery","13 See also","14 References","15 External links"]
Coordinates: 37°07′50″N 121°39′16″W / 37.13056°N 121.65444°W / 37.13056; -121.65444City in California, United States For other uses, see Morgan Hill (disambiguation). This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) Some of this article's listed sources may not be reliable. Please help improve this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed. (September 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)This article's lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. The reason given is: It does not mention a brief recap of Morgan Hill's History, nor does it provide essential information on Morgan Hill's economy. (August 2023)This article is written like a travel guide. Please help improve the article by introducing an encyclopedic style or move the content to Wikivoyage. (September 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) City in California, United StatesMorgan Hill, CaliforniaCityClockwise: the Diablo Range hills, historic Morgan Hill Elementary Building, Votaw Building, Civic Center and El Toro, Downtown shops, Anderson Lake FlagLocation in Santa Clara County and the state of CaliforniaMorgan Hill, CaliforniaLocation in the United StatesCoordinates: 37°07′50″N 121°39′16″W / 37.13056°N 121.65444°W / 37.13056; -121.65444CountryUnited StatesStateCaliforniaCountySanta ClaraIncorporatedNovember 10, 1906Named forDiana and Hiram Morgan HillGovernment • MayorMark Turner • City managerChristina TurnerArea • Total12.94 sq mi (33.51 km2) • Land12.94 sq mi (33.51 km2) • Water0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2)Elevation350 ft (107 m)Population (2020) • Total44,686 • Density3,500/sq mi (1,300/km2)Time zoneUTC-8 (Pacific) • Summer (DST)UTC-7 (PDT)ZIP codes95037–95038Area codes408/669FIPS code06-49278GNIS feature ID1659174Websitemorgan-hill.ca.gov Morgan Hill is a city in Santa Clara County, California, at the southern tip of Silicon Valley in the San Francisco Bay Area. Morgan Hill is an affluent residential community, the seat of several high-tech companies, and a dining, entertainment, and recreational destination, owing to its luxury hospitality, wineries, and nature parks. History City founders Hiram Morgan Hill and Diana Murphy Prior to the arrival of Spanish colonists, Santa Clara Valley had been inhabited by the Tamien nation of Ohlone people for more than 6,000 years. In that area, the Matalan tribe lived in a hunter-gatherer society. Before the area was colonized as part of the Alta California province of the Viceroyalty of New Spain, the 1772 Spanish expedition led by Pedro Fages and Father Juan Crespí, the two explorers camped in the area around Morgan Hill alongside Llagas Creek. The location of their camp subsequently became a campsite for Spanish soldiers on their way from New Spain to Alta California. With the founding of Mission Santa Clara de Asís in 1777, the lands of present-day Morgan Hill were granted to the Roman Catholic Church. Following Mexico's independence from Spain, land was redistributed to Mexican citizens across California and the land encompassing modern-day Morgan Hill was granted to Juan Maria Hernandez, in 1835. In 1845, Martin Murphy Sr., an Irish-born Mexican citizen, acquired the area and named it Rancho Ojo del Agua de la Coche. The Malaguerra Winery in the Madrone neighborhood, built in 1869 by Californio rancher José María Malaguerra, is on the National Historic Register. In 1850, Martin Murphy Sr.'s youngest son, Daniel Murphy, married Maria Fisher, heiress of the neighboring 19,000-acre (7,700 ha) Rancho Laguna Seca, thus combining the two estates. In 1853, Martin Murphy Sr.'s father, Bernard Murphy, died leaving the majority of the estate to Martin Murphy Sr., but a substantial portion to a Martin Murphy Sr.'s mother, Catherine, who then married James Dunne. By 1870, the Murphy family had acquired around 70,000 acres (28,000 ha) of the Morgan Hill area. In the history of Morgan Hill, the Murphy, Dunne, and Hill families are some of the most prominent. By the late 1850s, Californio ranchero José María Malaguerra began cultivating vineyards in Madrone, then an independent township just north of Morgan Hill. In 1869, he founded the Malaguerra Winery, the oldest extant winery in Santa Clara Valley, which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. In 1882, Daniel and Maria Murphy's daughter, Diana Murphy, fell in love with Missouri businessman Hiram Morgan Hill. They married in secret, on account of his being a Quaker and her being from a prominent Roman Catholic family. When Daniel Murphy died, Diana and Hiram Morgan Hill inherited the 4,500 acres (1,800 ha) surrounding the original Murphy estate, near Murphy's Peak (now known as El Toro). In 1884, the Hills built their weekend estate, as the family primarily lived in San Francisco, dubbed Villa Mira Monte (Spanish for Mountain-View Estate). Downtown's historic Votaw Building was built in 1905. By 1886, the family chose to live primarily at the Ojo del Agua rancho, as they jointly inherited 22,000 acres (8,900 ha) around the estate. However, the move was temporary, as scandal caused by the marital complications of Hiram Morgan Hill's prominent socialite sister, Sarah Althea Hill, and her husband, Senator William Sharon, made the Hills a source of social ridicule, thus causing them to start spending the majority of their time between San Francisco and Washington, D.C., thus leaving their rancho untouched for long periods of time. In 1892, Hiram Morgan Hill contracted land developer C. H. Phillips to divide and liquidate the Rancho Ojo del Agua de la Coche, only retaining the Villa Mira Monte estate and the surrounding 200 acres (81 ha), which the Hill family would hold until 1916. By 1898, a significant community had built around what was then known as Morgan Hill's Ranch, and a Southern Pacific Railroad station was built in the Huntington area. Rather than ask to stop at Huntington station, passengers would ask to stop at "Morgan Hill's Ranch", which eventually shortened to "Morgan Hill". On November 10, 1906, the planned community, a result of the divisions of C. H. Phillips, was incorporated as the Town of Morgan Hill. Hiram Morgan and Diana Hill's only child, Diana Murphy Hill, married the French nobleman, Baron Hadouin de Reinach-Werth, and thus Baron Hadouin started to help manage Hiram Morgan Hill's properties between California and Nevada. However, the baron was called back to France to serve in the military and never returned. In 1913, Hiram Morgan Hill died at his Elko estate in Nevada, thus leaving his properties to his daughter. Diana Murphy Hill later remarried, in 1916, to Sir George Rhodes, thus causing the Murphy heiress of the Morgan Hill estate to relocate to the United Kingdom, taking her and Hiram Morgan Hill's daughter, Diana Murphy Hill, thus finally selling off the Villa Mira Monte and ending the Hill family presence in the community named after them. In 1959, Morgan Hill annexed Madrone, turning the former township into a Morgan Hill's northernmost district, bordering San Jose and Coyote Valley. Geography Morgan Hill is approximately 24 mi (39 km) south of downtown San Jose, 13 mi (21 km) north of Gilroy, and 15 mi (24 km) inland from the Pacific coast. Lying in a roughly 4-mile-wide (6 km) southern extension of the Santa Clara Valley, it is bounded by the Santa Cruz Mountains to the west and the Diablo Range to the east. At the valley floor, Morgan Hill lies at an elevation of about 350 feet (107 m) above MSL. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the city encompasses an area of 12.9 square miles (33 km2), all land. Although there are no natural lakes or ponds within the city limits, there are several flood-control and water storage reservoirs in the adjacent hills which are operated by the Santa Clara Valley Water District, with recreational activities such as boating, etc., administered by the Santa Clara County Department of Parks and Recreation. Morgan Hill is located within the seismically active San Francisco Bay region. The significant earthquakes in the region are generally associated with crustal movements along well-defined, active fault zones. The nearest known active faults are the San Andreas Fault, approximately 12 mi (19 km) southwest, and the Calaveras Fault, approximately 0.99 mi (1.6 km) northeast. Both faults have produced major earthquakes in the past, and have estimated maximum credible Richter magnitudes of 8.3 and 7.3, respectively. The 1984 Morgan Hill earthquake registered at a 6.2 magnitude. Morgan Hill is home to numerous lakes, including Anderson Lake (left), Uvas Reservoir (center), and Chesbro Reservoir (right). Within Morgan Hill's area are a number of lakes and reservoirs, including Anderson Lake (eastern Morgan Hill), Uvas Reservoir (west), Chesbro Reservoir (west), and Coyote Lake (south). The Sargent-Berrocal Fault, a potentially active fault, lies 9.9 mi (16 km) away from the sites and has an estimated maximum credible Richter magnitude of 7.4. The Coyote Creek Fault is located in Morgan Hill and is classified as potentially active as well. In addition, several unnamed faults traverse the western slopes of the upland areas. Geomorphic evidence suggests that these faults were active during recent geologic time. However, these fault-related geomorphic features are not as fresh as those of the active Calaveras Fault and are considered to be somewhat older. Given its Mediterranean climate, Morgan Hill is well known for its vineyards and wine-growing, as a part of the Santa Clara Valley designated AVA. Morgan Hill is one of very few sources for a type of semi-precious gemstone marketed under the name "Morgan Hill poppy jasper". According to geologists, this local variety of orbicular jasper formed through a combination of volcanic and seismic activity on the slopes of El Toro. Known extant deposits of the mineral are located on private lands, not accessible to the public. A local business, El Toro Brewing Company, has a collection of poppy jasper on display at their rural Morgan Hill brewery and on a large bar top inlaid with the stone at their brewpub in downtown Morgan Hill. Examples are also on display at the Morgan Hill Museum and at the Morgan Hill Community and Cultural Center. The local Poppy Jasper Film Festival is also named after the mineral. The highlight of local geography is El Toro. According to a local legend of the early 1900s, author Bret Harte named the hill when he climbed it and discovered two bulls fighting near the summit (they subsequently chased him back down). The official name shown on the U.S. Geological Survey's maps is simply "El Toro", but it has been deemed "Murphy's Peak" by locals. Visitors, not aware of the origin of the town's name, often mistakenly assume that El Toro is "Morgan" Hill. It is USGS Feature ID# 223063 in the Geographic Names Information System (GNIS), maintained by the United States Board on Geographic Names. Elevation at the summit is about 1,427 ft (435 m). The hill, overshadowing the town to the west, has been incorporated into the city's seal and official logo. Neighborhoods Morgan Hill is divided into numerous neighborhoods, which can in turn be divided into smaller communities or areas. Morgan Hill's principal neighborhoods are: Downtown (Morgan Hill's central entertainment and business district) Madrone (former township which constitutes Morgan Hill's northwestern district) Paradise Valley and Chesbro Lake Llagas Valley San Martin/South Morgan Hill (including unincorporated San Martin) Coyote Valley/North Morgan Hill (including unincorporated Coyote Valley) Anderson Lake (including residents of Henry W. Coe State Park) Climate Due to the moderating influence of the Pacific Ocean, Morgan Hill experiences a mild, Mediterranean climate. Temperatures range from an average midsummer maximum of 90.2 °F (32.3 °C) to an average midwinter low of 33.6 °F (0.9 °C). The average annual precipitation is 18.9 inches (480 mm), and the summer months are typically dry. Snowfall is rare within Morgan Hill; there have only been two reported cases of snow. Summer months contain coastal fogs, while winter months have many sunny and partly cloudy days, with frequent breaks between rainstorms. The local terrain is inconducive to tornadoes, severe windstorms and thunderstorms. The local climate supports chaparral and grassland biomes, with stands of live oak at higher elevations. Climate data for Morgan Hill (1948 to 2016) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Mean maximum °F (°C) 61.3(16.3) 62.1(16.7) 62.8(17.1) 69.3(20.7) 75.4(24.1) 80.5(26.9) 86.4(30.2) 86.9(30.5) 85.2(29.6) 77.1(25.1) 63.6(17.6) 61.1(16.2) 72.6(22.6) Average precipitation inches (mm) 4.83(123) 4.72(120) 3.21(82) 1.50(38) 0.29(7.4) 0(0) 0.03(0.76) 0(0) 0.04(1.0) 0.95(24) 2.39(61) 3.70(94) 21.68(551) Source: WRCC Demographics Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 1910607—19206466.4%193090840.6%19401,01411.7%19501,62760.5%19603,15193.7%19705,57977.1%198017,060205.8%199023,92840.3%200033,55640.2%201037,88212.9%202045,48320.1%U.S. Decennial Census 2000 The historic United Methodist Church on Monterey Street The 2000 U.S. Census reported there were 33,556 people, 10,846 households, and 8,633 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,875.4 inhabitants per square mile (1,110.2/km2). There were 11,091 housing units at an average density of 950.3 per square mile (366.9/km2). The ethnic makeup of the city was 72.40% White, 1.71% African American, 1.08% Native American, 6.02% Asian, 0.23% Pacific Islander, 13.43% from other races, and 5.13% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 27.50% of the population. There were 10,846 households, out of which 44.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 63.2% were married couples living together, 11.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 20.4% were non-families. 15.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.05 and the average family size was 3.38. In the city, the population was spread out, with 30.5% under the age of 18, 7.6% from 18 to 24, 31.7% from 25 to 44, 22.7% from 45 to 64, and 7.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.9 males. According to a 2007 estimate, the median income for a household in the city was $99,243, and the median income for a family was $108,611. Males had a median income of $61,999 versus $42,003 for females. The per capita income for the city was $33,047. About 3.3% of families and 4.7% of the population were below the poverty threshold, including 5.4% of those under age 18 and 4.9% of those age 65 or over. Substantial expansion of the population of Morgan Hill occurred from the late 1980s onward. This population expansion was enabled by the removal of a growth constraint in the form of sewage treatment capacity. 2010 Restaurants in the downtown The 2010 U.S. Census reported that Morgan Hill had a population of 37,882. The population density was 2,940.8 inhabitants per square mile (1,135.4/km2). The ethnic makeup of Morgan Hill was 24,713 (65.2%) White, 746 (2.0%) African American, 335 (0.9%) Native American, 3,852 (10.2%) Asian, 125 (0.3%) Pacific Islander, 5,779 (15.3%) from other races, and 2,332 (6.2%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 12,863 persons (34.0%). The Census reported that 37,496 people (99.0% of the population) lived in households, 164 (0.4%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 222 (0.6%) were institutionalized. There were 12,326 households, out of which 5,538 (44.9%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 7,581 (61.5%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 1,469 (11.9%) had a female householder with no husband present, 646 (5.2%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 660 (5.4%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 89 (0.7%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 1,998 households (16.2%) were made up of individuals, and 757 (6.1%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.04. There were 9,696 families (78.7% of all households); the average family size was 3.39. The population was spread out, with 10,838 people (28.6%) under the age of 18, 2,909 people (7.7%) aged 18 to 24, 10,000 people (26.4%) aged 25 to 44, 10,537 people (27.8%) aged 45 to 64, and 3,598 people (9.5%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36.8 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.5 males. There were 12,859 housing units at an average density of 998.2 per square mile (385.4/km2), of which 8,793 (71.3%) were owner-occupied, and 3,533 (28.7%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 1.7%; the rental vacancy rate was 2.6%. 26,148 people (69.0% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 11,348 people (30.0%) lived in rental housing units. 2020 The 2020 United States census reported that Morgan Hill had a population of 45,483 people, with 14,721 households. The ethnic makeup of Morgan Hill was 62.8% White, 1.5% African American, 0.5% Native American, 15.8% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, and 13.8% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 34.7% of the population. Economy Morgan Hill is a popular wine tourism destination, home to numerous wineries as part of the Santa Clara Valley AVA. According to Forbes, Morgan Hill is one of the top 500 most expensive places to live in the United States. Business Insider ranked Morgan Hill as the 479th most expensive housing market in the United States, owing to its concentration of high-net-worth individuals and restrictive growth policies. Morgan Hill, along with Saratoga, San Martin, and Gilroy make up the Santa Clara Valley AVA, a designated American Viticultural Area for wineries and vineyards within the historic Santa Clara Valley. Numerous companies of other industries are based in Morgan Hill as well, such as Specialized Bicycle Components, a major global manufacturer of high performance bicycles. Morgan Hill is served by The Morgan Hill Times, a weekly newspaper founded in 1894 and published by New SV Media. The biweekly Morgan Hill Life lifestyle publication, founded in 2013, is published by Morgan Hill Life, LLC. Technology Notable high tech companies that are headquartered or have their American headquarters in Morgan Hill include Anritsu (Japanese telecommunications company), Flextronics (the world's second largest electronics-manufacturing service provider), Velodyne (sensor and laser developer), Hypnos Entertainment (video game company), Toray Advanced Composites (Dutch advanced composite materials manufacturer), and Paramit Corporation, a high tech medical device manufacturer. High tech companies that have research and development or manufacturing facilities in Morgan Hill include the Harris Corporation (information and defense contractor based in the Madrone district), Infineon Technologies (semiconductor and chip manufacturer), and NxEdge Inc., a semiconductor and business solutions company. Top employers Downtown Morgan Hill on Monterey Rd. (top and center) and Third Street Plaza (bottom) According to the city's 2018 Employment Report, the top employers in the city are: No. Employer No. of Employees 1 Morgan Hill Unified School District 900 2 Anritsu 480 3 Specialized Bicycle Components 380 4 Paramit Corporation 300 5 CalDoor 300 6 NxEdge 280 7 Lusamerica Foods 270 8 Mission Bell Manufacturing 250 9 Toray Advanced Composites 250 10 Infineon Technologies 240 11 Safeway 230 12 Velodyne 200 Culture Main articles: Mushroom Mardi Gras Festival and Poppy Jasper International Film Festival The Mushroom Mardi Gras Festival is an annual celebration established in 1980 by fire chief Brad Spencer, who wanted to raise money for his fire department affected by Prop 13. The festival primarily celebrates the mushroom as a homage to the city's original nickname, the Mushroom Capital of the World. The Poppy Jasper International Film Festival (PJIFF) is an annual event managed by the non-profit organization Poppy Jasper, Inc. It was established in 2004 by Mattie Scariot as a fundraiser on MHAT, Morgan Hill's public-access television channel. Since its establishment, PJIFF features films produced by people of multiple backgrounds. Parks and recreation Morgan Hill is a major cycling destination, known for hosting the Tour of California, for being home to Specialized Bicycle Co., and for its bicycle culture. Anderson Lake County Park, immediately east of Morgan Hill Coyote Creek Parks & Trails, north of Morgan Hill, extending to San Jose Henry W. Coe State Park, the second-largest state park in California Uvas Canyon County Park, located a few miles west of Morgan Hill in the Santa Cruz Mountains Galvan Park Morgan Hill Community Park, including a skate park and off-leash dog park Centennial Recreation Center, with gymnasium, indoor swimming pool, senior center, youth center and computer facility Morgan Hill Community and Cultural Center, amphitheater and satellite campus of Gavilan College Morgan Hill Aquatic Center Morgan Hill Outdoor Sports Center Villa Mira Monte Government Morgan Hill's government is composed of the Morgan Hill City Council, its legislative branch; the Mayor of Morgan Hill, its semi-executive branch; and the departments of Morgan Hill City Hall. The current Mayor of Morgan Hill is Mark Turner, who was elected to office in November 2022. The current Morgan Hill City Manager is Christina Turner. In the California State Legislature, Morgan Hill is represented through the 17th Senate District, represented by Democrat Bill Monning, and in the 30th Assembly District, represented by Democrat Robert Rivas. Federally, Morgan Hill is in California's 19th congressional district, represented by Democrat Jimmy Panetta. The Morgan Hill Police Department is tasked with ensuring public safety within the city's incorporated borders. Chief Shane Palsgrove was appointed in 2020. Education The historic Morgan Hill School Building, designed by noted California architect W. H. Weeks Public education Main article: Morgan Hill Unified School District The Morgan Hill Unified School District (MHUSD) serves the whole of Morgan Hill, as well as San Martin, California and Coyote Valley. MHUSD schools have variously been awarded as National Blue Ribbon Schools, California Distinguished Schools, and California Gold Ribbon Schools. Morgan Hill's public high schools are: Live Oak High School Ann Sobrato High School (Ranked among the top 100 best public schools in California) Central High School (continuation) Alongside its traditional schools, MHUSD, in special partnership with The Tech Interactive, a leading Silicon Valley institution, operates 4 specialized public "focus academies", through its innovative Tech Academies Initiative: Focus Academies will provide the opportunity for students to specialize their studies within broad fields (engineering, STEAM, math, music, health sciences), allowing for greater, in-depth learning within subjects within programs designed by noted subject matter experts, including scientists from The Tech Museum of Innovation and Stanford University medical professors. Paradise Valley Engineering Academy P.A. Walsh STEAM Academy (run in partnership with The Tech Interactive) Jackson Academy of Math & Music El Toro Health Science Academy (first elementary-level health sciences program in California; created alongside Stanford University) San Martin/Gwinn — Dual Immersion Multicultural Education (90/10 Spanish and English Dual Language Immersion) Morgan Hill also hosts a campus of Gavilan College. Private education Morgan Hill is also home to numerous private school, both religious and nonsectarian in nature. Nonsectarian schools: Oakwood School, ranked as one of the best college-preparatory schools in the San Francisco Bay Area Stratford School Religious schools: Saint Catherine Catholic School Crossroads Christian School Spring Academy, alternative Christian school Shadow Mountain Baptist School Infrastructure Villa Mira Monte was built in 1884 by Hiram Morgan Hill. It currently houses the Morgan Hill Museum & Historical Society. Airports Small general-aviation aircraft are served by the uncontrolled San Martin Airport (E16), located at San Martin, about 3.7 mi (6 km) south of Morgan Hill. Commercial flights are served by San Jose International Airport, about 24 mi (39 km) away in San Jose. Public transportation The Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority provides local buses and express buses to Gilroy, San Martin, San Jose, Santa Clara, and Sunnyvale. Caltrain's Morgan Hill station provides weekday rush-hour commuter rail service to San Jose, the rest of Silicon Valley, the Peninsula and San Francisco. Monterey–Salinas Transit runs a rush-hour San Jose-Monterey express bus, Line 55, that also serves as an Amtrak Thruway connection. Public libraries Santa Clara County Library District operates the Morgan Hill Library, which was renamed after former mayor Steve Tate. Notable people Culture Don Argue, former president of Northwest University Cornelia Barns, activist Mary Blair, The Walt Disney Company animator, known best for Cinderella (1950), Alice in Wonderland (1951), and Peter Pan (1953) Wade Dominguez, actor known for his role in Dangerous Minds (1995) Dennis Johnson, composer and mathematician Charles Kellogg, Californian naturalist and actor Kelly Moore, New York Times Best Selling author Sciences Charles Edward Barns, astronomer and author Konstantin Batygin, Caltech astronomer Ole Fahlin, aviator and Lockheed Martin developer Stephen C. Johnson, AT&T and Bell Labs computer scientist Athletics Jared Allen, football player for the Chicago Bears Bill Berry, former basketball coach for the Chicago Bulls Ricky Berry, basketball player for the Sacramento Kings Ron Caragher, football coach for the San Jose State Spartans and University of San Diego Scott Clark, BMX world champion Jerry Doggett, famed MLB sportscaster Mervyn Fernandez, football player for the Oakland Raiders Romina Gupta, Team USA gold medal gymnastics champion Rhett Hall, football player for the Philadelphia Eagles James Hibbard, cycling champion and writer Daniel Holloway, cyclist and multiple National Criterium champion Zhang Jinjing, Chinese Olympic gymnast Marina Klimova, Soviet Olympic ice dancer Ryan Neufeld, football player for the Dallas Cowboys Dave Salzwedel, soccer player for the San Jose Clash Alatini Saulala, Tongan rugby player for the USA National Team Conrad Stoltz, four time XTERRA Triathlon Jeff Ulbrich, football coach for the Atlanta Falcons, former player for the San Francisco 49ers Sister cities Morgan Hill has five sister cities, as designated by Sister Cities International: Mizuho, Tokyo, Japan San Martín de Hidalgo, Jalisco, Mexico San Casciano in Val di Pesa, Tuscany, Italy Headford, County Galway, Ireland Seferihisar, Izmir, Turkey Gallery Santa Clara Valley AVA winery in Morgan Hill Upper Falls in Uvas Canyon County Park Veterans Memorial Plaza Downtown Morgan Hill on Monterey Rd. Henry W. Coe State Park in the Diablo Range Chesbro Reservoir in western Morgan Hill Henry W. Coe State Park in eastern Morgan Hill Third Street Plaza, Downtown Coyote Lake in southern Morgan Hill Clos la Chance Vineyards Madrone, Morgan Hill Morgan Hill Playhouse Capriano Park in Madrone Hiram Morgan Hill, Diana Murphy Hill, and their daughter Diane Murphy Hill See also San Francisco Bay Area portal List of California locations by income References ^ "California Cities by Incorporation Date". California Association of Local Agency Formation Commissions. Archived from the original (Word) on November 3, 2014. Retrieved August 25, 2014. ^ a b Airoldi, Robert (November 7, 2022). "Election Results: Mark Turner elected as Morgan Hill's new city mayor". Morgan Hill Life. Retrieved February 22, 2023. ^ "City Manager's Bio". City of Morgan Hill. Retrieved October 21, 2023. ^ "2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 1, 2020. ^ "Morgan Hill". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 6, 2021. ^ Norman, Hannah (August 9, 2018). "These Bay Area cities are joining the $1 million home club". San Francisco Business Times. Archived from the original on March 4, 2021. Retrieved October 21, 2023. ^ Donato-Weinstein, Nathan (April 29, 2016). "Frank Léal's boutique downtown Morgan Hill hotel is ready to go". Silicon Valley Business Journal. Archived from the original on March 3, 2017. Retrieved October 21, 2023. ^ Hepler, Lauren (May 3, 2013). "Morgan Hill businesses team up to lure SV staycation crowds". Silicon Valley Business Journal. Archived from the original on February 25, 2021. Retrieved October 21, 2023. ^ Brown, Lisa (May 3, 2016). "Is Morgan Hill the Next Sonoma or Healdsburg?". GlobeSt. Archived from the original on October 27, 2019. Retrieved October 21, 2023. ^ "Defining the balanced lifestyle in Silicon Valley". Silicon Valley Business Journal. November 13, 2014. Retrieved October 21, 2023. ^ a b c d e f g Circa: Historic Property Development (October 2006). "Historic Context Statement for the City of Morgan Hill". Retrieved August 2, 2014. ^ "History - City of Morgan Hill, CA - Official Website". morgan-hill.ca.gov. ^ Survey, Historic American Buildings. "Malaguerra Winery, Burnett Road, Morgan Hill, Santa Clara County, CA". loc.gov. Retrieved February 22, 2023. ^ National Park Service - Malaguerra Winery ^ "Morgan Hill Historical Society - Villa Mira Monte". Archived from the original on October 14, 2013. Retrieved February 22, 2023. ^ Morgan Hill does not have water rights to the nearby reservoirs; the city's water supply consists of a number of deep wells and aboveground steel storage tanks. Streams in the vicinity are small and seasonal, unable to supply the city's water needs. ^ Jackson Meadows Expanded Initial Study, Earth Metrics Inc., San Mateo, Calif., prepared for the city of Morgan Hill, October 16, 1989 ^ Sinkankas, John (1959). Gemstones of North America. Vol. 1. Princeton, New Jersey: Van Nostrand. p. 307. ^ Morgan Hill Museum Archived June 2, 2007, at the Wayback Machine ^ a b "Poppy Jasper Film Festival goes full bloom". Gilroy Dispatch. April 13, 2023. Retrieved October 24, 2023. ^ Sharma, U.R. (2005). Images of America: Morgan Hill. Charleston, South Carolina: Arcadia Publishing. p. 11. ISBN 9780738529776. ^ "NGS Data Sheet". United States Board on Geographic Names. June 18, 2022. HS4881. ^ Sharma, U.R. (2005). "Festivals, Fourths, and Downtown Fun". Images of America: Morgan Hill. Arcadia Publishing. p. 127. ISBN 9780738529776. A dusting of snow in January 1989 transformed Monterey Road into a frosted greeting card, in keeping with the spirit of the holidays. ^ Moore, Michael (February 28, 2023). "Photos: Winter persists in Morgan Hill". The Morgan Hill Times. Retrieved September 6, 2023. ^ "MORGAN HILL, CA (045853)". Western Regional Climate Center. June 10, 2016. Retrieved September 26, 2020. ^ "City of Morgan Hill". Bay Area Census. Retrieved September 5, 2021. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ "Morgan Hill city, California — Fact Sheet — American FactFinder — U.S. Census Bureau". Archived from the original on February 10, 2020. ^ Environmental Impact Report for the Long Term Wastewater Management Plan, Cities of Gilroy and Morgan Hill, Earth Metrics, Inc. 1986, prepared for cities of Gilroy and Morgan Hill and State of California Environmental Clearinghouse ^ "2010 Census Interactive Population Search: CA - Morgan Hill city". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on July 15, 2014. Retrieved July 12, 2014. ^ "Quick Facts. Morgan Hill city, California". US States Census Bureau. Retrieved February 22, 2023. ^ Levy, Francesca (September 27, 2010). "America's Most Expensive ZIP Codes". Forbes. Retrieved October 21, 2023. ^ Zeveloff, Julie (November 12, 2014). "The 20 Most Expensive Housing Markets In America". Business Insider. Retrieved October 21, 2023. ^ Forstner, Scott (November 20, 2014). "Morgan Hill among most expensive housing markets in nation". The Morgan Hill Times. Retrieved August 3, 2016. ^ "Santa Clara Valley Wines -- Wineries of Santa Clara Valley". www.santaclarawines.com. Retrieved February 22, 2023. ^ "Contact Us | Specialized.com". Specialized Bicycle Components USA. Retrieved February 22, 2023. ^ "The Morgan Hill Times". The Morgan Hill Times. October 24, 2023. Retrieved October 25, 2023. ^ Cheek, Marty (August 10, 2013). "From the Publisher: Welcome to Morgan Hill Life". Morgan Hill Life. Retrieved October 24, 2023. ^ "HYPNOS ENTERTAINMENT, INC. Company Profile". OpenCorporates. Retrieved December 11, 2020. ^ "CITY OF MORGAN HILL LARGEST EMPLOYERS- Updated March 2018". Retrieved February 22, 2023. ^ Sharma, U.R. (2005). Images of America: Morgan Hill. Charleston, South Carolina: Arcadia Publishing. p. 125. ISBN 9780738529776. ^ "Bradley Ross Spencer July 6, 1942 – July 2, 2015". Gilroy Dispatch. July 7, 2015. Retrieved October 24, 2023. ^ a b "How Mushrooms Put Us on the Map". Morgan Hill Historical Society. January 4, 2019. Archived from the original on January 16, 2021. Retrieved October 24, 2023. ^ Chalhoub, Erik (April 14, 2021). "Poppy Jasper film festival expands global reach". The Morgan Hill Times. Retrieved October 14, 2023. ^ Nutall, Calvin (May 3, 2023). "Poppy Jasper International Film Festival wraps up successful week-long run". Morgan Hill Life. Retrieved October 24, 2023. ^ "Anderson Lake County Park". Retrieved February 22, 2023. ^ "Coyote Creek Parkway". Retrieved February 22, 2023. ^ "Morgan Hill Off-Leash Dog Park". ^ "Centennial Recreation Center - City of Morgan Hill, CA - Official Website". www.mhcrc.com. ^ "Community & Cultural Center - City of Morgan Hill, CA - Official Website". www.mhcommunitycenter.com. ^ "Aquatics - City of Morgan Hill, CA - Official Website". www.mhaquaticscenter.com. ^ "mhosc.com - Morgan Hill Outdoor Sports Center". www.morganhilloutdoorsportscenter.com. ^ "California's 19th Congressional District - Representatives & District Map". Civic Impulse, LLC. Retrieved March 12, 2013. ^ "Palsgrove named MHPD chief". Morgan Hill Times. June 16, 2020. Retrieved November 3, 2020. ^ "21 Bay Area Schools in the Top 100 High Schools in CA". NBC Bay Area. ^ "The Tech Academies". The Tech Interactive. April 2, 2018. Retrieved February 22, 2023. ^ Airoldi, Robert (January 29, 2017). "El Toro school will transform into health science academy this fall". Morgan Hill Life. Retrieved February 22, 2023. ^ "MHUSD - P.A. Walsh Moving Forward through Innovative Tech". Retrieved February 22, 2023. ^ "Home - Paradise Valley Engineering Academy". paradise.mhusd.org. Retrieved February 22, 2023. ^ "Home - PA Walsh Steam Academy". pawalsh.mhusd.org. Retrieved February 22, 2023. ^ "Home - Jackson Academy of Math & Music". jackson.mhusd.org. Retrieved February 22, 2023. ^ "Home - El Toro Health Science Academy". eltoro.mhusd.org. Retrieved February 22, 2023. ^ Cheek, Marty (October 16, 2017). "Profile: Gav president looking toward the future with new initiatives". Morgan Hill Life. Retrieved February 22, 2023. ^ "Gilroy and Morgan Hill Service" (PDF). Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 10, 2008. Retrieved February 17, 2008. ^ "Caltrain timetable effective April 2, 2007". Caltrain. Retrieved February 17, 2008. ^ "Line 55 Monterey - San Jose Express". Monterey-Salinas Transit. Retrieved February 17, 2008. ^ Moore, Michael (October 12, 2021). "City honors Steve Tate with library renaming". The Morgan Hill Times. Retrieved September 10, 2023. ^ Kozinn, Allan (January 9, 2019). "Dennis Johnson, 80, Creator of a Rediscovered Minimalist Score, Dies". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 10, 2019. Retrieved October 25, 2023. ^ "World Famous Bird Singer Charles Kellogg Hailed from Morgan Hill". The Morgan Hill Times. November 10, 2006. Retrieved October 24, 2023. ^ Hood, Ed (February 17, 2018). "Daniel Holloway – Going back to his roots". VeloVeritas. Retrieved October 25, 2023. ...the man originally from Morgan Hill, California... ^ "Morgan Hill-Mizuho-machi exchange ambassadors in Japan". The Morgan Hill Times. July 19, 2012. Retrieved August 30, 2023. In December 2010, students from Morgan Hill middle schools were selected as ambassadors to go to Morgan Hill's Sister city Mizuho-machi, Tokyo, Japan. ^ a b c "Sister Cities connects with Ameca, Mexico". The Morgan Hill Times. January 14, 2019. Retrieved September 4, 2023. In addition to Ameca, it also hosts relationships with five international cities: San Casciano, Italy; Seferihisar, Turkey; San Martin de Hidalgo, Mexico; Mizuho, Japan; and Headford, Ireland. ^ "İzmir Escort - Escort İzmir Vip Bayanlar". İzmir Escort - Escort İzmir Vip Bayanlar. Archived from the original on January 24, 2013. Retrieved January 18, 2013. ^ Cheek, Marty (August 10, 2013). "Turkish community is Morgan Hill's newest Sister City". Morgan Hill Life (published June 26, 2013). Retrieved August 30, 2023. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Morgan Hill, California. Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Morgan Hill. Official website Visit Morgan Hill Morgan Hill Historical Society vteMorgan Hill, CaliforniaBuildings 21-Mile House Malaguerra Winery Metcalf Energy Center Morgan Hill station Rhoades Ranch Villa Mira Monte Events and history 1984 Morgan Hill earthquake Mushroom Mardi Gras Festival Poppy Jasper International Film Festival Rancho Ojo del Agua de la Coche Rancho San Francisco de las Llagas Natural monuments Anderson Lake Chesbro Lake Coyote Creek Coyote Creek Trail El Toro Fisher Creek Henry W. Coe State Park (Poverty Flat Site) Mount Sizer Rancho Las Uvas Rancho Ojo del Agua de la Coche Rancho San Vicente Twin Peaks Uvas Canyon County Park (Uvas Falls) Uvas Reservoir Neighborhoods Coyote Valley (Coyote) Madrone Sveadal Radio stations KSQQ Schools and education Morgan Hill Unified School District Live Oak High School Oakwood School Related Monterey Road The Morgan Hill Times Silicon Valley Strikers Category vteSilicon ValleyCities Belmont Campbell Cupertino East Palo Alto Fremont Los Altos Los Altos Hills Los Gatos Menlo Park Milpitas Morgan Hill Mountain View Newark Palo Alto Redwood City San Carlos San Jose San Mateo Santa Clara Saratoga Sunnyvale Woodside Higher education Cañada Carnegie Mellon De Anza Evergreen Valley Foothill International Technological Menlo Mission Hispanic Northwestern Poly Ohlone San José City San José State Santa Clara Silicon Valley University Stanford University of Silicon Valley Companies(including subsidiariesand defunct companies) 3Com Access Systems Americas Actuate Adaptec Adobe AMD Agilent Technologies Altera Amdahl Ampex Apple Applied Materials Aricent Asus Atari Atmel Autodesk Avaya BEA Systems Box Brocade BusinessObjects Capcom Cisco Computer Literacy Bookshops Cypress Semiconductor eBay Electronic Arts Facebook Foundry Networks Fry's Electronics Fujitsu Gaia Online Geeknet Google Hewlett-Packard HGST IETF Intel Internet Systems Consortium Intuit Juniper Networks Knight Ridder LinkedIn Logitech LSI Corporation Magellan Navigation Marvell Technology Group Maxtor McAfee Memorex Microsoft Mozilla Corporation National Semiconductor Netscape NetApp Netflix NeXT Nintendo of America Nortel Nvidia Opera Software Oppo Digital Oracle Corporation Palm Palo Alto Networks PayPal Pinterest Playdom Rambus Redback Networks Reputation.com Roku SAP SanDisk Silicon Graphics Silicon Image Solectron Sony Interactive Entertainment SRI International Sun Microsystems Symyx Synopsys Taligent Tesla TiVo Corporation Uber Verisign Veritas Technologies VMware Webex WhatsApp Xilinx Yahoo! vteSan Francisco Bay AreaBodies ofwater Bodega Bay Carquinez Strait Clifton Forebay Golden Gate Grizzly Bay Guadalupe River Half Moon Bay Lake Berryessa Napa River Oakland Estuary Petaluma River Richardson Bay Richmond Inner Harbor Russian River Sacramento River San Francisco Bay San Leandro Bay San Pablo Bay Sonoma Creek Suisun Bay Tomales Bay Counties Alameda Contra Costa Marin Napa San Francisco San Mateo Santa Clara Solano Sonoma CitiesandtownsMajor cities Oakland San Francisco San Jose 100k–250k Antioch Berkeley Concord Daly City Fairfield Fremont Hayward Richmond San Mateo Santa Clara Santa Rosa Sunnyvale Vacaville Vallejo 50k–100k Alameda Brentwood Cupertino Dublin Gilroy Livermore Milpitas Mountain View Napa Novato Palo Alto Petaluma Pittsburg Pleasanton Redwood City San Leandro San Rafael San Ramon South San Francisco Union City Walnut Creek 25k–50k Belmont Benicia Burlingame Campbell Danville East Palo Alto El Cerrito Foster City Hercules Lafayette Los Altos Los Gatos Martinez Menlo Park Morgan Hill Newark Oakley Pacifica Pleasant Hill Rohnert Park San Bruno San Carlos San Pablo Saratoga Suisun City Windsor 10k–25k Albany American Canyon Clayton Corte Madera Dixon Emeryville Half Moon Bay Healdsburg Hillsborough Larkspur Mill Valley Millbrae Moraga Orinda Piedmont Pinole Rio Vista San Anselmo Sonoma Under 10k Atherton Belvedere Brisbane Calistoga Cloverdale Colma Cotati Fairfax Los Altos Hills Monte Sereno Portola Valley Ross St. Helena Sausalito Sebastopol Tiburon Woodside Yountville CDPsover 10k Alamo Alum Rock Ashland Bay Point Castro Valley Cherryland Discovery Bay El Sobrante Fairview North Fair Oaks San Lorenzo Stanford Tamalpais-Homestead Valley Sub-regions East Bay North Bay San Francisco Peninsula Santa Clara Valley Other Homelessness Politics Sports Transportation vteMunicipalities and communities of Santa Clara County, California, United StatesCounty seat: San JoseCities and towns Campbell Cupertino Gilroy Los Altos Los Altos Hills Los Gatos Milpitas Monte Sereno Morgan Hill Mountain View Palo Alto San Jose Santa Clara Saratoga Sunnyvale Santa Clara County mapCDPs Alum Rock Burbank Cambrian Park East Foothills Fruitdale Lexington Hills Loyola San Martin Stanford Unincorporatedcommunities Bell Station Chemeketa Park Coyote Mountain Home New Almaden Redwood Estates San Antonio Valley Sveadal CCDs Diablo Range Lexington Hills Llagas-Uvas South Santa Clara Valley West Santa Clara Ghost towns Agnew's Village Alma Holy City Lexington Patchen Sargent Wrights California portal United States portal Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Israel United States Greece Geographic MusicBrainz area Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi"},{"link_name":"Morgan Hill (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Hill_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Santa Clara County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Clara_County,_California"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"Silicon Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Valley"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Bay Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"destination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism"},{"link_name":"luxury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotel#Luxury"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"wineries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winery"},{"link_name":"nature parks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_park"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"City in California, United StatesFor other uses, see Morgan Hill (disambiguation).City in California, United StatesMorgan Hill is a city in Santa Clara County, California, at the southern tip of Silicon Valley in the San Francisco Bay Area. Morgan Hill is an affluent residential community, the seat of several high-tech companies,[7] and a dining, entertainment, and recreational destination, owing to its luxury hospitality,[8] wineries, and nature parks.[9][10][11]","title":"Morgan Hill, California"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hiram_Morgan_Hill_(c._1880%27s).png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Diana_Helen_Murphy_(c._1880%27s).png"},{"link_name":"Spanish colonists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaniards#Colonialism_and_emigration"},{"link_name":"Santa Clara Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Clara_Valley"},{"link_name":"Tamien nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamien_people"},{"link_name":"Ohlone people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohlone"},{"link_name":"hunter-gatherer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter-gatherer"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Circa-12"},{"link_name":"Alta California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alta_California"},{"link_name":"Viceroyalty of New Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Spain"},{"link_name":"Pedro Fages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Fages"},{"link_name":"Juan Crespí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cresp%C3%AD"},{"link_name":"Llagas Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llagas_Creek"},{"link_name":"Mission Santa Clara de Asís","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_Santa_Clara_de_As%C3%ADs"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Circa-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Circa-12"},{"link_name":"Rancho Ojo del Agua de la Coche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rancho_Ojo_del_Agua_de_la_Coche"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"unreliable source","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Historic_Malaguerra_Winery_in_Madrone,_Morgan_Hill,_California_2762_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Malaguerra Winery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Santa_Clara_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Madrone neighborhood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrone,_Morgan_Hill,_California"},{"link_name":"Californio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californios"},{"link_name":"National Historic Register","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Circa-12"},{"link_name":"Californio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californios"},{"link_name":"vineyards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vineyard"},{"link_name":"Madrone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrone,_Morgan_Hill,_California"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Malaguerra Winery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Santa_Clara_County,_California"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri"},{"link_name":"Quaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quakers"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"Villa Mira Monte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_Mira_Monte"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Votaw_Building_(2)_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Ojo del Agua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rancho_Ojo_del_Agua_de_la_Coche"},{"link_name":"rancho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranchos_of_California"},{"link_name":"Sarah Althea Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Althea_Hill"},{"link_name":"William Sharon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Sharon"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Circa-12"},{"link_name":"C. H. Phillips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rancho_Santa_Ysabel_(Arce)#Chauncey_Hatch_Phillips"},{"link_name":"Rancho Ojo del Agua de la Coche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rancho_Ojo_del_Agua_de_la_Coche"},{"link_name":"Villa Mira Monte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_Mira_Monte"},{"link_name":"Southern Pacific Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Pacific_Transportation_Company"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Circa-12"},{"link_name":"incorporated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_corporation"},{"link_name":"Elko estate in Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elko,_Nevada"},{"link_name":"Villa Mira Monte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_Mira_Monte"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Circa-12"},{"link_name":"Madrone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrone,_Morgan_Hill,_California"},{"link_name":"township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Township"},{"link_name":"San Jose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jose,_California"},{"link_name":"Coyote Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coyote,_California"}],"text":"City founders Hiram Morgan Hill and Diana MurphyPrior to the arrival of Spanish colonists, Santa Clara Valley had been inhabited by the Tamien nation of Ohlone people for more than 6,000 years. In that area, the Matalan tribe lived in a hunter-gatherer society.[12]Before the area was colonized as part of the Alta California province of the Viceroyalty of New Spain, the 1772 Spanish expedition led by Pedro Fages and Father Juan Crespí, the two explorers camped in the area around Morgan Hill alongside Llagas Creek. The location of their camp subsequently became a campsite for Spanish soldiers on their way from New Spain to Alta California. With the founding of Mission Santa Clara de Asís in 1777, the lands of present-day Morgan Hill were granted to the Roman Catholic Church.[12]Following Mexico's independence from Spain, land was redistributed to Mexican citizens across California and the land encompassing modern-day Morgan Hill was granted to Juan Maria Hernandez, in 1835.[12] In 1845, Martin Murphy Sr., an Irish-born Mexican citizen, acquired the area and named it Rancho Ojo del Agua de la Coche.[13][unreliable source]The Malaguerra Winery in the Madrone neighborhood, built in 1869 by Californio rancher José María Malaguerra, is on the National Historic Register.In 1850, Martin Murphy Sr.'s youngest son, Daniel Murphy, married Maria Fisher, heiress of the neighboring 19,000-acre (7,700 ha) Rancho Laguna Seca, thus combining the two estates. In 1853, Martin Murphy Sr.'s father, Bernard Murphy, died leaving the majority of the estate to Martin Murphy Sr., but a substantial portion to a Martin Murphy Sr.'s mother, Catherine, who then married James Dunne. By 1870, the Murphy family had acquired around 70,000 acres (28,000 ha) of the Morgan Hill area.[12] In the history of Morgan Hill, the Murphy, Dunne, and Hill families are some of the most prominent.By the late 1850s, Californio ranchero José María Malaguerra began cultivating vineyards in Madrone, then an independent township just north of Morgan Hill.[14] In 1869, he founded the Malaguerra Winery, the oldest extant winery in Santa Clara Valley, which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.[15]In 1882, Daniel and Maria Murphy's daughter, Diana Murphy, fell in love with Missouri businessman Hiram Morgan Hill. They married in secret, on account of his being a Quaker and her being from a prominent Roman Catholic family. When Daniel Murphy died, Diana and Hiram Morgan Hill inherited the 4,500 acres (1,800 ha) surrounding the original Murphy estate, near Murphy's Peak (now known as El Toro). In 1884, the Hills built their weekend estate, as the family primarily lived in San Francisco, dubbed Villa Mira Monte (Spanish for Mountain-View Estate).[16]Downtown's historic Votaw Building was built in 1905.By 1886, the family chose to live primarily at the Ojo del Agua rancho, as they jointly inherited 22,000 acres (8,900 ha) around the estate. However, the move was temporary, as scandal caused by the marital complications of Hiram Morgan Hill's prominent socialite sister, Sarah Althea Hill, and her husband, Senator William Sharon, made the Hills a source of social ridicule, thus causing them to start spending the majority of their time between San Francisco and Washington, D.C., thus leaving their rancho untouched for long periods of time.[12]In 1892, Hiram Morgan Hill contracted land developer C. H. Phillips to divide and liquidate the Rancho Ojo del Agua de la Coche, only retaining the Villa Mira Monte estate and the surrounding 200 acres (81 ha), which the Hill family would hold until 1916. By 1898, a significant community had built around what was then known as Morgan Hill's Ranch, and a Southern Pacific Railroad station was built in the Huntington area. Rather than ask to stop at Huntington station, passengers would ask to stop at \"Morgan Hill's Ranch\", which eventually shortened to \"Morgan Hill\".[12]On November 10, 1906, the planned community, a result of the divisions of C. H. Phillips, was incorporated as the Town of Morgan Hill. Hiram Morgan and Diana Hill's only child, Diana Murphy Hill, married the French nobleman, Baron Hadouin de Reinach-Werth, and thus Baron Hadouin started to help manage Hiram Morgan Hill's properties between California and Nevada. However, the baron was called back to France to serve in the military and never returned. In 1913, Hiram Morgan Hill died at his Elko estate in Nevada, thus leaving his properties to his daughter. Diana Murphy Hill later remarried, in 1916, to Sir George Rhodes, thus causing the Murphy heiress of the Morgan Hill estate to relocate to the United Kingdom, taking her and Hiram Morgan Hill's daughter, Diana Murphy Hill, thus finally selling off the Villa Mira Monte and ending the Hill family presence in the community named after them.[12]In 1959, Morgan Hill annexed Madrone, turning the former township into a Morgan Hill's northernmost district, bordering San Jose and Coyote Valley.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"San Jose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jose,_California"},{"link_name":"Gilroy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilroy,_California"},{"link_name":"Pacific coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_coast"},{"link_name":"Santa Clara Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Clara_Valley"},{"link_name":"Santa Cruz Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Diablo Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diablo_Range"},{"link_name":"valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley"},{"link_name":"MSL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_level"},{"link_name":"U.S. Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"Santa Clara Valley Water District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Clara_Valley_Water_District"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Bay region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area"},{"link_name":"active faults","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_fault"},{"link_name":"San Andreas Fault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Andreas_Fault"},{"link_name":"Calaveras Fault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calaveras_Fault"},{"link_name":"Richter magnitudes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richter_scale"},{"link_name":"1984 Morgan Hill earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_Morgan_Hill_earthquake"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anderson_Lake_(3).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Uvas_Reservoir.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chesbro_Reservoir.jpg"},{"link_name":"Anderson Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anderson_Lake_(California)"},{"link_name":"Uvas Reservoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uvas_Reservoir"},{"link_name":"Chesbro Reservoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesbro_Reservoir"},{"link_name":"Anderson Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anderson_Lake_(California)"},{"link_name":"Uvas Reservoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uvas_Reservoir"},{"link_name":"Chesbro Reservoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesbro_Reservoir"},{"link_name":"Coyote Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coyote_Lake_(Santa_Clara_County,_California)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Morgan_hill_(38844929872).jpg"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_climate"},{"link_name":"vineyards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vineyard"},{"link_name":"wine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine"},{"link_name":"Santa Clara Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Clara_Valley_AVA"},{"link_name":"designated AVA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Viticultural_Area"},{"link_name":"poppy jasper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbicular_jasper"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-21"},{"link_name":"El Toro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Toro_(California)"},{"link_name":"Bret Harte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bret_Harte"},{"link_name":"U.S. Geological Survey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"USGS Feature ID# 223063","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geonames.usgs.gov/pls/gnispublic/f?p=gnispq:3:::NO::P3_FID:223063"},{"link_name":"United States Board on Geographic Names","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Board_on_Geographic_Names"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"Morgan Hill is approximately 24 mi (39 km) south of downtown San Jose, 13 mi (21 km) north of Gilroy, and 15 mi (24 km) inland from the Pacific coast. Lying in a roughly 4-mile-wide (6 km) southern extension of the Santa Clara Valley, it is bounded by the Santa Cruz Mountains to the west and the Diablo Range to the east. At the valley floor, Morgan Hill lies at an elevation of about 350 feet (107 m) above MSL.According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the city encompasses an area of 12.9 square miles (33 km2), all land. Although there are no natural lakes or ponds within the city limits, there are several flood-control and water storage reservoirs in the adjacent hills which are operated by the Santa Clara Valley Water District, with recreational activities such as boating, etc., administered by the Santa Clara County Department of Parks and Recreation.[17]Morgan Hill is located within the seismically active San Francisco Bay region. The significant earthquakes in the region are generally associated with crustal movements along well-defined, active fault zones. The nearest known active faults are the San Andreas Fault, approximately 12 mi (19 km) southwest, and the Calaveras Fault, approximately 0.99 mi (1.6 km) northeast. Both faults have produced major earthquakes in the past, and have estimated maximum credible Richter magnitudes of 8.3 and 7.3, respectively. The 1984 Morgan Hill earthquake registered at a 6.2 magnitude.Morgan Hill is home to numerous lakes, including Anderson Lake (left), Uvas Reservoir (center), and Chesbro Reservoir (right).Within Morgan Hill's area are a number of lakes and reservoirs, including Anderson Lake (eastern Morgan Hill), Uvas Reservoir (west), Chesbro Reservoir (west), and Coyote Lake (south).The Sargent-Berrocal Fault, a potentially active fault, lies 9.9 mi (16 km) away from the sites and has an estimated maximum credible Richter magnitude of 7.4. The Coyote Creek Fault is located in Morgan Hill and is classified as potentially active as well. In addition, several unnamed faults traverse the western slopes of the upland areas. Geomorphic evidence suggests that these faults were active during recent geologic time. However, these fault-related geomorphic features are not as fresh as those of the active Calaveras Fault and are considered to be somewhat older.[18]Given its Mediterranean climate, Morgan Hill is well known for its vineyards and wine-growing, as a part of the Santa Clara Valley designated AVA.Morgan Hill is one of very few sources for a type of semi-precious gemstone marketed under the name \"Morgan Hill poppy jasper\".[19] According to geologists, this local variety of orbicular jasper formed through a combination of volcanic and seismic activity on the slopes of El Toro. Known extant deposits of the mineral are located on private lands, not accessible to the public. A local business, El Toro Brewing Company, has a collection of poppy jasper on display at their rural Morgan Hill brewery and on a large bar top inlaid with the stone at their brewpub in downtown Morgan Hill. Examples are also on display at the Morgan Hill Museum and at the Morgan Hill Community and Cultural Center.[20] The local Poppy Jasper Film Festival is also named after the mineral.[21]The highlight of local geography is El Toro. According to a local legend of the early 1900s, author Bret Harte named the hill when he climbed it and discovered two bulls fighting near the summit (they subsequently chased him back down). The official name shown on the U.S. Geological Survey's maps is simply \"El Toro\", but it has been deemed \"Murphy's Peak\" by locals.[22] Visitors, not aware of the origin of the town's name, often mistakenly assume that El Toro is \"Morgan\" Hill.[citation needed] It is USGS Feature ID# 223063 in the Geographic Names Information System (GNIS), maintained by the United States Board on Geographic Names. Elevation at the summit is about 1,427 ft (435 m).[23] The hill, overshadowing the town to the west, has been incorporated into the city's seal and official logo.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Madrone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrone,_Morgan_Hill,_California"},{"link_name":"township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Township"},{"link_name":"Chesbro Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesbro_Lake"},{"link_name":"San Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Martin,_California"},{"link_name":"Coyote Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coyote,_California"},{"link_name":"Anderson Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anderson_Lake_(California)"},{"link_name":"Henry W. Coe State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_W._Coe_State_Park"}],"sub_title":"Neighborhoods","text":"Morgan Hill is divided into numerous neighborhoods, which can in turn be divided into smaller communities or areas. Morgan Hill's principal neighborhoods are:Downtown (Morgan Hill's central entertainment and business district)\nMadrone (former township which constitutes Morgan Hill's northwestern district)\nParadise Valley and Chesbro Lake\nLlagas Valley\nSan Martin/South Morgan Hill (including unincorporated San Martin)\nCoyote Valley/North Morgan Hill (including unincorporated Coyote Valley)\nAnderson Lake (including residents of Henry W. Coe State Park)","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mediterranean climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_climate"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"tornadoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado"},{"link_name":"chaparral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaparral"},{"link_name":"biomes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biome"},{"link_name":"live oak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_oak"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"Climate","text":"Due to the moderating influence of the Pacific Ocean, Morgan Hill experiences a mild, Mediterranean climate. Temperatures range from an average midsummer maximum of 90.2 °F (32.3 °C) to an average midwinter low of 33.6 °F (0.9 °C). The average annual precipitation is 18.9 inches (480 mm), and the summer months are typically dry. Snowfall is rare within Morgan Hill; there have only been two reported cases of snow.[24][25] Summer months contain coastal fogs, while winter months have many sunny and partly cloudy days, with frequent breaks between rainstorms. The local terrain is inconducive to tornadoes, severe windstorms and thunderstorms. The local climate supports chaparral and grassland biomes, with stands of live oak at higher elevations.Climate data for Morgan Hill (1948 to 2016)\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nMean maximum °F (°C)\n\n61.3(16.3)\n\n62.1(16.7)\n\n62.8(17.1)\n\n69.3(20.7)\n\n75.4(24.1)\n\n80.5(26.9)\n\n86.4(30.2)\n\n86.9(30.5)\n\n85.2(29.6)\n\n77.1(25.1)\n\n63.6(17.6)\n\n61.1(16.2)\n\n72.6(22.6)\n\n\nAverage precipitation inches (mm)\n\n4.83(123)\n\n4.72(120)\n\n3.21(82)\n\n1.50(38)\n\n0.29(7.4)\n\n0(0)\n\n0.03(0.76)\n\n0(0)\n\n0.04(1.0)\n\n0.95(24)\n\n2.39(61)\n\n3.70(94)\n\n21.68(551)\n\n\nSource: WRCC[26]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Morgan_Hill_United_Methodist_Church_(2).jpg"},{"link_name":"2000 U.S. Census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-28"},{"link_name":"ethnic makeup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"poverty threshold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_threshold"},{"link_name":"sewage treatment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewage_treatment"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"sub_title":"2000","text":"The historic United Methodist Church on Monterey StreetThe 2000 U.S. Census[28] reported there were 33,556 people, 10,846 households, and 8,633 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,875.4 inhabitants per square mile (1,110.2/km2). There were 11,091 housing units at an average density of 950.3 per square mile (366.9/km2). The ethnic makeup of the city was 72.40% White, 1.71% African American, 1.08% Native American, 6.02% Asian, 0.23% Pacific Islander, 13.43% from other races, and 5.13% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 27.50% of the population.There were 10,846 households, out of which 44.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 63.2% were married couples living together, 11.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 20.4% were non-families. 15.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.05 and the average family size was 3.38.In the city, the population was spread out, with 30.5% under the age of 18, 7.6% from 18 to 24, 31.7% from 25 to 44, 22.7% from 45 to 64, and 7.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.9 males.According to a 2007 estimate, the median income for a household in the city was $99,243, and the median income for a family was $108,611.[29] Males had a median income of $61,999 versus $42,003 for females. The per capita income for the city was $33,047. About 3.3% of families and 4.7% of the population were below the poverty threshold, including 5.4% of those under age 18 and 4.9% of those age 65 or over.Substantial expansion of the population of Morgan Hill occurred from the late 1980s onward. This population expansion was enabled by the removal of a growth constraint in the form of sewage treatment capacity.[30]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Willard_Hicks_(Downtown_Morgan_Hill).jpg"},{"link_name":"2010 U.S. Census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"ethnic makeup of Morgan Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"opposite-sex married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"unmarried opposite-sex partnerships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POSSLQ"},{"link_name":"same-sex married couples or partnerships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_partnership"},{"link_name":"families","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(US_Census)"}],"sub_title":"2010","text":"Restaurants in the downtownThe 2010 U.S. Census[31] reported that Morgan Hill had a population of 37,882. The population density was 2,940.8 inhabitants per square mile (1,135.4/km2). The ethnic makeup of Morgan Hill was 24,713 (65.2%) White, 746 (2.0%) African American, 335 (0.9%) Native American, 3,852 (10.2%) Asian, 125 (0.3%) Pacific Islander, 5,779 (15.3%) from other races, and 2,332 (6.2%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 12,863 persons (34.0%).The Census reported that 37,496 people (99.0% of the population) lived in households, 164 (0.4%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 222 (0.6%) were institutionalized.There were 12,326 households, out of which 5,538 (44.9%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 7,581 (61.5%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 1,469 (11.9%) had a female householder with no husband present, 646 (5.2%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 660 (5.4%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 89 (0.7%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 1,998 households (16.2%) were made up of individuals, and 757 (6.1%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.04. There were 9,696 families (78.7% of all households); the average family size was 3.39.The population was spread out, with 10,838 people (28.6%) under the age of 18, 2,909 people (7.7%) aged 18 to 24, 10,000 people (26.4%) aged 25 to 44, 10,537 people (27.8%) aged 45 to 64, and 3,598 people (9.5%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36.8 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.5 males.There were 12,859 housing units at an average density of 998.2 per square mile (385.4/km2), of which 8,793 (71.3%) were owner-occupied, and 3,533 (28.7%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 1.7%; the rental vacancy rate was 2.6%. 26,148 people (69.0% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 11,348 people (30.0%) lived in rental housing units.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"2020","text":"The 2020 United States census reported that Morgan Hill had a population of 45,483 people, with 14,721 households.[32] The ethnic makeup of Morgan Hill was 62.8% White, 1.5% African American, 0.5% Native American, 15.8% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, and 13.8% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 34.7% of the population.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Clos_la_Chance_Winery,_Morgan_Hill_(I)_(cropped).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Morgan_Hill_-_wine_tasting_(cropped)_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"wine tourism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enotourism"},{"link_name":"Santa Clara Valley AVA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Clara_Valley_AVA"},{"link_name":"Forbes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Business Insider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Insider"},{"link_name":"high-net-worth individuals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-net-worth_individual"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Saratoga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saratoga,_California"},{"link_name":"San Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Martin,_California"},{"link_name":"Gilroy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilroy,_California"},{"link_name":"Santa Clara Valley AVA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Clara_Valley_AVA"},{"link_name":"American Viticultural Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Viticultural_Area"},{"link_name":"Santa Clara Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Clara_Valley"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Specialized Bicycle Components","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specialized_Bicycle_Components"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"The Morgan Hill Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Morgan_Hill_Times"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"text":"Morgan Hill is a popular wine tourism destination, home to numerous wineries as part of the Santa Clara Valley AVA.According to Forbes, Morgan Hill is one of the top 500 most expensive places to live in the United States.[33] Business Insider ranked Morgan Hill as the 479th most expensive housing market in the United States, owing to its concentration of high-net-worth individuals and restrictive growth policies.[34][35]Morgan Hill, along with Saratoga, San Martin, and Gilroy make up the Santa Clara Valley AVA, a designated American Viticultural Area for wineries and vineyards within the historic Santa Clara Valley.[36]Numerous companies of other industries are based in Morgan Hill as well, such as Specialized Bicycle Components, a major global manufacturer of high performance bicycles.[37]Morgan Hill is served by The Morgan Hill Times, a weekly newspaper founded in 1894 and published by New SV Media.[38] The biweekly Morgan Hill Life[39] lifestyle publication, founded in 2013, is published by Morgan Hill Life, LLC.","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anritsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anritsu"},{"link_name":"telecommunications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications"},{"link_name":"Flextronics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flex_(company)"},{"link_name":"Velodyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velodyne_Lidar"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Toray Advanced Composites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toray_Advanced_Composites"},{"link_name":"advanced composite materials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_composite_materials_(engineering)"},{"link_name":"Harris Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harris_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Madrone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrone,_Morgan_Hill,_California"},{"link_name":"Infineon Technologies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infineon_Technologies"},{"link_name":"semiconductor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor"}],"sub_title":"Technology","text":"Notable high tech companies that are headquartered or have their American headquarters in Morgan Hill include Anritsu (Japanese telecommunications company), Flextronics (the world's second largest electronics-manufacturing service provider), Velodyne (sensor and laser developer), Hypnos Entertainment[40] (video game company), Toray Advanced Composites (Dutch advanced composite materials manufacturer), and Paramit Corporation, a high tech medical device manufacturer.High tech companies that have research and development or manufacturing facilities in Morgan Hill include the Harris Corporation (information and defense contractor based in the Madrone district), Infineon Technologies (semiconductor and chip manufacturer), and NxEdge Inc., a semiconductor and business solutions company.","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Downtown_Morgan_Hill_(3rd_%26_Monterey).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Downtown_Morgan_Hill_(2nd_%26_Monterrey)_(1).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Morgan_Hill_Parking_Garage_(1).jpg"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"sub_title":"Top employers","text":"Downtown Morgan Hill on Monterey Rd. (top and center) and Third Street Plaza (bottom)According to the city's 2018 Employment Report, the top employers in the city are:[41]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mushroom Mardi Gras Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mushroom_Mardi_Gras_Festival"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Prop 13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_California_Proposition_13"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-44"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-44"},{"link_name":"Poppy Jasper International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poppy_Jasper_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"public-access television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public-access_television"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-21"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"}],"text":"The Mushroom Mardi Gras Festival is an annual celebration established in 1980 by fire chief Brad Spencer,[42][43] who wanted to raise money for his fire department affected by Prop 13.[44] The festival primarily celebrates the mushroom as a homage to the city's original nickname, the Mushroom Capital of the World.[44]The Poppy Jasper International Film Festival (PJIFF) is an annual event managed by the non-profit organization Poppy Jasper, Inc. It was established in 2004 by Mattie Scariot as a fundraiser on MHAT, Morgan Hill's public-access television channel.[21] Since its establishment, PJIFF features films produced by people of multiple backgrounds.[45][46]","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tour_of_California_Morgan_Hill_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"cycling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycling"},{"link_name":"Tour of California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_of_California"},{"link_name":"Specialized Bicycle Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specialized_Bicycle_Components"},{"link_name":"bicycle culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicycle_culture"},{"link_name":"Anderson Lake County Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anderson_Lake_(California)#Anderson_Lake_County_Park"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Coyote Creek Parks & Trails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coyote_Creek_(Santa_Clara_County)"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Henry W. Coe State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_W._Coe_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Uvas Canyon County Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uvas_Canyon_County_Park"},{"link_name":"Santa Cruz Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Mountains"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Gavilan College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavilan_College"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Villa Mira Monte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_Mira_Monte"}],"text":"Morgan Hill is a major cycling destination, known for hosting the Tour of California, for being home to Specialized Bicycle Co., and for its bicycle culture.Anderson Lake County Park,[47] immediately east of Morgan Hill\nCoyote Creek Parks & Trails,[48] north of Morgan Hill, extending to San Jose\nHenry W. Coe State Park, the second-largest state park in California\nUvas Canyon County Park, located a few miles west of Morgan Hill in the Santa Cruz Mountains\nGalvan Park\nMorgan Hill Community Park, including a skate park and off-leash dog park[49]\nCentennial Recreation Center,[50] with gymnasium, indoor swimming pool, senior center, youth center and computer facility\nMorgan Hill Community and Cultural Center,[51] amphitheater and satellite campus of Gavilan College\nMorgan Hill Aquatic Center[52]\nMorgan Hill Outdoor Sports Center[53]\nVilla Mira Monte","title":"Parks and recreation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mayor-2"},{"link_name":"California State Legislature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"17th Senate District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California%27s_17th_State_Senatorial_district"},{"link_name":"Democrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(California)"},{"link_name":"Bill Monning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Monning"},{"link_name":"30th Assembly District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California%27s_30th_State_Assembly_district"},{"link_name":"Democrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Democratic_Party"},{"link_name":"California's 19th congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California%27s_19th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Democrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Panetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Panetta"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"}],"text":"Morgan Hill's government is composed of the Morgan Hill City Council, its legislative branch; the Mayor of Morgan Hill, its semi-executive branch; and the departments of Morgan Hill City Hall. The current Mayor of Morgan Hill is Mark Turner, who was elected to office in November 2022.[2] The current Morgan Hill City Manager is Christina Turner.In the California State Legislature, Morgan Hill is represented through the 17th Senate District, represented by Democrat Bill Monning, and in the 30th Assembly District, represented by Democrat Robert Rivas.Federally, Morgan Hill is in California's 19th congressional district, represented by Democrat Jimmy Panetta.[54]The Morgan Hill Police Department is tasked with ensuring public safety within the city's incorporated borders. Chief Shane Palsgrove was appointed in 2020.[55]","title":"Government"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Morgan_Hill_Elementary_School_historic_building.jpg"},{"link_name":"W. H. Weeks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._H._Weeks"}],"text":"The historic Morgan Hill School Building, designed by noted California architect W. H. Weeks","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Morgan Hill Unified School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Hill_Unified_School_District"},{"link_name":"San Martin, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Martin,_California"},{"link_name":"Coyote Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coyote,_California"},{"link_name":"National Blue Ribbon Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Blue_Ribbon_Schools_Program"},{"link_name":"California Distinguished Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Distinguished_School"},{"link_name":"California Gold Ribbon Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Distinguished_School#California_Gold_Ribbon_School"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Live Oak High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_Oak_High_School_(Morgan_Hill,_California)"},{"link_name":"Ann Sobrato High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Hill_Unified_School_District"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"The Tech Interactive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tech_Interactive"},{"link_name":"Silicon Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Valley"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Stanford University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"The Tech Interactive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tech_Interactive"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"Stanford University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University"},{"link_name":"Gavilan College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavilan_College"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"}],"sub_title":"Public education","text":"The Morgan Hill Unified School District (MHUSD) serves the whole of Morgan Hill, as well as San Martin, California and Coyote Valley. MHUSD schools have variously been awarded as National Blue Ribbon Schools, California Distinguished Schools, and California Gold Ribbon Schools.[citation needed]Morgan Hill's public high schools are:Live Oak High School\nAnn Sobrato High School (Ranked among the top 100 best public schools in California)[56]\nCentral High School (continuation)Alongside its traditional schools, MHUSD, in special partnership with The Tech Interactive, a leading Silicon Valley institution, operates 4 specialized public \"focus academies\", through its innovative Tech Academies Initiative:[57] Focus Academies will provide the opportunity for students to specialize their studies within broad fields (engineering, STEAM, math, music, health sciences), allowing for greater, in-depth learning within subjects within programs designed by noted subject matter experts, including scientists from The Tech Museum of Innovation and Stanford University medical professors.[58][59]Paradise Valley Engineering Academy[60]\nP.A. Walsh STEAM Academy[61] (run in partnership with The Tech Interactive)\nJackson Academy of Math & Music[62]\nEl Toro Health Science Academy[63] (first elementary-level health sciences program in California; created alongside Stanford University)\nSan Martin/Gwinn — Dual Immersion Multicultural Education (90/10 Spanish and English Dual Language Immersion)Morgan Hill also hosts a campus of Gavilan College.[64]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"private school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_school"},{"link_name":"Oakwood School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakwood_School,_Morgan_Hill"},{"link_name":"college-preparatory schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College-preparatory_school"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Bay Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Catholic School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_school"}],"sub_title":"Private education","text":"Morgan Hill is also home to numerous private school, both religious and nonsectarian in nature.Nonsectarian schools:Oakwood School, ranked as one of the best college-preparatory schools in the San Francisco Bay Area[citation needed]\nStratford SchoolReligious schools:Saint Catherine Catholic School\nCrossroads Christian School\nSpring Academy, alternative Christian school\nShadow Mountain Baptist School","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Villa_Mira_Monte,_17860_Monterey_Rd.,_Morgan_Hill,_CA_9-23-2012_5-18-30_PM.JPG"},{"link_name":"Villa Mira Monte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_Mira_Monte"}],"text":"Villa Mira Monte was built in 1884 by Hiram Morgan Hill. It currently houses the Morgan Hill Museum & Historical Society.","title":"Infrastructure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"San Martin Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Martin_Airport"},{"link_name":"San Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Martin,_California"},{"link_name":"San Jose International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jose_International_Airport"}],"sub_title":"Airports","text":"Small general-aviation aircraft are served by the uncontrolled San Martin Airport (E16), located at San Martin, about 3.7 mi (6 km) south of Morgan Hill. Commercial flights are served by San Jose International Airport, about 24 mi (39 km) away in San Jose.","title":"Infrastructure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Clara_Valley_Transportation_Authority"},{"link_name":"Gilroy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilroy,_California"},{"link_name":"San Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Martin,_California"},{"link_name":"San Jose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jose,_California"},{"link_name":"Santa Clara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Clara,_California"},{"link_name":"Sunnyvale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunnyvale,_California"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"Caltrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caltrain"},{"link_name":"Morgan Hill station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Hill_station"},{"link_name":"rush-hour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rush_hour"},{"link_name":"commuter rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commuter_rail"},{"link_name":"San Jose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jose,_California"},{"link_name":"Silicon Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Valley"},{"link_name":"Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"Monterey–Salinas Transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monterey%E2%80%93Salinas_Transit"},{"link_name":"Monterey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monterey,_California"},{"link_name":"Amtrak Thruway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amtrak_Thruway"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"}],"sub_title":"Public transportation","text":"The Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority provides local buses and express buses to Gilroy, San Martin, San Jose, Santa Clara, and Sunnyvale.[65]\nCaltrain's Morgan Hill station provides weekday rush-hour commuter rail service to San Jose, the rest of Silicon Valley, the Peninsula and San Francisco.[66]\nMonterey–Salinas Transit runs a rush-hour San Jose-Monterey express bus, Line 55, that also serves as an Amtrak Thruway connection.[67]","title":"Infrastructure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Santa Clara County Library District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Clara_County_Library_District"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"}],"sub_title":"Public libraries","text":"Santa Clara County Library District operates the Morgan Hill Library, which was renamed after former mayor Steve Tate.[68]","title":"Infrastructure"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Don Argue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Argue"},{"link_name":"Northwest University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_University_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Cornelia Barns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelia_Barns"},{"link_name":"Mary Blair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Blair"},{"link_name":"Cinderella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinderella_(1950_film)"},{"link_name":"Alice in Wonderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_in_Wonderland_(1951_film)"},{"link_name":"Peter Pan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Pan_(1953_film)"},{"link_name":"Wade Dominguez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wade_Dominguez"},{"link_name":"Dangerous Minds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dangerous_Minds"},{"link_name":"Dennis Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Johnson_(composer)"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"Charles Kellogg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Kellogg_(naturalist)"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"Kelly Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Moore_(writer)"},{"link_name":"New York Times Best Selling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Best_Seller_list"}],"sub_title":"Culture","text":"Don Argue, former president of Northwest University\nCornelia Barns, activist\nMary Blair, The Walt Disney Company animator, known best for Cinderella (1950), Alice in Wonderland (1951), and Peter Pan (1953)\nWade Dominguez, actor known for his role in Dangerous Minds (1995)\nDennis Johnson, composer and mathematician[69]\nCharles Kellogg, Californian naturalist and actor[70]\nKelly Moore, New York Times Best Selling author","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charles Edward Barns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Edward_Barns"},{"link_name":"Konstantin Batygin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_Batygin"},{"link_name":"Ole Fahlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ole_Fahlin"},{"link_name":"Lockheed Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_Martin"},{"link_name":"Stephen C. Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_C._Johnson"}],"sub_title":"Sciences","text":"Charles Edward Barns, astronomer and author\nKonstantin Batygin, Caltech astronomer\nOle Fahlin, aviator and Lockheed Martin developer\nStephen C. Johnson, AT&T and Bell Labs computer scientist","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jared Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jared_Allen"},{"link_name":"Chicago Bears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Bears"},{"link_name":"Bill Berry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Berry_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Chicago Bulls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Bulls"},{"link_name":"Ricky Berry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricky_Berry"},{"link_name":"Sacramento Kings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacramento_Kings"},{"link_name":"Ron Caragher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Caragher"},{"link_name":"San Jose State Spartans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jose_State_Spartans_football"},{"link_name":"University of San Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_San_Diego"},{"link_name":"Scott Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Clark_(BMX_rider)"},{"link_name":"Jerry Doggett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Doggett"},{"link_name":"MLB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"Mervyn Fernandez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mervyn_Fernandez"},{"link_name":"Oakland Raiders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_Raiders"},{"link_name":"Romina Gupta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romina_Gupta"},{"link_name":"Team USA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_women%27s_national_artistic_gymnastics_team"},{"link_name":"Rhett Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhett_Hall"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Eagles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Eagles"},{"link_name":"James Hibbard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Hibbard"},{"link_name":"Daniel Holloway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Holloway_(cyclist)"},{"link_name":"National Criterium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_National_Criterium_Championships"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"Zhang Jinjing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Jinjing"},{"link_name":"Olympic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Games"},{"link_name":"Marina Klimova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marina_Klimova"},{"link_name":"Ryan Neufeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Neufeld"},{"link_name":"Dallas Cowboys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_Cowboys"},{"link_name":"Dave Salzwedel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Salzwedel"},{"link_name":"San Jose Clash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jose_Earthquakes"},{"link_name":"Alatini Saulala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alatini_Saulala"},{"link_name":"USA National Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_men%27s_national_rugby_sevens_team"},{"link_name":"Conrad Stoltz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conrad_Stoltz"},{"link_name":"XTERRA Triathlon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XTERRA_Triathlon"},{"link_name":"Jeff Ulbrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Ulbrich"},{"link_name":"Atlanta Falcons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Falcons"},{"link_name":"San Francisco 49ers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_49ers"}],"sub_title":"Athletics","text":"Jared Allen, football player for the Chicago Bears\nBill Berry, former basketball coach for the Chicago Bulls\nRicky Berry, basketball player for the Sacramento Kings\nRon Caragher, football coach for the San Jose State Spartans and University of San Diego\nScott Clark, BMX world champion\nJerry Doggett, famed MLB sportscaster\nMervyn Fernandez, football player for the Oakland Raiders\nRomina Gupta, Team USA gold medal gymnastics champion\nRhett Hall, football player for the Philadelphia Eagles\nJames Hibbard, cycling champion and writer\nDaniel Holloway, cyclist and multiple National Criterium champion[71]\nZhang Jinjing, Chinese Olympic gymnast\nMarina Klimova, Soviet Olympic ice dancer\nRyan Neufeld, football player for the Dallas Cowboys\nDave Salzwedel, soccer player for the San Jose Clash\nAlatini Saulala, Tongan rugby player for the USA National Team\nConrad Stoltz, four time XTERRA Triathlon\nJeff Ulbrich, football coach for the Atlanta Falcons, former player for the San Francisco 49ers","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sister cities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister_city"},{"link_name":"Sister Cities International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister_Cities_International"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Mizuho, Tokyo, Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mizuho,_Tokyo"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"San Martín de Hidalgo, Jalisco, Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Mart%C3%ADn_de_Hidalgo"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-73"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"San Casciano in Val di Pesa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Casciano_in_Val_di_Pesa"},{"link_name":"Tuscany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuscany"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-73"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Headford, County Galway, Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headford"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-73"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Seferihisar, Izmir, Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seferihisar"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"}],"text":"Morgan Hill has five sister cities, as designated by Sister Cities International:Mizuho, Tokyo, Japan[72]\n San Martín de Hidalgo, Jalisco, Mexico[73]\n San Casciano in Val di Pesa, Tuscany, Italy[73]\n Headford, County Galway, Ireland[73]\n Seferihisar, Izmir, Turkey[74][75]","title":"Sister cities"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Clos_la_Chance_Winery,_Morgan_Hill_(II).jpg"},{"link_name":"Santa Clara Valley AVA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Clara_Valley_AVA"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Upper_Falls.jpg"},{"link_name":"Uvas Canyon County Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uvas_Canyon_County_Park"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Morgan_Hill_Veterans_Memorial_Square.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Morgan-Hill-banner-01_(cropped).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2011-12-04_Morgan_Hill,_Henry_W._Coe_State_Wilderness_Park_060_(6493352541).jpg"},{"link_name":"Henry W. Coe State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_W._Coe_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Diablo Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diablo_Range"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chesbro_Reservoir.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2011-12-04_Morgan_Hill,_Henry_W._Coe_State_Wilderness_Park_003_(6492982235).jpg"},{"link_name":"Henry W. Coe State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_W._Coe_State_Park"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Depot_Station_2.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aerial_view_of_Coyote_Lake.JPG"},{"link_name":"Coyote Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coyote_Lake_(Santa_Clara_County,_California)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Clos_la_Chance_Vineyards_(Morgan_Hill).jpeg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Capriano_Park_VI_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Madrone, Morgan Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrone,_Morgan_Hill,_California"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Morgan_Hill_Community_Playhouse_(1)_(cropped).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Capriano_Park_VIII.jpg"},{"link_name":"Madrone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrone,_Morgan_Hill,_California"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MorganHill_and_Family.jpg"}],"text":"Santa Clara Valley AVA winery in Morgan Hill\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tUpper Falls in Uvas Canyon County Park\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tVeterans Memorial Plaza\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDowntown Morgan Hill on Monterey Rd.\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHenry W. Coe State Park in the Diablo Range\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tChesbro Reservoir in western Morgan Hill\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHenry W. Coe State Park in eastern Morgan Hill\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThird Street Plaza, Downtown\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCoyote Lake in southern Morgan Hill\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tClos la Chance Vineyards\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMadrone, Morgan Hill\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMorgan Hill Playhouse\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCapriano Park in Madrone\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHiram Morgan Hill, Diana Murphy Hill, and their daughter Diane Murphy Hill","title":"Gallery"}]
[{"image_text":"The Malaguerra Winery in the Madrone neighborhood, built in 1869 by Californio rancher José María Malaguerra, is on the National Historic Register.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Historic_Malaguerra_Winery_in_Madrone%2C_Morgan_Hill%2C_California_2762_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Historic_Malaguerra_Winery_in_Madrone%2C_Morgan_Hill%2C_California_2762_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Downtown's historic Votaw Building was built in 1905.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Votaw_Building_%282%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Votaw_Building_%282%29_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Given its Mediterranean climate, Morgan Hill is well known for its vineyards and wine-growing, as a part of the Santa Clara Valley designated AVA.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Morgan_hill_%2838844929872%29.jpg/300px-Morgan_hill_%2838844929872%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Restaurants in the downtown","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Willard_Hicks_%28Downtown_Morgan_Hill%29.jpg/200px-Willard_Hicks_%28Downtown_Morgan_Hill%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Morgan Hill is a major cycling destination, known for hosting the Tour of California, for being home to Specialized Bicycle Co., and for its bicycle culture.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Tour_of_California_Morgan_Hill_%28cropped%29.jpg/300px-Tour_of_California_Morgan_Hill_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The historic Morgan Hill School Building, designed by noted California architect W. H. Weeks","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Morgan_Hill_Elementary_School_historic_building.jpg/300px-Morgan_Hill_Elementary_School_historic_building.jpg"},{"image_text":"Villa Mira Monte was built in 1884 by Hiram Morgan Hill. It currently houses the Morgan Hill Museum & Historical Society.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Villa_Mira_Monte%2C_17860_Monterey_Rd.%2C_Morgan_Hill%2C_CA_9-23-2012_5-18-30_PM.JPG/250px-Villa_Mira_Monte%2C_17860_Monterey_Rd.%2C_Morgan_Hill%2C_CA_9-23-2012_5-18-30_PM.JPG"},{"image_text":"Santa Clara County map","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Map_of_California_highlighting_Santa_Clara_County.svg/87px-Map_of_California_highlighting_Santa_Clara_County.svg.png"}]
[{"title":"San Francisco Bay Area portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:San_Francisco_Bay_Area"},{"title":"List of California locations by income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_California_locations_by_income"}]
[{"reference":"\"California Cities by Incorporation Date\". California Association of Local Agency Formation Commissions. Archived from the original (Word) on November 3, 2014. Retrieved August 25, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141103002921/http://www.calafco.org/docs/Cities_by_incorp_date.doc","url_text":"\"California Cities by Incorporation Date\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Agency_Formation_Commission","url_text":"Local Agency Formation Commissions"},{"url":"http://www.calafco.org/docs/Cities_by_incorp_date.doc","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Airoldi, Robert (November 7, 2022). \"Election Results: Mark Turner elected as Morgan Hill's new city mayor\". Morgan Hill Life. Retrieved February 22, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://morganhilllife.com/2022/11/07/election-results/","url_text":"\"Election Results: Mark Turner elected as Morgan Hill's new city mayor\""}]},{"reference":"\"City Manager's Bio\". City of Morgan Hill. Retrieved October 21, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.morganhill.ca.gov/62/City-Managers-Bio","url_text":"\"City Manager's Bio\""}]},{"reference":"\"2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 1, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2019_Gazetteer/2019_gaz_place_06.txt","url_text":"\"2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""}]},{"reference":"\"Morgan Hill\". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior.","urls":[{"url":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/1659174","url_text":"\"Morgan Hill\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System","url_text":"Geographic Names Information System"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior","url_text":"United States Department of the Interior"}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 6, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/cedsci/profile?g=1600000US0649278","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"Norman, Hannah (August 9, 2018). \"These Bay Area cities are joining the $1 million home club\". San Francisco Business Times. Archived from the original on March 4, 2021. Retrieved October 21, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210304053451/https://www.bizjournals.com/sanfrancisco/news/2018/08/09/these-bay-area-cities-are-joining-the-1-million.html","url_text":"\"These Bay Area cities are joining the $1 million home club\""},{"url":"https://www.bizjournals.com/sanfrancisco/news/2018/08/09/these-bay-area-cities-are-joining-the-1-million.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Donato-Weinstein, Nathan (April 29, 2016). \"Frank Léal's boutique downtown Morgan Hill hotel is ready to go\". Silicon Valley Business Journal. Archived from the original on March 3, 2017. Retrieved October 21, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170303042651/https://www.bizjournals.com/sanjose/news/2016/04/29/frank-l-als-boutique-downtown-morgan-hill-hotel-is.html","url_text":"\"Frank Léal's boutique downtown Morgan Hill hotel is ready to go\""},{"url":"https://www.bizjournals.com/sanjose/news/2016/04/29/frank-l-als-boutique-downtown-morgan-hill-hotel-is.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hepler, Lauren (May 3, 2013). \"Morgan Hill businesses team up to lure SV staycation crowds\". Silicon Valley Business Journal. Archived from the original on February 25, 2021. Retrieved October 21, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210225024933/https://www.bizjournals.com/sanjose/print-edition/2013/05/03/Morgan-Hill-businesses-team-up-to-lure.html","url_text":"\"Morgan Hill businesses team up to lure SV staycation crowds\""},{"url":"https://www.bizjournals.com/sanjose/print-edition/2013/05/03/Morgan-Hill-businesses-team-up-to-lure.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Brown, Lisa (May 3, 2016). \"Is Morgan Hill the Next Sonoma or Healdsburg?\". GlobeSt. Archived from the original on October 27, 2019. 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In December 2010, students from Morgan Hill middle schools were selected as ambassadors to go to Morgan Hill's Sister city Mizuho-machi, Tokyo, Japan.","urls":[{"url":"https://morganhilltimes.com/morgan-hill-mizuho-machi-exchange-ambassadors-in-japan/","url_text":"\"Morgan Hill-Mizuho-machi exchange ambassadors in Japan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Morgan_Hill_Times","url_text":"The Morgan Hill Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Sister Cities connects with Ameca, Mexico\". The Morgan Hill Times. January 14, 2019. Retrieved September 4, 2023. In addition to Ameca, it also hosts relationships with five international cities: San Casciano, Italy; Seferihisar, Turkey; San Martin de Hidalgo, Mexico; Mizuho, Japan; and Headford, Ireland.","urls":[{"url":"https://morganhilltimes.com/sister-cities-of-mh-connects-with-ameca-mexico/","url_text":"\"Sister Cities connects with Ameca, Mexico\""}]},{"reference":"\"İzmir Escort - Escort İzmir Vip Bayanlar\". İzmir Escort - Escort İzmir Vip Bayanlar. Archived from the original on January 24, 2013. Retrieved January 18, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130124205350/http://izmirlb.org/","url_text":"\"İzmir Escort - Escort İzmir Vip Bayanlar\""},{"url":"http://www.izmirlb.org/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Cheek, Marty (August 10, 2013). \"Turkish community is Morgan Hill's newest Sister City\". Morgan Hill Life (published June 26, 2013). Retrieved August 30, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://morganhilllife.com/2013/08/10/turkish-community-is-morgan-hills-newest-sister-city-2/","url_text":"\"Turkish community is Morgan Hill's newest Sister City\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_in_Motion_(DJ_BoBo_album)
DJ BoBo
["1 Biography","1.1 1985–1991: Early beginnings","1.2 1992–1996: Career breakthrough","1.3 1996–1999: Established popularity","1.4 1999–2001","1.5 2001–2005: 10-year anniversary","1.6 2005–2008: Eurovision Song Contest and 10th World Music Award","1.7 2008–present","2 Charitable work","3 Discography","4 References","5 External links"]
Swiss singer (born 1968) DJ BoBoDJ BoBo performing in 2018Background informationBirth namePeter René BaumannBorn (1968-01-05) 5 January 1968 (age 56)OriginKölliken, SwitzerlandGenresPopelectronicahouseOccupation(s)SingersongwriterrapperdancerproducerYears active1989–presentLabelsFresh Music (1989–1993)EAMS (1994–2001)BMG (2002–2003)Yes Music (2004–present)Musical artist Peter René Baumann (born 5 January 1968), better known under his stage name DJ BoBo, is a Swiss singer, songwriter, rapper, dancer, and music producer. He has sold 14 million records worldwide and has released 12 studio albums as well as several compilation albums which have included his previous hits in a reworked format. BoBo has also released 34 singles, some of which have charted high not only in German speaking countries, but also in other European territories. As a dance music producer, his first big success came with the single "Somebody Dance with Me", which borrows its melody from Rockwell's "Somebody's Watching Me". BoBo charted with the singles "Keep on Dancing", "Take Control", "Everybody", "Let the Dream Come True", "Love Is All Around", "Freedom", "Pray", and "What a Feeling", as well as "Chihuahua", almost all of which comprised fast-paced Eurodance sound with female vocals and rap verses performed by BoBo. Between 1992 and 2007, he had 27 single chart hits in Switzerland and Germany and has won ten World Music Awards for being Switzerland's best selling artist. BoBo has received numerous Gold and Platinum certifications for his releases and has found success in Europe (primarily Germany and Switzerland), Canada, Asia, and South America. Biography 1985–1991: Early beginnings Peter René Baumann was born in Kölliken, Switzerland in 1968 to Italian father Luigi Cipriano and Swiss mother Ruth Baumann. Initially, Baumann wanted to work in the area of confectionery and bakery. This, however, did not last long as his desire for dancing clicked with the development of breakdancing after his high school graduation. Having been involved in numerous dance-contests, Baumann managed to reach the Top 10 of the German dance-contest "Disco Kings" with his acrobatic dance style. Baumann began his DJ career in 1985, a year after which he was a runner-up in the Swiss DJ Championships. He continued to work as a DJ at numerous night-clubs such as Don Paco and the Hazyland, both in Switzerland. He gained enough experience and later decided to produce his own record. His first single "I Love You" came out in late 1989 during which time he would still work as a DJ but focused on future releases of his own production. In 1991, DJ BoBo released two other singles, "Ladies in the House" and "Let's Groove On". The latter was a little more successful and even made it onto the first album. 1992–1996: Career breakthrough Baumann gained immense international popularity when he released his Europe-wide smash hit "Somebody Dance with Me" in November 1992. Employing catchy refrains by Emel Aykanat as well as rap performance by himself, the single shot to number 1 in Switzerland and Sweden, while it landed in the Top 5 in numerous other European countries including Germany. "Somebody Dance with Me" was certified Gold in Germany for selling well over 250,000 units. His second hit, "Keep on Dancing", which followed the same technique as its predecessor, reached the Top 5 both in Switzerland and in Germany, and landed in the Top 10 in other parts of Europe. The single reached Gold status in Germany for sales of 250,000 units. The long-awaited album Dance with Me was released in October 1993 and remained in the charts all over Europe for quite some time, which was followed by another single, "Take Control", again from his debut album. It earned him yet another Gold award in Germany for sales of over 250,000 units, as the song also entered the Top 20 in numerous countries. While DJ BoBo appeared to have already separated himself from one-hit wonders, he released his next single, "Everybody", in the summer of 1994, which climbed as high as No. 2 in Germany and was certified Platinum for selling 500,000 units there. "Everybody" differed from the previously released singles in terms of its structure; it diverged from house, leaning towards a mixture of house and hip hop ("hip house"), with female vocalists performing the chorus and rap verses performed by BoBo. In the fall of 1994, his second studio album There Is a Party was released. While the album peaked at No. 4 in Switzerland where it was certified Platinum for selling over 50,000 units, it entered the Top 10 in Germany, where it spent total of 26 weeks on the chart, eventually reaching Gold status for selling over 250,000 units. The single "Let the Dream Come True" from the album topped the charts in Switzerland and entered the Top 5 in Germany, where it was certified Gold for sales over 250,000 units. While the follow-up second single, "Love Is All Around", entered the Top 20 in Switzerland, Austria, Belgium, Sweden, and Norway, it was certified Gold in Germany being the sixth golden record in a row. During the course of this ongoing success, in 1995, DJ BoBo represented Switzerland in the World Music Awards in Monaco, being the "World's Best Selling Swiss Artist of the Year". In the summer of 1995, DJ BoBo went on a tour which took place in most parts of Asia, which was followed by a promotional tour in Australia. Later that year, DJ BoBo travelled all over Europe performing in front of as many as 400,000 spectators. BoBo released his first ballad, "Love Is the Price", in January 1996, which was introduced in Thomas Gottschalk's TV show Wetten, dass..?. Later that year, DJ BoBo again ended up at the World Music Awards in Monaco for being the "World's Best Selling Swiss Artist of the Year", performing two songs back to back; "Freedom" (which was his eighth Gold record in a row in Germany) as well as his newly released ballad "Love Is the Price". 1996–1999: Established popularity The release of the album World in Motion in September 1996 proved not only DJ BoBo's consistent presence in the charts, but with this album, he managed to break all his previous records. It took only a few weeks for the album to reach the No. 3 position in Germany and be awarded Platinum for selling 500,000 units. In Switzerland, the album jumped from 0 to No. 1 and was awarded Double-Platinum for selling 100,000 units. It was ranked in the Top 40 albums of all-time, after remaining on the Swiss album chart for a staggering 67 weeks. Shortly after the release of World in Motion, DJ BoBo went on a promotional tour in Asia for 20 days, which was followed up by a one month-tour in Brazil, Chile, and Colombia. In April 1997, DJ BoBo received his third World Music Award in Monaco for being the "World's Best Selling Swiss Artist of the Year" where he performed his single "Respect Yourself". DJ BoBo maintained his original sound and experimented with new sounds and vocal arrangements when he introduced his singing skills first on his single "Where Is Your Love", which was released in March 1998. A month later, in April 1998, his album Magic was released which managed to stay in the No. 1 position for four consecutive weeks in his native country and earned him a Platinum award for sales of over 50,000 units. In Germany, the album peaked at No. 5 and spent total of 21 weeks on the chart, eventually earning the Swiss artist another Gold award for sales of over 250,000 units. In May of that the same year, BoBo received the World Music Award for being the "World's Best Selling Swiss Artist of the Year" for the fourth time. Soon after, his single "Celebrate" was released introducing his The Ultimate Megamix '99. During this time DJ BoBo and his crew were busy preparing for his "Life on Tour" concert as well as the shows of the Magic, which were watched by 250,000 people in 35 concert arenas in Europe. Shortly thereafter, DJ BoBo was rewarded with yet another World Music Award for being the "World's Best Selling Swiss Artist of the Year" for the fifth time in a row. 1999–2001 DJ BoBo's sixth album, Level 6, was released in October 1999 and immediately hit the No. 1 position in the Swiss album charts. It eventually went Platinum at his home as well as Gold in Germany for sales of over 150,000 units. Two singles were released off this album, "Together" and "Lies". DJ BoBo's success continued, as once again in the spring of 2000, he received yet another trophy at the World Music Award for the sixth time in a row for being Switzerland's "Best Selling Artist of the Year". With the help of his co-producer Axel Breitung, BoBo managed to complete his next album, Planet Colors, released on 5 February 2001. The first single, "What a Feeling", features American singer Irene Cara and is a cover version of Cara's original hit Flashdance... What a Feeling. It peaked at No. 2 in Switzerland, No. 11 in Austria, and No. 3 in Germany. Two other singles were followed: "Hard to Say I'm Sorry" and "Colors of Life". BoBo's tour "Planet Colors – The Show" was a big hit and was followed by more than one million spectators within Europe. 2001–2005: 10-year anniversary DJ BoBo in 2005 As a way of celebrating his 10-year anniversary in the music business, DJ BoBo made the cover version of Kool and the Gang's "Celebration", reviving it with modern instrumentation. The single was to represent his collection album consisting of previous hits, which he also entitled Celebration. The album Celebration, released in April 2002, comprised the previous hits all of which were re-recorded featuring mostly German renowned artists such as No Angels on "Where is Your Love", Melanie Thornton on "Love of My Life", Emilia on "Everybody", and A Touch of Class on "Together". Besides DJ BoBo being Switzerland's Best Selling Recording Artist at the World Music Awards in 2002 for the seventh time, in 2002, BoBo and co-producer Axel Breitung were recognised as the "Best Producers of 2001"during the Echo awards for being the most-talented musical team. DJ BoBo's next studio album called Visions, released in February 2003, brought a new side to his music, which aside from the usual dance-sounds, portrayed him with more acoustic elements. Examples of this are the songs "Angel" and "Do You Remember", wherein guitars replaced the usual synthesizers. The Album Visions peaked at No. 3 in Switzerland and eventually became a Platinum record in the country. In 2003, BoBo received yet another World Music Award for being Switzerland's Best Selling Artist of the year. One of BoBo's most successful singles turned out to be "Chihuahua", which was initially released in 2002 and later re-released Europe-wide. The track was produced upon the request of Coca-Cola in Spain, as they were in search of an artist who could produce an attention-drawing song for their new campaign. The track was completed within a period of ten days. It took only a couple of weeks for "Chihuahua" to reach No. 1 on the Spanish single chart. The song eventually reached No. 1 in both Switzerland and France. It was certified Platinum in Switzerland for sales of over 40,000 units, and in France reached a Diamond status for sales of over one million units. 2005–2008: Eurovision Song Contest and 10th World Music Award DJ BoBo (left) performing "Vampires Are Alive" in the Eurovision Song Contest 2007 semi-final BoBo's next studio album, Pirates of Dance, was released in February 2005, and included two singles called "Pirates of Dance" and "Amazing Life". The album shot straight to No. 1 in Switzerland. BoBo and his crew began the Pirates of Dance Tour in April 2005. They took off in Switzerland, followed by Germany and Poland, which concluded with two concerts in Disneyland and Paris. 2005 was the year that made DJ BoBo Switzerland's Best Selling Recording Artist of the Year for the 10th time. BoBo released his greatest hits album in 2006, which contained reworked versions of some of his previous songs, and some remaining in their original package. The single "Secrets of Love", which was released before the album, was a pop-dance duet with 1980s star Sandra. The song's music video was filmed at Disney Resort Paris. His greatest hits compilation eventually earned BoBo a Gold certification in Switzerland. On 11 October 2006, DJ BoBo announced in a press conference that he had applied to represent Switzerland at the Eurovision Song Contest 2007. In past years, Switzerland's entry had not always been a Swiss national. Most notably, Canadian Celine Dion won the Eurovision Song Contest 1988 representing Switzerland. In DJ BoBo's press conference, he told reporters that "It's a shame for Swiss tax payer money from the TV licence fees go to fund a foreign act, and the people should resist that." In December 2006, the Swiss TV council announced that they had chosen BoBo out of over 200 applicants to represent Switzerland in Helsinki, Finland. Following the selection, the council was criticised for not being fair towards lesser known Swiss artists. On 21 February 2007, DJ BoBo revealed both the song and the video for the contest: "Vampires Are Alive". Despite being one of the favorites to win the contest according to bookmakers, the song failed to get past the semi-final stage on 12 May. It finished twentieth out of 28 semi-finalists.DJ BoBo performing in 2008 DJ BoBo released his next album, Vampires, on 11 May 2007, which climbed as high as No. 2 on the Swiss album chart. The first single, "Vampires Are Alive", reached No. 3 in Switzerland and charted moderately in the rest of the German-speaking countries, but gained success in Finland, where it reached No. 7. Two other singles were released, "We Gotta Hold On" and "Because of You" off the album Vampires. In 2007, BoBo was chosen to sing the official 2008 UEFA European Football Championship song. On his website, BoBo presented a poll to choose which song out of two would be the official song. Eventually, "Olé Olé" was chosen over "Let the Games Begin". On 11 April 2008, "Olé Olé" was released as a single, being accompanied by an album called Olé Olé – Party. The album included five new songs, nine party hits, a medley, a newly remixed version of BoBo's hit "Everybody", and a new version of "Vampires Are Alive" titled "EAPM Remix". 2008–present DJ BoBo's album Fantasy was released on 26 February 2010. It peaked at No. 2 in Switzerland and was certified Gold for selling over 15,000 units. The two singles released off the album were "Superstar" and "This Is My Time". A new release from BoBo, entitled Dancing Las Vegas, was released on 25 November 2011. The album contains 13 tracks and comes with a DVD which is composed of six parts, including the video clip of the previously released single "Everybody's Gonna Dance". BoBo released another studio album called Circus on 10 January 2014, followed by Mystorial in 2016 and KaleidoLuna in 2018. As with BoBo's previous studio albums, Circus and Mystorial charted in the Top 5 in Switzerland, while KaleidoLuna charted at No. 9. Charitable work DJ BoBo became a United Nations World Food Programme National Ambassador Against Hunger in October 2006, becoming the first Swiss celebrity to take up the role. He was also a participant in the 2006 Geneva Walk the World event. Discography DJ BoBo in 2018 Main article: DJ BoBo discography Studio albums Dance with Me (1993) There Is a Party (1994) Just for You (1995) World in Motion (1996) Magic (1998) Level 6 (1999) The Ultimate Megamix '99 (1999) Planet Colors (2001) Celebration (2002) Visions (2003) Live in Concert (2003) Pirates of Dance (2005) Greatest Hits (2006) Sweet Christmas (2006) Vampires (2007) Olé Olé - The Party (2008) Fantasy (2010) Dancing Las Vegas (2011) Reloaded (2013) Circus (2014) Mystorial (2016) KaleidoLuna (2018) Remixes & Unreleased Tracks (2020) Evolut30n (2022) References ^ a b "Global Music Pulse: Switzerland". Billboard. 19 November 1994. Retrieved 11 January 2017. ^ "Das sind die Musik-Events 2010 in Köln". Koeln.de. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 31 October 2010. ^ a b c "VH1: DJ BoBo". VH1. Archived from the original on 28 October 2004. Retrieved 31 October 2010. ^ "Awards". djbobo.ch. Archived from the original on 16 December 2013. Retrieved 17 November 2013. ^ "DJ Bobo Vom Bäcker zum Popstar" (in German). 3sat.de. Retrieved 31 October 2010. ^ "DJ Bobo: Somebody Dance with Me" (in German). Hung Medien. Retrieved 30 October 2010. ^ "Top 100 Single Official Media Control: September 13, 1993" (in German). Charts.de. Retrieved 31 October 2010. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (DJ Bobo)" (in German). Bundesverband Musikindustrie. Retrieved 31 October 2010. ^ "DJ BoBo: Keep on Dancing". Swisscharts.com. ^ "Top 100 Single Official Media Control: September 27, 1993" (in German). Charts.de. Retrieved 31 October 2010. ^ "DJ BoBo: Take Control". Hung Medien. Retrieved 31 October 2010. ^ "Top 100 Single Official Media Control: August 8, 1994" (in German). Charts.de. Retrieved 31 October 2010. ^ a b c d e f g h "Hitparade.ch: Edelmetal". Hung Medien. Retrieved 16 March 2014. ^ "DJ BoBo: There is a Party". Hung Medien. Retrieved 9 November 2010. ^ "Chartverfolgung / DJ Bobo / Longplay". Musicline.de. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 9 November 2010. ^ "DJ BoBo-Let the Dream Come True". Swisscharts.com. ^ "Top 100 Single Official Media Control: October 24, 1994" (in German). Charts.de. Retrieved 31 October 2010. ^ "DJ BoBo: Love is All Around". Hung Medien. ^ "Top 100 Longplay-official Media Control: October 28, 1996" (in German). Charts.de. Retrieved 31 October 2010. ^ "DJ BoBo: World in Motion". Hung Medien. Retrieved 31 October 2010. ^ a b "Official: DJ Bobo enters Swiss selection". esctoday.com. Retrieved 19 March 2016. ^ "DJ Bobo: Magic". Hung Medien. Retrieved 31 October 2010. ^ "Chartverfolgung / DJ Bobo / Longplay" (in German). Musicline.de. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 10 November 2010. ^ "DJ BoBo & Irene Cara-What a Feeling". Swisscharts.com. ^ "German Top 20 – The Chart Of February 2001". Infinity Charts. ^ "Die Preisträger 2002" (in German). Echo Awards. Archived from the original on 27 July 2011. ^ "DJ BoBo: Visions". Hung Medien. Retrieved 9 November 2010. ^ "DJ BoBo-Chihuahua (Single)". Swisscharts.com. ^ "French single certifications – DJ Bobo – Chihuahua" (in French). Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique. Retrieved 19 January 2023. ^ "DJ BoBo-Pirates of Dance (Album)". Swisscharts.com. ^ "DJ BoBo: Vampires". Hung Medien. Retrieved 31 October 2010. ^ "DJ BoBo: Vampires Are Alive". Hung Medien. Retrieved 31 October 2010. ^ "Amazon.de: Dancing Las Vegas ". Amazon Germany. Retrieved 22 November 2011. ^ "Amazon.de: Everybody's Gonna Dance ". Amazon Germany. Retrieved 22 November 2011. ^ "Hitparade.ch:: DJ BoBo (Circus)". Hung Medien. Archived from the original on 18 February 2020. Retrieved 18 February 2019. ^ World Food Programme (25 October 2006). "DJ BoBo takes up the fight against world hunger for WFP". Retrieved 19 March 2016. ^ "DJ Bobo: Mystorial (CD) – jpc.de". www.jpc.de (in German). Retrieved 29 October 2022. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to DJ BoBo. Official website Preceded bysix4onewith "If We All Give a Little" Switzerland in the Eurovision Song Contest 2007 Succeeded byPaolo Meneguzziwith "Era stupendo" vteDJ BoBoDiscographyStudio albums There Is a Party (1994) Planet Colors (2001) Compilation albums Celebration (2002) Reloaded (2013) Singles "Somebody Dance with Me" "Keep On Dancing" "Take Control" "Everybody" "Let the Dream Come True "Love Is All Around" "There Is a Party" "Freedom" "Love Is the Price" "Pray" "Respect Yourself" "What a Feeling" "Chihuahua" "Secrets of Love" "Vampires Are Alive" vteSwitzerland in the Eurovision Song ContestParticipation 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1996 1997 1998 2000 2002 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Artists Lys Assia Daisy Auvray Marius Bear Barbara Berta DJ BoBo Jane Bogaert Annie Cotton Paola del Medico Henri Dès Franca di Rienzo Céline Dion Simone Drexel Duilio Egon Egemann Piero Esteriore and the MusicStars Mariella Farré Remo Forrer Furbaz Pino Gasparini Géraldine Gjon's Tears Luca Hänni Michael von der Heide Kathy Leander Pepe Lienhard Band Lovebugs Gianni Mascolo Véronique Müller Jean Philippe Francine Jordi Patrick Juvet Piera Martell Paolo Meneguzzi Nemo Esther Ofarim Madeleine Pascal Peter, Sue and Marc Pfuri, Gorps and Kniri Rainy Day Mélanie René Carol Rich Anna Rossinelli Rykka Sebalter Sandra Simó Daniela Simons Sinplus six4one Takasa Timebelle Anita Traversi Vanilla Ninja Carole Vinci Christa Williams Yovanna Zibbz Arlette Zola Songs "Das alte Karussell" "Amour on t'aime" "Apollo" "Bonjour, Bonjour" "Boys Do Cry" "Canzone per te" "Celebrate" "C'est la chanson de mon amour" "Cielo e terra" "Cinéma" "The Code" "Cool Vibes" "Dans le jardin de mon âme" "Dentro di me" "Djambo, Djambo" "L'Enfant que j'étais" "Era stupendo" "Giorgio" "Guardando il sole" "The Highest Heights" "Hunter of Stars" "I miei pensieri" "If We All Give a Little" "Il pleut de l'or" "In Love for a While" "Io così non ci sto" "Io senza te" "Les Illusions de nos vingt ans" "Irgendwoher" "Je vais me marier, Marie" "Lass ihn" "The Last of Our Kind" "Mikado" "Mein Ruf nach dir" "Mister Music Man" "Moi, tout simplement" "Moitié, moitié" "Mon cœur l'aime" "Musik klingt in die Welt hinaus" "Ne partez pas sans moi" "Ne vois-tu pas ?" "Non, à jamais sans toi" "Nous aurons demain" "Pas pour moi" "Piano, piano" "Quel cœur vas-tu briser ?" "Refrain" "Répondez-moi" "Retour" "Le Retour" "She Got Me" "Sto pregando" "Stones" "Swiss Lady" "T'en va pas" "Time to Shine" "Tout l'univers" "Trödler und Co" "Unbreakable" "Vampires Are Alive" "La vita cos'è?" "Viver senza tei" "Vivre" "Watergun "Welche Farbe hat der Sonnenschein?" "You and Me" Note: Entries scored out signify where Switzerland did not compete vteEurovision Song Contest 2007CountriesFinal Armenia Belarus Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Latvia Lithuania Macedonia Moldova Romania Russia Serbia Slovenia Spain Sweden Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Semi-final Albania Andorra Austria Belgium Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Iceland Israel Malta Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Switzerland ArtistsFinal 4Fun The Ark Natalia Barbu Bonaparti.lv Roger Cicero D'Nash Dervish Kenan Doğulu Les Fatals Picards Alenka Gotar Hayko Karolina Koldun Hanna Pakarinen Magdi Rúzsa Sarbel Verka Serduchka Serebro Marija Šerifović Marija Šestić Scooch Sopho Todomondo Elitsa Todorova and Stoyan Yankoulov Semi-final Anonymous DJ BoBo DQ Dragonfly feat. Dado Topić Evridiki Stevan Faddy Eiríkur Hauksson The Jet Set Kabát The KMG's Olivia Lewis Frederik Ndoci Gerli Padar Eric Papilaya Edsilia Rombley Sabrina Guri Schanke Teapacks SongsFinal "L'Amour à la française" "Anytime You Need" "Cvet z juga" "Dancing Lasha Tumbai" "Fight" "Flying the Flag (For You)" "Frauen regier'n die Welt" "I Love You Mi Vida" "Leave Me Alone" "Liubi, Liubi, I Love You" "Love or Leave" "Mojot svet" "Molitva" "Questa notte" "Rijeka bez imena" "Shake It Up Şekerim" "Song #1" "They Can't Stop the Spring" "Unsubstantial Blues" "Visionary Dream" "Water" "Work Your Magic" "The Worrying Kind" "Yassou Maria" Semi-final "'Ajde, kroči" "Comme ci, comme ça" "Dança comigo" "Drama Queen" "Get a Life – Get Alive" "Hear My Plea" "Love Power" "Malá dáma" "On Top of the World" "Partners in Crime" "Push the Button" "Salvem el món" "Time to Party" "Valentine Lost" "Vampires Are Alive" "Ven a bailar conmigo" "Vertigo" "Vjerujem u ljubav" Authority control databases International ISNI 2 VIAF WorldCat National Spain France BnF data Germany Finland United States Czech Republic Poland Artists MusicBrainz 2 Other SNAC IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Global_Music_Pulse:_Switzerland-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Das_sind_die_Musik-Events_2010_in_K%C3%B6ln-2"},{"link_name":"dance music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_music"},{"link_name":"Somebody Dance with Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somebody_Dance_with_Me"},{"link_name":"Rockwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockwell_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Somebody's Watching Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somebody%27s_Watching_Me"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VH1:_DJ_BoBo-3"},{"link_name":"Keep on Dancing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keep_on_Dancing_(DJ_BoBo_song)"},{"link_name":"Take Control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Take_Control_(DJ_BoBo_song)"},{"link_name":"Everybody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everybody_(DJ_BoBo_song)"},{"link_name":"Let the Dream Come True","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let_the_Dream_Come_True"},{"link_name":"Love Is All Around","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Is_All_Around_(DJ_BoBo_song)"},{"link_name":"Freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_(DJ_BoBo_song)"},{"link_name":"Pray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pray_(DJ_BoBo_song)"},{"link_name":"What a Feeling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flashdance..._What_a_Feeling"},{"link_name":"Chihuahua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chihuahua_(song)"},{"link_name":"Eurodance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurodance"},{"link_name":"rap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapping"},{"link_name":"World Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Awards-4"}],"text":"Musical artistPeter René Baumann (born 5 January 1968), better known under his stage name DJ BoBo, is a Swiss singer, songwriter, rapper, dancer, and music producer.[1] He has sold 14 million records worldwide and has released 12 studio albums as well as several compilation albums which have included his previous hits in a reworked format.[2] BoBo has also released 34 singles, some of which have charted high not only in German speaking countries, but also in other European territories.As a dance music producer, his first big success came with the single \"Somebody Dance with Me\", which borrows its melody from Rockwell's \"Somebody's Watching Me\".[3] BoBo charted with the singles \"Keep on Dancing\", \"Take Control\", \"Everybody\", \"Let the Dream Come True\", \"Love Is All Around\", \"Freedom\", \"Pray\", and \"What a Feeling\", as well as \"Chihuahua\", almost all of which comprised fast-paced Eurodance sound with female vocals and rap verses performed by BoBo.Between 1992 and 2007, he had 27 single chart hits in Switzerland and Germany and has won ten World Music Awards for being Switzerland's best selling artist.[4] BoBo has received numerous Gold and Platinum certifications for his releases and has found success in Europe (primarily Germany and Switzerland), Canada, Asia, and South America.","title":"DJ BoBo"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kölliken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6lliken"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DJ_Bobo_Vom_B%C3%A4cker_zum_Popstar-5"},{"link_name":"DJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disc_jockey"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VH1:_DJ_BoBo-3"}],"sub_title":"1985–1991: Early beginnings","text":"Peter René Baumann was born in Kölliken, Switzerland in 1968 to Italian father Luigi Cipriano and Swiss mother Ruth Baumann. Initially, Baumann wanted to work in the area of confectionery and bakery.[5] This, however, did not last long as his desire for dancing clicked with the development of breakdancing after his high school graduation. Having been involved in numerous dance-contests, Baumann managed to reach the Top 10 of the German dance-contest \"Disco Kings\" with his acrobatic dance style.Baumann began his DJ career in 1985, a year after which he was a runner-up in the Swiss DJ Championships.[3] He continued to work as a DJ at numerous night-clubs such as Don Paco and the Hazyland, both in Switzerland. He gained enough experience and later decided to produce his own record. His first single \"I Love You\" came out in late 1989 during which time he would still work as a DJ but focused on future releases of his own production. In 1991, DJ BoBo released two other singles, \"Ladies in the House\" and \"Let's Groove On\". The latter was a little more successful and even made it onto the first album.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Somebody Dance with Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somebody_Dance_with_Me"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VH1:_DJ_BoBo-3"},{"link_name":"Emel Aykanat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emel_Aykanat"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DJ_Bobo:_Somebody_Dance_with_Me-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Germany's_position_to_Somebody_Dance_with_Me-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-German_certifications_for_DJ_Bobo-8"},{"link_name":"Keep on Dancing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keep_on_Dancing_(DJ_BoBo_song)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DJ_BoBo:_Keep_on_Dancing-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Germany's_position_to_Keep_on_Dancing-10"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-German_certifications_for_DJ_Bobo-8"},{"link_name":"Take Control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Take_Control_(DJ_BoBo_song)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-German_certifications_for_DJ_Bobo-8"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Positions_for_Take_Control-11"},{"link_name":"one-hit wonders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-hit_wonder"},{"link_name":"Everybody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everybody_(DJ_BoBo_song)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-German_certifications_for_DJ_Bobo-8"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Germany's_position_to_Everybody-12"},{"link_name":"house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_music"},{"link_name":"hip hop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_hop"},{"link_name":"hip house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_house"},{"link_name":"There Is a Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/There_Is_a_Party"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-German_certifications_for_DJ_Bobo-8"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DJ_BoBo's_Swiss_certifications-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DJ_BoBo:_There_is_a_Party-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DJ_BoBo's_album_positions_for_Germany-15"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-German_certifications_for_DJ_Bobo-8"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DJ_BoBo-Let_the_Dream_Come_True-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Germany's_position_to_Let_the_Dream_Come_True-17"},{"link_name":"Love Is All Around","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Is_All_Around_(DJ_BoBo_song)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-German_certifications_for_DJ_Bobo-8"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DJ_BoBo:_Love_is_All_Around-18"},{"link_name":"World Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"Love Is the Price","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Is_the_Price"},{"link_name":"Thomas Gottschalk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Gottschalk"},{"link_name":"Wetten, dass..?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetten,_dass..%3F"},{"link_name":"Love Is the Price","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Is_the_Price"}],"sub_title":"1992–1996: Career breakthrough","text":"Baumann gained immense international popularity when he released his Europe-wide smash hit \"Somebody Dance with Me\" in November 1992.[3] Employing catchy refrains by Emel Aykanat as well as rap performance by himself, the single shot to number 1 in Switzerland and Sweden, while it landed in the Top 5 in numerous other European countries including Germany.[6][7] \"Somebody Dance with Me\" was certified Gold in Germany for selling well over 250,000 units.[8] His second hit, \"Keep on Dancing\", which followed the same technique as its predecessor, reached the Top 5 both in Switzerland and in Germany, and landed in the Top 10 in other parts of Europe.[9][10] The single reached Gold status in Germany for sales of 250,000 units.[8] The long-awaited album Dance with Me was released in October 1993 and remained in the charts all over Europe for quite some time, which was followed by another single, \"Take Control\", again from his debut album. It earned him yet another Gold award in Germany for sales of over 250,000 units, as the song also entered the Top 20 in numerous countries.[8][11] While DJ BoBo appeared to have already separated himself from one-hit wonders, he released his next single, \"Everybody\", in the summer of 1994, which climbed as high as No. 2 in Germany and was certified Platinum for selling 500,000 units there.[8][12] \"Everybody\" differed from the previously released singles in terms of its structure; it diverged from house, leaning towards a mixture of house and hip hop (\"hip house\"), with female vocalists performing the chorus and rap verses performed by BoBo.In the fall of 1994, his second studio album There Is a Party was released. While the album peaked at No. 4 in Switzerland where it was certified Platinum for selling over 50,000 units, it entered the Top 10 in Germany, where it spent total of 26 weeks on the chart, eventually reaching Gold status for selling over 250,000 units.[8][13][14][15] The single \"Let the Dream Come True\" from the album topped the charts in Switzerland and entered the Top 5 in Germany, where it was certified Gold for sales over 250,000 units.[8][16][17] While the follow-up second single, \"Love Is All Around\", entered the Top 20 in Switzerland, Austria, Belgium, Sweden, and Norway, it was certified Gold in Germany being the sixth golden record in a row.[8][18] During the course of this ongoing success, in 1995, DJ BoBo represented Switzerland in the World Music Awards in Monaco, being the \"World's Best Selling Swiss Artist of the Year\".In the summer of 1995, DJ BoBo went on a tour which took place in most parts of Asia, which was followed by a promotional tour in Australia. Later that year, DJ BoBo travelled all over Europe performing in front of as many as 400,000 spectators.BoBo released his first ballad, \"Love Is the Price\", in January 1996, which was introduced in Thomas Gottschalk's TV show Wetten, dass..?. Later that year, DJ BoBo again ended up at the World Music Awards in Monaco for being the \"World's Best Selling Swiss Artist of the Year\", performing two songs back to back; \"Freedom\" (which was his eighth Gold record in a row in Germany) as well as his newly released ballad \"Love Is the Price\".","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-German_certifications_for_DJ_Bobo-8"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Germany's_position_to_Word_in_Motion-19"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DJ_BoBo's_Swiss_certifications-13"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DJ_BoBo:_World_in_Moion-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Official:_DJ_Bobo_enters_Swiss_selection-21"},{"link_name":"Respect Yourself","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respect_Yourself_(DJ_BoBo_song)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DJ_BoBo's_Swiss_certifications-13"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DJ_Bobo:_Magic-22"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-German_certifications_for_DJ_Bobo-8"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DJ_Bobo's_album_positions_for_Germany-23"},{"link_name":"World Music Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Music_Awards"}],"sub_title":"1996–1999: Established popularity","text":"The release of the album World in Motion in September 1996 proved not only DJ BoBo's consistent presence in the charts, but with this album, he managed to break all his previous records. It took only a few weeks for the album to reach the No. 3 position in Germany and be awarded Platinum for selling 500,000 units.[8][19] In Switzerland, the album jumped from 0 to No. 1 and was awarded Double-Platinum for selling 100,000 units. It was ranked in the Top 40 albums of all-time, after remaining on the Swiss album chart for a staggering 67 weeks.[13][20][21] Shortly after the release of World in Motion, DJ BoBo went on a promotional tour in Asia for 20 days, which was followed up by a one month-tour in Brazil, Chile, and Colombia.In April 1997, DJ BoBo received his third World Music Award in Monaco for being the \"World's Best Selling Swiss Artist of the Year\" where he performed his single \"Respect Yourself\".DJ BoBo maintained his original sound and experimented with new sounds and vocal arrangements when he introduced his singing skills first on his single \"Where Is Your Love\", which was released in March 1998. A month later, in April 1998, his album Magic was released which managed to stay in the No. 1 position for four consecutive weeks in his native country and earned him a Platinum award for sales of over 50,000 units.[13][22] In Germany, the album peaked at No. 5 and spent total of 21 weeks on the chart, eventually earning the Swiss artist another Gold award for sales of over 250,000 units.[8][23]In May of that the same year, BoBo received the World Music Award for being the \"World's Best Selling Swiss Artist of the Year\" for the fourth time. Soon after, his single \"Celebrate\" was released introducing his The Ultimate Megamix '99. During this time DJ BoBo and his crew were busy preparing for his \"Life on Tour\" concert as well as the shows of the Magic, which were watched by 250,000 people in 35 concert arenas in Europe. Shortly thereafter, DJ BoBo was rewarded with yet another World Music Award for being the \"World's Best Selling Swiss Artist of the Year\" for the fifth time in a row.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-German_certifications_for_DJ_Bobo-8"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DJ_BoBo's_Swiss_certifications-13"},{"link_name":"Irene Cara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irene_Cara"},{"link_name":"Flashdance... What a Feeling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flashdance..._What_a_Feeling"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DJ_BoBo_&_Irene_Cara-What_a_Feeling-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-German_Top_20_-_The_Chart_Of_February_2001-25"}],"sub_title":"1999–2001","text":"DJ BoBo's sixth album, Level 6, was released in October 1999 and immediately hit the No. 1 position in the Swiss album charts. It eventually went Platinum at his home as well as Gold in Germany for sales of over 150,000 units.[8][13] Two singles were released off this album, \"Together\" and \"Lies\". DJ BoBo's success continued, as once again in the spring of 2000, he received yet another trophy at the World Music Award for the sixth time in a row for being Switzerland's \"Best Selling Artist of the Year\".With the help of his co-producer Axel Breitung, BoBo managed to complete his next album, Planet Colors, released on 5 February 2001. The first single, \"What a Feeling\", features American singer Irene Cara and is a cover version of Cara's original hit Flashdance... What a Feeling. It peaked at No. 2 in Switzerland, No. 11 in Austria, and No. 3 in Germany.[24][25] Two other singles were followed: \"Hard to Say I'm Sorry\" and \"Colors of Life\". BoBo's tour \"Planet Colors – The Show\" was a big hit and was followed by more than one million spectators within Europe.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DJ_Bobo_K%C3%B6ln_2005.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kool and the Gang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kool_and_the_Gang"},{"link_name":"No Angels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Angels"},{"link_name":"Melanie Thornton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanie_Thornton"},{"link_name":"Emilia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilia_Rydberg"},{"link_name":"A Touch of Class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Touch_of_Class_(band)"},{"link_name":"Echo awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECHO_(music_award)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Die_Preistr%C3%A4ger_2002-26"},{"link_name":"synthesizers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthesizer"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DJ_BoBo's_Swiss_certifications-13"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DJ_BoBo:_Visions-27"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DJ_BoBo-Chihuahua_(Single)-28"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DJ_BoBo's_Swiss_certifications-13"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Diamond_Singles_Certifications_for_France-29"}],"sub_title":"2001–2005: 10-year anniversary","text":"DJ BoBo in 2005As a way of celebrating his 10-year anniversary in the music business, DJ BoBo made the cover version of Kool and the Gang's \"Celebration\", reviving it with modern instrumentation. The single was to represent his collection album consisting of previous hits, which he also entitled Celebration. The album Celebration, released in April 2002, comprised the previous hits all of which were re-recorded featuring mostly German renowned artists such as No Angels on \"Where is Your Love\", Melanie Thornton on \"Love of My Life\", Emilia on \"Everybody\", and A Touch of Class on \"Together\". Besides DJ BoBo being Switzerland's Best Selling Recording Artist at the World Music Awards in 2002 for the seventh time, in 2002, BoBo and co-producer Axel Breitung were recognised as the \"Best Producers of 2001\"during the Echo awards for being the most-talented musical team.[26]DJ BoBo's next studio album called Visions, released in February 2003, brought a new side to his music, which aside from the usual dance-sounds, portrayed him with more acoustic elements. Examples of this are the songs \"Angel\" and \"Do You Remember\", wherein guitars replaced the usual synthesizers. The Album Visions peaked at No. 3 in Switzerland and eventually became a Platinum record in the country.[13][27] In 2003, BoBo received yet another World Music Award for being Switzerland's Best Selling Artist of the year.One of BoBo's most successful singles turned out to be \"Chihuahua\", which was initially released in 2002 and later re-released Europe-wide. The track was produced upon the request of Coca-Cola in Spain, as they were in search of an artist who could produce an attention-drawing song for their new campaign. The track was completed within a period of ten days.[citation needed] It took only a couple of weeks for \"Chihuahua\" to reach No. 1 on the Spanish single chart. The song eventually reached No. 1 in both Switzerland and France.[28] It was certified Platinum in Switzerland for sales of over 40,000 units, and in France reached a Diamond status for sales of over one million units.[13][29]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ESC_2007_Switzerland_-_DJ_Bobo_-_Vampires_are_alive.jpg"},{"link_name":"Vampires Are Alive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vampires_Are_Alive"},{"link_name":"Eurovision Song Contest 2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2007"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DJ_BoBo-Pirates_of_Dance_(Album)-30"},{"link_name":"Disneyland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disneyland"},{"link_name":"Secrets of Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secrets_of_Love"},{"link_name":"duet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duet"},{"link_name":"Sandra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandra_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Disney Resort Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney_Resort_Paris"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DJ_BoBo's_Swiss_certifications-13"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest"},{"link_name":"Eurovision Song Contest 2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2007"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Official:_DJ_Bobo_enters_Swiss_selection-21"},{"link_name":"Celine Dion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celine_Dion"},{"link_name":"Eurovision Song Contest 1988","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1988"},{"link_name":"Helsinki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsinki"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Vampires Are Alive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vampires_Are_Alive"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"which?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DJ_BoBo_HagenU.jpg"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DJ_BoBo:_Vampires-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DJ_BoBo:_Vampires_Are_Alive-32"},{"link_name":"2008 UEFA European Football Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2008"},{"link_name":"medley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medley_(music)"}],"sub_title":"2005–2008: Eurovision Song Contest and 10th World Music Award","text":"DJ BoBo (left) performing \"Vampires Are Alive\" in the Eurovision Song Contest 2007 semi-finalBoBo's next studio album, Pirates of Dance, was released in February 2005, and included two singles called \"Pirates of Dance\" and \"Amazing Life\". The album shot straight to No. 1 in Switzerland.[30] BoBo and his crew began the Pirates of Dance Tour in April 2005. They took off in Switzerland, followed by Germany and Poland, which concluded with two concerts in Disneyland and Paris. 2005 was the year that made DJ BoBo Switzerland's Best Selling Recording Artist of the Year for the 10th time.BoBo released his greatest hits album in 2006, which contained reworked versions of some of his previous songs, and some remaining in their original package. The single \"Secrets of Love\", which was released before the album, was a pop-dance duet with 1980s star Sandra. The song's music video was filmed at Disney Resort Paris. His greatest hits compilation eventually earned BoBo a Gold certification in Switzerland.[13]On 11 October 2006, DJ BoBo announced in a press conference that he had applied to represent Switzerland at the Eurovision Song Contest 2007.[21]In past years, Switzerland's entry had not always been a Swiss national. Most notably, Canadian Celine Dion won the Eurovision Song Contest 1988 representing Switzerland. In DJ BoBo's press conference, he told reporters that \"It's a shame for Swiss tax payer money from the TV licence fees go to fund a foreign act, and the people should resist that.\"In December 2006, the Swiss TV council announced that they had chosen BoBo out of over 200 applicants to represent Switzerland in Helsinki, Finland. Following the selection, the council was criticised for not being fair towards lesser known Swiss artists.[citation needed] On 21 February 2007, DJ BoBo revealed both the song and the video for the contest: \"Vampires Are Alive\". Despite being one of the favorites to win the contest[citation needed] according to bookmakers[which?], the song failed to get past the semi-final stage on 12 May. It finished twentieth out of 28 semi-finalists.DJ BoBo performing in 2008DJ BoBo released his next album, Vampires, on 11 May 2007, which climbed as high as No. 2 on the Swiss album chart.[31] The first single, \"Vampires Are Alive\", reached No. 3 in Switzerland and charted moderately in the rest of the German-speaking countries, but gained success in Finland, where it reached No. 7.[32] Two other singles were released, \"We Gotta Hold On\" and \"Because of You\" off the album Vampires.In 2007, BoBo was chosen to sing the official 2008 UEFA European Football Championship song. On his website, BoBo presented a poll to choose which song out of two would be the official song. Eventually, \"Olé Olé\" was chosen over \"Let the Games Begin\". On 11 April 2008, \"Olé Olé\" was released as a single, being accompanied by an album called Olé Olé – Party. The album included five new songs, nine party hits, a medley, a newly remixed version of BoBo's hit \"Everybody\", and a new version of \"Vampires Are Alive\" titled \"EAPM Remix\".","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DJ_BoBo's_Swiss_certifications-13"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Amazon.de:_Dancing_Las_Vegas_[CD+DVD]-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"sub_title":"2008–present","text":"DJ BoBo's album Fantasy was released on 26 February 2010. It peaked at No. 2 in Switzerland and was certified Gold for selling over 15,000 units.[13] The two singles released off the album were \"Superstar\" and \"This Is My Time\".A new release from BoBo, entitled Dancing Las Vegas, was released on 25 November 2011.[33] The album contains 13 tracks and comes with a DVD which is composed of six parts, including the video clip of the previously[34] released single \"Everybody's Gonna Dance\".BoBo released another studio album called Circus on 10 January 2014, followed by Mystorial in 2016 and KaleidoLuna in 2018. As with BoBo's previous studio albums, Circus and Mystorial charted in the Top 5 in Switzerland, while KaleidoLuna charted at No. 9.[35]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World Food Programme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Food_Programme"},{"link_name":"Walk the World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fight_Hunger"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"text":"DJ BoBo became a United Nations World Food Programme National Ambassador Against Hunger in October 2006, becoming the first Swiss celebrity to take up the role. He was also a participant in the 2006 Geneva Walk the World event.[36]","title":"Charitable work"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dj_bobo.jpg"},{"link_name":"There Is a Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/There_Is_a_Party"},{"link_name":"World in Motion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_in_Motion_(DJ_BoBo_album)"},{"link_name":"Planet Colors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet_Colors"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"text":"DJ BoBo in 2018Studio albumsDance with Me (1993)\nThere Is a Party (1994)\nJust for You (1995)\nWorld in Motion (1996)\nMagic (1998)\nLevel 6 (1999)\nThe Ultimate Megamix '99 (1999)\nPlanet Colors (2001)\nCelebration (2002)\nVisions (2003)\nLive in Concert (2003)\nPirates of Dance (2005)\nGreatest Hits (2006)\nSweet Christmas (2006)\nVampires (2007)\nOlé Olé - The Party (2008)\nFantasy (2010)\nDancing Las Vegas (2011)\nReloaded (2013)\nCircus (2014)\nMystorial (2016)[37]\nKaleidoLuna (2018)\nRemixes & Unreleased Tracks (2020)\nEvolut30n (2022)","title":"Discography"}]
[{"image_text":"DJ BoBo in 2005","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/DJ_Bobo_K%C3%B6ln_2005.jpg/220px-DJ_Bobo_K%C3%B6ln_2005.jpg"},{"image_text":"DJ BoBo (left) performing \"Vampires Are Alive\" in the Eurovision Song Contest 2007 semi-final","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/ESC_2007_Switzerland_-_DJ_Bobo_-_Vampires_are_alive.jpg/260px-ESC_2007_Switzerland_-_DJ_Bobo_-_Vampires_are_alive.jpg"},{"image_text":"DJ BoBo performing in 2008","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/DJ_BoBo_HagenU.jpg/170px-DJ_BoBo_HagenU.jpg"},{"image_text":"DJ BoBo in 2018","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Dj_bobo.jpg/300px-Dj_bobo.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Global Music Pulse: Switzerland\". Billboard. 19 November 1994. Retrieved 11 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZggEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA45","url_text":"\"Global Music Pulse: Switzerland\""}]},{"reference":"\"Das sind die Musik-Events 2010 in Köln\". Koeln.de. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 31 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110716024937/http://www.koeln.de/koeln/das_sind_die_musikevents_2010_in_koeln_261235.html","url_text":"\"Das sind die Musik-Events 2010 in Köln\""},{"url":"http://www.koeln.de/koeln/das_sind_die_musikevents_2010_in_koeln_261235.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"VH1: DJ BoBo\". VH1. Archived from the original on 28 October 2004. Retrieved 31 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20041028135046/http://www.vh1.com/artists/az/bobo_dj/bio.jhtml","url_text":"\"VH1: DJ BoBo\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VH1","url_text":"VH1"},{"url":"http://www.vh1.com/artists/az/bobo_dj/bio.jhtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Awards\". djbobo.ch. Archived from the original on 16 December 2013. Retrieved 17 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131216171628/http://www.djbobo.ch/biografie/auszeichnungen/","url_text":"\"Awards\""},{"url":"http://www.djbobo.ch/biografie/auszeichnungen/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"DJ Bobo Vom Bäcker zum Popstar\" (in German). 3sat.de. Retrieved 31 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.3sat.de/page/?source=/musik/147580/index.html","url_text":"\"DJ Bobo Vom Bäcker zum Popstar\""}]},{"reference":"\"DJ Bobo: Somebody Dance with Me\" (in German). Hung Medien. Retrieved 30 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.swisscharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=DJ+Bobo&titel=Somebody+Dance+With+Me&cat=s","url_text":"\"DJ Bobo: Somebody Dance with Me\""}]},{"reference":"\"Top 100 Single Official Media Control: September 13, 1993\" (in German). Charts.de. Retrieved 31 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.officialcharts.de/charts.asp?cat=s&country=de&year=1993&date=19930913&x=12&y=11","url_text":"\"Top 100 Single Official Media Control: September 13, 1993\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (DJ Bobo)\" (in German). Bundesverband Musikindustrie. Retrieved 31 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.musikindustrie.de/wie-musik-zur-karriere-werden-kann/markt-bestseller/gold-/platin-und-diamond-auszeichnung/datenbank/?action=suche&strTitel=&strInterpret=DJ+Bobo&strTtArt=alle&strAwards=checked","url_text":"\"Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (DJ Bobo)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesverband_Musikindustrie","url_text":"Bundesverband Musikindustrie"}]},{"reference":"\"DJ BoBo: Keep on Dancing\". Swisscharts.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.swisscharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=DJ+Bobo&titel=Keep+On+Dancing%21&cat=s","url_text":"\"DJ BoBo: Keep on Dancing\""}]},{"reference":"\"Top 100 Single Official Media Control: September 27, 1993\" (in German). Charts.de. Retrieved 31 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.officialcharts.de/charts.asp?cat=s&country=de&year=1993&date=19930927&x=28&y=15","url_text":"\"Top 100 Single Official Media Control: September 27, 1993\""}]},{"reference":"\"DJ BoBo: Take Control\". Hung Medien. 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Hung Medien.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.swisscharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=DJ+Bobo&titel=Love+Is+All+Around&cat=s","url_text":"\"DJ BoBo: Love is All Around\""}]},{"reference":"\"Top 100 Longplay-official Media Control: October 28, 1996\" (in German). Charts.de. Retrieved 31 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.officialcharts.de/charts.asp?cat=a&country=de&year=1996&date=19961028&x=36&y=15","url_text":"\"Top 100 Longplay-official Media Control: October 28, 1996\""}]},{"reference":"\"DJ BoBo: World in Motion\". Hung Medien. Retrieved 31 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.swisscharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=DJ+Bobo&titel=World+In+Motion&cat=a","url_text":"\"DJ BoBo: World in Motion\""}]},{"reference":"\"Official: DJ Bobo enters Swiss selection\". esctoday.com. Retrieved 19 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://esctoday.com/6509/official_dj_bobo_enters_swiss_selection/","url_text":"\"Official: DJ Bobo enters Swiss selection\""}]},{"reference":"\"DJ Bobo: Magic\". Hung Medien. Retrieved 31 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.swisscharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=DJ+Bobo&titel=Magic&cat=a","url_text":"\"DJ Bobo: Magic\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chartverfolgung / DJ Bobo / Longplay\" (in German). Musicline.de. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 10 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303190036/http://www.musicline.de/de/chartverfolgung_summary/artist/DJ+Bobo/?type=longplay","url_text":"\"Chartverfolgung / DJ Bobo / Longplay\""},{"url":"http://www.musicline.de/de/chartverfolgung_summary/artist/DJ+Bobo/?type=longplay","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"DJ BoBo & Irene Cara-What a Feeling\". Swisscharts.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.swisscharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=DJ+Bobo+%26+Irene+Cara&titel=What+A+Feeling&cat=s","url_text":"\"DJ BoBo & Irene Cara-What a Feeling\""}]},{"reference":"\"German Top 20 – The Chart Of February 2001\". Infinity Charts.","urls":[{"url":"http://ki.informatik.uni-wuerzburg.de/~topsi/deu2001/deu_feb01.html","url_text":"\"German Top 20 – The Chart Of February 2001\""}]},{"reference":"\"Die Preisträger 2002\" (in German). Echo Awards. Archived from the original on 27 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20110727095508/http://www.echopop.de/der_echo/die_preistraeger?eid=4","url_text":"\"Die Preisträger 2002\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echo_Awards","url_text":"Echo Awards"},{"url":"http://www.echopop.de/der_echo/die_preistraeger?eid=4","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"DJ BoBo: Visions\". Hung Medien. Retrieved 9 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.swisscharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=DJ+Bobo&titel=Visions&cat=a","url_text":"\"DJ BoBo: Visions\""}]},{"reference":"\"DJ BoBo-Chihuahua (Single)\". Swisscharts.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.swisscharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=DJ+Bobo&titel=Chihuahua&cat=s","url_text":"\"DJ BoBo-Chihuahua (Single)\""}]},{"reference":"\"French single certifications – DJ Bobo – Chihuahua\" (in French). Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique. Retrieved 19 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://snepmusique.com/les-certifications/?categorie=Tout&interprete=DJ+Bobo&titre=Chihuahua","url_text":"\"French single certifications – DJ Bobo – Chihuahua\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndicat_National_de_l%27%C3%89dition_Phonographique","url_text":"Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique"}]},{"reference":"\"DJ BoBo-Pirates of Dance (Album)\". Swisscharts.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.swisscharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=DJ+Bobo&titel=Pirates+Of+Dance&cat=a","url_text":"\"DJ BoBo-Pirates of Dance (Album)\""}]},{"reference":"\"DJ BoBo: Vampires\". Hung Medien. Retrieved 31 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.swisscharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=DJ+Bobo&titel=Vampires&cat=a","url_text":"\"DJ BoBo: Vampires\""}]},{"reference":"\"DJ BoBo: Vampires Are Alive\". Hung Medien. Retrieved 31 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.swisscharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=DJ+Bobo&titel=Vampires+Are+Alive&cat=s","url_text":"\"DJ BoBo: Vampires Are Alive\""}]},{"reference":"\"Amazon.de: Dancing Las Vegas [CD+DVD]\". Amazon Germany. Retrieved 22 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.de/Dancing-Las-Vegas-DJ-Bobo/dp/B005RYF4OG/ref=sr_1_1?s=music&ie=UTF8&qid=1322018624&sr=1-1","url_text":"\"Amazon.de: Dancing Las Vegas [CD+DVD]\""}]},{"reference":"\"Amazon.de: Everybody's Gonna Dance [Single]\". Amazon Germany. Retrieved 22 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.de/Everybodys-Gonna-Dance-DJ-BOBO/dp/B005XY9KKE/ref=sr_1_3?s=music&ie=UTF8&qid=1322018624&sr=1-3","url_text":"\"Amazon.de: Everybody's Gonna Dance [Single]\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hitparade.ch:: DJ BoBo (Circus)\". Hung Medien. Archived from the original on 18 February 2020. Retrieved 18 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.swisscharts.com/album/DJ-BoBo/Circus-234418","url_text":"\"Hitparade.ch:: DJ BoBo (Circus)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200218022255/http://www.swisscharts.com/album/DJ-BoBo/Circus-234418","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"World Food Programme (25 October 2006). \"DJ BoBo takes up the fight against world hunger for WFP\". Retrieved 19 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Food_Programme","url_text":"World Food Programme"},{"url":"http://www.wfp.org/node/487","url_text":"\"DJ BoBo takes up the fight against world hunger for WFP\""}]},{"reference":"\"DJ Bobo: Mystorial (CD) – jpc.de\". www.jpc.de (in German). Retrieved 29 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jpc.de/jpcng/poprock/detail/-/art/dj-bobo-mystorial/hnum/4272835","url_text":"\"DJ Bobo: Mystorial (CD) – jpc.de\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscount_Peel
Earl Peel
["1 History","2 Viscounts Peel (1895)","3 Earls Peel (1929)","4 Peel baronets, of Drayton Manor and Bury (1800)","5 Other notable members of the Peel family","6 Title succession chart","7 Line of succession","8 References"]
Earldom in the Peerage of the United Kingdom Earl Peel Blazon Arms: Argent, three Sheaves of three Arrows proper, two and one banded Gules, on a Chief Azure, a Bee volant Or. Crest: A Demi-Lion rampant Argent, gorged with a Collar Azure, charged with three Bezants, holding between the paws a Shuttle Or. Supporters: Dexter: A Lion reguardant Argent. Sinister: A Gryphon reguardent Or. Both gorged with a Chain Or, pendent therefrom an Escutcheon Azure, charged with a Mace erect Or. Note:The Martlet for difference was only on the arms until the 2nd Earl inherited the baronetcy in 1942. Creation date10 July 1929Created byKing George VPeeragePeerage of the United KingdomFirst holderWilliam Peel, 1st Earl PeelPresent holderWilliam Peel, 3rd Earl PeelHeir apparentAshton Peel, Viscount ClanfieldRemainder tothe 1st Earl's heirs maleSubsidiary titlesViscount PeelViscount ClanfieldBaronet ‘of Drayton Manor’StatusExtantMottoINDUSTRIA (With industry) Sir Robert Peel, 2nd Baronet. Earl Peel is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. The Peel family descends from Robert Peel, eldest son of a wealthy cotton merchant. The family lands, known as Drayton Manor, in the County of Stafford would become more commonly known in modern-day as an amusement park. The family seat is Elmire House, near Ripon, North Yorkshire. History The earldom was created in 1929 for the Conservative Party politician William Peel, 2nd Viscount Peel, who was Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster 1921–1922, Secretary of State for India 1921–1922 and 1928–1929, and First Commissioner of Works 1924–1928. At the same time, he was created Viscount Clanfield, of Clanfield in the County of Southampton, also in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. He was the son of Arthur Peel, 1st Viscount Peel, who served as Speaker of the House of Commons between 1884 and 1895, and who was created Viscount Peel, of Sandy in the County of Bedford, in the Peerage of the United Kingdom in 1895. The first Viscount Peel was the fifth son of Prime Minister Sir Robert Peel, 2nd Baronet, of Drayton Manor (see below for earlier history of the family). The first Earl was succeeded by his son, Arthur Peel, 2nd Earl Peel. In 1942, he succeeded his second cousin once removed as seventh Baronet, of Drayton Manor. The second Earl later served as Lord-Lieutenant of Lancashire from 1948 to 2 January 1951. As of 2017 the titles are held by his son, William Peel, 3rd Earl Peel, who succeeded in 1969. He is one of the ninety elected hereditary peers that remain in the House of Lords after the passing of the House of Lords Act 1999, and sits as a cross-bencher. The third Earl was Lord Warden of the Stannaries from 1994 to 2006 and was Lord Chamberlain of the Household from 2006 to 2021. The Peel family descends from Robert Peel, who established a calico-printing firm in Blackburn in 1764. His eldest son, Robert Peel, was a wealthy cotton merchant and also sat as Member of Parliament for Tamworth from 1790 to 1818. In 1800 he was created a Baronet, of Drayton Manor in the County of Stafford and of Bury in the County Palatine of Lancaster, in the Baronetage of Great Britain. He was succeeded by his eldest son, Sir Robert Peel, 2nd Baronet, the noted statesman. He was Home Secretary 1822–1827 and 1828–1830, Chancellor of the Exchequer 1834–1835 and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom 1834–1835 and 1841–1846, and is best remembered for creating the modern concept of the police force while Home Secretary. The police, first known as Peelers, are still commonly referred to as Bobbies, in his name. He is also known for overseeing the formation of the Conservative Party out of the shattered Tory Party, and for the repeal of the Corn Laws. Peel died after a fall from his horse on Constitution Hill in London. He was succeeded by his eldest son, the third Baronet. He was also a politician and served as a Lord of the Admiralty from 1852 to 1857 and as Chief Secretary for Ireland from 1861 to 1865. His grandson, the fifth Baronet, married the actress and comedian Beatrice Lillie. Their only son, the sixth Baronet, was an ordinary seaman in the Royal Navy and was killed in action in April 1942, aged only twenty-one. On his death the line of the eldest son of the second Baronet failed and the title was inherited by his second cousin once removed, the second Earl Peel, who became the seventh Baronet. See above for further history of the title. Viscounts Peel (1895) Arthur Wellesley Peel, 1st Viscount Peel (1829–1912) William Robert Wellesley Peel, 2nd Viscount Peel (1867–1937) (created Earl Peel in 1929) Earls Peel (1929) William Robert Wellesley Peel, 1st Earl Peel (1867–1937) Arthur William Ashton Peel, 2nd Earl Peel (1901–1969) (succeeded as the 7th Baronet in 1942) William James Robert Peel, 3rd Earl Peel and 8th Baronet (born 1947) The heir apparent is the present holder's son, Ashton Robert Gerard Peel, Viscount Clanfield (born 1976). The heir apparent's heir apparent is his son, the Hon. Nicholas Robert William Peel (born 2015). Peel baronets, of Drayton Manor and Bury (1800) Sir Robert Peel, 1st Baronet (1750–1830) Sir Robert Peel, 2nd Baronet (1788–1850) Sir Robert Peel, 3rd Baronet (1822–1895) Sir Robert Peel, 4th Baronet (1867–1925) Sir Robert Peel, 5th Baronet (1898–1934) Sir Robert Peel, 6th Baronet (1920–1942) See above for further succession. Other notable members of the Peel family Several other members of the Peel family have also gained distinction: Sir Lawrence Peel (1801–1865), son of Joseph Peel, younger brother of the first Baronet, was Chief Justice of the Supreme Court at Calcutta from 1842 to 1855 and was admitted to the Privy Council in 1856. William Yates Peel (1789–1858, second son of the first Baronet, was a politician and served as Under-Secretary of State for Home Affairs from 1828 to 1830. Jonathan Peel (1799–1879), fifth son of the first Baronet, was a general in the Army and Conservative politician. He was Secretary of State for War from 1858 to 1859 and 1866 to 1867. Edmund Yates Peel (1824–1900, son of Jonathan above), a lieutenant-colonel in the Army, who was the father of Frederick Peel, a colonel in the Army. Archibald Peel (1828–1910, son of Jonathan above), who was the father of Edward John Russell Peel (1869–1939), a brigadier-general in the Army, John Peel (1829–1892, son of Jonathan above), a lieutenant-general in the Army. Sir Charles Lennox Peel (1823–1899), Clerk of the Council, was the son of Laurence Peel, sixth son of the first Baronet. Sir Frederick Peel (1823–1906), second son of the second Baronet, was a politician and Chief Railway Commissioner. Sir William Peel (1824–1858), third son of the second Baronet, was a captain in the Royal Navy. Maj. Hon. George Peel (1869–1956), second son of the first Viscount, a Member of Parliament and writer on politics and economics. Sir Sidney Peel (1870–1938), third son of the first Viscount, sat as Member of Parliament for Uxbridge and was created a baronet in 1936 (see Peel baronets). Abram Peel (1864–1919), elected Lord Mayor of Bradford in November 1916. Title succession chart Title succession chart, Peel baronets, Viscounts Peel and Earls Peel. Peel baronetcyof Drayton Manorand Bury Sir Robert Peel1st Baronet1750–1830 Sir Robert Peel2nd BaronetPrime Minister ofthe United Kingdom1788–1850 Viscount Peel Sir Robert Peel3rd Baronet1822–1895Sir Frederick Peel1823–1906Capt.Sir William Peel1824–1858John Peel1827–1910Arthur Peel1st Viscount Peel1829–1912 Earl PeelPeel baronetcyof Eyeworth Sir Robert Peel4th Baronet1867–1925William Peel1st Earl Peel2nd Viscount Peel1867–1937Sir Sidney Peel1st Baronet1870–1938 Baronetcy extinct Sir Robert Peel5th Baronet1898–1934Arthur Peel2nd Earl Peel7th Baronet1901–1969 Sir Robert Peel6th Baronet1920–1942William Peel3rd Earl Peelborn 1947 Baronetcy inheritedby the 2nd Earl Peel Ashton PeelViscount Clanfieldborn 1976 Hon.Nicholas Peelborn 2015 Line of succession Arthur Wellesley Peel, 1st Viscount Peel (1829–1912) William Robert Wellesley Peel, 1st Earl Peel (1867–1937) Arthur William Ashton Peel, 2nd Earl Peel (1901–1969) William James Robert Peel, 3rd Earl Peel (born 1947) (1) Ashton Robert Gerard Peel, Viscount Clanfield (born 1976) (2) Hon. Nicholas Robert William Peel (born 2015) (3) Hon. Robert Michael Arthur Peel (born 1950) Rev. Hon. Maurice Berkeley Peel (1873–1917) Maj. David Arthur Peel (1910–1944) Jonathan Sidney Peel (1937–2014) (4) Robert Denis Peel (born 1976) (5) Charles David Peel (born 1940) (6) Thomas David Peel (born 1975) #4–6 are in line for the viscounty and the baronetcy, but not the earldom. References ^ Debrett's, 2015, p. 965. ^ "No. 33518". The London Gazette. 19 July 1929. p. 4762. ^ "No. 26624". The London Gazette. 14 May 1895. p. 2773. ^ "The Queen carries out first duty since Prince Philip's death". BBC. 14 April 2021. Retrieved 9 November 2021. ^ "No. 15307". The London Gazette. 1 November 1800. p. 1244. Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990. Leigh Rayment's Peerage Pages Lee, Sidney, ed. (1895). "Peel, Robert (1750-1830)" . Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 44. London: Smith, Elder & Co. vteExtant earldoms in the peerages of Britain and IrelandEngland Shrewsbury Derby Huntingdon Pembroke Devon Lincoln Suffolk Montgomery Denbigh Westmorland Berkshire Lindsey Winchelsea Sandwich Essex Carlisle Shaftesbury Nottingham Abingdon Portland Scarbrough Albemarle Coventry Jersey Scotland Sutherland Crawford Mar Erroll Caithness Morton Rothes Buchan Eglinton Moray Mar Home Perth Strathmore and Kinghorne Kellie Haddington Galloway Lauderdale Lindsay Loudoun Kinnoull Elgin Wemyss Dalhousie Airlie Leven Dysart Selkirk Northesk Kincardine Balcarres Newburgh Dundee Annandale and Hartfell Dundonald Kintore Dunmore Melville Orkney March Seafield Stair Rosebery Glasgow Great Britain Ferrers Dartmouth Tankerville Aylesford Macclesfield Waldegrave Harrington Portsmouth Brooke Buckinghamshire Guilford Hardwicke Ilchester Warwick De La Warr Radnor Spencer Bathurst Clarendon Mansfield Talbot Mount Edgcumbe Fortescue Mansfield Carnarvon Cadogan Malmesbury Ireland Waterford Cork Westmeath Meath Desmond Cavan Orrery Drogheda Granard Darnley Bessborough Carrick Shannon Arran Courtown Mexborough Winterton Kingston Roden Lisburne Clanwilliam Antrim Longford Portarlington Mayo Annesley Enniskillen Erne Lucan Belmore Castle Stewart Caledon Donoughmore Limerick Clancarty Rosse Gosford Normanton Kilmorey Listowel Norbury Ranfurly United Kingdom Rosslyn Craven Onslow Romney Chichester Wilton Powis Nelson Grey Lonsdale Harrowby Harewood Minto Cathcart Verulam St Germans Morley Bradford Eldon Howe Stradbroke Temple of Stowe Cawdor Lichfield Durham Granville Effingham Ducie Yarborough Leicester Gainsborough Strafford Cottenham Cowley Winton Dudley Russell Cromartie Kimberley Wharncliffe Cairns Lytton Selborne Iddesleigh Cranbrook Cromer Plymouth Liverpool Midlothian St Aldwyn Beatty Haig Iveagh Balfour Oxford and Asquith Jellicoe Inchcape Peel Strathmore and Kinghorne Baldwin of Bewdley Halifax Gowrie Lloyd-George of Dwyfor Mountbatten of Burma Alexander of Tunis Swinton Attlee Woolton Snowdon Stockton Italics: This title is held by a peer who holds another earldom of higher precedence.
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Robert_Peel.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sir Robert Peel, 2nd Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Peel"},{"link_name":"Peerage of the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peerage_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Drayton Manor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drayton_Manor"},{"link_name":"Ripon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripon"},{"link_name":"North Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Yorkshire"}],"text":"Sir Robert Peel, 2nd Baronet.Earl Peel is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. The Peel family descends from Robert Peel, eldest son of a wealthy cotton merchant. The family lands, known as Drayton Manor, in the County of Stafford would become more commonly known in modern-day as an amusement park. The family seat is Elmire House, near Ripon, North Yorkshire.","title":"Earl Peel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Conservative Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"William Peel, 2nd Viscount Peel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Peel,_1st_Earl_Peel"},{"link_name":"Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Duchy_of_Lancaster"},{"link_name":"Secretary of State for India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_India"},{"link_name":"First Commissioner of Works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Commissioner_of_Works"},{"link_name":"Clanfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clanfield,_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"County of Southampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Southampton"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Arthur Peel, 1st Viscount Peel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Peel,_1st_Viscount_Peel"},{"link_name":"Speaker of the House of Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker_of_the_House_of_Commons_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Sandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy,_Bedfordshire"},{"link_name":"County of Bedford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Bedford"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Sir Robert Peel, 2nd Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Peel"},{"link_name":"Arthur Peel, 2nd Earl Peel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Peel,_2nd_Earl_Peel"},{"link_name":"Lord-Lieutenant of Lancashire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord-Lieutenant_of_Lancashire"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Earl_Peel&action=edit"},{"link_name":"William Peel, 3rd Earl Peel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Peel,_3rd_Earl_Peel"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"ninety elected hereditary peers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hereditary_peers_elected_under_the_House_of_Lords_Act_1999"},{"link_name":"House of Lords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lords"},{"link_name":"House of Lords Act 1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lords_Act_1999"},{"link_name":"Lord Warden of the Stannaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Warden_of_the_Stannaries"},{"link_name":"Lord Chamberlain of the Household","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Chamberlain_of_the_Household"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"calico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calico"},{"link_name":"Blackburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackburn"},{"link_name":"Robert Peel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Robert_Peel,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Member of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Tamworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamworth_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Drayton Manor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drayton_Manor"},{"link_name":"County of Stafford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Stafford"},{"link_name":"Bury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bury,_Greater_Manchester"},{"link_name":"County Palatine of Lancaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Palatine_of_Lancaster"},{"link_name":"Baronetage of Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baronetage_of_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Sir Robert Peel, 2nd Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Peel"},{"link_name":"Home Secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Secretary"},{"link_name":"Chancellor of the Exchequer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister of the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Tory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tory"},{"link_name":"Corn Laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corn_Laws"},{"link_name":"Constitution Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_Hill,_London"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"third Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Robert_Peel,_3rd_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Lord of the Admiralty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_of_the_Admiralty"},{"link_name":"Chief Secretary for Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Secretary_for_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Beatrice Lillie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatrice_Lillie"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The earldom was created in 1929 for the Conservative Party politician William Peel, 2nd Viscount Peel, who was Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster 1921–1922, Secretary of State for India 1921–1922 and 1928–1929, and First Commissioner of Works 1924–1928. At the same time, he was created Viscount Clanfield, of Clanfield in the County of Southampton, also in the Peerage of the United Kingdom.[2]He was the son of Arthur Peel, 1st Viscount Peel, who served as Speaker of the House of Commons between 1884 and 1895, and who was created Viscount Peel, of Sandy in the County of Bedford, in the Peerage of the United Kingdom in 1895.[3]The first Viscount Peel was the fifth son of Prime Minister Sir Robert Peel, 2nd Baronet, of Drayton Manor (see below for earlier history of the family). The first Earl was succeeded by his son, Arthur Peel, 2nd Earl Peel. In 1942, he succeeded his second cousin once removed as seventh Baronet, of Drayton Manor. The second Earl later served as Lord-Lieutenant of Lancashire from 1948 to 2 January 1951. As of 2017[update] the titles are held by his son, William Peel, 3rd Earl Peel, who succeeded in 1969.[citation needed]He is one of the ninety elected hereditary peers that remain in the House of Lords after the passing of the House of Lords Act 1999, and sits as a cross-bencher. The third Earl was Lord Warden of the Stannaries from 1994 to 2006 and was Lord Chamberlain of the Household from 2006 to 2021.[4]The Peel family descends from Robert Peel, who established a calico-printing firm in Blackburn in 1764. His eldest son, Robert Peel, was a wealthy cotton merchant and also sat as Member of Parliament for Tamworth from 1790 to 1818. In 1800 he was created a Baronet, of Drayton Manor in the County of Stafford and of Bury in the County Palatine of Lancaster, in the Baronetage of Great Britain.[5]He was succeeded by his eldest son, Sir Robert Peel, 2nd Baronet, the noted statesman. He was Home Secretary 1822–1827 and 1828–1830, Chancellor of the Exchequer 1834–1835 and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom 1834–1835 and 1841–1846, and is best remembered for creating the modern concept of the police force while Home Secretary.[citation needed] The police, first known as Peelers, are still commonly referred to as Bobbies, in his name. He is also known for overseeing the formation of the Conservative Party out of the shattered Tory Party, and for the repeal of the Corn Laws. Peel died after a fall from his horse on Constitution Hill in London.[citation needed]He was succeeded by his eldest son, the third Baronet. He was also a politician and served as a Lord of the Admiralty from 1852 to 1857 and as Chief Secretary for Ireland from 1861 to 1865. His grandson, the fifth Baronet, married the actress and comedian Beatrice Lillie.[citation needed]Their only son, the sixth Baronet, was an ordinary seaman in the Royal Navy and was killed in action in April 1942, aged only twenty-one. On his death the line of the eldest son of the second Baronet failed and the title was inherited by his second cousin once removed, the second Earl Peel, who became the seventh Baronet. See above for further history of the title.[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arthur Wellesley Peel, 1st Viscount Peel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Peel,_1st_Viscount_Peel"},{"link_name":"William Robert Wellesley Peel, 2nd Viscount Peel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Peel,_1st_Earl_Peel"}],"text":"Arthur Wellesley Peel, 1st Viscount Peel (1829–1912)\nWilliam Robert Wellesley Peel, 2nd Viscount Peel (1867–1937) (created Earl Peel in 1929)","title":"Viscounts Peel (1895)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Robert Wellesley Peel, 1st Earl Peel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Peel,_1st_Earl_Peel"},{"link_name":"Arthur William Ashton Peel, 2nd Earl Peel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Peel,_2nd_Earl_Peel"},{"link_name":"William James Robert Peel, 3rd Earl Peel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Peel,_3rd_Earl_Peel"},{"link_name":"heir apparent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heir_apparent"}],"text":"William Robert Wellesley Peel, 1st Earl Peel (1867–1937)\nArthur William Ashton Peel, 2nd Earl Peel (1901–1969) (succeeded as the 7th Baronet in 1942)\nWilliam James Robert Peel, 3rd Earl Peel and 8th Baronet (born 1947)The heir apparent is the present holder's son, Ashton Robert Gerard Peel, Viscount Clanfield (born 1976).\nThe heir apparent's heir apparent is his son, the Hon. Nicholas Robert William Peel (born 2015).","title":"Earls Peel (1929)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sir Robert Peel, 1st Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Robert_Peel,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Sir Robert Peel, 2nd Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Peel"},{"link_name":"Sir Robert Peel, 3rd Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Robert_Peel,_3rd_Baronet"}],"text":"Sir Robert Peel, 1st Baronet (1750–1830)\nSir Robert Peel, 2nd Baronet (1788–1850)\nSir Robert Peel, 3rd Baronet (1822–1895)\nSir Robert Peel, 4th Baronet (1867–1925)\nSir Robert Peel, 5th Baronet (1898–1934)\nSir Robert Peel, 6th Baronet (1920–1942)See above for further succession.","title":"Peel baronets, of Drayton Manor and Bury (1800)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sir Lawrence Peel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Peel_(judge)"},{"link_name":"Calcutta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcutta"},{"link_name":"Privy Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privy_Council_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"William Yates Peel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Yates_Peel"},{"link_name":"Under-Secretary of State for Home Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Under-Secretary_of_State_for_Home_Affairs"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Peel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Peel"},{"link_name":"general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Secretary of State for War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_War"},{"link_name":"lieutenant-colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"brigadier-general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigadier_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"lieutenant-general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant-general_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Sir Charles Lennox Peel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Lennox_Peel"},{"link_name":"Sir Frederick Peel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Peel"},{"link_name":"Sir William Peel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Peel_(Royal_Navy_officer)"},{"link_name":"captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_(Royal_Navy)"},{"link_name":"George Peel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Peel"},{"link_name":"Sir Sidney Peel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Peel"},{"link_name":"Uxbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uxbridge_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Peel baronets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peel_baronets"}],"text":"Several other members of the Peel family have also gained distinction:Sir Lawrence Peel (1801–1865), son of Joseph Peel, younger brother of the first Baronet, was Chief Justice of the Supreme Court at Calcutta from 1842 to 1855 and was admitted to the Privy Council in 1856.\nWilliam Yates Peel (1789–1858, second son of the first Baronet, was a politician and served as Under-Secretary of State for Home Affairs from 1828 to 1830.\nJonathan Peel (1799–1879), fifth son of the first Baronet, was a general in the Army and Conservative politician. He was Secretary of State for War from 1858 to 1859 and 1866 to 1867.\nEdmund Yates Peel (1824–1900, son of Jonathan above), a lieutenant-colonel in the Army, who was the father of Frederick Peel, a colonel in the Army.\nArchibald Peel (1828–1910, son of Jonathan above), who was the father of Edward John Russell Peel (1869–1939), a brigadier-general in the Army,\nJohn Peel (1829–1892, son of Jonathan above), a lieutenant-general in the Army.\nSir Charles Lennox Peel (1823–1899), Clerk of the Council, was the son of Laurence Peel, sixth son of the first Baronet.\nSir Frederick Peel (1823–1906), second son of the second Baronet, was a politician and Chief Railway Commissioner.\nSir William Peel (1824–1858), third son of the second Baronet, was a captain in the Royal Navy.\nMaj. Hon. George Peel (1869–1956), second son of the first Viscount, a Member of Parliament and writer on politics and economics.\nSir Sidney Peel (1870–1938), third son of the first Viscount, sat as Member of Parliament for Uxbridge and was created a baronet in 1936 (see Peel baronets).\nAbram Peel (1864–1919), elected Lord Mayor of Bradford in November 1916.","title":"Other notable members of the Peel family"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Title succession chart"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coronet_of_a_British_Viscount.svg"},{"link_name":"Arthur Wellesley Peel, 1st Viscount Peel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Peel,_1st_Viscount_Peel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coronet_of_a_British_Earl.svg"},{"link_name":"William Robert Wellesley Peel, 1st Earl Peel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Peel,_1st_Earl_Peel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coronet_of_a_British_Earl.svg"},{"link_name":"Arthur William Ashton Peel, 2nd Earl Peel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Peel,_2nd_Earl_Peel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coronet_of_a_British_Earl.svg"},{"link_name":"William James Robert Peel, 3rd Earl Peel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Peel,_3rd_Earl_Peel"}],"text":"Arthur Wellesley Peel, 1st Viscount Peel (1829–1912)\n William Robert Wellesley Peel, 1st Earl Peel (1867–1937)\n Arthur William Ashton Peel, 2nd Earl Peel (1901–1969)\n William James Robert Peel, 3rd Earl Peel (born 1947)\n(1) Ashton Robert Gerard Peel, Viscount Clanfield (born 1976)\n(2) Hon. Nicholas Robert William Peel (born 2015)\n(3) Hon. Robert Michael Arthur Peel (born 1950)\nRev. Hon. Maurice Berkeley Peel (1873–1917)\nMaj. David Arthur Peel (1910–1944)\nJonathan Sidney Peel (1937–2014)\n(4) Robert Denis Peel (born 1976)\n(5) Charles David Peel (born 1940)\n(6) Thomas David Peel (born 1975)#4–6 are in line for the viscounty and the baronetcy, but not the earldom.","title":"Line of succession"}]
[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Coronet_of_a_British_Earl.svg/150px-Coronet_of_a_British_Earl.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Sir Robert Peel, 2nd Baronet.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Robert_Peel.jpg/200px-Robert_Peel.jpg"}]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davis_v._Washington
Davis v. Washington
["1 Davis v. Washington","1.1 Background","1.2 Opinion","2 Hammon v. Indiana","3 Thomas's Concurrence/Dissent","4 References","5 External links"]
2006 United States Supreme Court caseDavis v. WashingtonSupreme Court of the United StatesArgued March 20, 2006Decided June 19, 2006Full case nameAdrian Martell Davis, Petitioner v. Washington; Hershel Hammon, Petitioner v. IndianaDocket no.05-5224Citations547 U.S. 813 (more)126 S. Ct. 2266; 165 L. Ed. 2d 224; 2006 U.S. LEXIS 4886; 74 U.S.L.W. 4356; 19 Fla. L. Weekly Fed. S 299ArgumentOral argumentCase historyPriorOn writ of certiorari to the Supreme Court of Washington; on writ of certiorari to the Supreme Court of Indiana; State v. Davis, 154 Wn.2d 291, 111 P.3d 844, 2005 Wash. LEXIS 462 (2005) Hammon v. State, 829 N.E.2d 444, 2005 Ind. LEXIS 541 (Ind., 2005)SubsequentOn remand at, Remanded by Hammon v. State, 2006 Ind. LEXIS 793 (Ind., Sept. 7, 2006)HoldingA 911 phone call describing an "ongoing emergency" is not testimonial in nature, and thus may be admitted at trial even if the caller is not available without violating the Sixth Amendment's Confrontation Clause.Court membership Chief Justice John Roberts Associate Justices John P. Stevens · Antonin ScaliaAnthony Kennedy · David SouterClarence Thomas · Ruth Bader GinsburgStephen Breyer · Samuel Alito Case opinionsMajorityScalia, joined by Roberts, Stevens, Kennedy, Souter, Ginsburg, Breyer, AlitoConcur/dissentThomasLaws appliedCrawford v. Washington, Sixth Amendment Confrontation Clause. Davis v. Washington, 547 U.S. 813 (2006), was a case decided by the Supreme Court of the United States and written by Justice Antonin Scalia that established the test used to determine whether a hearsay statement is "testimonial" for Confrontation Clause purposes. Two years prior to its publication, in Crawford v. Washington, the Supreme Court held that the Confrontation Clause bars “admission of testimonial statements of a witness who did not appear at trial unless he was unavailable to testify, and the defendant had had a prior opportunity for cross-examination.” The Supreme Court declined to define "testimonial" in Crawford which left lower courts without any guidance. However, in Davis v. Washington, along with Hammon v. Indiana which was consolidated with Davis, the Court clarified the meaning of "testimonial" and articulated a new standard. Specifically, the Court stated that: Statements are nontestimonial when made in the course of police interrogation under circumstances objectively indicating that the primary purpose of the interrogation is to enable police assistance to meet an ongoing emergency. They are testimonial when the circumstances objectively indicate that there is no such ongoing emergency, and that the primary purpose of the interrogation is to establish or prove past events potentially relevant to later criminal prosecution.The Court further developed this standard in Michigan v. Bryant. Davis v. Washington Background Davis was arrested after Michelle McCottry called 911 and told the operator that he had beaten her with his fists and then left. At trial, McCottry did not testify, but the 911 call was offered as evidence of the connection between Davis and McCottry's injuries. Davis objected, arguing that presenting the recording without giving him the opportunity to cross-examine McCottry violated his Sixth Amendment right to confront his accuser as interpreted by the U.S. Supreme Court in Crawford v. Washington. The Washington Supreme Court disagreed, finding that the call was not "testimonial" and was therefore different from the statements at issue in Crawford. Opinion The Court held that McCottry's statements were nontestimonial. Although McCottry identified her attacker to the 911 operator, she provided the information intending to help the police resolve an "ongoing emergency," not to testify to a past crime. Factors that were determinative in the Court's analysis were: McCottry was "speaking about events as they were actually happening," rather than describing past events; "McCottry's call was plainly a call for help against bona fide physical threat"; The "elicited statements were necessary to be able to resolve the present emergency, rather than simply to learn ... what had happened in the past" The fact that McCottry was providing frantic answers over the phone, in an untranquil environment. Hammon v. Indiana Davis v. Washington was decided alongside Hammon v. Indiana. In contrast to Davis, the statements in Hammon were "easily" found by the Court to be testimonial. In Hammon, responding to a domestic disturbance call, police found Amy Hammon on the porch appearing frightened and Herschel Hammon inside. After getting permission to go inside, the police saw a broken furnace in the kitchen and glass on the floor. The police proceeded to question the pair separately, and rebuffed multiple attempts by Herschel to enter the room where his wife was being interrogated. Ultimately, the wife signed an affidavit stating that Herschel had broken their furnace, shoved her down on the floor into the broken glass, and hit her in the chest, among other things. Herschel was charged with felony violation of a domestic no-contact order. However, at Herschel's trial, Amy Hammon refused to testify. Nonetheless, the trial court allowed her affidavit to be admitted after it was authenticated by the interrogating officer. The Supreme Court held that the affidavit was testimonial because it was "entirely clear from the circumstances that the interrogation was part of an investigation into possibly criminal past conduct." Specifically, the Court noted the following facts as indicative of the statements in the affidavit being testimonial: Amy Hammon told the police "things were fine" when the officers arrived; The interrogating officer stated that he heard no arguments nor saw anything being broken while at the apartment; The affidavit responses were elicited after the interrogating officer had already questioned Amy Hammon once before; Ms. Hammon was interrogated in a separate room from her husband. Thomas's Concurrence/Dissent Justice Clarence Thomas wrote a separate opinion concurring in part and dissenting in part. He argued that though McCottry's statements were not testimonial, the Court should not "guess" at the primary motive behind the statements. References ^ Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36, 53–54, 124 S.Ct. 1354, 158 L.Ed.2d 177 (2004). ^ Davis v. Washington, 547 U.S. 813, 821 (2006). ^ Andrew C. Fine, Refining Crawford: The Confrontation Claus After Davis v. Washington and Hammon v. Indiana, 105 Mich. L. Rev. First Impressions 11 (2006). ^ a b c d e f g Stephen A. Saltzburg, Testimonial Hearsay and Confrontation, 21 Crim. Just. 47, 47 (Fall 2006) ^ Andrew Dylan, Working Through the Confrontation Clause After Davis v. Washington, 76 Fordham L. Rev. 1905, 1914 (2007) (quoting Davis v. Washington, 547 U.S. 813 (2006)). ^ Paul F. Rothstein & Ronald J. Coleman, Confrontation's Multi-Analyst Problem, 9 Tex. A&M L. Rev. 165, 171 (2021). ^ a b c d e Davis, 547 U.S. at 827. ^ a b c Davis, 547 U.S. at 829. ^ Davis v. Washington, 547 U.S. 813, 819 (2006) ^ a b Davis, 547 U.S. at 819. ^ a b c Davis, 547 U.S. at 830. External links Text of Davis v. Washington, 547 U.S. 813 (2006) is available from: Google Scholar  Justia  Oyez (oral argument audio)  FederalEvidence.com (slip opinion)  vteUnited States Sixth Amendment case lawSpeedy Trial Clause Klopfer v. North Carolina (1967) Barker v. Wingo (1972) Doggett v. United States (1992) Betterman v. Montana (2016) Public Trial Clause In re Oliver (1948) Presley v. Georgia (2010) Impartial Jury ClauseAvailability Cheff v. Schnackenberg (1966) Duncan v. Louisiana (1968) Blanton v. City of North Las Vegas (1989) Impartiality Reynolds v. United States (1878) Glasser v. United States (1942) Irvin v. Dowd (1961) Sheppard v. Maxwell (1966) Witherspoon v. Illinois (1968) Ham v. South Carolina (1973) Ristaino v. Ross (1976) Adams v. Texas (1980) Rosales-Lopez v. United States (1981) Wainwright v. Witt (1985) Morgan v. Illinois (1992) Skilling v. United States (2010) McDonnell v. United States (2016) United States v. Tsarnaev (2022) Facts found Walton v. Arizona (1990) Almendarez-Torres v. United States (1998) Jones v. United States (1999) Apprendi v. New Jersey (2000) Harris v. United States (2002) Ring v. Arizona (2002) Blakely v. Washington (2004) Schriro v. Summerlin (2004) United States v. Booker (2005) Washington v. Recuenco (2006) Cunningham v. California (2007) Oregon v. Ice (2009) Southern Union Co. v. United States (2012) Alleyne v. United States (2013) Hurst v. Florida (2016) United States v. Haymond (2019) Erlinger v. United States (2024) Size and unanimity Maxwell v. Dow (1900) Rassmussen v. United States (1905) Williams v. Florida (1970) Apodaca v. Oregon (1972) Ballew v. Georgia (1978) Burch v. Louisiana (1979) Ramos v. Louisiana (2020) Edwards v. Vannoy (2021) Vicinage Clause United States v. Dawson (1853) Burton v. United States (1905, 1906) Smith v. United States (2023) Impeachment of verdicts Tanner v. United States (1987) Warger v. Shauers (2014) Peña-Rodriguez v. Colorado (2017) Information Clause Rabe v. Washington (1972) Confrontation ClauseOut-of-court statements Reynolds v. United States (1878) Dowdell v. United States (1911) Pointer v. Texas (1965) Bruton v. United States (1968) Frazier v. Cupp (1969) Illinois v. Allen (1970) Ohio v. Roberts (1980) Crawford v. Washington (2004) Davis v. Washington (2006) Whorton v. Bockting (2007) Giles v. California (2008) Melendez-Diaz v. Massachusetts (2009) Michigan v. Bryant (2011) Bullcoming v. New Mexico (2011) Williams v. Illinois (2012) Ohio v. Clark (2015) Hemphill v. New York (2022) Samia v. United States (2023) Smith v. Arizona (2024) Face-to-face confrontation Maryland v. Craig (1990) Restrictions on cross-examination Chambers v. Mississippi (1973) Compulsory Process Clause Washington v. Texas (1967) United States v. Valenzuela-Bernal (1982) Taylor v. Illinois (1988) Assistance of Counsel ClauseChoice United States v. Gonzalez-Lopez (2006) Appointment Powell v. Alabama (1932) Johnson v. Zerbst (1938) Betts v. Brady (1942) Hamilton v. Alabama (1961) Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) Anders v. California (1967) Argersinger v. Hamlin (1972) Gagnon v. Scarpelli (1973) Scott v. Illinois (1979) Pennsylvania v. Finley (1987) Nichols v. United States (1994) Alabama v. Shelton (2002) Conflict-free Glasser v. United States (1942) Ineffective assistance Strickland v. Washington (1984) Nix v. Whiteside (1986) Kimmelman v. Morrison (1986) Lockhart v. Fretwell (1993) Williams v. Taylor (2000) Glover v. United States (2001) Bell v. Cone (2002) Woodford v. Visciotti (2002) Wiggins v. Smith (2003) Holland v. Jackson (2004) Wright v. Van Patten (2008) Bobby v. Van Hook (2009) Wong v. Belmontes (2009) Porter v. McCollum (2009) Padilla v. Kentucky (2010) Sears v. Upton (2010) Premo v. Moore (2011) Lafler v. Cooper (2012) Buck v. Davis (2017) Garza v. Idaho (2019) Uncounseled statements Massiah v. United States (1963) Brewer v. Williams (1977) Pro se representation Faretta v. California (1975) McKaskle v. Wiggins (1984) Rock v. Arkansas (1987) Martinez v. Court of Appeal of California (2000) Indiana v. Edwards (2008)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Supreme Court of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Antonin Scalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonin_Scalia"},{"link_name":"Confrontation Clause","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confrontation_Clause"},{"link_name":"Crawford v. Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crawford_v._Washington"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Michigan v. Bryant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_v._Bryant"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"2006 United States Supreme Court caseDavis v. Washington, 547 U.S. 813 (2006), was a case decided by the Supreme Court of the United States and written by Justice Antonin Scalia that established the test used to determine whether a hearsay statement is \"testimonial\" for Confrontation Clause purposes. Two years prior to its publication, in Crawford v. Washington, the Supreme Court held that the Confrontation Clause bars “admission of testimonial statements of a witness who did not appear at trial unless he was unavailable to testify, and the defendant had had a prior opportunity for cross-examination.”[1] The Supreme Court declined to define \"testimonial\" in Crawford which left lower courts without any guidance.[2][3] However, in Davis v. Washington, along with Hammon v. Indiana which was consolidated with Davis, the Court clarified the meaning of \"testimonial\" and articulated a new standard.[4]Specifically, the Court stated that:[5]Statements are nontestimonial when made in the course of police interrogation under circumstances objectively indicating that the primary purpose of the interrogation is to enable police assistance to meet an ongoing emergency. They are testimonial when the circumstances objectively indicate that there is no such ongoing emergency, and that the primary purpose of the interrogation is to establish or prove past events potentially relevant to later criminal prosecution.The Court further developed this standard in Michigan v. Bryant.[6]","title":"Davis v. Washington"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Davis v. Washington"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"Crawford v. Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crawford_v._Washington"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"}],"sub_title":"Background","text":"Davis was arrested after Michelle McCottry called 911 and told the operator that he had beaten her with his fists and then left. At trial, McCottry did not testify, but the 911 call was offered as evidence of the connection between Davis and McCottry's injuries. Davis objected, arguing that presenting the recording without giving him the opportunity to cross-examine McCottry violated his Sixth Amendment right to confront his accuser as interpreted by the U.S. Supreme Court in Crawford v. Washington. The Washington Supreme Court disagreed, finding that the call was not \"testimonial\" and was therefore different from the statements at issue in Crawford.[4]","title":"Davis v. Washington"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-7"}],"sub_title":"Opinion","text":"The Court held that McCottry's statements were nontestimonial. Although McCottry identified her attacker to the 911 operator, she provided the information intending to help the police resolve an \"ongoing emergency,\" not to testify to a past crime.[7] Factors that were determinative in the Court's analysis were:McCottry was \"speaking about events as they were actually happening,\" rather than describing past events;[7]\n\"McCottry's call was plainly a call for help against bona fide physical threat\";[7]\nThe \"elicited statements were necessary to be able to resolve the present emergency, rather than simply to learn ... what had happened in the past\"[7]\nThe fact that McCottry was providing frantic answers over the phone, in an untranquil environment.[7]","title":"Davis v. Washington"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-8"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-10"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-10"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-8"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-11"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-8"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-11"}],"text":"Davis v. Washington was decided alongside Hammon v. Indiana.[4] In contrast to Davis, the statements in Hammon were \"easily\" found by the Court to be testimonial.[8]In Hammon, responding to a domestic disturbance call, police found Amy Hammon on the porch appearing frightened and Herschel Hammon inside.[4] After getting permission to go inside, the police saw a broken furnace in the kitchen and glass on the floor.[4] The police proceeded to question the pair separately, and rebuffed multiple attempts by Herschel to enter the room where his wife was being interrogated.[9] Ultimately, the wife signed an affidavit stating that Herschel had broken their furnace, shoved her down on the floor into the broken glass, and hit her in the chest, among other things.[4] Herschel was charged with felony violation of a domestic no-contact order.[10] However, at Herschel's trial, Amy Hammon refused to testify.[4] Nonetheless, the trial court allowed her affidavit to be admitted after it was authenticated by the interrogating officer.[10]The Supreme Court held that the affidavit was testimonial because it was \"entirely clear from the circumstances that the interrogation was part of an investigation into possibly criminal past conduct.\"[8] Specifically, the Court noted the following facts as indicative of the statements in the affidavit being testimonial:Amy Hammon told the police \"things were fine\" when the officers arrived;[11]\nThe interrogating officer stated that he heard no arguments nor saw anything being broken while at the apartment;[8]\nThe affidavit responses were elicited after the interrogating officer had already questioned Amy Hammon once before;[11]\nMs. Hammon was interrogated in a separate room from her husband.[11]","title":"Hammon v. Indiana"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Clarence Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_Thomas"}],"text":"Justice Clarence Thomas wrote a separate opinion concurring in part and dissenting in part. He argued that though McCottry's statements were not testimonial, the Court should not \"guess\" at the primary motive behind the statements.","title":"Thomas's Concurrence/Dissent"}]
[]
null
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hello_(band)
Hello (band)
["1 Career","2 Discography","2.1 Albums","2.2 Singles","3 List of songs","3.1 Cover versions","3.2 Hello songs covered by others","4 Personnel","5 See also","6 Notes","7 References","8 External links"]
English band HelloBackground informationOriginEnglandGenresGlam rockYears active1971–19792002–presentLabelsBell Records, Arista Records, PolydorMembersBob BradburySimon EllisCorrie ShiellsJake BradburyPast membersKeith MarshallVic FaulknerJeff AllenWebsitehelloband.co.uk Hello are an English glam rock band. They originally recorded for the Bell Records label. The band's biggest success was in the UK and Germany in the mid-1970s, when their top 10 hits in the UK Singles Chart were "Tell Him" and "New York Groove". Career The core members of Hello came together around 1969, originally being called The Age. The band was started by Bob Bradbury, previously of The Flashback Berries, with Keith Marshall, Vic Faulkner, and Jeff Allen (brother of Chris Allen, alias Chris Cross of Ultravox). For about a year, they backed singer Caroline Hall, before renaming themselves as Hello in 1971. The group recorded "You Move Me" and "C'mon" in 1972 as well as "Another School Day" in 1973, all on Bell Records, but these were not hits. Their biggest success came in the UK and Germany in 1974 and 1975. Their top 10 hits in the UK Singles Chart were "Tell Him" (a cover of The Exciters 1963 hit) and "New York Groove", the latter of which was written by Argent band member Russ Ballard. "New York Groove" was later covered to provide a solo Billboard Hot 100 chart hit in the United States, for the rock guitarist Ace Frehley of the band Kiss. In Germany, Hello's subsequent singles "Star Studded Sham" (another Ballard composition) and "Love Stealer" reached the top 20, but failed to chart in the UK where glam rock had largely fallen out of favour. Hello appeared in the 1975 film Side by Side. Their first album, titled Keeps Us Off the Streets, was soon released. However, by 1979, with no recording contract, the band split up. Former guitarist Keith Marshall released a solo single two years later, titled "Only Crying". It found a place in record charts worldwide. Bassist Vic Faulkner reappeared in the 2000s and released several albums. He later lived in Spain. On 22 October 1999, Bob Bradbury appeared on the Identity Parade on the BBC Television programme Never Mind the Buzzcocks. According to the band's official website, in 2002, their original lead singer and rhythm guitarist Bradbury reformed the band with him as the sole remaining founding member. Discography Albums Keeps Us Off the Streets (1976) Shine On Silver Light (1977) Hello Again (1978) Glam Rockers (1996) New York Groove (1999) The Glam Singles Collection (2001) Live (2013) Singles List of singles, with Australian chart positions Year Title B-side Peak chartpositions UK AUS GER IRE 1972 "You Move Me" "Ask Your Mama" 1972 "C'mon" "The Wench" 1973 "Another School Day" "C'mon Get Together" 1974 "Tell Him" "Lightning" 6 36 32 12 1975 "Game's Up" "Do It All Night" 53 28 1975 "Bend Me, Shape Me" "We Gotta Go" 58 49 1975 "New York Groove" "Little Miss Mystery" 9 7 6 1976 "Star Studded Sham" "Jenny Dream" 16 1976 "Teenage Revolution" "Keeps Us Off the Street" 1976 "Love Stealer" "Out Of Our Heads" 17 1976 "Seven Rainy Days" "Rebel" 44 1977 "Let It Rock" "Another School Day" 24 1977 "Shine On Silver Light" "Gotta Lotta Soul" 1977 "Good Old USA" "Midnight Strangers" 37 1977 "Heart Get Ready for Love" "Voodoo Eyes" 1977 "Slow Motion" "The In Place" 1978 "Hi Ho Silver Lining" "Too Much Hesitating" 1979 "Feel This Thing" "Back Seat Talking" 2016 "Way Beyond" (CD) a) "Santa Rock"b) "Wanna See" List of songs The following is a sortable table of all songs by Hello: The column Song list the song title; bold means released as a single. The column Writer(s) lists who wrote the song. The column Time shows its length. The column Album lists the album the song is featured on. The column Producer lists the producer of the song. The column Year lists the year in which the song was released. Song Writer(s) Time Producer Album Year Other "20th Century Boy" Marc Bolan 3:37 unknown Glam Rockers 1996 "99 Ways" Keith Marshall 2:28 Colin Frechter, Bill Kimber, John Hudson, Mike Hurst Hello Again (LP) 1978 "All the Young Dudes" David Bowie 4:52 unknown Glam Rockers 1996 "Another School Day" Jeff Allen, Bob Bradbury, Keith Marshall 2:54 Mike Leander Keeps Us Off the Streets (LP) 1973 A-side of "C'mon Get Together" "Another School Day" Jeff Allen, Bob Bradbury, Keith Marshall 2:50 Mike Leander Keeps Us Off the Streets (LP) 1977 B-side of "Let It Rock" "Ask Your Mama" Russ Ballard 2:40 Russ Ballard The Singles A's & B's Vol. 1 1972 B-side of "You Move Me" "Back Seat Talking" Jeff Allen 3:08 Colin Frechter, Bill Kimber Hello Again (LP) 1979 B-side of "Feel This Thing" "Bad Bad Boy" McCafferty, Sweet, Agnew, Charlton 2:45 unknown Glam Rockers 1996 "Bend Me, Shape Me" Scott English, Larry Weiss 2:36 Mike Leander Their Greatest Hits 1975 A-side of "We Gotta Go" "C'mon" Russ Ballard 2:36 Ritchie Gold, Nick Kinsey The Glam Years 1971–1979 1972 A-side of "The Wench" "C'mon Get Together" Jeff Allen, Bob Bradbury, Keith Marshall 2:53 Mike Leander The Singles A's & B's Vol. 1 1973 B-side of "Another School Day" "Can't Let You Go" 2:23 The Albums 2016 "Carol" Chuck Berry 3:49 Mike Leander Keeps Us Off the Streets (LP) 1976 "Dean" 3:16 The Glam Years 1971–1979 1988 "Do It All Night" Allen, Bradbury, Marshall 2:57 Mike Leander The Singles A's & B's Vol. 1 1975 B-side of "Games Up" "Dyna-mite" Mike Chapman, Nicky Chinn 2:56 Keeps Us Off the Streets (CD) 2007 "Elenore" Howard Kaylan/Mark Volman/Jim Pons/Al Nichol/John Barbata 2:55 Colin Frechter, Bill Kimber, John Hudson, Mike Hurst Hello Again (LP) 1978 "Feel This Thing" (Radio Version) Jeff Allen, Chris Allen 3:15 John Hudson Hello Again (CD) 1979 A-side of "Back Seat Talking" "Feel This Thing"(12" Version) Jeff Allen, Chris Allen 4:45 John Hudson Hello Again (CD) 1979 A-side of "Back Seat Talking" "Games Up" Shephard, Springate, Sego 2:52 Mike Leander Their Greatest Hits 1975 A-side of "Do It All Night" "Game's Up (live)" Shephard, Springate, Sego 3:35 unknown Glam Rockers 1996 "Good Old USA" Chris Allen, Jeff Allen 3:00 Colin Frechter, Bill Kimber Their Greatest Hits 1977 A-side of "Midnight Strangers" "Gotta Lotta Soul" Jeff Allen 2:45 Colin Frechter, Bill Kimber Shine On Silver Light 1977 B-side of "Shine On Silver Light" "Heart Get Ready For Love" Bugatti, Musker 3:09 Colin Frechter, Bill Kimber Shine On Silver Light 1977 A-side of "Voodoo Eyes" "Hi Ho Silver Lining" Scott English, Larry Weiss 3:18 John Hudson Hello Again 1978 A-side of "Too Much Hesitating" "Hold Me" Little Jack Little, David Oppenheim, Ira Schuster 2:48 Mike Leander Keeps Us Off the Streets (LP) 1976 "Hooray, Hooray" Bradbury, Allen, Marshall 4:06 Keeps Us Off the Streets (CD) 2007 "How To Survive The Night" Bob Bradbury 2:36 Colin Frechter, Bill Kimber, John Hudson, Mike Hurst Hello Again (LP) 1978 "I Didn't Know I Loved You (Till I Saw You Rock and Roll)" Gary Glitter, Mike Leander 4:26 unknown Glam Rockers 1996 "I Love Rock 'n' Roll" Alan Merrill, Jake Hooker 3:20 unknown Glam Rockers 1996 "Jenny Dream" Allen, Allen, Marshall 2:47 John Hudson, Eddie Seago The Singles A's & B's Vol. 1 1976 B-side of "Star Studded Sham" "Keep Us Off the Streets" Jeff Allen 2:59 Mike Leander Keeps Us Off the Streets (LP) 1976 B-side of "Teenage Revolution" "Keep Us Off the Streets" (demo) Jeff Allen 2:48 Mike Leander Hello – The Albums 1976 "Let It Rock" Russ Ballard 3:31 Russ Ballard Keeps Us Off the Streets (CD) 1977 A-side of "Another School Day" "Let's Spend the Night Together" Mick Jagger, Keith Richards 3:46 Mike Leander Keeps Us Off the Streets (LP) 1976 "Let's Twist Again" Kal Mann, Dave Appell 3:08 Keeps Us Off the Streets (CD) 2007 "Lightning" Allen, Bradbury, Marshall 2:55 Mike Leander The Singles A's & B's Vol. 1 1974 B-side of "Tell Him" "Little Miss Mystery" Allen, Allen, Marshall 3:38 Mike Leander The Singles A's & B's Vol. 1 1975 B-side of "New York Groove" "Little Miss Mystery" (demo) Allen, Allen, Marshall 3:23 Mike Leander Hello – The Albums 1975 "Love Stealer" Phil Wainman, Richard Myhill 3:33 Phil Wainman Their Greatest Hits 1976 A-side of "Out Of Our Heads" "Machine-Gun Hustle" Keith Marshall 3:11 Colin Frechter, Bill Kimber, John Hudson, Mike Hurst Hello Again (LP) 1978 "Megamix" 3:25 New York Groove 1998 "Midnight Strangers" Bob Bradbury 3:00 Colin Frechter, Bill Kimber Shine On Silver Light 1977 B-side of "Good Old USA" "New York Groove" Russ Ballard 2:45 Mike Leander Keeps Us Off the Streets (LP) 1975 A-side of "Little Miss Mystery" "New York Groove" (demo) Russ Ballard 2:54 Mike Leander Hello – The Albums 1975 "Groove 2 – New York Groove" Russ Ballard 4:19 unknown Glam Rockers 1996 "Night Watcher" 3:18 Hello Again (CD) 2007 "Oh Caroline" Jeff Allen 3:27 Colin Frechter, Bill Kimber, John Hudson, Mike Hurst Hello Again (LP) 1978 "One by One" 2:56 Hello Again (CD) 2007 "One More Stop To Heaven" Jeff Allen 2:58 Colin Frechter, Bill Kimber, John Hudson, Mike Hurst Hello Again (LP) 1978 "Out Of Our Heads" Chris Allen, Jeff Allen 3:05 Phil Wainman The Singles A's & B's Vol. 2 1976 B-side of "Love Stealer" "Round And Round" Chuck Berry 4:47 Keeps Us Off the Streets (CD) 2007 "Rebel" Bob Bradbury 3:03 Richard Myhill Keeps Us Off the Streets (CD) 1976 B-side of "Seven Rainy Days" "Rebel Rebel" David Bowie 4:04 unknown Glam Rockers 1996 "Rock On" David Essex 3:42 unknown Glam Rockers 1996 "Santa Rock" 2016 "School's Out" Alice Cooper, Michael Bruce, Glen Buxton, Dennis Dunaway, Neal Smith 3:50 unknown Glam Rockers 1996 "Seven Rainy Days" Chris Allen, Jeff Allen, Keith Marshall 3:03 Richard Myhill Their Greatest Hits 1976 A-side of "Rebel" "Shakin' All Over" Frederick Heath 4:14 Mike Leander Keeps Us Off the Streets (LP) 1976 "She Knows" Darryl Cotton, Steve Kipner, Michael Lloyd 2:45 Mike Leander Keeps Us Off the Streets (LP) 1976 "Shine On Silver Light" Allen, Bradbury, Marshall 3:07 Shine On Silver Light Colin Frechter, Bill Kimber 1977 A-side of "Gotta Lotta Soul" "Shout It Out" John Springate 2:54 Keeps Us Off the Streets (CD) 2007 "Slow Motion" Keith Marshall 3:06 Colin Frechter, Bill Kimber Hello Again (CD) 1977 A-side of "The In Place" "Some Kind of Magic" 3:33 Shine On Silver Light 1977 "Star Studded Sham" Russ Ballard 2:57 Mike Leander Keeps Us Off the Streets (LP) 1976 A-side of "Jenny Dream" "Starlight" Shine On Silver Light 1977 "Teenage Revolution" Jeff Allen 2:39 Mike Leander Keeps Us Off the Streets (LP) 1976 A-side of "Keep Us Off the Streets" "Tell Him" Bert Berns 3:07 Mike Leander Keeps Us Off the Streets (LP) 1974 A-side of "Lightning" "Tell Him (live)" Bert Berns 4:04 unknown Glam Rockers 1996 "That's The Time" Bob Bradbury 3:20 Colin Frechter, Bill Kimber, John Hudson, Mike Hurst Hello Again (LP) 1978 "The Cat is Wild" Jeff Allen 2:32 Colin Frechter, Bill Kimber, John Hudson, Mike Hurst Hello Again (LP) 1978 "The Golden Age of Rock 'n' Roll" Ian Hunter 4:58 unknown Glam Rockers 1996 "The In Place" Jeff Allen 3:29 Colin Frechter, Bill Kimber Shine On Silver Light 1977 B-side of "Slow Motion" "The Wench" Allen, Bradbury, Marshall 2:52 Ritchie Gold, Nick Kinsey The Singles A's & B's Vol. 1 1972 B-side of "C'mon" "Then She Kissed Me" Jeff Barry, Ellie Greenwich, Phil Spector 3:41 Mike Leander Keeps Us Off the Streets (LP) 1976 "Till You've Been Kissed" 3:18 Shine On Silver Light 1977 "Too Much Hesitating" Bob Bradbury 3:25 John Hudson Hello Again (CD) 1978 B-side of "Hi Ho Silver Lining" "Touch Too Much" Mike Chapman, Nicky Chinn 3:04 unknown Glam Rockers 1996 "Voodoo Eyes" Keith Marshall 3:26 Colin Frechter, Bill Kimber Their Greatest Hits 1977 B-side of "Heart Get Ready for Love" "Walking Midnight" Bob Bradbury 3:10 Colin Frechter, Bill Kimber, John Hudson, Mike Hurst Hello Again (LP) 1978 "Wanna See" 2016 "Way Beyond" 2016 "We Gotta Go" Allen, Bradbury, Marshall 2:55 Mike Leander The Singles A's & B's Vol. 1 1975 B-side of "Bend Me, Shape Me" "Week-End Rendezvous" 3:06 Shine On Silver Light 1977 "Where's The Party" Bradbury, Allen, Marshall 2:44 Keeps Us Off the Streets (CD) 2007 "Whole Lotta Woman" Marvin Rainwater 3:17 The Glam Years 1971–1979 1988 "You Got Class Babe" 2:08 Hello Again (CD) 2007 "You Move Me" Russ Ballard 2:52 Russ Ballard The Glam Years 1971–1979 1972 A-side of "Ask Your Mama" "You Shot Me Down" Keith Marshall 3:26 Colin Frechter, Bill Kimber, John Hudson, Mike Hurst Hello Again (LP) 1978 Cover versions Hello produced numerous cover versions. Their originals are: Song Writer(s) Original artist Album Year Other "20th Century Boy" Marc Bolan T. Rex 1973 "All the Young Dudes" David Bowie Mott the Hoople All the Young Dudes 1972 "Bad Bad Boy" McCafferty, Sweet, Agnew, Charlton Nazareth Razamanaz 1973 "Bend Me, Shape Me" Scott English, Larry Weiss The Outsiders In 1967 "Carol" Chuck Berry Chuck Berry Chuck Berry Is on Top 1958 "Elenore" Howard Kaylan/Mark Volman/Jim Pons/Al Nichol/John Barbata The Turtles The Turtles Present the Battle of the Bands 1968 "Hi Ho Silver Lining" Scott English, Larry Weiss The Attack Magic In The Air 1967 "Hold Me" Little Jack Little, David Oppenheim, Ira Schuster Little Jack Little 1933 "I Didn't Know I Loved You (Till I Saw You Rock and Roll)" Gary Glitter, Mike Leander Gary Glitter Glitter 1972 "I Love Rock 'n' Roll" Alan Merrill, Jake Hooker Arrows 1975 "Let's Spend the Night Together" Mick Jagger, Keith Richards The Rolling Stones Between the Buttons (US) 1967 "Let's Twist Again" Kal Mann, Dave Appell Chubby Checker Let's Twist Again 1961 "Rebel Rebel" David Bowie David Bowie Diamond Dogs 1974 "Rock On" David Essex David Essex Rock On 1973 "Round and Round" Chuck Berry Chuck Berry Chuck Berry Is on Top 1958 "School's Out" Alice Cooper, Michael Bruce, Glen Buxton, Dennis Dunaway, Neal Smith Alice Cooper School's Out 1972 "Shakin' All Over" Frederick Heath Johnny Kidd & the Pirates The Johnny Kidd Memorial Album 1960 "She Knows" Darryl Cotton, Steve Kipner, Michael Lloyd Friends Friends 1973 "Shout It Out" John Springate The Glitter Band Hey 1974 "Tell Him" Bert Berns Gil Hamilton aka Johnny Thunder The Fabulous Johnny Thunder 1962 popularized by the Exciters "The Golden Age of Rock 'n' Roll" Ian Hunter Mott the Hoople The Hoople 1974 "Then She Kissed Me" Jeff Barry, Ellie Greenwich, Phil Spector The Crystals The Crystals Sing Their Greatest Hits 1963 "Touch Too Much" Mike Chapman, Nicky Chinn Arrows 1974 "Whole Lotta Woman" Marvin Rainwater Marvin Rainwater Sings With A Heart, With A Beat 1958 Hello songs covered by others Song Writer(s) First artist Name Album Year Other "Games Up" Shephard, Springate, Sego The Glitter Band "Games Up" Rock 'n' Roll Dudes 1975 "Heart Get Ready For Love" Bugatti, Musker Kasenetz-Katz Singing Orchestral Circus "Heart Get Ready For Love" 1977 "Love Stealer" Phil Wainman, Richard Myhill Ian Lloyd "Love Stealer" Love Stealer 1979 "New York Groove" Russ Ballard Buck & Sylvie "Komm mit auf den Hinterhof" (German) 1975 also covered by Ace Frehley (1978) "Star Studded Sham" Russ Ballard The Stiffs Star Studded Sham The Punk Collection 1999 Personnel Current members Bob Bradbury (born Robert Bradbury, 14 January 1956, Tottenham) – lead vocals, rhythm guitar (1971–1979, 2002–present) Simon Ellis – lead guitar, backing vocals (2002–present) Corrie Shiells (born 16 November 1976, Hampstead London) – bass, backing vocals (2002–present) Jake Bradbury – drums (2013–present) Former members Keith Marshall (born 5 June 1956, Hampstead, London) – lead guitar, harmonica, backing vocals (1971–1979) Vic Faulkner (born Victor Faulkner, 27 February 1956, Hampstead) – bass (1971–1979) Jeff Allen (born Jeffrey Leon Allen, 8 March 1956, Tottenham) – drums (1971–1979) Alex Budge – drums (2002–2013) See also List of performers on Top of the Pops List of glam rock artists Notes ^ a b Chart position is from the official UK "Breakers List". References ^ a b c d e f Dave Thompson. "Hello | Biography". AllMusic. Retrieved 8 November 2013. ^ a b c Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 249. ISBN 1-904994-10-5. ^ "RetroUniverse: Don't Fret, Keith Marshall's Only Crying". Google.com. 11 April 2009. Retrieved 8 November 2013. ^ "Hello". Helloband.co.uk. Archived from the original on 13 January 2013. Retrieved 8 November 2013. ^ Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992 (illustrated ed.). St Ives, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book. p. 137. ISBN 0-646-11917-6. ^ "Hello – Games Up (Vinyl) at Discogs". Discogs.com. Retrieved 8 November 2013. ^ "Hello – Bend Me Shape Me (Vinyl) at Discogs". Discogs.com. Retrieved 8 November 2013. ^ "Hello – New York Groove (Vinyl) at Discogs". Discogs.com. Retrieved 8 November 2013. ^ "Hello – Star Studded Sham (Vinyl) at Discogs". Discogs.com. Retrieved 8 November 2013. ^ "Hello – Teenage Revolution / Keeps Us Off The Street (Vinyl) at Discogs". Discogs.com. Retrieved 8 November 2013. ^ "Hello – Love Stealer (Vinyl) at Discogs". Discogs.com. Retrieved 8 November 2013. ^ "Hello – Seven Rainy Days (Vinyl) at Discogs". Discogs.com. Retrieved 8 November 2013. ^ "Hello – Let It Rock (Vinyl) at Discogs". Discogs.com. Retrieved 8 November 2013. ^ "Hello – Shine On Silver Light (Vinyl) at Discogs". Discogs.com. Retrieved 8 November 2013. ^ "Hello – Good Old USA (Vinyl) at Discogs". Discogs.com. Retrieved 8 November 2013. ^ "Hello – Heart Get Ready For Love (Vinyl) at Discogs". Discogs.com. Retrieved 8 November 2013. ^ "Hello – Slow Motion (Vinyl) at Discogs". Discogs.com. Retrieved 8 November 2013. ^ "Hello – Hi Ho Silver Lining (Vinyl) at Discogs". Discogs.com. Retrieved 8 November 2013. ^ "Hello – Feel This Thing (Vinyl) at Discogs". Discogs.com. Retrieved 8 November 2013. ^ "Hello – Way Beyond at Discogs". Discogs.com. Retrieved 8 November 2013. External links Hello at AMG Hello's official web page Val Mabbs, Hello: Front room audition provided their first break, Record Mirror, 1972 Authority control databases International ISNI 2 VIAF Artists MusicBrainz
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They originally recorded for the Bell Records label.[1]The band's biggest success was in the UK and Germany in the mid-1970s, when their top 10 hits in the UK Singles Chart were \"Tell Him\" and \"New York Groove\".[2]","title":"Hello (band)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-amg-1"},{"link_name":"Keith Marshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Marshall_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Chris Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Cross"},{"link_name":"Ultravox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultravox"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Retro-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"hits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hit_record"},{"link_name":"UK Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"Tell Him","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tell_Him_(Bert_Berns_song)"},{"link_name":"cover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cover_version"},{"link_name":"The Exciters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Exciters"},{"link_name":"New York Groove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Groove"},{"link_name":"written","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songwriter"},{"link_name":"Argent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argent_(band)"},{"link_name":"Russ Ballard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russ_Ballard"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-British_Hit_Singles_&_Albums-2"},{"link_name":"covered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cover_version"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_chart"},{"link_name":"rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music"},{"link_name":"guitarist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitarist"},{"link_name":"Ace Frehley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ace_Frehley"},{"link_name":"Kiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiss_(band)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-amg-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-amg-1"},{"link_name":"Keeps Us Off the Streets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keeps_Us_Off_the_Streets"},{"link_name":"recording contract","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_contract"},{"link_name":"record charts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_chart"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-amg-1"},{"link_name":"BBC Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Television"},{"link_name":"Never Mind the Buzzcocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Never_Mind_the_Buzzcocks"},{"link_name":"website","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Website"},{"link_name":"rhythm guitarist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm_guitar"}],"text":"The core members of Hello came together around 1969, originally being called The Age.[1] The band was started by Bob Bradbury, previously of The Flashback Berries, with Keith Marshall, Vic Faulkner, and Jeff Allen (brother of Chris Allen, alias Chris Cross of Ultravox).[3] For about a year, they backed singer Caroline Hall, before renaming themselves as Hello in 1971.[4] The group recorded \"You Move Me\" and \"C'mon\" in 1972 as well as \"Another School Day\" in 1973, all on Bell Records, but these were not hits.Their biggest success came in the UK and Germany in 1974 and 1975. Their top 10 hits in the UK Singles Chart were \"Tell Him\" (a cover of The Exciters 1963 hit) and \"New York Groove\", the latter of which was written by Argent band member Russ Ballard.[2] \"New York Groove\" was later covered to provide a solo Billboard Hot 100 chart hit in the United States, for the rock guitarist Ace Frehley of the band Kiss. In Germany, Hello's subsequent singles \"Star Studded Sham\" (another Ballard composition) and \"Love Stealer\" reached the top 20,[1] but failed to chart in the UK where glam rock had largely fallen out of favour.Hello appeared in the 1975 film Side by Side.[1] Their first album, titled Keeps Us Off the Streets, was soon released.However, by 1979, with no recording contract, the band split up. Former guitarist Keith Marshall released a solo single two years later, titled \"Only Crying\". It found a place in record charts worldwide.[1]\nBassist Vic Faulkner reappeared in the 2000s and released several albums. He later lived in Spain.On 22 October 1999, Bob Bradbury appeared on the Identity Parade on the BBC Television programme Never Mind the Buzzcocks. According to the band's official website, in 2002, their original lead singer and rhythm guitarist Bradbury reformed the band with him as the sole remaining founding member.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Keeps Us Off the Streets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keeps_Us_Off_the_Streets"}],"sub_title":"Albums","text":"Keeps Us Off the Streets (1976)\nShine On Silver Light (1977)\nHello Again (1978)\nGlam Rockers (1996)\nNew York Groove (1999)\nThe Glam Singles Collection (2001)\nLive (2013)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Singles","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The following is a sortable table of all songs by Hello:The column Song list the song title; bold means released as a single.\nThe column Writer(s) lists who wrote the song.\nThe column Time shows its length.\nThe column Album lists the album the song is featured on.\nThe column Producer lists the producer of the song.\nThe column Year lists the year in which the song was released.","title":"List of songs"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Cover versions","text":"Hello produced numerous cover versions. Their originals are:","title":"List of songs"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Hello songs covered by others","title":"List of songs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tottenham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tottenham"},{"link_name":"Keith Marshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Marshall_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Hampstead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampstead"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"}],"text":"Current members\nBob Bradbury (born Robert Bradbury, 14 January 1956, Tottenham) – lead vocals, rhythm guitar (1971–1979, 2002–present)\nSimon Ellis – lead guitar, backing vocals (2002–present)\nCorrie Shiells (born 16 November 1976, Hampstead London) – bass, backing vocals (2002–present)\nJake Bradbury – drums (2013–present)\n\n\nFormer members\nKeith Marshall (born 5 June 1956, Hampstead, London) – lead guitar, harmonica, backing vocals (1971–1979)\nVic Faulkner (born Victor Faulkner, 27 February 1956, Hampstead) – bass (1971–1979)\nJeff Allen (born Jeffrey Leon Allen, 8 March 1956, Tottenham) – drums (1971–1979)\nAlex Budge – drums (2002–2013)","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fn2_7-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fn2_7-1"}],"text":"^ a b Chart position is from the official UK \"Breakers List\".","title":"Notes"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of performers on Top of the Pops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_performers_on_Top_of_the_Pops"},{"title":"List of glam rock artists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_glam_rock_artists"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Voice_(British_newspaper)
The Voice (British newspaper)
["1 History","2 Type and circulation","3 Events","4 Staff","5 Recognition and awards","6 Criticisms","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]
British newspaper The VoiceTypeMonthly newspaperFounder(s)Val McCallaFounded30 August 1982; 41 years ago (1982-08-30)LanguageEnglishCityLondonCountryUnited KingdomWebsitewww.voice-online.co.ukMedia of the United KingdomList of newspapers The Voice, founded in 1982, is a British national African-Caribbean newspaper operating in the United Kingdom. The paper is based in London and was published every Thursday until 2019 when it became monthly. It is available in a paper version by subscription and also online. History The Voice was founded in 1982 by Val McCalla, who was working on a London local paper called the East End News in 1981. He and a group of businesspeople and journalists created a weekly newspaper to cater for the interests of British-born African-Caribbean people. Until then, relevant publications had mastheads such as the West Indian Gazette, West Indian World, The Caribbean Times and West Africa. This was in order to address the interests of a generation of immigrants, by passing on news from their countries of origin in the Caribbean and Africa, rather than addressing the concerns of generations born in the UK. According to Beulah Ainley, who worked with McCalla on the East End News, "...nobody thought the Voice would work". However, as The Independent noted in 1996, "The previous summer, Brixton had rioted, and African-Caribbean enterprises of all kinds were now being encouraged in the hope of preventing a repetition. London councils, in particular, were keen to advertise for black staff, and even keener to do so in an African-Caribbean newspaper. McCalla also had a business partner, Alex Pascall, with BBC connections; soon the Corporation was advertising too." The Voice was established with a £62,000 loan from Barclays Bank, at a time when African-Caribbean businesses found it particularly hard to get financial backing from banks. Barclays had attracted a boycott by the Anti-Apartheid Movement for its investments in South Africa and was thus eager to show support for African-Caribbean causes. The Loan Guarantee Scheme, set up by the Conservative government to help small businesses, was also a help. The loan was in fact paid off within five years. The first issue of The Voice was printed at the same time of year as the Notting Hill Carnival in August 1982. Its cover price was 54 pence, and it was only sold in Greater London.. The Voice's first office was in Mare Street, Hackney, east London. The newspaper's first editor, Flip Fraser, led a team of young journalists who set about addressing issues of interest to Britain's African-Caribbean community. They combined human-interest stories and coverage of sports, fashion and entertainment with hard news and investigative reporting. In under a decade, the paper was selling more than 50,000 copies weekly. Within two decades it had become "Britain's most successful African-Caribbean newspaper". From 1996, The Voice had a new competitor in the form of New Nation, which sought to position itself as an "upbeat, aspirational publication", rather than the typically "advocacy journalism" contained within The Voice. New Nation published its final online issue on 17 February 2016. McCalla died in 2002. In 2004, the newspaper was taken over by the Jamaican Gleaner Company. Its publisher is GV Media Group Limited. Type and circulation The Voice is produced in tabloid format and is now a monthly publication, published on the last Thursday each month, and aimed at the African and Caribbean diaspora in the UK. There is also a website, The Voice Online. Regular columns in the newspaper include Faith, News, Campaigns, Sport, Black British Voices. In addition there are special supplements such as: Black Business Guide - an annual publication highlighting and showcasing small black business owners and their trades. Apprenticeships - each year, a supplement highlighting apprenticeships across the UK is published alongside the newspaper. The supplement includes features from key figures in business and apprenticeships. Carnival - every August, The Voice publishes a Carnival supplement to coincide with the Notting Hill Carnival. Bound volumes of the periodical from 1982 to 1999 are held in the Black Cultural Archives. The Voice also features in the British Library collection of Black Britain publications. Events In 2012, The Voice journalists were denied entry to the Olympic stadium despite the strong presence and interest in Black British athletes. In July 2017, The Voice hosted a special charity dinner for Usain Bolt ahead of his final appearance at the World Championships. The event, which took place at the Dorchester Hotel in London, raised money for Bolt and coach Glen Mills' Racers Track Club through auctioning off special items and raised over £30,000. The Voice has been a key player in Africa on the Square – a yearly event that takes place every October in Trafalgar Square, celebrating Africa's culture, cuisine, music and more. In 2022, the paper launched a survey to find out more about the lived experience of Black British people. In 2022, the publishing house Ebury Press announced the upcoming publication of a book entitled The Voice: 40 years of Black British Lives. Staff Vic Motune is News Editor. Paulette Simpson is the executive director of The Voice. Former writers for The Voice include one-time Commission for Racial Equality chair Trevor Phillips, former BBC and currently Al Jazeera newsman Rageh Omaar, Martin Bashir, authors Diran Adebayo, Leone Ross, and Gemma Weekes; film maker and novelist Kolton Lee, novelist Vanessa Walters, broadcasters Jasmine Dotiwala, Henry Bonsu, Dotun Adebayo, Onyekachi Wambu, Joel Kibazo, educationalist Tony Sewell and publisher Steve Pope, among others. Recognition and awards The Voice has received many awards, which include:. Young Voices – two "Best Magazine" awards from the Urban Music Awards 2010 and 2009 BBI Media and Entertainment Award 2008 Voice of Sports – Performance Award 2003 from Western Union BEEAM Awards for Organisation Achievements 2003 Black Plus Awards 2002 Britain's Ethnic Minority Federation at the Bank of England, Partnership Awards 1999 NLBA Enterprise Excellence Awards 1996 BGA Gospel Awards – Best Media 1980s Criticisms The editorial tone and content of The Voice has often come under criticism. At the launch of the New Nation newspaper, the paper's editor, Richard Adeshiyan referred to The Voice as a "doom-and-gloom sheet" which prints damaging news and images of Black people as victims. In July 2020, educationalist Tony Sewell publicly retracted and apologized for homophobic remarks he had made in a column published in The Voice in 1990, in which he commented on the announcement by footballer Justin Fashanu that he was gay. Sewell had written:We heteros are sick and tired of tortured queens playing hide and seek around their closets. Homosexuals are the greatest queer-bashers around. No other group of people are so preoccupied with making their own sexuality look dirty. On 30 July 2020, The Voice received widespread criticism for publishing an interview with rapper Wiley shortly after he posted a series of anti-Semitic comments on social media. Rather than challenging Wiley on his comments, the interview merely asked Wiley if he felt he had made any "salient points". This received widespread criticism from many Jewish people, with music producer Mark Ronson tweeting a series of comments criticising the publication. On 31 July the article was removed, with The Voice issuing a statement apologising for the offence caused by the article. Prince Charles was invited in 2022 to guest edit an issue celebrating 40 years of The Voice. The choice of a white member of British Royalty to do this was heavily criticised by many. See also List of newspapers in the United Kingdom New Nation References ^ "Homepage". Voice Online. Retrieved 5 September 2022. ^ ""Newspapers", Black in Britain". ^ a b Beckett, Andy (11 February 1996). "The Voice In the Wilderness". The Independent. Retrieved 5 September 2022. ^ Morrison, Lionel (2007). A Century of Black Journalism in Britain: A Kaleidoscopic View of Race and the Media (1893-2003). Truebay. ISBN 978-0-9555540-0-1. ^ "The Voice - Britain's favourite Black newspaper". Google Arts & Culture. Retrieved 6 September 2022. ^ "City Hall Hosts Voice Newspaper Exhibition", The Voice, 19 October 2017. ^ Pears, Elizabeth (7 September 2014). "Black hero Flip Fraser joins the hall of fame". jamaica-gleaner.com. Retrieved 5 September 2022. ^ "The newspaper that gave Black Britain a megaphone". MyJoyOnline. CNN. 25 October 2020. Retrieved 27 March 2023. ^ "The Year that made The Voice". The Voice. August 2022. p. 3. Retrieved 7 September 2022. ^ Britain, The Black Presence in (17 October 2009). "Black Britons - Val McCalla - Founder of the voice Newspaper - Blackpresence". The Black Presence in Britain. Retrieved 5 September 2022. ^ a b c Chrisafis, Angelique (24 August 2002). "McCalla, publisher who gave black people a voice, dies". The Guardian'. ^ a b Aitkenhead, Decca (12 October 1996). "Black and successful? Here's the good news". The Independent. Retrieved 5 September 2022. ^ "Home". newnation.co.uk. ^ Pope, Steve (23 August 2002). "Obituary: Val McCalla". The Guardian. Retrieved 6 September 2022. ^ Tryhorn, Chris (20 May 2004). "Voice sold off in £4m deal". The Guardian. Retrieved 5 September 2022. ^ Tryhorn, Chris (21 May 2004). "Gleaner group acquires the Voice". The Guardian. Retrieved 5 September 2022. ^ "Britain's Favourite Black Newspaper". Voice Online. ^ "Download The Voice Black Business Guide 2020-21". Voice Online. Retrieved 6 September 2022. ^ "Apprenticeship | The Voice Online". archive.voice-online.co.uk. Retrieved 6 September 2022. ^ The National Archives. "The Discovery Service". discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk. Retrieved 5 September 2022. ^ "Black Britain publications | British Library". The British Library. Retrieved 5 September 2022. ^ Morse, Felicity (16 July 2012). "Outrage After Journalists At Britain's Biggest Black Newspaper Denied Access To Olympic Stadium". HuffPost UK. Retrieved 5 September 2022. ^ Karim, Andrew (21 July 2017). "Bolt charity dinner raises £30,000 for young athletes". Caribbean National Weekly. Retrieved 9 November 2020. ^ "Africa on the Square". Greater London Authority. 15 October 2016. Retrieved 9 November 2020. ^ "Black British Voices". Black British Voices. Retrieved 5 September 2022. ^ "Black British Voices Archives". Voice Online. Retrieved 5 September 2022. ^ Brown, Lauren (11 August 2022). "Ebury unveils celebration of Britain's only Black newspaper with Sir Lenny Henry". The Bookseller. Retrieved 5 September 2022. ^ The Voice: 40 Years of Black British Lives. London, England: Ebury Press. 2022. ISBN 9781529902426. ^ a b c Burrell, Ian (4 May 2008). "Lester Holloway: 'Victim stories have had their day in black papers'". The Independent. Retrieved 6 September 2022. ^ Pope, Steve (19 March 2004). "Comment | Total blackout". The Guardian. ^ "About us". www.penguin.co.uk. ^ "About Us". Voice Online. Retrieved 5 September 2022. ^ Murphy, Simon; Stewart, Heather; Dodd, Vikram; Walker, Peter (16 July 2020). "Race commission head Tony Sewell apologises for anti-gay comments". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 17 July 2020. ^ "Systemic Oppression and Wiley". The Voice. 30 July 2020. Retrieved 31 July 2020. ^ Harpin, Lee (30 July 2020). "The Voice publishes inflammatory interview with Wiley". The Jewish Chronicle. Retrieved 31 July 2020. ^ Ellery, Ben (31 July 2020). "Wiley antisemitism: Mark Ronson clashes with black newspaper". The Times. Retrieved 31 July 2020. ^ Harpin, Lee (31 July 2020). "Voice removes Wiley interview but defends decision to publish". The Jewish Chronicle. Retrieved 31 July 2020. ^ "Statement from The Voice in response to Wiley article". The Voice. 31 July 2020. Retrieved 31 July 2020. ^ McSherry, Gemma (27 August 2022). "Prince Charles guest edits black British newspaper The Voice". The Guardian. Retrieved 5 September 2022. ^ Longmire, Becca (5 September 2022). "Prince Charles Faces Backlash After Guest Editing Issue Of Britain's Leading Black Newspaper 'The Voice'". ET Canada. Archived from the original on 5 September 2022. Retrieved 5 September 2022. External links The Voice Online Young Voices The Gleaner Company Limited McKenzie, Paul, "Out of tune: Why nobody’s listening to The Voice", The Times, 13 January 2004
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It is available in a paper version by subscription and also online.[1]","title":"The Voice (British newspaper)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Val McCalla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val_McCalla"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BinB-2"},{"link_name":"British-born African-Caribbean people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_African-Caribbean_people"},{"link_name":"West Indian Gazette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Indian_Gazette"},{"link_name":"West Indian World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Indian_World"},{"link_name":"The Caribbean Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Caribbean_Times"},{"link_name":"West Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Africa_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Beckett-3"},{"link_name":"The Independent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent"},{"link_name":"Brixton had rioted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981_Brixton_riot"},{"link_name":"Alex Pascall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Pascall"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Beckett-3"},{"link_name":"Barclays Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barclays_Bank"},{"link_name":"Anti-Apartheid Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Apartheid_Movement"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Loan Guarantee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loan_Guarantee"},{"link_name":"Conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Notting Hill Carnival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notting_Hill_Carnival"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Mare Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare_Street"},{"link_name":"Hackney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Borough_of_Hackney"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Flip Fraser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flip_Fraser"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chrisafis-11"},{"link_name":"New Nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Nation"},{"link_name":"advocacy journalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advocacy_journalism"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Independent-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Gleaner Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleaner_Company"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"The Voice was founded in 1982 by Val McCalla,[2] who was working on a London local paper called the East End News in 1981. He and a group of businesspeople and journalists created a weekly newspaper to cater for the interests of British-born African-Caribbean people. Until then, relevant publications had mastheads such as the West Indian Gazette, West Indian World, The Caribbean Times and West Africa. This was in order to address the interests of a generation of immigrants, by passing on news from their countries of origin in the Caribbean and Africa, rather than addressing the concerns of generations born in the UK. According to Beulah Ainley, who worked with McCalla on the East End News, \"...nobody thought the Voice would work\".[3] However, as The Independent noted in 1996, \"The previous summer, Brixton had rioted, and African-Caribbean enterprises of all kinds were now being encouraged in the hope of preventing a repetition. London councils, in particular, were keen to advertise for black staff, and even keener to do so in an African-Caribbean newspaper. McCalla also had a business partner, Alex Pascall, with BBC connections; soon the Corporation was advertising too.\"[3]The Voice was established with a £62,000 loan from Barclays Bank, at a time when African-Caribbean businesses found it particularly hard to get financial backing from banks. Barclays had attracted a boycott by the Anti-Apartheid Movement for its investments in South Africa and was thus eager to show support for African-Caribbean causes.[4] The Loan Guarantee Scheme, set up by the Conservative government to help small businesses, was also a help. The loan was in fact paid off within five years.[citation needed]The first issue of The Voice was printed at the same time of year as the Notting Hill Carnival in August 1982.[5] Its cover price was 54 pence, and it was only sold in Greater London.[citation needed]. The Voice's first office was in Mare Street, Hackney, east London.[6] The newspaper's first editor, Flip Fraser,[7] led a team of young journalists who set about addressing issues of interest to Britain's African-Caribbean community.[8] They combined human-interest stories and coverage of sports, fashion and entertainment with hard news and investigative reporting.[9]In under a decade, the paper was selling more than 50,000 copies weekly.[10] Within two decades it had become \"Britain's most successful African-Caribbean newspaper\".[11] From 1996, The Voice had a new competitor in the form of New Nation, which sought to position itself as an \"upbeat, aspirational publication\", rather than the typically \"advocacy journalism\" contained within The Voice.[12] New Nation published its final online issue on 17 February 2016.[13]McCalla died in 2002.[14] In 2004, the newspaper was taken over by the Jamaican Gleaner Company.[15][16] Its publisher is GV Media Group Limited.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Notting Hill Carnival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notting_Hill_Carnival"},{"link_name":"Black Cultural Archives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Cultural_Archives"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"British Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Library"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"The Voice is produced in tabloid format and is now a monthly publication, published on the last Thursday each month, and aimed at the African and Caribbean diaspora in the UK. There is also a website, The Voice Online.[17]Regular columns in the newspaper include Faith, News, Campaigns, Sport, Black British Voices. In addition there are special supplements such as:Black Business Guide - an annual publication highlighting and showcasing small black business owners and their trades.[18]\nApprenticeships - each year, a supplement highlighting apprenticeships across the UK is published alongside the newspaper. The supplement includes features from key figures in business and apprenticeships.[19]\nCarnival - every August, The Voice publishes a Carnival supplement to coincide with the Notting Hill Carnival.\nBound volumes of the periodical from 1982 to 1999 are held in the Black Cultural Archives.[20] The Voice also features in the British Library collection of Black Britain publications.[21]","title":"Type and circulation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Usain Bolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usain_Bolt"},{"link_name":"World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_World_Championships_in_Athletics"},{"link_name":"Dorchester Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorchester_Hotel"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Trafalgar Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafalgar_Square"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"In 2012, The Voice journalists were denied entry to the Olympic stadium despite the strong presence and interest in Black British athletes.[22]In July 2017, The Voice hosted a special charity dinner for Usain Bolt ahead of his final appearance at the World Championships. The event, which took place at the Dorchester Hotel in London, raised money for Bolt and coach Glen Mills' Racers Track Club through auctioning off special items and raised over £30,000.[23]The Voice has been a key player in Africa on the Square – a yearly event that takes place every October in Trafalgar Square, celebrating Africa's culture, cuisine, music and more.[24]In 2022, the paper launched a survey to find out more about the lived experience of Black British people.[25][26]In 2022, the publishing house Ebury Press announced the upcoming publication of a book entitled The Voice: 40 years of Black British Lives.[27][28]","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Commission for Racial Equality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commission_for_Racial_Equality"},{"link_name":"Trevor Phillips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trevor_Phillips"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Burrell-29"},{"link_name":"Al Jazeera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Media_Network"},{"link_name":"Rageh Omaar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rageh_Omaar"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Burrell-29"},{"link_name":"Martin Bashir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Bashir"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chrisafis-11"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Burrell-29"},{"link_name":"Diran Adebayo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diran_Adebayo"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chrisafis-11"},{"link_name":"Leone Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leone_Ross"},{"link_name":"Kolton Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolton_Lee"},{"link_name":"Vanessa Walters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanessa_Walters"},{"link_name":"Jasmine Dotiwala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasmine_Dotiwala"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Dotun Adebayo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dotun_Adebayo"},{"link_name":"Onyekachi Wambu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onyekachi_Wambu"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Tony Sewell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Sewell"}],"text":"Vic Motune is News Editor. Paulette Simpson is the executive director of The Voice.Former writers for The Voice include one-time Commission for Racial Equality chair Trevor Phillips,[29] former BBC and currently Al Jazeera newsman Rageh Omaar,[29] Martin Bashir,[11][29] authors Diran Adebayo,[11] Leone Ross, and Gemma Weekes; film maker and novelist Kolton Lee, novelist Vanessa Walters, broadcasters Jasmine Dotiwala, Henry Bonsu,[30] Dotun Adebayo, Onyekachi Wambu, Joel Kibazo,[31] educationalist Tony Sewell and publisher Steve Pope, among others.","title":"Staff"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Urban Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"Western Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Union"},{"link_name":"Bank of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_England"}],"text":"The Voice has received many awards, which include:.[32]Young Voices – two \"Best Magazine\" awards from the Urban Music Awards 2010 and 2009\nBBI Media and Entertainment Award 2008\nVoice of Sports – Performance Award 2003 from Western Union\nBEEAM Awards for Organisation Achievements 2003\nBlack Plus Awards 2002\nBritain's Ethnic Minority Federation at the Bank of England, Partnership Awards 1999\nNLBA Enterprise Excellence Awards 1996\nBGA Gospel Awards – Best Media 1980s","title":"Recognition and awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Nation"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Independent-12"},{"link_name":"Tony Sewell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Sewell"},{"link_name":"homophobic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homophobic"},{"link_name":"Justin Fashanu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Fashanu"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Wiley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiley_(musician)"},{"link_name":"anti-Semitic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Semitic"},{"link_name":"comments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiley_(musician)#Allegations_of_antisemitism_on_social_media"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Mark Ronson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Ronson"},{"link_name":"tweeting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Prince Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles,_Prince_of_Wales"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"}],"text":"The editorial tone and content of The Voice has often come under criticism. At the launch of the New Nation newspaper, the paper's editor, Richard Adeshiyan referred to The Voice as a \"doom-and-gloom sheet\" which prints damaging news and images of Black people as victims.[12]In July 2020, educationalist Tony Sewell publicly retracted and apologized for homophobic remarks he had made in a column published in The Voice in 1990, in which he commented on the announcement by footballer Justin Fashanu that he was gay.[33] Sewell had written:We heteros are sick and tired of tortured queens playing hide and seek around their closets. Homosexuals are the greatest queer-bashers around. No other group of people are so preoccupied with making their own sexuality look dirty.On 30 July 2020, The Voice received widespread criticism for publishing an interview with rapper Wiley shortly after he posted a series of anti-Semitic comments on social media. Rather than challenging Wiley on his comments, the interview merely asked Wiley if he felt he had made any \"salient points\".[34] This received widespread criticism from many Jewish people, with music producer Mark Ronson tweeting a series of comments criticising the publication.[35][36] On 31 July the article was removed, with The Voice issuing a statement apologising for the offence caused by the article.[37][38]Prince Charles was invited in 2022 to guest edit an issue celebrating 40 years of The Voice.[39] The choice of a white member of British Royalty to do this was heavily criticised by many.[40]","title":"Criticisms"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of newspapers in the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"title":"New Nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Nation"}]
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ISBN 978-0-9555540-0-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Morrison","url_text":"Morrison, Lionel"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=76M-nuHaji8C&dq=barclays+%22the+voice%22+newspaper&pg=PA64","url_text":"A Century of Black Journalism in Britain: A Kaleidoscopic View of Race and the Media (1893-2003)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9555540-0-1","url_text":"978-0-9555540-0-1"}]},{"reference":"\"The Voice - Britain's favourite Black newspaper\". Google Arts & Culture. Retrieved 6 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://artsandculture.google.com/story/the-voice-britain-s-favourite-black-newspaper/bwWxpyXvyvAJ6w","url_text":"\"The Voice - Britain's favourite Black newspaper\""}]},{"reference":"Pears, Elizabeth (7 September 2014). \"Black hero Flip Fraser joins the hall of fame\". jamaica-gleaner.com. Retrieved 5 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/entertainment/20140907/black-hero-flip-fraser-joins-hall-fame","url_text":"\"Black hero Flip Fraser joins the hall of fame\""}]},{"reference":"\"The newspaper that gave Black Britain a megaphone\". MyJoyOnline. CNN. 25 October 2020. Retrieved 27 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.myjoyonline.com/the-newspaper-that-gave-black-britain-a-megaphone/","url_text":"\"The newspaper that gave Black Britain a megaphone\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Year that made The Voice\". The Voice. August 2022. p. 3. Retrieved 7 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.voice-online.co.uk/","url_text":"\"The Year that made The Voice\""}]},{"reference":"Britain, The Black Presence in (17 October 2009). \"Black Britons - Val McCalla - Founder of the voice Newspaper - Blackpresence\". The Black Presence in Britain. Retrieved 5 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://blackpresence.co.uk/the-voice-val-mccalla/","url_text":"\"Black Britons - Val McCalla - Founder of the voice Newspaper - Blackpresence\""}]},{"reference":"Chrisafis, Angelique (24 August 2002). \"McCalla, publisher who gave black people a voice, dies\". The Guardian'.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2002/aug/24/arts.raceandreligion?INTCMP=SRCH","url_text":"\"McCalla, publisher who gave black people a voice, dies\""}]},{"reference":"Aitkenhead, Decca (12 October 1996). \"Black and successful? Here's the good news\". The Independent. Retrieved 5 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decca_Aitkenhead","url_text":"Aitkenhead, Decca"},{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/black-and-successful-here-s-the-good-news-1358137.html","url_text":"\"Black and successful? Here's the good news\""}]},{"reference":"\"Home\". newnation.co.uk.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newnation.co.uk/","url_text":"\"Home\""}]},{"reference":"Pope, Steve (23 August 2002). \"Obituary: Val McCalla\". The Guardian. Retrieved 6 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/news/2002/aug/24/guardianobituaries.raceandreligion","url_text":"\"Obituary: Val McCalla\""}]},{"reference":"Tryhorn, Chris (20 May 2004). \"Voice sold off in £4m deal\". The Guardian. Retrieved 5 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/media/2004/may/20/race.pressandpublishing","url_text":"\"Voice sold off in £4m deal\""}]},{"reference":"Tryhorn, Chris (21 May 2004). \"Gleaner group acquires the Voice\". The Guardian. Retrieved 5 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/media/2004/may/21/business.pressandpublishing","url_text":"\"Gleaner group acquires the Voice\""}]},{"reference":"\"Britain's Favourite Black Newspaper\". Voice Online.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.voice-online.co.uk/","url_text":"\"Britain's Favourite Black Newspaper\""}]},{"reference":"\"Download The Voice Black Business Guide 2020-21\". Voice Online. Retrieved 6 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.voice-online.co.uk/post/publications/section/business-guide/download-the-voice-black-business-guide-2020-21/","url_text":"\"Download The Voice Black Business Guide 2020-21\""}]},{"reference":"\"Apprenticeship | The Voice Online\". archive.voice-online.co.uk. Retrieved 6 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.voice-online.co.uk/apprenticeship","url_text":"\"Apprenticeship | The Voice Online\""}]},{"reference":"The National Archives. \"The Discovery Service\". discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk. Retrieved 5 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/c/F271725","url_text":"\"The Discovery Service\""}]},{"reference":"\"Black Britain publications | British Library\". The British Library. Retrieved 5 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bl.uk/collection-guides/black-britain-publications","url_text":"\"Black Britain publications | British Library\""}]},{"reference":"Morse, Felicity (16 July 2012). \"Outrage After Journalists At Britain's Biggest Black Newspaper Denied Access To Olympic Stadium\". HuffPost UK. Retrieved 5 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2012/07/16/the-voice-olympics-london-2012-black-newspaper_n_1676606.html","url_text":"\"Outrage After Journalists At Britain's Biggest Black Newspaper Denied Access To Olympic Stadium\""}]},{"reference":"Karim, Andrew (21 July 2017). \"Bolt charity dinner raises £30,000 for young athletes\". Caribbean National Weekly. Retrieved 9 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.caribbeannationalweekly.com/caribbean-breaking-news-featured/bolt-charity-dinner-raises-30000-young-athletes-2/","url_text":"\"Bolt charity dinner raises £30,000 for young athletes\""}]},{"reference":"\"Africa on the Square\". Greater London Authority. 15 October 2016. Retrieved 9 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.london.gov.uk/events/2016-10-15/africa-square","url_text":"\"Africa on the Square\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_London_Authority","url_text":"Greater London Authority"}]},{"reference":"\"Black British Voices\". Black British Voices. Retrieved 5 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbvp.org/","url_text":"\"Black British Voices\""}]},{"reference":"\"Black British Voices Archives\". Voice Online. Retrieved 5 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.voice-online.co.uk/section/black-british-voices/","url_text":"\"Black British Voices Archives\""}]},{"reference":"Brown, Lauren (11 August 2022). \"Ebury unveils celebration of Britain's only Black newspaper with Sir Lenny Henry\". The Bookseller. Retrieved 5 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thebookseller.com/rights/ebury-unveils-celebration-of-britains-only-black-newspaper-with-sir-lenny-henry","url_text":"\"Ebury unveils celebration of Britain's only Black newspaper with Sir Lenny Henry\""}]},{"reference":"The Voice: 40 Years of Black British Lives. London, England: Ebury Press. 2022. ISBN 9781529902426.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebury_Press","url_text":"Ebury Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781529902426","url_text":"9781529902426"}]},{"reference":"Burrell, Ian (4 May 2008). \"Lester Holloway: 'Victim stories have had their day in black papers'\". The Independent. Retrieved 6 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/lester-holloway-victim-stories-have-had-their-day-in-black-papers-821015.html","url_text":"\"Lester Holloway: 'Victim stories have had their day in black papers'\""}]},{"reference":"Pope, Steve (19 March 2004). \"Comment | Total blackout\". The Guardian.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/media/2004/mar/19/raceintheuk.comment","url_text":"\"Comment | Total blackout\""}]},{"reference":"\"About us\". www.penguin.co.uk.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.penguin.co.uk/company/about-us.html","url_text":"\"About us\""}]},{"reference":"\"About Us\". Voice Online. Retrieved 5 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.voice-online.co.uk/about-us/","url_text":"\"About Us\""}]},{"reference":"Murphy, Simon; Stewart, Heather; Dodd, Vikram; Walker, Peter (16 July 2020). \"Race commission head Tony Sewell apologises for anti-gay comments\". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 17 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jul/16/concern-choice-charity-boss-tony-sewell-head-uk-race-commission","url_text":"\"Race commission head Tony Sewell apologises for anti-gay comments\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077","url_text":"0261-3077"}]},{"reference":"\"Systemic Oppression and Wiley\". The Voice. 30 July 2020. Retrieved 31 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.voice-online.co.uk/entertainment/music/2020/07/29/systemic-oppression-and-wiley/","url_text":"\"Systemic Oppression and Wiley\""}]},{"reference":"Harpin, Lee (30 July 2020). \"The Voice publishes inflammatory interview with Wiley\". The Jewish Chronicle. Retrieved 31 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thejc.com/news/uk/the-voice-publishes-inflammatory-interview-with-wiley-1.502053","url_text":"\"The Voice publishes inflammatory interview with Wiley\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jewish_Chronicle","url_text":"The Jewish Chronicle"}]},{"reference":"Ellery, Ben (31 July 2020). \"Wiley antisemitism: Mark Ronson clashes with black newspaper\". The Times. Retrieved 31 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/wiley-antisemitism-mark-ronson-clashes-with-black-newspaper-85q5w5t8p","url_text":"\"Wiley antisemitism: Mark Ronson clashes with black newspaper\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times","url_text":"The Times"}]},{"reference":"Harpin, Lee (31 July 2020). \"Voice removes Wiley interview but defends decision to publish\". The Jewish Chronicle. Retrieved 31 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thejc.com/news/uk/voice-removes-wiley-interview-but-defends-decision-to-publish-1.502148","url_text":"\"Voice removes Wiley interview but defends decision to publish\""}]},{"reference":"\"Statement from The Voice in response to Wiley article\". The Voice. 31 July 2020. Retrieved 31 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.voice-online.co.uk/entertainment/2020/07/30/statement-from-the-voice-in-response-to-wiley-article/","url_text":"\"Statement from The Voice in response to Wiley article\""}]},{"reference":"McSherry, Gemma (27 August 2022). \"Prince Charles guest edits black British newspaper The Voice\". The Guardian. Retrieved 5 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2022/aug/27/prince-charles-guest-edits-black-british-newspaper-the-voice","url_text":"\"Prince Charles guest edits black British newspaper The Voice\""}]},{"reference":"Longmire, Becca (5 September 2022). \"Prince Charles Faces Backlash After Guest Editing Issue Of Britain's Leading Black Newspaper 'The Voice'\". ET Canada. Archived from the original on 5 September 2022. Retrieved 5 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220905144802/https://etcanada.com/news/925889/prince-charles-faces-backlash-after-guest-editing-issue-of-britains-leading-black-newspaper-the-voice/","url_text":"\"Prince Charles Faces Backlash After Guest Editing Issue Of Britain's Leading Black Newspaper 'The Voice'\""},{"url":"https://etcanada.com/news/925889/prince-charles-faces-backlash-after-guest-editing-issue-of-britains-leading-black-newspaper-the-voice/","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val_Telline
Valtellina
["1 Geography","2 History","2.1 Antiquity and the middle ages","2.2 Early modern period","2.3 18th and 19th centuries","2.4 Mussolini and the Valtellina Redoubt","3 Culture and language","4 Folklore","4.1 L'è foeu el sginer and l'è foeu l'ors de la tana","4.2 Intraverser l’ann","4.3 The gabinat","4.4 Andà a ciamà l'erba (Let's go call the grass)","4.5 The Carneval vegg (Old Carnival)","4.6 The Carneval di Mat (Carnival of the fools)","4.7 La coscrizione (the conscription)","4.8 I Pasquali","4.9 Il Palio delle Contrade","5 Wines","6 Tourism","7 Notable people","8 See also","9 References","10 External links"]
Coordinates: 46°10′N 9°52′E / 46.167°N 9.867°E / 46.167; 9.867Valley in Northern Italy For the comune in Valmalenco valley, see Chiesa in Valmalenco. For the footballer, see Marco Valtulina. For Valpelline, see Valpelline, Aosta Valley. Map of the Province of Sondrio, where Valtellina is located Flag of Valchiavenna (upper left), Upper Valtellina (upper right) and Valtellina (lower part) Monte Disgrazia (3,678m) in the north of the Valtellina A view of the Valtellina from Castel Grumello The San Marco Pass in the south of the Valtellina Valtellina or the Valtelline (occasionally spelled as two words in English: Val Telline; Romansh: Vuclina (listenⓘ); Lombard: Valtelina or Valtulina; German: Veltlin; Italian: Valtellina) is a valley in the Lombardy region of northern Italy, bordering Switzerland. Today it is known for its ski centre, hot spring spas, bresaola, cheeses (in particular Bitto, named after the river Bitto) and wines. In past centuries it was a key Alpine pass between northern Italy and Germany. The control of the Valtellina was much sought after, particularly during the Thirty Years' War as it was an important part of the Spanish Road. Geography The most important comune of the valley is Sondrio; the others major centres are Aprica, Morbegno, Tirano, Bormio and Livigno. Although Livigno is on the northern side of the alpine watershed, it is considered part of Valtellina as it falls within the province of Sondrio. History Antiquity and the middle ages The region was conquered in 16 BC by the Romans. By the 5th century, it was Christianized with around ten pieve (rural churches with a baptistery) under the Diocese of Como. The Lombards gained control over the area after 720, but about fifty years later Charlemagne gave the valley to Saint Denis Monastery near Paris. Later the valley returned to the Bishop of Como. Early modern period See also: Valtellina War and Spanish Road Map of the Three Leagues with the grey area of Valchiavenna, Tre Pievi, Valtellina and Bormio ruled by it from 1512 to 1797 During the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries, the Valtellina belonged to the Three Leagues (the "Grey Leagues"), which was then a mutual-defence region independent of Switzerland but is now the easternmost Swiss Canton of Graubünden. Graubünden is an area in which German, Romansh, Lombard and Italian are all spoken, and hence during 16th-century rule by Graubünden, the region became known variously as Veltlin, Westtirol (West Tyrol), and the Welsche Vogteien ("Romanic Bailiwicks"). During the Thirty Years' War, the Valtellina was a theatre of intense military and diplomatic struggle among France, the Habsburg powers and the local authorities which culminated in the Valtellina war of 1620–1626. Control over the routes through the Valtellina to the passes between Lombardy and the Danube watershed was at stake as it formed part of the so-called Spanish Road. The anti-Habsburg forces in the Three Leagues put together a court named 'clerical overseers' that between 1618 and 1620 handed down a number of convictions (often in absentia) against Catholics in the Leagues and Valtellina. This included the arresting under false pretences and torturing to death of the (catholic) arch-priest Nicolò Rusca of Sondrio. This and similar harsh judgments of the anti-Habsburg Thusis court led to a conspiracy to drive the Protestants out of the valley. The leader of the conspiracy, Giacomo Robustelli of the Planta family, had ties to Madrid, Rome and Paris. On the evening of 18/19 July 1620, a force of Valtellina rebels supported by Austrian and Italian troops marched into Tirano and began killing Protestants. When they finished in Tirano, they marched to Teglio, Sondrio and further down the valley killing every Protestant that they found. Between 500 and 600 people were killed on that night and in the following four days. The attack drove nearly all the Protestants out of the valley, prevented further Protestant incursions and took the Valtellina out of the Three Leagues. The killings in Valtellina were part of the conflicts in Graubünden known as the Bündner Wirren or Confusion of the Leagues. In February 1623 France, Savoy, and Venice signed the Treaty of Paris in which all three signatories agreed to re-establish the territory of Valtellina by attempting to remove Spanish forces stationed there. 18th and 19th centuries In 1797 the growing power of the First French Republic created the Cisalpine Republic in Northern Italy. On 10 October 1797, the French supported a revolt in the Valtellina against the Graubünden (Grisons in French and English), and it joined the Cisalpine Republic. After the Congress of Vienna in 1815, the Valtellina became part of the Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia, which was a constituent land of the Austrian Empire. In 1859 it came, together with Lombardy, to the Kingdom of Sardinia, and finally in 1861 it became part of the Kingdom of Italy. At the end of the 19th century, there was substantial migration out of the Valtellina for reasons of the prevailing economically depressed conditions of the region and for young men to avoid conscription. Australia, especially Western Australia, was a popular destination for such migrants. Industrially, the area is famous as the home of the world's first mainline electrified railway. The electrification of the Ferrovia della Valtellina took place in 1902, using three-phase power at 3,600 V, with a maximum speed of 70 km/h. The system was designed by the brilliant Hungarian engineer Kálmán Kandó who was employed by the main contractors the Budapest-based Ganz company. Mussolini and the Valtellina Redoubt Main article: Valtellina Redoubt During the last months of World War II, the Italian dictator Benito Mussolini and other diehard fascist leaders of the Italian Social Republic (RSI) proposed making a "last stand" against the advancing Allied armies in the Valtellina. The Fascist Party secretary Alessandro Pavolini was the main proponent of the idea, which he first raised with Mussolini in September 1944. However, the fascist leadership was divided over the plan and only minimal preparatory work was carried out to establish the area as a stronghold. By the time the Allies made their final advance in April 1945, the Valtellina was not ready to be used as a redoubt. In any event, Mussolini's capture on 27 April by the partisans at Dongo, barely short of the Valtellina, ended any possibility of a fascist last stand. Culture and language The official language is Italian, but the Valtellinese variety of the Lombard Language is also spoken. Panorama of the Valtellina from Alpe Piazzola in the comune of Castello dell'Acqua. Folklore L'è foeu el sginer and l'è foeu l'ors de la tana On 31 January there was the tradition of l'è foeu el sginer ("January's out"), a custom very similar to that celebrated on 2 February known as l'è foeu l'ors de la tana ("the bear is out from its den"). Both celebrated the end of winter and the imminent arrival of spring. The two customs involved walking around the town and inviting people to leave their houses under any pretext, like throwing a large piece of wood or a pot down the stairs. When people ran outside to check what had happened, they were greeted with the shout l'è foeu el sginer! or l'è foeu l'ors de la tana! Intraverser l’ann Intraverser l'èn or intraverser l'ann (literally "to put the year across") also celebrated New Year's Eve: during the night young people used to build barricades of gates, doors, benches, agricultural tools, logs, stairs, sledges, and carts in the main square or in front of the church, to prevent the old year from leaving. The next morning, the owners of the stolen objects had to go and recover them, dismantling the barricade and metaphorically opening up the way to the new year. The gabinat On 6 January, the custom of the gabinat is still celebrated today, especially in Tirano, in the Upper Valley, and in the nearby Poschiavo Valley (Switzerland). Traditionally, children would suddenly enter other people's homes shouting gabinat! and in exchange, they would receive a handful of cooked chestnuts, some sweets or dried fruit. The adults competed to precede the other in exclaiming gabinat when they met. Whoever lost had to pay a pledge; often, the prize at stake was established in advance and the gabinat thus became the object of bets. To win, various strategies were adopted: stalking, disguises, fake illnesses ... Nowadays, it is only the children who do the gabinat, and they usually show up to relatives, friends, and local shopkeepers. The custom of the gabinat most likely comes from Bavaria, Germany, where Christmas, New Year's Eve and Epiphany were indicated with the name Geb-nacht (Gaben means "gifts" and Nacht means "night", therefore "night of gifts"): on the eve of these holidays, the poor young people sang in front of the doors of the wealthiest in the hope to receive a gift. Andà a ciamà l'erba (Let's go call the grass) On the first of March, throughout Valtellina and Valchiavenna, people used to go to ciamà l'erba ("call the grass"). The children walked in the meadows making noise with cowbells to call the grass and awaken it from its winter slumber. This custom also served to propitiate a bountiful harvest. The Carneval vegg (Old Carnival) In the village of Grosio, the Carnival is celebrated, unlike the rest of Valtellina, on the first Sunday of Lent, according to the Ambrosian calendar in force before the Gregorian Reform. For this reason, it is called Carneval vegg ("Old Carnival"). In the past, it was customary for people to gather all together to dance, sing, eat and drink. Being an agricultural ritual that represents the death of winter and the beginning of summer, Carnival officially began on January 17 with the parade of the blessed cattle adorned with coloured ribbons. It included numerous bonfires, with which the paths were cleared to facilitate the passage of farmers, their agricultural vehicles and their livestock. A straw puppet with horns on his head representing the Carnival was also burnt. Nowadays, the districts of the towns challenge each other to the sound of allegorical floats, and the parade is attended by traditional masks, eight characters representing traditions, past events, and moments of everyday life: the Old Carnival, a bearded and joyful man dressed as a mountaineer, and Lean Lent, a thin woman dressed in a humble way, with a dark handkerchief on her head and an empty basket on her arm, represent the transition from the glories of Carnival to Lenten fasts. They are accompanied by the Paralytic, the Bear Handler, a funny shepherd who dances and rolls on the ground named Toni, an old man with a butt covered with Nutella, a hunchbacked mountaineer whose hump is filled with chestnut urchins, and Bernarda, a man disguised as a baby put in a pannier supported by a fake old woman, and accompanied by another man dressed as a farmer). During the Carnival period, manzòli or manzòla, white flour and buckwheat pancakes mixed with slices of cheese and cut into the shape of a calf were eaten to propitiate the abundance of livestock parts. The Carneval di Mat (Carnival of the fools) In Bormio, during the day of the Carnival of the Fools, the Mayor hands over his power to the Podestà di Mat (Podestà of the Fools) to Harlequin, and to the Compagnia di Mat ("the Company of the Fools") who give a public reading of the gossip and complaints that citizens have deposited in a box placed in the square of the Kuerc. The festival also includes a parade along the streets of the historic centre led by the Harlequins of the Company of Mat, with children escorting the Podestà. "Cheers to the year 1930" written on one of the doors of Mazzo di Valtellina La coscrizione (the conscription) The conscription was originally a celebration on the occasion of the call to the draft: the tradition seems to have originated in the second half of the nineteenth century with the unification of Italy when young men were forced to serve a period in the Army. The feast of the conscripts of eighteen-year-olds was therefore a kind of rite of passage to adulthood. Today is simply the celebration of the coming of age. The duration of the celebration varied from town to town: in Grosio the conscription could last up to ten days, during which the boys and girls met in bars, taverns, or in places specially set up for the purpose. The conscripts had the task of embroidering on the tricolour flag the symbol and possibly the motto that the group had chosen. On the walls of the villages, it was customary to write W LA CLASSE... ("cheers to the year...") followed by the year of birth: nowadays, conscripts hang a tricolour banner with the same wording and the names (or nicknames) of the members of the group. The feast of the conscripts is particularly felt in Alta Valtellina: in Grosio, for a week, the conscripts meet in a club to celebrate and travel through the streets of the town in a car from which the flag decorated with the symbol of the group waves. On New Year's Eve, amid fireworks and the noise of whistles, cowbells, motorcycles, and tractors, they entrust the flag to conscripts one year younger, after having it blessed in church. Each group chooses different coloured sweatshirts and decorates the tricolour with a symbol that represents the group's motto or identity. One of the religious floats carried on the shoulders by the "Pasquali" of Bormio traditionally dressed. I Pasquali The Pasquali are allegorical floats with a religious theme, prepared during the winter by the various districts of Bormio (Buglio, Combo, Dossiglio, Dossorovina and Maggiore) for Easter (Pasqua meaning Easter in Italian). On Easter day, the Pasquali are carried on the shoulders of the boys and are accompanied by a band, folk groups, women, seniors, and children who embellish the parade with flowers and other small crafts. Everyone wears the traditional red, black and white costume. After having followed the entire Via Roma and upon arrival at the Piazza del Kuerc (the main square of the town) the ancient bell called Bajona starts tolling and a jury draws up a ranking of the best Pasquali. At the end of the parade, the floats are exhibited in Piazza del Kuerc where they stay until Easter Monday. Il Palio delle Contrade Started in 1963, the Palio delle Contrade sees the inhabitants of the five districts of Bormio compete against each other, divided according to age, in downhill, cross-country, combined, and relay races. The cross-country race takes place through the streets of the town, covered with snow for the purpose. Wines See also: Lombardia (wine) Vineyards in Valtellina In Valtellina, wines are produced mainly from Chiavennasca (the local name of Nebbiolo grape variety) with other minor varieties such as Rossola nera permitted up to 20% for the Denominazione di origine controllata (DOC) and 10% for the Denominazione di Origine Controllata e Garantita (DOCG). Grapes are limited to a harvest yield of 12 tonnes per hectare. The finished wine must be aged for at least two years prior to release (three years if a Riserva bottling) with a minimum alcohol level of at least 11%. Yields for the DOCG wines are further restricted to a maximum of 8 tonnes/ha. While the ageing requirements are the same as the DOC, the minimum alcohol level for the DOCG wine is 12%. The best-known villages for red wines are: Grumello, Sassella, Inferno, Valgella, and Maroggia. The village names are normally indicated on the label. Additionally, there is an Amarone style DOCG wine called Sforzato (Sfursat). In the lower part of the Val Poschiavo, the valley in the Graubünden canton of Switzerland that descends into the Valtellina at Tirano, similar wines are produced – but under different regulations such as appellation and the allowance of sugar addition, or chaptalization. Tourism One of the most notable tourist attractions of the area is the Bernina Line ("Trenino Rosso", little red train) of the Rhaetian Railway, which links the town of Tirano in the Valtellina with St. Moritz in Graubünden, Switzerland via the Bernina Pass. The mountains of the Valtellina offer numerous possibilities for sports activities: skiing and winter sports in Bormio, Aprica or Livigno, hiking and biking in the same locations and especially in the secondary valleys, and rock climbing in the Val Masino. The Rupe Magna, a unique large rock with more than 5,000 engraved figures dating from between the 4th and 1st millennia BCE, can be found at the Rock Engraving Park in Grosio. Bernina Line of the Rhaetian Railway Tirano - Bernina Line train station Rock Engraving Park-Grosio; Rupe Magna Rock Engraving Park-Grosio; Rupe Magna Notable people Born in Valtellina: Achille Compagnoni (Mountaineer) Deborah Compagnoni (Alpine skier) Marco De Gasperi (Athlete, Skyrunner) Arianna Fontana (Short track speed skater) Fabio Meraldi (Ski mountaineer) Giuseppe Piazzi (Priest, mathematician and astronomer) Luigi Torelli (Patriot) Giulio Tremonti (Politician) See also Valtellina disaster References Further reading: F Pieth: Bündnergeschichte, 1982, ISBN 3-85894-002-X ^ Valtellina in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland. ^ Graubünden's religious history (PDF; 3.95 MB) (in German) ^ Swiss History (in German) accessed 16 January 2012 ^ Valtellina murders in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland. ^ a b Paull, John (2014) "Ernesto Genoni: Australia’s pioneer of biodynamic agriculture", Journal of Organics, 1(1):57–81. ^ Ray Moseley, The Last Days of Mussolini, 176 ^ Clark, Martin (2014). Mussolini. Routledge. pp. 319–320. ISBN 978-1-317-89840-5. ^ Moseley, Ray (2004). Mussolini: The Last 600 Days of Il Duce. Taylor Trade Publications. p. 168. ISBN 978-1-58979-095-7. ^ Moseley, Ray (2004). Mussolini: The Last 600 Days of Il Duce. Taylor Trade Publications. p. 269. ISBN 978-1-58979-095-7. ^ "Calendario di Valtellina e Valchiavenna – 2 febbraio". Paesi di Valtellina e Valchiavenna. ^ "Calendario di Valtellina e Valchiavenna – 31 dicembre". Paesi di Valtellina e Valchiavenna. ^ a b c Antonioli, Gabriele; Bracchi, Remo (1995). Dizionario etimologico grosino. Sondrio: Ramponi Arti Grafiche. ^ "Calendario di Valtellina e Valchiavenna – 1 marzo". Paesi di Valtellina e Valchiavenna. ^ Associazione Amatia (2013). Mazzo tra storia, tradizione e leggenda. Sondrio: Tipografia Bettini. ^ Antonioli, Gabriele; Ghilotti, Paolo; Mambretti, Ivan; Rinaldi, Giacomo (2018). Grosio. Cinquemila anni di storia. Villa di Tirano: Tipografia Poletti. ^ "Carnevàl di Mat". Valtellina.it. ^ "I Coscritti". Grosio.info. ^ "Cosa sai della festa dei coscritti?". Calendario Valtellinese. ^ "Celebrato l'anno dei coscritti del 2001". Prima la Valtellina.it. 6 January 2020. ^ "Coscritti sì, ma responsabili. Dopo la festa fanno pulizia". La Provincia di Sondrio.it. 15 January 2015. ^ "Pasqua a Bormio? In compagnia dei Pasquali!". Bormio.eu. 10 May 2021. ^ "Palio delle contrade". Bormio.info. Archived from the original on 30 March 2010. Retrieved 6 June 2022. ^ P. Saunders Wine Label Language pg 143 Firefly Books 2004 ISBN 1-55297-720-X External links An extensive history of the Valtellina area Tourist information 46°10′N 9°52′E / 46.167°N 9.867°E / 46.167; 9.867 Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Czech Republic Other Historical Dictionary of Switzerland Lexicon Istoric Retic
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chiesa in Valmalenco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiesa_in_Valmalenco"},{"link_name":"Marco Valtulina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Valtulina"},{"link_name":"Valpelline, Aosta Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valpelline,_Aosta_Valley"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Valtellina_mappa.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Valtelina_and_Valciavena.svg"},{"link_name":"Valchiavenna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valchiavenna"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Monte_Disgrazia.JPG"},{"link_name":"Monte Disgrazia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Disgrazia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dicembre_2012_Valtellina.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sanmarco0.jpg"},{"link_name":"San Marco Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Marco_Pass"},{"link_name":"Romansh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romansh_language"},{"link_name":"listen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1f/Roh-put%C3%A8r-Vuclina.ogg/Roh-put%C3%A8r-Vuclina.ogg.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roh-put%C3%A8r-Vuclina.ogg"},{"link_name":"Lombard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombard_language"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language"},{"link_name":"Lombardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardy"},{"link_name":"ski centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_centre"},{"link_name":"hot spring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_spring"},{"link_name":"bresaola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bresaola"},{"link_name":"Bitto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitto"},{"link_name":"Alpine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alps"},{"link_name":"Thirty Years' War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War"},{"link_name":"Spanish Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Road"}],"text":"Valley in Northern ItalyFor the comune in Valmalenco valley, see Chiesa in Valmalenco. For the footballer, see Marco Valtulina. For Valpelline, see Valpelline, Aosta Valley.Map of the Province of Sondrio, where Valtellina is locatedFlag of Valchiavenna (upper left), Upper Valtellina (upper right) and Valtellina (lower part)Monte Disgrazia (3,678m) in the north of the ValtellinaA view of the Valtellina from Castel GrumelloThe San Marco Pass in the south of the ValtellinaValtellina or the Valtelline (occasionally spelled as two words in English: Val Telline; Romansh: Vuclina (listenⓘ); Lombard: Valtelina or Valtulina; German: Veltlin; Italian: Valtellina) is a valley in the Lombardy region of northern Italy, bordering Switzerland. Today it is known for its ski centre, hot spring spas, bresaola, cheeses (in particular Bitto, named after the river Bitto) and wines. In past centuries it was a key Alpine pass between northern Italy and Germany. The control of the Valtellina was much sought after, particularly during the Thirty Years' War as it was an important part of the Spanish Road.","title":"Valtellina"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"comune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comune"},{"link_name":"Sondrio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sondrio"},{"link_name":"Aprica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aprica"},{"link_name":"Morbegno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morbegno"},{"link_name":"Tirano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirano"},{"link_name":"Bormio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bormio"},{"link_name":"Livigno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livigno"},{"link_name":"watershed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_divide"},{"link_name":"province of Sondrio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Sondrio"}],"text":"The most important comune of the valley is Sondrio; the others major centres are Aprica, Morbegno, Tirano, Bormio and Livigno. Although Livigno is on the northern side of the alpine watershed, it is considered part of Valtellina as it falls within the province of Sondrio.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Romans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Christianized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianization"},{"link_name":"pieve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieve"},{"link_name":"baptistery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptistery"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Como","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Como"},{"link_name":"Lombards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombards"},{"link_name":"Charlemagne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlemagne"},{"link_name":"Saint Denis Monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica_of_St_Denis"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HDS_Val-1"}],"sub_title":"Antiquity and the middle ages","text":"The region was conquered in 16 BC by the Romans. By the 5th century, it was Christianized with around ten pieve (rural churches with a baptistery) under the Diocese of Como. The Lombards gained control over the area after 720, but about fifty years later Charlemagne gave the valley to Saint Denis Monastery near Paris. Later the valley returned to the Bishop of Como.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Valtellina War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valtellina_War"},{"link_name":"Spanish Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Road"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:La-Repubblica-delleTre-Legh-es.svg"},{"link_name":"Three Leagues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Leagues"},{"link_name":"Valchiavenna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valchiavenna"},{"link_name":"Tre Pievi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tre_Pievi"},{"link_name":"Bormio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bormio"},{"link_name":"Three Leagues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Leagues"},{"link_name":"Swiss Canton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantons_of_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Graubünden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graub%C3%BCnden"},{"link_name":"Romansh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romansh_language"},{"link_name":"Lombard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombard_language"},{"link_name":"Tyrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Tyrol"},{"link_name":"Thirty Years' War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War"},{"link_name":"Habsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habsburg"},{"link_name":"Spanish Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Road"},{"link_name":"Three Leagues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Leagues"},{"link_name":"in absentia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trial_in_absentia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Religious-2"},{"link_name":"Nicolò Rusca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%B2_Rusca"},{"link_name":"Sondrio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sondrio"},{"link_name":"Thusis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thusis"},{"link_name":"Tirano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirano"},{"link_name":"Teglio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teglio"},{"link_name":"Sondrio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sondrio"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HDS_Valtellina-4"},{"link_name":"Three Leagues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Leagues"},{"link_name":"Bündner Wirren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BCndner_Wirren"},{"link_name":"Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Venice"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1623)"}],"sub_title":"Early modern period","text":"See also: Valtellina War and Spanish RoadMap of the Three Leagues with the grey area of Valchiavenna, Tre Pievi, Valtellina and Bormio ruled by it from 1512 to 1797During the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries, the Valtellina belonged to the Three Leagues (the \"Grey Leagues\"), which was then a mutual-defence region independent of Switzerland but is now the easternmost Swiss Canton of Graubünden. Graubünden is an area in which German, Romansh, Lombard and Italian are all spoken, and hence during 16th-century rule by Graubünden, the region became known variously as Veltlin, Westtirol (West Tyrol), and the Welsche Vogteien (\"Romanic Bailiwicks\").During the Thirty Years' War, the Valtellina was a theatre of intense military and diplomatic struggle among France, the Habsburg powers and the local authorities which culminated in the Valtellina war of 1620–1626. Control over the routes through the Valtellina to the passes between Lombardy and the Danube watershed was at stake as it formed part of the so-called Spanish Road. The anti-Habsburg forces in the Three Leagues put together a court named 'clerical overseers' that between 1618 and 1620 handed down a number of convictions (often in absentia) against Catholics in the Leagues and Valtellina.[2] This included the arresting under false pretences and torturing to death of the (catholic) arch-priest Nicolò Rusca of Sondrio. This and similar harsh judgments of the anti-Habsburg Thusis court led to a conspiracy to drive the Protestants out of the valley. The leader of the conspiracy, Giacomo Robustelli of the Planta family, had ties to Madrid, Rome and Paris. On the evening of 18/19 July 1620, a force of Valtellina rebels supported by Austrian and Italian troops marched into Tirano and began killing Protestants. When they finished in Tirano, they marched to Teglio, Sondrio and further down the valley killing every Protestant that they found. Between 500[3] and 600[4] people were killed on that night and in the following four days. The attack drove nearly all the Protestants out of the valley, prevented further Protestant incursions and took the Valtellina out of the Three Leagues. The killings in Valtellina were part of the conflicts in Graubünden known as the Bündner Wirren or Confusion of the Leagues.In February 1623 France, Savoy, and Venice signed the Treaty of Paris in which all three signatories agreed to re-establish the territory of Valtellina by attempting to remove Spanish forces stationed there.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"First French Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_French_Republic"},{"link_name":"Cisalpine Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisalpine_Republic"},{"link_name":"Graubünden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graub%C3%BCnden"},{"link_name":"Congress of Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Sardinia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"conscription","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscription"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Genoni-5"},{"link_name":"Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Genoni-5"},{"link_name":"electrified railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_electrification_system"},{"link_name":"Ferrovia della Valtellina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrovia_della_Valtellina"},{"link_name":"three-phase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-phase"},{"link_name":"Kálmán Kandó","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A1lm%C3%A1n_Kand%C3%B3"},{"link_name":"Budapest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest"},{"link_name":"Ganz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganz"}],"sub_title":"18th and 19th centuries","text":"In 1797 the growing power of the First French Republic created the Cisalpine Republic in Northern Italy. On 10 October 1797, the French supported a revolt in the Valtellina against the Graubünden (Grisons in French and English), and it joined the Cisalpine Republic.After the Congress of Vienna in 1815, the Valtellina became part of the Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia, which was a constituent land of the Austrian Empire. In 1859 it came, together with Lombardy, to the Kingdom of Sardinia, and finally in 1861 it became part of the Kingdom of Italy.At the end of the 19th century, there was substantial migration out of the Valtellina for reasons of the prevailing economically depressed conditions of the region and for young men to avoid conscription.[5] Australia, especially Western Australia, was a popular destination for such migrants.[5]Industrially, the area is famous as the home of the world's first mainline electrified railway. The electrification of the Ferrovia della Valtellina took place in 1902, using three-phase power at 3,600 V, with a maximum speed of 70 km/h. The system was designed by the brilliant Hungarian engineer Kálmán Kandó who was employed by the main contractors the Budapest-based Ganz company.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Benito Mussolini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benito_Mussolini"},{"link_name":"fascist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascist"},{"link_name":"Italian Social Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic"},{"link_name":"Alessandro Pavolini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Pavolini"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"redoubt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_redoubt"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Dongo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dongo,_Lombardy"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Mussolini and the Valtellina Redoubt","text":"During the last months of World War II, the Italian dictator Benito Mussolini and other diehard fascist leaders of the Italian Social Republic (RSI) proposed making a \"last stand\" against the advancing Allied armies in the Valtellina. The Fascist Party secretary Alessandro Pavolini was the main proponent of the idea, which he first raised with Mussolini in September 1944.[6] However, the fascist leadership was divided over the plan and only minimal preparatory work was carried out to establish the area as a stronghold. By the time the Allies made their final advance in April 1945, the Valtellina was not ready to be used as a redoubt.[7][8] In any event, Mussolini's capture on 27 April by the partisans at Dongo, barely short of the Valtellina, ended any possibility of a fascist last stand.[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Valtellinese variety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialetto_valtellinese"},{"link_name":"Lombard Language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombard_Language"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Valtellina-Panorama.jpg"},{"link_name":"comune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comune"},{"link_name":"Castello dell'Acqua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castello_dell%27Acqua"}],"text":"The official language is Italian, but the Valtellinese variety of the Lombard Language is also spoken.Panorama of the Valtellina from Alpe Piazzola in the comune of Castello dell'Acqua.","title":"Culture and language"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Folklore"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"L'è foeu el sginer and l'è foeu l'ors de la tana","text":"On 31 January there was the tradition of l'è foeu el sginer (\"January's out\"), a custom very similar to that celebrated on 2 February known as l'è foeu l'ors de la tana (\"the bear is out from its den\"). Both celebrated the end of winter and the imminent arrival of spring. The two customs involved walking around the town and inviting people to leave their houses under any pretext, like throwing a large piece of wood or a pot down the stairs. When people ran outside to check what had happened, they were greeted with the shout l'è foeu el sginer! or l'è foeu l'ors de la tana![10]","title":"Folklore"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"barricades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barricade"},{"link_name":"doors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Door"},{"link_name":"square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town_square"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Intraverser l’ann","text":"Intraverser l'èn or intraverser l'ann (literally \"to put the year across\") also celebrated New Year's Eve: during the night young people used to build barricades of gates, doors, benches, agricultural tools, logs, stairs, sledges, and carts in the main square or in front of the church, to prevent the old year from leaving. The next morning, the owners of the stolen objects had to go and recover them, dismantling the barricade and metaphorically opening up the way to the new year.[11]","title":"Folklore"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tirano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirano"},{"link_name":"Poschiavo Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val_Poschiavo"},{"link_name":"Bavaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavaria"},{"link_name":"Epiphany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiphany_(holiday)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-12"}],"sub_title":"The gabinat","text":"On 6 January, the custom of the gabinat is still celebrated today, especially in Tirano, in the Upper Valley, and in the nearby Poschiavo Valley (Switzerland). Traditionally, children would suddenly enter other people's homes shouting gabinat! and in exchange, they would receive a handful of cooked chestnuts, some sweets or dried fruit. The adults competed to precede the other in exclaiming gabinat when they met. Whoever lost had to pay a pledge; often, the prize at stake was established in advance and the gabinat thus became the object of bets. To win, various strategies were adopted: stalking, disguises, fake illnesses ... Nowadays, it is only the children who do the gabinat, and they usually show up to relatives, friends, and local shopkeepers.The custom of the gabinat most likely comes from Bavaria, Germany, where Christmas, New Year's Eve and Epiphany were indicated with the name Geb-nacht (Gaben means \"gifts\" and Nacht means \"night\", therefore \"night of gifts\"): on the eve of these holidays, the poor young people sang in front of the doors of the wealthiest in the hope to receive a gift.[12]","title":"Folklore"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Valchiavenna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valchiavenna"},{"link_name":"cowbells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowbell"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Andà a ciamà l'erba (Let's go call the grass)","text":"On the first of March, throughout Valtellina and Valchiavenna, people used to go to ciamà l'erba (\"call the grass\"). The children walked in the meadows making noise with cowbells to call the grass and awaken it from its winter slumber.[13] This custom also served to propitiate a bountiful harvest.[14]","title":"Folklore"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grosio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grosio"},{"link_name":"Carnival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnival"},{"link_name":"Lent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lent"},{"link_name":"Ambrosian calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_calendar"},{"link_name":"Gregorian Reform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorian_Reform"},{"link_name":"bonfires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonfire"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-12"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"buckwheat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckwheat"},{"link_name":"pancakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancake"},{"link_name":"calf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calf_(animal)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-12"}],"sub_title":"The Carneval vegg (Old Carnival)","text":"In the village of Grosio, the Carnival is celebrated, unlike the rest of Valtellina, on the first Sunday of Lent, according to the Ambrosian calendar in force before the Gregorian Reform. For this reason, it is called Carneval vegg (\"Old Carnival\").In the past, it was customary for people to gather all together to dance, sing, eat and drink. Being an agricultural ritual that represents the death of winter and the beginning of summer, Carnival officially began on January 17 with the parade of the blessed cattle adorned with coloured ribbons. It included numerous bonfires, with which the paths were cleared to facilitate the passage of farmers, their agricultural vehicles and their livestock. A straw puppet with horns on his head representing the Carnival was also burnt.[12]Nowadays, the districts of the towns challenge each other to the sound of allegorical floats, and the parade is attended by traditional masks, eight characters representing traditions, past events, and moments of everyday life: the Old Carnival, a bearded and joyful man dressed as a mountaineer, and Lean Lent, a thin woman dressed in a humble way, with a dark handkerchief on her head and an empty basket on her arm, represent the transition from the glories of Carnival to Lenten fasts. They are accompanied by the Paralytic, the Bear Handler, a funny shepherd who dances and rolls on the ground named Toni, an old man with a butt covered with Nutella, a hunchbacked mountaineer whose hump is filled with chestnut urchins, and Bernarda, a man disguised as a baby put in a pannier supported by a fake old woman, and accompanied by another man dressed as a farmer).[15]During the Carnival period, manzòli or manzòla, white flour and buckwheat pancakes mixed with slices of cheese and cut into the shape of a calf were eaten to propitiate the abundance of livestock parts.[12]","title":"Folklore"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bormio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bormio"},{"link_name":"Podestà","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podest%C3%A0"},{"link_name":"Harlequin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlequin"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:W_il_1930.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mazzo di Valtellina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazzo_di_Valtellina"}],"sub_title":"The Carneval di Mat (Carnival of the fools)","text":"In Bormio, during the day of the Carnival of the Fools, the Mayor hands over his power to the Podestà di Mat (Podestà of the Fools) to Harlequin, and to the Compagnia di Mat (\"the Company of the Fools\") who give a public reading of the gossip and complaints that citizens have deposited in a box placed in the square of the Kuerc. The festival also includes a parade along the streets of the historic centre led by the Harlequins of the Company of Mat, with children escorting the Podestà.[16]\"Cheers to the year 1930\" written on one of the doors of Mazzo di Valtellina","title":"Folklore"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"conscription","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscription"},{"link_name":"unification of Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unification_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"rite of passage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rite_of_passage"},{"link_name":"coming of age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coming_of_age"},{"link_name":"tricolour flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricolour_(flag)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"fireworks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fireworks"},{"link_name":"cowbells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowbell"},{"link_name":"tractors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tractor"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"symbol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbol"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pasquali_Bormio.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bormio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bormio"}],"sub_title":"La coscrizione (the conscription)","text":"The conscription was originally a celebration on the occasion of the call to the draft: the tradition seems to have originated in the second half of the nineteenth century with the unification of Italy when young men were forced to serve a period in the Army. The feast of the conscripts of eighteen-year-olds was therefore a kind of rite of passage to adulthood. Today is simply the celebration of the coming of age.The duration of the celebration varied from town to town: in Grosio the conscription could last up to ten days, during which the boys and girls met in bars, taverns, or in places specially set up for the purpose. The conscripts had the task of embroidering on the tricolour flag the symbol and possibly the motto that the group had chosen. On the walls of the villages, it was customary to write W LA CLASSE... (\"cheers to the year...\") followed by the year of birth: nowadays, conscripts hang a tricolour banner with the same wording and the names (or nicknames) of the members of the group.[17][18]The feast of the conscripts is particularly felt in Alta Valtellina: in Grosio, for a week, the conscripts meet in a club to celebrate and travel through the streets of the town in a car from which the flag decorated with the symbol of the group waves. On New Year's Eve, amid fireworks and the noise of whistles, cowbells, motorcycles, and tractors, they entrust the flag to conscripts one year younger, after having it blessed in church.[19] Each group chooses different coloured sweatshirts and decorates the tricolour with a symbol that represents the group's motto or identity.[20]One of the religious floats carried on the shoulders by the \"Pasquali\" of Bormio traditionally dressed.","title":"Folklore"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"I Pasquali","text":"The Pasquali are allegorical floats with a religious theme, prepared during the winter by the various districts of Bormio (Buglio, Combo, Dossiglio, Dossorovina and Maggiore) for Easter (Pasqua meaning Easter in Italian). On Easter day, the Pasquali are carried on the shoulders of the boys and are accompanied by a band, folk groups, women, seniors, and children who embellish the parade with flowers and other small crafts. Everyone wears the traditional red, black and white costume. After having followed the entire Via Roma and upon arrival at the Piazza del Kuerc (the main square of the town) the ancient bell called Bajona starts tolling and a jury draws up a ranking of the best Pasquali. At the end of the parade, the floats are exhibited in Piazza del Kuerc where they stay until Easter Monday.[21]","title":"Folklore"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"Il Palio delle Contrade","text":"Started in 1963, the Palio delle Contrade sees the inhabitants of the five districts of Bormio compete against each other, divided according to age, in downhill, cross-country, combined, and relay races. The cross-country race takes place through the streets of the town, covered with snow for the purpose.[22]","title":"Folklore"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lombardia (wine)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardia_(wine)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Valtellina,_Italy_vineyard.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nebbiolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebbiolo"},{"link_name":"grape variety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grape_variety"},{"link_name":"Rossola nera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rossola_nera"},{"link_name":"Denominazione di origine controllata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denominazione_di_origine_controllata"},{"link_name":"Denominazione di Origine Controllata e Garantita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denominazione_di_Origine_Controllata_e_Garantita"},{"link_name":"harvest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvest_(wine)"},{"link_name":"yield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yield_(wine)"},{"link_name":"aged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aged_(wine)"},{"link_name":"Riserva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riserva"},{"link_name":"alcohol level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_level"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Saunders-23"},{"link_name":"Grumello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grumello_(wine)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sassella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sassella&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Inferno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Inferno_di_Valtellina&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Valgella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Valgella&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Maroggia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maroggia"},{"link_name":"Amarone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarone"},{"link_name":"Sforzato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sforzato_di_Valtellina&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Val Poschiavo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val_Poschiavo"},{"link_name":"Tirano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirano"},{"link_name":"appellation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appellation"},{"link_name":"chaptalization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaptalization"}],"text":"See also: Lombardia (wine)Vineyards in ValtellinaIn Valtellina, wines are produced mainly from Chiavennasca (the local name of Nebbiolo grape variety) with other minor varieties such as Rossola nera permitted up to 20% for the Denominazione di origine controllata (DOC) and 10% for the Denominazione di Origine Controllata e Garantita (DOCG). Grapes are limited to a harvest yield of 12 tonnes per hectare. The finished wine must be aged for at least two years prior to release (three years if a Riserva bottling) with a minimum alcohol level of at least 11%. Yields for the DOCG wines are further restricted to a maximum of 8 tonnes/ha. While the ageing requirements are the same as the DOC, the minimum alcohol level for the DOCG wine is 12%.[23]The best-known villages for red wines are: Grumello, Sassella, Inferno, Valgella, and Maroggia. The village names are normally indicated on the label. Additionally, there is an Amarone style DOCG wine called Sforzato (Sfursat).In the lower part of the Val Poschiavo, the valley in the Graubünden canton of Switzerland that descends into the Valtellina at Tirano, similar wines are produced – but under different regulations such as appellation and the allowance of sugar addition, or chaptalization.","title":"Wines"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bernina Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernina_railway"},{"link_name":"Rhaetian Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhaetian_Railway"},{"link_name":"Tirano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirano"},{"link_name":"St. Moritz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Moritz"},{"link_name":"Bernina Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernina_Pass"},{"link_name":"Bormio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bormio"},{"link_name":"Aprica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aprica"},{"link_name":"Livigno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livigno"},{"link_name":"Val Masino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val_Masino"},{"link_name":"Rock Engraving Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_Engraving_Park-Grosio"},{"link_name":"Grosio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grosio"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Berninabahn_zwischen_Lagalb_und_Ospizio_Bernina_im_Winter.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tirano-Rhaetischer_Bahnhof.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Parco_Grosio_La_Rupe_Magna.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Parco_Grosio_Rupe_Magna_5.jpg"}],"text":"One of the most notable tourist attractions of the area is the Bernina Line (\"Trenino Rosso\", little red train) of the Rhaetian Railway, which links the town of Tirano in the Valtellina with St. Moritz in Graubünden, Switzerland via the Bernina Pass. The mountains of the Valtellina offer numerous possibilities for sports activities: skiing and winter sports in Bormio, Aprica or Livigno, hiking and biking in the same locations and especially in the secondary valleys, and rock climbing in the Val Masino.The Rupe Magna, a unique large rock with more than 5,000 engraved figures dating from between the 4th and 1st millennia BCE, can be found at the Rock Engraving Park in Grosio.Bernina Line of the Rhaetian Railway\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTirano - Bernina Line train station\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRock Engraving Park-Grosio; Rupe Magna\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRock Engraving Park-Grosio; Rupe Magna","title":"Tourism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Achille Compagnoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achille_Compagnoni"},{"link_name":"Deborah Compagnoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deborah_Compagnoni"},{"link_name":"Marco De Gasperi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_De_Gasperi"},{"link_name":"Arianna Fontana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arianna_Fontana"},{"link_name":"Fabio Meraldi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabio_Meraldi"},{"link_name":"Giuseppe Piazzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Piazzi"},{"link_name":"Luigi Torelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Torelli"},{"link_name":"Giulio Tremonti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giulio_Tremonti"}],"text":"Born in Valtellina:Achille Compagnoni (Mountaineer)\nDeborah Compagnoni (Alpine skier)\nMarco De Gasperi (Athlete, Skyrunner)\nArianna Fontana (Short track speed skater)\nFabio Meraldi (Ski mountaineer)\nGiuseppe Piazzi (Priest, mathematician and astronomer)\nLuigi Torelli (Patriot)\nGiulio Tremonti (Politician)","title":"Notable people"}]
[{"image_text":"Map of the Province of Sondrio, where Valtellina is located","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Valtellina_mappa.png/220px-Valtellina_mappa.png"},{"image_text":"Flag of Valchiavenna (upper left), Upper Valtellina (upper right) and Valtellina (lower part)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Valtelina_and_Valciavena.svg/220px-Flag_of_Valtelina_and_Valciavena.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Monte Disgrazia (3,678m) in the north of the Valtellina","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Monte_Disgrazia.JPG/220px-Monte_Disgrazia.JPG"},{"image_text":"A view of the Valtellina from Castel Grumello","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Dicembre_2012_Valtellina.jpg/220px-Dicembre_2012_Valtellina.jpg"},{"image_text":"The San Marco Pass in the south of the Valtellina","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Sanmarco0.jpg/220px-Sanmarco0.jpg"},{"image_text":"Map of the Three Leagues with the grey area of Valchiavenna, Tre Pievi, Valtellina and Bormio ruled by it from 1512 to 1797","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/La-Repubblica-delleTre-Legh-es.svg/220px-La-Repubblica-delleTre-Legh-es.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Panorama of the Valtellina from Alpe Piazzola in the comune of Castello dell'Acqua.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Valtellina-Panorama.jpg/600px-Valtellina-Panorama.jpg"},{"image_text":"\"Cheers to the year 1930\" written on one of the doors of Mazzo di Valtellina","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/W_il_1930.jpg/141px-W_il_1930.jpg"},{"image_text":"One of the religious floats carried on the shoulders by the \"Pasquali\" of Bormio traditionally dressed.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Pasquali_Bormio.jpg/136px-Pasquali_Bormio.jpg"},{"image_text":"Vineyards in Valtellina","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Valtellina%2C_Italy_vineyard.jpg/220px-Valtellina%2C_Italy_vineyard.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Valtellina disaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valtellina_disaster"}]
[{"reference":"Clark, Martin (2014). Mussolini. Routledge. pp. 319–320. ISBN 978-1-317-89840-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=EX3JAwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Mussolini"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-89840-5","url_text":"978-1-317-89840-5"}]},{"reference":"Moseley, Ray (2004). Mussolini: The Last 600 Days of Il Duce. Taylor Trade Publications. p. 168. ISBN 978-1-58979-095-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UmxaWvOL_IgC","url_text":"Mussolini: The Last 600 Days of Il Duce"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58979-095-7","url_text":"978-1-58979-095-7"}]},{"reference":"Moseley, Ray (2004). Mussolini: The Last 600 Days of Il Duce. Taylor Trade Publications. p. 269. ISBN 978-1-58979-095-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UmxaWvOL_IgC","url_text":"Mussolini: The Last 600 Days of Il Duce"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58979-095-7","url_text":"978-1-58979-095-7"}]},{"reference":"\"Calendario di Valtellina e Valchiavenna – 2 febbraio\". Paesi di Valtellina e Valchiavenna.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.paesidivaltellina.it/calendario/0202.htm","url_text":"\"Calendario di Valtellina e Valchiavenna – 2 febbraio\""}]},{"reference":"\"Calendario di Valtellina e Valchiavenna – 31 dicembre\". Paesi di Valtellina e Valchiavenna.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.paesidivaltellina.it/calendario/3112.htm","url_text":"\"Calendario di Valtellina e Valchiavenna – 31 dicembre\""}]},{"reference":"Antonioli, Gabriele; Bracchi, Remo (1995). Dizionario etimologico grosino. Sondrio: Ramponi Arti Grafiche.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Calendario di Valtellina e Valchiavenna – 1 marzo\". Paesi di Valtellina e Valchiavenna.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.paesidivaltellina.it/calendario/0103.htm","url_text":"\"Calendario di Valtellina e Valchiavenna – 1 marzo\""}]},{"reference":"Associazione Amatia (2013). Mazzo tra storia, tradizione e leggenda. Sondrio: Tipografia Bettini.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Antonioli, Gabriele; Ghilotti, Paolo; Mambretti, Ivan; Rinaldi, Giacomo (2018). Grosio. Cinquemila anni di storia. Villa di Tirano: Tipografia Poletti.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Carnevàl di Mat\". Valtellina.it.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.valtellina.it/it/eventi/bormio/carneval-di-mat","url_text":"\"Carnevàl di Mat\""}]},{"reference":"\"I Coscritti\". Grosio.info.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.grosio.info/i-coscritti/","url_text":"\"I Coscritti\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cosa sai della festa dei coscritti?\". Calendario Valtellinese.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.calendariovaltellinese.com/blog/cosa-sai-della-festa-dei-coscritti","url_text":"\"Cosa sai della festa dei coscritti?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Celebrato l'anno dei coscritti del 2001\". Prima la Valtellina.it. 6 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://primalavaltellina.it/cronaca/celebrato-lanno-dei-coscritti-del-2001/","url_text":"\"Celebrato l'anno dei coscritti del 2001\""}]},{"reference":"\"Coscritti sì, ma responsabili. Dopo la festa fanno pulizia\". La Provincia di Sondrio.it. 15 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.laprovinciadisondrio.it/stories/Cronaca/coscritti-si-ma-responsabili-dopo-la-festa-fanno-pulizia_1099604_11/","url_text":"\"Coscritti sì, ma responsabili. Dopo la festa fanno pulizia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pasqua a Bormio? In compagnia dei Pasquali!\". Bormio.eu. 10 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bormio.eu/it/i-pasquali","url_text":"\"Pasqua a Bormio? In compagnia dei Pasquali!\""}]},{"reference":"\"Palio delle contrade\". Bormio.info. Archived from the original on 30 March 2010. Retrieved 6 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100330143316/http://www.bormio.info/scoprire_bormio/palio-delle-contrade-di-bormio","url_text":"\"Palio delle contrade\""},{"url":"https://www.bormio.info/scoprire_bormio/palio-delle-contrade-di-bormio/","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Plate_(disambiguation)
King's Plate (disambiguation)
["1 Horse races","2 Other uses","3 See also"]
The King's Plate (Queen's Plate during the reign of female monarch) is a horse race, and the first leg of the Canadian Triple Crown. King's Plate or Kings Plate or king plate or variation may also refer to: Horse races King's Plate (South Africa) (also "Queen's Plate"), run since 1861, known as the "King's Plate" from 1900 to 1952 and since 2023 King's Plate (UK) (also "Queen's Plate") at Newmarket Racecourse, England, UK; run between 1634 and 1765 Other uses King plate, a breastplate, a form of regalia used by colonial authorities to recognize Aboriginal chieftains in Australia See also Search for "kings plate" , "king's plate", "kings' plate", or "king plate" on Wikipedia. All pages with titles containing king plate All pages with titles containing kings plate All pages with titles containing king's plate All pages with titles containing kings' plate King (disambiguation) Plate (disambiguation) Queen's Plate (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title King's Plate.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
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[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelius_Meister
Cornelius Meister
["1 Biography","2 References","3 External links"]
German conductor and pianist Cornelius Meister (born 23 February 1980 in Hannover, is a German conductor and pianist. Biography Meister's father, Konrad Meister, was a pianist and professor of piano at the Musikhochschule Hannover. His mother is also a piano teacher. His half-brother, Rudolf Meister, is also a pianist and is Rector of the Musikhochschule Mannheim. Meister studied piano and conducting at the Hochschule für Musik und Theater Hannover. Besides his father, his teachers in Hannover included Martin Brauss and Eiji Oue. Meister also studied music at the Salzburg Mozarteum, with such teachers as Dennis Russell Davies and Karl Kamper. He was a prize winner at the 1996 Southwest German Chamber Music Competition, a winner of the Radeberger Award and the Audience Award at the 1998 Schleswig-Holstein Musik Festival, and a recipient in 2000 of a prize of the Deutscher Musikwettbewerb. From 2001 to 2002, Meister was an assistant conductor at the Theater Erfurt. He has also worked as a Kapellmeister at the Staatsoper Hannover. In September 2005, he became Generalmusikdirektor of Heidelberg, then the youngest general music director of Germany. In October 2008, he extended his Heidelberg contract through 2012, at which time his Heidelberg tenure concluded. In September 2010, Meister became Chief Conductor and Artistic Director of the Vienna Radio Symphony Orchestra (Vienna RSO), with an initial contract of four years. In February 2015, the orchestra announced the extension of his Vienna RSO contract through to 2018. With the Vienna RSO, he has commercially recorded music of Gottfried von Einem and Béla Bartók. Meister concluded his tenure with the Vienna RSO in 2018. In June 2016, Meister was named the next Generalmusikdirektor (GMD) of the Stuttgart State Opera and of the Stuttgart State Orchestra, effective at the start of the 2018-2019 season, with an initial contract for six seasons. In October 2022, the Staatsoper Stuttgart and the Staatsorchesters Stuttgart announced the extension of Meister's contract as GMD through 2026. Outside of Europe, Meister made his US conducting debut with San Francisco Opera in September 2009. He continues to perform chamber music in a clarinet-piano duo with Clemens Trautmann. Married since 2006, Meister and his wife have two sons. References ^ a b Stephen Wolf (2008-10-09). "Jüngster GMD Deutschlands - Cornelius Meister verlängerte Vertrag in Heidelberg bis 2012". Neue Musikzeitung. Retrieved 2011-05-29. ^ "Cornelius Meister zum neuen RSO Chefdirigenten ab September 2010 bestellt" (PDF) (Press release). Vienna Radio Symphony Orchestra. 9 January 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 2011-05-29. ^ "Dr. Christoph Becher neuer Intendant des ORF Radio-Symphonieorchesters Wien" (Press release). ORF (Austrian Radio). 11 February 2015. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 2015-09-04. ^ Andrew Clements (2013-04-04). "Bartók: Kossuth; Concerto for Orchestra, etc – review". The Guardian. Retrieved 2015-09-04. ^ "Chefdirigent Meister verlässt RSO im Jahr 2018". ORF. 2016-04-13. Retrieved 2016-10-06. ^ "Cornelius Meister ab der Spielzeit 2018/2019 Generalmusikdirektor der Staatsoper Stuttgart und des Staatsorchesters Stuttgart" (Press release). Ministerium für Wissenschaft, Forschung und Kunst Baden-Württemberg. 15 June 2016. Retrieved 2016-06-18. ^ "Cornelius Meister verlängert als Generalmusikdirektor in Stuttgart" (Press release). Staatsoper Stuttgart. 7 October 2022. Retrieved 2022-10-10. ^ Joshua Kosman (2009-09-25). "Opera review: The Abduction From the Seraglio". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2011-05-29. External links Official website (in German and English) "artist information". KD Schmid. Retrieved 10 August 2023. Cultural offices Preceded byVolker Christ Generalmusikdirektor, Heidelberg Opera and Heidelberg Philharmonic Orchestra 2005-2012 Succeeded byYordan Kamdzhalov Preceded byBertrand de Billy Chief Conductor, Vienna Radio Symphony Orchestra 2010-2018 Succeeded byMarin Alsop Preceded bySylvain Cambreling Generalmusikdirektor, Staatsoper Stuttgart 2018-present Succeeded by(incumbent) Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany United States Czech Republic Poland Artists MusicBrainz Other IdRef
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[]
null
[{"reference":"Stephen Wolf (2008-10-09). \"Jüngster GMD Deutschlands - Cornelius Meister verlängerte Vertrag in Heidelberg bis 2012\". Neue Musikzeitung. Retrieved 2011-05-29.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nmz.de/online/juengster-gmd-deutschlands-cornelius-meister-verlaengerte-vertrag-in-heidelberg-bis-2012","url_text":"\"Jüngster GMD Deutschlands - Cornelius Meister verlängerte Vertrag in Heidelberg bis 2012\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cornelius Meister zum neuen RSO Chefdirigenten ab September 2010 bestellt\" (PDF) (Press release). Vienna Radio Symphony Orchestra. 9 January 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 2011-05-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110706093804/http://rso.orf.at/pdf/rso_meister.pdf","url_text":"\"Cornelius Meister zum neuen RSO Chefdirigenten ab September 2010 bestellt\""},{"url":"http://rso.orf.at/pdf/rso_meister.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Dr. Christoph Becher neuer Intendant des ORF Radio-Symphonieorchesters Wien\" (Press release). ORF (Austrian Radio). 11 February 2015. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 2015-09-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304202158/http://kundendienst.orf.at/aktuelles/rso_becher.html","url_text":"\"Dr. Christoph Becher neuer Intendant des ORF Radio-Symphonieorchesters Wien\""},{"url":"http://kundendienst.orf.at/aktuelles/rso_becher.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Andrew Clements (2013-04-04). \"Bartók: Kossuth; Concerto for Orchestra, etc – review\". The Guardian. Retrieved 2015-09-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2013/apr/04/bartok-kossuth-concerto-orchestra-review","url_text":"\"Bartók: Kossuth; Concerto for Orchestra, etc – review\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chefdirigent Meister verlässt RSO im Jahr 2018\". ORF. 2016-04-13. Retrieved 2016-10-06.","urls":[{"url":"http://wien.orf.at/news/stories/2768372/","url_text":"\"Chefdirigent Meister verlässt RSO im Jahr 2018\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cornelius Meister ab der Spielzeit 2018/2019 Generalmusikdirektor der Staatsoper Stuttgart und des Staatsorchesters Stuttgart\" (Press release). Ministerium für Wissenschaft, Forschung und Kunst Baden-Württemberg. 15 June 2016. Retrieved 2016-06-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://mwk.baden-wuerttemberg.de/de/service/presse/pressemitteilung/pid/cornelius-meister-ab-der-spielzeit-20182019-generalmusikdirektor-der-staatsoper-stuttgart-und-des-s-1/","url_text":"\"Cornelius Meister ab der Spielzeit 2018/2019 Generalmusikdirektor der Staatsoper Stuttgart und des Staatsorchesters Stuttgart\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cornelius Meister verlängert als Generalmusikdirektor in Stuttgart\" (Press release). Staatsoper Stuttgart. 7 October 2022. Retrieved 2022-10-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.staatsoper-stuttgart.de/magazin/cornelius-meister-verlaengert-als-generalmusikdirektor-in-stuttgart/","url_text":"\"Cornelius Meister verlängert als Generalmusikdirektor in Stuttgart\""}]},{"reference":"Joshua Kosman (2009-09-25). \"Opera review: The Abduction From the Seraglio\". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2011-05-29.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.sfgate.com/2009-09-25/entertainment/17205229_1_mozart-singing-abduction","url_text":"\"Opera review: The Abduction From the Seraglio\""}]},{"reference":"\"artist information\". KD Schmid. Retrieved 10 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kdschmid.de/en/artists/artist-information/informationen-zum-kuenstler/show/details/cornelius-meister-589/","url_text":"\"artist information\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_Affairs_Magazine
Political Affairs (magazine)
["1 History","2 References","3 External links"]
Defunct magazine published by the Communist Party USA from 1944 to 2016 This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Political Affairs" magazine – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Political AffairsCover of August 2005 issueCategoriesPolitical magazineFrequencyMonthlyPublisherJoe SimsFirst issue 1944 (1944-month)Final issue 2016 (2016-month)CompanyCommunist Party USACountryUSABased inNew YorkLanguageEnglishWebsitewww.politicalaffairs.netISSN0032-3128 Political Affairs Magazine was a monthly Marxist publication, originally published in print and later online only. It aimed to provide an analysis of events from a working class point of view. The magazine was a publication of the Communist Party USA and was founded in 1944 upon the closure of its predecessor, The Communist, which was founded in 1927. Well-known editors of Political Affairs Magazine included V. J. Jerome, Gus Hall, Hyman Lumer, Herbert Aptheker, Gerald Horne, and Joe Sims. Other editors included Max Weiss. In 2016, the magazine stopped publishing articles and merged with People's World. History At its founding, Political Affairs was the theoretical organ of the Communist Party USA, generally publishing articles intended almost exclusively for members of the Communist Party. In the late 1990s, that role changed. Political Affairs shed its role as an internal organ of the Communist Party and adopted a broader stance. It provides Marxist perspectives on many contemporary issues and engages in theoretical discussions relevant to Marxists and the labor movement. In addition to articles devoted to national and international politics, the magazine offers poetry, book reviews, occasional reviews of music and film, interviews, and occasional short stories. The publication can be traced back to The Masses, the famous Greenwich Village paper of the 1910s. After being suppressed by the government, the paper continued as The Liberator. Independently of this, the Friends of Soviet Russia had established another monthly, Soviet Russia, in 1919. In 1924 the title was changed to Soviet Russia Pictorial. Finally, William Z. Foster had begun Labor Herald as the official publication of his Trade Union Educational League in March 1922. When the Workers Party of America had finally been consolidated as the unified above-ground Communist Party in the United States, it was determined that the party should have a theoretical monthly as well as a daily, in line with Lenin's guideline in What Is To Be Done? The above three publications were combined into Workers Monthly, which debuted in November 1924. It changed its name to The Communist in 1927 and to Political Affairs in 1944. Title Place of publication Duration The Masses New York Vol. I #1 January 1911 - Vol. X #2 December 1917 Liberator New York Vol. I #1 March 1918 - Vol. VII #10 October 1924 Soviet Russia New York Vol. I #1 June 1919 - Vol. VII #11 December 1922 Soviet Russia Pictorial Chicago Vol. VIII #1 January 1923 - Vol. IX #10 October 1924 Labor Herald Chicago Vol. I #1 March 1922 - Vol. III #8 October 1924 Workers Monthly New York Vol. IV #1 November 1924 - Vol. V #16 February 1927 The Communist New York Vol. VI #1 March 1927 - Vol. XXIII #12 December 1944 Political Affairs New York Vol. XXIV #12 January 1945–present References ^ Sears, Ben. "Thanks for being a reader of Political Affairs". Political Affairs. People Before Profit. Archived from the original on December 12, 2015. Retrieved November 28, 2021. ^ "Thanks for being a reader of Political Affairs". People's World. 2016. Retrieved April 24, 2017. ^ Goldwater, Walter (1964). Radical periodicals in America 1890-1950. New Haven: Yale University Library. pp. 20–23, 33, 40, 47. External links Official website Archive Political Affairs archive at the Internet Archive Archive of Workers Monthly from November 1924 - February 1927 Archive of Soviet Russia Pictorial from January 1923 - December 1923 Marxists Internet Archive: Political Affairs articles of 1945 after Browderism vteCommunist Party USANomineesPresidential William Z. Foster (1924; 1928; 1932) Earl Browder (1936; 1940) Charlene Mitchell (1968) Gus Hall (1972; 1976; 1980; 1984) Vice Presidential Benjamin Gitlow (1924; 1928) James W. Ford (1932; 1936; 1940) Mike Zagarell (1968) Jarvis Tyner (1972; 1976) Angela Davis (1980; 1984) Leaders C. E. Ruthenberg (1919–1920; 1922–1927) Alfred Wagenknecht (1919–1921) Charles Dirba (1920–1921) Louis Shapiro (late 1920) L. E. Katterfeld (1921) William Weinstone (1921–1922) Jay Lovestone (1922; 1927–1929) James P. Cannon (1921–1922) Caleb Harrison (1921–1922) Abram Jakira (1922–1923) William Z. Foster (1929–1934) Earl Browder (1934–1945) Eugene Dennis (1945–1959) William Z. Foster (1945–1957) Gus Hall (1959–2000) Sam Webb (2000–2014) John Bachtell (2014–2019) Rossana Cambron & Joe Sims (2019–present) Prominent members Bernard Ades William Albertson Herbert Aptheker Max Bedacht John Bernard Walter Bernstein Marc Blitzstein Ella Reeve Bloor Anne Burlak Benjamin J. Davis Jr. Shirley Graham Du Bois Bella Dodd Richard Durham Albert Goldman Elizabeth Gurley Flynn Harry Haywood Dorothy Ray Healey Manning Johnson Oakley C. Johnson Claudia Jones Antoinette Konikow Claude Lightfoot Steve Nelson Karl Emil Nygard William L. Patterson Paul Robeson Tupac Shakur Charles E. Taylor Emma Tenayuca Richard Wright Litigation Albertson v. Subversive Activities Control Board Aptheker v. Secretary of State Communist Party v. Subversive Activities Control Board De Jonge v. Oregon Dennis v. United States Kent v. Dulles Keyishian v. Board of Regents Noto v. United States Scales v. United States Smith Act trials Watkins v. United States Yates v. United States State partiesCurrent Georgia Maryland Texas Defunct Alabama Hawaii Related articles American Committee for Spanish Freedom Bill of Rights socialism Browderism Communist Labor Party English-language press International Publishers Language federation Left Wing Section of the Socialist Party Lincoln Battalion List of Communist Party USA members who have held office in the United States National conventions New York Workers School Non-English press People's World Red diaper baby San Francisco Workers' School Soviet Negro Republic Relations with African Americans Ware Group Yokinen Show Trial Young Communist League USA Young Pioneers of America
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sid_Lee
Sid Lee
["1 From Diesel to Sid Lee","2 Sid Lee International and the diversification of their operations","3 References"]
Canadian marketing firm This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) The neutrality of this article is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met. (October 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article has an unclear citation style. The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of citation and footnoting. (October 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article is written like a personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay that states a Wikipedia editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic. Please help improve it by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style. (October 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Sid LeeCompany typePrivateIndustryCreative ServicesFounded1993HeadquartersMontreal, Quebec, CanadaKey peopleJean-François Bouchard, Philippe Meunier, Bertrand Cesvet, Martin GauthierProductsMarketing, Architecture, Product Development, Industrial DesignNumber of employees900Websitesidlee.com/fr  Sid Lee is an international creative services firm founded in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It operates offices in Toronto, New York City, Los Angeles, Seattle and Paris. The agency offers services in the fields of branding, digital and social marketing, advertising, analytics, architecture and retail design, branded content and entertainment. From Diesel to Sid Lee · In 1993, Philippe Meunier and Jean-François Bouchard founded the advertising agency Diesel in Montreal. · Diesel quickly made a name for itself with innovative campaigns: a radio-only campaign for Sleeman Breweries and the creation of a fleet of graffiti-covered car wrecks for Pizzédélic pizza chain. · With the rise of the Internet in the mid-‘90s, Diesel quickly went digital. The agency was one of the first in Quebec to build a commercial website. · After having been one of Diesel’s clients, Bertrand Cesvet joined the company in 1997. With the turn of the century approaching and a digital revolution about to transform the industry, Diesel merged with Stratège Media in 1999 and added Martin Gauthier and Daniel Fortier to their management team. · This is also when Diesel began to develop a business relationship with Cirque du Soleil, an organization that would go on to establish itself as an innovative creator in its industry. · In 2007, Diesel changed its name to Sid Lee to avoid being confused with the clothing brand. Sid Lee is actually an anagram of Diesel. Sid Lee International and the diversification of their operations · In 2008, Sid Lee landed the global Adidas Originals account. In the midst of this partnership, the agency opened offices among the hustle and bustle of Amsterdam in 2008 and Paris in 2009, in what Bertrand Cesvet described as “a semi-controlled whirlwind of boundless enthusiasm.” · In 2009, Sid Lee realized that the future of retail depended on a brand’s ability to attract customers to its stores and the way it interacts with its consumers. This thought led to the founding of Sid Lee Architecture. Jean Pelland and Martin Leblanc founded this new branch within the agency. · The Toronto office also opened in 2010, an endeavour led by Vito Piazza. · Sid Lee added an office in New York in 2012 and another in Los Angeles in 2014. · In 2012, C2 Montréal hosted its first edition, a unique event imagined by Sid Lee and Le Cirque du Soleil. · During the 2013 Cannes Lions Festival, the firm announced the launch of Sid Lee Entertainment, aimed at creating engaging experiences and content for its clients. · The firm designed the Toronto Raptors’ We The North marketing campaign in 2014. · On July 6, 2015, Sid Lee was acquired by kyu, the strategic operating unit of the Japanese Hakuhodo DY Holdings, which is currently headed by CEO Michael Birkin. · In October 20, 2017, Sid Lee Paris bought YARD, a French creative and production agency. · In 2019, Sid Lee continued its expansion into the United States as Hornall Anderson, Infrared and Red Peak joined the agency. Digital Kitchen also became a member of its community of talents. In the wake of these developments, the agency strengthened its US presence with an office in Seattle. References ^ "Les saltimbanques de la pub". 25 March 2013. ^ "Bâtisseur d'image". ^ "Les saltimbanques de la pub". 25 March 2013. ^ "Who is Sid Lee?". ^ "Meet Sid Lee". 12 August 2008. ^ "Canada's Sid Lee Architecture Focuses on Brand's Physical Presence". 9 April 2012. ^ "Sid Lee: Comment diriger un groupe d'experts". ^ "La saveur montréalaise de Sid Lee". 7 November 2014. ^ "How 'We the North' came to define a team, a brand and a city -". 30 May 2019. ^ https://financialpost.com/news/retail-marketing/how-montreals-sid-lee-hopes-to-shake-up-the-status-quo-in-advertising-with-help-from-its-new-owners. Archived 2021-12-23 at the Wayback Machine ^ "Sid Lee Acquire Paris-Based Agency Yard in European Expansion Move". ^ https://adage.com/article/agency-news/sid-lee-appoints-first-us-ceo-it-expands-region/2174426. Archived 2020-01-26 at the Wayback Machine Authority control databases VIAF
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It operates offices in Toronto, New York City, Los Angeles, Seattle and Paris. The agency offers services in the fields of branding, digital and social marketing, advertising, analytics, architecture and retail design, branded content and entertainment.","title":"Sid Lee"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"· \tIn 1993, Philippe Meunier and Jean-François Bouchard founded the advertising agency Diesel in Montreal.· \tDiesel quickly made a name for itself with innovative campaigns: a radio-only campaign for Sleeman Breweries[1] and the creation of a fleet of graffiti-covered car wrecks for Pizzédélic pizza chain.· \tWith the rise of the Internet in the mid-‘90s, Diesel quickly went digital. The agency was one of the first in Quebec to build a commercial website.· \tAfter having been one of Diesel’s clients, Bertrand Cesvet joined the company in 1997.[2] With the turn of the century approaching and a digital revolution about to transform the industry, Diesel merged with Stratège Media in 1999 and added Martin Gauthier and Daniel Fortier to their management team.· \tThis is also when Diesel began to develop a business relationship with Cirque du Soleil,[3] an organization that would go on to establish itself as an innovative creator in its industry.· \tIn 2007, Diesel changed its name to Sid Lee[4] to avoid being confused with the clothing brand. Sid Lee is actually an anagram of Diesel.","title":"From Diesel to Sid Lee"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"· \tIn 2008, Sid Lee landed the global Adidas Originals account.[5] In the midst of this partnership, the agency opened offices among the hustle and bustle of Amsterdam in 2008 and Paris in 2009, in what Bertrand Cesvet described as “a semi-controlled whirlwind of boundless enthusiasm.”· \tIn 2009, Sid Lee realized that the future of retail depended on a brand’s ability to attract customers to its stores and the way it interacts with its consumers. This thought led to the founding of Sid Lee Architecture.[6] Jean Pelland and Martin Leblanc founded this new branch within the agency.· \tThe Toronto office also opened in 2010,[7] an endeavour led by Vito Piazza.· \tSid Lee added an office in New York in 2012 and another in Los Angeles in 2014.· \tIn 2012, C2 Montréal hosted its first edition,[8] a unique event imagined by Sid Lee and Le Cirque du Soleil.· \tDuring the 2013 Cannes Lions Festival, the firm announced the launch of Sid Lee Entertainment, aimed at creating engaging experiences and content for its clients.· \tThe firm designed the Toronto Raptors’ We The North marketing campaign[9] in 2014.· \tOn July 6, 2015, Sid Lee was acquired by kyu,[10] the strategic operating unit of the Japanese Hakuhodo DY Holdings, which is currently headed by CEO Michael Birkin.· \tIn October 20, 2017, Sid Lee Paris bought YARD,[11] a French creative and production agency.· \tIn 2019, Sid Lee continued its expansion into the United States[12] as Hornall Anderson, Infrared and Red Peak joined the agency. Digital Kitchen also became a member of its community of talents. In the wake of these developments, the agency strengthened its US presence with an office in Seattle.","title":"Sid Lee International and the diversification of their operations"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_European_Road_Championships
2009 European Road Championships
["1 Schedule","1.1 Individual time trial","1.2 Road race","2 Events summary","3 Medal table","4 References","5 External links"]
2009 European Road ChampionshipsVenueHooglede-Gits and Ostend, BelgiumDate(s) (2009-07-01 - 2009-07-05)1–5 July 2009Events8← 20082010 → The 2009 European Road Championships were held in Hooglede-Gits and Ostend, Belgium, between 1–5 July 2009. The event consisted of a road race and a time trial for men and women under 23 and juniors. The championships were regulated by the European Cycling Union. Schedule Individual time trial Wednesday 1 July 2009 Men Juniors, 28.1 km Women U23, 28.1 km Thursday 2 July 2009 Women Juniors, 12.0 km Men U23, 37.0 km Road race Saturday 4 July 2009 Men Juniors, 135.3 km Women U23, 135.3 km Sunday 5 July 2009 Women Juniors, 63.3 km Men U23, 175.5 km Events summary Podium of the women's time trial: Ellen van Dijk (1), Emilia Fahlin (2) and Marianne Vos (3) Event Gold Silver Bronze Men's Under-23 Events Road racedetails Kris Boeckmans Belgium 3h 59' 07" Jarosław Marycz Poland s.t. Sacha Modolo Italy s.t. Time trialdetails Marcel Kittel Germany 57' 55.74" Timofey Kritskiy Russia s.t. Rasmus Christian Quaade Denmark + 1" Women's Under-23 Events Road racedetails Chantal Blaak Netherlands 3h 38' 32" Katie Colclough Great Britain + 58" Marianne Vos Netherlands + 1'03" Time trialdetails Ellen van Dijk Netherlands 36' 41" Emilia Fahlin Sweden + 20" Marianne Vos Netherlands + 24" Men's Junior Events Road race Luca Wackermann Italy 3h 33' 25" Barry Markus Netherlands + 19" Arnaud Démare France s.t. Time trial Joseph Perrett Great Britain 34' 58" Bob Jungels Luxembourg + 16" Kévin Labèque France + 18" Women's Junior Events Road race Elena Cecchini Italy 1h 34' 46" Laura van der Kamp Netherlands + 1" Pauline Ferrand-Prévot France s.t. Time trial Pauline Ferrand-Prévot France 16' 55" Hanna Solovey Ukraine + 1" Maria Grandt Petersen Denmark + 30" Medal table RankNationGoldSilverBronzeTotal1 Netherlands (NLD)22262 Italy (ITA)20133 Great Britain (GBR)11024 France (FRA)10345 Belgium (BEL)1001 Germany (GER)10017 Luxembourg (LUX)0101 Poland (POL)0101 Russia (RUS)0101 Sweden (SWE)0101 Ukraine (UKR)010112 Denmark (DEN)0022Totals (12 entries)88824 References ^ "Men's U23 Road Race Results". European Cycling Union. 5 July 2009. Archived from the original on 13 February 2013. ^ "Men's U23 Time Trial Results". European Cycling Union. 5 July 2009. Archived from the original on 13 February 2013. ^ "Women's U23 Road Race Results". European Cycling Union. 5 July 2009. Archived from the original on 13 February 2013. ^ "Time Trial Women U23 Results". European Cycling Union. 5 July 2009. Archived from the original on 13 February 2013. ^ "Men's Junior Road Race Results". European Cycling Union. 4 July 2009. Archived from the original on 17 February 2013. ^ "Men's Junior Time Trial Results". European Cycling Union. 1 July 2009. Archived from the original on 13 February 2013. ^ "Women's Junior Road Race Results". European Cycling Union. 4 July 2009. Archived from the original on 13 February 2013. ^ "Women's Junior Time Trial Results". European Cycling Union. 2 July 2009. Archived from the original on 17 February 2013. External links The European Cycling Union vteEuropean Road ChampionshipsYears 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 EventsElite Men's road race Men's time trial Women's road race Women's time trial Mixed time trial relay Under-23 Men's under-23 road race Men's under-23 time trial Women's under-23 road race Women's under-23 time trial Junior Men's junior road race Men's junior time trial Women's junior road race Women's junior time trial Countries France Italy Latvia Netherlands Sweden Ukraine vte2009 in road cycling (men, women)UCI World Circuits UCI World Ranking UCI Women's Road World Cup UCI Women's Road World Ranking UCI Continental Circuits UCI Africa Tour UCI America Tour UCI Asia Tour UCI Europe Tour UCI Oceania Tour International Games Mediterranean Games Southeast Asian Games Championships World: UCI Road World Championships Continental: African Asian European (U23) Oceanian Pan American National: National road cycling championships UCI Cycling teams UCI ProTeams UCI Professional Continental and Continental teams UCI Women's Teams
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_El_Gubat
Battle of Abu Kru
["1 References"]
1885 battle of the British Sudan campaign Battle of Abu KruPart of the Mahdist WarStanley L. Woodː The square at Abu-Kru (Battles of the nineteenth century, 1901)DateJanuary 19, 1885LocationKhartoum, SudanResult British victoryBelligerents United Kingdom Mahdist SudanCommanders and leaders Herbert Stewart † Muhammad AhmadStrength 1,200 13,000–14,000Casualties and losses 121 Unknown, likely higher than the British casualtiesvteMahdist WarMahdist uprising (1881–1885) Aba Shaykan El Teb Tamai Khartoum Abu Klea Abu Kru Kirbekan Tofrek Ginnis British-Egyptian expeditions (1885–1889) Emin Pasha Expedition Dufile Suakin Toski Ethiopian campaigns (1885–1889) Kufit Guté Dili Gallabat Italian campaigns (1890–1894) 1st Agordat Serobeti 2nd Agordat Kassala British-Egyptian reconquest (1896–1899) Ferkeh Rejaf Abu Hamed Atbara Omdurman Umm Diwaykarat The Battle of Abu Kru (also known as the Battle of Gubat) was part of the British Sudan campaign. It was fought on 19 January 1885, two days after the Battle of Abu Klea, between the British and the Mahdists. The British force under General Sir Herbert Stewart numbered 1,200 while a large number of Mahdists, probably around 13,000–14,000 were in pursuit. The British were moving to rescue General Gordon from Khartoum, and were cutting the Great Bend of the Nile, when they came under attack a short distance from rejoining the Nile. The British formed a square, and continued moving towards the Nile, repelling all attacks until they reached the river. The British losses were 121, including Stewart, who was fatally wounded. The Mahdist losses are unknown but thought to be considerably higher. References ^ T. B. Harbottle, George Bruce (1979). Harbottle's Dictionary of Battles (second ed.). Granada. p. 9. ISBN 0-246-11103-8. This article about a battle is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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Woodː The square at Abu-Kru (Battles of the nineteenth century, 1901)DateJanuary 19, 1885LocationKhartoum, SudanResult\nBritish victoryBelligerents\n United Kingdom\n Mahdist SudanCommanders and leaders\n Herbert Stewart †\n Muhammad AhmadStrength\n1,200\n13,000–14,000Casualties and losses\n121\nUnknown, likely higher than the British casualtiesvteMahdist WarMahdist uprising (1881–1885)\nAba\nShaykan\nEl Teb\nTamai\nKhartoum\nAbu Klea\nAbu Kru\nKirbekan\nTofrek\nGinnis\nBritish-Egyptian expeditions (1885–1889)\n\nEmin Pasha Expedition\nDufile\nSuakin\nToski\nEthiopian campaigns (1885–1889)\n\nKufit\nGuté Dili\nGallabat\nItalian campaigns (1890–1894)\n\n1st Agordat\nSerobeti\n2nd Agordat\nKassala\nBritish-Egyptian reconquest (1896–1899)\n\nFerkeh\nRejaf\nAbu Hamed\nAtbara\nOmdurman\nUmm DiwaykaratThe Battle of Abu Kru (also known as the Battle of Gubat) was part of the British Sudan campaign. It was fought on 19 January 1885, two days after the Battle of Abu Klea, between the British and the Mahdists. The British force under General Sir Herbert Stewart numbered 1,200 while a large number of Mahdists, probably around 13,000–14,000 were in pursuit.The British were moving to rescue General Gordon from Khartoum, and were cutting the Great Bend of the Nile, when they came under attack a short distance from rejoining the Nile. The British formed a square, and continued moving towards the Nile, repelling all attacks until they reached the river. The British losses were 121, including Stewart, who was fatally wounded.[1] The Mahdist losses are unknown but thought to be considerably higher.","title":"Battle of Abu Kru"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Ramus
Petrus Ramus
["1 Early life","2 Early academic career","3 Royal support","4 After conversion","5 Pedagogue","6 Logician","7 Rhetorician","8 Mathematician","9 Ramism","10 Works","11 See also","12 Notes","13 References","14 Further reading","15 External links"]
French philosopher (1515–1572) Petrus RamusBornPierre de La Ramée1515Cuts, PicardyDied26 August 1572(1572-08-26) (aged 56–57)ParisNationalityFrenchEducationCollège de NavarreNotable workAristotelicae AnimadversionesEraRenaissance philosophyRegionWestern philosophySchoolRenaissance humanismRamismInstitutionsCollège de FranceThesisQuaecumque ab Aristotele dicta essent, commentitia esse (Everything that Aristotle has said is false) (1536)Academic advisorsJohannes SturmNotable studentsTheodor ZwingerMain interestsLogic, educational reformNotable ideasRamism Petrus Ramus (French: Pierre de La Ramée; Anglicized as Peter Ramus /ˈreɪməs/; 1515 – 26 August 1572) was a French humanist, logician, and educational reformer. A Protestant convert, he was a victim of the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre. Early life He was born at the village of Cuts, Picardy; his father was a farmer. He gained admission at age twelve (thus about 1527) to the Collège de Navarre, working as a servant. A reaction against scholasticism was in full tide, at a transitional time for Aristotelianism. On the occasion of receiving his M.A. degree in 1536, Ramus allegedly took as his thesis Quaecumque ab Aristotele dicta essent, commentitia esse (Everything that Aristotle has said is false), which Walter J. Ong paraphrases as follows: All the things that Aristotle has said are inconsistent because they are poorly systematized and can be called to mind only by the use of arbitrary mnemonic devices. According to Ong this kind of spectacular thesis was in fact routine at the time. Even so, Ong raises questions as to whether Ramus actually ever delivered this thesis. Early academic career Ramus, as graduate of the university, started courses of lectures. At this period he was engaged in numerous separate controversies. One opponent in 1543 was the Benedictine Joachim Périon . He was accused, by Jacques Charpentier, professor of medicine, of undermining the foundations of philosophy and religion. Arnaud d'Ossat, a pupil and friend of Ramus, defended him against Charpentier. Ramus was made to debate Goveanus (Antonio de Gouveia), over two days. The matter was brought before the parlement of Paris, and finally before Francis I. By him it was referred to a commission of five, who found Ramus guilty of having "acted rashly, arrogantly and impudently," and interdicted his lectures (1544). Royal support He withdrew from Paris, but soon afterwards returned, the decree against him being canceled by Henry II, who came to the throne in 1547, through the influence of Charles, Cardinal of Lorraine. He obtained a position at the Collège de Navarre. In 1551 Henry II appointed him a regius professor at the Collège de France, but at his request he was given the unique and at the time controversial title of Professor of Philosophy and eloquence. For a considerable time he lectured before audiences numbering as many as 2,000. Pierre Galland , another professor there, published Contra novam academiam Petri Rami oratio (1551), and called him a "parricide" for his attitude to Aristotle. The more serious charge was that he was a nouveau academicien, in other words a sceptic. Audomarus Talaeus (Omer Talon c.1510–1581), a close ally of Ramus, had indeed published a work in 1548 derived from Cicero's description of Academic scepticism, the school of Arcesilaus and Carneades. After conversion Ramus awaiting his murderers: wood engraving by Joseph-Nicolas Robert-Fleury, 1840 In 1561 he faced significant enmity following his adoption of Protestantism. He had to flee from Paris; and, though he found asylum in the palace of Fontainebleau, his house was pillaged and his library burned in his absence. He resumed his chair after this for a time, but he was summoned on 30 June 1568 before the King's Attorney General to be heard with Simon Baudichon and other professors: the position of affairs was again so threatening that he found it advisable to ask permission to travel. He spent around two years in Germany and Switzerland. The La Rochelle Confession of Faith earned his disapproval, in 1571, rupturing his relationship with Theodore Beza and leading Ramus to write angrily to Heinrich Bullinger. Returning to France, he fell a victim in the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre (1572). Hiding for a while in a bookshop off the Rue St Jacques, he returned to his lodgings, on 26 August, the third day of the violence. There he was stabbed while at prayer. Suspicions against Charpentier have been voiced ever since. His death was compared by one of his first biographers, his friend and colleague Nicolas de Nancel , to the murder of Cicero. Pedagogue A central issue is that Ramus's anti-Aristotelianism arose out of a concern for pedagogy. Aristotelian philosophy, in its Early Modern form as scholasticism showing its age, was in a confused and disordered state. Ramus sought to infuse order and simplicity into philosophical and scholastic education by reinvigorating a sense of dialectic as the overriding logical and methodological basis for the various disciplines. He published in 1543 the Aristotelicae Animadversiones and Dialecticae Partitiones, the former a criticism on the old logic and the latter a new textbook of the science. What are substantially fresh editions of the Partitiones appeared in 1547 as Institutiones Dialecticae, and in 1548 as Scholae Dialecticae; his Dialectique (1555), a French version of his system, is the earliest work on the subject in the French language. In the Dialecticae partitiones Ramus recommends the use of summaries, headings, citations and examples. Ong calls Ramus's use of outlines, "a reorganization of the whole of knowledge and indeed of the whole human lifeworld." After studying Ramus's work, Ong concluded that the results of his "methodizing" of the arts "are the amateurish works of a desperate man who is not a thinker but merely an erudite pedagogue". On the other hand, his work had an immediate impact on the issue of disciplinary boundaries, educators largely having accepted his arguments by the end of the 17th century. Logician This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The logic of Ramus enjoyed a great celebrity for a time, and there existed a school of Ramists boasting numerous adherents in France, Germany, Switzerland, and the Netherlands. It cannot be said, however, that Ramus's innovations mark any epoch in the history of logic, and there is little ground for his claim to supersede Aristotle by an independent system of logic. The distinction between natural and artificial logic, i.e., between the implicit logic of daily speech and the same logic made explicit in a system, passed over into the logical handbooks. He amends the syllogism. He admits only the first three figures, as in the original Aristotelian scheme, and in his later works he also attacks the validity of the third figure, following in this the precedent of Laurentius Valla. Ramus also set the modern fashion of deducing the figures from the position of the middle term in the premises, instead of basing them, as Aristotle does, upon the different relation of the middle to the major term and minor term. Rhetorician Part of a series onRhetoric History Ancient Greece Asianism Atticism Attic orators Calliope Sophists Ancient India Ancient Rome The age of Cicero Second Sophistic Middle Ages Byzantine rhetoric Trivium Renaissance Studia humanitatis Modern period Concepts Captatio benevolentiae Chironomia Decorum Delectare Docere Device Eloquence Eloquentia perfecta Eunoia Enthymeme Facilitas Fallacy Informal Figure of speech Scheme Trope Five canons Inventio Dispositio Elocutio Memoria Pronuntiatio Hypsos Imitatio Kairos Method of loci Modes Operations Persuasion Ethos Pathos Logos Situation Style Grand Sotto voce Topos Genres Apologetics Debate Declamation Controversia Deliberative Demagogy Dialectic Socratic method Dissoi logoi Elocution Epideictic Encomium Panegyric Eulogy Farewell speech Forensic Funeral oration Homiletics‎ Sermon Invitational Lecture Public Lightning talk Maiden speech Oratory Polemic Diatribe Eristic Philippic Progymnasmata Suasoria Propaganda Spin Resignation speech Stump speech War-mongering Criticism Cluster Dramatic Pentadic Frame Genre Ideological Metaphoric Mimesis Narrative Neo-Aristotelian Rhetoricians Aristotle Aspasia Augustine Bakhtin Booth Brueggemann Burke Cicero de Man Demosthenes Derrida Erasmus Gorgias Hobbes Isocrates Lucian Lysias McLuhan Ong Perelman Pizan Plato Protagoras Quintilian Ramus Richards Smith Tacitus Toulmin Vico Weaver Works Gorgias (380 BC) Phaedrus (c. 370 BC) Rhetoric (c. 350 BC) Rhetoric to Alexander (c. 350 BC) De Sophisticis Elenchis (c. 350 BC) Topics (c. 350 BC) De Inventione (84 BC) Rhetorica ad Herennium (80 BC) De Oratore (55 BC) A Dialogue Concerning Oratorical Partitions (c. 50 BC) De Optimo Genere Oratorum (46 BC) Orator (46 BC) On the Sublime (c. 50) Institutio Oratoria (95) Panegyrici Latini (100–400) Dialogus de oratoribus (102) De doctrina Christiana (426) De vulgari eloquentia (1305) Copia: Foundations of the Abundant Style (1521) Language as Symbolic Action (1966) A General Rhetoric (1970) Subfields Argumentation Cognitive Contrastive Constitutive Digital Feminist Native American New Health and medicine Pedagogy Procedural Science Technology Therapy Visual Composition Related Ars dictaminis Communication studies Composition studies Doxa Glossary of rhetorical terms Glossophobia List of feminist rhetoricians List of speeches Oral skills Orator Pistis Public rhetoric Rhetoric of social intervention model Rhetrickery Rogerian argument Seduction Speechwriting Talking point TED Terministic screen Toulmin model Wooden iron vte As James Jasinski explains, "the range of rhetoric began to be narrowed during the 16th century, thanks in part to the works of Peter Ramus." In using the word "narrowed," Jasinski is referring to Ramus's argument for divorcing rhetoric from dialectic (logic), a move that had far reaching implications for rhetorical studies and for popular conceptions of public persuasion. Contemporary rhetoricians have tended to reject Ramus's view in favor of a more wide ranging (and in many respects, Aristotelian) understanding of the rhetorical arts as encompassing "a range of ordinary language practices." Rhetoric, traditionally, had had five parts, of which inventio (invention) was the first. Ramus insisted on rhetoric to be studied alongside dialectic through two main manuals: invention and judgement under the dialectic manual, and style and delivery in the rhetoric manual. Memory, one of the five skills of traditional rhetoric, was regarded by Ramus as being part of psychology, as opposed to being part of rhetoric, and thus dispensed from his idea of rhetoric and dialectic. Brian Vickers said that the Ramist influence here did add to rhetoric: it concentrated more on the remaining aspect of elocutio or effective use of language, and emphasised the role of vernacular European languages (rather than Latin). Ramist reforms strengthened the rhetoricians' tendency to focus on style. The effect was that rhetoric was applied in literature. Invention involves fourteen topics, including definition, cause, effect, subject, adjunct, difference, contrary, comparison, similarity, and testimony. Style encompasses four tropes: metaphor, synecdoche, metonymy, and irony. It also includes rules for poetic meter and rhythmical prose, figures corresponding to attitudes a speaker may take, and of repetition. Delivery covers the use of voice and gestures. His rhetorical leaning is seen in the definition of logic as the ars disserendi; he maintains that the rules of logic may be better learned from observation of the way in which Cicero persuaded his hearers than from a study of Aristotle's works on logic (the Organon). Logic falls, according to Ramus, into two parts: invention (treating of the notion and definition) and judgment (comprising the judgment proper, syllogism and method). Here he was influenced by Rodolphus Agricola. This division gave rise to the jocular designation of judgment or mother-wit as the "secunda Petri". But what Ramus does here in fact redefines rhetoric. There is a new configuration, with logic and rhetoric each having two parts: rhetoric was to cover elocutio and pronuntiatio. In general, Ramism liked to deal with binary trees as method for organising knowledge. Mathematician He was also known as a mathematician, a student of Johannes Sturm. It has been suggested that Sturm was an influence in another way, by his lectures given in 1529 on Hermogenes of Tarsus: the Ramist method of dichotomy is to be found in Hermogenes. He had students of his own. He corresponded with John Dee on mathematics, and at one point recommended to Elizabeth I that she appoint him to a university chair. The views of Ramus on mathematics implied a limitation to the practical: he considered Euclid's theory on irrational numbers to be useless. The emphasis on technological applications and engineering mathematics was coupled to an appeal to nationalism (France was well behind Italy, and needed to catch up with Germany). Ramism Main article: Ramism The teachings of Ramus had a broadly based reception well into the seventeenth century. Later movements, such as Baconianism, pansophism, and Cartesianism, in different ways built on Ramism, and took advantage of the space cleared by some of the simplifications (and oversimplifications) it had effected. The longest-lasting strand of Ramism was in systematic Calvinist theology, where textbook treatments with a Ramist framework were still used into the eighteenth century, particularly in New England. The first writings on Ramism, after the death of Ramus, included biographies, and were by disciples of sorts: Freigius (1574 or 1575), Banosius (1576), Nancelius  (1599), of whom only Nancelius was closely acquainted with the man. Followers of Ramus in different fields included Johannes Althusius, Caspar Olevianus, John Milton, Johannes Piscator, Rudolph Snellius and Hieronymus Treutler. Works Arithmeticae libri tres, 1557 He published fifty works in his lifetime and nine appeared after his death. Ong undertook the complex bibliographical task of tracing his books through their editions. Aristotelicae Animadversiones (1543) Brutinae questiones (1547) Rhetoricae distinctiones in Quintilianum (1549) Dialectique (1555) Arithmétique (1555) De moribus veterum Gallorum (Paris, 1559; second edition, Basel, 1572) Liber de Cæsaris Militia Paris, 1584 Advertissement sur la réformation de l'université de Paris, au Roy, Paris, (1562) Three grammars: Grammatica latina (1548), Grammatica Graeca (1560), Grammaire Française (1562) Scolae physicae, metaphysicae, mathematicae (1565, 1566, 1578) Prooemium mathematicum (Paris, 1567) Scholarum mathematicarum libri unus et triginta (Basel, 1569) (his most famous work) Commentariorum de religione christiana (Frankfurt, 1576) See also Mnemonics Ramism Notes ^ "Petrus Ramus" – Britannica Academic ^ See Ong's Ramus, Method, and the Decay of Dialogue: From the Art of Discourse to the Art of Reason, 1958: 46-47. ^ Ong, Ramus, pp. 36-37. ^ Ong, Ramus, pp. 36-41. ^ Kees Meerhoff, Bartholomew Keckerman and the Anti-Ramist Tradition, in Christoph Strohm, Joseph S. Freedman, H. J. Selderhuis (editors), Späthumanismus und reformierte Konfession: Theologie, Jurisprudenz und Philosophie in Heidelberg an der Wende zum 17. Jahrhundert (2006), p. 188. ^ "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Arnaud d'Ossat". www.newadvent.org. ^ James J. Murphy, Peter Ramus's Attack on Cicero: Text and Translation of Ramus's Brutinae Quaestiones (1992), p. x. ^ "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Peter Ramus". www.newadvent.org. ^ Robert Mandrou, From Humanism to Science 1480-1700 (1978), p. 122. ^ Peter, Sharratt (1976-01-01). French renaissance studies : 1540-70 : humanism and the Encyclopedia. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 10, 15. ISBN 085224276X. OCLC 892245076. ^ Compayré, Gabriel. "Ramus". www.inrp.fr/edition-electronique/lodel/dictionnaire-ferdinand-buisson. ^ Richard H. Popkin, The History of Scepticim from Erasmus to Spinoza (1979), pp. 28-30. ^ Michel Félibien (1725). Histoire de la ville de Paris (in French). Paris: Guillaume Desprez et Jean Desessartz. p. 824. Retrieved 16 January 2021. ^ Edward Craig, Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy (1998), p. 52. ^ John D. Woodbridge, Kenneth S. Kantzer, Biblical Authority: A Critique of the Rogers/McKim Proposal (1982), p. 185, with caveats. ^ Katherine Duncan-Jones, Sir Philip Sidney: Courter Poet (1991), p. 60. ^ John Foxe's Book of Martyrs Archived 2007-09-27 at the Wayback Machine, under Pierre de la Ramée. ^ Steven J. Reid; Emma Annette Wilson (2011). Ramus, Pedagogy and the Liberal Arts: Ramism in Britain and the Wider World. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-7546-9408-3. ^ "Ramus, method, and the decay of dialogue: From the art of discourse to the art of reason," 1958. Cambridge, MA: Harvard. ^ The Barbarian Within, 1962: 79-80. ^ Michelle Ballif, Michael G. Moran, Classical Rhetorics and Rhetoricians: Critical Studies and Sources (2005), p. 92. ^ Sourcebook on Rhetoric, 2001, pp. xvii-iii ^ Jasinski, James. Sourcebook on Rhetoric, 2001, pp. xviii ^ Steven Reid, Ramus, Pedagogy and the Liberal Arts: Ramism in Britain and the Wider World(2013), p. 13. ^ Peter Dixon, Rhetoric (1971), p. 65. ^ Brian Vickers, In Defence of Rhetoric (1988), p. 206. ^ Steven Reid, Ramus, Pedagogy and the Liberal Arts: Ramism in Britain and the Wider World(2013), p. 8. ^ Erland, Sellberg (9 May 2006). "Petrus Ramus". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. ^ Michael Losonsky, Language and Logic, in Donald Rutherford (editor), The Cambridge Companion to Early Modern Philosophy (2006), p. 176. ^ Thomas M. Conley, Rhetoric in the European Tradition (1994), p. 131. ^ Petrus Ramus at the Mathematics Genealogy Project ^ Peter French, John Dee (1972), p. 143. ^ Peter French, John Dee (1972), p. 169. ^ A. G. Keller, Mathematicians, Mechanics, and Experimental Machines in Northern Italy in the Sixteenth Century, p. 16, in Maurice Crosland (editor), The Emergence of Technology in Western Europe (1975). ^ Thomas Johannes Freigius (1543–1583) was a Swiss scholar; "Historische Tabellenwerke - Freigius" (in German). Archived from the original on 2011-05-05. Retrieved 2011-03-27.. ^ Théophile de Banos (died c. 1595) was a Huguenot pastor and author, originally from Bordeaux. Commentariorum de religione Christiana libri quatuor, nunquam antea editi (Frankfurt, 1576) included a biography of Ramus; Banosius was preacher in Frankfurt 1572 to 1578. Note in . ^ Erland, Sellberg (9 May 2006). "Petrus Ramus". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) ^ "Ramus, Petrus". www.ccel.org. References  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Ramus, Petrus". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 881. Further reading Nelly Bruyère, Méthode et dialectique dans l'oeuvre de La Ramée: Renaissance et Age classique, Paris, Vrin 1984 Desmaze, Charles. Petrus Ramus, professeur au Collège de France, sa vie, ses ecrits, sa mort (Paris, 1864). Feingold, Mordechai; Freedman, Joseph S.; Rother, Wolfgang (eds.). The Influence of Petrus Ramus. Studies in Sixteenth and Seventeenth Century Philosophy and Sciences. Schwabe, Basel 2001, ISBN 978-3-7965-1560-6. Freedman, Joseph S. Philosophy and the Arts in Central Europe, 1500-1700: Teaching and Texts at Schools and Universities (Ashgate, 1999). Graves, Frank Pierrepont. Peter Ramus and the Educational Reformation of the Sixteenth Century (Macmillan, 1912). Høffding, Harald. History of Modern Philosophy (English translation, 1900), vol. i.185. Howard Hotson, Commonplace Learning: Ramism and Its German Ramifications, 1543–1630 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007). Lobstein, Paul. Petrus Ramus als Theolog (Strassburg, 1878). Miller, Perry. The New England Mind (Harvard University Press, 1939). Milton, John. A Fuller Course in the Art of Logic Conformed to the Method of Peter Ramus (London, 1672). Ed. and trans. Walter J. Ong and Charles J. Ermatinger. Complete Prose Works of John Milton: Volume 8. Ed. Maurice Kelley. New Haven: Yale UP, 1982. p. 206-407. Ong, Walter J. (1982). Orality and literacy: The technologizing of the word. New York: Methuen.(p. viii). ---.Ramus, Method, and the Decay of Dialogue: From the Art of Discourse to the Art of Reason (Harvard University Press, 1958; reissued with a new foreword by Adrian Johns, University of Chicago Press, 2004.Ong, S.J., Walter J.: Ramus, Method, and the Decay of Dialogue ISBN 0-226-62976-7). ---. Ramus and Talon Inventory (Harvard University Press, 1958). Owen, John. The Skeptics of the French Renaissance (London, 1893). Pranti, K. "Uber P. Ramus" in Munchener Sitzungs berichte (1878). Saisset, Émile. Les précurseurs de Descartes (Paris, 1862). Sharratt, Peter. "The Present State of Studies on Ramus," Studi francesi 47-48 (1972) 201-13. —. "Recent Work on Peter Ramus (1970–1986)," Rhetorica: A Journal of the History of Rhetoric 5 (1987): 7-58. —. "Ramus 2000," Rhetorica: A Journal of the History of Rhetoric 18 (2000): 399-455. Voigt. Uber den Ramismus der Universität Leipzig (Leipzig, 1888). Waddington, Charles De Petri Rami vita, scriptis, philosophia (Paris, 1848). External links Works by Petrus Ramus at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Petrus Ramus at Internet Archive 'Ramism' entry in The Dictionary of the History of Ideas Sellberg, Erland. "Petrus Ramus". In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Petrus Ramus at the Mathematics Genealogy Project Catholic Encyclopedia entry Charles Waddington, Ramus (Pierre de la Ramée) sa vie, ses écrits et ses opinions (1855) Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Spain France BnF data Catalonia Germany Italy Israel Belgium United States Sweden Czech Republic Australia Greece Croatia Netherlands Poland Portugal Vatican Academics CiNii MathSciNet Mathematics Genealogy Project zbMATH People Deutsche Biographie Trove Other SNAC IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"/ˈreɪməs/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"humanist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanism"},{"link_name":"logician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logician"},{"link_name":"educational reformer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_reform"},{"link_name":"St. Bartholomew's Day massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Bartholomew%27s_Day_massacre"}],"text":"Petrus Ramus (French: Pierre de La Ramée; Anglicized as Peter Ramus /ˈreɪməs/; 1515 – 26 August 1572) was a French humanist, logician, and educational reformer. A Protestant convert, he was a victim of the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre.","title":"Petrus Ramus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cuts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuts,_Oise"},{"link_name":"Picardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picardy"},{"link_name":"Collège de Navarre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_de_Navarre"},{"link_name":"scholasticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholasticism"},{"link_name":"Aristotelianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotelianism"},{"link_name":"Walter J. Ong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_J._Ong"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"He was born at the village of Cuts, Picardy; his father was a farmer. He gained admission at age twelve (thus about 1527) to the Collège de Navarre, working as a servant. A reaction against scholasticism was in full tide, at a transitional time for Aristotelianism. On the occasion of receiving his M.A. degree in 1536, Ramus allegedly took as his thesis Quaecumque ab Aristotele dicta essent, commentitia esse (Everything that Aristotle has said is false), which Walter J. Ong paraphrases as follows:All the things that Aristotle has said are inconsistent because they are poorly systematized and can be called to mind only by the use of arbitrary mnemonic devices.[2]According to Ong[3] this kind of spectacular thesis was in fact routine at the time. Even so, Ong raises questions as to whether Ramus actually ever delivered this thesis.[4]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Benedictine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedictine"},{"link_name":"Joachim Périon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joachim_P%C3%A9rion&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_P%C3%A9rion"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Jacques Charpentier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Charpentier_(academic)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Arnaud d'Ossat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnaud_d%27Ossat"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Goveanus (Antonio de Gouveia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Gouveia"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"parlement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlement"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Francis I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_I_of_France"}],"text":"Ramus, as graduate of the university, started courses of lectures. At this period he was engaged in numerous separate controversies. One opponent in 1543 was the Benedictine Joachim Périon [fr].[5] He was accused, by Jacques Charpentier, professor of medicine, of undermining the foundations of philosophy and religion. Arnaud d'Ossat, a pupil and friend of Ramus, defended him against Charpentier.[6] Ramus was made to debate Goveanus (Antonio de Gouveia), over two days.[7] The matter was brought before the parlement of Paris, and finally before Francis I. By him it was referred to a commission of five, who found Ramus guilty of having \"acted rashly, arrogantly and impudently,\" and interdicted his lectures (1544).","title":"Early academic career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Henry II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_II_of_France"},{"link_name":"Charles, Cardinal of Lorraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles,_Cardinal_of_Lorraine"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Collège de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_de_France"},{"link_name":"eloquence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eloquence"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Pierre Galland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Galland&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Galland"},{"link_name":"sceptic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sceptic"},{"link_name":"Audomarus Talaeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audomarus_Talaeus"},{"link_name":"Cicero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicero"},{"link_name":"Academic scepticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_scepticism"},{"link_name":"Arcesilaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcesilaus"},{"link_name":"Carneades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carneades"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"He withdrew from Paris, but soon afterwards returned, the decree against him being canceled by Henry II, who came to the throne in 1547, through the influence of Charles, Cardinal of Lorraine. He obtained a position at the Collège de Navarre.[8][9]In 1551 Henry II appointed him a regius professor at the Collège de France, but at his request he was given the unique and at the time controversial title of Professor of Philosophy and eloquence.[10] For a considerable time he lectured before audiences numbering as many as 2,000. Pierre Galland [fr], another professor there, published Contra novam academiam Petri Rami oratio (1551), and called him a \"parricide\" for his attitude to Aristotle. The more serious charge was that he was a nouveau academicien, in other words a sceptic. Audomarus Talaeus (Omer Talon c.1510–1581), a close ally of Ramus, had indeed published a work in 1548 derived from Cicero's description of Academic scepticism, the school of Arcesilaus and Carneades.[11][12]","title":"Royal support"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Salon_de_1840._Ramus_attendant_ses_assassins,_par_Robert_Fleury.jpg"},{"link_name":"Joseph-Nicolas Robert-Fleury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph-Nicolas_Robert-Fleury"},{"link_name":"Protestantism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantism"},{"link_name":"palace of Fontainebleau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Fontainebleau"},{"link_name":"Simon Baudichon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Baudichon"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"La Rochelle Confession of Faith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Rochelle_Confession_of_Faith"},{"link_name":"Theodore Beza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Beza"},{"link_name":"Heinrich Bullinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Bullinger"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Bartholomew%27s_Day_Massacre"},{"link_name":"Rue St Jacques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rue_Saint-Jacques,_Paris"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Nicolas de Nancel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicolas_de_Nancel&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_de_Nancel"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReidWilson2011-18"}],"text":"Ramus awaiting his murderers: wood engraving by Joseph-Nicolas Robert-Fleury, 1840In 1561 he faced significant enmity following his adoption of Protestantism. He had to flee from Paris; and, though he found asylum in the palace of Fontainebleau, his house was pillaged and his library burned in his absence. He resumed his chair after this for a time, but he was summoned on 30 June 1568 before the King's Attorney General to be heard with Simon Baudichon and other professors:[13] the position of affairs was again so threatening that he found it advisable to ask permission to travel.He spent around two years in Germany and Switzerland.[14] The La Rochelle Confession of Faith earned his disapproval, in 1571, rupturing his relationship with Theodore Beza and leading Ramus to write angrily to Heinrich Bullinger.[15]Returning to France, he fell a victim in the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre (1572). Hiding for a while in a bookshop off the Rue St Jacques, he returned to his lodgings, on 26 August, the third day of the violence. There he was stabbed while at prayer.[16] Suspicions against Charpentier have been voiced ever since.[17] His death was compared by one of his first biographers, his friend and colleague Nicolas de Nancel [fr], to the murder of Cicero.[18]","title":"After conversion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pedagogy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedagogy"},{"link_name":"Aristotelian philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotelian_philosophy"},{"link_name":"scholasticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholasticism"},{"link_name":"dialectic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialectic"},{"link_name":"methodological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodology"},{"link_name":"logic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic"},{"link_name":"Dialectique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dialectique&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"French language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"A central issue is that Ramus's anti-Aristotelianism arose out of a concern for pedagogy. Aristotelian philosophy, in its Early Modern form as scholasticism showing its age, was in a confused and disordered state. Ramus sought to infuse order and simplicity into philosophical and scholastic education by reinvigorating a sense of dialectic as the overriding logical and methodological basis for the various disciplines.He published in 1543 the Aristotelicae Animadversiones and Dialecticae Partitiones, the former a criticism on the old logic and the latter a new textbook of the science. What are substantially fresh editions of the Partitiones appeared in 1547 as Institutiones Dialecticae, and in 1548 as Scholae Dialecticae; his Dialectique (1555), a French version of his system, is the earliest work on the subject in the French language.In the Dialecticae partitiones Ramus recommends the use of summaries, headings, citations and examples. Ong calls Ramus's use of outlines, \"a reorganization of the whole of knowledge and indeed of the whole human lifeworld.\"[19]After studying Ramus's work, Ong concluded that the results of his \"methodizing\" of the arts \"are the amateurish works of a desperate man who is not a thinker but merely an erudite pedagogue\".[20] On the other hand, his work had an immediate impact on the issue of disciplinary boundaries, educators largely having accepted his arguments by the end of the 17th century.[21]","title":"Pedagogue"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ramists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramists"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"syllogism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syllogism"},{"link_name":"Laurentius Valla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurentius_Valla"},{"link_name":"middle term","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_term"},{"link_name":"major term","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_term"},{"link_name":"minor term","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_term"}],"text":"The logic of Ramus enjoyed a great celebrity for a time, and there existed a school of Ramists boasting numerous adherents in France, Germany, Switzerland, and the Netherlands. It cannot be said, however, that Ramus's innovations mark any epoch in the history of logic, and there is little ground for his claim to supersede Aristotle by an independent system of logic. The distinction between natural and artificial logic, i.e., between the implicit logic of daily speech and the same logic made explicit in a system, passed over into the logical handbooks.He amends the syllogism. He admits only the first three figures, as in the original Aristotelian scheme, and in his later works he also attacks the validity of the third figure, following in this the precedent of Laurentius Valla. Ramus also set the modern fashion of deducing the figures from the position of the middle term in the premises, instead of basing them, as Aristotle does, upon the different relation of the middle to the major term and minor term.","title":"Logician"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Brian Vickers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Vickers_(academic)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"rhetorical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhetoric"},{"link_name":"Organon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organon"},{"link_name":"Rodolphus Agricola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodolphus_Agricola"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"elocutio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elocutio"},{"link_name":"binary trees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_tree"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"text":"As James Jasinski explains, \"the range of rhetoric began to be narrowed during the 16th century, thanks in part to the works of Peter Ramus.\"[22] In using the word \"narrowed,\" Jasinski is referring to Ramus's argument for divorcing rhetoric from dialectic (logic), a move that had far reaching implications for rhetorical studies and for popular conceptions of public persuasion. Contemporary rhetoricians have tended to reject Ramus's view in favor of a more wide ranging (and in many respects, Aristotelian) understanding of the rhetorical arts as encompassing \"a [broad] range of ordinary language practices.\"[23] Rhetoric, traditionally, had had five parts, of which inventio (invention) was the first. Ramus insisted on rhetoric to be studied alongside dialectic through two main manuals: invention and judgement under the dialectic manual, and style and delivery in the rhetoric manual. Memory, one of the five skills of traditional rhetoric, was regarded by Ramus as being part of psychology, as opposed to being part of rhetoric, and thus dispensed from his idea of rhetoric and dialectic.[24] Brian Vickers said that the Ramist influence here did add to rhetoric: it concentrated more on the remaining aspect of elocutio or effective use of language, and emphasised the role of vernacular European languages (rather than Latin). Ramist reforms strengthened the rhetoricians' tendency to focus on style.[25] The effect was that rhetoric was applied in literature.[26]Invention involves fourteen topics, including definition, cause, effect, subject, adjunct, difference, contrary, comparison, similarity, and testimony. Style encompasses four tropes: metaphor, synecdoche, metonymy, and irony. It also includes rules for poetic meter and rhythmical prose, figures corresponding to attitudes a speaker may take, and of repetition. Delivery covers the use of voice and gestures.[27]His rhetorical leaning is seen in the definition of logic as the ars disserendi; he maintains that the rules of logic may be better learned from observation of the way in which Cicero persuaded his hearers than from a study of Aristotle's works on logic (the Organon).Logic falls, according to Ramus, into two parts: invention (treating of the notion and definition) and judgment (comprising the judgment proper, syllogism and method). Here he was influenced by Rodolphus Agricola.[28] This division gave rise to the jocular designation of judgment or mother-wit as the \"secunda Petri\". But what Ramus does here in fact redefines rhetoric. There is a new configuration, with logic and rhetoric each having two parts: rhetoric was to cover elocutio and pronuntiatio. In general, Ramism liked to deal with binary trees as method for organising knowledge.[29]","title":"Rhetorician"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Johannes Sturm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Sturm"},{"link_name":"Hermogenes of Tarsus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermogenes_of_Tarsus"},{"link_name":"dichotomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichotomy"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"John Dee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dee"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_I"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Euclid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclid"},{"link_name":"irrational numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrational_number"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"text":"He was also known as a mathematician, a student of Johannes Sturm. It has been suggested that Sturm was an influence in another way, by his lectures given in 1529 on Hermogenes of Tarsus: the Ramist method of dichotomy is to be found in Hermogenes.[30]He had students of his own.[31] He corresponded with John Dee on mathematics, and at one point recommended to Elizabeth I that she appoint him to a university chair.[32]The views of Ramus on mathematics implied a limitation to the practical: he considered Euclid's theory on irrational numbers to be useless.[33] The emphasis on technological applications and engineering mathematics was coupled to an appeal to nationalism (France was well behind Italy, and needed to catch up with Germany).[34]","title":"Mathematician"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baconianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baconian_method"},{"link_name":"pansophism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pansophism"},{"link_name":"Cartesianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartesianism"},{"link_name":"New England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England"},{"link_name":"Freigius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Freigius&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Banosius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Banosius&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Nancelius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nancelius&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_de_Nancel"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Johannes Althusius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Althusius"},{"link_name":"Caspar Olevianus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspar_Olevianus"},{"link_name":"John Milton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Milton"},{"link_name":"Johannes Piscator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Piscator"},{"link_name":"Rudolph Snellius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolph_Snellius"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"text":"The teachings of Ramus had a broadly based reception well into the seventeenth century. Later movements, such as Baconianism, pansophism, and Cartesianism, in different ways built on Ramism, and took advantage of the space cleared by some of the simplifications (and oversimplifications) it had effected. The longest-lasting strand of Ramism was in systematic Calvinist theology, where textbook treatments with a Ramist framework were still used into the eighteenth century, particularly in New England.The first writings on Ramism, after the death of Ramus, included biographies, and were by disciples of sorts: Freigius (1574 or 1575),[35] Banosius (1576),[36] Nancelius [fr] (1599), of whom only Nancelius was closely acquainted with the man.[37] Followers of Ramus in different fields included Johannes Althusius, Caspar Olevianus, John Milton, Johannes Piscator, Rudolph Snellius and Hieronymus Treutler.[38]","title":"Ramism"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:La_Ram%C3%A9e_-_Arithmeticae_libri_tres,_1557_-_106004.jpg"}],"text":"Arithmeticae libri tres, 1557He published fifty works in his lifetime and nine appeared after his death. Ong undertook the complex bibliographical task of tracing his books through their editions.Aristotelicae Animadversiones (1543)\nBrutinae questiones (1547)\nRhetoricae distinctiones in Quintilianum (1549)\nDialectique (1555)\nArithmétique (1555)\nDe moribus veterum Gallorum (Paris, 1559; second edition, Basel, 1572)\nLiber de Cæsaris Militia Paris, 1584\nAdvertissement sur la réformation de l'université de Paris, au Roy, Paris, (1562)\nThree grammars: Grammatica latina (1548), Grammatica Graeca (1560), Grammaire Française (1562)\nScolae physicae, metaphysicae, mathematicae (1565, 1566, 1578)\nProoemium mathematicum (Paris, 1567)\nScholarum mathematicarum libri unus et triginta (Basel, 1569) (his most famous work)\nCommentariorum de religione christiana (Frankfurt, 1576)","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Petrus Ramus\" – Britannica Academic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//academic-eb-com.eres.qnl.qa/levels/collegiate/article/Petrus-Ramus/62635"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Arnaud d'Ossat\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.newadvent.org/cathen/11342a.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"\"CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Peter Ramus\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.newadvent.org/cathen/12638b.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"085224276X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/085224276X"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"892245076","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/892245076"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"\"Ramus\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.inrp.fr/edition-electronique/lodel/dictionnaire-ferdinand-buisson/document.php?id=3490"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"Richard H. 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Freedman, H. J. Selderhuis (editors), Späthumanismus und reformierte Konfession: Theologie, Jurisprudenz und Philosophie in Heidelberg an der Wende zum 17. Jahrhundert (2006), p. 188.\n\n^ \"CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Arnaud d'Ossat\". www.newadvent.org.\n\n^ James J. Murphy, Peter Ramus's Attack on Cicero: Text and Translation of Ramus's Brutinae Quaestiones (1992), p. x.\n\n^ \"CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Peter Ramus\". www.newadvent.org.\n\n^ Robert Mandrou, From Humanism to Science 1480-1700 (1978), p. 122.\n\n^ Peter, Sharratt (1976-01-01). French renaissance studies : 1540-70 : humanism and the Encyclopedia. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 10, 15. ISBN 085224276X. OCLC 892245076.\n\n^ Compayré, Gabriel. \"Ramus\". www.inrp.fr/edition-electronique/lodel/dictionnaire-ferdinand-buisson.\n\n^ Richard H. Popkin, The History of Scepticim from Erasmus to Spinoza (1979), pp. 28-30.\n\n^ Michel Félibien (1725). Histoire de la ville de Paris (in French). Paris: Guillaume Desprez et Jean Desessartz. p. 824. Retrieved 16 January 2021.\n\n^ Edward Craig, Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy (1998), p. 52.\n\n^ John D. Woodbridge, Kenneth S. Kantzer, Biblical Authority: A Critique of the Rogers/McKim Proposal (1982), p. 185, with caveats.\n\n^ Katherine Duncan-Jones, Sir Philip Sidney: Courter Poet (1991), p. 60.\n\n^ John Foxe's Book of Martyrs Archived 2007-09-27 at the Wayback Machine, under Pierre de la Ramée.\n\n^ Steven J. Reid; Emma Annette Wilson (2011). Ramus, Pedagogy and the Liberal Arts: Ramism in Britain and the Wider World. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-7546-9408-3.\n\n^ \"Ramus, method, and the decay of dialogue: From the art of discourse to the art of reason,\" 1958. Cambridge, MA: Harvard.\n\n^ The Barbarian Within, 1962: 79-80.\n\n^ Michelle Ballif, Michael G. Moran, Classical Rhetorics and Rhetoricians: Critical Studies and Sources (2005), p. 92.\n\n^ Sourcebook on Rhetoric, 2001, pp. xvii-iii\n\n^ Jasinski, James. Sourcebook on Rhetoric, 2001, pp. xviii\n\n^ Steven Reid, Ramus, Pedagogy and the Liberal Arts: Ramism in Britain and the Wider World(2013), p. 13.\n\n^ Peter Dixon, Rhetoric (1971), p. 65.\n\n^ Brian Vickers, In Defence of Rhetoric (1988), p. 206.\n\n^ Steven Reid, Ramus, Pedagogy and the Liberal Arts: Ramism in Britain and the Wider World(2013), p. 8.\n\n^ Erland, Sellberg (9 May 2006). \"Petrus Ramus\". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.\n\n^ Michael Losonsky, Language and Logic, in Donald Rutherford (editor), The Cambridge Companion to Early Modern Philosophy (2006), p. 176.\n\n^ Thomas M. Conley, Rhetoric in the European Tradition (1994), p. 131.\n\n^ Petrus Ramus at the Mathematics Genealogy Project\n\n^ Peter French, John Dee (1972), p. 143.\n\n^ Peter French, John Dee (1972), p. 169.\n\n^ A. G. Keller, Mathematicians, Mechanics, and Experimental Machines in Northern Italy in the Sixteenth Century, p. 16, in Maurice Crosland (editor), The Emergence of Technology in Western Europe (1975).\n\n^ Thomas Johannes Freigius (1543–1583) was a Swiss scholar; \"Historische Tabellenwerke - Freigius\" (in German). Archived from the original on 2011-05-05. Retrieved 2011-03-27..\n\n^ Théophile de Banos (died c. 1595) was a Huguenot pastor and author, originally from Bordeaux. Commentariorum de religione Christiana libri quatuor, nunquam antea editi (Frankfurt, 1576) included a biography of Ramus; Banosius was preacher in Frankfurt 1572 to 1578. Note in [1].\n\n^ Erland, Sellberg (9 May 2006). \"Petrus Ramus\". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)\n\n^ \"Ramus, Petrus\". www.ccel.org.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Desmaze, Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_Desmaze&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-7965-1560-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7965-1560-6"},{"link_name":"Freedman, Joseph S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_S._Freedman"},{"link_name":"Høffding, Harald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harald_H%C3%B8ffding"},{"link_name":"Howard Hotson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Hotson"},{"link_name":"Lobstein, Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Lobstein&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Miller, Perry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perry_Miller"},{"link_name":"Harvard University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University_Press"},{"link_name":"Milton, John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Milton"},{"link_name":"Ong, Walter J.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_J._Ong"},{"link_name":"University of Chicago Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press"},{"link_name":"Ong, S.J., Walter J.: Ramus, Method, and the Decay of Dialogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20051228164528/http://www.press.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/hfs.cgi/00/16506.ctl"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-226-62976-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-62976-7"},{"link_name":"Owen, John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Owen_(1833%E2%80%931896)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Saisset, Émile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Saisset"},{"link_name":"Sharratt, Peter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Sharratt&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Waddington, Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Waddington_(philosopher)"}],"text":"Nelly Bruyère, Méthode et dialectique dans l'oeuvre de La Ramée: Renaissance et Age classique, Paris, Vrin 1984\nDesmaze, Charles. Petrus Ramus, professeur au Collège de France, sa vie, ses ecrits, sa mort (Paris, 1864).\nFeingold, Mordechai; Freedman, Joseph S.; Rother, Wolfgang (eds.). The Influence of Petrus Ramus. Studies in Sixteenth and Seventeenth Century Philosophy and Sciences. Schwabe, Basel 2001, ISBN 978-3-7965-1560-6.\nFreedman, Joseph S. Philosophy and the Arts in Central Europe, 1500-1700: Teaching and Texts at Schools and Universities (Ashgate, 1999).\nGraves, Frank Pierrepont. Peter Ramus and the Educational Reformation of the Sixteenth Century (Macmillan, 1912).\nHøffding, Harald. History of Modern Philosophy (English translation, 1900), vol. i.185.\nHoward Hotson, Commonplace Learning: Ramism and Its German Ramifications, 1543–1630 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007).\nLobstein, Paul. Petrus Ramus als Theolog (Strassburg, 1878).\nMiller, Perry. The New England Mind (Harvard University Press, 1939).\nMilton, John. A Fuller Course in the Art of Logic Conformed to the Method of Peter Ramus (London, 1672). Ed. and trans. Walter J. Ong and Charles J. Ermatinger. Complete Prose Works of John Milton: Volume 8. Ed. Maurice Kelley. New Haven: Yale UP, 1982. p. 206-407.\nOng, Walter J. (1982). Orality and literacy: The technologizing of the word. New York: Methuen.(p. viii).\n---.Ramus, Method, and the Decay of Dialogue: From the Art of Discourse to the Art of Reason (Harvard University Press, 1958; reissued with a new foreword by Adrian Johns, University of Chicago Press, 2004.Ong, S.J., Walter J.: Ramus, Method, and the Decay of Dialogue ISBN 0-226-62976-7).\n---. Ramus and Talon Inventory (Harvard University Press, 1958).\nOwen, John. The Skeptics of the French Renaissance (London, 1893).\nPranti, K. \"Uber P. Ramus\" in Munchener Sitzungs berichte (1878).\nSaisset, Émile. Les précurseurs de Descartes (Paris, 1862).\nSharratt, Peter. \"The Present State of Studies on Ramus,\" Studi francesi 47-48 (1972) 201-13.\n—. \"Recent Work on Peter Ramus (1970–1986),\" Rhetorica: A Journal of the History of Rhetoric 5 (1987): 7-58.\n—. \"Ramus 2000,\" Rhetorica: A Journal of the History of Rhetoric 18 (2000): 399-455.\nVoigt. Uber den Ramismus der Universität Leipzig (Leipzig, 1888).\nWaddington, Charles De Petri Rami vita, scriptis, philosophia (Paris, 1848).","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Ramus awaiting his murderers: wood engraving by Joseph-Nicolas Robert-Fleury, 1840","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Salon_de_1840._Ramus_attendant_ses_assassins%2C_par_Robert_Fleury.jpg/220px-Salon_de_1840._Ramus_attendant_ses_assassins%2C_par_Robert_Fleury.jpg"},{"image_text":"Arithmeticae libri tres, 1557","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/La_Ram%C3%A9e_-_Arithmeticae_libri_tres%2C_1557_-_106004.jpg/220px-La_Ram%C3%A9e_-_Arithmeticae_libri_tres%2C_1557_-_106004.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Mnemonics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mnemonics"},{"title":"Ramism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramism"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jam_Gadang
Jam Gadang
["1 History","2 Clock structure and location","3 Tourism","4 See also","5 References"]
Coordinates: 0°18′19″S 100°22′11″E / 0.3052°S 100.3696°E / -0.3052; 100.3696Clocktower and landmark in West Sumatra, Indonesia Jam GadangJam Gadang in February 20170°18′19″S 100°22′11″E / 0.3052°S 100.3696°E / -0.3052; 100.3696LocationBukittinggiDesignerYazid Abidin, Sutan Gigi Ameh & Haji MoranHeight26 metres (85 ft)Beginning date1926Completion date1926Dedicated toBukittinggi City Secretary Jam Gadang (Minangkabau for "Big Clock") is a clock tower, major landmark, and tourist attraction in the city of Bukittinggi, West Sumatra, Indonesia. It is in the centre of the city, near the main market, Pasar Ateh. It has large clocks on each face. History The original clock tower before shape alteration.The clock tower during Japanese Occupation. Jam Gadang is located in central Bukittinggi, a city in the Minangkabau Highlands of West Sumatra. It sits in the middle of the Sabai Nan Aluih Park, near the Ateh Market and palace of Mohammad Hatta. The structure was built in 1926, during the Dutch colonial era, as a gift from Queen Wilhelmina to the city's controleur. It was designed by architects Yazid Abidin and Sutan Gigi Ameh, reportedly at a cost of 3,000 guilder. Originally a rooster figure was placed on the apex, but it was changed into a Shinto shrine-like ornament during the Japanese occupation (1942–1945). Following Indonesian independence, the tower's top was reshaped to its present form, which resembles traditional Minang roofs (see Rumah Gadang). The internal mechanisms of the clock are twin to those in the Elizabeth Tower (Big Ben) in London. On March 6, 2007, the Jam Gadang tower was damaged by two earthquakes that struck western Sumatra. Over the following years it was refurbished by the Indonesia Heritage Trust (Badan Pelestarian Pusaka Indonesia). Funding for the 600 million rupiah (approximately 55 thousand euros) restoration came from the Netherlands. The refurbished tower was inaugurated on December 22, 2010, as part of Bukittinggi's 262nd anniversary celebrations. The Jam Gadang tower has been used as an observation post during fires, such as one that affected the Ateh Market. During Ramadhan, the call to prayer that marks the breaking of the fast is sounded from the tower. Clock structure and location Jam Gadang uses 'IIII' instead of 'IV' The tower has four clocks made in Recklinghausen, Germany by Bernard Vortmann and shipped via Rotterdam. Each clock face has a diameter of 80 centimetres (31 in). The tower's base is 13 by 4 metres (43 ft × 13 ft) and it stands 26 metres (85 ft) tall. The clocks use "IIII" for the number 4 instead of the traditional Roman numeral "IV". The laying of the tower's cornerstone was done by the 6-year-old son of Rook Maker, the city secretary of Bukittinggi at the time. Tourism Bendi carriages for sightseeing The Jam Gadang tower is considered an icon of Bukittinggi and the city's main tourist attraction. Given its iconic appearance, the structure is a frequent object of local souvenirs. It is printed on apparel, painted, used as model for sculpting and magnet design, and so forth. It is common for tourists visiting Bukittinggi to take photographs in front of the tower, and local residents offer photography services for this purpose. Tourists visiting the tower were once allowed to climb to the top, but as of 2016 require written permission to do so. Many people visit the Jam Gadang with family or friends. Many hotels are near Jam Gadang, as are traditional horse-drawn carriages called bendi. Since 2016, the Jam Gadang plaza has hosted traditional Minang dances for tourists. It also serves as the centre of New Year celebration in Bukittinggi. See also Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jam Gadang. Indonesia portal References ^ a b c d e f Bachtiar, Imelda (April 11, 2016). "Jam Gadang, Ikon Wisata Bukittinggi" . Kompas (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on April 21, 2016. Retrieved February 20, 2017. Google translation ^ a b c d e "Jam Gadang, Gengsi Kota Bukittinggi" . Kompas (in Indonesian). March 19, 2009. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved February 19, 2017. Google translation ^ a b "Jam Gadang Selesai Diperbaiki" . Republika (in Indonesian). December 23, 2010. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved February 19, 2017. Google translation ^ Farhan, Afif (October 3, 2010). "Jam Gadang di Bukittinggi, Saingannya Big Ben di London" . Detik.com (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on February 23, 2015. Retrieved February 20, 2017. Google translation
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It sits in the middle of the Sabai Nan Aluih Park, near the Ateh Market and palace of Mohammad Hatta.[1] The structure was built in 1926, during the Dutch colonial era, as a gift from Queen Wilhelmina to the city's controleur.[2][3] It was designed by architects Yazid Abidin and Sutan Gigi Ameh, reportedly at a cost of 3,000 guilder.[2]Originally a rooster figure was placed on the apex, but it was changed into a Shinto shrine-like ornament during the Japanese occupation (1942–1945). Following Indonesian independence, the tower's top was reshaped to its present form, which resembles traditional Minang roofs (see Rumah Gadang).[2] The internal mechanisms of the clock are twin to those in the Elizabeth Tower (Big Ben) in London.[1]On March 6, 2007, the Jam Gadang tower was damaged by two earthquakes that struck western Sumatra. Over the following years it was refurbished by the Indonesia Heritage Trust (Badan Pelestarian Pusaka Indonesia). Funding for the 600 million rupiah (approximately 55 thousand euros) restoration came from the Netherlands. The refurbished tower was inaugurated on December 22, 2010, as part of Bukittinggi's 262nd anniversary celebrations.[3]The Jam Gadang tower has been used as an observation post during fires, such as one that affected the Ateh Market. During Ramadhan, the call to prayer that marks the breaking of the fast is sounded from the tower.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jam_Gadang,_Bukittinggi,_2016-02-12_02.jpg"},{"link_name":"Recklinghausen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recklinghausen"},{"link_name":"Rotterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jg-kompas-2"},{"link_name":"Roman numeral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_numerals"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jg-kompas-2"},{"link_name":"cornerstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornerstone"},{"link_name":"Bukittinggi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukittinggi"}],"text":"Jam Gadang uses 'IIII' instead of 'IV'The tower has four clocks made in Recklinghausen, Germany by Bernard Vortmann and shipped via Rotterdam. Each clock face has a diameter of 80 centimetres (31 in). 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[{"reference":"Bachtiar, Imelda (April 11, 2016). \"Jam Gadang, Ikon Wisata Bukittinggi\" [Clock Tower, Bukittinggi Travel Icons]. Kompas (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on April 21, 2016. Retrieved February 20, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://travel.kompas.com/read/2016/04/11/132034627/Jam.Gadang.Ikon.Wisata.Bukittinggi","url_text":"\"Jam Gadang, Ikon Wisata Bukittinggi\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160421065434/http://travel.kompas.com/read/2016/04/11/132034627/Jam.Gadang.Ikon.Wisata.Bukittinggi","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Jam Gadang, Gengsi Kota Bukittinggi\" [Jam Gadang, the Prestige of Bukittinggi]. Kompas (in Indonesian). March 19, 2009. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved February 19, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://travel.kompas.com/read/2009/03/19/07532046/jam.gadang.gengsi.kota.bukittinggi","url_text":"\"Jam Gadang, Gengsi Kota Bukittinggi\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160305013320/http://travel.kompas.com/read/2009/03/19/07532046/jam.gadang.gengsi.kota.bukittinggi","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Jam Gadang Selesai Diperbaiki\" [Repairs to Jam Gadang Completed]. Republika (in Indonesian). December 23, 2010. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved February 19, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.republika.co.id/berita/breaking-news/nusantara/10/12/23/153975-jam-gadang-selesai-diperbaiki","url_text":"\"Jam Gadang Selesai Diperbaiki\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304103717/http://www.republika.co.id/berita/breaking-news/nusantara/10/12/23/153975-jam-gadang-selesai-diperbaiki","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Farhan, Afif (October 3, 2010). \"Jam Gadang di Bukittinggi, Saingannya Big Ben di London\" [Jam Gadang of Bukittinggi, Competitor to London's Big Ben]. Detik.com (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on February 23, 2015. Retrieved February 20, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://travel.detik.com/read/2013/10/03/170619/2377095/1519/jam-gadang-di-bukittinggi-saingannya-big-ben-di-london","url_text":"\"Jam Gadang di Bukittinggi, Saingannya Big Ben di London\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150223204228/http://travel.detik.com/read/2013/10/03/170619/2377095/1519/jam-gadang-di-bukittinggi-saingannya-big-ben-di-london","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myo_Zaw_Thein
Myo Zaw Thein
["1 Military career","2 See also","3 References"]
Burmese army officer This article is an orphan, as no other articles link to it. Please introduce links to this page from related articles; try the Find link tool for suggestions. (February 2023) In this Burmese name, the given name is Myo Zaw Thein. There is no family name. Myo Zaw Theinမျိုးဇော်သိန်းAdjutant General of Myanmar Armed ForcesIn officeJuly 2019 – October 2022LeaderMin Aung Hlaing Personal detailsBornBurma (now Myanmar)Political partyUnion Solidarity and Development PartyAlma materDefence Services AcademyMilitary serviceAllegiance MyanmarBranch/serviceMyanmar ArmyYears of service-2022RankLieutenant General Lieutenant General Myo Zaw Thein (Burmese: မျိုးဇော်သိန်း) is a former Burmese military officer and vice-chair of the Union Solidarity and Development Party, the Burmese military's proxy political party. Military career Myo Zaw Thein graduated from the 28th batch of the Defence Services Academy. He was appointed to become the military's adjutant general in July 2019, and previously served as the commander for the Yangon Command and the Bureau of Special Operations No. 5. In October 2022, he retired from the Burmese armed forces to succeed Khin Yi as vice-chair in the military's proxy political party, the Union Solidarity and Development Party. See also 2021–2023 Myanmar civil war State Administration Council Tatmadaw References ^ a b "Min Aung Hlaing makes himself military supremo for life". Myanmar Now. 2021-05-22. Retrieved 2023-02-19. ^ a b "Myanmar Junta Generals Retire to Take Top Roles in Proxy Party". The Irrawaddy. 2022-10-31. Retrieved 2023-02-19. ^ Sa Tun Aung (2022-10-05). "Loyalists of Myanmar junta chief take over proxy party's key leadership positions". Myanmar NOW. Retrieved 2023-02-19.
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Sas
Norman Sas
["1 Early years","2 Tudor Games and Electric Football","3 Later years","4 References"]
American politician Norman SasBornNorman Anders Sas(1925-03-29)March 29, 1925New York City, New YorkDiedJune 28, 2012(2012-06-28) (aged 87)Vero Beach, FloridaAlma materMassachusetts Institute of Technology, MIT Sloan School of ManagementOccupation(s)Toy maker and inventor Norman Anders Sas (March 29, 1925 – June 28, 2012) was an American toy inventor, mechanical engineer and manufacturer who is best known for inventing electric football, a tabletop game popular from the late 1940s until the development of video football games in the 1980s. Early years Sas was born in New York in 1925. After graduating from the Bronx High School of Science, he served in the United States Navy and also received bachelor's degrees in mechanical engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and business administration from the MIT Sloan School of Management after being admitted as part of the V-12 Navy College Training Program. He worked for General Electric on projects involving plastics and gas turbines after graduating from MIT. Tudor Games and Electric Football A later version of Sas's electric football game In 1948, Sas became the president of Tudor Metal Products Corporation (later renamed Tudor Games), a company founded by his father. The company had developed table-top car and horse-racing games which used vibrations from a motor to propel figures across a metal surface. Sas developed electric football by applying the prior technology to create a game in which figures were moved across a football field by the vibrations from the motor. Sas recalled the inspiration for the game as follows: "Watching these horses run, I thought, 'Gee! If we could come up with some football figures and get them running against each other, we’d have a football game.'" The game was released in 1949 and remained in production into the 1980s. Although no longer in production, the game maintained a following among baby-boomers who continued to play it, leading to the formation of the Miniature Football Coaches Association. In 1967, Sas entered into a licensing agreement with the National Football League allowing the company to use team colors and player names on the game's figures. Over 40 million copies of the game were ultimately sold. Michael David Smith of NBC Sports recalled: For the first decade or so of its partnership with the NFL, Electric Football was stunningly popular: Young football fans couldn’t get enough of strategizing with their 11 plastic players, putting them in just the right formation so that the ball carrier would vibrate his way into the end zone. Of course, the game’s motions were so unpredictable that the ball carrier was liable to go backward for a safety, but no matter: The game was pure fun. In 2012, a book on the history of electric football and Tudor Games titled The Unforgettable Buzz was published. One of the book's authors, Earl Shores, recalled, "You'd sit there and on the 10th try your running back would turn to the left and magically go down the field for a touchdown. You played Electric Football for that one moment." Shores praised Sas for his ability to sustain the game's popularity: "To be able to run your company for 40 years with the same toy — that puts you in the same company as Monopoly." Plastic figures used in Sas's electric football game The game's popularity waned in the development of video football games. Interviewed in 1998, Sas said, "For the first 10 years, we generated more money for NFL Properties than anyone else. Then the games came out, and that was the beginning of the end." Later years Sas lived in Alpine, New Jersey for more than 30 years, where he served on the borough council, planning board and a volunteer for the Reliance Fire Department. He was also a member of the New York Athletic Club, the Knickerbocker Country Club, and the Englewood Field Club. Sas sold his company to Miggle Toys in the 1980s and retired in 1988. He moved to Vero Beach, Florida in the late 1990s, and died at his home there in June 2012 at age 87. He lived a wonderful life as a kind, hardworking businessman, husband, father, and grandfather who was loved by all. He was inducted into the Miniature Football Coaches Association Hall of Fame in August 2012. Sas was survived by his wife, Irene Sas, to whom he had been married for 62 years. References ^ "Norman Sas, electric football inventor, dies at 87". Wall Street Journal. Associated Press. 2012-06-13. Retrieved 2012-07-24. ^ a b c William Yardley (July 12, 2012). "Norman Sas, Inventor of Electric Football, Dies at 87". The New York Times. ^ a b c d e Martin Weil (July 14, 2012). "Norman A. Sas, 87; inventor of Tudor Electric Football". The Washington Post. ^ a b c Michael David Smith (July 8, 2012). "Norman Sas, Inventor of Electric Football, dies at 87". NBC Sports. ^ Michael Precker (September 12, 1998). "The Buzz Bowl: Flip a switch and you've got scrimmage. Years after its invention, electric football is still winning fans". The Dallas Morning News. ^ Roy Bragg (June 18, 2000). "Game's Renaissance has new generation buzz". San Antonio Express-News. ^ Garret Condon (December 11, 1992). "Male baby-boomers fondly remember Electric Football Electric Football: a vibrating land of miniature gridders A gridiron buzzzzz Toys". Hartford Courant. ^ a b c Jay Levin (July 11, 2012). "A Life: Norman Sas; He made every day a Sunday". The Record (Bergen County). ^ Yardley, William (2012-07-12). "Norman Sas, Inventor of Electric Football, Dies at 87". The New York Times. Retrieved 2012-07-24. ^ "Norman A. Sas". The New York Times. July 1, 2012. ^ Matt Sedensky (July 14, 2012). "Norman Sas, 87, created popular electric football game". The Boston Globe (AP story).
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After graduating from the Bronx High School of Science, he served in the United States Navy and also received bachelor's degrees in mechanical engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and business administration from the MIT Sloan School of Management after being admitted as part of the V-12 Navy College Training Program.[2] He worked for General Electric on projects involving plastics and gas turbines after graduating from MIT.[3]","title":"Early years"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Electricfootball1970.jpg"},{"link_name":"electric football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_football"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WP-3"},{"link_name":"electric football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_football"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WP-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WP-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NBC-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"National Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NBC-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NBC-4"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hack-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hack-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Electricmen.jpg"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hack-8"}],"text":"A later version of Sas's electric football gameIn 1948, Sas became the president of Tudor Metal Products Corporation (later renamed Tudor Games), a company founded by his father.[3] The company had developed table-top car and horse-racing games which used vibrations from a motor to propel figures across a metal surface. Sas developed electric football by applying the prior technology to create a game in which figures were moved across a football field by the vibrations from the motor. Sas recalled the inspiration for the game as follows: \"Watching these horses run, I thought, 'Gee! If we could come up with some football figures and get them running against each other, we’d have a football game.'\"[3]The game was released in 1949 and remained in production into the 1980s.[2][3][4] Although no longer in production, the game maintained a following among baby-boomers who continued to play it, leading to the formation of the Miniature Football Coaches Association.[5][6][7]In 1967, Sas entered into a licensing agreement with the National Football League allowing the company to use team colors and player names on the game's figures. Over 40 million copies of the game were ultimately sold.[4] Michael David Smith of NBC Sports recalled:For the first decade or so of its partnership with the NFL, Electric Football was stunningly popular: Young football fans couldn’t get enough of strategizing with their 11 plastic players, putting them in just the right formation so that the ball carrier would vibrate his way into the end zone. Of course, the game’s motions were so unpredictable that the ball carrier was liable to go backward for a safety, but no matter: The game was pure fun.[4]In 2012, a book on the history of electric football and Tudor Games titled The Unforgettable Buzz was published. One of the book's authors, Earl Shores, recalled, \"You'd sit there and on the 10th try your running back would turn to the left and magically go down the field for a touchdown. You played Electric Football for that one moment.\"[8] Shores praised Sas for his ability to sustain the game's popularity: \"To be able to run your company for 40 years with the same toy — that puts you in the same company as Monopoly.\"[8]Plastic figures used in Sas's electric football gameThe game's popularity waned in the development of video football games. Interviewed in 1998, Sas said, \"For the first 10 years, we generated more money for NFL Properties than anyone else. Then the [video] games came out, and that was the beginning of the end.\"[8]","title":"Tudor Games and Electric Football"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alpine, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytimes-9"},{"link_name":"New York Athletic Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Athletic_Club"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Vero Beach, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vero_Beach,_Florida"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MS-11"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WP-3"}],"text":"Sas lived in Alpine, New Jersey for more than 30 years, where he served on the borough council,[9] planning board and a volunteer for the Reliance Fire Department. He was also a member of the New York Athletic Club, the Knickerbocker Country Club, and the Englewood Field Club.[10]Sas sold his company to Miggle Toys in the 1980s and retired in 1988. He moved to Vero Beach, Florida in the late 1990s, and died at his home there in June 2012 at age 87. He lived a wonderful life as a kind, hardworking businessman, husband, father, and grandfather who was loved by all. [11] He was inducted into the Miniature Football Coaches Association Hall of Fame in August 2012.[2] Sas was survived by his wife, Irene Sas, to whom he had been married for 62 years.[3]","title":"Later years"}]
[{"image_text":"A later version of Sas's electric football game","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Electricfootball1970.jpg/220px-Electricfootball1970.jpg"},{"image_text":"Plastic figures used in Sas's electric football game","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Electricmen.jpg/220px-Electricmen.jpg"}]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Connelly
George Connelly
["1 Career","2 Retirement","3 References","4 External links"]
Scottish footballer George Connelly Connelly in 1971Personal informationDate of birth (1949-03-01) 1 March 1949 (age 75)Place of birth Fife, ScotlandPosition(s) MidfielderSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)1968–1976 Celtic 136 (5)1976–1977 Falkirk 8 (2)Total 144 (7)International career1970–1973 Scottish Football League XI 4 (1)1973 Scotland 2 (0) *Club domestic league appearances and goals George Connelly (born 1 March 1949) is a Scottish former international footballer who played professionally with Celtic and Falkirk. Connelly is from Valleyfield in Fife. Career Born in Fife, Connelly was a technically accomplished footballer, who could play with distinction anywhere in the outfield, although his most common positions were left half and inside forward. He signed for Celtic from Tulliallan Juniors in March 1966 and as a teenager was noted for his fine ball control. This was first publicly displayed when he was sent out to entertain the crowd at Celtic Park before a European tie later that year against Dynamo Kiev. He was considered by many to have the potential to be a world class player – as influential in British football as Beckenbauer was in the German game. The group of young players who emerged at Celtic at the same time as Connelly were known as the Quality Street Gang, and included Kenny Dalglish, Davie Hay, Lou Macari, Danny McGrain and Jimmy Quinn. Connelly broke into the first team in 1968, He is remembered particularly for two goals. Just before half time in the 1969 Scottish Cup final against Rangers, he coolly dispossessed John Greig on the edge of the box, evaded the Rangers' skipper's recovery attempt, rounded the goalkeeper before slipping the ball into the empty net. This goal made it 3–0 to Celtic and ended any hopes of a Rangers revival. In 1970, in a European Cup tie against the English champions Leeds United dubbed the football "Battle of Britain" by the media, Connelly scored for Celtic in the first minute of the first leg at Elland Road. Celtic won that match 1–0 and 2–1 in the return leg at Hampden Park to progress to their second European Cup final, which they lost 2–1 to Feyenoord. Retirement Connelly was earmarked as the natural successor to Billy McNeill at the heart of the Celtic defence and most likely as captain too. However, a series of personal problems that have never been fully publicised led to him periodically disappearing from Celtic Park. After the fifth such walk-out in 1975 he didn't return. In a recent interview he stated that his poor salary at Celtic was the main reason for his eventual departure. In a recent book he also pointed at how unhappy he was with his marriage at the time as another factor. Tommy Docherty approached him to sign for Manchester United, but he rejected the move as football just was not in his head at the time. When David Hay left Celtic in 1974, Connelly did not feel as comfortable at the club. In nine years with Celtic Connelly made 254 first team appearances, scored 13 goals and won two Scotland caps, in 1974. He played for Falkirk for three months in 1976 then reverted to Junior status with Sauchie. During this time he worked as a taxi driver. He returned to Celtic Park for the first time since his walk out to do the half-time draw during the AC Milan fixture in 2006 in the UEFA Champions League second round. In 2007, Celtic's Lost Legend was published by Black & White Publishing. Co-written by Connelly and Bryan Cooney, the book was a first hand account of Connelly's life and career. Celtic's Lost Legend was re-published in 2019. References ^ Alexander, Michael (26 August 2023). "How Fife man Ian overcame alcoholism and is now helping others do the same". ^ a b Lamming, Douglas (1987). A Scottish Soccer Internationalists Who's Who, 1872–1986 (Hardback). Hutton Press. (ISBN 0-907033-47-4). ^ a b c d e Unintentional Man of Mystery Archived 29 December 2006 at the Wayback Machine, Bryan Cooney, The Sunday Herald, 2006. ^ Purden, Richard. "The mystery of why George Connelly's Quality was never fulfilled". The Irish Post. Retrieved 17 May 2021. ^ "Celtic's Lost Legend". blackandwhitepublishing.com. External links George Connelly at Post War English & Scottish Football League A–Z Player's Transfer Database vteSFWA Footballer of the Year 1965: McNeill 1966: Greig 1967: Simpson 1968: Wallace 1969: Murdoch 1970: Stanton 1971: Buchan 1972: Smith 1973: Connelly 1974: Scotland 1975: Jardine 1976: Greig 1977: McGrain 1978: Johnstone 1979: Ritchie 1980: Strachan 1981: Rough 1982: Sturrock 1983: Nicholas 1984: Miller 1985: McAlpine 1986: Jardine 1987: McClair 1988: McStay 1989: Gough 1990: McLeish 1991: Malpas 1992: McCoist 1993: Goram 1994: Hateley 1995: Laudrup 1996: Gascoigne 1997: Laudrup 1998: Burley 1999: Larsson 2000: Ferguson 2001: Larsson 2002: Lambert 2003: Ferguson 2004: McNamara 2005: Hartson 2006: Gordon 2007: Nakamura 2008: Cuéllar 2009: Caldwell 2010: Weir 2011: Izaguirre 2012: Mulgrew 2013: Griffiths 2014: Commons 2015: Gordon 2016: Griffiths 2017: Sinclair 2018: Brown 2019: Forrest 2020: Édouard 2021: Davis 2022: Gordon 2023: Furuhashi 2024: Shankland Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Celtic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_F.C."},{"link_name":"Falkirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falkirk_F.C."},{"link_name":"Valleyfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valleyfield,_Fife"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"George Connelly (born 1 March 1949) is a Scottish former international footballer who played professionally with Celtic and Falkirk. Connelly is from Valleyfield in Fife.[1]","title":"George Connelly"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fife"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lamming-2"},{"link_name":"Celtic Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_Park"},{"link_name":"Dynamo Kiev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamo_Kiev"},{"link_name":"Beckenbauer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Beckenbauer"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SHerald-3"},{"link_name":"Quality Street Gang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quality_Street_Gang_(Celtic_F.C.)"},{"link_name":"Kenny Dalglish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenny_Dalglish"},{"link_name":"Davie Hay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davie_Hay"},{"link_name":"Lou Macari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Macari"},{"link_name":"Danny McGrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_McGrain"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Quinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Quinn_(footballer_born_1947)"},{"link_name":"1969 Scottish Cup final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969_Scottish_Cup_final"},{"link_name":"Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangers_F.C."},{"link_name":"John Greig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Greig"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SHerald-3"},{"link_name":"Leeds United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Elland Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elland_Road"},{"link_name":"Hampden Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampden_Park"},{"link_name":"Feyenoord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feyenoord"}],"text":"Born in Fife, Connelly was a technically accomplished footballer, who could play with distinction anywhere in the outfield, although his most common positions were left half and inside forward.[2] He signed for Celtic from Tulliallan Juniors in March 1966 and as a teenager was noted for his fine ball control. This was first publicly displayed when he was sent out to entertain the crowd at Celtic Park before a European tie later that year against Dynamo Kiev. He was considered by many to have the potential to be a world class player – as influential in British football as Beckenbauer was in the German game.[3]The group of young players who emerged at Celtic at the same time as Connelly were known as the Quality Street Gang, and included Kenny Dalglish, Davie Hay, Lou Macari, Danny McGrain and Jimmy Quinn. Connelly broke into the first team in 1968,He is remembered particularly for two goals. Just before half time in the 1969 Scottish Cup final against Rangers, he coolly dispossessed John Greig on the edge of the box, evaded the Rangers' skipper's recovery attempt, rounded the goalkeeper before slipping the ball into the empty net. This goal made it 3–0 to Celtic and ended any hopes of a Rangers revival.[3] In 1970, in a European Cup tie against the English champions Leeds United dubbed the football \"Battle of Britain\" by the media, Connelly scored for Celtic in the first minute of the first leg at Elland Road. Celtic won that match 1–0 and 2–1 in the return leg at Hampden Park to progress to their second European Cup final, which they lost 2–1 to Feyenoord.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Billy McNeill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_McNeill"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SHerald-3"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Tommy Docherty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Docherty"},{"link_name":"Manchester United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_United"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SHerald-3"},{"link_name":"caps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cap_(sport)"},{"link_name":"Falkirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falkirk_F.C."},{"link_name":"Junior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Junior_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lamming-2"},{"link_name":"taxi driver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxicab"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SHerald-3"},{"link_name":"Celtic Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_Park"},{"link_name":"AC Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_Milan"},{"link_name":"UEFA Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Connelly was earmarked as the natural successor to Billy McNeill at the heart of the Celtic defence and most likely as captain too.[4] However, a series of personal problems that have never been fully publicised led to him periodically disappearing from Celtic Park. After the fifth such walk-out in 1975 he didn't return.[3]In a recent interview he stated that his poor salary at Celtic was the main reason for his eventual departure.[citation needed] In a recent book he also pointed at how unhappy he was with his marriage at the time as another factor. Tommy Docherty approached him to sign for Manchester United, but he rejected the move as football just was not in his head at the time.[citation needed] When David Hay left Celtic in 1974, Connelly did not feel as comfortable at the club.[citation needed]In nine years with Celtic Connelly made 254 first team appearances,[3] scored 13 goals and won two Scotland caps, in 1974. He played for Falkirk for three months in 1976 then reverted to Junior status with Sauchie.[2] During this time he worked as a taxi driver.[3]He returned to Celtic Park for the first time since his walk out to do the half-time draw during the AC Milan fixture in 2006 in the UEFA Champions League second round.In 2007, Celtic's Lost Legend was published by Black & White Publishing. Co-written by Connelly and Bryan Cooney, the book was a first hand account of Connelly's life and career. Celtic's Lost Legend was re-published in 2019.[5]","title":"Retirement"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Alexander, Michael (26 August 2023). \"How Fife man Ian overcame alcoholism and is now helping others do the same\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thecourier.co.uk/fp/lifestyle/health-wellbeing/4660963/how-fife-man-ian-doctor-overcame-alcoholism-helping-others/","url_text":"\"How Fife man Ian overcame alcoholism and is now helping others do the same\""}]},{"reference":"Lamming, Douglas (1987). A Scottish Soccer Internationalists Who's Who, 1872–1986 (Hardback). Hutton Press. (ISBN 0-907033-47-4).","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-907033-47-4","url_text":"0-907033-47-4"}]},{"reference":"Purden, Richard. \"The mystery of why George Connelly's Quality was never fulfilled\". The Irish Post. Retrieved 17 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.irishpost.com/sport/the-mystery-of-why-georgconnellys-quality-was-never-fulfilled-15247","url_text":"\"The mystery of why George Connelly's Quality was never fulfilled\""}]},{"reference":"\"Celtic's Lost Legend\". blackandwhitepublishing.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://blackandwhitepublishing.com/celtics-lost-legend.html/","url_text":"\"Celtic's Lost Legend\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chocolat_Kohler
Chocolat Kohler
["1 History","2 Products","3 See also","4 References"]
Swiss chocolate brand "Peter Kohler" redirects here. For the other previous company, see Peter's Chocolate. Chocolat KohlerFounded1830; 194 years ago (1830) in Lausanne, SwitzerlandFounderCharles-Amédée Kohler and Frédéric KohlerFateBought by Nestlé in 1929SuccessorBrand of NestléHeadquartersLausanne, SwitzerlandProductsChocolateOwnerNestlé Chocolat Kohler was a chocolate producer based in Lausanne, founded in 1830 by the Kohler brothers. It is currently a brand owned by Nestlé. Kohler notably introduced hazelnut chocolate, which was perhaps the first combination chocolate bar. History The Kohler chocolate factory was one of the first in Switzerland, shortly following that of Cailler. The first factory was created in 1830 by Charles-Amédée Kohler, and his brother Frédéric Kohler, sons of Amédée Kohler (1761-1833), a trader in colonial foodstuffs since 1793. In 1849, Charles-Amédée Kohler bought the municipal sawmill in the Sauvabelin forest where he moved the production of chocolate. The newly built factory used the hydraulic power of the Flon river to allow the grinding of the cocoa beans. The installation of a steam engine would replace the hydraulic facility a few years later and allow a considerable development of the factory. Kohler chocolate factory at Sauvabelin with the mill on the Flon river (1860) In 1865, Charles-Amédée sold the business to his two sons Charles-Amédée II and Adolphe, who were succeeded by the sons of the first, Amédée-Louis and Jean-Jacques. From 1894 to 1896, they built a new factory in neighbouring Échandens, which worked until 1907. In 1904, a rapprochement took place with Chocolat Peter managed by Daniel Peter in Orbe to form the Peter Kohler company, then with Alexandre Cailler in Vevey in 1911 to form Peter Cailler Kohler. These various mergers led to the takeover of the brand by the Nestlé company in 1929. Products One of the main specialties of the company was hazelnut chocolate. Charles-Amédée Kohler notably created hazelnut chocolate in 1830. His son Charles-Amédée II also invented the Branche, a praline-filled chocolate and hazelnut bar; the product is described in his recipe book from 1896. The Branche has been produced by Cailler since 1904, and ultimately has become one of the most popular candy bars on the Swiss market. A recurrent advertisement poster showed a wolf attracted by Little Red Riding Hood's basket, the latter being full of Kohler chocolates. Chocolat Kohler was also advertised by French artist Charles Trenet. See also Companies portal Swiss chocolate List of bean-to-bar chocolate manufacturers References ^ Barel, Michel (2016). Du cacao au chocolat: L'épopée d'une gourmandise. Éditions Quae. p. 101. ISBN 9782759225071. C'est le précurseur de tous les chocolats avec des ingrédients : amandes, noisettes, raisins et fruits secs. ^ a b "Chocolaterie Kohler". Les musées de Lausanne et de sa région, Bases de données patrimoniales de Suisse romande (in French). Retrieved 11 August 2022. ^ "Mais d'où vient cette usine "La Chocolatière" ?". notrehistoire.ch. 20 November 2012. Retrieved 11 August 2022. ^ Hermé, Pierre (2019). Le Larousse du chocolat. Editions Larousse. p. 44. ISBN 9782035981820. Les noisettes furent les premiers fruits à être ajoutés dans le chocolat solide, une innovation suisse due à Kohler en 1830. ^ Chrystal, Paul (2021). "The Cocoa and Chocolate Competition at the Start of the Twentieth Century". Rowntree's – The Early History. Pen and Sword Books. ISBN 9781526778901. In 1904, Daniel Peter and Charles-Amédée Kohler became partners and founded the company Société Générale Suisse de Chocolats Peter et Kohler Réunis. Cailler began to produce their own Branches. The original Branche was first mentioned in Kohler's recipe books in 1896. ^ Meo, Carlo (2012). Design marketing. Innovare cambiando i significati del consumo (in Italian). Milan: Gruppo 24 Ore. p. 53. ISBN 9788863454413. ^ Ganousse Lysianne (8 October 2017). "Il est fou de Kohler !". L'Est Républicain. Retrieved 11 August 2022. Que le loup veuille s'en prendre au Petit Chaperon Rouge, il y a de quoi en douter. Aussi dodue soit la petite fille. Non, ce qui intéresse notre animal, ce sont les barres de chocolat logées dans le panier de la gamine… Du chocolat Kohler. dont cette image est devenue le visuel emblématique. ^ Pessis, Jacques (2011). Le petit roman du chocolat. Monaco: Éditions du Rocher. ISBN 9782268004990. À la fin des années trente, le « fou chantant » a fredonné dans un film très recherché par les collectionneurs : « Je suis fou de Kohler, du chocolat Kohler, c'est lui que je préfère. » vteNestléDivisions Nestlé Purina PetCare Nestlé Waters Nestlé Wyeth Nutrition Divested BlueTriton Brands (Nestlé Waters North America) Subsidiaries Nestlé India (62.76%) Nestlé Pakistan Nestlé Canada Nestlé Japan Nestlé Malaysia Nestlé Lanka Joint ventures Beverage Partners Worldwide Cereal Partners Worldwide Froneri Nestlé Toll House Café Other assets Hsu Fu Chi (60%) L'Oréal (30.3%) Osem (100%) Yinlu Foods (60%) Malher (100%) Lactalis-Nestlé Fresh Products BrandsAppliances BabyNes Dolce Gusto Nespresso Special.T Baby nutrition BabyNes Bear Brand Cerelac Gerber Nido Baking Libby's Toll House cookies Bottled water Contrex Acqua Panna Perrier Princes Gate Pure Life S.Pellegrino Vittel Cereals Cheerios1 Chocapic Cinnamon Toast Crunch Cookie Crisp1 Corn Flakes Fitness Golden Grahams1 Golden Nuggets Lion Cereal Lucky Charms1 Milo Cereal Nesquik (cereal)6,7 Trix1 Shreddies7 Shredded Wheat7 Chocolate and desserts Animal Bar Abuelita Aero Aero Biscuits After Eight Allen's Bar One Bertie Beetle Big Turk Blue Riband Black Magic Bono Breakaway Cailler Caramac Carlos V Cheekies Chokito Coffee Crisp Crisp Crunch12 Drifter Fox's Garoto Goobers Kit Kat3 Kit Kats in Japan Kohler Life Savers14 Lion Mackintosh's Toffee Matchmakers Menier Chocolate Milkybar Milo Mirage Munchies Negresco Nestlé Milk Chocolate Passatempo Peppermint Crisp Perugina Polo Quality Street Red Ripperz Rolo3 Rowntree's Rowntree's Fruit Gums Rowntree's Fruit Pastilles Sin Parar Smarties4 Svitoch TEX Walnut Whip White Knight Yorkie Zvečevo Coffee and beverages Abuelita Alpine8 Acticor BabyNes Blue Bottle Coffee Boost Carnation8,9 Caro Chameleon Cold-Brew Chuckie Coffee-Mate Dolce Gusto Huesitos Klim La Lechera Menier Milo cocoa Nescafé Nescafé Azera Nescafé Gold Nescau Nesfruta Nespresso Nesquik Nestea Ovaltine4 Ricoré Seattle's Best Coffee Starbucks 13 Supligen Sweet Leaf Zoégas Dairy products Alpine8 Bear Brand10,11 Carnation8,9 Coffee-Mate La Lechera Nesquik Ice cream D'Onofrio Drumstick15 Eskimo Pie15 Fab Frosty Paws15 Häagen-Dazs2,15 Hjem-IS Ice Screamers Kit Kat15 Maxibon Mövenpick Parlour Savory Smarties Prepared and packaged food and snacks Buitoni California Pizza Kitchen DiGiorno Herta Hot Pockets Lean Cuisine Libby's Lean Pockets Maggi Stouffer's Thomy Tombstone Uncle Tobys Winiary Wagner Yinlu Foods Purina PetCare Alpo Bakers Complete Beggin' Strips Beneful Bonio Dog Chow Fancy Feast Felix Friskies Frosty Paws ONE Winalot Uncle Tobys Cheerios1 PLUS Weeties Former brands and subsidiaries Alcon Alfasigma Arrowhead Butterfinger Baby Ruth Chocolate Surpresa Deer Park Dreyer's15 Enviga Gale's Galderma Laboratories Cetaphil Epiduo Restylane Hoadley's Ice Mountain Jenny Craig Ozarka Peter's Chocolate Poland Spring Polly Waffle PowerBar Powwow Water Rowntree Mackintosh Violet Crumble Wonder Ball Zephyrhills People Günter Blobel Paul Bulcke Peter Brabeck-Letmathe Nobuyuki Idei Henri Nestlé Kaspar Villiger Related Nestea European Championship Tour 1977 Nestlé boycott Nestlé Invitational Nestlé Rowntree F.C. Nestlé Smarties Book Prize Nestlé Tower Toll House cookies International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes Nescafé Basement Maggi noodles safety concerns in India Freshly Related articles List of Nestlé brands Controversies of Nestlé 1 Currently manufactured by General Mills in the U.S. and Canada. Produced by Cereal Partners under the Nestlé brand elsewhere. 2 Brand owned by General Mills; U.S. and Canadian production rights controlled by Nestlé under license. 3 U.S. production rights owned by The Hershey Company. 4 U.S. rights and production owned by the Smarties Candy Company with a different product. 5 U.S. rights and specific trade dress owned by Nestlé; rights elsewhere owned by Associated British Foods. 6 Produced by Cereal Partners, branded as Nestlé. 7 Produced by Cereal Partners and branded as Nestlé in the U.K. and Ireland. Produced by Post Foods elsewhere. 8 Philippine production rights owned by Alaska Milk Corporation. 9 Singaporean, Malaysian and Thai production rights owned by Fraser and Neave. 10 Used only in Indonesia, Thailand, and Cambodia. 11 Used only in the Philippines. 12 U.S. production rights owned by the Ferrara Candy Company. 13 NA rights and specific trade dress to all packaged coffee and other products under the Starbucks brand owned by Nestlé since 2019. 14 Brand owned by Mars, sold by Nestlé in Canada. 15 Produced by Froneri in the U.S. since 2020. Category Commons
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peter's Chocolate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%27s_Chocolate"},{"link_name":"chocolate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chocolate"},{"link_name":"Lausanne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lausanne"},{"link_name":"Nestlé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nestl%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"\"Peter Kohler\" redirects here. For the other previous company, see Peter's Chocolate.Chocolat Kohler was a chocolate producer based in Lausanne, founded in 1830 by the Kohler brothers. It is currently a brand owned by Nestlé.Kohler notably introduced hazelnut chocolate, which was perhaps the first combination chocolate bar.[1]","title":"Chocolat Kohler"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Cailler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cailler"},{"link_name":"Charles-Amédée Kohler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles-Am%C3%A9d%C3%A9e_Kohler"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Museris-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sauvabelin.jpg"},{"link_name":"Échandens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89chandens"},{"link_name":"Chocolat Peter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%27s_Chocolate"},{"link_name":"Daniel Peter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Peter"},{"link_name":"Orbe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbe"},{"link_name":"Vevey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vevey"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Museris-2"}],"text":"The Kohler chocolate factory was one of the first in Switzerland, shortly following that of Cailler. The first factory was created in 1830 by Charles-Amédée Kohler, and his brother Frédéric Kohler, sons of Amédée Kohler (1761-1833), a trader in colonial foodstuffs since 1793. In 1849, Charles-Amédée Kohler bought the municipal sawmill in the Sauvabelin forest where he moved the production of chocolate.[2] The newly built factory used the hydraulic power of the Flon river to allow the grinding of the cocoa beans. The installation of a steam engine would replace the hydraulic facility a few years later and allow a considerable development of the factory.[3]Kohler chocolate factory at Sauvabelin with the mill on the Flon river (1860)In 1865, Charles-Amédée sold the business to his two sons Charles-Amédée II and Adolphe, who were succeeded by the sons of the first, Amédée-Louis and Jean-Jacques. From 1894 to 1896, they built a new factory in neighbouring Échandens, which worked until 1907. In 1904, a rapprochement took place with Chocolat Peter managed by Daniel Peter in Orbe to form the Peter Kohler company, then with Alexandre Cailler in Vevey in 1911 to form Peter Cailler Kohler. These various mergers led to the takeover of the brand by the Nestlé company in 1929.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hazelnut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazelnut"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Branche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branche_(chocolate)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Little Red Riding Hood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Red_Riding_Hood"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Charles Trenet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Trenet"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"One of the main specialties of the company was hazelnut chocolate. Charles-Amédée Kohler notably created hazelnut chocolate in 1830.[4] His son Charles-Amédée II also invented the Branche, a praline-filled chocolate and hazelnut bar; the product is described in his recipe book from 1896. The Branche has been produced by Cailler since 1904,[5] and ultimately has become one of the most popular candy bars on the Swiss market.[6]A recurrent advertisement poster showed a wolf attracted by Little Red Riding Hood's basket, the latter being full of Kohler chocolates.[7] Chocolat Kohler was also advertised by French artist Charles Trenet.[8]","title":"Products"}]
[{"image_text":"Kohler chocolate factory at Sauvabelin with the mill on the Flon river (1860)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Sauvabelin.jpg/260px-Sauvabelin.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Companies portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Companies"},{"title":"Swiss chocolate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_chocolate"},{"title":"List of bean-to-bar chocolate manufacturers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_bean-to-bar_chocolate_manufacturers"}]
[{"reference":"Barel, Michel (2016). Du cacao au chocolat: L'épopée d'une gourmandise. Éditions Quae. p. 101. ISBN 9782759225071. C'est le précurseur de tous les chocolats avec des ingrédients : amandes, noisettes, raisins et fruits secs. [It is the precursor of all chocolates with ingredients: almonds, hazelnuts, raisins and dried fruits.]","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KqEKDQAAQBAJ","url_text":"Du cacao au chocolat: L'épopée d'une gourmandise"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782759225071","url_text":"9782759225071"}]},{"reference":"\"Chocolaterie Kohler\". Les musées de Lausanne et de sa région, Bases de données patrimoniales de Suisse romande (in French). Retrieved 11 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://museris.lausanne.ch/SGP/Consultation.aspx?Id=9230","url_text":"\"Chocolaterie Kohler\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mais d'où vient cette usine \"La Chocolatière\" ?\". notrehistoire.ch. 20 November 2012. Retrieved 11 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://notrehistoire.ch/entries/o0wBe7b5WmZ","url_text":"\"Mais d'où vient cette usine \"La Chocolatière\" ?\""}]},{"reference":"Hermé, Pierre (2019). Le Larousse du chocolat. Editions Larousse. p. 44. ISBN 9782035981820. Les noisettes furent les premiers fruits à être ajoutés dans le chocolat solide, une innovation suisse due à Kohler en 1830. [Hazelnuts were the first fruits to be added to solid chocolate, a Swiss innovation due to Kohler in 1830.]","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=di-3DwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Le Larousse du chocolat"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editions_Larousse","url_text":"Editions Larousse"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782035981820","url_text":"9782035981820"}]},{"reference":"Chrystal, Paul (2021). \"The Cocoa and Chocolate Competition at the Start of the Twentieth Century\". Rowntree's – The Early History. Pen and Sword Books. ISBN 9781526778901. In 1904, Daniel Peter and Charles-Amédée Kohler became partners and founded the company Société Générale Suisse de Chocolats Peter et Kohler Réunis. Cailler began to produce their own Branches. The original Branche was first mentioned in Kohler's recipe books in 1896.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qjgxEAAAQBAJ","url_text":"Rowntree's – The Early History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pen_and_Sword_Books","url_text":"Pen and Sword Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781526778901","url_text":"9781526778901"}]},{"reference":"Meo, Carlo (2012). Design marketing. Innovare cambiando i significati del consumo (in Italian). Milan: Gruppo 24 Ore. p. 53. ISBN 9788863454413.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=l_2ts8-non0C","url_text":"Design marketing. Innovare cambiando i significati del consumo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788863454413","url_text":"9788863454413"}]},{"reference":"Ganousse Lysianne (8 October 2017). \"Il est fou de Kohler !\". L'Est Républicain. Retrieved 11 August 2022. Que le loup veuille s'en prendre au Petit Chaperon Rouge, il y a de quoi en douter. Aussi dodue soit la petite fille. Non, ce qui intéresse notre animal, ce sont les barres de chocolat logées dans le panier de la gamine… Du chocolat Kohler. dont cette image est devenue le visuel emblématique. [That the wolf wants to attack Little Red Riding Hood, there is reason to doubt it. As plump as the little girl is. No, what interests our animal are the chocolate bars housed in the child's basket… Kohler chocolate. of which this image has become the emblematic visual.]","urls":[{"url":"https://www.estrepublicain.fr/edition-de-nancy-ville/2017/10/08/il-est-fou-de-kohler","url_text":"\"Il est fou de Kohler !\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Est_R%C3%A9publicain","url_text":"L'Est Républicain"}]},{"reference":"Pessis, Jacques (2011). Le petit roman du chocolat. Monaco: Éditions du Rocher. ISBN 9782268004990. À la fin des années trente, le « fou chantant » a fredonné dans un film très recherché par les collectionneurs : « Je suis fou de Kohler, du chocolat Kohler, c'est lui que je préfère. » [At the end of the 1930s, the « singing madman » hummed in a film highly sought after by collectors: « I'm crazy about Kohler, Kohler chocolate, it's my favorite. »]","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jT0PDQAAQBAJ","url_text":"Le petit roman du chocolat"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monaco","url_text":"Monaco"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ditions_du_Rocher","url_text":"Éditions du Rocher"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782268004990","url_text":"9782268004990"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strange_Frontier
Strange Frontier
["1 Singles","2 Track listing","3 Personnel","4 References"]
For the comic book series, see American Vampire: Strange Frontier. 1984 studio album by Roger TaylorStrange FrontierStudio album by Roger TaylorReleased25 June 1984Recorded1983–84Studio Musicland (Munich) Mountain Studios (Montreux) GenreRockLength41:55LabelParlophone, EMI, CapitolProducerRoger Taylor, David Richards, Reinhold MackRoger Taylor chronology Fun in Space(1981) Strange Frontier(1984) Happiness?(1994) Singles from Strange Frontier "Man on Fire"Released: 4 June 1984 "Strange Frontier"Released: 30 July 1984 (UK, Canada, Australia, The Netherlands and US only) "Beautiful Dreams"Released: August 1984 (Portugal only) Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllmusic link Strange Frontier is the second album by the English musician Roger Taylor, released in 1984. This album includes two covers as well as a heavier sound than the previous album. Although Taylor again played most of the instruments himself (drums, guitars, bass and keyboards) and did most of the vocals, there were some occasional cameos from producer David Richards (on synths and piano), Status Quo member Rick Parfitt (on rhythm guitar) and Queen bandmates John Deacon (on bass and mixing), Brian May (rhythm guitar on "Man on Fire") and Freddie Mercury, (who provided backing vocals on "Killing Time"). The US edition has the track order rearranged. Many of the songs here were previously worked by Queen during The Works sessions in 1983, and many of the arrangement were reused, hence the similarity of sounds and styles between this album and the album that Queen had released in 1984. Singles "Man On Fire" A-Side: "Man On Fire" B-Side: "Killing Time" Released on 4 June 1984. Reached #66 in the UK Singles Chart. Released in the UK, Japan, USA, Canada, Germany, France, Spain, Portugal, Australia and South Africa. "Strange Frontier" A-Side: "Strange Frontier" B-Side: "I Cry For You" Released on 30 July 1984. Reached #98 in the UK Singles Chart. Released in the UK, USA, Canada and The Netherlands. "Beautiful Dreams" A-Side: "Beautiful Dreams" B-Side: "Young Love" Released in August 1984. Only released in Portugal. Track listing All tracks are written by Roger Taylor, except where notedSide oneNo.TitleLength1."Strange Frontier"4:162."Beautiful Dreams"4:233."Man on Fire"4:054."Racing in the Street" (Bruce Springsteen)4:285."Masters of War" (Bob Dylan)3:51 Side twoNo.TitleLength1."Killing Time"4:582."Abandonfire" (Taylor, David Richards)4:123."Young Love"3:224."It's an Illusion" (Taylor, Rick Parfitt)4:035."I Cry for You (Love, Hope and Confusion)" (Taylor, Richards)4:16 Personnel Roger Taylor - vocals, drums, keyboards, bass guitar, guitars David Richards - keyboards Freddie Mercury - backing vocals on "Killing Time" Rick Parfitt - guitar & backing vocals on "It's an Illusion" John Deacon - bass guitar on "It's an Illusion" Brian May - rhythm guitar on "Man On Fire" References ^ Album Cover vteRoger TaylorDiscographyStudio albums Fun in Space (1981) Strange Frontier (1984) Happiness? (1994) Electric Fire (1998) Fun on Earth (2013) Outsider (2021) Singles "(I Wanna) Testify" Compilation albums The Lot Related articles Queen Smile The Cross Felix & Arty Rufus Tiger Taylor Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Vampire: Strange Frontier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Vampire:_Strange_Frontier"},{"link_name":"Roger Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Taylor_(Queen_drummer)"},{"link_name":"David Richards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Richards_(record_producer)"},{"link_name":"Status Quo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Status_Quo_(band)"},{"link_name":"Rick Parfitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Parfitt"},{"link_name":"Queen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_(band)"},{"link_name":"John Deacon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Deacon"},{"link_name":"Brian May","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_May"},{"link_name":"Freddie Mercury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freddie_Mercury"},{"link_name":"The Works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Works_(Queen_album)"}],"text":"For the comic book series, see American Vampire: Strange Frontier.1984 studio album by Roger TaylorStrange Frontier is the second album by the English musician Roger Taylor, released in 1984. This album includes two covers as well as a heavier sound than the previous album. Although Taylor again played most of the instruments himself (drums, guitars, bass and keyboards) and did most of the vocals, there were some occasional cameos from producer David Richards (on synths and piano), Status Quo member Rick Parfitt (on rhythm guitar) and Queen bandmates John Deacon (on bass and mixing), Brian May (rhythm guitar on \"Man on Fire\") and Freddie Mercury, (who provided backing vocals on \"Killing Time\"). The US edition has the track order rearranged.Many of the songs here were previously worked by Queen during The Works sessions in 1983, and many of the arrangement were reused, hence the similarity of sounds and styles between this album and the album that Queen had released in 1984.","title":"Strange Frontier"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"\"Man On Fire\"A-Side: \"Man On Fire\" B-Side: \"Killing Time\" Released on 4 June 1984. Reached #66 in the UK Singles Chart. Released in the UK, Japan, USA, Canada, Germany, France, Spain, Portugal, Australia and South Africa.\"Strange Frontier\"A-Side: \"Strange Frontier\" B-Side: \"I Cry For You\" Released on 30 July 1984. Reached #98 in the UK Singles Chart. Released in the UK, USA, Canada and The Netherlands.\"Beautiful Dreams\"A-Side: \"Beautiful Dreams\" B-Side: \"Young Love\" Released in August 1984. Only released in Portugal.","title":"Singles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roger Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Taylor_(Queen_drummer)"},{"link_name":"Racing in the Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racing_in_the_Street"},{"link_name":"Bruce Springsteen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Springsteen"},{"link_name":"Masters of War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masters_of_War"},{"link_name":"Bob Dylan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Dylan"},{"link_name":"David Richards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Richards_(record_producer)"},{"link_name":"Rick Parfitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Parfitt"}],"text":"All tracks are written by Roger Taylor, except where notedSide oneNo.TitleLength1.\"Strange Frontier\"4:162.\"Beautiful Dreams\"4:233.\"Man on Fire\"4:054.\"Racing in the Street\" (Bruce Springsteen)4:285.\"Masters of War\" (Bob Dylan)3:51Side twoNo.TitleLength1.\"Killing Time\"4:582.\"Abandonfire\" (Taylor, David Richards)4:123.\"Young Love\"3:224.\"It's an Illusion\" (Taylor, Rick Parfitt)4:035.\"I Cry for You (Love, Hope and Confusion)\" (Taylor, Richards)4:16","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roger Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Taylor_(Queen_drummer)"},{"link_name":"drums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drums"},{"link_name":"guitars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitar"},{"link_name":"David Richards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Richards_(record_producer)"},{"link_name":"keyboards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyboard_instrument"},{"link_name":"Freddie Mercury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freddie_Mercury"},{"link_name":"Rick Parfitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Parfitt"},{"link_name":"guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitar"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"John Deacon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Deacon"},{"link_name":"bass guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass_guitar"},{"link_name":"Brian May","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_May"},{"link_name":"rhythm guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm_guitar"}],"text":"Roger Taylor - vocals, drums, keyboards, bass guitar, guitars\nDavid Richards - keyboards\nFreddie Mercury - backing vocals on \"Killing Time\"\nRick Parfitt - guitar &[1] backing vocals on \"It's an Illusion\"\nJohn Deacon - bass guitar on \"It's an Illusion\"\nBrian May - rhythm guitar on \"Man On Fire\"","title":"Personnel"}]
[]
null
[]
[{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/r50894","external_links_name":"link"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/f07ec14b-36e1-3635-b605-02b7ffe558d2","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragnar_Dahlberg
Ragnar Dahlberg
["1 References"]
Swedish television presenter and producer Ragnar DahlbergRagnar Dahlberg in Norrköping in 2007.Born (1943-02-15) 15 February 1943 (age 81)Stockholm, SwedenNationalitySwedishOccupation(s)television presenter, television producerKnown forCafé Norrköping, Go'kväll Per Ragnar Dahlberg, (born 15 February 1943 in Stockholm) is a Swedish television presenter and producer who works for SVT in Norrköping. He has presented shows like Café Norrköping and Go'kväll during the 1980s and 1990s. In March 2007, he ended his career at the channel. References ^ "Det här är Go'kväll". svt.se (in Swedish). Retrieved 19 February 2016. ^ "Ragnar får kicken". Expressen (in Swedish). Retrieved 19 February 2016. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Sweden
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domenico_Vantini
Domenico Vantini
["1 References"]
Italian painter (1765–1825) Selfportrait, 1814 Domenico Vantini (1765 – 22 June 1825) was an Italian painter of the Neoclassic period, mainly active in Brescia and Mantua. Vantini was born and died in Brescia. He was first a pupil of Santo Cattaneo; he then moved to Mantua to work with Giuseppe Bottani. He specialized in miniature portraits. References ^ "Antiquariato Atelier des Arts". Archived from the original on 2007-08-03. Retrieved 2010-10-28. Federico Nicoli Cristiani (1807). Della Vita delle pitture di Lattanzio Gambara; Memorie Storiche aggiuntevi brevi notizie intorno a' più celebri ed eccelenti pittori Bresciani. Spinelli e Valgiti, Brescia. pp. 192–193. Authority control databases International VIAF Artists Scientific illustrators RKD Artists ULAN This article about an Italian painter born in the 18th century is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasies_and_Delusions
Fantasies & Delusions
["1 Critical reception","2 Track listing","3 \"Symphonic Fantasies for Piano and Orchestra\"","4 References"]
2001 studio album by Billy JoelFantasies & DelusionsStudio album by Billy JoelReleasedOctober 2, 2001RecordedJune 2001GenreClassicalLength76:17LabelSony Classical, ColumbiaProducerSteve EpsteinBilly Joel chronology The Ultimate Collection(2000) Fantasies & Delusions(2001) The Essential Billy Joel(2001) Fantasies & Delusions is the thirteenth and final studio album composed by American singer-songwriter Billy Joel, released in 2001. His only studio album to contain classical compositions, it features his longtime friend, the British-Korean pianist Richard Hyung-ki Joo, performing compositions written by Joel. It was Joel's 19th album to chart on the Billboard 200, reaching No. 83 in October 2001. The album debuted at No. 1 on Billboard′s Top Classical Albums chart. Fantasies & Delusions was originally recorded at Cove City Sound Studios, Glen Cove, New York, with help from veteran production coordinator Bill Zampino and Richie Cannata; later, the album was re-recorded in Vienna, Austria, for final release. Critical reception Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusicRolling Stone In January 2002, Gramophone UK called the album a "pleasing‚ undemanding sequence of ‘classical’ pieces from one of pop’s giants." Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic said the album is a "nice collection of pleasingly modest, melodic solo piano pieces." He added that Joel succeeds on it because "he kept his ambitions reasonable and was smart about presentation" while retaining the "recognizable melodic flair" of his pop work. At the end of his review, Erlewine concluded that the tracks "are not pieces that you'll wind up humming" but among "the best in recent memory." Track listing All opuses composed by William Joel. Opus 3. Reverie ("Villa d'Este") – 9:31 Opus 2. Waltz #1 ("Nunley's Carousel") – 6:58 Opus 7. Aria ("Grand Canal") – 11:08 Opus 6. Invention in C Minor – 1:04 Opus 1. Soliloquy ("On a Separation") – 11:26 Opus 8. Suite for Piano ("Star-Crossed"): I. Innamorato – 7:46 Opus 8. Suite for Piano ("Star-Crossed"): II. Sorbetto – 1:30 Opus 8. Suite for Piano ("Star-Crossed"): III. Delusion – 3:37 Opus 5. Waltz #2 ("Steinway Hall") – 7:00 Opus 9. Waltz #3 ("For Lola") – 3:28 Opus 4. Fantasy ("Film Noir") – 8:56 Opus 10. Air ("Dublinesque") – 3:46 "Symphonic Fantasies for Piano and Orchestra" In 2003, pianist Jeffrey Biegel approached Joel about a commission for a piano concerto. As an alternative, Joel suggested that Biegel create a piano concerto using pieces from Fantasies and Delusions. Biegel did so, using four of the pieces: "Fantasy (Film Noir)", "Sorbetto", "Reverie (Villa d'Este)", and "Nunley's Carousel Waltz". After Biegel had written the piano part, Nashville composer Philip Keveren composed the orchestral parts. The work, titled "Symphonic Fantasies for Piano and Orchestra", premiered on June 24, 2006 in Greensboro, North Carolina. Biegel was the pianist, accompanied by the Eastern Philharmonic Orchestra led by Stuart Malina. References ^ "Opus 1-10 Fantasies & Delusions - Music for Solo Piano". Billyjoel.com. ^ "Billy Joel Reveals Why He Won't Make Another Album Ever Again". Abcnews.go.com. Retrieved 30 January 2022. ^ "Top Classical Albums". Billboard. 27 October 2001. p. 84. ^ a b "Fantasies & Delusions". AllMusic. Retrieved 2012-02-15. ^ "Fantasies & Delusions (Music for Solo Piano)". Rollingstone.com. 17 October 2005. Retrieved 18 July 2017. ^ "Joel Fantasies and Delusions". Gramophone. Retrieved 2022-12-21. ^ Wise, Brian (2006-08-06). "The Growing Field Of Interpreting Billy Joel". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-01-20. vteBilly JoelStudio albums Cold Spring Harbor Piano Man Streetlife Serenade Turnstiles The Stranger 52nd Street Glass Houses The Nylon Curtain An Innocent Man The Bridge Storm Front River of Dreams Fantasies & Delusions Live albums Songs in the Attic Kontsert 2000 Years: The Millennium Concert 12 Gardens Live Live at Shea Stadium: The Concert Compilations Greatest Hits – Volume I & Volume II Souvenir: The Ultimate Collection Greatest Hits Volume III The Complete Hits Collection: 1973–1997 The Ultimate Collection The Essential Billy Joel Piano Man: The Very Best of Billy Joel My Lives The Hits Singles "She's Got a Way" / "Everybody Loves You Now" "Piano Man" / "You're My Home" "Worse Comes to Worst" "Travelin' Prayer" "The Ballad of Billy the Kid" "The Entertainer" "I've Loved These Days" / "Say Goodbye to Hollywood" "Just the Way You Are" / "Vienna" "Movin' Out (Anthony's Song)" "Only the Good Die Young" "She's Always a Woman" "The Stranger" "My Life" "Big Shot" "Honesty" "Until the Night" "All for Leyna" "You May Be Right" "It's Still Rock and Roll to Me" "Don't Ask Me Why" "Sometimes a Fantasy" "Say Goodbye to Hollywood" (Live) "She's Got a Way" (Live) "Pressure" "Allentown" "Goodnight Saigon" "Tell Her About It" "Uptown Girl" "An Innocent Man" "The Longest Time" "Leave a Tender Moment Alone" "This Night" "Keeping the Faith" "You're Only Human (Second Wind)" "The Night Is Still Young" "Modern Woman" "A Matter of Trust" "This Is the Time" "Baby Grand" "Back in the U.S.S.R." (Live) "We Didn't Start the Fire" "Leningrad" "I Go to Extremes" "The Downeaster 'Alexa'" "That's Not Her Style" "And So It Goes" "Shameless" "All Shook Up" "The River of Dreams" "No Man's Land" "All About Soul" "Lullabye (Goodnight, My Angel)" "To Make You Feel My Love" "All My Life" "Christmas in Fallujah" "Turn the Lights Back On" Other songs "Captain Jack" "Los Angelenos" "Root Beer Rag" "New York State of Mind" "Prelude/Angry Young Man" "Miami 2017 (Seen the Lights Go Out on Broadway)" "Scenes from an Italian Restaurant" "Zanzibar" "Laura" "Scandinavian Skies" "Big Man on Mulberry Street" Tours The Nylon Curtain Tour An Innocent Man Tour The Bridge Tour Storm Front Tour River of Dreams Tour Face to Face Tours 1994 1995 1998 2001 2002 2003 2009 2010 Billy Joel in Concert Films Oliver & Company The Last Play at Shea See also Discography Movin' Out Billy Joel Band The Hassles Attila Alexa Ray Joel Christie Brinkley Katie Lee "Movin' Out" (Glee episode) Category Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group This 2000s classical album-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Tawwama
Abu Tawwama
["1 Life","2 Death and legacy","3 References"]
Islamic Scholar, Author, Muhaddith Sharaf ad-Dīn Abū Tawʾamahشرف ٱلدِّيْن أبُو تَوْأَمَةPersonalBornBukhara (modern-day Uzbekistan)Died1300 CESonargaon (modern-day Bangladesh)Resting placeDargabari, Sadipur, Mograpara, Narayanganj DistrictReligionIslamChildren1 daughterDenominationSunniSchoolHanafiEducationKhorasanOther namesSharf al-DinMuslim leader Students Makhdoom Sharfuddin Ahmed Yahya Maneri Sharaf ad-Dīn Abū Tawʾamah (Arabic: شرف ٱلدِّيْن أبُو تَوْأَمَة, Bengali: আবু তাওয়ামা) was an Islamic scholar, author and muhaddith based in the subcontinent. He played a large role in disseminating Islam in eastern Bengal, establishing one of the country's first madrasas. According to A. F. M. Abdur Rahman, in addition to his proficiency in Persian and Arabic, he became well conversant in the local Old Bengali language of the time. Life Abu Tawwama was born into a Sunni Muslim family from Bukhara in modern-day Uzbekistan, a city located on the Silk Road famed as a centre of scholarship. His brother was Hafiz Zayn ad-Din who he later migrated with across Greater Khorasan to study Islamic theology and the natural sciences. He is said to have married at the age of 45 and had a daughter in Bukhara. After completing his education to a good level, he decided to move to Delhi in circa 1260, where he taught for 10 years with the permission of Sultan Ghiyas ud din Balban. In circa 1270, Abu Tawwama and his family were requested by the Sultan to move to the city of Sonargaon in Bengal, where Islam was not properly settled among the populace. Others have theorised that the reason for moving was because the Sultan of Delhi feared that the scholar's influence was becoming a threat to his dominion and so exiled Abu Tawwama to Sonargaon. Abu Tawwama, Zaynuddin and their family then set off for Bengal, passing through Maner Sharif in Bihar where they stayed for 4 years serving alongside Yahya Maneri. Maneri's son, Ahmed Maneri, became a disciple of Abu Tawwama and joined him on the journey to Sonargaon. Having finally reached Sonargaon, Abu Tawwama established a seminary and a madrasa in the city; turning Sonargaon into a notable centre of Islamic education in the subcontinent. Ahmed Maneri studied here for 22 years as his disciple, and Abu Tawwama later gave his daughter's hand in marriage to him. They had a son called Zaki Maneri. Abu Tawwama wrote a book on spirituality called "Maqāmat". The Persian book on Islamic jurisprudence titled Nām-i-Haq is attributed to either Abu Tawwama or one of his disciples. Death and legacy Tawwama died in 1300 and was buried in a small tomb located in Mograpara, Sonargaon. The madrassah no longer exists though its ruins can be found in the Dargabari area. References ^ Indo-iranica. Iran Society. 2005. p. 2. ^ Dani, Ahmad Hasan (1962) . Dacca: A record of its changing fortunes (2nd ed.). Mrs. Safiya S. Dani. p. 18. OCLC 987755973. The Muslim history of Sonargaon began with the arrival of the great Maulana Shaikh Sharfuddin Abu Tawwama, the teacher ^ Muhammad Mojlum Khan (21 October 2013). "Shah Jalal". The Muslim Heritage of Bengal: The Lives, Thoughts and Achievements of Great Muslim Scholars, Writers and Reformers of Bangladesh and West Bengal. Kube Publishing. pp. 21–22. ^ a b c A. F. M. Abdur Rahman (August 2013), Hazrat Sheik Sharf-Uddin Abu Tawwamah (RA) ^ a b c Khan, Muazzam Hussain (2012). "Sharfuddin Abu Tawwama". In Islam, Sirajul; Miah, Sajahan; Khanam, Mahfuza; Ahmed, Sabbir (eds.). Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. ISBN 984-32-0576-6. OCLC 52727562. OL 30677644M. Retrieved 18 June 2024. ^ Mawlana Nur Muhammad Azmi. "2.2 বঙ্গে এলমে হাদীছ" . হাদীছের তত্ত্ব ও ইতিহাস (in Bengali). Emdadia Library. ^ Eaton, Richard (31 Jul 1996). The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204-1760. University of California Press. p. 93. ^ Dept, East Pakistan (Pakistan) Services and General Administration (1969). East Pakistan District Gazetteers: Dacca. East Pakistan Government Press. p. 49. ^ Karim, Abdul (1985). Social History of the Muslims in Bengal: Down to A.D. 1538. Baitush Sharaf Islamic Research Institute. p. 116. ^ Khatun, Habiba (2006). Iqlim Sonargaon: history, jurisdiction, monuments. Academic Press and Publishers Library. p. 73. ISBN 978-984-08-0212-8. ^ Khan, Muazzam Hussain (2012). "Dargabari". In Islam, Sirajul; Miah, Sajahan; Khanam, Mahfuza; Ahmed, Sabbir (eds.). Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. ISBN 984-32-0576-6. OCLC 52727562. OL 30677644M. Retrieved 18 June 2024. vteMuslim scholars of the Hanafi school by century (AH CE) 2nd/8th Abu Hanifa (founder of the school; 699–767) Abu Yusuf (738–798) Ibn al-Mubarak (726–797) Muhammad al-Shaybani (749–805) Yahya ibn Ma'in (774–807) Waki' ibn al-Jarrah (d. 812) 3rd/9th Isa ibn Aban (d. 836) Ahmad ibn Abi Du'ad (777–854) Yahya ibn Aktham (d. 857) Al-Hakim al-Tirmidhi (d. 869) Al-Ḫaṣṣāf (d. 874) Abu Bakr al-Samarqandi (d. 882) 4th/10th Al-Tahawi (843–933) Abu Mansur al-Maturidi (853–944) Al-Hakim al-Samarqandi (b. 874) Al-Jassas (917–981) Abu al-Layth al-Samarqandi (944–983) 5th/11th Abu al-Husayn al-Basri (d. 1044) Karima al-Marwaziyya (969–1069) Ali Hujwiri (1009–1072) Al-Bazdawi (1010–1089) Al-Sarakhsi (d. 1090) Abu al-Yusr al-Bazdawi (1030–1100) Abu al-Mu'in al-Nasafi (d. 1115) Abu al-Thana' al-Lamishi 6th/12th Abu Ishaq al-Saffar al-Bukhari (d. 1139) Ibn al-Malāḥimī (d. 1141) Yusuf Hamadani (1062–1141) Abu Hafs Umar al-Nasafi (1067–1142) Al-Zamakhshari (1074–1143) Siraj al-Din al-Ushi (d. 1180) Nur al-Din al-Sabuni (d. 1184) Fatima al-Samarqandi (d. 1185) Al-Kasani (d. 1191) Jamal al-Din al-Ghaznawi (d. 1197) Burhan al-Din al-Marghinani (1135–1197) 7th/13th Rumi (1207–1273) Jalaluddin Tabrizi (d. 1228) Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki (1173–1235) Mu'in al-Din Chishti (1143–1236) Baba Farid (1173–1266) Abu Tawwama (d. 1300) Abu al-Barakat al-Nasafi (d. 1310) 8th/14th Nizamuddin Auliya (1238–1325) Uthman bin Ali Zayla'i (d. 1342) Shah Jalal Mujarrad (1271–1346) Uthman Siraj ad-Din (1258–1357) Ala al-Haq (1301–1384) Jahaniyan Jahangasht (1308–1384) Akmal al-Din al-Babarti (d. 1384) Al-Taftazani (1322–1390) Ibn Abi al-Izz (1331–1390) Shams al-Din al-Samarqandi (1350–1410) Al-Sharif al-Jurjani (1339–1414) 9th/15th Nur Qutb Alam (d. 1416) Shams al-Din al-Fanari (1350–1431) 'Ala' al-Din al-Bukhari (1377–1438) Husam ad-Din Manikpuri (d. 1449) Badr al-Din al-Ayni (1361–1451) Al-Kamal ibn al-Humam (1388–1457) Ali Qushji (1403–1474) Khidr Bey (b. 1407) 10th/16th Zenbilli Ali Cemali Efendi (1445–1526) Ibn Kemal (1468–1536) Abdul Quddus Gangohi (1456–1537) Ibrāhīm al-Ḥalabī (1460–1549) Fahreddin-i Acemi (d. 1460) Muhammad Ghawth (1500–1562) Ali Sher Bengali (d. 1570s) Nagore Shahul Hamid (1504–1570) Mosleh al-Din Lari (1510–1572) Muhammad Birgivi (1522–1573) Ebussuud Efendi (1490–1574) Hamza Makhdoom (1494–1576) Wajihuddin Alvi (1490–1580) Yaqub Sarfi Kashmiri (1521–1595) Sadeddin Efendi (1536–1599) Mustafa Selaniki (d. 1600) Ali al-Qari (d. 1606) 11th/17th Ahmad Sirhindi (1564–1624) Esad Efendi (1570–1625) Kadızade Mehmed (1582–1635) 'Abd al-Haqq al-Dehlawi (1551–1642) Mehmed Efendi (1595–1654) Kâtip Çelebi (1609–1657) Jana Begum Shihab al-Din al-Khafaji (1569–1659) Khayr al-Din al-Ramli (1585–1671) Syed Rafi Mohammad (d. 1679) Mir Zahid Harawi (d. 1689) Syed Inayatullah (d. 1713) 12th/18th Shah Abdur Rahim (1644–1719) Zinat-un-Nissa Begum (1643–1721) Syed Hayatullah (d. 1722) Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi (1641–1731) Syed Mohammad Zaman (d. 1756) Hashim Thattvi (1692–1761) Shah Waliullah Dehlawi (1703–1762) Shah Nuri Bengali (d. 1785) Mirza Mazhar Jan-e-Janaan (1699–1781) Murtada al-Zabidi (1732–1790) Sanaullah Panipati (1730–1810) Syed Mohammad Rafi (d. 1803) Majduddin (d. 1813) 13th/19th Çerkes Halil Efendi (d. 1821) Ghulam Ali Dehlavi (1743–1824) Shah Abdul Aziz (1746–1824) Fatima al-Fudayliya (d. 1831) Syed Ahmad Barelvi (1786–1831) Syed Mir Nisar Ali (1782–1831) Ibn Abidin (1784–1836) Haji Shariatullah (1781–1840) Shah Muhammad Ishaq (1783–1846) Mamluk Ali Nanautawi (1789–1851) Mahmud al-Alusi (1802–1854) Fazl-e-Haq Khairabadi (1796–1861) Dudu Miyan (1819–1862) Karamat Ali Jaunpuri (1800–1873) Al-Maydani (1807–1861) Haji Dost Muhammad Qandhari (1801–1868) Yusuf Ma Dexin (1794–1874) Naqi Ali Khan (1830–1880) Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi (1832–1880) Ahmad Ali Saharanpuri (1810–1880) Yaqub Nanautawi (1833–1884) Mazhar Nanautawi (1821–1885) Abd al-Hayy al-Lucknawi (1848–1886) Siddiq Bharchundi (1819–1890) Rafiuddin Deobandi (1836–1890) Rahmatullah Kairanawi (1818–1891) Mustafa Ruhi Efendi (1800–1891) Mahmoodullah Hussaini (d. 1894) Imdadullah Muhajir Makki (1817–1899) Hafiz Ahmad Jaunpuri (1834–1899) Rashid Ahmad Gangohi (1826–1905) Abdul Wahid Bengali (1850–1905) Syed Ahmadullah Maizbhandari (1826–1906) Fazlur Rahman Usmani (1831–1907) Abd Allah ibn Abbas ibn Siddiq (1854–1907) Muhammad Naimuddin (1832–1907) Hassan Raza Khan (1859–1908) Sayyid Muhammad Abid (1834–1912) Ahmad Hasan Amrohi (1850–1912) Kareemullah Shah (1838–1913) Shibli Nomani (1857–1914) Najib Ali Choudhury (fl. 1870s) 14th/20thBarelvi Asrarullah Hussaini (1856–1920) Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi (1856–1921) Muhammad Amjad (d. 1927) Ghulam Muhammad Dinpuri (1835–1936) Qasim Sadiq (1845–1942) Hamid Raza Khan (1875–1943) Amjad Ali Aazmi (1882–1948) Naeem-ud-Deen Muradabadi (1887–1948) Abdullah Barelvi (1841–1949) Jamaat Ali Shah (1834–1951) Murtaza Hasan Chandpuri (1868–1951) Kifayatullah Dehlawi (1875–1952) Shihabuddeen Ahmed Koya Shaliyathi (1885–1954) Abdul Aleem Siddiqi (1892–1954) Amin ul-Hasanat (1922–1960) Sardar Ahmad Chishti (1903–1962) Ibrahim Raza Khan (1907–1965) Abdul Hamid Qadri Badayuni (1898–1970) Mohammad Abdul Ghafoor Hazarvi (1909–1970) ​Fazlur Rahman Ansari (1914–1974) Ghulam Mohiuddin Ghaznavi (1902–1975) Mustafa Raza Khan (1892–1981) Ziauddin Madni (1877–1981) Khwaja Qamar ul Din Sialvi (1906–1981) Muslehuddin Siddiqui (1918–1983) Faiz-ul Hassan Shah (1911–1984) Shafee Okarvi (1930–1984) Ahmad Saeed Kazmi (1913–1986) Shujaat Ali Qadri (1941–1993) Waqaruddin Qadri (1915–1993) Abdul Wahab Siddiqi (1942–1994) Karam Shah Azhari (1918–1998) Sadruddin Islahi (1917–1998) Ghulam Ali Okarvi (1919–2000) Rashid Ahmed Jaunpuri (1889–2001) Arshadul Qadri (1925–2002) Ibrahim Siddiqui (1930–2002) Shah Ahmad Noorani (1926–2003) Sarfraz Ahmed Naeemi (1948–2009) Deobandi Imamuddin Punjabi (died 1916) Abdul Hamid Madarshahi (1869–1920) Mahmud Hasan Deobandi (1851–1920) Sufi Azizur Rahman (1862–1922) Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri (1852–1927) Muhammad Ali Mungeri (1846–1927) Azizur Rahman Usmani (1859–1928) Muhammad Ahmad Nanautawi (1862–1930) Ibrahim Ali Tashna (1872–1931) Anwar Shah Kashmiri (1875–1933) Sayyid Mumtaz Ali (1860–1935) Majid Ali Jaunpuri (d. 1935) Abul Muhasin Sajjad (1880–1940) Shukrullah Mubarakpuri (1895–1942) Ashraf Ali Thanwi (1863–1943) Ibrahim Ujani (1863–1943) Habibullah Qurayshi (1865–1943) Ubaidullah Sindhi (1872–1944) Ilyas Kandhlawi (1885–1944) Asghar Hussain Deobandi (1877–1945) Sahool Bhagalpuri (d. 1948) Sulaiman Nadvi (1884–1953) Shabbir Ahmad Usmani (1887–1949) Izaz Ali Amrohi (1882–1955) Manazir Ahsan Gilani (1892–1956) Hussain Ahmed Madani (1879–1957) Ahmad Saeed Dehlavi (1888–1959) Badre Alam Merathi (1898–1965) Azizul Haq (1903–1961) Maqsudullah (1883–1961) Abdul Qadir Raipuri (1878–1962) Ahmed Ali Lahori (1887–1962) Hifzur Rahman Seoharwi (1900–1962) Yusuf Kandhlawi (1917–1965) Shah Ahmad Hasan (1882–1967) Shamsul Haque Faridpuri (1896–1969) Khair Muhammad Jalandhari (1895–1970) Muhammad Ali Jalandhari (1895–1971) Mushahid Ahmad Bayampuri (1907–1971) Abdur Rahman Kashgari (1912–1971) Syed Fakhruddin Ahmad (1889–1972) Deen Muhammad Khan (1900–1974) Zafar Ahmad Usmani (1892–1974) Muhammad Miyan Deobandi (1903–1975) Ibrahim Balyawi (1887–1976) Muhammad Faizullah (1892–1976) Abdul Wahhab Pirji (1895–1976) Athar Ali Bengali (1891–1976) Shafi Usmani (1897–1976) Yusuf Banuri (1908–1977) Syed Muhammad Ishaq (1915–1977) Ahmed Ali Badarpuri (1915–2000) Mehboob Rizwi (1911–1979) Sahvi Shah (1923–1979) Mufti Mehmood (1919–1980) Shah Abd al-Wahhab (1894–1982) Zakariyya Kandhlawi (1898–1982) Tayyib Qasmi (1897–1983) Shamsul Haq Afghani (1901–1983) Ibrahim Chatuli (1894–1984) Atiqur Rahman Usmani (1901–1984) Saeed Ahmad Akbarabadi (1908–1985) Azhar Shah Qaiser (1920–1985) Harun Babunagari (1902–1986) Abdur Rashid Tarkabagish (1900–1986) Hafizur Rahman Wasif Dehlavi (1910–1987) Muhammadullah Hafezzi (1895–1987) Abdul Aziz Malazada (1917–1987) Shamsul Huda Panchbagi (1897–1988) Abdul Haq Akorwi (1912–1988) Abdul Jalil Badarpuri (1925–1989) Abdul Matin Fulbari (1915–1990) Minnatullah Rahmani (1913–1991) Taqi Amini (1926–1991) Habib al-Rahman al-A'zami (1900–1992) Muhammad Yunus (1906–1992) Masihullah Khan (1912–1992) Abul Hasan Jashori (1918–1993) Shams Naved Usmani (1931–1993) Inamul Hasan Kandhlawi (1918–1995) Mahmood Hasan Gangohi (1907–1996) Athar Mubarakpuri (1916–1996) Shamsuddin Qasemi (1935–1996) Manzoor Nomani (1905–1997) Sultan Ahmad Nanupuri (1914–1997) Muhammad Abdullah Ghazi (1935–1998) Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi (1913–1999) Ismail Katki (1914–2005) Nur Uddin Gohorpuri (1924–2005) Ashraf Ali Bishwanathi (1928–2005) Kafilur Rahman Nishat Usmani (1942–2006) Syed Fazlul Karim (1935–2006) Abdullah Abbas Nadwi (1925–2006) Sirajussajidin Katki (1939–2006) Abrarul Haq Haqqi (1920–2006) Ubaidul Haq (1928–2007) Anzar Shah Kashmiri (1927–2008) Obaidul Haque Wazirpuri (1934–2008) Mehmet Cemaleddin Efendi (1848–1917) Abdul Awwal Jaunpuri (1867–1921) Azimuddin Hanafi (1838–1922) Medeni Mehmet Nuri Efendi (1859–1927) Hamiduddin Farahi (1863–1930) Machiliwale Shah (d. 1932) Abdur Rab Jaunpuri (1875–1935) Meher Ali Shah (1859–1937) Ghulamur Rahman Maizbhandari (1865–1937) Muhammad Ishaq (1883–1938) Mohammad Abu Bakr Siddique (1845–1939) Abd Allah Siraj (1876–1949) Khwaja Yunus Ali (1886–1951) Nesaruddin Ahmad (1873–1952) Muhammad Zahid al-Kawthari (1879–1952) Mustafa Sabri (1869–1954) Ghousi Shah (1893–1954) Ahmed Ali Enayetpuri (1898–1959) Abdul Batin Jaunpuri (1900–1973) Momtazuddin Ahmad (1889–1974) Muhammad Abu Zahra (1898–1974) Amimul Ehsan Barkati (1911–1974) Ghulam Mohiyuddin Gilani (1891–1974) Abul Wafa Al Afghani (1893–1975) Abdul Majid Daryabadi (1892–1977) Abul A'la Maududi (1903–1979) Abdur Rahim Firozpuri (1918–1987) Muntakhib al-Haqq (fl. 1980s) Abu Zafar Mohammad Saleh (1915–1990) Ahmed Muhyuddin Nuri Shah Jilani (1915–1990) Sayed Moazzem Hossain (1901–1991) Hamid al-Ansari Ghazi (1909–1992) Ayub Ali (1919–1995) Mukhtar Ashraf (1916–1996) Abdul Haque Faridi (1903–1996) Shamsul-hasan Shams Barelvi (1917–1997) Abd al-Fattah Abu Ghudda (1917–1997) Amin Ahsan Islahi (1904–1997) Ghulam Moinuddin Gilani (1920–1997) Naeem Siddiqui (1916–2002) Abdul Latif Fultali (1913–2008) Muhammad Abdullah (1932–2008) Naseeruddin Naseer Gilani (1949–2009)15th/21st Israr Ahmed (1932–2010) Marghubur Rahman (1914–2010) Abu Saeed Muhammad Omar Ali (1945–2010) Zafeeruddin Miftahi (1926–2011) Azizul Haque (1919–2012) Abdus Sattar Akon (1929–2012) Shah Saeed Ahmed Raipuri (1926–2012) Fazlul Haque Amini (1945–2012) Wahbi Sulayman Ghawji (1923–2013) Muhammad Fazal Karim (1954–2013) Qazi Mu'tasim Billah (1933–2013) Zubairul Hasan Kandhlawi (1950–2014) Nurul Islam Farooqi (1959–2014) Ahmad Naruyi (1963–2014) Asad Muhammad Saeed as-Sagharji (d. 2015) Abdur Rahman Chatgami (1920–2015) Abdul Majeed Ludhianvi (1935–2015) Abdullah Quraishi Al-Azhari (1935–2015) Sibtain Raza Khan (1927–2015) Muhiuddin Khan (1935–2016) Abdul Jabbar Jahanabadi (1937–2016) Shah Turab-ul-Haq (1944–2016) Saleemullah Khan (1921–2017) Yunus Jaunpuri (1937–2017) Alauddin Siddiqui (1938–2017) Muhammad Abdul Wahhab (1923–2018) Salim Qasmi (1926–2018) Akhtar Raza Khan (1943–2018) Iftikhar-ul-Hasan Kandhlawi (1922–2019) Yusuf Motala (1946–2019) Ghulam Nabi Kashmiri (1965–2019) Khalid Mahmud (1925–2020) Tafazzul Haque Habiganji (1938–2020) Muhammad Abdus Sobhan (1936–2020) Abdul Momin Imambari (1930–2020) Saeed Ahmad Palanpuri (1940–2020) Salman Mazahiri (1946–2020) Shah Ahmad Shafi (1945–2020) Adil Khan (1957–2020) Khadim Hussain Rizvi (1966–2020) Nur Hossain Kasemi (1945–2020) Azizur Rahman Hazarvi (1948–2020) Nizamuddin Asir Adrawi (1926–2021) Muhammad Ali al-Sabuni (1930–2021) Muhammad Wakkas (1952–2021) Noor Alam Khalil Amini (1952–2021) Usman Mansoorpuri (1944–2021) Junaid Babunagari (1953–2021) Wali Rahmani (1943–2021) Ebrahim Desai (1963–2021) Abdus Salam Chatgami (1943–2021) Abdur Razzaq Iskander (1935–2021) Nurul Islam Jihadi (1916–2021) Faizul Waheed (1964–2021) Wahiduddin Khan (1925–2021) AbdulWahid Rigi (d. 2022) Abdul Halim Bukhari (1945–2022) Rafi Usmani (1936–2022) Delwar Hossain Sayeedi (1940–2023) Shahidul Islam (1960–2023) Living Saifur Rahman Nizami (b. 1916) Ghulam Rasool Jamaati (b. 1923) Syed Waheed Ashraf (b. 1933) Syed Abdul Qadir Jilani (b. 1935) Muhibbullah Babunagari (b. 1935) Ziaul Mustafa Razvi Qadri (b. 1935) Abdul Qadir Pakistani (b. 1935) Yusuf Ziya Kavakçı (b. 1938) Madni Miyan (b. 1938) Sultan Zauq Nadvi (b. 1939) Zia Uddin (b. 1941) Taqi Usmani (b. 1943) Kamaluddin Zafree (b. 1945) Muneeb-ur-Rehman (b. 1945) Qamaruzzaman Azmi (b. 1946) Abdolhamid Ismaeelzahi (b. 1946) Abul Qasim Nomani (b. 1947) Idrees Dahiri (b. 1947) Farid Uddin Chowdhury (b. 1947) Farid Uddin Masood (b. 1950) Mahmudul Hasan (b. 1950) Mukhtaruddin Shah (b. 1950) Ilyas Qadri (b. 1950) Kafeel Ahmad Qasmi (b. 1951) Tahir-ul-Qadri (b. 1951) Yaseen Akhtar Misbahi (b. 1953) Tariq Jamil (b. 1953) Zulfiqar Ahmad Naqshbandi (b. 1953) Sufyan Qasmi (b. 1954) Nurul Islam Walipuri (b. 1955) Sajjad Nomani (b. 1955) Ghousavi Shah (b. 1955) Ameen Mian Quadri (b. 1955) Pir Sabir Shah (b. 1955) Abu Taher Misbah (b. 1956) Kaukab Noorani Okarvi (b. 1957) Hamid Saeed Kazmi (b. 1957) Rahmatullah Mir Qasmi (b. 1957) AFM Khalid Hossain (b. 1959) Najibul Bashar Maizbhandari (b. 1959) Abdul Aziz Ghazi]] (b. 1960) Shakir Ali Noori (b. 1960) Ruhul Amin (b. 1962) Mizanur Rahman Sayed (b. 1963) Hanif Jalandhari (b. 1963) Sajidur Rahman (b. 1964) Ibrahim Mogra (b. 1965) Saad Kandhlawi (b. 1965) Faiz-ul-Aqtab Siddiqi (b. 1967) Arshad Misbahi (b. 1968) Abu Reza Nadwi (b. 1968) Muhammad Abdul Malek (b. 1969) Mahfuzul Haque (b. 1969) Ilyas Ghuman (b. 1969) Qasim Rashid Ahmad (b. 1970) Asjad Raza Khan (b. 1970) Syed Rezaul Karim (b. 1971) Riyadh ul Haq (b. 1971) Obaidullah Hamzah (b. 1972) Raza Saqib Mustafai (b. 1972) Manzoor Mengal (b. 1973) Syed Faizul Karim (b. 1973) Mamunul Haque (b. 1973) Husamuddin 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Bahram e Pazhdo Rumi Homam Tabrizi (1238–1314) Nozhat al-Majales Khwaju Kermani Badr Shirvani Zu'l-Fiqar Shirvani 1300s Ibn Yamin Shah Ni'matullah Wali Hafez Abu Ali Qalandar Fazlallah Astarabadi Nasimi Emad al-Din Faqih Kermani 1400s Ubayd Zakani Salman Savaji Hatefi Jami Kamal Khujandi Ahli Shirazi (1454–1535) Fuzuli (1483–1556) Ismail I (1487–1524) Baba Faghani 1500s Vahshi Bafqi (1523–1583) Muhtasham Kashani (1500–1588) 'Orfi Shirazi 1600s Taleb Amoli Saib Tabrizi (1607–1670) Asir-e Esfahani (c. 1620–1648) Kalim Kashani Hazin Lāhiji (1692–1766) Saba Kashani Abdul-Qādir Bēdil (1642–1720) Naw'i Khabushani Mohammad Qoli Salim Tehrani Rasa Salim Tehrani 1700s Hatef Esfahani Azar Bigdeli (1722–1781) Neshat Esfahani Abbas Foroughi Bastami (1798–1857) 1800s Mirza Ghalib (1797–1869) Zayn al-Abidin Shirvani (1779–1837) Reza-Qoli Khan Hedayat (1800–1871) Mirza Mohammad Taqi Sepehr (1801–1880) Qaani (1808–1854) Mahmud Saba Kashani (1813–1893) ContemporaryPoetry Iran Ahmadreza Ahmadi Mehdi Akhavan-Sales Hormoz Alipour Qeysar Aminpour Mohammad Reza Aslani Aref Qazvini Ahmad NikTalab Aminollah Rezaei Manouchehr Atashi Mahmoud Mosharraf Azad Tehrani Mohammad-Taqi Bahar Reza Baraheni Simin Behbahani Dehkhoda Hushang Ebtehaj Bijan Elahi Parviz Eslampour Parvin E'tesami Forugh Farrokhzad Hossein Monzavi Hushang Irani Iraj Mirza Bijan Jalali Siavash Kasraie Esmail Khoi Shams Langeroodi Mohammad Mokhtari Nosrat Rahmani Yadollah Royaee Tahereh Saffarzadeh Sohrab Sepehri Mohammad-Reza Shafiei Kadkani Mohammad-Hossein Shahriar Ahmad Shamlou Manouchehr Sheybani Nima Yooshij (She'r-e Nimaa'i) Fereydoon Moshiri Armenia Edward Haghverdian Afghanistan Nadia Anjuman Wasef Bakhtari Raziq Faani Khalilullah Khalili Youssof Kohzad Massoud Nawabi Abdul Ali Mustaghni Tajikistan Sadriddin Ayni Farzona Iskandar Khatloni Abolqasem Lahouti Gulrukhsor Safieva Loiq Sher-Ali Payrav Sulaymoni Mirzo Tursunzoda Satim Ulugzade Uzbekistan Asad Gulzoda Pakistan Muhammad Iqbal Novels Ali Mohammad Afghani Ghazaleh Alizadeh Bozorg Alavi Reza Amirkhani Mahshid Amirshahi Ghassem Hashemi Nezhad Reza Baraheni Simin Daneshvar Mahmoud Dowlatabadi Soudabeh Fazaeli Reza Ghassemi Mohammad Hanif (Iranian writer) Houshang Golshiri Aboutorab Khosravi Zeyn al-Abedin Maraghei Ahmad Mahmoud Shahriyar Mandanipour Abbas Maroufi Mansour Koushan Iraj Pezeshkzad Short stories Jalal Al-e-Ahmad Shamim Bahar Sadeq Chubak Abolhassan Etessami Javad Mojabi Simin Daneshvar Nader Ebrahimi Ebrahim Golestan Houshang Golshiri Sadegh Hedayat Mohammad-Ali Jamalzadeh Aboutorab Khosravi Mostafa Mastoor Jaafar Modarres-Sadeghi Houshang Moradi Kermani Bijan Najdi Shahrnush Parsipur Gholam-Hossein Sa'edi Bahram Sadeghi Goli Taraqqi Plays Reza Abdoh Mirza Fatali Akhundzadeh Mohsen Yalfani Bahram Beyzai Bahman Forsi Amir Reza Koohestani Alireza Koushk Jalali Gholam-Hossein Sa'edi Bijan Mofid Hengameh Mofid Abbas Nalbandian Akbar Radi Pari Saberi Mirza Aqa Tabrizi Mohammad Yaghoubi Screenplays Saeed Aghighi Mohammad Reza Aslani Rakhshan Bani-E'temad Bahram Beyzai Hajir Darioush Pouran Derakhshandeh Asghar Farhadi Bahman Farmanara Farrokh Ghaffari Behrouz Gharibpour Bahman Ghobadi Fereydun Gole Ebrahim Golestan Ali Hatami Abolfazl Jalili Ebrahim Hatamikia Abdolreza Kahani Varuzh Karim-Masihi Samuel Khachikian Abbas Kiarostami Majid Majidi Mohsen Makhmalbaf Dariush Mehrjui Reza Mirkarimi Rasoul Mollagholipour Amir Naderi Jafar Panahi Kambuzia Partovi Fereydoun Rahnema Rasul Sadr Ameli Mohammad Sadri Parviz Shahbazi Sohrab Shahid-Saless Translators Amrollah Abjadian Jaleh Amouzgar Najaf Daryabandari Mohammad Ghazi Lili Golestan Sadegh Hedayat Ramak NikTalab Saleh Hosseini Ahmad Kamyabi Mask Ahmad Shamlou Mohammad Moin Ebrahim Pourdavoud Hamid Samandarian Jalal Sattari Jafar Shahidi Ahmad Tafazzoli Abbas Zaryab Children's literature Samad Behrangi Houshang Moradi Kermani Babak NikTalab Hengameh Mofid Poopak NikTalab Farhad Hasanzadeh Ramak NikTalab Essayists Aydin Aghdashloo Ali Latifiyan Mohammad Ebrahim Bastani Parizi Ehsan Yarshater Ahmad Kasravi Contemporary Persian and Classical Persian are the same language, but writers since 1900 are classified as contemporary. At one time, Persian was a common cultural language of much of the non-Arabic Islamic world. Today it is the official language of Iran, Tajikistan and one of the two official languages of Afghanistan.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Bengali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_language"},{"link_name":"muhaddith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhaddith"},{"link_name":"the subcontinent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_subcontinent"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam"},{"link_name":"country's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"madrasas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrasa"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mojlum-3"},{"link_name":"A. F. M. Abdur Rahman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._F._M._Abdur_Rahman"},{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farsi"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic"},{"link_name":"Old Bengali language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Bengali_language"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-afm-4"}],"text":"Sharaf ad-Dīn Abū Tawʾamah (Arabic: شرف ٱلدِّيْن أبُو تَوْأَمَة, Bengali: আবু তাওয়ামা) was an Islamic scholar, author and muhaddith based in the subcontinent.[1][2] He played a large role in disseminating Islam in eastern Bengal, establishing one of the country's first madrasas.[3] According to A. F. M. Abdur Rahman, in addition to his proficiency in Persian and Arabic, he became well conversant in the local Old Bengali language of the time.[4]","title":"Abu Tawwama"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sunni Muslim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni_Muslim"},{"link_name":"Bukhara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukhara"},{"link_name":"Uzbekistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan"},{"link_name":"Silk Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk_Road"},{"link_name":"Greater Khorasan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Khorasan"},{"link_name":"natural sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_science"},{"link_name":"Bukhara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukhara"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-afm-4"},{"link_name":"Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi"},{"link_name":"Ghiyas ud din Balban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghiyas_ud_din_Balban"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sat-5"},{"link_name":"Sonargaon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonargaon"},{"link_name":"Sultan of Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_of_Delhi"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-emd-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Maner Sharif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maner_Sharif"},{"link_name":"Bihar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar"},{"link_name":"Yahya Maneri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makhdoom_Yahya_Maneri"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-afm-4"},{"link_name":"Ahmed Maneri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makhdoom_Sharfuddin_Ahmed_Yahya_Maneri"},{"link_name":"madrasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrasa"},{"link_name":"the subcontinent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_subcontinent"},{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farsi"},{"link_name":"Islamic jurisprudence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sat-5"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Abu Tawwama was born into a Sunni Muslim family from Bukhara in modern-day Uzbekistan, a city located on the Silk Road famed as a centre of scholarship. His brother was Hafiz Zayn ad-Din who he later migrated with across Greater Khorasan to study Islamic theology and the natural sciences. He is said to have married at the age of 45 and had a daughter in Bukhara.[4] After completing his education to a good level, he decided to move to Delhi in circa 1260, where he taught for 10 years with the permission of Sultan Ghiyas ud din Balban.[5]In circa 1270, Abu Tawwama and his family were requested by the Sultan to move to the city of Sonargaon in Bengal, where Islam was not properly settled among the populace. Others have theorised that the reason for moving was because the Sultan of Delhi feared that the scholar's influence was becoming a threat to his dominion and so exiled Abu Tawwama to Sonargaon.[6][7]Abu Tawwama, Zaynuddin and their family then set off for Bengal, passing through Maner Sharif in Bihar where they stayed for 4 years serving alongside Yahya Maneri.[4] Maneri's son, Ahmed Maneri, became a disciple of Abu Tawwama and joined him on the journey to Sonargaon. Having finally reached Sonargaon, Abu Tawwama established a seminary and a madrasa in the city; turning Sonargaon into a notable centre of Islamic education in the subcontinent. Ahmed Maneri studied here for 22 years as his disciple, and Abu Tawwama later gave his daughter's hand in marriage to him. They had a son called Zaki Maneri.Abu Tawwama wrote a book on spirituality called \"Maqāmat\". The Persian book on Islamic jurisprudence titled Nām-i-Haq is attributed to either Abu Tawwama or one of his disciples.[5][8]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mograpara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mograpara"},{"link_name":"Sonargaon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonargaon"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sat-5"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Tawwama died in 1300 and was buried in a small tomb located in Mograpara, Sonargaon.[5][9] The madrassah no longer exists though its ruins can be found in the Dargabari area.[10][11]","title":"Death and legacy"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Indo-iranica. Iran Society. 2005. p. 2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ePVtAAAAMAAJ&q=Sharfuddin+Abu+Tawwama","url_text":"Indo-iranica"}]},{"reference":"Dani, Ahmad Hasan (1962) [First published 1956]. Dacca: A record of its changing fortunes (2nd ed.). Mrs. Safiya S. Dani. p. 18. OCLC 987755973. The Muslim history of Sonargaon began with the arrival of the great Maulana Shaikh Sharfuddin Abu Tawwama, the teacher","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Hasan_Dani","url_text":"Dani, Ahmad Hasan"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ycBHAAAAMAAJ&q=Sharfuddin+Abu+Tawwama","url_text":"Dacca: A record of its changing fortunes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/987755973","url_text":"987755973"}]},{"reference":"Muhammad Mojlum Khan (21 October 2013). \"Shah Jalal\". The Muslim Heritage of Bengal: The Lives, Thoughts and Achievements of Great Muslim Scholars, Writers and Reformers of Bangladesh and West Bengal. Kube Publishing. pp. 21–22.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Mojlum_Khan","url_text":"Muhammad Mojlum Khan"}]},{"reference":"A. F. M. Abdur Rahman (August 2013), Hazrat Sheik Sharf-Uddin Abu Tawwamah (RA)","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._F._M._Abdur_Rahman","url_text":"A. F. M. Abdur Rahman"}]},{"reference":"Khan, Muazzam Hussain (2012). \"Sharfuddin Abu Tawwama\". In Islam, Sirajul; Miah, Sajahan; Khanam, Mahfuza; Ahmed, Sabbir (eds.). Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. ISBN 984-32-0576-6. OCLC 52727562. OL 30677644M. Retrieved 18 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Sharfuddin_Abu_Tawwama","url_text":"\"Sharfuddin Abu Tawwama\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirajul_Islam","url_text":"Islam, Sirajul"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahfuza_Khanam","url_text":"Khanam, Mahfuza"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banglapedia","url_text":"Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiatic_Society_of_Bangladesh","url_text":"Asiatic Society of Bangladesh"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/984-32-0576-6","url_text":"984-32-0576-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/52727562","url_text":"52727562"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OL_(identifier)","url_text":"OL"},{"url":"https://openlibrary.org/books/OL30677644M","url_text":"30677644M"}]},{"reference":"Mawlana Nur Muhammad Azmi. \"2.2 বঙ্গে এলমে হাদীছ\" [2.2 Knowledge of Hadith in Bengal]. হাদীছের তত্ত্ব ও ইতিহাস [Information and history of Hadith] (in Bengali). Emdadia Library.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Eaton, Richard (31 Jul 1996). The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204-1760. University of California Press. p. 93.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California","url_text":"University of California"}]},{"reference":"Dept, East Pakistan (Pakistan) Services and General Administration (1969). East Pakistan District Gazetteers: Dacca. East Pakistan Government Press. p. 49.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=GntCAAAAYAAJ&q=Sharfuddin+Abu+Tawwama","url_text":"East Pakistan District Gazetteers: Dacca"}]},{"reference":"Karim, Abdul (1985). Social History of the Muslims in Bengal: Down to A.D. 1538. Baitush Sharaf Islamic Research Institute. p. 116.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DodAAAAAMAAJ&q=Sharfuddin+Abu+Tawwama","url_text":"Social History of the Muslims in Bengal: Down to A.D. 1538"}]},{"reference":"Khatun, Habiba (2006). Iqlim Sonargaon: history, jurisdiction, monuments. Academic Press and Publishers Library. p. 73. ISBN 978-984-08-0212-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=B24MAQAAMAAJ&q=Sharfuddin+Abu+Tawwama","url_text":"Iqlim Sonargaon: history, jurisdiction, monuments"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-984-08-0212-8","url_text":"978-984-08-0212-8"}]},{"reference":"Khan, Muazzam Hussain (2012). \"Dargabari\". In Islam, Sirajul; Miah, Sajahan; Khanam, Mahfuza; Ahmed, Sabbir (eds.). Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. ISBN 984-32-0576-6. OCLC 52727562. OL 30677644M. Retrieved 18 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Dargabari","url_text":"\"Dargabari\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirajul_Islam","url_text":"Islam, Sirajul"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahfuza_Khanam","url_text":"Khanam, Mahfuza"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banglapedia","url_text":"Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiatic_Society_of_Bangladesh","url_text":"Asiatic Society of Bangladesh"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/984-32-0576-6","url_text":"984-32-0576-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/52727562","url_text":"52727562"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OL_(identifier)","url_text":"OL"},{"url":"https://openlibrary.org/books/OL30677644M","url_text":"30677644M"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ePVtAAAAMAAJ&q=Sharfuddin+Abu+Tawwama","external_links_name":"Indo-iranica"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ycBHAAAAMAAJ&q=Sharfuddin+Abu+Tawwama","external_links_name":"Dacca: A record of its changing fortunes"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/987755973","external_links_name":"987755973"},{"Link":"http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Sharfuddin_Abu_Tawwama","external_links_name":"\"Sharfuddin Abu Tawwama\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/52727562","external_links_name":"52727562"},{"Link":"https://openlibrary.org/books/OL30677644M","external_links_name":"30677644M"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=GntCAAAAYAAJ&q=Sharfuddin+Abu+Tawwama","external_links_name":"East Pakistan District Gazetteers: Dacca"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DodAAAAAMAAJ&q=Sharfuddin+Abu+Tawwama","external_links_name":"Social History of the Muslims in Bengal: Down to A.D. 1538"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=B24MAQAAMAAJ&q=Sharfuddin+Abu+Tawwama","external_links_name":"Iqlim Sonargaon: history, jurisdiction, monuments"},{"Link":"http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Dargabari","external_links_name":"\"Dargabari\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/52727562","external_links_name":"52727562"},{"Link":"https://openlibrary.org/books/OL30677644M","external_links_name":"30677644M"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensive_Care_(2022_film)
Intensive Care (2022 film)
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 References","4 External links"]
For the 1991 Dutch horror film, see Intensive Care (1991 film).2022 Russian filmIntensive CareDirected byPyotr Todorovsky Jr.Written byPyotr Todorovsky Jr.Produced by Valery Fedorovich Yevgeny Nikishov Ivan Golomovzyuk Anna Gudkova Yelena Torchinskaya Starring Nikita Yefremov Irina Starshenbaum Cinematography Gleb Filatov Aleksey Surkov Edited byAleksandra KorolevaMusic by Yelena Stroganova Fyodor Zhuravlyov Productioncompanies 1-2-3 Production Place of Power Distributed byKaroRentalRelease dates 2022 (2022) (Moscow International Film Festival) March 2, 2023 (2023-03-02) (Russia) Running time101 minutesCountryRussiaLanguageRussianBudget₽58.5 million Intensive Care (Russian: Здоровый человек) is a 2022 Russian drama film written and directed by Pyotr Todorovsky Jr. about moral anxiety with Nikita Yefremov and Irina Starshenbaum. This film was theatrically released on March 2, 2023. Plot The film is about a sports news anchor named Egor Pogodin, who starts helping mothers of sick children and looking for people who have suddenly disappeared, but as a result, he loses his job and conflicts with his wife. Cast Nikita Yefremov as Egor Pogodin, sportscaster Irina Starshenbaum as Maya Pogodina, Egor's wife and colleague Polina Ainutdinova as Marusya Pogodina, Egor's daughter Oleg Chugunov as Alyosha Komarov, a patient in a children's hospital Mariya Shashlova as Alyosha's mother Masha Lobanova as Kristina Krapivina, Alyosha's classmate Darya Balabanova as Tanya, a volunteer Yevgeny Tkachuk as Boris, Egor and Maya's boss Aleksandr Mikhaylov as Efimov Ilya Iosifov as Mikhail, a guest at the birthday party References ^ Новый фильм Петра Тодоровского-младшего ставит нас перед трудным выбором ^ Петр Тодоровский – о фильме "Здоровый человек" ^ "Здоровый человек" победил на конкурсе "Русские премьеры" на ММКФ ^ «Здоровый человек»: драма, в которой Никита Ефремов борется за жизни других ^ Здоровый человек ^ Здоровый человек, 2022 External links Intensive Care at IMDb
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Intensive Care (1991 film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensive_Care_(1991_film)"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"drama film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama_film"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Nikita Yefremov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikita_Yefremov"},{"link_name":"Irina Starshenbaum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irina_Starshenbaum"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"For the 1991 Dutch horror film, see Intensive Care (1991 film).2022 Russian filmIntensive Care (Russian: Здоровый человек) is a 2022 Russian drama film written and directed by Pyotr Todorovsky Jr.[1][2][3] about moral anxiety with Nikita Yefremov and Irina Starshenbaum.[4]This film was theatrically released on March 2, 2023.[5]","title":"Intensive Care (2022 film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The film is about a sports news anchor named Egor Pogodin, who starts helping mothers of sick children and looking for people who have suddenly disappeared, but as a result, he loses his job and conflicts with his wife.[6]","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nikita Yefremov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikita_Yefremov"},{"link_name":"Irina Starshenbaum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irina_Starshenbaum"}],"text":"Nikita Yefremov as Egor Pogodin, sportscaster\nIrina Starshenbaum as Maya Pogodina, Egor's wife and colleague\nPolina Ainutdinova as Marusya Pogodina, Egor's daughter\nOleg Chugunov as Alyosha Komarov, a patient in a children's hospital\nMariya Shashlova as Alyosha's mother\nMasha Lobanova as Kristina Krapivina, Alyosha's classmate\nDarya Balabanova as Tanya, a volunteer\nYevgeny Tkachuk as Boris, Egor and Maya's boss\nAleksandr Mikhaylov as Efimov\nIlya Iosifov as Mikhail, a guest at the birthday party","title":"Cast"}]
[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_Bay
Block Bay
["1 Discovery and name","2 Location","3 Features","3.1 Driscoll Island","3.2 Brennan Point","3.3 Balchen Glacier","3.4 Weikman Nunataks","3.5 Griffith Nunataks","3.6 O'Connor Nunataks","3.7 Ragle Glacier","3.8 Ochs Glacier","4 References","5 Sources"]
Coordinates: 76°15′S 146°22′W / 76.250°S 146.367°W / -76.250; -146.367 (Block Bay)Block BayBlock BayLocationMarie Byrd Land, AntarcticaCoordinates76°15′S 146°22′W / 76.250°S 146.367°W / -76.250; -146.367 (Block Bay)Ocean/sea sourcesPacific Ocean Block Bay (76°15′S 146°22′W / 76.250°S 146.367°W / -76.250; -146.367 (Block Bay)) is a long ice-filled bay lying east of Guest Peninsula along the coast of Marie Byrd Land, Antarctica. Discovery and name Block Bay was discovered in 1929 by the Byrd Antarctic Expedition (ByrdAE), and named by Richard E. Byrd for Paul Block, newspaper publisher and patron of the expedition. Location Map all coordinates using OpenStreetMap Download coordinates as: KML GPX (all coordinates) GPX (primary coordinates) GPX (secondary coordinates) Block Bay in northeast of map Block Bay is on the Pacific Ocean coast of Marie Byrd Land, east of the Guest Peninsula and the Fosdick Mountains, and west of the Phillips Mountains. Driscoll Island lies in the mouth of the bay, to the west of Brennan Point. The Balchen Glacier drains into the head of the bay. The Weikman Nunataks, Griffith Nunataks and O'Connor Nunataks are south of the head of this glacier. The Ragle Glacier and Ochs Glacier drain into the bay from either side of Mount Ferranto in the Fosdick Mountains. Features Driscoll Island 76°12′S 146°55′W / 76.200°S 146.917°W / -76.200; -146.917. A narrow, ice-covered island 16 nautical miles (30 km; 18 mi) long, lying in Block Bay. The feature was partially delineated from air photos taken by the ByrdAE (1928–30) on the flight of December 5, 1929. The island was completely mapped by the United States Geological Survey (USGS), 1959-65. Named by the United States Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) after Lawrence J. Driscoll, BM1, United States Navy, Boatswain's Mate aboard USS Glacier along this coast, 1961-62. Brennan Point 76°05′S 146°31′W / 76.083°S 146.517°W / -76.083; -146.517. An ice-covered point forming the east side of the entrance to Block Bay. Discovered on the ByrdAE (1928–30) flight along this coast on December 5, 1929. Named for Michael J. Brennan, who was advisory on the ByrdAE (1928–30) in the selection of personnel. Brennan was skipper of the Chantier on the trip to the Arctic when R. Admiral R.E. Byrd flew over the North Pole. Balchen Glacier 76°23′S 145°10′W / 76.383°S 145.167°W / -76.383; -145.167. A crevassed glacier flowing west to Block Bay between the Phillips Mountains and Fosdick Mountains. Discovered on December 5, 1929, by the ByrdAE and named by Byrd for Bernt Balchen, chief pilot of the expedition. Weikman Nunataks 76°30′S 143°59′W / 76.500°S 143.983°W / -76.500; -143.983. Two nunataks on the divide separating the upper reaches of Balchen Glacier and Crevasse Valley Glacier. The nunataks lie 2 nautical miles (3.7 km; 2.3 mi) east of Mount Perkins. First mapped by the United States Antarctic Service (USAS), 1939–41. Named by US-ACAN for Edward R. Weikman Jr., CMH2, United States Navy, Construction Mechanic at Byrd Station, 1967. Griffith Nunataks 76°28′S 143°45′W / 76.467°S 143.750°W / -76.467; -143.750. A group of rock exposures on the south side of Balchen Glacier between O'Connor Nunataks and Mount Perkins. Discovered by the USAS in aerial flights over this area in 1940, and named for Clyde W. Griffith, machinist and tractor operator of this expedition. O'Connor Nunataks 76°26′S 143°25′W / 76.433°S 143.417°W / -76.433; -143.417. A group of rock exposures rising above the ice near the head of Balchen Glacier, 5 nautical miles (9.3 km; 5.8 mi) northeast of Griffith Nunataks. Discovered by the USAS in aerial flights over this area in 1940. Named for Raymond O'Connor, a member of the West Base of the USAS (1939–41). Ragle Glacier 76°28′S 145°32′W / 76.467°S 145.533°W / -76.467; -145.533. A small glacier that drains the west end of the Fosdick Mountains, between Mount Ferranto and Mount Avers, and flows northwest to Block Bay. The glacier was photographed by the USAS (1939–41), led by Admiral Byrd, and was mapped by the USGS from surveys and United States Navy air photos (1959-65). Named for Doctor B. Harrison Ragle, Admiral Byrd's personal physician in the late 1930's, who made financial contributions toward purchase of first aid equipment and medical supplies for US AS (1939–41) and was a consultant on medical matters for that expedition. Ochs Glacier 76°30′S 145°35′W / 76.500°S 145.583°W / -76.500; -145.583. A glacier flowing to the head of Block Bay between Mount Iphigene and Mount Avers. Discovered by the ByrdAE in 1929, and named for Adolph S. Ochs, publisher of the New York Times, a patron of the expedition. References ^ a b Alberts 1995, p. 74. ^ Guest Peninsula USGS. ^ Alberts 1995, p. 200. ^ Alberts 1995, p. 92. ^ Alberts 1995, p. 41. ^ Alberts 1995, p. 802. ^ Alberts 1995, p. 296. ^ Alberts 1995, p. 539. ^ Alberts 1995, p. 602. ^ Alberts 1995, pp. 538–539. Sources Alberts, Fred G., ed. (1995), Geographic Names of the Antarctic (PDF) (2 ed.), United States Board on Geographic Names, retrieved 2023-12-03  This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Board on Geographic Names. Guest Peninsula, USGS: United States Geological Survey, retrieved 2024-03-27
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"76°15′S 146°22′W / 76.250°S 146.367°W / -76.250; -146.367 (Block Bay)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Block_Bay&params=76_15_S_146_22_W_&title=Block+Bay"},{"link_name":"bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay"},{"link_name":"Guest Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guest_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Marie Byrd Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Byrd_Land"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlberts199574-1"}],"text":"Block Bay (76°15′S 146°22′W / 76.250°S 146.367°W / -76.250; -146.367 (Block Bay)) is a long ice-filled bay lying east of Guest Peninsula along the coast of Marie Byrd Land, Antarctica.[1]","title":"Block Bay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Byrd Antarctic Expedition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byrd_Antarctic_Expedition"},{"link_name":"Richard E. Byrd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_E._Byrd"},{"link_name":"Paul Block","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Block_(newspaper_publisher)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlberts199574-1"}],"text":"Block Bay was discovered in 1929 by the Byrd Antarctic Expedition (ByrdAE), and named by Richard E. Byrd for Paul Block, newspaper publisher and patron of the expedition.[1]","title":"Discovery and name"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"OpenStreetMap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//tools.wmflabs.org/osm4wiki/cgi-bin/wiki/wiki-osm.pl?project=en&article=Block_Bay"},{"link_name":"KML","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//tools.wmflabs.org/kmlexport?article=Block_Bay"},{"link_name":"GPX (all coordinates)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=all&titles=Block_Bay"},{"link_name":"GPX (primary coordinates)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=primary&titles=Block_Bay"},{"link_name":"GPX (secondary coordinates)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=secondary&titles=Block_Bay"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:C76144s1_Ant.Map_Guest_Peninsula.jpg"},{"link_name":"Guest Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guest_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Fosdick Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosdick_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Phillips Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillips_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Mount Ferranto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Ferranto"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuest_Peninsula_USGS-2"}],"text":"Map all coordinates using OpenStreetMap\n\nDownload coordinates as:\n\n\nKML\nGPX (all coordinates)\nGPX (primary coordinates)\nGPX (secondary coordinates)Block Bay in northeast of mapBlock Bay is on the Pacific Ocean coast of Marie Byrd Land, east of the Guest Peninsula and the Fosdick Mountains, and west of the Phillips Mountains.\nDriscoll Island lies in the mouth of the bay, to the west of Brennan Point.\nThe Balchen Glacier drains into the head of the bay.\nThe Weikman Nunataks, Griffith Nunataks and O'Connor Nunataks are south of the head of this glacier.\nThe Ragle Glacier and Ochs Glacier drain into the bay from either side of Mount Ferranto in the Fosdick Mountains.[2]","title":"Location"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"76°12′S 146°55′W / 76.200°S 146.917°W / -76.200; -146.917","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Block_Bay&params=76_12_S_146_55_W_"},{"link_name":"United States Geological Survey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey"},{"link_name":"Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advisory_Committee_on_Antarctic_Names"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlberts1995200-3"}],"sub_title":"Driscoll Island","text":"76°12′S 146°55′W / 76.200°S 146.917°W / -76.200; -146.917. \nA narrow, ice-covered island 16 nautical miles (30 km; 18 mi) long, lying in Block Bay. \nThe feature was partially delineated from air photos taken by the ByrdAE (1928–30) on the flight of December 5, 1929. \nThe island was completely mapped by the United States Geological Survey (USGS), 1959-65. \nNamed by the United States Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) after Lawrence J. Driscoll, BM1, United States Navy, Boatswain's Mate aboard USS Glacier along this coast, 1961-62.[3]","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"76°05′S 146°31′W / 76.083°S 146.517°W / -76.083; -146.517","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Block_Bay&params=76_05_S_146_31_W_"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlberts199592-4"}],"sub_title":"Brennan Point","text":"76°05′S 146°31′W / 76.083°S 146.517°W / -76.083; -146.517. \nAn ice-covered point forming the east side of the entrance to Block Bay. \nDiscovered on the ByrdAE (1928–30) flight along this coast on December 5, 1929. \nNamed for Michael J. Brennan, who was advisory on the ByrdAE (1928–30) in the selection of personnel. \nBrennan was skipper of the Chantier on the trip to the Arctic when R. Admiral R.E. Byrd flew over the North Pole.[4]","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"76°23′S 145°10′W / 76.383°S 145.167°W / -76.383; -145.167","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Block_Bay&params=76_23_S_145_10_W_"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlberts199541-5"}],"sub_title":"Balchen Glacier","text":"76°23′S 145°10′W / 76.383°S 145.167°W / -76.383; -145.167. \nA crevassed glacier flowing west to Block Bay between the Phillips Mountains and Fosdick Mountains. \nDiscovered on December 5, 1929, by the ByrdAE and named by Byrd for Bernt Balchen, chief pilot of the expedition.[5]","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"76°30′S 143°59′W / 76.500°S 143.983°W / -76.500; -143.983","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Block_Bay&params=76_30_S_143_59_W_"},{"link_name":"Crevasse Valley Glacier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crevasse_Valley_Glacier"},{"link_name":"Mount Perkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Perkins"},{"link_name":"United States Antarctic Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Antarctic_Service"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlberts1995802-6"}],"sub_title":"Weikman Nunataks","text":"76°30′S 143°59′W / 76.500°S 143.983°W / -76.500; -143.983. \nTwo nunataks on the divide separating the upper reaches of Balchen Glacier and Crevasse Valley Glacier. \nThe nunataks lie 2 nautical miles (3.7 km; 2.3 mi) east of Mount Perkins. First mapped by the United States Antarctic Service (USAS), 1939–41. \nNamed by US-ACAN for Edward R. Weikman Jr., CMH2, United States Navy, Construction Mechanic at Byrd Station, 1967.[6]","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"76°28′S 143°45′W / 76.467°S 143.750°W / -76.467; -143.750","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Block_Bay&params=76_28_S_143_45_W_"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlberts1995296-7"}],"sub_title":"Griffith Nunataks","text":"76°28′S 143°45′W / 76.467°S 143.750°W / -76.467; -143.750. \nA group of rock exposures on the south side of Balchen Glacier between O'Connor Nunataks and Mount Perkins. \nDiscovered by the USAS in aerial flights over this area in 1940, and named for Clyde W. Griffith, machinist and tractor operator of this expedition.[7]","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"76°26′S 143°25′W / 76.433°S 143.417°W / -76.433; -143.417","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Block_Bay&params=76_26_S_143_25_W_"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlberts1995539-8"}],"sub_title":"O'Connor Nunataks","text":"76°26′S 143°25′W / 76.433°S 143.417°W / -76.433; -143.417. \nA group of rock exposures rising above the ice near the head of Balchen Glacier, 5 nautical miles (9.3 km; 5.8 mi) northeast of Griffith Nunataks. \nDiscovered by the USAS in aerial flights over this area in 1940.\nNamed for Raymond O'Connor, a member of the West Base of the USAS (1939–41).[8]","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"76°28′S 145°32′W / 76.467°S 145.533°W / -76.467; -145.533","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Block_Bay&params=76_28_S_145_32_W_"},{"link_name":"Mount Ferranto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Ferranto"},{"link_name":"Mount Avers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Avers"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlberts1995602-9"}],"sub_title":"Ragle Glacier","text":"76°28′S 145°32′W / 76.467°S 145.533°W / -76.467; -145.533. \nA small glacier that drains the west end of the Fosdick Mountains, between Mount Ferranto and Mount Avers, and flows northwest to Block Bay. \nThe glacier was photographed by the USAS (1939–41), led by Admiral Byrd, and was mapped by the USGS from surveys and United States Navy air photos (1959-65). \nNamed for Doctor B. Harrison Ragle, Admiral Byrd's personal physician in the late 1930's, who made financial contributions toward purchase of first aid equipment and medical supplies for US AS (1939–41) and was a consultant on medical matters for that expedition.[9]","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"76°30′S 145°35′W / 76.500°S 145.583°W / -76.500; -145.583","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Block_Bay&params=76_30_S_145_35_W_"},{"link_name":"Mount Iphigene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Iphigene"},{"link_name":"Mount Avers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Avers"},{"link_name":"Adolph S. Ochs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolph_S._Ochs"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlberts1995538%E2%80%93539-10"}],"sub_title":"Ochs Glacier","text":"76°30′S 145°35′W / 76.500°S 145.583°W / -76.500; -145.583. \nA glacier flowing to the head of Block Bay between Mount Iphigene and Mount Avers.\nDiscovered by the ByrdAE in 1929, and named for Adolph S. Ochs, publisher of the New York Times, a patron of the expedition.[10]","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Geographic Names of the Antarctic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubs.usgs.gov/fedgov/70039167/report.pdf"},{"link_name":"public domain material","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright_status_of_works_by_the_federal_government_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"United States Board on Geographic Names","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Board_on_Geographic_Names"},{"link_name":"Guest Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:C76144s1_Ant.Map_Guest_Peninsula.jpg"}],"text":"Alberts, Fred G., ed. (1995), Geographic Names of the Antarctic (PDF) (2 ed.), United States Board on Geographic Names, retrieved 2023-12-03  This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Board on Geographic Names.\nGuest Peninsula, USGS: United States Geological Survey, retrieved 2024-03-27","title":"Sources"}]
[{"image_text":"Block Bay in northeast of map","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/C76144s1_Ant.Map_Guest_Peninsula.jpg/240px-C76144s1_Ant.Map_Guest_Peninsula.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"Alberts, Fred G., ed. (1995), Geographic Names of the Antarctic (PDF) (2 ed.), United States Board on Geographic Names, retrieved 2023-12-03","urls":[{"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fedgov/70039167/report.pdf","url_text":"Geographic Names of the Antarctic"}]},{"reference":"Guest Peninsula, USGS: United States Geological Survey, retrieved 2024-03-27","urls":[{"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:C76144s1_Ant.Map_Guest_Peninsula.jpg","url_text":"Guest Peninsula"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliott_Merrick
Elliott Merrick
["1 Works","2 References"]
American writer Elliott Merrick ca. 1948 Elliott Merrick (May 11, 1905 – April 22, 1997) was an American writer best known for his memoirs about Labrador. He was also an editor, teacher, farmer and sailor. In addition he wrote for magazines, including The New Yorker and Reader's Digest. Elliott Tucker Merrick III was born into an affluent family in Montclair, New Jersey, and graduated from Phillips Exeter Academy and Yale University. He worked at his father's firm, The National Lead Company, for a year before deciding he wanted a more outdoor-oriented life. He took a job as a teacher at the remote Grenfell Mission (a medical missionary station) at Indian Harbour, Labrador. He then transferred tonearby North West River where he met his soon to be wife, Kate, a nurse from Australia. He wrote about his time there in Frost and Fire (1939). He penned Kate's memoir, based on her memories of Labrador, titled Northern Nurse (1942). The book was quite successful spending time on The New York Times Bestseller List. His first book True North (1933), is a diary about living in Goose Bay, Labrador. He wrote a memoir Green Mountain Farm (1948) about farm life in northern Vermont, where he lived with his wife and children during the depression of the 1930s. He taught English at the University of Vermont. He was an editor for the Office of War Information and worked with the merchant marine during World War II. These experiences informed his book Passing By (1947). He was later employed by the United States Forest Service in Asheville, North Carolina for 22 years, working as a science editor and publications officer. After retirement he spent time with his wife sailing, from which was published posthumously Cruising at Last: Sailing the East Coast (2003). During the last years of his life Merrick was close friend with the outdoor writer Lawrence Millman, who wrote a short biographical remembrance in 2020. He said Merrick "looked to Thoreau for guidance", and Walden was his "bible". Merrick once said, "Nature, love it or leave it, is all we've got." Works Source: Fiction From This Hill Look Down (1934) Ever the Wind Blows (1936) Frost and Fire (1939) Passing By (1947) The Long Crossing and Other Labrador Stories (1992) Nonfiction True North (1933) Northern Nurse (1942) Green Mountain Farm (1948) Cruising at Last: Sailing the East Coast (2003) References ^ a b c d e f g h Wolfgang Saxon (May 1, 1997). "Elliott Merrick, 91; Wrote Stories Set in Labrador". The New York Times. Retrieved February 23, 2020. ^ a b c "Collection APL 191 - Kate and Elliott Merrick collection". arc.anla.nf.ca. Retrieved February 23, 2020. ^ "Review: True North". Publishers Weekly. February 1, 1989. Retrieved February 23, 2020. ^ Millman, Lawrence (May 3, 2020). "Elliott Merrick: A Remembrance". thoreaufarm.org. Retrieved June 15, 2022. ^ "Merrick, Elliott". North Carolina Literary Map. University of North Carolina Greensboro. Retrieved February 23, 2020. Authority control databases International FAST VIAF National United States Czech Republic Netherlands
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In addition he wrote for magazines, including The New Yorker and Reader's Digest.[1]Elliott Tucker Merrick III was born into an affluent family in Montclair, New Jersey, and graduated from Phillips Exeter Academy and Yale University.[1][2] He worked at his father's firm, The National Lead Company, for a year before deciding he wanted a more outdoor-oriented life.[2] He took a job as a teacher at the remote Grenfell Mission (a medical missionary station) at Indian Harbour, Labrador.[1] He then transferred tonearby North West River where he met his soon to be wife, Kate, a nurse from Australia.[2] He wrote about his time there in Frost and Fire (1939). He penned Kate's memoir, based on her memories of Labrador, titled Northern Nurse (1942). The book was quite successful spending time on The New York Times Bestseller List.[1]His first book True North (1933), is a diary about living in Goose Bay, Labrador.[1][3] He wrote a memoir Green Mountain Farm (1948) about farm life in northern Vermont, where he lived with his wife and children during the depression of the 1930s.He taught English at the University of Vermont. He was an editor for the Office of War Information and worked with the merchant marine during World War II. These experiences informed his book Passing By (1947). He was later employed by the United States Forest Service in Asheville, North Carolina for 22 years, working as a science editor and publications officer.[1] After retirement he spent time with his wife sailing, from which was published posthumously Cruising at Last: Sailing the East Coast (2003).[1]During the last years of his life Merrick was close friend with the outdoor writer Lawrence Millman, who wrote a short biographical remembrance in 2020.[4] He said Merrick \"looked to Thoreau for guidance\", and Walden was his \"bible\". Merrick once said, \"Nature, love it or leave it, is all we've got.\"","title":"Elliott Merrick"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"From This Hill Look Down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.$b301846"},{"link_name":"True North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hdl.handle.net/2027/uva.x000962377"}],"text":"Source:[5]FictionFrom This Hill Look Down (1934)\nEver the Wind Blows (1936)\nFrost and Fire (1939)\nPassing By (1947)\nThe Long Crossing and Other Labrador Stories (1992)NonfictionTrue North (1933)\nNorthern Nurse (1942)\nGreen Mountain Farm (1948)\nCruising at Last: Sailing the East Coast (2003)","title":"Works"}]
[{"image_text":"Elliott Merrick ca. 1948","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/14/Elliott_Merrick.jpg/220px-Elliott_Merrick.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Wolfgang Saxon (May 1, 1997). \"Elliott Merrick, 91; Wrote Stories Set in Labrador\". The New York Times. Retrieved February 23, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1997/05/01/arts/elliott-merrick-91-wrote-stories-set-in-labrador.html","url_text":"\"Elliott Merrick, 91; Wrote Stories Set in Labrador\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Collection APL 191 - Kate and Elliott Merrick collection\". arc.anla.nf.ca. Retrieved February 23, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://arc.anla.nf.ca/kate-and-elliott-merrick-collection-2","url_text":"\"Collection APL 191 - Kate and Elliott Merrick collection\""}]},{"reference":"\"Review: True North\". Publishers Weekly. February 1, 1989. Retrieved February 23, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-8032-8164-6","url_text":"\"Review: True North\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publishers_Weekly","url_text":"Publishers Weekly"}]},{"reference":"Millman, Lawrence (May 3, 2020). \"Elliott Merrick: A Remembrance\". thoreaufarm.org. Retrieved June 15, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Millman","url_text":"Millman, Lawrence"},{"url":"https://thoreaufarm.org/2020/05/elliott-merrick-a-remembrance/","url_text":"\"Elliott Merrick: A Remembrance\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheeler-Minot_Farmhouse","url_text":"thoreaufarm.org"}]},{"reference":"\"Merrick, Elliott\". North Carolina Literary Map. University of North Carolina Greensboro. Retrieved February 23, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://s-libweb2.uncg.edu/dp/nclitmap/details.aspx?typ=auth&id=2283","url_text":"\"Merrick, Elliott\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen_park
Oxygen Park
["1 Environmental","2 Awards","3 References"]
Park in Education City, Qatar Oxygen parkLocationEducation City, QatarCoordinates25°18′31″N 51°26′27″E / 25.3086°N 51.4409°E / 25.3086; 51.4409Area0.13km2/13 hectareCreated2019Operated byQatar FoundationOpen06:00–21:00ParkingYesPublic transit access Qatar National Library station Oxygen Park is a public park in Education City on the outskirts of Qatar’s capital, Doha. Located between the Qatar National Library and Education City Mosque to the North, and Education City Stadium to the South, the park has two "zones" – the Western side for sports (including multi-use pitches and semi-covered running track), and the Eastern for recreation (including "children’s playground, an amphitheatre and individual gardens"). The park also includes several water features and distinctive "balloon lights". The Qatar Foundation commissioned AECOM to design the park, under Erik Behrens and James Haig Streeter as Architecture, and Landscape Design Lead respectively: Looking to the Qatari natural landscape for clues was critical. ‘We drew our inspiration from the wind-eroded rocks and fluid land formations in Qatar,’ says Behrens. ‘Oxygen Park is designed to convey a beautiful and fluid surface; its undulations enable it to flow effortlessly as ground, roof, wall, and ceiling.’ The park has been used for community events – such as an annual walkathon to raise awareness of diabetes. From December 2019, Monday evenings became designated as "Ladies-Only Night". Environmental Post Covid pandemic effect people across the world started realizing need for having natural oxygen parks which can meet the requirement of oxygen for the people in the region It is dense mini forest area of several trees planted based on the oxygen emission level and requirement of the region based on people Awards Finalist: World Architecture Festival (2017) Silver: International Association for Sports and Leisure Facilities (IAKS) (2019) Popular Choice: Architizer A+Awards, in the category "Landscape & Planning, Public Park" (2019) Silver: International Design Awards, in the category "Architecture, Landscape" (2020) References ^ a b "Oxygen Park". www.qf.org.qa. Retrieved 2021-05-21. ^ a b "Oxygen Park is a Green Lung in the Doha Desert". Azure Magazine. 2017-10-10. Retrieved 2021-06-04. ^ a b "Oxygen Park Review". DohaFamily. Retrieved 2021-06-04. ^ a b "Oxygen Park by AECOM | Parks". Architonic. Retrieved 2021-05-26. ^ "oxygen park in doha, qatar helps people get back to nature, by AECOM". designboom | architecture & design magazine. 2017-11-29. Retrieved 2021-06-04. ^ Stathaki, Ellie (2020-04-24). "Qatar's Oxygen Park is the perfect antidote to the desert heat". Wallpaper*. Retrieved 2021-06-04. ^ "'Beat Diabetes' walkathon at Education City's Oxygen Park". Qatar-Tribune. 18 November 2017. Retrieved 2021-05-26. ^ "Diabetes Walkathon tomorrow at Oxygen Park". www.thepeninsulaqatar.com. 14 Nov 2019. Retrieved 2021-05-26. ^ "Ladies-Only Night at Oxygen Park". www.iloveqatar.net. Retrieved 2021-06-04. ^ Holmes, Damian (2017-07-07). "World Architecture Festival Awards shortlist announced". World Landscape Architecture. Retrieved 2021-05-24. ^ "Award 2019 IAKS Worldwide". iaks.sport. Retrieved 2021-05-21. ^ "2019 Typology Winners - Architizer A+Awards". winners.architizer.com. Retrieved 2021-05-24. ^ "Oxygen Park". International Design Awards. Retrieved 2021-05-21.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"public park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_park"},{"link_name":"Education City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_City"},{"link_name":"Qatar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar"},{"link_name":"Doha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doha"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qf.org-1"},{"link_name":"Qatar National Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar_National_Library"},{"link_name":"Education City Mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_City_Mosque"},{"link_name":"Education City Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_City_Stadium"},{"link_name":"pitches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitch_(sports_field)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dohafamily-3"},{"link_name":"water features","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_features"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-architonic-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Azure-2"},{"link_name":"Qatar Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar_Foundation"},{"link_name":"AECOM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AECOM"},{"link_name":"Erik Behrens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik_Behrens"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-architonic-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"walkathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walkathon"},{"link_name":"raise awareness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raise_awareness"},{"link_name":"diabetes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Oxygen Park is a public park in Education City on the outskirts of Qatar’s capital, Doha.[1] Located between the Qatar National Library and Education City Mosque to the North, and Education City Stadium to the South, the park has two \"zones\" – the Western side for sports (including multi-use pitches and semi-covered running track), and the Eastern for recreation (including \"children’s playground, an amphitheatre and individual gardens\").[3] The park also includes several water features and distinctive \"balloon lights\".[4][5][2]The Qatar Foundation commissioned AECOM to design the park, under Erik Behrens and James Haig Streeter as Architecture, and Landscape Design Lead respectively:[4]Looking to the Qatari natural landscape for clues was critical. ‘We drew our inspiration from the wind-eroded rocks and fluid land formations in Qatar,’ says Behrens. ‘Oxygen Park is designed to convey a beautiful and fluid surface; its undulations enable it to flow effortlessly as ground, roof, wall, and ceiling.’[6]The park has been used for community events – such as an annual walkathon to raise awareness of diabetes.[7][8] From December 2019, Monday evenings became designated as \"Ladies-Only Night\".[9]","title":"Oxygen Park"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Post Covid pandemic effect people across the world started realizing need for having natural oxygen parks which can meet the requirement of oxygen for the people in the region\nIt is dense mini forest area of several trees planted based on the oxygen emission level and requirement of the region based on people","title":"Environmental"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World Architecture Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Architecture_Festival"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"International Association for Sports and Leisure Facilities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_for_Sports_and_Leisure_Facilities"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Architizer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Kushner"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"International Design Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Design_Awards"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Finalist: World Architecture Festival (2017)[10]\nSilver: International Association for Sports and Leisure Facilities (IAKS) (2019)[11]\nPopular Choice: Architizer A+Awards, in the category \"Landscape & Planning, Public Park\" (2019)[12]\nSilver: International Design Awards, in the category \"Architecture, Landscape\" (2020)[13]","title":"Awards"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Oxygen Park\". www.qf.org.qa. Retrieved 2021-05-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.qf.org.qa/community/oxygen-park","url_text":"\"Oxygen Park\""}]},{"reference":"\"Oxygen Park is a Green Lung in the Doha Desert\". Azure Magazine. 2017-10-10. Retrieved 2021-06-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.azuremagazine.com/article/oxygen-park-green-lung-doha/","url_text":"\"Oxygen Park is a Green Lung in the Doha Desert\""}]},{"reference":"\"Oxygen Park Review\". DohaFamily. Retrieved 2021-06-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://dohafamily.com/things_to_do/oxygen-park-review/","url_text":"\"Oxygen Park Review\""}]},{"reference":"\"Oxygen Park by AECOM | Parks\". Architonic. Retrieved 2021-05-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.architonic.com/en/project/aecom-oxygen-park/5105220","url_text":"\"Oxygen Park by AECOM | Parks\""}]},{"reference":"\"oxygen park in doha, qatar helps people get back to nature, by AECOM\". designboom | architecture & design magazine. 2017-11-29. Retrieved 2021-06-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.designboom.com/architecture/oxygen-park-doha-qatar-aecom-11-29-2017/","url_text":"\"oxygen park in doha, qatar helps people get back to nature, by AECOM\""}]},{"reference":"Stathaki, Ellie (2020-04-24). \"Qatar's Oxygen Park is the perfect antidote to the desert heat\". Wallpaper*. Retrieved 2021-06-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wallpaper.com/architecture/oxygen-park-aecom-doha-qatar","url_text":"\"Qatar's Oxygen Park is the perfect antidote to the desert heat\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallpaper_(magazine)","url_text":"Wallpaper*"}]},{"reference":"\"'Beat Diabetes' walkathon at Education City's Oxygen Park\". Qatar-Tribune. 18 November 2017. Retrieved 2021-05-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.qatar-tribune.com/news-details/id/96667/-beat-diabetes-walkathon-at-education-city-s-oxygen-park/d/20171118","url_text":"\"'Beat Diabetes' walkathon at Education City's Oxygen Park\""}]},{"reference":"\"Diabetes Walkathon tomorrow at Oxygen Park\". www.thepeninsulaqatar.com. 14 Nov 2019. Retrieved 2021-05-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thepeninsulaqatar.com/article/14/11/2019/Diabetes-Walkathon-tomorrow-at-Oxygen-Park","url_text":"\"Diabetes Walkathon tomorrow at Oxygen Park\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ladies-Only Night at Oxygen Park\". www.iloveqatar.net. Retrieved 2021-06-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iloveqatar.net/events/community/ladies-only-night-at-oxygen-park","url_text":"\"Ladies-Only Night at Oxygen Park\""}]},{"reference":"Holmes, Damian (2017-07-07). \"World Architecture Festival Awards shortlist announced\". World Landscape Architecture. Retrieved 2021-05-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldlandscapearchitect.com/world-architecture-festival-awards-shortlist-announced/","url_text":"\"World Architecture Festival Awards shortlist announced\""}]},{"reference":"\"Award 2019 IAKS Worldwide\". iaks.sport. Retrieved 2021-05-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://iaks.sport/awards-archive/award-2019","url_text":"\"Award 2019 IAKS Worldwide\""}]},{"reference":"\"2019 Typology Winners - Architizer A+Awards\". winners.architizer.com. Retrieved 2021-05-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://winners.architizer.com/2019/","url_text":"\"2019 Typology Winners - Architizer A+Awards\""}]},{"reference":"\"Oxygen Park\". International Design Awards. Retrieved 2021-05-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.idesignawards.com/single-winner/9-32613-20/0/","url_text":"\"Oxygen Park\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Design_Awards","url_text":"International Design Awards"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Christian_Krumbein
William C. Krumbein
["1 Awards","2 Notable publications","3 External links"]
William Christian Krumbein (January 28, 1902 – August 18, 1979) was a notable geologist, after whom the Krumbein Medal of the International Association for Mathematical Geology (IAMG) was named. This medal was established at the 25th International Geological Congress in Sydney, in 1976. Krumbein was a founding officer of the IAMG. Krumbein was born at Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania, United States, in January, 1902, and died on August 18, 1979. At his memorial service, it was said of Krumbein "that by constitutionally rejecting conventional wisdom, he continually pursued innovative methods, whereby the natural phenomena of geology could be expressed with mathematical rigor." The legacy left by Krumbein includes his 'Krumbein Scale', a system of measuring 'roundness' or 'sphericity' of particles and the Krumbein phi (φ) scale, a logarithmic scale used for evaluating particle size that is a modification to the older Wentworth scale. Awards 1977, awarded the William H. Twenhofel Medal by the Society for Sedimentary Geology Notable publications W. C. Krumbein and F. J. Pettijohn, Manual of sedimentary petrography, New York, Appleton-Century, 1938 W. C. Krumbein, Measurement and geological significance of shape and roundness of sedimentary particles. Journal of Sedimentary Research; August 1941; v. 11; no. 2; p. 64-72 W. C. Krumbein and L. L. Sloss, Stratigraphy and sedimentation, San Francisco, W. H. Freeman, 1963 W.C. Krumbein and F.A. Graybill, An introduction to statistical models in geology, New York, McGraw-Hill, 1965 External links William Christian Krumbein Medal Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Sweden Czech Republic Netherlands People Deutsche Biographie Trove Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Beaver Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaver_Falls,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Krumbein Scale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grain_size#Krumbein_phi_scale"},{"link_name":"roundness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roundness_(object)"},{"link_name":"sphericity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphericity"},{"link_name":"phi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_size"},{"link_name":"particle size","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_size"},{"link_name":"Wentworth scale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_size"}],"text":"Krumbein was born at Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania, United States, in January, 1902, and died on August 18, 1979. At his memorial service, it was said of Krumbein \"that by constitutionally rejecting conventional wisdom, he continually pursued innovative methods, whereby the natural phenomena of geology could be expressed with mathematical rigor.\"The legacy left by Krumbein includes his 'Krumbein Scale', a system of measuring 'roundness' or 'sphericity' of particles and the Krumbein phi (φ) scale, a logarithmic scale used for evaluating particle size that is a modification to the older Wentworth scale.","title":"William C. Krumbein"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William H. Twenhofel Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_H._Twenhofel_Medal"},{"link_name":"Society for Sedimentary Geology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_Sedimentary_Geology"}],"text":"1977, awarded the William H. Twenhofel Medal by the Society for Sedimentary Geology","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"W. C. Krumbein and F. J. Pettijohn, Manual of sedimentary petrography, New York, Appleton-Century, 1938W. C. Krumbein, Measurement and geological significance of shape and roundness of sedimentary particles. Journal of Sedimentary Research; August 1941; v. 11; no. 2; p. 64-72W. C. Krumbein and L. L. Sloss, Stratigraphy and sedimentation, San Francisco, W. H. Freeman, 1963W.C. Krumbein and F.A. Graybill, An introduction to statistical models in geology, New York, McGraw-Hill, 1965","title":"Notable publications"}]
[]
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[]
[{"Link":"http://www.iamg.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=117&Itemid=153","external_links_name":"William Christian Krumbein Medal"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/16373/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000108669196","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/7452233","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJjHfRk6bkCrf3pvchC84q","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb122829890","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb122829890","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/117738662","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007592232205171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50047937","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://libris.kb.se/wt7bjhmf10fql3b","external_links_name":"Sweden"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=mzk2014834359&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p129124036","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd117738662.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/896926","external_links_name":"Trove"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/031655904","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitakyushu_Champions_Cup
Kitakyushu Champions Cup
["1 Results","2 See also"]
Kitakyushu Champions' CupSportWheelchair BasketballFounded2003Official websiteIWBF The Kitakyushu Champions Cup commemorates the 2002 Gold Cup World Wheelchair Basketball Championships in Kitakyushu, which was the first to be held in Asia. 2011 tournament is the ninth to be held, demonstrating the vitality of our citizens and the united efforts of volunteers, and also promoting Kitakyushu City as a model barrier-free city. This tournament is being held as the first-ever world club team championships. Results Years Winner 2003 Australia (1) 2004 Japan (1) 2005 Australia (2) 2006 Team Ontario (1) 2007 Perth Wheelcats (1) 2008 Galatasaray SK (1) 2009 Galatasaray SK (2) 2010 RSV Lahn-Dill (1) 2011 Galatasaray SK (3) 2012 Galatasaray SK (4) 2013 Australia (3) 2014 日本 2015 イギリス 2016 日本 2017 日本 2018 オランダ 2019 日本 2020 中止 2021 中止 See also Wheelchair basketball IWBF Champions Cup André Vergauwen Cup Willi Brinkmann Cup IWBF Challenge Cup
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kitakyushu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitakyushu"}],"text":"The Kitakyushu Champions Cup commemorates the 2002 Gold Cup World Wheelchair Basketball Championships in Kitakyushu, which was the first to be held in Asia. 2011 tournament is the ninth to be held, demonstrating the vitality of our citizens and the united efforts of volunteers, and also promoting Kitakyushu City as a model barrier-free city. This tournament is being held as the first-ever world club team championships.","title":"Kitakyushu Champions Cup"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Results"}]
[]
[{"title":"Wheelchair basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelchair_basketball"},{"title":"IWBF Champions Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IWBF_Champions_Cup"},{"title":"André Vergauwen Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Vergauwen_Cup"},{"title":"Willi Brinkmann Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willi_Brinkmann_Cup"},{"title":"IWBF Challenge Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IWBF_Challenge_Cup"}]
[]
[{"Link":"http://www.iwbf.org/","external_links_name":"IWBF"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fand%C3%A8ne
Fandène
["1 History","2 Population","3 Geography","4 Activities","5 See also","6 Notes","7 Bibliography","8 External links"]
Coordinates: 14°27′N 16°55′W / 14.450°N 16.917°W / 14.450; -16.917Part of a series onSerers and Serer religion Deities Roog Kopé Tiatie Cac Kokh Kox Takhar Tiurakh Main doctrines Animism Astronomy Divination Intercession of saints Rainmaker Sacred places Baol Cekeen Tumulus Fandène Fatick Index of holy sites Saloum Senegambian stone circles Sine Somb Tassili n'Ajjer Point of Sangomar Thiouthioune Tukar Yaboyabo Related articles Lamane Pangool Saltigue Serer prehistory Serer creation myth Serer people States headed by Serer Lamanes Timeline of Serer history Xooy Notable figures Amar Godomat Lamane Jegan Joof Issa Laye Thiaw Maad Semou Njekeh Joof Index of Serer patriarchs Index of Serer matriarchs Relations with other religions Serer views on incarnation Serer history Persecution By Muslims By Christians) Serer views on interfaith marriage Serer views on heaven and hell Education Ndut initiation rite See also Index of articles relating to Serer history Index of articles relating to Serer religion Index of all articles relating to Serer people Serer people category Serer religion categoryvte Fandène (Serer : Fanđan, or Fandane or Mbel Fandane) is a small village in Senegal about 7 km from Thiès. It is inhabited by the Serer people. History Fandène or Fandane was one of the villages of the precolonial Serer Kingdom of Sine. On 18 July 1867 at the Battle of Fandane-Thiouthioune (commonly known as the Battle of Somb), a war took place there at the stream of Fandane between the Serer people (followers of Serer religion) led by their King Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof and his army and the Muslim Marabouts of Senegambia led by Maba Diakhou Bâ and his army. The Serer forces defeated the Muslim Marabouts when they tried to launch a jihad and conquer Sine. Maba Diakhou Bâ was killed in that battle. Population About 5000 inhabitants Geography The closest localities are Thies, Lalane, Somb, Mont-rolland, Peykouk, Keur Dembaand Keur Diour, Thiouthioune. Activities A traditional market is held there every Wednesday. In January 2011, The Festival of Farmer's Seeds was also held there. See also Serer people Kingdom of Sine Kingdom of Saloum Serer religion Senegal portalGeography portal Notes ^ Gravrand, Henry, La civilisation sereer, vol. II : Pangool, Nouvelles éditions africaines, Dakar, 1990, p 474, ISBN 2-7236-1055-1 ^ Sarr, Alioune, Histoire du Sine-Saloum, Introduction, bibliographie et Notes par Charles Becker, BIFAN, Tome 46, Serie B, n° 3-4, 1986–1987. pp 37-39 ^ Enda Pronat (in French) Bibliography (in French) M. B. Gueye, Conflits et alliances entre agriculteurs et éleveurs : le cas du Goll de Fandène, IIED Dryland Network Programme Issue Paper n° 49, 1994 (in French) Abbé Ruffray, « Fandène en liesse, fête le jubilé de ses premiers chrétiens », Horizons africains, n° 136, février 1962, p. 10-12 Sarr, Alioune, Histoire du Sine-Saloum, Introduction, bibliographie et Notes par Charles Becker, BIFAN, Tome 46, Serie B, n° 3–4, 1986–1987. pp 37–39 Gravrand, Henry, La civilisation sereer, vol. II : Pangool, Nouvelles éditions africaines, Dakar, 1990, p 474, ISBN 2-7236-1055-1 External links (in English) Maps, weather and airports for Fandane 14°27′N 16°55′W / 14.450°N 16.917°W / 14.450; -16.917 vteSerer topicsPeoples Laalaa Ndut Niominka Noon Palor Saafi Seex ReligionKey topics Ciiɗ Classical Ndut teachings Creation myth Criticism Festivals Jaaniiw Junjung Lamane Pangool Religion Sadax Saltigue Symbolism Women Xooy Supreme deities Kokh Kox Koox Kopé Tiatie Cac Roog (main) Other deities Kumba Njaay Takhar Tiurakh Sacred sites Fatick Sine River Sine-Saloum Somb Point of Sangomar Tattaguine Tukar Yaboyabo History Amar Godomat Cekeen Tumuli Khasso Kingdom of Baol Kingdom of Biffeche kingdom of Saloum Kingdom of Sine Serer prehistory Serer history States headed by Serer Lamanes Battle of Fandane-Thiouthioune Battle of Logandème Timeline of Serer history Western Sahara DemographicsBy region Gambia Mauritania Senegal Serer country Languages Cangin Lehar/Laalaa Ndut Noon Palor Safen Serer Culture Birth Chere (or saay) Death Inheritance Marriage Mbalax Njuup Sabar Tama Tassu Njom RoyaltyKings (Maad) andLamanes (ancient kings / landowners) Lamane Jegan Joof Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Fa Ndeb Joof Maad a Sinig Mahecor Joof Maad a Sinig Maysa Wali Jaxateh Manneh Maad a Sinig Ama Joof Gnilane Faye Joof Maad Ndaah Njemeh Joof Maad Semou Njekeh Joof Queens & Queen Mothers Lingeer Fatim Beye Lingeer Ndoye Demba Lingeer Ngoné Dièye Lingeer Selbeh Ndoffene Joof Serer maternal clans Dynasties androyal houses Faye family Guelowar Joof family Joos Maternal Dynasty The Royal House of Boureh Gnilane Joof The Royal House of Jogo Siga Joof The Royal House of Semou Njekeh Joof Families androyal titles Buumi Faye family Joof family Lamane Lingeer Loul Maad Maad Saloum Maad a Sinig Ngum family Njie family Sarr family Sene family Teigne Thilas Related people Jola people Lebu people Toucouleur people Wolof people This Senegal location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Bailey
Jonathan Bailey
["1 Early life","2 Career","2.1 Beginnings as a child actor (1995–2010)","2.2 Rising popularity and breakthrough (2011–2017)","2.3 Worldwide recognition (2018–present)","3 Public image","4 Personal life","5 Acting credits and awards","6 References","7 External links"]
English actor For other uses, see Jonathan Bailey (disambiguation). Jonathan BaileyBailey in 2015Born (1988-04-25) 25 April 1988 (age 36)Wallingford, Oxfordshire, EnglandOccupationActorYears active1995–presentWorksRoles and awards Jonathan Stuart Bailey (born 25 April 1988) is an English actor. Known for his comedic, dramatic, and musical roles on stage and screen, he is the recipient of a Laurence Olivier Award and a Critics' Choice Television Award. Bailey began his career as a child actor in Royal Shakespeare Company productions and by eight was performing as Gavroche in a West End production of Les Misérables. He has since starred in contemporary plays such as South Downs in 2012, The York Realist in 2018, and Cock in 2022; in classical plays like the Royal National Theatre's Othello in 2013 and Chichester Festival Theatre's King Lear in 2017; as well as in musicals, namely the London revival of The Last Five Years in 2016 and the West End gender-swapped revival of Company for which he won the Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role in a Musical in 2019. On screen, Bailey starred in the action-adventure series Leonardo (2011–2012) and the musical-comedy Groove High (2012–2013) before becoming known for his roles in the crime drama Broadchurch (2013–2015), the satire W1A (2014–2017), and the comedy Crashing (2016). He gained international recognition for his portrayal of Anthony, Viscount Bridgerton, in the Regency romance series Bridgerton (2020–present). Bailey has since starred in the romantic drama miniseries Fellow Travelers (2023), for which he won a Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actor. Early life Jonathan Stuart Bailey was born on 25 April 1988 in Wallingford, Oxfordshire, the son of a mother who worked as an audiologist and a father who was a managing director for Rowse Honey. He grew up in nearby Benson and Brightwell-cum-Sotwell, and has three older sisters. He described his upbringing as a "co-operative of four brilliant women and a dad who has an incredible work ethic". He decided that he wanted to be an actor at the age of five after his grandmother took him to see a production of Oliver! in London. His first ever appearance on stage was in a primary school production of Noah's Ark, playing a raindrop. Bailey attended the local Church of England-affiliated Benson Primary School, then The Oratory School while taking ballet lessons. He later had a music scholarship to Magdalen College School, Oxford, where he played the piano and clarinet. After securing a talent agent at 15 years old and booking acting roles, he eventually declined his university acceptance offer and opted not to go to drama school, later saying that this kept him grounded in the performing arts: "I've never gone in as the overdog, and that's liberating and I don't want that to ever change. I just want to allow my own experiences to come through." Career See also: List of roles and awards of Jonathan Bailey Beginnings as a child actor (1995–2010) The Barbican Theatre where Bailey made his professional acting debut at the age of seven for the Royal Shakespeare Company Through his dance club in Henley-on-Thames, Bailey auditioned for and landed the alternating roles of Tiny Tim and Young Scrooge in the 1995 Royal Shakespeare Company (RSC) production of A Christmas Carol at the Barbican Theatre in London at seven years old. He sang "Where Is Love?" from Oliver! for his audition. The following year, he made his television debut in the Victorian period drama Bramwell. Bailey also played Little Baptiste in the RSC's 1996 production of Les Enfants du Paradis. By eight years old, he was performing as Gavroche in a West End production of Les Misérables. In 2001, Bailey played Prince Arthur for the RSC's King John. He made his feature film debut in 2004 in Five Children and It, a film adaptation of E. Nesbit's fantasy novel of the same name. In 2006, on the day of his last A levels, he started rehearsing for a revival of the play Beautiful Thing in London, taking over the lead role from Andrew Garfield. The Telegraph wrote that Bailey "memorably lit up" the production. This was followed by guest roles in long-running British television staples like Doctors and The Bill. His first leading role on television was in the 2009 BBC sitcom Off the Hook about a group of university freshers. Rising popularity and breakthrough (2011–2017) In 2011, Bailey played the titular Leonardo da Vinci in the 2011 CBBC action-adventure series Leonardo, which follows a young Leonardo and his friends in 15th century Florence. The show ran for two series, spawned an online game, and received four KidScreen Awards. The same year, he starred in the comedy Campus, a semi-improvised sitcom in which he played Flatpack, a student athlete with Olympic potential. Bailey was nominated for Outstanding Newcomer at the Evening Standard Theatre Awards for his performance in David Hare's well-received play South Downs at Minerva Theatre in 2011, and its later transfer to Harold Pinter Theatre the following year.The Telegraph described him as a future star and one of "the brightest up-and-coming actors currently starring on the West End stage." He also led the Disney Channel musical-comedy Groove High playing the popstar Tom which ran from 2012 to 2013 for 26 episodes and was a mixture of live action and animation where Bailey sang and also did the voiceover of his character's animated form. Bailey in 2014 In 2013, Bailey rose to popularity for playing the local journalist Olly Stevens in the first two series of the hit crime-drama Broadchurch on ITV. On stage, he was cast by then Royal National Theatre's artistic director Nicholas Hytner as Cassio in his production of William Shakespeare's Othello at the Olivier Theatre in 2013. The production was shown to cinemas via National Theatre Live. His "likable, open-faced", and "smoothly ambitious" Cassio was "splendid", per The Washington Post. Hytner also directed Bailey in one of the vignettes for National Theatre Live: 50 Years On Stage where he played Valentine Coverly from Tom Stoppard's Arcadia. Bailey originated the role of Tim Price in Duncan Sheik's musical American Psycho directed by Rupert Goold at the Almeida Theatre. He then guest starred in the Doctor Who episode "Time Heist" in 2014. The episode was described by The Independent as "a fast-paced caper" with Bailey stealing the show with his compelling performance as augmented human Psi. He also had a supporting role in the 2014 period film Testament of Youth based on the First World War memoir of Vera Brittain. Bailey returned to comedy in the 2014 satirical show W1A as BBC employee Jack, a role he would play for three series. In 2016, Bailey starred as Sam, a sex-obsessed estate agent in Phoebe Waller-Bridge's first television project Crashing, which W magazine described as a "twisted version of Friends". He also played Herod in the American biblical drama film The Young Messiah, based on a novel by Anne Rice. The same year, he headlined the London production of the musical The Last Five Years as Jamie with music, lyrics and direction by Jason Robert Brown at St. James Theatre. The Stage's Mark Shenton called the production "poignant" turning "each song into a masterclass of storytelling" with Bailey "a real vocal surprise with his haunting renditions of 'If I Didn't Believe in You' and 'Nobody Needs to Know'." Edward Seckerson of The Arts Desk wrote, in his five-star review, that Bailey was "sensationally good" and delivered tour-de-force musical performances of 'Moving Too Fast' and 'The Schmuel Song'. Bailey appeared alongside Ian McKellen in the acclaimed production of King Lear at Chichester Festival Theatre in 2017. He received rave reviews for his performance as Edgar which the Evening Standard described as "a touching study of transformation". Bailey also made a guest appearance in series two episode two of Michaela Coel's sitcom Chewing Gum in 2017 where he played Ash, a romantic interest to Coel's character Tracey. He followed this up with a role in the 2017 biographical film The Mercy directed by James Marsh. Worldwide recognition (2018–present) From February to April 2018, Bailey starred in Donmar Warehouse-Sheffield Theatres co-production of Peter Gill's The York Realist. The Evening Standard, The Arts Desk, and Sunday Express gave the production five stars, with The Independent calling it "a pitch-perfect, impeccably acted production" in its own five-star review. "He just blossomed. He just became the most competent theatre actor that I think we have in this country. He's the nicest person you could ever hope to meet. But when he acts, he can have an edge, which can feel dangerous in a great way. An unpredictability." –Marianne Elliott on Bailey who she has directed in acclaimed productions of the musical Company and the play Cock in the West End Bailey joined the 2018 West End production of Stephen Sondheim's Company directed by Marianne Elliott. He originated the gender-swapped role of Jamie which was initially written as a female character named Amy. Per The Times, Bailey "received an ovation every night after completing the infamous 'Getting Married Today' a rat-tat-tat, mile-a-minute technical feat, lyrically, about marriage jitters." His "lightning-fast, show-stopping rendition of the song became a must-see West End event" according to Variety, and won him the 2019 Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role in a Musical. Since 2020, Bailey has starred in the Shondaland-produced Netflix series Bridgerton, an adaptation of Julia Quinn's Regency romance novels, as Anthony, Viscount Bridgerton. His portrayal was critically acclaimed, and gained him international recognition. The second series, which centered around his character, became the most watched English-language television series on Netflix at the time with 656.16 million hours viewed in its first 28 days of release, and debuted number one in 92 countries on the platform on 25 March 2022. Kevin Fallon of The Daily Beast elaborating on Bailey's "exquisite lead performance", wrote that "he has an exceptional ability to carry his angst, pain, and guilt with him without bogging down things into a somber drag." Bailey headlined the acclaimed 2022 West End revival of Mike Bartlett's play Cock at the Ambassadors Theatre, reuniting him with his Company director Elliot. The Observer's Kate Kellaway called it an "immaculate production", with The Arts Desk writing that it was "brutal, bruising, and brilliant". In the lead role, Bailey's "terrific performance" was "utterly captivating", with Variety's David Benedict writing that his "whiplash comic timing lifts his character from self-obsessed to scintillating, a quality he uses both artfully and artlessly." In 2023, Bailey starred opposite Matt Bomer in the Showtime adaptation of Fellow Travelers. For his performance, Bailey won the Critics' Choice Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Miniseries. Bailey will next play Fiyero in the two-part movie musical Wicked, based on the musical of the same name. In 2024, Bailey entered talks to star in fourth installment of the Jurassic World film series. Public image Bailey has been described by the media as a sex symbol whose fans, according to the Los Angeles Times, span "all genders and orientations". TIME magazine included Bailey in its annual class of Next Generation Leaders in 2022, writing that he is "redefining the 'Hollywood Heartthrob'". Bailey at the Ambassadors Theatre stage door in 2022 Critic Peter Travers described Bailey as "a dynamite actor equally adept at drama and musicals." Describing Bailey's off-screen persona, The Cut's Kerensa Cadenas noted that talking to him is "a lesson in charm – he's personable, super-handsome, and utterly hilarious." Douglas Greenwood of GQ wrote that "dispositionally, he's one of those actors who'd rather work than be famous", with Charlie Brinkhurst-Cuff of The New York Times writing that Bailey took to heart "the advice given to him at 23, he said, by the theater director Nicholas Hytner: Always keep working." Phoebe Waller-Bridge described her former co-star as "completely brilliant... unbelievably charismatic in real life and so energetic", "Jonny operates at a different voltage. He's a meteorite of fun with an incredible amount of energy and playfulness." Patti LuPone, Bailey's Company co-star, declared him "the biggest star in the world" in 2021 after consecutive successes on stage and screen, adding that he is "quite open as a human being. I love him." Marianne Elliott recalled that Sondheim was enamored with Bailey. Three days before the composer died in 2021, Elliott told him that Bailey would be starring in the play Cock. Sondheim "literally stopped in his tracks, closed his eyes, put his hand on his chest and said, 'Be still my beating heart,'" Elliott recounted. Variety included Bailey in its Power of Pride list of most influential queer artists in Hollywood in 2022. Attitude featured Bailey in their inaugural list of "LGBTQ+ trailblazers changing the world" in 2020. GQ described him as "one of the few gay British actors working onscreen whose roles don't seem defined wholly by their sexuality." Pride declared that he is proof gay actors can convincingly play straight roles, with Out writing that Bailey's visibility is inspiring LGBTQ+ performers to come out. Personal life Bailey resides in Hove, where he goes swimming in the sea every morning for "exhilaration, invigoration, and resuscitation". An avid cyclist, he has also competed in marathons and triathlons, in addition to being fond of paddleboarding and mountaineering. In 2018, he hiked to Everest Base Camp in Nepal; the following year, he climbed Ben Nevis, Scafell Pike, and Snowdon within 24 hours (the National Three Peaks Challenge) to raise money for the Scottish branch of the Motor Neurone Disease Association. Bailey privately came out as gay to friends and family in his early 20s, but did not comment on it in public for another decade. Although cautious of discussing his sexuality, which he sees as a personal matter that "becomes a commodity and a currency", he is committed to visibility and representation: "If I can fill spaces that I didn't have growing up then I feel like that's a really brilliant thing." He also called this "something always strive to do". In 2023, Bailey attended an event organised by the Human Rights Campaign (HRC) in Washington, D.C. The following day, a man from Pennsylvania saw the HRC hat Bailey was wearing in a coffee shop and threw it on the ground; when Bailey picked the hat back up, the man threatened to shoot him, but quickly left when a woman started filming the incident on her phone. Acting credits and awards Main article: List of roles and awards of Jonathan Bailey References ^ a b Low, Alex (13 March 2022). "Q&A: Jonathan Bailey talks Bridgerton and what to expect from season 2". Yahoo!. Archived from the original on 10 May 2022. Retrieved 8 May 2022. ...it was Bailey's performance as Anthony Bridgerton that garnered acclaim from both critics and audiences. ^ a b Kelsie, Gibson (25 March 2022). "Everything to Know About Bridgerton Star Jonathan Bailey". People. Archived from the original on 16 April 2022. Retrieved 24 April 2022. Jonathan Bailey has gained critical acclaim for his role as Anthony on Netflix's Bridgerton. ^ a b "20 Questions with ... South Downs' Jonathan Bailey". What's One Stage. 19 April 2012. Archived from the original on 28 April 2012. Retrieved 2 October 2012. ^ "Next Bridgerton star is Wallingford actor". Oxford Mail. 17 April 2021. Retrieved 23 May 2022. ^ a b Harrison, Emma (30 April 2013). "'Teacher inspired me' says Broadchurch star". Oxford Mail. Archived from the original on 10 November 2021. Retrieved 10 January 2021. ^ a b Harrison, Emma (30 April 2013). "'Teacher inspired me' says Broadchurch star". Oxford Mail. Retrieved 27 May 2023. ^ a b c d Thomas-Corr, Johanna (8 February 2018). "Why Jonathan Bailey wants to tell stories that humanise LGBT history". Evening Standard. Archived from the original on 8 April 2022. Retrieved 8 April 2022. ^ a b c Craik, Laura (17 March 2021). "Jonathan Bailey: 'Bridgerton has raised the bar for representation'". Evening Standard. Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2022. ^ a b Wise, Louis (20 December 2020). "Jonathan Bailey: brilliant from top to bottom". The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. Archived from the original on 15 April 2022. Retrieved 15 April 2022. ^ Valentini, Valentina (29 December 2020). "The 'Bridgerton' Cast Questionnaire: Jonathan Bailey On What He Has in Common With Anthony Bridgerton". Shondaland. Archived from the original on 3 May 2022. Retrieved 3 May 2022. ^ Elliott, Marianne (29 March 2022). "Jonathan Bailey | Because Bravery Moves So Damned Well Across The Floor". Flaunt. Archived from the original on 29 March 2022. Retrieved 30 March 2022. ^ a b c d e Brinkhurst-Cuff, Charlie (14 April 2022). "Jonathan Bailey Is Keeping Busy". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 15 April 2022. Retrieved 15 April 2022. ^ a b "Leonardo: Jonathan Bailey plays Leonardo". BBC Press Office. 28 March 2011. Archived from the original on 12 January 2021. Retrieved 10 January 2021. ^ a b Shenton, Mark (27 October 2016). "Interview with Jonathan Bailey". The Stage. Archived from the original on 3 May 2022. Retrieved 3 May 2022. ^ "Introducing... Jonathan Bailey". Official London Theatre. 23 April 2012. Archived from the original on 12 January 2021. Retrieved 10 January 2021. ^ "A Christmas Carol". RSC Performances. Archived from the original on 23 April 2021. Retrieved 10 January 2021. ^ Bridgerton | First Times with Phoebe Dynevor and Jonathan Bailey, 10 January 2021, retrieved 12 June 2022 ^ Valentini, Valentina (25 March 2022). "Jonathan Bailey Has Always Had Anthony Bridgerton's Back". Shondaland. Archived from the original on 9 April 2022. Retrieved 10 May 2022. ^ "King John (2001, Royal Shakespeare Company)". internetshakespeare.uvic.ca. Retrieved 15 May 2022. ^ "Five Children and It (2004)". British Film Institute. Archived from the original on 4 August 2021. Retrieved 8 May 2022. ^ "On the road". The Daily Telegraph. 16 July 2007. Retrieved 15 May 2022. ^ "11 Jonathan Bailey Roles You'd Forgotten He Played Before Bridgerton". HuffPost. 20 March 2022. Archived from the original on 18 April 2022. Retrieved 10 May 2022. ^ "Off The Hook – BBC3 Sitcom". British Comedy Guide. Archived from the original on 7 May 2021. Retrieved 8 May 2022. ^ "BBC commissions Kindle and Plug-in Media for online games". Archived from the original on 6 May 2021. Retrieved 8 May 2022. ^ "And the 2012 Kidscreen Awards go to..." Archived from the original on 24 October 2016. Retrieved 8 May 2022. ^ "2013 Kidscreen Awards nominees announced". Archived from the original on 2 March 2022. Retrieved 8 May 2022. ^ "Campus Characters". British Comedy Guide. Archived from the original on 29 November 2020. Retrieved 8 May 2022. ^ "London Evening Standard Theatre Awards 2012 — Longlist revealed". Evening Standard. 29 October 2012. Archived from the original on 3 December 2012. Retrieved 5 March 2013. ^ "South Downs / The Browning Version | Theatre review roundup | The Omnivore". www.theomnivore.co.uk. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 3 May 2022. ^ "A constellation of future stars". The Daily Telegraph. 16 April 2012. Retrieved 13 May 2022. ^ "Groove High (TV Series)". Radio Times. Archived from the original on 9 April 2022. Retrieved 8 May 2022. ^ a b c Durrant, Nancy (31 October 2018). "From Broadchurch to the West End: the star of Sondheim's smash hit Company". The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. Archived from the original on 5 February 2021. Retrieved 8 May 2022. ^ "Broadchurch actor pestered for plot". independent. 6 January 2015. Retrieved 13 May 2022. ^ "Jonathan Bailey at the Royal National Theatre". Royal National Theatre. Archived from the original on 13 August 2019. Retrieved 10 May 2022. ^ Marlowe, Sam (24 April 2013). "Othello, National Theatre | reviews, news & interviews | The Arts Desk". theartsdesk.com. Retrieved 14 May 2022. Jonathan Bailey's young, likable, open-faced Cassio ^ Cooter, Maxwell (23 April 2013). "Othello Review". whatsonstage.com. Retrieved 14 May 2022. Jonathan Bailey's smoothly ambitious Cassio ^ Marks, Peter (28 June 2013). "In London theater, a National point of pride". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on 10 May 2022. Retrieved 10 May 2022. the splendid Jonathan Bailey ^ "National Theatre Live: National Theatre 50 Years on Stage (TV)". Paley Center. Retrieved 9 June 2021. ^ Trueman, Matt (7 October 2013). "Doctor Who's Matt Smith set to regenerate ... as American Psycho". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 7 October 2013. Retrieved 7 October 2013. ^ "American Psycho – Online Media Kit". mediakits.concord.com. Archived from the original on 10 May 2022. Retrieved 3 May 2022. ^ "Series 8: Meet Danny Pink – Doctor Who TV". doctorwhotv.co.uk. 24 February 2014. Archived from the original on 2 March 2014. Retrieved 26 February 2014. ^ "Doctor Who, Time Heist, review: Keeley Hawes is marvellous but the Doctor proves the real villain". The Independent. 22 September 2014. Archived from the original on 15 July 2020. Retrieved 8 May 2022. ^ O'Sullivan, Michael (11 June 2015). "'Testament of Youth' captures Vera Brittain's innocence and steely will". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on 28 September 2020. Retrieved 8 May 2022. ^ a b "Former 'Broadchurch' star Jonathan Bailey 'drew on own experiences' for new gay stage role". Attitude.co.uk. 14 September 2018. Archived from the original on 5 April 2022. Retrieved 17 April 2022. ^ "W TV Club: 'Crashing' is Phoebe Waller-Bridge's Twisted Take on 'Friends'". W Magazine. 30 January 2021. Archived from the original on 21 January 2022. Retrieved 8 May 2022. ^ Webster, Andy (13 March 2016). "Review: 'The Young Messiah' Depicts Jesus as a Boy Discovering His Powers". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 10 May 2022. ^ Shenton, Mark (2 November 2016). "The Last Five Years review, St James Theatre, London, 2016". The Stage. Archived from the original on 10 May 2022. Retrieved 4 May 2022. ^ "The Last Five Years, St James Theatre". theartsdesk.com. 4 November 2016. Retrieved 1 June 2022. ^ Shenton, Mark (30 September 2017). "King Lear starring Ian McKellen review at the Minerva Theatre, Chichester – 'intensely moving'". The Stage. Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 10 October 2017. ^ Hitchings, Henry (12 February 2018). "King Lear review: Ian McKellen's intelligent performance is a triumph". Evening Standard. Archived from the original on 4 May 2022. Retrieved 4 May 2022. ^ a b Cadenas, Kerensa (29 December 2020). "Jonathan Bailey's Sideburns Are Real, Thank You". The Cut. Archived from the original on 16 April 2021. Retrieved 8 May 2022. ^ Rosser, Michael (20 May 2015). "Colin Firth's Donald Crowhurst film begins shoot". Screen Daily. Screen International. Archived from the original on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 26 July 2015. ^ Mountford, Fiona (16 February 2018). "The York Realist at Donmar Warehouse brings a world of emotion". Evening Standard. Archived from the original on 10 May 2022. Retrieved 8 May 2022. ^ "The York Realist, Donmar Warehouse review – a miniaturist masterpiece". theartsdesk.com. 14 February 2018. Archived from the original on 14 May 2021. Retrieved 8 May 2022. ^ Arditti, Michael (18 February 2018). "The York Realist review: A portrait of a couple incompatible in everything but emotions". Daily Express. Archived from the original on 20 August 2018. Retrieved 8 May 2022. ^ "The York Realist, review: A pitch-perfect, impeccably acted production". The Independent. 19 February 2018. Archived from the original on 11 May 2021. Retrieved 8 May 2022. ^ "Last Four Weeks". Cock The Play-official Instagram. Retrieved 14 June 2022. ^ a b Wiegand, Chris (16 March 2021). "Patti LuPone meets Jonathan Bailey: 'You're the biggest star in the world!'". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 3 May 2022. Retrieved 3 May 2022. ^ Johnson, Robin (12 July 2018). "Jonathan Bailey & Alex Gaumond join Company revival". Official London Theatre. Archived from the original on 7 April 2019. Retrieved 7 April 2019. ^ Chu, Henry (7 April 2019). "'Come From Away,' 'Company,' 'The Inheritance' Score at Olivier Awards". Variety. Archived from the original on 2 May 2022. Retrieved 2 May 2022. ^ Jones, Marcus. "Meet the cast joining Julie Andrews on 'Bridgerton,' a new show from Shondaland and Netflix". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on 12 April 2022. Retrieved 8 May 2022. ^ a b Sim, Bernardo (15 April 2022). "How Jonathan Bailey's Coming Out Is Influencing Other LGBTQ+ Actors". Out.com. Archived from the original on 15 April 2022. Retrieved 18 April 2022. ^ Maas, Jennifer (19 April 2022). "Bridgerton Season 2 Overtakes Season 1 in Netflix's All-Time TV Rankings". Variety. Retrieved 19 April 2022. ^ "Season 2 has officially cemented its place as the #1 English TV series on Netflix. One month after its premiere on Netflix, the secrets of Lady Whistledown have amassed a whopping 656.16M hours viewed". About Netflix. Retrieved 26 April 2022. ^ Porter, Rick (29 March 2022). "Bridgerton Season 2 Sets Netflix Opening Weekend Viewing Record (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 30 April 2022. ^ Fallon, Kevin (25 March 2022). "Even With Fewer Butts, 'Bridgerton' Is Still Worth Watching". The Daily Beast. Archived from the original on 30 April 2022. Retrieved 8 May 2022. ^ "Jonathan Bailey discusses his latest stage outing in Cock". whatsonstage.com. 25 March 2022. Archived from the original on 16 April 2022. Retrieved 10 May 2022. The acclaimed production runs until 4 June ^ Lukowski, Andrzej (26 September 2021). "Taron Egerton and Jonathan Bailey star in a richly-deserved revival for Mike Bartlett's early hit". Time Out. Archived from the original on 26 October 2021. Retrieved 26 October 2021. ^ Wiltbank, Michael (6 April 2022). "See Jonathan Bailey and Joel Harper-Jackson in New Photos for London's Cock". Playbill. Archived from the original on 8 April 2022. Retrieved 8 April 2022. ^ "The week in theatre: Dogs of Europe; Cock – reviews". The Guardian. 20 March 2022. Archived from the original on 24 April 2022. Retrieved 10 May 2022. ^ "Cock, Ambassadors Theatre review – brutal, bruising and brilliant". theartsdesk.com. 15 March 2022. Archived from the original on 1 May 2022. Retrieved 10 May 2022. ^ Lukowski, Andrzej (16 March 2022). "Taron Egerton makes a good West End acting debut in 'Cock'". Time Out London. Archived from the original on 12 April 2022. Retrieved 10 May 2022. It's Bailey's terrific performance that pulls it over the line ^ "Jonathan Bailey captivates as Taron Egerton's conflicted lover in Cock – review". The Independent. 16 March 2022. Archived from the original on 22 April 2022. Retrieved 9 May 2022. On stage, the star is utterly captivating, pinging back one-liners and prowling on the floor like a house cat with a seductive ease... ^ Benedict, David (16 March 2022). "'Cock' Review: A Blistering West End Production". Variety. Archived from the original on 5 May 2022. Retrieved 9 May 2022. ^ Cordero, Rosy (11 July 2022). "'Fellow Travelers': 'Bridgerton' Star Jonathan Bailey To Star Opposite Matt Bomer In Showtime Limited Series". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved 29 October 2023. ^ "Television nominations announced for the 29th annual Critics' Choice Awards". Critics Choice Association. 5 December 2023. Retrieved 5 December 2023. ^ Malkin, Marc (21 September 2022). "Jonathan Bailey Joins 'Wicked' Movies as Fiyero (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety. Archived from the original on 15 February 2023. Retrieved 21 September 2022. ^ "'Jurassic World': Jonathan Bailey Circling Lead Role In New Movie From Universal And Amblin". Deadline Hollywood. 15 April 2024. Retrieved 10 May 2024. ^ Vaillancourt, Daniel (18 August 2021). "Queer actors are finally playing queer roles. Next up? More chances to play it straight". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 18 April 2022. Retrieved 18 April 2022. ^ Butter, Susannah (13 March 2022). "Bridgerton's Jonathan Bailey: 'Sex scenes? They're less exposing for men'". The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. Archived from the original on 17 April 2022. Retrieved 18 April 2022. ^ "TIME's Next Generation Leaders Class 2022". Time. Retrieved 12 May 2022. ^ "Jonathan Bailey | Next Generation Leaders". Time. ^ America, Good Morning. "Review: 'Bridgerton Season 2' brims over with smoldering romance and unexpected edge". Good Morning America. Retrieved 25 May 2022. ^ a b c d e Greenwood, Douglas (9 March 2022). "Bridgerton's Jonathan Bailey Is Giving Us the Vapors". GQ. Archived from the original on 14 April 2022. Retrieved 15 April 2022. ^ "EXCLUSIVE: Crashing's Phoebe Waller-Bridge On Friends Inspiration, 'Shirt-Shedding' And Her Broadchurch Future". Yahoo! News. 11 January 2016. Retrieved 25 May 2022. ^ Willman, Jem Aswad,Kate Aurthur,Daniel D'Addario,Caroline Framke,Thania Garcia,Shirley Halperin,Marc Malkin,Rebecca Rubin,Ellise Shafer,Jazz Tangcay,Adam B. Vary,Elizabeth Wagmeister,Chris; Aswad, Jem; Aurthur, Kate; D'Addario, Daniel; Framke, Caroline; Garcia, Thania; Halperin, Shirley; Malkin, Marc; Rubin, Rebecca (1 June 2022). "Variety's Power of Pride: 55 Queer Artists and Decision-Makers to Know in 2022". Variety. Retrieved 1 June 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ "Attitude 101: Meet the LGBTQ trailblazers changing the world today". Attitude.co.uk. 30 December 2020. Archived from the original on 18 April 2022. Retrieved 18 April 2022. ^ "Bridgerton star Jonathan Bailey talks sexuality and acting with Sir Ian McKellen". Attitude.co.uk. 30 December 2020. Archived from the original on 7 January 2021. Retrieved 13 January 2021. ^ Henderson, Taylor (30 March 2022). "'Bridgerton' Proves Gay Actors Can Convincingly Play Straight Roles". Pride.com. Archived from the original on 18 April 2022. Retrieved 18 April 2022. ^ "Jonathan Bailey, chapter II". Man About Town. 2020. cover. Retrieved 25 May 2022. ^ Ramírez, Juan A. (21 April 2022). "'Bridgerton's' Jonathan Bailey takes the plunge". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 25 May 2022. ^ "Jonathan Bailey talks Bridgerton, Kate Sheffield and a Sexier season 2". Entertainment Tonight (etonline.com). 21 January 2021. Retrieved 25 May 2022. ^ Hetzel, Megan (27 April 2015). "How celebrities fared at the 2015 London marathon". Runner's World. Retrieved 25 May 2022. ^ Valentini, Valentina (29 December 2020). "The Bridgerton cast questionnaire: Jonathan Bailey on what he has in common with Anthony Bridgerton". Shondaland. Retrieved 25 May 2022. ^ Brinkhurst-Cuff, Charlie (14 April 2022). "Jonathan Bailey is keeping busy". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 15 April 2022. Retrieved 15 April 2022. ^ "Jonathan Bailey: My life was threatened for being gay". 12 December 2023. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jonathan Bailey. Wikiquote has quotations related to Jonathan Bailey. Jonathan Bailey at IMDb  Jonathan Bailey on Instagram Awards for Jonathan Bailey vteCritics' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Limited Series or Movie Zachary Quinto (2013) Matt Bomer (2014) Bill Murray (2015) Jesse Plemons (2016) Sterling K. Brown (2016) Alexander Skarsgård (2017) Ben Whishaw (2018) Stellan Skarsgård (2019) Donald Sutherland (2020) Murray Bartlett (2021) Paul Walter Hauser (2022) Jonathan Bailey (2023) vteLaurence Olivier Award for Best Performance in a Supporting Role in a MusicalMerged Karla Burns (1991) Jenny Galloway (1992) Janie Dee (1993) Sara Kestelman (1994) Tracie Bennett (1995) Sheila Gish (1996) Clive Rowe (1997) James Dreyfus (1998) Shuler Hensley (1999) Jenny Galloway (2000) Miles Western (2001) Martyn Jacques (2002) Paul Baker (2003) The Chorus of Jerry Springer (2004) Conleth Hill (2005) Celia Imrie (2006) Sheila Hancock (2007) Tracie Bennett (2008) Lesli Margherita (2009) Iwan Rheon (2010) Jill Halfpenny (2011) Nigel Harman (2012) Leigh Zimmerman (2013) Stephen Ashfield (2014) Actor George Maguire (2015) David Bedella (2016) Adam J. Bernard (2017) Michael Jibson (2018) Jonathan Bailey (2019) David Bedella (2020) No Ceremony (2021) Elliot Levey (2022) Zubin Varla (2023) Jak Malone (2024) Actress Lorna Want (2015) Lara Pulver (2016) Rebecca Trehearn (2017) Sheila Atim (2018) Patti LuPone (2019) Cassidy Janson (2020) No Ceremony (2021) Liza Sadovy (2022) Beverley Knight (2023) Amy Trigg (2024) vteSatellite Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Series, Miniseries, Limited Series or Television Film Stanley Tucci (1996) Vondie Curtis-Hall (1997) David Clennon (1998) David Schwimmer (2001) Victor Garber / Linus Roache / Eric Roberts (2002) Justin Kirk / Neal McDonough / Jeffrey Tambor (2003) Bill Nighy (2004) Randy Quaid (2005) Tony Plana (2006) David Zayas (2007) Nelsan Ellis (2008) John Lithgow (2009) David Strathairn (2010) Peter Dinklage / Ryan Hurst (2011) Neal McDonough (2012) Aaron Paul (2013) Rory Kinnear (2014) Christian Slater (2015) Ben Mendelsohn (2016) Michael McKean (2017) Hugo Weaving (2018) Jeremy Strong (2019) Jeff Wilbusch (2020) Evan Peters (2021) John Lithgow (2022) Jonathan Bailey (2023) Also see Best Supporting Actor – Television Series. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Israel United States Korea Artists MusicBrainz
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jonathan Bailey (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Bailey_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Laurence Olivier Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Olivier_Award"},{"link_name":"Critics' Choice Television Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critics%27_Choice_Television_Award"},{"link_name":"Royal Shakespeare Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Shakespeare_Company"},{"link_name":"Gavroche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavroche"},{"link_name":"West End","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_End_theatre"},{"link_name":"Les Misérables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Mis%C3%A9rables_(musical)"},{"link_name":"South Downs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Downs_(play)"},{"link_name":"The York Realist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_York_Realist"},{"link_name":"Cock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cock_(play)"},{"link_name":"Royal National Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_National_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Othello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Othello"},{"link_name":"Chichester Festival Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chichester_Festival_Theatre"},{"link_name":"King Lear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Lear"},{"link_name":"The Last Five Years","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Last_Five_Years"},{"link_name":"gender-swapped revival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_(musical)#2018_West_End_gender-swapped_production"},{"link_name":"Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_(musical)"},{"link_name":"Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role in a Musical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Olivier_Award_for_Best_Actor_in_a_Supporting_Role_in_a_Musical"},{"link_name":"Leonardo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_(2011_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Groove High","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groove_High"},{"link_name":"Broadchurch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadchurch"},{"link_name":"W1A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W1A_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Crashing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crashing_(British_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Regency romance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regency_romance"},{"link_name":"Bridgerton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgerton"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:72-2"},{"link_name":"Fellow Travelers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_Travelers_(miniseries)"},{"link_name":"Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critics%27_Choice_Television_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actor_in_a_Movie/Miniseries"}],"text":"For other uses, see Jonathan Bailey (disambiguation).Jonathan Stuart Bailey (born 25 April 1988) is an English actor. Known for his comedic, dramatic, and musical roles on stage and screen, he is the recipient of a Laurence Olivier Award and a Critics' Choice Television Award.Bailey began his career as a child actor in Royal Shakespeare Company productions and by eight was performing as Gavroche in a West End production of Les Misérables. He has since starred in contemporary plays such as South Downs in 2012, The York Realist in 2018, and Cock in 2022; in classical plays like the Royal National Theatre's Othello in 2013 and Chichester Festival Theatre's King Lear in 2017; as well as in musicals, namely the London revival of The Last Five Years in 2016 and the West End gender-swapped revival of Company for which he won the Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role in a Musical in 2019.On screen, Bailey starred in the action-adventure series Leonardo (2011–2012) and the musical-comedy Groove High (2012–2013) before becoming known for his roles in the crime drama Broadchurch (2013–2015), the satire W1A (2014–2017), and the comedy Crashing (2016). He gained international recognition for his portrayal of Anthony, Viscount Bridgerton, in the Regency romance series Bridgerton (2020–present).[1][2] Bailey has since starred in the romantic drama miniseries Fellow Travelers (2023), for which he won a Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actor.","title":"Jonathan Bailey"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wallingford, Oxfordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallingford,_Oxfordshire"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-what-3"},{"link_name":"audiologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audiology"},{"link_name":"Rowse Honey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowse_Honey"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oxford_mail_1-5"},{"link_name":"Benson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benson,_Oxfordshire"},{"link_name":"Brightwell-cum-Sotwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brightwell-cum-Sotwell"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-om_apr_13-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:15-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-7"},{"link_name":"Oliver!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver!"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-what-3"},{"link_name":"Noah's Ark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-9"},{"link_name":"Church of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_England"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-om_apr_13-6"},{"link_name":"The Oratory School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oratory_School"},{"link_name":"Magdalen College School, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdalen_College_School,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oxford_mail_1-5"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-14"}],"text":"Jonathan Stuart Bailey was born on 25 April 1988 in Wallingford, Oxfordshire,[3] the son of a mother who worked as an audiologist and a father who was a managing director for Rowse Honey.[4][5] He grew up in nearby Benson and Brightwell-cum-Sotwell,[6] and has three older sisters.[7][8] He described his upbringing as a \"co-operative of four brilliant women and a dad who has an incredible work ethic\".[7] He decided that he wanted to be an actor at the age of five after his grandmother took him to see a production of Oliver! in London.[3] His first ever appearance on stage was in a primary school production of Noah's Ark, playing a raindrop.[9]Bailey attended the local Church of England-affiliated Benson Primary School,[6] then The Oratory School while taking ballet lessons. He later had a music scholarship to Magdalen College School, Oxford, where he played the piano and clarinet.[5][10] After securing a talent agent at 15 years old and booking acting roles, he eventually declined his university acceptance offer and opted not to go to drama school,[11][12] later saying that this kept him grounded in the performing arts: \"I've never gone in as the overdog, and that's liberating and I don't want that to ever change. I just want to allow my own experiences to come through.\"[13][14]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of roles and awards of Jonathan Bailey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_roles_and_awards_of_Jonathan_Bailey"}],"text":"See also: List of roles and awards of Jonathan Bailey","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Barbican_Centre_(facade).jpg"},{"link_name":"Barbican Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbican_Centre#Performance_halls_and_facilities"},{"link_name":"Royal Shakespeare Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Shakespeare_Company"},{"link_name":"Henley-on-Thames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henley-on-Thames"},{"link_name":"Tiny Tim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiny_Tim_(A_Christmas_Carol)"},{"link_name":"Scrooge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebenezer_Scrooge"},{"link_name":"Royal Shakespeare Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Shakespeare_Company"},{"link_name":"A Christmas Carol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol"},{"link_name":"Barbican Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbican_Theatre"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Where Is Love?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Where_Is_Love%3F"},{"link_name":"Oliver!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver!"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Victorian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_era"},{"link_name":"Bramwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bramwell_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Les Enfants du Paradis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Enfants_du_Paradis"},{"link_name":"Gavroche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavroche"},{"link_name":"West End","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_End_theatre"},{"link_name":"Les Misérables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Mis%C3%A9rables"},{"link_name":"Prince Arthur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_I,_Duke_of_Brittany"},{"link_name":"RSC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Shakespeare_Company"},{"link_name":"King John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_John_(play)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Five Children and It","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Children_and_It_(film)"},{"link_name":"E. Nesbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._Nesbit"},{"link_name":"fantasy novel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Children_and_It"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"A levels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_levels"},{"link_name":"Beautiful Thing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beautiful_Thing_(play)"},{"link_name":"Andrew Garfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Garfield"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-14"},{"link_name":"The Telegraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"British television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_television"},{"link_name":"Doctors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctors_(2000_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Bill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bill"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"Off the Hook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Off_the_Hook_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"Beginnings as a child actor (1995–2010)","text":"The Barbican Theatre where Bailey made his professional acting debut at the age of seven for the Royal Shakespeare CompanyThrough his dance club in Henley-on-Thames, Bailey auditioned for and landed the alternating roles of Tiny Tim and Young Scrooge in the 1995 Royal Shakespeare Company (RSC) production of A Christmas Carol at the Barbican Theatre in London at seven years old.[15][16] He sang \"Where Is Love?\" from Oliver! for his audition.[17] The following year, he made his television debut in the Victorian period drama Bramwell.[18] Bailey also played Little Baptiste in the RSC's 1996 production of Les Enfants du Paradis. By eight years old, he was performing as Gavroche in a West End production of Les Misérables.In 2001, Bailey played Prince Arthur for the RSC's King John.[19] He made his feature film debut in 2004 in Five Children and It, a film adaptation of E. Nesbit's fantasy novel of the same name.[20] In 2006, on the day of his last A levels, he started rehearsing for a revival of the play Beautiful Thing in London, taking over the lead role from Andrew Garfield.[14] The Telegraph wrote that Bailey \"memorably lit up\" the production.[21] This was followed by guest roles in long-running British television staples like Doctors and The Bill.[22] His first leading role on television was in the 2009 BBC sitcom Off the Hook about a group of university freshers.[23]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leonardo da Vinci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci"},{"link_name":"CBBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBBC"},{"link_name":"Leonardo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_(2011_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Florence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-13"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"KidScreen 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Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Pinter_Theatre"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"The Telegraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Telegraph_(London)"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Disney Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney_Channel_(British_and_Irish_TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"Groove High","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groove_High"},{"link_name":"popstar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popstar"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jonathan_Bailey_at_Testament_of_Youth_Premiere_in_October_2014.png"},{"link_name":"Broadchurch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadchurch"},{"link_name":"ITV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITV_(network)"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Royal National Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_National_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Hytner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Hytner"},{"link_name":"William Shakespeare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespeare"},{"link_name":"Othello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Othello"},{"link_name":"Olivier Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_National_Theatre"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"National Theatre Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Theatre_Live"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"The Washington Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post"},{"link_name":"National Theatre Live: 50 Years On Stage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Theatre_Live:_50_Years_On_Stage"},{"link_name":"Tom Stoppard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Stoppard"},{"link_name":"Arcadia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcadia_(play)"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Duncan Sheik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duncan_Sheik"},{"link_name":"American Psycho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Psycho_(musical)"},{"link_name":"Rupert Goold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupert_Goold"},{"link_name":"Almeida Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almeida_Theatre"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Doctor Who","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Who"},{"link_name":"Time Heist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Heist"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"The Independent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Testament of Youth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testament_of_Youth_(film)"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_World_War"},{"link_name":"Vera Brittain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vera_Brittain"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"W1A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W1A_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-44"},{"link_name":"Phoebe Waller-Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoebe_Waller-Bridge"},{"link_name":"Crashing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crashing_(British_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Friends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friends"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Herod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herod_Archelaus"},{"link_name":"biblical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical"},{"link_name":"The Young Messiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Young_Messiah"},{"link_name":"Anne Rice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Rice"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"The Last Five Years","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Last_Five_Years"},{"link_name":"Jason Robert Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Robert_Brown"},{"link_name":"St. James Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._James_Theatre,_London"},{"link_name":"The Stage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Stage"},{"link_name":"Mark Shenton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Shenton"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Edward Seckerson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Seckerson"},{"link_name":"The Arts Desk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Arts_Desk"},{"link_name":"musical performances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_theatre"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Ian McKellen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_McKellen"},{"link_name":"King Lear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Lear"},{"link_name":"Chichester Festival Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chichester_Festival_Theatre"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-7"},{"link_name":"Evening Standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evening_Standard"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Michaela Coel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michaela_Coel"},{"link_name":"Chewing Gum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chewing_Gum_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:16-51"},{"link_name":"The Mercy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mercy"},{"link_name":"James Marsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Marsh_(director)"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-May2015SD-52"}],"sub_title":"Rising popularity and breakthrough (2011–2017)","text":"In 2011, Bailey played the titular Leonardo da Vinci in the 2011 CBBC action-adventure series Leonardo, which follows a young Leonardo and his friends in 15th century Florence.[13] The show ran for two series, spawned an online game,[24] and received four KidScreen Awards.[25][26] The same year, he starred in the comedy Campus, a semi-improvised sitcom in which he played Flatpack, a student athlete with Olympic potential.[27]Bailey was nominated for Outstanding Newcomer at the Evening Standard Theatre Awards for his performance in David Hare's well-received play South Downs at Minerva Theatre in 2011, and its later transfer to Harold Pinter Theatre the following year.[28][29]The Telegraph described him as a future star and one of \"the brightest up-and-coming actors currently starring on the West End stage.\"[30] He also led the Disney Channel musical-comedy Groove High playing the popstar Tom which ran from 2012 to 2013 for 26 episodes and was a mixture of live action and animation where Bailey sang and also did the voiceover of his character's animated form.[31]Bailey in 2014In 2013, Bailey rose to popularity for playing the local journalist Olly Stevens in the first two series of the hit crime-drama Broadchurch on ITV.[32][33] On stage, he was cast by then Royal National Theatre's artistic director Nicholas Hytner as Cassio in his production of William Shakespeare's Othello at the Olivier Theatre in 2013.[34] The production was shown to cinemas via National Theatre Live. His \"likable, open-faced\",[35] and \"smoothly ambitious\"[36] Cassio was \"splendid\",[37] per The Washington Post. Hytner also directed Bailey in one of the vignettes for National Theatre Live: 50 Years On Stage where he played Valentine Coverly from Tom Stoppard's Arcadia.[38]Bailey originated the role of Tim Price in Duncan Sheik's musical American Psycho directed by Rupert Goold at the Almeida Theatre.[39][40] He then guest starred in the Doctor Who episode \"Time Heist\" in 2014.[41] The episode was described by The Independent as \"a fast-paced caper\" with Bailey stealing the show with his compelling performance as augmented human Psi.[42] He also had a supporting role in the 2014 period film Testament of Youth based on the First World War memoir of Vera Brittain.[43] Bailey returned to comedy in the 2014 satirical show W1A as BBC employee Jack, a role he would play for three series.[44]In 2016, Bailey starred as Sam, a sex-obsessed estate agent in Phoebe Waller-Bridge's first television project Crashing, which W magazine described as a \"twisted version of Friends\".[45] He also played Herod in the American biblical drama film The Young Messiah, based on a novel by Anne Rice.[46] The same year, he headlined the London production of the musical The Last Five Years as Jamie with music, lyrics and direction by Jason Robert Brown at St. James Theatre. The Stage's Mark Shenton called the production \"poignant\" turning \"each song into a masterclass of storytelling\" with Bailey \"a real vocal surprise with his haunting renditions of 'If I Didn't Believe in You' and 'Nobody Needs to Know'.\"[47] Edward Seckerson of The Arts Desk wrote, in his five-star review, that Bailey was \"sensationally good\" and delivered tour-de-force musical performances of 'Moving Too Fast' and 'The Schmuel Song'.[48]Bailey appeared alongside Ian McKellen in the acclaimed production of King Lear at Chichester Festival Theatre in 2017.[49] He received rave reviews[7] for his performance as Edgar which the Evening Standard described as \"a touching study of transformation\".[50] Bailey also made a guest appearance in series two episode two of Michaela Coel's sitcom Chewing Gum in 2017 where he played Ash, a romantic interest to Coel's character Tracey.[51] He followed this up with a role in the 2017 biographical film The Mercy directed by James Marsh.[52]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Donmar Warehouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donmar_Warehouse"},{"link_name":"Sheffield Theatres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield_Theatres"},{"link_name":"Peter Gill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Gill_(playwright)"},{"link_name":"The York Realist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_York_Realist"},{"link_name":"Evening Standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evening_Standard"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"The Arts Desk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Arts_Desk"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Sunday Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunday_Express"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"The Independent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Marianne Elliott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marianne_Elliott"},{"link_name":"Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_(musical)"},{"link_name":"Cock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cock_(play)"},{"link_name":"West End","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_End_theatre"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-12"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"non-primary source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources"},{"link_name":"2018 West End production","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_(musical)#2018_West_End_gender-swapped_production"},{"link_name":"Stephen Sondheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Sondheim"},{"link_name":"Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_(musical)"},{"link_name":"Marianne Elliott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marianne_Elliott"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:17-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"The Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times"},{"link_name":"Getting Married Today","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getting_Married_Today_(song)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-9"},{"link_name":"Variety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Laurence_Olivier_Awards"},{"link_name":"Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role in a Musical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Olivier_Award_for_Best_Actor_in_a_Supporting_Role_in_a_Musical"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-60"},{"link_name":"Shondaland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shondaland"},{"link_name":"Netflix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netflix"},{"link_name":"Bridgerton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgerton"},{"link_name":"Julia Quinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Quinn"},{"link_name":"Regency romance novels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgerton_(novel_series)"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:72-2"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:62-62"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-1"},{"link_name":"most watched English-language television series on Netflix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_most-watched_Netflix_original_programming"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:14-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:22-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hollywoodreporter1-65"},{"link_name":"The Daily Beast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Beast"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"Mike Bartlett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Bartlett_(playwright)"},{"link_name":"Cock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cock_(play)"},{"link_name":"Ambassadors Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambassadors_Theatre_(London)"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"The Observer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Observer"},{"link_name":"Kate Kellaway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Kellaway"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"The Arts Desk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Arts_Desk"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"Variety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"Matt Bomer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Bomer"},{"link_name":"Showtime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Showtime_(TV_network)"},{"link_name":"Fellow Travelers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_Travelers_(miniseries)"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"Critics' Choice Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Miniseries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critics%27_Choice_Television_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actor_in_a_Movie/Miniseries"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"Fiyero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiyero"},{"link_name":"Wicked","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicked_(2024_film)"},{"link_name":"musical of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicked_(musical)"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"Jurassic World film series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurassic_World_4"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"}],"sub_title":"Worldwide recognition (2018–present)","text":"From February to April 2018, Bailey starred in Donmar Warehouse-Sheffield Theatres co-production of Peter Gill's The York Realist. The Evening Standard,[53] The Arts Desk,[54] and Sunday Express[55] gave the production five stars, with The Independent calling it \"a pitch-perfect, impeccably acted production\" in its own five-star review.[56]\"He just blossomed. He just became the most competent theatre actor that I think we have in this country. [...] He's the nicest person you could ever hope to meet. But when he acts, he can have an edge, which can feel dangerous in a great way. An unpredictability.\"\n\n\n–Marianne Elliott on Bailey who she has directed in acclaimed productions of the musical Company and the play Cock in the West End[12][57][non-primary source needed]Bailey joined the 2018 West End production of Stephen Sondheim's Company directed by Marianne Elliott.[58] He originated the gender-swapped role of Jamie which was initially written as a female character named Amy.[59] Per The Times, Bailey \"received an ovation every night after completing the infamous 'Getting Married Today' a rat-tat-tat, mile-a-minute technical feat, lyrically, about marriage jitters.\"[9] His \"lightning-fast, show-stopping rendition of the song became a must-see West End event\" according to Variety, and won him the 2019 Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role in a Musical.[60]Since 2020, Bailey has starred in the Shondaland-produced Netflix series Bridgerton, an adaptation of Julia Quinn's Regency romance novels, as Anthony, Viscount Bridgerton.[61] His portrayal was critically acclaimed, and gained him international recognition.[2][62][1] The second series, which centered around his character, became the most watched English-language television series on Netflix at the time with 656.16 million hours viewed in its first 28 days of release,[63][64] and debuted number one in 92 countries on the platform on 25 March 2022.[65] Kevin Fallon of The Daily Beast elaborating on Bailey's \"exquisite lead performance\", wrote that \"he has an exceptional ability to carry his angst, pain, and guilt with him without bogging down things into a somber drag.\"[66]Bailey headlined the acclaimed[67] 2022 West End revival of Mike Bartlett's play Cock at the Ambassadors Theatre, reuniting him with his Company director Elliot.[68][69] The Observer's Kate Kellaway called it an \"immaculate production\",[70] with The Arts Desk writing that it was \"brutal, bruising, and brilliant\".[71] In the lead role, Bailey's \"terrific performance\"[72] was \"utterly captivating\",[73] with Variety's David Benedict writing that his \"whiplash comic timing lifts his character from self-obsessed to scintillating, a quality he uses both artfully and artlessly.\"[74]In 2023, Bailey starred opposite Matt Bomer in the Showtime adaptation of Fellow Travelers.[75] For his performance, Bailey won the Critics' Choice Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Miniseries.[76]Bailey will next play Fiyero in the two-part movie musical Wicked, based on the musical of the same name.[77] In 2024, Bailey entered talks to star in fourth installment of the Jurassic World film series.[78]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sex symbol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_symbol"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times"},{"link_name":"genders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender"},{"link_name":"orientations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_orientation"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"TIME","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TIME"},{"link_name":"Next Generation Leaders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next_Generation_Leaders"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jonathan_Bailey_at_the_Ambassadors_Theatre_Stage_Door,_May_2022.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ambassadors Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambassadors_Theatre_(London)"},{"link_name":"Peter Travers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Travers"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"The Cut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:16-51"},{"link_name":"GQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GQ"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-84"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Hytner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Hytner"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-12"},{"link_name":"Phoebe Waller-Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoebe_Waller-Bridge"},{"link_name":"charismatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charisma"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-84"},{"link_name":"Patti LuPone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patti_LuPone"},{"link_name":"Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_(musical)"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:17-58"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-84"},{"link_name":"Marianne Elliott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marianne_Elliott"},{"link_name":"Sondheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Sondheim"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-12"},{"link_name":"Cock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cock_(play)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-12"},{"link_name":"Variety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"Attitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attitude_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"LGBT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-88"},{"link_name":"GQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GQ"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-84"},{"link_name":"Pride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Here_Media"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"Out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Out_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"come out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Come_out"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:62-62"}],"text":"Bailey has been described by the media as a sex symbol whose fans, according to the Los Angeles Times, span \"all genders and orientations\".[79][80] TIME magazine included Bailey in its annual class of Next Generation Leaders in 2022, writing that he is \"redefining the 'Hollywood Heartthrob'\".[81][82]Bailey at the Ambassadors Theatre stage door in 2022Critic Peter Travers described Bailey as \"a dynamite actor equally adept at drama and musicals.\"[83] Describing Bailey's off-screen persona, The Cut's Kerensa Cadenas noted that talking to him is \"a lesson in charm – he's personable, super-handsome, and utterly hilarious.\"[51] Douglas Greenwood of GQ wrote that \"dispositionally, he's one of those actors who'd rather work than be famous\",[84] with Charlie Brinkhurst-Cuff of The New York Times writing that Bailey took to heart \"the advice given to him at 23, he said, by the theater director Nicholas Hytner: Always keep working.\"[12]Phoebe Waller-Bridge described her former co-star as \"completely brilliant... unbelievably charismatic in real life and so energetic\",[85] \"Jonny operates at a different voltage. He's a meteorite of fun with an incredible amount of energy and playfulness.\"[84] Patti LuPone, Bailey's Company co-star, declared him \"the biggest star in the world\" in 2021 after consecutive successes on stage and screen, adding that he is \"quite open as a human being. I love him.\"[58][84] Marianne Elliott recalled that Sondheim was enamored with Bailey.[12] Three days before the composer died in 2021, Elliott told him that Bailey would be starring in the play Cock. Sondheim \"literally stopped in his tracks, closed his eyes, put his hand on his chest and said, 'Be still my beating heart,'\" Elliott recounted.[12]Variety included Bailey in its Power of Pride list of most influential queer artists in Hollywood in 2022.[86] Attitude featured Bailey in their inaugural list of \"LGBTQ+ trailblazers changing the world\" in 2020.[87][88] GQ described him as \"one of the few gay British actors working onscreen whose roles don't seem defined wholly by their sexuality.\"[84] Pride declared that he is proof gay actors can convincingly play straight roles,[89] with Out writing that Bailey's visibility is inspiring LGBTQ+ performers to come out.[62]","title":"Public image"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hove"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"swimming in the sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_water_swimming"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"marathons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathon"},{"link_name":"triathlons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triathlon"},{"link_name":"paddleboarding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddleboarding"},{"link_name":"mountaineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountaineering"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-7"},{"link_name":"Everest Base Camp in Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everest_base_camps#South_Base_Camp_in_Nepal"},{"link_name":"Ben Nevis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Nevis"},{"link_name":"Scafell Pike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scafell_Pike"},{"link_name":"Snowdon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowdon"},{"link_name":"National Three Peaks Challenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Three_Peaks_Challenge"},{"link_name":"Motor Neurone Disease Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_Neurone_Disease_Association"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-32"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"came out as gay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Came_out_as_gay"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-84"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-44"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-32"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:15-8"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:132-95"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:15-8"},{"link_name":"Human Rights Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Rights_Campaign"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"}],"text":"Bailey resides in Hove,[90] where he goes swimming in the sea every morning for \"exhilaration, invigoration, and resuscitation\".[91] An avid cyclist, he has also competed in marathons and triathlons, in addition to being fond of paddleboarding and mountaineering.[92][93][7] In 2018, he hiked to Everest Base Camp in Nepal; the following year, he climbed Ben Nevis, Scafell Pike, and Snowdon within 24 hours (the National Three Peaks Challenge) to raise money for the Scottish branch of the Motor Neurone Disease Association.[32][94]Bailey privately came out as gay to friends and family in his early 20s,[84] but did not comment on it in public for another decade.[44][32] Although cautious of discussing his sexuality, which he sees as a personal matter that \"becomes a commodity and a currency\",[8] he is committed to visibility and representation: \"If I can fill spaces that I didn't have growing up then I feel like that's a really brilliant thing.\"[95] He also called this \"something [he'll] always strive to do\".[8]In 2023, Bailey attended an event organised by the Human Rights Campaign (HRC) in Washington, D.C. The following day, a man from Pennsylvania saw the HRC hat Bailey was wearing in a coffee shop and threw it on the ground; when Bailey picked the hat back up, the man threatened to shoot him, but quickly left when a woman started filming the incident on her phone.[96]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Acting credits and awards"}]
[{"image_text":"The Barbican Theatre where Bailey made his professional acting debut at the age of seven for the Royal Shakespeare Company","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Barbican_Centre_%28facade%29.jpg/220px-Barbican_Centre_%28facade%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bailey in 2014","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Jonathan_Bailey_at_Testament_of_Youth_Premiere_in_October_2014.png/255px-Jonathan_Bailey_at_Testament_of_Youth_Premiere_in_October_2014.png"},{"image_text":"Bailey at the Ambassadors Theatre stage door in 2022","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Jonathan_Bailey_at_the_Ambassadors_Theatre_Stage_Door%2C_May_2022.jpg/191px-Jonathan_Bailey_at_the_Ambassadors_Theatre_Stage_Door%2C_May_2022.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Low, Alex (13 March 2022). \"Q&A: Jonathan Bailey talks Bridgerton and what to expect from season 2\". Yahoo!. Archived from the original on 10 May 2022. Retrieved 8 May 2022. ...it was Bailey's performance as Anthony Bridgerton that garnered acclaim from both critics and audiences.","urls":[{"url":"https://sg.style.yahoo.com/q-jonathan-bailey-talks-bridgerton-023154992.html","url_text":"\"Q&A: Jonathan Bailey talks Bridgerton and what to expect from season 2\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220510161237/https://sg.style.yahoo.com/q-jonathan-bailey-talks-bridgerton-023154992.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kelsie, Gibson (25 March 2022). \"Everything to Know About Bridgerton Star Jonathan Bailey\". People. Archived from the original on 16 April 2022. Retrieved 24 April 2022. Jonathan Bailey has gained critical acclaim for his role as Anthony on Netflix's Bridgerton.","urls":[{"url":"https://people.com/tv/jonathan-bailey-facts/","url_text":"\"Everything to Know About Bridgerton Star Jonathan Bailey\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220416155232/https://people.com/tv/jonathan-bailey-facts/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"20 Questions with ... South Downs' Jonathan Bailey\". What's One Stage. 19 April 2012. Archived from the original on 28 April 2012. Retrieved 2 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120428141830/http://www.whatsonstage.com/interviews/theatre/london/E8831334852801/20+Questions+With+...+South+Downs%27+Jonathan+Bailey.html","url_text":"\"20 Questions with ... South Downs' Jonathan Bailey\""},{"url":"http://www.whatsonstage.com/interviews/theatre/london/E8831334852801/20+Questions+With+...+South+Downs%27+Jonathan+Bailey.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Next Bridgerton star is Wallingford actor\". Oxford Mail. 17 April 2021. Retrieved 23 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oxfordmail.co.uk/news/19238355.next-bridgerton-star-wallingford-actor/","url_text":"\"Next Bridgerton star is Wallingford actor\""}]},{"reference":"Harrison, Emma (30 April 2013). \"'Teacher inspired me' says Broadchurch star\". Oxford Mail. Archived from the original on 10 November 2021. Retrieved 10 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oxfordmail.co.uk/news/10387560.teacher-inspired-me-says-broadchurch-star/","url_text":"\"'Teacher inspired me' says Broadchurch star\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211110073613/https://www.oxfordmail.co.uk/news/10387560.teacher-inspired-me-says-broadchurch-star/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Harrison, Emma (30 April 2013). \"'Teacher inspired me' says Broadchurch star\". Oxford Mail. Retrieved 27 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oxfordmail.co.uk/news/10387560.teacher-inspired-me-says-broadchurch-star/","url_text":"\"'Teacher inspired me' says Broadchurch star\""}]},{"reference":"Thomas-Corr, Johanna (8 February 2018). \"Why Jonathan Bailey wants to tell stories that humanise LGBT history\". Evening Standard. Archived from the original on 8 April 2022. Retrieved 8 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.standard.co.uk/culture/theatre/jonathan-bailey-on-starring-in-the-york-realist-humanising-lgbt-history-and-the-importance-of-community-a3761256.html","url_text":"\"Why Jonathan Bailey wants to tell stories that humanise LGBT history\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220408064908/https://www.standard.co.uk/culture/theatre/jonathan-bailey-on-starring-in-the-york-realist-humanising-lgbt-history-and-the-importance-of-community-a3761256.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Craik, Laura (17 March 2021). \"Jonathan Bailey: 'Bridgerton has raised the bar for representation'\". Evening Standard. Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.standard.co.uk/insider/bridgerton-jonathan-bailey-anthony-bridgerton-interview-b923366.html","url_text":"\"Jonathan Bailey: 'Bridgerton has raised the bar for representation'\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220413142830/https://www.standard.co.uk/insider/bridgerton-jonathan-bailey-anthony-bridgerton-interview-b923366.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Wise, Louis (20 December 2020). \"Jonathan Bailey: brilliant from top to bottom\". The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. Archived from the original on 15 April 2022. 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One month after its premiere on Netflix, the secrets of Lady Whistledown have amassed a whopping 656.16M hours viewed\". About Netflix. Retrieved 26 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://about.netflix.com/,%20https://about.netflix.com/en/news/top-10-week-of-april-18-anatomy-of-a-scandal-is-the-weeks-most-viewed-title","url_text":"\"Season 2 has officially cemented its place as the #1 English TV series on Netflix. One month after its premiere on Netflix, the secrets of Lady Whistledown have amassed a whopping 656.16M hours viewed\""}]},{"reference":"Porter, Rick (29 March 2022). \"Bridgerton Season 2 Sets Netflix Opening Weekend Viewing Record (Exclusive)\". The Hollywood Reporter. 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It's Bailey's terrific performance that pulls it over the line","urls":[{"url":"https://www.timeout.com/london/theatre/cock-review","url_text":"\"Taron Egerton makes a good West End acting debut in 'Cock'\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220412224318/https://www.timeout.com/london/theatre/cock-review","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Jonathan Bailey captivates as Taron Egerton's conflicted lover in Cock – review\". The Independent. 16 March 2022. Archived from the original on 22 April 2022. Retrieved 9 May 2022. On stage, the star is utterly captivating, pinging back one-liners and prowling on the floor like a house cat with a seductive ease...","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/theatre-dance/reviews/cock-review-taron-egerton-jonathan-bailey-b2036996.html","url_text":"\"Jonathan Bailey captivates as Taron Egerton's conflicted lover in Cock – review\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220422161525/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/theatre-dance/reviews/cock-review-taron-egerton-jonathan-bailey-b2036996.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Benedict, David (16 March 2022). \"'Cock' Review: A Blistering West End Production\". Variety. Archived from the original on 5 May 2022. 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Deadline Hollywood. 15 April 2024. Retrieved 10 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2024/04/jurassic-world-wicked-jonathan-bailey-1235886615/","url_text":"\"'Jurassic World': Jonathan Bailey Circling Lead Role In New Movie From Universal And Amblin\""}]},{"reference":"Vaillancourt, Daniel (18 August 2021). \"Queer actors are finally playing queer roles. Next up? More chances to play it straight\". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 18 April 2022. Retrieved 18 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/awards/story/2021-08-18/queer-actors-in-television-roles","url_text":"\"Queer actors are finally playing queer roles. Next up? More chances to play it straight\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220418115451/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/awards/story/2021-08-18/queer-actors-in-television-roles","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Butter, Susannah (13 March 2022). \"Bridgerton's Jonathan Bailey: 'Sex scenes? They're less exposing for men'\". The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. Archived from the original on 17 April 2022. Retrieved 18 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/bridgertons-jonathan-bailey-sex-scenes-theyre-less-exposing-for-men-s6m7db68j","url_text":"\"Bridgerton's Jonathan Bailey: 'Sex scenes? They're less exposing for men'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0140-0460","url_text":"0140-0460"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220417162939/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/bridgertons-jonathan-bailey-sex-scenes-theyre-less-exposing-for-men-s6m7db68j","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"TIME's Next Generation Leaders Class 2022\". Time. Retrieved 12 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://time.com/collection/next-generation-leaders/#2022-2","url_text":"\"TIME's Next Generation Leaders Class 2022\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jonathan Bailey | Next Generation Leaders\". Time.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oitewpYmQdY&ab_channel=TIME","url_text":"\"Jonathan Bailey | Next Generation Leaders\""}]},{"reference":"America, Good Morning. \"Review: 'Bridgerton Season 2' brims over with smoldering romance and unexpected edge\". Good Morning America. Retrieved 25 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.goodmorningamerica.com/culture/story/review-bridgerton-season-brims-smoldering-romance-unexpected-edge-83636737","url_text":"\"Review: 'Bridgerton Season 2' brims over with smoldering romance and unexpected edge\""}]},{"reference":"Greenwood, Douglas (9 March 2022). \"Bridgerton's Jonathan Bailey Is Giving Us the Vapors\". GQ. Archived from the original on 14 April 2022. 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Retrieved 15 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2022/04/14/arts/television/jonathan-bailey-bridgerton.html","url_text":"\"Jonathan Bailey is keeping busy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220415003213/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/04/14/arts/television/jonathan-bailey-bridgerton.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Jonathan Bailey: My life was threatened for being gay\". 12 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.standard.co.uk/culture/tvfilm/jonathan-bailey-fellow-travelers-paramount-plus-interview-bridgerton-b1126156.html","url_text":"\"Jonathan Bailey: My life was threatened for being gay\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valery_Larbaud
Valery Larbaud
["1 Life","2 Works","3 References","4 External links"]
French writer and poet (1881-1957) Valery LarbaudLarbaud, c.1900Born(1881-08-29)29 August 1881Vichy, FranceDied2 February 1957(1957-02-02) (aged 75)Vichy, FranceOccupationWriter, translator, criticNotable worksFermina Márquez Rue Cardinal-Lemoine n°71, where he lived from 1919 to 1937 Valery Larbaud (29 August 1881 – 2 February 1957) was a French writer and poet. Life He was born in Vichy, the only child of a pharmacist Nicolas Larbaud and Isabelle Bureau des Étivaux. His father died when he was 8, and he was brought up by his mother and aunt. His father had been owner of the Vichy Saint-Yorre mineral water springs, and the family fortune assured him an easy life. He travelled Europe in style. On luxury liners and the Orient Express he carried off the dandy role, with spa visits to nurse fragile health. Poèmes par un riche amateur, published in 1908, received Octave Mirbeau's vote for prix Goncourt. Three years later, his novel Fermina Márquez, inspired by his days as a boarder at Sainte-Barbe-des-Champs at Fontenay-aux-Roses, had some prix Goncourt votes in 1911 but did not win; nonetheless, it is still considered to be a minor classic of French literature and one of Larbaud's best known works. He spoke six languages including English, Italian and Spanish. In France he helped translate and popularise Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Walt Whitman, Samuel Butler, and James Joyce, whose Ulysses was translated by Auguste Morel (1924–1929) under Larbaud's supervision. At home in Vichy, he saw as friends Charles-Louis Philippe, André Gide, Léon-Paul Fargue and Jean Aubry, his future biographer. An attack of hemiplegia and aphasia in 1935 left him paralysed. Having spent his fortune, he had to sell his property and 15,000 book library. Despite his illness, he continued to receive many honorary titles, and in 1952 he was awarded the Grand prix national des Lettres. The prix Valery Larbaud was created in 1967 by L'Association Internationale des Amis de Valery Larbaud, a group founded to promote the author's work. Past winners of this yearly award include J.M.G. Le Clézio, Jacques Réda, Emmanuel Carrère, and Jean Rolin. Works Poèmes par un riche amateur (1908) as A.O. Barnabooth. Fermina Márquez (1911) A.O. Barnabooth (1913) Enfantines (1918) Beauté, mon beau souci (1920) Amants, heureux amants (1923) Mon plus secret conseil... (1923) Ce Vice impuni, la lecture : domaine anglais (1925) Jaune bleu blanc (1927) Aux couleurs de Rome (1938) Ce Vice impuni, la lecture : domaine français (1941) Sous l'invocation de saint Jérôme (1946) Chez Chesterton Ode à une blanchisseuse References ^ "britanica". Retrieved 18 April 2016. MOUSLI, Béatrice, "Valery Larbaud", coll. Grandes Biographies, Paris, Pub. Flammarion, 1998, Grand Prix de la Biographie de l’Académie Française 1998. MOUSLI, Béatrice, "Voyager avec Valery Larbaud", Paris, Pub. La Quinzaine/Louis Vuitton, 2003. France, Peter (Ed.) (1995). The New Oxford Companion to Literature in French. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-866125-8. External links Media related to Valery Larbaud at Wikimedia Commons  French Wikisource has original text related to this article: Auteur:Valery Larbaud  French Wikiquote has quotations related to: Valery Larbaud Works by or about Valery Larbaud at Internet Archive Works by Valery Larbaud (public domain in Canada) Inventory and analysis of Valery Larbaud's non-novelistic writings Université McGill: le roman selon les romanciers (in French) Authority control databases International FAST ISNI 2 VIAF WorldCat National Spain France BnF data Catalonia Germany Israel Belgium United States Sweden Czech Republic Greece Korea Netherlands Poland Portugal Vatican Academics CiNii Artists RKD Artists People Deutsche Biographie Trove Other SNAC IdRef
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Le Clézio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Marie_Gustave_Le_Cl%C3%A9zio"},{"link_name":"Jacques Réda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_R%C3%A9da"},{"link_name":"Emmanuel Carrère","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Carr%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"Jean Rolin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Rolin_(writer)"}],"text":"He was born in Vichy, the only child of a pharmacist Nicolas Larbaud and Isabelle Bureau des Étivaux. His father died when he was 8, and he was brought up by his mother and aunt. His father had been owner of the Vichy Saint-Yorre mineral water springs, and the family fortune assured him an easy life. He travelled Europe in style. On luxury liners and the Orient Express he carried off the dandy role, with spa visits to nurse fragile health.Poèmes par un riche amateur, published in 1908, received Octave Mirbeau's vote for prix Goncourt. Three years later, his novel Fermina Márquez, inspired by his days as a boarder at Sainte-Barbe-des-Champs at Fontenay-aux-Roses, had some prix Goncourt votes in 1911 but did not win; nonetheless, it is still considered to be a minor classic of French literature and one of Larbaud's best known works.He spoke six languages including English, Italian and Spanish. In France he helped translate and popularise Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Walt Whitman, Samuel Butler, and James Joyce, whose Ulysses was translated by Auguste Morel (1924–1929) under Larbaud's supervision.At home in Vichy, he saw as friends Charles-Louis Philippe, André Gide, Léon-Paul Fargue and Jean Aubry, his future biographer. An attack of hemiplegia and aphasia in 1935 left him paralysed. Having spent his fortune, he had to sell his property and 15,000 book library. Despite his illness, he continued to receive many honorary titles, and in 1952 he was awarded the Grand prix national des Lettres.The prix Valery Larbaud was created in 1967 by L'Association Internationale des Amis de Valery Larbaud, a group founded to promote the author's work. Past winners of this yearly award include J.M.G. Le Clézio, Jacques Réda, Emmanuel Carrère, and Jean Rolin.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fermina Márquez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermina_M%C3%A1rquez"}],"text":"Poèmes par un riche amateur (1908) as A.O. Barnabooth.\nFermina Márquez (1911)\nA.O. Barnabooth (1913)\nEnfantines (1918)\nBeauté, mon beau souci (1920)\nAmants, heureux amants (1923)\nMon plus secret conseil... (1923)\nCe Vice impuni, la lecture : domaine anglais (1925)\nJaune bleu blanc (1927)\nAux couleurs de Rome (1938)\nCe Vice impuni, la lecture : domaine français (1941)\nSous l'invocation de saint Jérôme (1946)\nChez Chesterton\nOde à une blanchisseuse","title":"Works"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genghis
Genghis Khan
["1 Name and title","2 Sources","3 Early life","3.1 Birth and childhood","3.2 Adolescence","4 Rise to power","4.1 Early campaigns","4.2 Defeating rivals","5 Early reign: reforms and Chinese campaigns (1206–1215)","5.1 Kurultai of 1206 and reforms","5.2 Consolidation of power (1206–1210)","5.3 Campaign against the Jin (1211–1215)","6 Later reign: western expansion and return to China (1216–1227)","6.1 Defeating rebellions and Qara Khitai (1216–1218)","6.2 Invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire (1219–1221)","6.3 Return to China and final campaign (1222–1227)","7 Family","7.1 Succession","8 Death and aftermath","9 Character and achievements","10 Legacy and historical assessment","10.1 Mongolia","10.2 Elsewhere","11 References","11.1 Notes","11.2 Citations","11.3 Bibliography"]
Founder of the Mongol Empire (c. 1162–1227) Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see Genghis Khan (disambiguation), Genghis (disambiguation), Chinggis (disambiguation), and Temujin (disambiguation). Genghis KhanReproduction of a 1278 portrait taken from a Yuan-era album – National Palace Museum, TaipeiKhan of the Mongol EmpireReign1206 – August 1227SuccessorTolui (regent)Ögedei KhanBornTemüjinc. 1162Khentii MountainsDiedAugust 1227Xingqing, Western XiaBurialUnknownSpouse Börte others Issue Jochi Chagatai Ögedei Tolui others NamesMongol script: ᠴᠢᠩᠭᠢᠰ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ Chinggis Khagansee § Name and titlePosthumous nameFatian Qiyun Shengwu Emperor (法天啟運聖武皇帝)Temple nameTaizu (太祖)HouseBorjiginFatherYesugeiMotherHö'elün This article is part of a series aboutGenghis Khan Tribal campaigns Early life Rise to power Dalan Baljut Khalakhaljid Sands Baljuna Covenant Chakirmaut Invasions and conquests Western Xia Jin dynasty Qara Khitai Khwarazmian Empire Legacy Wives Burial place Descendants In popular culture Mausoleum Secret History of the Mongols Statue Category Gallery Quotes vte Genghis Khan (born Temüjin; c. 1162 – August 1227), also known as Chinggis Khan, was the founder and first khan of the Mongol Empire, which he ruled from 1206 until his death in 1227; it later became the largest contiguous empire in history. After spending most of his life uniting the Mongol tribes, he launched a series of military campaigns, conquering large parts of China and Central Asia. Born between 1155 and 1167 and given the name Temüjin, he was the eldest child of Yesugei, a Mongol chieftain of the Borjigin clan, and his wife Hö'elün. When Temüjin was eight, his father died and his family was abandoned by its tribe. Reduced to near-poverty, they managed to survive, although Temüjin killed his half-brother Behter to secure his position. As he grew to manhood, he began to gain followers and formed alliances with two prominent steppe leaders named Jamukha and Toghrul; they worked together to retrieve Temüjin's kidnapped wife Börte. As his reputation grew, his relationship with Jamukha deteriorated into open warfare. Temüjin was decisively defeated in c. 1187, possibly spending the following years as a subject of the Jin dynasty; upon reemerging in 1196, he swiftly began gaining power. Toghrul came to view Temüjin as a threat, and launched a surprise attack on him in 1203. Temüjin retreated, then regrouped and overpowered Toghrul; after defeating the Naiman tribe and executing Jamukha, he was left as the sole ruler on the Mongolian steppe. Temüjin formally adopted the title "Genghis Khan", the meaning of which is uncertain, at an assembly in 1206. Carrying out reforms designed to ensure long-term stability, he then transformed the Mongols' tribal structure into an integrated meritocracy dedicated to the service of the ruling family. After thwarting a coup attempt from a powerful shaman, Genghis began to consolidate his power. In 1209, he led a large-scale raid into the neighbouring Western Xia, who agreed to Mongol terms the following year. He then launched a campaign against the Jin dynasty, which lasted for four years and ended in 1215 with the capture of the Jin capital Zhongdu. His general Jebe annexed the Central Asian state of Qara Khitai in 1218. Genghis was provoked to invade the Khwarazmian Empire the following year following the execution of his envoys; the campaign toppled the Khwarazmian state and devastated the regions of Transoxiana and Khorasan, while Jebe and his colleague Subutai led an expedition that reached Georgia and Kievan Rus'. In 1227, Genghis died while subduing the rebellious Western Xia; following a two-year interregnum, his third son and heir Ögedei acceded to the throne in 1229. Genghis Khan remains a controversial figure. He was generous and intensely loyal to his followers, but ruthless towards his enemies. He welcomed advice from diverse sources in his quest for world domination, for which he believed the shamanic supreme deity Tengri had destined him. The Mongol army under Genghis killed millions of people, yet his conquests also facilitated unprecedented commercial and cultural exchange over a vast geographical area. He is remembered as a backwards, savage tyrant in Russia and the Muslim world, while his legacy has undergone considerable reassessment in recent Western scholarship. He was posthumously deified in Mongolia; modern Mongolians recognise him as the founding father of their nation. Name and title For the uncertain meanings of the name Temüjin and the title Genghis, see the below sections Birth and early life and Kurultai of 1206 respectively. There is no universal romanisation system used for Mongolian; as a result, modern spellings of Mongolian names vary greatly and may result in considerably different pronunciations from the original. The honorific most commonly rendered as "Genghis" ultimately derives from the Mongolian ᠴᠢᠩᠭᠢᠰ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ, which may be romanised as Činggis. This was adapted into Chinese as 成吉思汗 Chéngjísī Hán, and into Persian as چنگیز خان Čəngīz H̱ān. As Arabic lacks a sound similar to , represented in the Mongolian and Persian romanisations by ⟨č⟩, writers transcribed the name as J̌ingiz, while Syriac authors used Šīngīz. In addition to "Genghis", introduced into English during the 18th century based on a misreading of Persian sources, modern English spellings include "Chinggis", "Chingis", "Jinghis", and "Jengiz". His birth name "Temüjin" (ᠲᠡᠮᠦᠵᠢᠨ; 鐵木真 Tiěmùzhēn) is sometimes also spelled "Temuchin" in English. When Genghis's grandson Kublai Khan established the Yuan dynasty in 1271, he bestowed the temple name Taizu (太祖, meaning 'Supreme Progenitor') and the posthumous name Shengwu Huangdi (聖武皇帝, meaning 'Holy-Martial Emperor') upon his grandfather. Kublai's great-grandson Külüg Khan later expanded this title into Fatian Qiyun Shengwu Huangdi (法天啟運聖武皇帝, meaning 'Interpreter of the Heavenly Law, Initiator of the Good Fortune, Holy-Martial Emperor'). Sources 1908 edition of the Secret History of the Mongols15th-century copy of the Jami' al-tawarikh by Rashid al-Din Hamadani As the sources are written in more than a dozen languages from across Eurasia, modern historians have found it difficult to compile information on the life of Genghis Khan. All accounts of his adolescence and rise to power derive from two Mongolian-language sources—the Secret History of the Mongols, and the Altan Debter ('Golden Book'). The latter, now lost, served as inspiration for two Chinese chronicles—the 14th-century History of Yuan and the Shengwu qinzheng lu ('Campaigns of Genghis Khan'). The History of Yuan, while poorly edited, provides a large amount of detail on individual campaigns and people; the Shengwu is more disciplined in its chronology, but does not criticise Genghis and occasionally contains errors. The received text of the Secret History survived through being transliterated into Chinese characters during the 14th and 15th centuries. Its historicity has been disputed: the 20th-century sinologist Arthur Waley considered it a literary work with no historiographical value, but more recent historians have given the work much more credence. Although it is clear that the chronology of the work is suspect and that some passages were removed or modified for better narration, the Secret History is valued highly because the anonymous author is often critical of Genghis Khan: in addition to presenting him as indecisive and as having a phobia of dogs, the Secret History also recounts taboo events such as his fratricide and the possibility of his son Jochi's illegitimacy. Multiple chronicles in Persian have also survived, which display a mix of positive and negative attitudes towards Genghis Khan and the Mongols. Both Minhaj-i Siraj Juzjani and Ata-Malik Juvayni completed their respective histories in 1260. Juzjani was an eyewitness to the brutality of the Mongol conquests, and the hostility of his chronicle reflects his experiences. His contemporary Juvayni, who had travelled twice to Mongolia and attained high position in the administration of a Mongol successor state, was more sympathetic; his account is the most reliable for Genghis Khan's western campaigns. The most important Persian source is the Jami' al-tawarikh ('Compendium of Chronicles') compiled by Rashid al-Din on the order of Genghis's descendant Ghazan in the early 14th century. Ghazan allowed Rashid privileged access to both confidential Mongol sources such as the Altan Debter and to experts on the Mongol oral tradition, including Kublai Khan's ambassador Bolad Chingsang. As he was writing an official chronicle, Rashid censored inconvenient or taboo details. There are many other contemporary histories which include additional information on Genghis Khan and the Mongols, although their neutrality and reliability are often suspect. Additional Chinese sources include the chronicles of the dynasties conquered by the Mongols, and the Song diplomat Zhao Hong, who visited the Mongols in 1221. Persian sources include Ibn al-Athir's Al-Kamil fi al-Tarikh ('The Complete History'), and a biography of the Khwarazmian prince Jalal al-Din by his companion al-Nasawi. There are also several Christian chronicles, including the Georgian Chronicles, and works by Europeans such as Carpini. Early life Birth and childhood The year of Temüjin's birth is disputed, as historians favour different dates: 1155, 1162 or 1167. Some traditions place his birth in the Year of the Pig, which was either 1155 or 1167. While a dating to 1155 is supported by the writings of both Zhao Hong and Rashid al-Din, other major sources such as the History of Yuan and the Shengwu favour the year 1162. The 1167 dating, favoured by Paul Pelliot, is derived from a minor source—a text of the Yuan artist Yang Weizhen—but is more compatible with the events of Genghis Khan's life than a 1155 placement, which implies that he did not have children until after the age of thirty and continued actively campaigning into his seventh decade. 1162 remains the most accepted date; the historian Paul Ratchnevsky notes that Temüjin himself may not have known the truth. The location of Temüjin's birth is similarly debated: the Secret History records his birthplace as Delüün Boldog on the Onon River, but this has been placed at either Dadal in Khentii Province or in southern Agin-Buryat Okrug, Russia. The Onon River, near which Temüjin was born, pictured here in Khentii Province, Mongolia Temüjin was born into the Borjigin clan of the Mongol tribe to Yesügei, a chieftain who claimed descent from the legendary warlord Bodonchar Munkhag, and his principal wife Hö'elün, originally of the Olkhonud clan, whom Yesügei had abducted from her Merkit bridegroom Chiledu. The origin of his birth-name is contested: the earliest traditions hold that his father had just returned from a successful campaign against the Tatars with a captive named Temüchin-uge, after whom he named the newborn in celebration of his victory, while later traditions highlight the root temür (meaning 'iron') and connect to theories that "Temüjin" means 'blacksmith'. Several legends surround Temüjin's birth. The most prominent is that of a blood clot he clutched in his hand as he was born, a motif in Asian folklore which indicated the child would be a warrior. Others claimed that Hö'elün was impregnated by a ray of light which announced the child's destiny, a legend which echoed that of the mythical Borjigin ancestor Alan Gua. Yesügei and Hö'elün had three younger sons after Temüjin: Qasar, Hachiun, and Temüge, as well as one daughter, Temülün. Temüjin also had two half-brothers, Behter and Belgutei, from Yesügei's second wife Sochigel, whose identity is uncertain. The siblings grew up at Yesugei's main camp on the banks of the Onon, where they learned how to ride a horse and shoot a bow. When Temüjin was eight years old, Yesügei decided to betroth him to a suitable girl. He took his heir to the pastures of Hö'elün's prestigious Onggirat tribe, which had intermarried with the Mongols on many previous occasions. There, he arranged a betrothal between Temüjin and Börte, the daughter of an Onggirat chieftain named Dei Sechen . As the betrothal meant Yesügei would gain a powerful ally, and as Börte commanded a high bride price, Dei Sechen held the stronger negotiating position, and demanded that Temüjin remain in his household to work off his future debt. Accepting this condition, Yesügei requested a meal from a band of Tatars he encountered while riding homewards alone, relying on the steppe tradition of hospitality to strangers. However, the Tatars recognised their old enemy, and slipped poison into his food. Yesügei gradually sickened but managed to return home; close to death, he requested a trusted retainer called Münglig to retrieve Temüjin from the Onggirat. He died soon after. Adolescence Yesügei's death shattered the unity of his people, which included members of the Borjigin, Tayichiud, and other clans. As Temüjin was only around ten, and Behter around two years older, neither was considered old enough to rule. The Tayichiud faction excluded Hö'elün from the ancestor worship ceremonies which followed a ruler's death and soon abandoned her camp. The Secret History relates that the entire Borjigin clan followed, despite Hö'elün's attempts to shame them into staying by appealing to their honour. Rashid al-Din and the Shengwu however imply that Yesügei's brothers stood by the widow. It is possible that Hö'elün may have refused to join in levirate marriage with one, resulting in later tensions, or that the author of the Secret History dramatised the situation. All the sources agree that most of Yesügei's people renounced his family in favour of the Tayichiuds and that Hö'elün's family were reduced to a much harsher life. Taking up a hunter-gatherer lifestyle, they collected roots and nuts, hunted for small animals, and caught fish. Tensions developed as the children grew older. Both Temüjin and Behter had claims to be their father's heir: although Temüjin was the child of Yesügei's chief wife, Behter was at least two years his senior. There was even the possibility that, as permitted under levirate law, Behter could marry Hö'elün upon attaining his majority and become Temüjin's stepfather. As the friction, exacerbated by frequent disputes over the division of hunting spoils, intensified, Temüjin and his younger brother Qasar ambushed and killed Behter. This taboo act was omitted from the official chronicles but not from the Secret History, which recounts that Hö'elün angrily reprimanded her sons. Behter's younger full-brother Belgutei did not seek vengeance, and became one of Temüjin's highest-ranking followers alongside Qasar. Around this time, Temüjin developed a close friendship with Jamukha, another boy of aristocratic descent; the Secret History notes that they exchanged knucklebones and arrows as gifts and swore the anda pact—the traditional oath of Mongol blood brothers–at the age of eleven. As the family lacked allies, Temüjin was taken prisoner on multiple occasions. Captured by the Tayichiuds, he escaped during a feast and hid first in the Onon and then in the tent of Sorkan-Shira, a man who had seen him in the river and not raised the alarm. Sorkan-Shira sheltered Temüjin for three days at great personal risk before allowing him to escape. Temüjin was assisted on another occasion by an adolescent named Bo'orchu who aided him in retrieving stolen horses. Soon afterwards, Bo'orchu joined Temüjin's camp as his first nökor ('personal companion'; pl. nökod). These incidents, related by the Secret History, are indicative of the emphasis its author put on Genghis' personal charisma. Rise to power Main article: Rise of Genghis Khan Early campaigns Burkhan Khaldun mountain, where Temüjin hid during the Merkit attack, and which he later came to honour as sacred Temüjin returned to Dei Sechen to marry Börte when he reached the age of majority at fifteen. Delighted to see the son-in-law he feared had been lost, Dei Sechen consented to the marriage and accompanied the newlyweds back to Temüjin's camp; his wife Čotan presented Hö'elün with an expensive sable cloak. Seeking a patron, Temüjin then chose to approach Toghrul, khan (ruler) of the Kerait tribe, who had fought alongside Yesügei and sworn the anda pact with him. Toghrul ruled a vast territory in central Mongolia, but he was suspicious of the loyalty of his chief followers and, after receiving the sable cloak as a gift, he welcomed Temüjin into his protection. The two grew close, and Temüjin began to build a following, as nökod such as Jelme entered into his service. Temüjin and Börte had their first child, a daughter named Qojin, around this time. Soon afterwards, seeking revenge for Yesügei's abduction of Hö'elün, around 300 Merkits raided Temüjin's camp. While Temüjin and his brothers were able to hide on Burkhan Khaldun mountain, Börte and Sochigel were abducted. In accordance with levirate law, Börte was given in marriage to the younger brother of the now-deceased Chiledu. Temüjin appealed for aid from Toghrul and his childhood anda Jamukha, who had risen to become chief of the Jadaran tribe. Both chiefs were willing to field armies of 20,000 warriors, and with Jamukha in command, the campaign was soon won. A now-pregnant Börte was recovered successfully and soon gave birth to a son, Jochi; although Temüjin raised him as his own, questions over his true paternity followed Jochi throughout his life. This is narrated in the Secret History and contrasts with Rashid al-Din's account, which protects the family's reputation by removing any hint of illegitimacy. Over the next decade and a half, Temüjin and Börte would have three more sons (Chagatai, Ögedei, and Tolui) and four more daughters (Checheyigen, Alaqa, Tümelün, and Al Altan). Temüjin and Jamukha camped together for a year and a half, during which, according to the Secret History, they reforged their anda pact, even sleeping together under one blanket. Traditionally seen as a bond solely of friendship, as presented in the source, Ratchnevsky has questioned if Temüjin actually became Jamukha's nökor, in return for the assistance with the Merkits. Tensions arose and the two leaders parted, ostensibly on account of a cryptic remark made by Jamukha on the subject of camping; scholarly analysis has focused on the active role of Börte in this separation, and whether her ambitions may have outweighed Temüjin's own. In any case, the major tribal rulers remained with Jamukha, but forty-one leaders joined Temüjin along with many commoners: these included Subutai and others of the Uriankhai, the Barulas, the Olkhonuds, and many more. Temüjin and Toghrul, illustrated in a 15th-century Jami' al-tawarikh manuscript Temüjin was soon acclaimed by his close followers as khan of the Mongols. Toghrul was pleased at his vassal's elevation but Jamukha was resentful. Tensions escalated into open hostility, and in around 1187 the two leaders clashed in battle at Dalan Baljut: the two forces were evenly matched but Temüjin suffered a clear defeat. Later chroniclers including Rashid al-Din instead state that he was victorious but their accounts contradict themselves and each other. Modern historians such as Ratchnevsky and Timothy May consider it very likely that Temüjin spent a large portion of the decade following the clash at Dalan Baljut as a servant of the Jurchen Jin dynasty in North China. Zhao Hong recorded that the future Genghis Khan spent several years as a slave of the Jin. Formerly seen as an expression of nationalistic arrogance, the statement is now thought to be based in fact, especially as no other source convincingly explains Temüjin's activities between Dalan Baljut and c. 1195. Taking refuge across the border was a common practice both for disaffected steppe leaders and disgraced Chinese officials. Temüjin's reemergence having retained significant power indicates that he probably profited in the service of the Jin. As he would later go on to overthrow that state, such an episode, detrimental to Mongol prestige, was omitted from all their sources. Zhao Hong was bound by no such taboos. Defeating rivals The sources do not agree on the events of Temüjin's return to the steppe. In early summer 1196, he participated in a joint campaign with the Jin against the Tatars, who had begun to act contrary to Jin interests. As a reward, the Jin awarded him the honorific cha-ut kuri, the meaning of which probably approximated "commander of hundreds" in Jurchen. At around the same time, he assisted Toghrul with reclaiming the lordship of the Kereit, which had been usurped by one of Toghrul's relatives with the support of the powerful Naiman tribe. The actions of 1196 fundamentally changed Temüjin's position in the steppe—although nominally still Toghrul's vassal, he was de facto an equal ally. Jamukha behaved cruelly following his victory at Dalan Baljut—he allegedly boiled seventy prisoners alive and humiliated the bodies of leaders who had opposed him. A number of disaffected followers, including Yesügei's follower Münglig and his sons, defected to Temüjin as a consequence; they were also probably attracted by Temüjin's newfound wealth. Temüjin was able to subdue the disobedient Jurkin tribe that had previously offended him at a feast and refused to participate in the Tatar campaign. After executing their leaders, he had Belgutei symbolically break a leading Jurkin's back in a staged wrestling match in retribution. This latter incident, which contravened Mongol customs of justice, was only noted by the author of the Secret History, who openly disapproved. These events occurred c. 1197. The tribal polities united by Temüjin to found the Mongol Empire During the following years, Temüjin and Toghrul campaigned against the Merkits, the Naimans, and the Tatars; sometimes separately and sometimes together. In around 1201, a collection of dissatisfied tribes including the Onggirat, the Tayichiud, and the Tatars, swore to break the domination of the Borjigin-Kereit alliance, electing Jamukha as their leader and gurkhan (lit. '"khan of the tribes"'). After some initial successes, Temüjin and Toghrul routed this loose confederation at Yedi Qunan, and Jamukha was forced to beg for Toghrul's clemency. Desiring complete supremacy in eastern Mongolia, Temüjin defeated first the Tayichiud and then, in 1202, the Tatars; after both campaigns, he executed the clan leaders and took the remaining warriors into his service. These included Sorkan-Shira, who had come to his aid previously, and a young warrior named Jebe, who, by killing Temüjin's horse and refusing to hide that fact, had displayed martial ability and personal courage. The absorption of the Tatars left three military powers in the steppe: the Naimans in the west, the Mongols in the east, and the Kereit in between. Seeking to cement his position, Temüjin proposed that his son Jochi marry one of Toghrul's daughters. Led by Toghrul's son Senggum, the Kereit elite believed the proposal to be an attempt to gain control over their tribe, while the doubts over Jochi's parentage would have offended them further. In addition, Jamukha drew attention to the threat Temüjin posed to the traditional steppe aristocracy by his habit of promoting commoners to high positions, which subverted existing social norms. Yielding eventually to these demands, Toghrul attempted to lure his vassal into an ambush, but his plans were overheard by two herdsmen. Temüjin was able to gather some of his forces, but was soundly defeated at the Battle of Qalaqaljid Sands. The Baljuna Covenant " raised his hands and looking up at Heaven swore, saying "If I am able to achieve my 'Great Work', I shall share with you men the sweet and the bitter. If I break this word, may I be like the water of the River, drunk up by others." Among officers and men there was none who was not moved to tears. The History of Yuan, vol 121 (1370) Retreating southeast to Baljuna, an unidentified lake or river, Temüjin waited for his scattered forces to regroup: Bo'orchu had lost his horse and was forced to flee on foot, while Temüjin's badly wounded son Ögedei had been transported and tended to by Borokhula, a leading warrior. Temüjin called in every possible ally and swore a famous oath of loyalty, later known as the Baljuna Covenant, to his faithful followers, which would later grant them exclusivity and prestige. The oath-takers of Baljuna were a very heterogeneous group—men from nine different tribes who included Christians, Muslims, and Buddhists, united only by loyalty to Temüjin and to each other. This group became a model for the later empire, being termed a "proto-government of a proto-nation" by historian John Man. The Baljuna Covenant was omitted from the Secret History—as the group was predominantly non-Mongol, the author presumably wished to downplay the role of other tribes. A ruse de guerre involving Qasar allowed the Mongols to catch the Kereit unawares at the Jej'er Heights, but though the ensuing battle still lasted three days, it ended in a decisive victory for Temüjin. Toghrul and Senggum were both forced to flee, and while the latter escaped to Tibet, Toghrul was killed by a Naiman who did not recognise him. Temüjin sealed his victory by absorbing the Kereit elite into his own tribe: he took the princess Ibaqa as a wife, and married her sister Sorghaghtani and niece Doquz to his youngest son Tolui. The ranks of the Naimans had swelled due to the arrival of Jamukha and others defeated by the Mongols, and they prepared for war. Temüjin was informed of these events by Alaqush, the sympathetic ruler of the Ongud tribe. In May 1204, at the Battle of Chakirmaut in the Altai Mountains, the Naimans were decisively defeated: their leader Tayang Khan was killed, and his son Kuchlug was forced to flee west. The Merkits were decimated later that year, while Jamukha, who had abandoned the Naimans at Chakirmaut, was betrayed to Temüjin by companions who were executed for their lack of loyalty. According to the Secret History, Jamukha convinced his childhood anda to execute him honourably; other accounts state that he was killed by dismemberment. Early reign: reforms and Chinese campaigns (1206–1215) Kurultai of 1206 and reforms Temüjin being proclaimed as Genghis Khan, as illustrated in a 15th-century Jami' al-tawarikh manuscript. The tuq, a banner fashioned from the tails of yaks or horses, is placed on the right; the white tuq pictured here represent peace, while a black tuq would represent war. Now sole ruler of the steppe, Temüjin held a large assembly called a kurultai at the source of the Onon River in 1206. Here, he formally adopted the title Genghis Khan, the etymology and meaning of which have been much debated. Some commentators hold that the title had no meaning, simply representing Temüjin's eschewal of the traditional gurkhan title, which had been accorded to Jamukha and was thus of lesser worth. Another theory suggests that the word "Genghis" bears connotations of strength, firmness, hardness, or righteousness. A third hypothesis proposes that the title is related to the Turkic tängiz ('ocean'), the title "Genghis Khan" would mean "master of the ocean", and as the ocean was believed to surround the earth, the title thus ultimately implied "Universal Ruler". Having attained control over one million people, Genghis Khan began a "social revolution", in May's words. As traditional tribal systems had primarily evolved to benefit small clans and families, they were unsuitable as the foundations for larger states and had been the downfall of previous steppe confederations. Genghis thus began a series of administrative reforms designed to suppress the power of tribal affiliations and to replace them with unconditional loyalty to the khan and the ruling family. As most of the traditional tribal leaders had been killed during his rise to power, Genghis was able to reconstruct the Mongol social hierarchy in his favour. The highest tier was occupied solely by his and his brothers' families, who became known as the altan uruq (lit. 'Golden Family') or chaghan yasun (lit. 'white bone'); underneath them came the qara yasun (lit. 'black bone'; sometimes qarachu), composed of the surviving pre-empire aristocracy and the most important of the new families. To break any concept of tribal loyalty, Mongol society was reorganised into a military decimal system. Every man between the age of fifteen and seventy was conscripted into a minqan (pl. minkad), a unit of a thousand soldiers, which was further subdivided into units of hundreds (jaghun, pl. jaghat) and tens (arban, pl. arbat). The units also encompassed each man's household, meaning that each military minqan was supported by a minqan of households in what May has termed "a military–industrial complex". Each minqan operated as both a political and social unit, while the warriors of defeated tribes were dispersed to different minqad to make it difficult for them to rebel as a single body. This was intended to ensure the disappearance of old tribal identities, replacing them with loyalty to the "Great Mongol State", and to commanders who had gained their rank through merit and loyalty to the khan. This particular reform proved extremely effective—even after the division of the Mongol Empire, fragmentation never happened along tribal lines. Instead, the descendants of Genghis continued to reign unchallenged, in some cases until as late as the 1700s, and even powerful non-imperial dynasts such as Timur and Edigu were compelled to rule from behind a puppet ruler of his lineage. Genghis's senior nökod were appointed to the highest ranks and received the greatest honours. Bo'orchu and Muqali were each given ten thousand men to lead as commanders of the right and left wings of the army respectively. The other nökod were each given commands of one of the ninety-five minkad. In a display of Genghis' meritocratic ideals, many of these men were born to low social status: Ratchnevsky cites Jelme and Subutai, the sons of blacksmiths, in addition to a carpenter, a shepherd, and even the two herdsmen who had warned Temüjin of Toghrul's plans in 1203. As a special privilege, Genghis allowed certain loyal commanders to retain the tribal identities of their units. Alaqush of the Ongud was allowed to retain five thousand warriors of his tribe because his son had entered into an alliance pact with Genghis, marrying his daughter Alaqa. A key tool which underpinned these reforms was the expansion of the keshig ('bodyguard'). After Temüjin defeated Toghrul in 1203, he had appropriated this Kereit institution in a minor form, but at the 1206 kurultai its numbers were greatly expanded, from 1,150 to 10,000 men. The keshig was not only the khan's bodyguard, but his household staff, a military academy, and the centre of governmental administration. All the warriors in this elite corps were brothers or sons of military commanders and were essentially hostages. The members of the keshig nevertheless received special privileges and direct access to the khan, whom they would serve and who in return would evaluate their capabilities and their potential to govern or command. Commanders such as Subutai, Chormaqan, and Baiju all started out in the keshig, before being given command of their own force. Consolidation of power (1206–1210) Further information: Mongol conquest of Western Xia From 1204 to 1209, Genghis Khan was predominantly focused on consolidating and maintaining his new nation. He faced a challenge from the shaman Kokechu, whose father Münglig had previously been allowed to marry Hö'elün. Kokechu, who had proclaimed Temüjin as Genghis Khan and taken the Tengrist title "Teb Tenggeri" (lit. "Wholly Heavenly") on account of his sorcery, was very influential among the Mongol commoners and sought to divide the imperial family. Genghis's brother Qasar was the first of Kokechu's targets—always distrusted by his brother, Qasar was humiliated and almost imprisoned on false charges before Hö'elün intervened by publicly reprimanding Genghis. Nevertheless, Kokechu's power steadily increased. When Temüge, Genghis's youngest brother, attempted to intervene he too was publicly shamed. Börte saw that Kokechu was a threat to Genghis's power and warned her husband, who still superstitiously revered the shaman; allowing Temüge to have Kokechu killed, he usurped the shaman's position as the Mongols' highest spiritual authority. During these years, the Mongols imposed their control on surrounding areas. Genghis dispatched Jochi northwards in 1207 to subjugate the Hoi-yin Irgen , a collection of tribes on the edge of the Siberian taiga. Having secured a marriage alliance with the Oirats and defeated the Yenisei Kyrgyz, he took control of the region's trade in grain and furs, as well as its gold mines. Mongol armies also rode westwards, defeating the Naiman-Merkit alliance on the River Irtysh in late 1208. Their khan was killed and Kuchlug fled into Central Asia. Led by Barchuk, the Uyghurs freed themselves from the suzerainty of the Qara Khitai and pledged themselves to Genghis in 1211 as the first sedentary society to submit to the Mongols. The states of East and Central Asia in the early 13th century The Mongols had started raiding the border settlements of the Tangut-led Western Xia kingdom in 1205, ostensibly in retaliation for allowing Senggum, Toghrul's son, refuge. More prosaic explanations include rejuvenating the depleted Mongol economy with an influx of fresh goods and livestock, or simply subjugating a semi-hostile state to protect the nascent Mongol nation. Most Xia troops were stationed along the southern and western borders of the kingdom to guard against attacks from the Song and Jin dynasties respectively, while its northern border relied only on the Gobi desert for protection. After a raid in 1207 sacked the Xia fortress of Wulahai, Genghis decided to personally lead a full-scale invasion in 1209. Wulahai was captured again in May and the Mongols advanced on the capital Zhongxing (modern-day Yinchuan) but suffered a reverse against a Xia army. After a two-month stalemate, Genghis broke the deadlock with a feigned retreat; the Xia forces were deceived out of their defensive positions and overpowered. Although Zhongxing was now mostly undefended, the Mongols lacked any siege equipment better than crude battering rams and were unable to progress the siege. The Xia requested aid from the Jin, but Emperor Zhangzong rejected the plea. Genghis's attempt to redirect the Yellow River into the city with a dam initially worked, but the poorly-constructed earthworks broke—possibly breached by the Xia—in January 1210 and the Mongol camp was flooded, forcing them to retreat. A peace treaty was soon formalised: the Xia emperor Xiangzong submitted and handed over tribute, including his daughter Chaka, in exchange for the Mongol withdrawal. Campaign against the Jin (1211–1215) Main article: Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty Depictions of Mongol-Jin conflict from 14th-century Persian manuscripts. From top: the Battle of Yehuling (1211); a skirmish between Mongol and Jin cavalry; Genghis entering Zhongdu after capturing it in 1215. Wanyan Yongji usurped the Jin throne in 1209. He had previously served on the steppe frontier and Genghis greatly disliked him. When asked to submit and pay the annual tribute to Yongji in 1210, Genghis instead mocked the emperor, spat, and rode away from the Jin envoy—a challenge that meant war. Despite the possibility of being outnumbered eight-to-one by 600,000 Jin soldiers, Genghis had made preparations for an invasion of Jin since learning in 1206 that the state was wracked by internal instabilities. Genghis had two aims: to take vengeance for past wrongs committed by the Jin, foremost among which was the death of Ambaghai Khan in the mid-12th century, and to win the vast amounts of plunder his troops and vassals expected. After calling for a kurultai in March 1211, Genghis launched his invasion of Jin China in May, reaching the outer ring of Jin defences the following month. These border fortifications were guarded by Alaqush's Ongud, who allowed the Mongols to pass without difficulty. The three-pronged chevauchée aimed both to plunder and burn a vast area of Jin territory to deprive them of supplies and popular legitimacy, and to secure the mountain passes which allowed access to the North China Plain. The Jin lost numerous towns and were hindered by a series of defections, the most prominent of which led directly to Muqali's victory at the Battle of Huan'erzhui in autumn 1211. The campaign was halted in 1212 when Genghis was wounded by an arrow during the unsuccessful siege of Xijing (modern Datong). Following this failure, Genghis set up a corps of siege engineers, which recruited 500 Jin experts over the next two years. The defences of Juyong Pass had been strongly reinforced by the time the conflict resumed in 1213, but a Mongol detachment led by Jebe managed to infiltrate the pass and surprise the elite Jin defenders, opening the road to the Jin capital Zhongdu (modern-day Beijing). The Jin administration began to disintegrate: after the Khitans, a tribe subject to the Jin, entered open rebellion, Hushahu, the commander of the forces at Xijing, abandoned his post and staged a coup in Zhongdu, killing Yongji and installing his own puppet ruler, Xuanzong. This governmental breakdown was fortunate for Genghis's forces; emboldened by their victories, they had seriously overreached and lost the initiative. Unable to do more than camp before Zhongdu's fortifications while his army suffered from an epidemic and famine—they resorted to cannibalism according to Carpini, who may have been exaggerating—Genghis opened peace negotiations despite his commanders' militance. He secured tribute, including 3,000 horses, 500 slaves, a Jin princess, and massive amounts of gold and silk, before lifting the siege and setting off homewards in May 1214. As the northern Jin lands had been ravaged by plague and war, Xuanzong moved the capital and imperial court 600 kilometres (370 mi) southwards to Kaifeng. Interpreting this as an attempt to regroup in the south and then restart the war, Genghis concluded the terms of the peace treaty had been broken. He immediately prepared to return and capture Zhongdu. According to Christopher Atwood, it was only at this juncture that Genghis decided to fully conquer northern China. Muqali captured numerous towns in Liaodong during winter 1214–15, and although the inhabitants of Zhongdu surrendered to Genghis on 31 May 1215, the city was sacked. When Genghis returned to Mongolia in early 1216, Muqali was left in command in China. He waged a brutal but effective campaign against the unstable Jin regime until his death in 1223. Later reign: western expansion and return to China (1216–1227) Defeating rebellions and Qara Khitai (1216–1218) Further information: Mongol conquest of the Qara Khitai In 1207, Genghis had appointed a man named Qorchi as governor of the subdued Hoi-yin Irgen tribes in Siberia. Appointed not for his talents but for prior services rendered, Qorchi's tendency to abduct women as concubines for his harem caused the tribes to rebel and take him prisoner in early 1216. The following year, they ambushed and killed Boroqul, one of Genghis's highest-ranking nökod. The khan was livid at the loss of his close friend and prepared to lead a retaliatory campaign; eventually dissuaded from this course, he dispatched his eldest son Jochi and a Dörbet commander. They managed to surprise and defeat the rebels, securing control over this economically important region. Kuchlug, the Naiman prince who had been defeated in 1204, had usurped the throne of the Central Asian Qara Khitai dynasty between 1211 and 1213. He was a greedy and arbitrary ruler who probably earned the enmity of the native Islamic populace whom he attempted to forcibly convert to Buddhism. Genghis sensed that Kuchlug might be a potential threat to his empire, and Jebe was sent with an army of 20,000 cavalry to the city of Kashgar; he undermined Kuchlug's rule by emphasising the Mongol policies of religious tolerance and gained the loyalty of the local elite. Kuchlug was forced to flee southwards to the Pamir Mountains, but was captured by local hunters. Jebe had him beheaded and paraded his corpse through Qara Khitai, proclaiming the end of religious persecution in the region. Invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire (1219–1221) Main article: Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire Campaigns of Genghis Khan between 1207 and 1225 Genghis had now attained complete control of the eastern portion of the Silk Road, and his territory bordered that of the Khwarazmian Empire, which ruled over much of Central Asia, Persia and Afghanistan. Merchants from both sides were eager to restart trading, which had halted during Kuchlug's rule; the Khwarazmian ruler Muhammad II dispatched an envoy shortly after the Mongol capture of Zhongdu, while Genghis instructed his merchants to obtain the high-quality textiles and steel of Central and Western Asia. Many members of the altan uruq invested in one particular caravan of 450 merchants which set off to Khwarazmia in 1218 with a large quantity of goods. Muhammad had however grown suspicious of Genghis's intentions, and when Inalchuq, the governor of the border town of Otrar, decided to halt the caravan, massacre the merchants on grounds of espionage, and seize the goods, he either supported Inalchuq or turned a blind eye. A Mongol ambassador was sent with two companions to avert war, but Muhammad killed him and humiliated his companions. The killing of an envoy infuriated Genghis, who resolved to leave Muqali with a small force in North China and invade Khwarazmia with most of his army. Muhammad's empire was large but disunited: he ruled alongside his mother Terken Khatun in what Peter Golden terms "an uneasy diarchy", while the Khwarazmian nobility and populace were discontented with his warring and the centralisation of government. For these reasons and others he declined to meet the Mongols in the field, instead garrisoning his unruly troops in his major cities. This allowed the lightly armoured, highly mobile Mongol armies uncontested superiority outside city walls. Otrar was besieged in autumn 1219—the siege dragged on for five months, but in February 1220 the city fell and Inalchuq was executed. Genghis had meanwhile divided his forces. Leaving his sons Chagatai and Ogedei besieging the city, he had sent Jochi northwards down the Syr Darya river and another force southwards into central Transoxiana, while he and Tolui took the main Mongol army across the Kyzylkum Desert, surprising the garrison of Bukhara in a pincer movement. Depiction of Jalal al-Din crossing the Indus River, from a late 17th-century Jami al-tawarikh manuscript Bukhara's citadel was captured in February 1220 and Genghis moved against Muhammad's residence Samarkand, which fell the following month. Bewildered by the speed of the Mongol conquests, Muhammad fled from Balkh, closely followed by Jebe and Subutai; the two generals pursued the Khwarazmshah until he died from dysentry on a Caspian Sea island in winter 1220–21, having nominated his eldest son Jalal al-Din as his successor. Jebe and Subutai then set out on a 7,500 kilometres (4,700 mi)-expedition around the Caspian Sea. Later called the Great Raid, this lasted four years and saw the Mongols come into contact with Europe for the first time. Meanwhile, the Khwarazmian capital of Gurganj was being besieged by Genghis's three eldest sons. The long siege ended in spring 1221 amid brutal urban conflict. Jalal al-Din moved southwards to Afghanistan, gathering forces on the way and defeating a Mongol unit under the command of Shigi Qutuqu, Genghis's adopted son, in the Battle of Parwan. Jalal was weakened by arguments among his commanders, and losing decisively at the Battle of the Indus in November 1221, he was compelled to swim across the Indus river into India. Genghis's youngest son Tolui was concurrently conducting a brutal campaign in the regions of Khorasan. Every city that resisted was destroyed—Nishapur, Merv and Herat, three of the largest and wealthiest cities in the world, were all annihilated. This campaign established Genghis's lasting image as a ruthless, inhumane conqueror. Contemporary Persian historians placed the death toll from the three sieges alone at over 5.7 million—a number regarded as grossly exaggerated by modern scholars. Nevertheless, even a total death toll of 1.25 million for the entire campaign, as estimated by John Man, would have been a demographic catastrophe. Return to China and final campaign (1222–1227) Main article: Mongol conquest of China Genghis abruptly halted his Central Asian campaigns in 1221. Initially aiming to return via India, Genghis realised that the heat and humidity of the South Asian climate impeded his army's skills, while the omens were additionally unfavourable. Although the Mongols spent much of 1222 repeatedly overcoming rebellions in Khorasan, they withdrew completely from the region to avoid overextending themselves, setting their new frontier on the Amu Darya river. During his lengthy return journey, Genghis prepared a new administrative division which would govern the conquered territories, appointing darughachi (commissioners, lit. "those who press the seal") and basqaq (local officials) to manage the region back to normalcy. He also summoned and spoke with the Taoist patriarch Changchun in the Hindu Kush. The khan listened attentively to Changchun's teachings and granted his followers numerous privileges, including tax exemptions and authority over all monks throughout the empire—a grant which the Taoists would later use to try to gain superiority over Buddhism. The usual reason given for the halting of the campaign is that the Western Xia, having declined to provide auxiliaries for the 1219 invasion, had additionally disobeyed Muqali in his campaign against the remaining Jin in Shaanxi. May has disputed this, arguing that the Xia fought in concert with Muqali until his death in 1223, when, frustrated by Mongol control and sensing an opportunity with Genghis campaigning in Central Asia, they ceased fighting. In either case, Genghis initially attempted to resolve the situation diplomatically, but when the Xia elite failed to come to an agreement on the hostages they were to send to the Mongols, he lost patience. Returning to Mongolia in early 1225, he spent the year in preparation for a campaign against them. This began in the first months of 1226 with the capture of Khara-Khoto on the Xia's western border. The invasion proceeded apace. Genghis ordered that the cities of the Gansu Corridor be sacked one by one, granting clemency only to a few. Having crossed the Yellow River in autumn, the Mongols besieged present-day Lingwu, located just 30 kilometres (19 mi) south of the Xia capital Zhongxing, in November. On 4 December, Genghis decisively defeated a Xia relief army; the khan left the siege of the capital to his generals and moved southwards with Subutai to plunder and secure Jin territories. Family Further information: Wives of Genghis Khan and Descent from Genghis Khan Börte, whom Temüjin married c. 1178, remained his senior wife. She gave birth to four sons and five daughters, who all became influential figures in the empire. Genghis granted Börte's sons lands and property through the Mongol appanage system, while he secured marriage alliances by marrying her daughters to important families. Her children were: Qojin, a daughter born c. 1179, who later married Butu of the Ikires, one of Temüjin's earliest and closest supporters and the widower of Temülün. Jochi, a son born c. 1182 after Börte's kidnapping, whose paternity was thus suspect even though Temüjin accepted his legitimacy. Jochi predeceased Genghis; his appanage, along the Irtysh river and extending into Siberia, evolved into the Golden Horde. Chagatai, a son born c. 1184; his appanage was the former Qara Khitai territories surrounding Almaligh in Turkestan, which would become the Chagatai Khanate. Ögedei, a son born c. 1186, who received lands in Dzungaria and who would succeed his father as ruler of the empire. Checheyigen, a daughter born c. 1188, whose marriage to Törelchi secured the loyalty of the Oirats to the north. Alaqa, a daughter born c. 1190, who married several members of the Ongud tribe between 1207 and 1225. Tümelün, a daughter born c. 1192, who married Chigu of the Onggirat tribe. Tolui, a son born c. 1193, who received lands near the Altai Mountains as an appanage; two of his sons, Möngke and Kublai, later ruled the empire, while another, Hulagu, founded the Ilkhanate. Al Altan, a daughter born c. 1196, married the powerful Uighur ruler Barchuk. Shortly after the accession of Güyük Khan in the 1240s, she was tried and executed on charges that were later suppressed. After Börte's final childbirth, Temüjin began to acquire a number of junior wives through conquest. These wives had all previously been princesses or queens, and Temüjin married them to demonstrate his political ascendancy. They included the Kereit princess Ibaqa; the Tatar sisters Yesugen and Yesui; Qulan, a Merkit; Gürbesu, the queen of the Naiman Tayang Khan; and two Chinese princesses, Chaqa and Qiguo, of the Western Xia and Jin dynasties respectively. The children of these junior wives were always subservient to those of Börte, with daughters married off to seal lesser alliances and sons, such as Qulan's child Kölgen , never a candidate for succession. Succession A Yuan dynasty portrait of Ögedei, Genghis's third son and eventual successor. The tribes of the Mongol steppe had no fixed succession system, but often defaulted to some form of ultimogeniture—succession of the youngest son—because he would have had the least time to gain a following for himself and needed the help of his father's inheritance. However, this type of inheritance applied only to property, not to titles. The Secret History records that Genghis chose his successor while preparing for the Khwarazmian campaigns in 1219; Rashid al-Din, on the other hand, states that the decision came before Genghis's final campaign against the Xia. Regardless of the date, there were five possible candidates: Genghis's four sons and his youngest brother Temüge, who had the weakest claim and who was never seriously considered. Even though there was a strong possibility Jochi was illegitimate, Genghis was not particularly concerned by this; nevertheless, he and Jochi became increasingly estranged over time, due to Jochi's preoccupation with his own appanage. After the siege of Gurganj, where he only reluctantly participated in reducing the wealthy city that would become part of his territory, he failed to give Genghis the normal share of the booty, which exacerbated the tensions. Genghis was angered by Jochi's refusal to return to him in 1223, and was considering sending Ogedei and Chagatai to bring him to heel when news came that Jochi had died from an illness. Chagatai's attitude towards Jochi's possible succession—he had termed his elder brother "a Merkit bastard" and had brawled with him in front of their father—led Genghis to view him as uncompromising, arrogant, and narrow-minded, despite his great knowledge of Mongol legal customs. His elimination left Ogedei and Tolui as the two primary candidates. Tolui was unquestionably superior in military terms—his campaign in Khorasan had broken the Khwarazmian Empire, while his elder brother was far less able as a commander. Ogedei was also known to drink excessively even by Mongol standards—it was eventually the cause of his death in 1241. However, he possessed talents all his brothers lacked—he was generous and generally well-liked. Aware of his own lack of military skill, he was able to trust his capable subordinates, and unlike his elder brothers, compromise on issues; he was also more likely to preserve Mongol traditions than Tolui, whose wife Sorghaghtani, herself a Nestorian Christian, was a patron of many religions including Islam. Ogedei was thus recognised as the heir to the Mongol throne. Death and aftermath See also: Burial place of Genghis Khan Early 15th-century miniature of Genghis Khan advising his sons on his deathbed, taken from Marco Polo's section of the Livre des merveilles manuscript. Genghis fell from his horse while hunting in the winter of 1226–27 and became increasingly ill during the following months. This slowed the siege of Zhongxing's progress, as his sons and commanders urged him to end the campaign and return to Mongolia to recover, arguing that the Xia would still be there another year. Incensed by insults from Xia's leading commander, Genghis insisted that the siege be continued. He died on either 18 or 25 August 1227, but his death was kept a closely guarded secret and Zhongxing, unaware, fell the following month. The city was put to the sword and its population was treated with extreme savagery—the Xia civilization was essentially extinguished in what Man described as a "very successful ethnocide". The exact nature of the khan's death has been the subject of intense speculation. Rashid al-Din and the History of Yuan mention he suffered from an illness—possibly malaria, typhus, or bubonic plague. Marco Polo claimed that he was shot by an arrow during a siege, while Carpini reported that Genghis was struck by lightning. Legends sprang up around the event—the most famous recounts how the beautiful Gurbelchin, formerly the Xia emperor's wife, injured Genghis's genitals with a dagger during sex. After his death, Genghis was transported back to Mongolia and buried on or near the sacred Burkhan Khaldun peak in the Khentii Mountains, on a site he had chosen years before. Specific details of the funeral procession and burial were not made public knowledge; the mountain, declared ikh khorig (lit. "Great Taboo"; i.e. prohibited zone), was out of bounds to all but its Uriankhai guard. When Ogedei acceded to the throne in 1229, the grave was honoured with three days of offerings and the sacrifice of thirty maidens. Ratchnevsky theorises that the Mongols, who had no knowledge of embalming techniques, may have buried the khan in the Ordos to avoid his body decomposing in the summer heat; Atwood rejects this hypothesis. Serving as regent after Genghis's death, Tolui established a precedent for the customary traditions after a khan's death. These included the halting of all military offensives involving Mongol troops, the establishment of a lengthy mourning period overseen by the regent, and the holding of a kurultai which would nominate successors and select them. For Tolui, this presented an opportunity. He was still a viable candidate for succession and had the support of the family of Jochi. Any general kurultai, attended by the commanders Genghis had promoted and honoured, would however observe their former ruler's desires without question and appoint Ogedei as ruler. It has been suggested that Tolui's reluctance to hold the kurultai was driven by the knowledge of the threat it posed to his ambitions. In the end, Tolui had to be persuaded by the advisor Yelu Chucai to hold the kurultai; in 1229, it crowned Ogedei as khan, with Tolui in attendance. Character and achievements No eyewitness description or contemporaneous depiction of Genghis Khan survives. The two earliest descriptions come from the Persian chronicler Juzjani and the Song diplomat Zhao Hong. Both record that he was tall and strong with a powerful stature. Zhao said that Genghis had a broad brow and long beard while Juzjani remarks that the khan lacked grey hair and had cat's eyes. The Secret History records that Börte's father remarked on his "flashing eyes and lively face" when meeting him. Atwood has suggested that many of Genghis Khan's values, especially the emphasis he placed on an orderly society, derive from his turbulent youth. He valued loyalty above all and mutual fidelity became a cornerstone of his new nation. Genghis did not find it difficult to gain the allegiance of others: he was superbly charismatic even as a youth, as shown by the number of people who left existing social roles behind to join him. Although his trust was hard to earn, if he felt loyalty was assured, he granted his total confidence in return. Recognised for his generosity towards his followers, Genghis unhesitatingly rewarded previous assistance. The nökod most honoured at the 1206 kurultai were those who had accompanied him since the beginning, and those who had sworn the Baljuna Covenant with him at his lowest point. He took responsibility for the families of nökod killed in battle or who otherwise fell on hard times by raising a tax to provide them with clothing and sustenance. Heaven grew weary of the excessive pride and luxury in China ... I am from the barbaric North ... I wear the same clothing and eat the same food as the cowherds and horse-herders. We make the same sacrifices and we share our riches. I look upon the nation as a new-born child and I care for my soldiers as if they were my brothers. Genghis Khan's letter to Changchun The principal source of steppe wealth was post-battle plunder, of which a leader would normally claim a large share; Genghis eschewed this custom, choosing instead to divide booty equally between himself and all his men. Disliking any form of luxury, he extolled the simple life of the nomad in a letter to Changchun, and objected to being addressed with obsequious flattery. He encouraged his companions to address him informally, give him advice, and criticise his mistakes. Genghis's openness to criticism and willingness to learn saw him seeking the knowledge of family members, companions, neighbouring states, and enemies. He sought and gained knowledge of sophisticated weaponry from China and the Muslim world, appropriated the Uyghur alphabet with the help of the captured scribe Tata-tonga, and employed numerous specialists across legal, commercial, and administrative fields. He also understood the need for a smooth succession and showed good judgement in choosing his heir. Although he is today renowned for his military conquests, very little is known about Genghis's personal generalship. His skills were more suited to identifying potential commanders. His institution of a meritocratic command structure gave the Mongol army military superiority, even though it was not technologically or tactically innovative. The army that Genghis created was characterised by its draconian discipline, its ability to gather and use military intelligence efficiently, a mastery of psychological warfare, and a willingness to be utterly ruthless. Genghis thoroughly enjoyed exacting vengeance on his enemies—the concept lay at the heart of achi qari'ulqu (lit. '"good for good, evil for evil"'), the steppe code of justice. In exceptional circumstances, such as when Muhammad of Khwarazm executed his envoys, the need for vengeance overrode all other considerations. Genghis came to believe the supreme deity Tengri had ordained a great destiny for him. Initially, the bounds of this ambition was limited only to Mongolia, but as success followed success and the reach of the Mongol nation expanded, he and his followers came to believe he was embodied with suu (lit. ''divine grace''). Believing that he had an intimate connection with Heaven, anyone who did not recognise his right to world power was treated as an enemy. This viewpoint allowed Genghis to rationalise any hypocritical or duplicitous moments on his own part, such as killing his anda Jamukha or killing nökod who wavered in their loyalties. Legacy and historical assessment Further information: Pax Mongolica and Destruction under the Mongol Empire Genghis Khan and seven of his successors from Bust Portraits of Yuan Dynasty Emperors, by Anonymous, Yuan dynasty (1271–1368) Genghis Khan left a vast and controversial legacy. His unification of the Mongol tribes and his foundation of the largest contiguous state in world history "permanently alter the worldview of European, Islamic, East Asian civilizations", according to Atwood. His conquests enabled the creation of Eurasian trading systems unprecedented in their scale, which brought wealth and security to the tribes. Although he very likely did not codify the written body of laws known as the Great Yasa, he did reorganise the legal system and establish a powerful judicial authority under Shigi Qutuqu. On the other hand, his conquests were ruthless and brutal. The prosperous civilizations of China, Central Asia, and Persia were devastated by the Mongol assaults, and underwent multi-generational trauma and suffering as a result. Perhaps Genghis's greatest failing was his inability to create a working succession system—his division of his empire into appanages, meant to ensure stability, actually did the reverse, as local and state-wide interests diverged and the empire started to split into the Golden Horde, the Chagatai Khanate, the Ilkhanate, and the Yuan dynasty. In the mid-1990s, the Washington Post acclaimed Genghis Khan as the "man of the millennium" who "embodied the half-civilized, half-savage duality of the human race". This complex image has remained prevalent in modern scholarship, with historians emphasising both Genghis Khan's positive and negative contributions. Mongolia For many centuries, Genghis was remembered in Mongolia as a religious figure, not a political one. After Altan Khan converted to Tibetan Buddhism in the late 1500s, Genghis was deified and given a central role in the Mongolian religious tradition. As a deity, Genghis drew upon Buddhist, shamanistic, and folk traditions: for example, he was defined as a new incarnation of a chakravartin (idealised ruler) like Ashoka, or of Vajrapani, the martial bodhisattva; he was connected genealogically to the Buddha and to ancient Buddhist kings; he was invoked during weddings and festivals; and he took a large role in ancestor veneration rituals. He also became the focus point of a sleeping hero legend, in which he will return to help the Mongol people in a time of great need. His cult was centred at the naiman chagan ordon (lit. '"Eight White Yurts"'), today a mausoleum in Inner Mongolia, China. In the 19th and early 20th century, Genghis began to be viewed as the national hero of the Mongolian people. Foreign powers recognised this: during its occupation of Inner Mongolia, Imperial Japan funded the construction of a temple to Genghis, while both the Kuomintang and the Chinese Communist Party used the memory of Genghis to woo potential allies in the Chinese Civil War. This attitude was maintained during World War II, when the Soviet-aligned Mongolian People's Republic promoted Genghis to build patriotic zeal against invaders; however, as he was a non-Russian hero who could serve as an anticommunist figurehead, this attitude swiftly changed after the war's end. According to May, Genghis "was condemned as a feudal and reactionary lord exploited the people." His cult was repressed, the alphabet he chose was replaced with the Cyrillic script, and celebrations planned for the 800th anniversary of his birth in 1962 were cancelled and denigrated after loud Soviet complaints. Because Chinese historians were largely more favourable towards him than their Soviet circumstances, Genghis played a minor role in the Sino-Soviet split. The Government Palace in Ulaanbaatar is fronted by a large statue of a seated Genghis Khan (centre), flanked by statues of his generals Bo'orchu and Muqali. The arrival of the policies of glasnost and perestroika in the 1980s paved the way for official rehabilitation. Less than two years after the 1990 revolution, Lenin Avenue in the capital Ulaanbaatar was renamed Chinggis Khan Avenue. Since then, Mongolia has named Chinggis Khaan International Airport and erected a large statue in Sükhbaatar Square (which was itself renamed after Genghis between 2013 and 2016). His visage appears on items ranging from postage stamps and high-value banknotes to brands of alcohol and toilet paper. In 2006, the Mongolian parliament officially discussed the trivialization of his name through excessive advertising. Modern Mongolians tend to downplay Genghis's military conquests in favour of his political and civil legacy—they view the destructive campaigns as "a product of their time", in the words of the historian Michal Biran, and secondary to his other contributions to Mongolian and world history. His policies—such his use of the kurultai, his establishment of the rule of law through an independent judiciary, and human rights—are seen as the foundations that allowed the creation of the modern, democratic Mongolian state. Viewed as someone who brought peace and knowledge rather than war and destruction, Genghis Khan is idealised for making Mongolia the centre of international culture for a period. He is generally recognised as the founding father of Mongolia. Elsewhere Further information: Genghis Khan in popular culture Under the Yuan dynasty in China, Genghis was revered as the nation's creator, and he remained in this position even after the foundation of the Ming dynasty in 1368. Although the late Ming somewhat disavowed his memory, the positive viewpoint was restored under the Manchu Qing dynasty (1644–1911), who positioned themselves as his heirs. The rise of 20th-century Chinese nationalism initially caused the denigration of Genghis as a traumatic occupier, but he was later resurrected as a useful political symbol on a variety of issues. Modern Chinese historiography has generally viewed Genghis positively and he has been portrayed as a Chinese hero. By contrast, Genghis is viewed extremely negatively in Russia, where historians have consistently portrayed the rule of the Golden Horde—the "Tatar Yoke"—as backwards, destructive, inimical to all progress, and the reason for all of Russia's flaws. Similarly, the modern Muslim world views Genghis as the ultimate "accursed enemy", a "barbarian savage who began the demolition of civilization which culminated in ". The West, never directly affected by Genghis, has viewed him in shifting and contrasting ways. During the 14th century, as shown by the works of Marco Polo and Geoffrey Chaucer, he was seen as a just and wise ruler, but during the eighteenth century he came to embody the Enlightenment stereotype of a tyrannical Oriental despot, and by the twentieth century he represented a prototypical barbarian warlord. In recent decades, Western scholarship has become increasingly nuanced, viewing Genghis as a more complex individual. References Genghis Khan at Wikipedia's sister projects Definitions from WiktionaryMedia from CommonsQuotations from WikiquoteTexts from WikisourceData from Wikidata Notes ^ See § Name and title ^ The Mongolian People's Republic chose to commemorate the 800th anniversary of Temüjin's birth in 1962. ^ At this point in time, the word "Mongols" only referred to the members of one tribe in northeast Mongolia; because this tribe played a central role in the formation of the Mongol Empire, their name was later used for all the tribes. ^ Herat initially surrendered to Tolui, but later rebelled and was destroyed in 1222; its population was massacred. ^ Zhao Hong visited Mongolia in 1221, while Genghis was campaigning in Khorasan. Juzjani, writing thirty years after Genghis's death, relied on eyewitnesses from the same campaign. ^ Subjects include (top to bottom, left to right): Genghis, Ögedei, Kublai, Temür, Külüg, Buyantu and Rinchinbal. 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Bibliography Achenbach, Joel (31 December 1995). "The Era of His Ways". Washington Post. Retrieved 27 November 2023. Atwood, Christopher P. (2004). Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire. New York: Facts on File. ISBN 978-0-8160-4671-3. Atwood, Christopher P. (2004a). "Validation by Holiness or Sovereignty: Religious Toleration as Political Theology in the Mongol World Empire of the Thirteenth Century" (PDF). The International History Review. 26 (2): 237–256. doi:10.1080/07075332.2004.9641030. JSTOR 40109471. S2CID 159826445. Barthold, Vasily (1992) . Bosworth, Clifford E. (ed.). Turkestan Down To The Mongol Invasion (Third ed.). New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal. ISBN 978-8-1215-0544-4. Bawden, Charles (2022). "Genghis Khan". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 11 October 2022. Retrieved 17 October 2022. Biran, Michal (2012). Chinggis Khan. Makers of the Muslim World. London: Oneworld Publications. ISBN 978-1-7807-4204-5. Birge, Bettine; Broadbridge, Anne F. (2023). "Women and Gender under Mongol Rule". In Biran, Michal; Kim, Hodong (eds.). The Cambridge History of the Mongol Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 628–654. ISBN 978-1-3163-3742-4. Boyle, John Andrew (1968). The Cambridge History of Iran Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521069366. ISBN 978-1-1390-5497-3. Broadbridge, Anne F. (2018). Women and the Making of the Mongol Empire. Cambridge Studies in Islamic Civilization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-1086-3662-9. Brose, Michael C. (2014). "Chinggis (Genghis) Khan". In Brown, Kerry (ed.). The Berkshire Dictionary of Chinese Biography. Great Barrington: Berkshire Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1-9337-8266-9. Buell, Paul D. (2010). "Some Royal Mongol Ladies: Alaqa-beki, Ergene-Qatun and Others". World History Connected. 7 (1). Retrieved 25 November 2023. Cleaves, Francis Woodman (1955). "The Historicity of The Baljuna Covenant". 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Tauris. ISBN 978-1-8606-4972-1. Hung, William (1951). "The Transmission of The Book Known as The Secret History of The Mongols". Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies. 14 (3/4): 433–492. doi:10.2307/2718184. JSTOR 2718184. Jackson, Peter (2017). The Mongols and the Islamic World: From Conquest to Conversion. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-3001-2533-7. Jagchid, Sechin (1979). "The Mongol Khans and Chinese Buddhism and Taoism". The Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies. 2 (1): 7–28. Kwanten, Luc (1978). "The Career of Muqali: A Reassessment". Bulletin of Sung and Yüan Studies. 14: 31–38. JSTOR 23497511. Lane, George (2004). Genghis Khan and Mongol Rule. Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-3133-2528-1. Liu, Fang-ju; Cheng, Shu-fang (2015). 國立故宮博物院藏蒙古文物彙編 (in Chinese). Taipei: National Palace Museum. ISBN 978-9-5756-2734-8. Lkhagvasuren, Gavaachimed; et al. (2016). "Molecular Genealogy of a Mongol Queen's Family and Her Possible Kinship with Genghis Khan". PLoS ONE. 11 (9): 433. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1161622L. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0161622. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 5023095. PMID 27627454. Man, John (2004). Genghis Khan: Life, Death and Resurrection. London: Bantam Press. ISBN 978-0-3129-8965-1. Man, John (2014). The Mongol Empire: Genghis Khan, His Heirs, and the Founding of Modern China. London: Penguin Random House. ISBN 978-0-5521-6880-9. May, Timothy (2007). The Mongol Art of War: Chinggis Khan and the Mongol Military System. Yardley: Westholme. ISBN 978-1-5941-6046-2. May, Timothy (2008). Culture and Customs of Mongolia. Culture and Customs of Asia. Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-3133-3983-7. May, Timothy (2012). The Mongol Conquests in World History. London: Reaktion Books. ISBN 978-1-8618-9971-2. May, Timothy (2018). The Mongol Empire. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-4237-3. JSTOR 10.3366/j.ctv1kz4g68.11. McLynn, Frank (2015). Genghis Khan: His Conquests, His Empire, His Legacy. New York: Hachette Books. ISBN 978-0-3068-2395-4. Morgan, David (1986). The Mongols. The Peoples of Europe. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-0-6311-7563-6. Morgan, David (1990). "Čengīz Khan". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. V. pp. 133–135. Retrieved 10 December 2022. Mote, Frederick W. (1999). Imperial China, 900–1800. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-6740-1212-7. Pelliot, Paul (1959). Notes on Marco Polo (PDF). Vol. I. Paris: Imprimerie nationale. OCLC 1741887. Archived (PDF) from the original on 31 August 2021. Retrieved 17 October 2022. Porter, Jonathan (2016). Imperial China, 1350–1900. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-4422-2293-9. Pow, Stephen (2017). "The Last Campaign and Death of Jebe Noyan". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 27 (1): 31–51. doi:10.1017/S135618631600033X. The Secret History of the Mongols: A Mongolian Epic Chronicle of the Thirteenth Century (Shorter Version; edited by John C. Street). Translated by de Rachewiltz, Igor. 2015. Retrieved 22 November 2022. Ratchnevsky, Paul (1991). Genghis Khan: His Life and Legacy. Translated by Thomas Haining. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-0-6311-6785-3. Rosenfeld, Gavriel D. (2018). "Who Was "Hitler" Before Hitler? Historical Analogies and the Struggle to Understand Nazism, 1930–1945". Central European History. 51 (2): 249–281. Sanders, Alan J. K. (2017). Historical Dictionary of Mongolia. Vol. 1 (Fourth ed.). Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-5381-0227-5. Sverdrup, Carl (2017). The Mongol Conquests: The Military Campaigns of Genghis Khan and Sübe'etei. Solihull: Helion & Company. ISBN 978-1-9133-3605-9. Togan, Isenbike (2016). "Otchigin's Place in the Transformation from Family to Dynasty". In Zimonyi, Istvan; Karatay, Osman (eds.). Central Asia in the Middle Ages: Studies in Honour of Peter B. Golden. Turcologica. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 407–424. Waley, Arthur (2002). The Secret History of the Mongols: and other pieces. London: House of Stratus. ISBN 978-1-8423-2370-0. Waterson, James (2013). Defending Heaven: China's Mongol Wars, 1209–1370. Barnsley: Frontline Books. ISBN 978-1-7834-6943-7. Weatherford, Jack (2004). Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World. New York: Crown Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-3072-3781-1. Wilkinson, Endymion (2012) . Chinese History: A New Manual (Third ed.). Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-6740-6715-8. Wright, David Curtis (2017) . "Genghis Khan". Oxford Bibliographies: Military History. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/OBO/9780199791279-0154. You, Wenpeng; Galassi, Francesco M.; Varotto, Elena; Henneberg, Maciej (2021). "Genghis Khan's death (AD 1227): An unsolvable riddle or simply a pandemic disease?". International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 104: 347–348. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.12.089. hdl:10447/620953. ISSN 1201-9712. PMID 33444749. S2CID 231610775. Genghis Khan House of BorjiginBorn: c. 1162 Died: 1227 Regnal titles New titleMongol Empire established Khan of the Mongol Empire 1206–1227 Succeeded byToluiAs regent vteKhagan of the Mongol EmpireEarly Khagans Genghis Khan Tolui Khan (as Regent) Ögedei Khan Töregene Khatun (as Regent) Güyük Khan Oghul Qaimish (as Regent) Möngke Khan Kublai Khan / Ariq Böke Yuan (Kublaid) Khagans Setsen Khan Öljeytü Khan Külüg Khan Buyantu Khan Gegeen Khan Yesün Temür Khan Ragibagh Khan Jayaatu Khan Khutughtu Khan Rinchinbal Khan Ukhaantu Khan Biligtü Khan Uskhal Khan vteMongol EmpireTerminologyTitles Khagan Khan Khatun Khanum Jinong Khong Tayiji Noyan Tarkhan PoliticalMilitary Jarlig Örtöö Orda Pax Mongolica Yassa Kurultai Paiza / Gerege Manghit / Mangudai Tümen Kheshig Darughachi PoliticsOrganizationLifeTopics Administrative divisions and vassals Banner/Bunchuk/Tug Invasions and conquests Destructiveness Imperial Seal Military Religion Society and economy House of Borjigin House of Ögedei Mongol Armenia Byzantine–Mongol Alliance Franco-Mongol alliance Lists of battles of the Mongol invasion of Europe List of battles of the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus' Khanates Yuan dynasty Northern Yuan Chagatai Khanate House of Ögedei Golden Horde Wings Ilkhanate Major cities Almalik Avarga Azov (Azaq) Bukhara Bolghar Karakorum Dadu Majar Maragheh Qarshi Samarkand Sarai Batu/Berke Saray-Jük Shangdu (Xanadu) Soltaniyeh Tabriz Ukek Xacitarxan CampaignsBattlesAsiaCentral Siberia (1207-1308) Sakhalin (1264–1308) Qara Khitai (1216–18) Khwarazmian Empire (1219–1221) Persia (1219–1256) East Western Xia (1205 / 1207 / 1209–10 / 1225–27) Northern China (1211–34) Korea (1231–60) Southern China (1235–79) Tibet (1236 / 1240 / 1252) Yunnan (1253–56) Japan (1274 / 1281) Southeast Burma (1277 / 1283 / 1287) Java (1293) Vietnam (1257 / 1284–88) Burma (1300–02) South India (1221–1327) Europe Georgia (1220–22 / 1226–31 / 1237–64) Circassia (1237–1300s) Chechnya (1237–1300s) Volga Bulgaria (1229–36) Alania (1238–1239) Kievan Rus' (1223 / 1236–40) Poland and Bohemia (1240–41) Hungary (1241–42) Holy Roman Empire (1241–42) Serbia and Bulgaria (1242) Latin Empire (1242) Lithuania (1258–59) Poland (1259–60) Thrace (1264–65) Hungary (1285–86) Poland (1287–88) Serbia (1291) Middle East Anatolia (1241–43) Alamut (1253–1256) Baghdad (1258) Syria (1260–1323) Palestine (1260 / 1301) Civil wars Division of the Mongol Empire Toluid Civil War (1260–64) Berke–Hulagu war (1262) Kaidu–Kublai war (1268–1301) Esen Buqa–Ayurbarwada war (1314–1318) PeopleGreat Khans Genghis Khan Tolui (regent) Ögedei Khan Töregene Khatun (regent) Güyük Khan Oghul Qaimish (regent) Möngke Khan Kublai Khan (Khagans of the Yuan) Khans Jochi Batu Khan Sartaq Khan Orda Khan Berke Toqta Özbeg Khan Chagatai Khan Duwa Kebek Hulegu Abaqa Arghun Ghazan Military Subutai Jebe Muqali Negudar Bo'orchu Guo Kan Boroqul Jelme Khubilai Aju Bayan Kadan Boroldai Nogai Khan Timeline of the Mongol Empire Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF 2 3 4 WorldCat National Norway Chile Spain France BnF data Catalonia Germany Israel Finland United States Sweden Latvia Japan Czech Republic Australia Greece Korea Croatia Netherlands Poland Vatican Academics CiNii People Deutsche Biographie Trove Other SNAC IdRef İslâm Ansiklopedisi Te Papa (New Zealand)
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For other uses, see Genghis Khan (disambiguation), Genghis (disambiguation), Chinggis (disambiguation), and Temujin (disambiguation).Genghis Khan (born Temüjin; c. 1162 – August 1227), also known as Chinggis Khan,[a] was the founder and first khan of the Mongol Empire, which he ruled from 1206 until his death in 1227; it later became the largest contiguous empire in history. After spending most of his life uniting the Mongol tribes, he launched a series of military campaigns, conquering large parts of China and Central Asia.Born between 1155 and 1167 and given the name Temüjin, he was the eldest child of Yesugei, a Mongol chieftain of the Borjigin clan, and his wife Hö'elün. When Temüjin was eight, his father died and his family was abandoned by its tribe. Reduced to near-poverty, they managed to survive, although Temüjin killed his half-brother Behter to secure his position. As he grew to manhood, he began to gain followers and formed alliances with two prominent steppe leaders named Jamukha and Toghrul; they worked together to retrieve Temüjin's kidnapped wife Börte. As his reputation grew, his relationship with Jamukha deteriorated into open warfare. Temüjin was decisively defeated in c. 1187, possibly spending the following years as a subject of the Jin dynasty; upon reemerging in 1196, he swiftly began gaining power. Toghrul came to view Temüjin as a threat, and launched a surprise attack on him in 1203. Temüjin retreated, then regrouped and overpowered Toghrul; after defeating the Naiman tribe and executing Jamukha, he was left as the sole ruler on the Mongolian steppe.Temüjin formally adopted the title \"Genghis Khan\", the meaning of which is uncertain, at an assembly in 1206. Carrying out reforms designed to ensure long-term stability, he then transformed the Mongols' tribal structure into an integrated meritocracy dedicated to the service of the ruling family. After thwarting a coup attempt from a powerful shaman, Genghis began to consolidate his power. In 1209, he led a large-scale raid into the neighbouring Western Xia, who agreed to Mongol terms the following year. He then launched a campaign against the Jin dynasty, which lasted for four years and ended in 1215 with the capture of the Jin capital Zhongdu. His general Jebe annexed the Central Asian state of Qara Khitai in 1218. Genghis was provoked to invade the Khwarazmian Empire the following year following the execution of his envoys; the campaign toppled the Khwarazmian state and devastated the regions of Transoxiana and Khorasan, while Jebe and his colleague Subutai led an expedition that reached Georgia and Kievan Rus'. In 1227, Genghis died while subduing the rebellious Western Xia; following a two-year interregnum, his third son and heir Ögedei acceded to the throne in 1229.Genghis Khan remains a controversial figure. He was generous and intensely loyal to his followers, but ruthless towards his enemies. He welcomed advice from diverse sources in his quest for world domination, for which he believed the shamanic supreme deity Tengri had destined him. The Mongol army under Genghis killed millions of people, yet his conquests also facilitated unprecedented commercial and cultural exchange over a vast geographical area. He is remembered as a backwards, savage tyrant in Russia and the Muslim world, while his legacy has undergone considerable reassessment in recent Western scholarship. He was posthumously deified in Mongolia; modern Mongolians recognise him as the founding father of their nation.","title":"Genghis Khan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Birth and early life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Meaning_of_Tem%C3%BCjin"},{"link_name":"Kurultai of 1206","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Meaning_of_Genghis"},{"link_name":"romanisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanisation"},{"link_name":"Mongolian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolian_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatchnevsky1991x%E2%80%93xi-2"},{"link_name":"honorific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorific"},{"link_name":"成吉思汗","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%88%90%E5%90%89%E6%80%9D%E6%B1%97"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"tʃ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate"},{"link_name":"Syriac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriac_language"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelliot1959281-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBawden2022%C2%A7_%22Introduction%22Wilkinson2012776Morgan1990-4"},{"link_name":"鐵木真","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%90%B5%E6%9C%A8%E7%9C%9F"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBawden2022%C2%A7_%22Introduction%22-5"},{"link_name":"Kublai Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kublai_Khan"},{"link_name":"Yuan dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_dynasty"},{"link_name":"temple name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_name"},{"link_name":"太祖","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E7%A5%96#Chinese"},{"link_name":"posthumous name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posthumous_name"},{"link_name":"聖","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%81%96#Chinese"},{"link_name":"武","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%AD%A6#Chinese"},{"link_name":"皇帝","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D#Chinese"},{"link_name":"Külüg Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BCl%C3%BCg_Khan"},{"link_name":"法","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%B3%95#Chinese"},{"link_name":"天","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A9#Chinese"},{"link_name":"啟","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%95%9F#Chinese"},{"link_name":"運","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%81%8B#Chinese"},{"link_name":"聖","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%81%96#Chinese"},{"link_name":"武","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%AD%A6#Chinese"},{"link_name":"皇帝","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D#Chinese"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorter201624Fiaschetti201477%E2%80%9382-6"}],"text":"For the uncertain meanings of the name Temüjin and the title Genghis, see the below sections Birth and early life and Kurultai of 1206 respectively.There is no universal romanisation system used for Mongolian; as a result, modern spellings of Mongolian names vary greatly and may result in considerably different pronunciations from the original.[1] The honorific most commonly rendered as \"Genghis\" ultimately derives from the Mongolian ᠴᠢᠩᠭᠢᠰ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ, which may be romanised as Činggis. This was adapted into Chinese as 成吉思汗 Chéngjísī Hán, and into Persian as چنگیز خان Čəngīz H̱ān. As Arabic lacks a sound similar to [tʃ], represented in the Mongolian and Persian romanisations by ⟨č⟩, writers transcribed the name as J̌ingiz, while Syriac authors used Šīngīz.[2]In addition to \"Genghis\", introduced into English during the 18th century based on a misreading of Persian sources, modern English spellings include \"Chinggis\", \"Chingis\", \"Jinghis\", and \"Jengiz\".[3] His birth name \"Temüjin\" (ᠲᠡᠮᠦᠵᠢᠨ; 鐵木真 Tiěmùzhēn) is sometimes also spelled \"Temuchin\" in English.[4]When Genghis's grandson Kublai Khan established the Yuan dynasty in 1271, he bestowed the temple name Taizu (太祖, meaning 'Supreme Progenitor') and the posthumous name Shengwu Huangdi (聖武皇帝, meaning 'Holy-Martial Emperor') upon his grandfather. Kublai's great-grandson Külüg Khan later expanded this title into Fatian Qiyun Shengwu Huangdi (法天啟運聖武皇帝, meaning 'Interpreter of the Heavenly Law, Initiator of the Good Fortune, Holy-Martial Emperor').[5]","title":"Name and title"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SecretHistoryMongols1908.jpg"},{"link_name":"Secret History of the Mongols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_History_of_the_Mongols"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jame%27_al-Tavarikh_(Compendium_of_Chronicles)_manuscript_by_Rashid_al-Din_Fazlullah,_Iran,_early_15th_century_AD,_ink,_watercolour,_and_gold_on_paper_-_Aga_Khan_Museum_-_Toronto,_Canada_-_DSC06735.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jami' al-tawarikh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jami%27_al-tawarikh"},{"link_name":"Rashid al-Din Hamadani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashid_al-Din_Hamadani"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan19864%E2%80%935-7"},{"link_name":"rise to power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rise_of_Genghis_Khan"},{"link_name":"Secret History of the Mongols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_History_of_the_Mongols"},{"link_name":"Altan Debter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altan_Debter"},{"link_name":"History of Yuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Yuan"},{"link_name":"Shengwu qinzheng lu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shengwu_qinzheng_lu"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatchnevsky1991xii-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESverdrup2017xiv-9"},{"link_name":"transliterated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transliteration"},{"link_name":"Chinese characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHung1951481-10"},{"link_name":"Arthur Waley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Waley"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaley20027%E2%80%938Morgan198611-11"},{"link_name":"phobia of dogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cynophobia"},{"link_name":"fratricide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Adolescence"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatchnevsky1991xiv%E2%80%93xv-12"},{"link_name":"Minhaj-i Siraj Juzjani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minhaj-i_Siraj_Juzjani"},{"link_name":"Ata-Malik Juvayni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ata-Malik_Juvayni"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan198616%E2%80%9317-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESverdrup2017xvi-14"},{"link_name":"a Mongol successor state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilkhanate"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan198618Ratchnevsky1991xv%E2%80%93xvi-15"},{"link_name":"Jami' al-tawarikh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jami%27_al-tawarikh"},{"link_name":"Rashid al-Din","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashid_al-Din_Hamadani"},{"link_name":"Ghazan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghazan"},{"link_name":"Bolad Chingsang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolad_Chingsang"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatchnevsky1991xvAtwood2004117Morgan198618%E2%80%9321-16"},{"link_name":"Zhao Hong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zhao_Hong_(Song_diplomat)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ibn al-Athir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Athir"},{"link_name":"Al-Kamil fi al-Tarikh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Kamil_fi_al-Tarikh"},{"link_name":"Jalal al-Din","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalal_al-Din_Mangburni"},{"link_name":"al-Nasawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shihab_al-Din_Muhammad_al-Nasawi"},{"link_name":"Georgian Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"Carpini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_da_Pian_del_Carpine"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESverdrup2017xiv%E2%80%93xviWright2017-17"}],"text":"1908 edition of the Secret History of the Mongols15th-century copy of the Jami' al-tawarikh by Rashid al-Din HamadaniAs the sources are written in more than a dozen languages from across Eurasia, modern historians have found it difficult to compile information on the life of Genghis Khan.[6] All accounts of his adolescence and rise to power derive from two Mongolian-language sources—the Secret History of the Mongols, and the Altan Debter ('Golden Book'). The latter, now lost, served as inspiration for two Chinese chronicles—the 14th-century History of Yuan and the Shengwu qinzheng lu ('Campaigns of Genghis Khan').[7] The History of Yuan, while poorly edited, provides a large amount of detail on individual campaigns and people; the Shengwu is more disciplined in its chronology, but does not criticise Genghis and occasionally contains errors.[8]The received text of the Secret History survived through being transliterated into Chinese characters during the 14th and 15th centuries.[9] Its historicity has been disputed: the 20th-century sinologist Arthur Waley considered it a literary work with no historiographical value, but more recent historians have given the work much more credence.[10] Although it is clear that the chronology of the work is suspect and that some passages were removed or modified for better narration, the Secret History is valued highly because the anonymous author is often critical of Genghis Khan: in addition to presenting him as indecisive and as having a phobia of dogs, the Secret History also recounts taboo events such as his fratricide and the possibility of his son Jochi's illegitimacy.[11]Multiple chronicles in Persian have also survived, which display a mix of positive and negative attitudes towards Genghis Khan and the Mongols. Both Minhaj-i Siraj Juzjani and Ata-Malik Juvayni completed their respective histories in 1260.[12] Juzjani was an eyewitness to the brutality of the Mongol conquests, and the hostility of his chronicle reflects his experiences.[13] His contemporary Juvayni, who had travelled twice to Mongolia and attained high position in the administration of a Mongol successor state, was more sympathetic; his account is the most reliable for Genghis Khan's western campaigns.[14] The most important Persian source is the Jami' al-tawarikh ('Compendium of Chronicles') compiled by Rashid al-Din on the order of Genghis's descendant Ghazan in the early 14th century. Ghazan allowed Rashid privileged access to both confidential Mongol sources such as the Altan Debter and to experts on the Mongol oral tradition, including Kublai Khan's ambassador Bolad Chingsang. As he was writing an official chronicle, Rashid censored inconvenient or taboo details.[15]There are many other contemporary histories which include additional information on Genghis Khan and the Mongols, although their neutrality and reliability are often suspect. Additional Chinese sources include the chronicles of the dynasties conquered by the Mongols, and the Song diplomat Zhao Hong, who visited the Mongols in 1221. Persian sources include Ibn al-Athir's Al-Kamil fi al-Tarikh ('The Complete History'), and a biography of the Khwarazmian prince Jalal al-Din by his companion al-Nasawi. There are also several Christian chronicles, including the Georgian Chronicles, and works by Europeans such as Carpini.[16]","title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Year of the Pig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pig_(zodiac)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan198655-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatchnevsky199117%E2%80%9318-19"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Paul Pelliot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Pelliot"},{"link_name":"Yang Weizhen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yang_Weizhen"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatchnevsky199117%E2%80%9318Pelliot1959284%E2%80%93287-21"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMan200470Biran201233Atwood200497May201822Jackson201763-22"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatchnevsky199119-23"},{"link_name":"Delüün Boldog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Del%C3%BC%C3%BCn_Boldog"},{"link_name":"Onon River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onon_River"},{"link_name":"Dadal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dadal"},{"link_name":"Khentii Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khentii_Province"},{"link_name":"Agin-Buryat Okrug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agin-Buryat_Okrug"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtwood200497-24"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:OnonRiver.jpg"},{"link_name":"Onon River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onon_River"},{"link_name":"Khentii Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khentii_Province"},{"link_name":"Borjigin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borjigin"},{"link_name":"Mongol tribe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongols"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Yesügei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yes%C3%BCgei"},{"link_name":"Bodonchar Munkhag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodonchar_Munkhag"},{"link_name":"Hö'elün","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B6%27el%C3%BCn"},{"link_name":"Olkhonud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olkhonud"},{"link_name":"Merkit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkit"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatchnevsky199114%E2%80%9315May201820%E2%80%9321-27"},{"link_name":"Tatars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatars"},{"link_name":"root","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_(linguistics)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelliot1959289%E2%80%93291Man200467%E2%80%9368Ratchnevsky199117-28"},{"link_name":"blood clot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_clot"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrose2014%C2%A7_%22The_Young_Tem%C3%BCjin%22Pelliot1959288-29"},{"link_name":"impregnated by a ray of light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miraculous_births"},{"link_name":"Alan Gua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Gua"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatchnevsky199117-30"},{"link_name":"Qasar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qasar"},{"link_name":"Hachiun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hachiun"},{"link_name":"Temüge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tem%C3%BCge"},{"link_name":"Temülün","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tem%C3%BCl%C3%BCn"},{"link_name":"Behter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behter"},{"link_name":"Belgutei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgutei"},{"link_name":"Sochigel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sochigel"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatchnevsky199115%E2%80%9319-31"},{"link_name":"Onggirat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onggirat"},{"link_name":"Börte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B6rte"},{"link_name":"Dei Sechen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%B9-%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%B9-%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD"},{"link_name":"bride price","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bride_price"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatchnevsky199120%E2%80%9321FitzhughRossabiHoneychurch2009100-32"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatchnevsky199121%E2%80%9322Broadbridge201850%E2%80%9351-33"}],"sub_title":"Birth and childhood","text":"The year of Temüjin's birth is disputed, as historians favour different dates: 1155, 1162 or 1167. Some traditions place his birth in the Year of the Pig, which was either 1155 or 1167.[17] While a dating to 1155 is supported by the writings of both Zhao Hong and Rashid al-Din, other major sources such as the History of Yuan and the Shengwu favour the year 1162.[18][b] The 1167 dating, favoured by Paul Pelliot, is derived from a minor source—a text of the Yuan artist Yang Weizhen—but is more compatible with the events of Genghis Khan's life than a 1155 placement, which implies that he did not have children until after the age of thirty and continued actively campaigning into his seventh decade.[19] 1162 remains the most accepted date;[20] the historian Paul Ratchnevsky notes that Temüjin himself may not have known the truth.[21] The location of Temüjin's birth is similarly debated: the Secret History records his birthplace as Delüün Boldog on the Onon River, but this has been placed at either Dadal in Khentii Province or in southern Agin-Buryat Okrug, Russia.[22]The Onon River, near which Temüjin was born, pictured here in Khentii Province, MongoliaTemüjin was born into the Borjigin clan of the Mongol tribe[c] to Yesügei, a chieftain who claimed descent from the legendary warlord Bodonchar Munkhag, and his principal wife Hö'elün, originally of the Olkhonud clan, whom Yesügei had abducted from her Merkit bridegroom Chiledu.[24] The origin of his birth-name is contested: the earliest traditions hold that his father had just returned from a successful campaign against the Tatars with a captive named Temüchin-uge, after whom he named the newborn in celebration of his victory, while later traditions highlight the root temür (meaning 'iron') and connect to theories that \"Temüjin\" means 'blacksmith'.[25] Several legends surround Temüjin's birth. The most prominent is that of a blood clot he clutched in his hand as he was born, a motif in Asian folklore which indicated the child would be a warrior.[26] Others claimed that Hö'elün was impregnated by a ray of light which announced the child's destiny, a legend which echoed that of the mythical Borjigin ancestor Alan Gua.[27] Yesügei and Hö'elün had three younger sons after Temüjin: Qasar, Hachiun, and Temüge, as well as one daughter, Temülün. Temüjin also had two half-brothers, Behter and Belgutei, from Yesügei's second wife Sochigel, whose identity is uncertain. The siblings grew up at Yesugei's main camp on the banks of the Onon, where they learned how to ride a horse and shoot a bow.[28]When Temüjin was eight years old, Yesügei decided to betroth him to a suitable girl. He took his heir to the pastures of Hö'elün's prestigious Onggirat tribe, which had intermarried with the Mongols on many previous occasions. There, he arranged a betrothal between Temüjin and Börte, the daughter of an Onggirat chieftain named Dei Sechen [ru]. As the betrothal meant Yesügei would gain a powerful ally, and as Börte commanded a high bride price, Dei Sechen held the stronger negotiating position, and demanded that Temüjin remain in his household to work off his future debt.[29] Accepting this condition, Yesügei requested a meal from a band of Tatars he encountered while riding homewards alone, relying on the steppe tradition of hospitality to strangers. However, the Tatars recognised their old enemy, and slipped poison into his food. Yesügei gradually sickened but managed to return home; close to death, he requested a trusted retainer called Münglig to retrieve Temüjin from the Onggirat. He died soon after.[30]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tayichiud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tayichiud"},{"link_name":"ancestor worship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancestor_worship"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatchnevsky199122May201825de_Rachewiltz_2015%C2%A7_71%E2%80%9373-34"},{"link_name":"levirate marriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levirate_marriage"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatchnevsky199122%E2%80%9323Atwood200497%E2%80%9398-35"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrose2014%C2%A7_%22The_Young_Tem%C3%BCjin%22Atwood200498-36"},{"link_name":"hunter-gatherer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter-gatherer"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay201825-37"},{"link_name":"majority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_majority"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay201825%E2%80%9326-38"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatchnevsky199123%E2%80%9324de_Rachewiltz_2015%C2%A776%E2%80%9378-39"},{"link_name":"Jamukha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamukha"},{"link_name":"knucklebones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knucklebone"},{"link_name":"blood brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_brother"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMan200474de_Rachewiltz_2015%C2%A7116FitzhughRossabiHoneychurch2009101-40"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatchnevsky199125%E2%80%9326FitzhughRossabiHoneychurch2009100%E2%80%93101-41"},{"link_name":"Sorkan-Shira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorqan_Shira"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatchnevsky199126%E2%80%9327May201826%E2%80%9327-42"},{"link_name":"Bo'orchu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo%27orchu"},{"link_name":"nökor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B6ker_(military)"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay201828-43"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatchnevsky199127-44"}],"sub_title":"Adolescence","text":"Yesügei's death shattered the unity of his people, which included members of the Borjigin, Tayichiud, and other clans. As Temüjin was only around ten, and Behter around two years older, neither was considered old enough to rule. The Tayichiud faction excluded Hö'elün from the ancestor worship ceremonies which followed a ruler's death and soon abandoned her camp. The Secret History relates that the entire Borjigin clan followed, despite Hö'elün's attempts to shame them into staying by appealing to their honour.[31] Rashid al-Din and the Shengwu however imply that Yesügei's brothers stood by the widow. It is possible that Hö'elün may have refused to join in levirate marriage with one, resulting in later tensions, or that the author of the Secret History dramatised the situation.[32] All the sources agree that most of Yesügei's people renounced his family in favour of the Tayichiuds and that Hö'elün's family were reduced to a much harsher life.[33] Taking up a hunter-gatherer lifestyle, they collected roots and nuts, hunted for small animals, and caught fish.[34]Tensions developed as the children grew older. Both Temüjin and Behter had claims to be their father's heir: although Temüjin was the child of Yesügei's chief wife, Behter was at least two years his senior. There was even the possibility that, as permitted under levirate law, Behter could marry Hö'elün upon attaining his majority and become Temüjin's stepfather.[35] As the friction, exacerbated by frequent disputes over the division of hunting spoils, intensified, Temüjin and his younger brother Qasar ambushed and killed Behter. This taboo act was omitted from the official chronicles but not from the Secret History, which recounts that Hö'elün angrily reprimanded her sons. Behter's younger full-brother Belgutei did not seek vengeance, and became one of Temüjin's highest-ranking followers alongside Qasar.[36] Around this time, Temüjin developed a close friendship with Jamukha, another boy of aristocratic descent; the Secret History notes that they exchanged knucklebones and arrows as gifts and swore the anda pact—the traditional oath of Mongol blood brothers–at the age of eleven.[37]As the family lacked allies, Temüjin was taken prisoner on multiple occasions.[38] Captured by the Tayichiuds, he escaped during a feast and hid first in the Onon and then in the tent of Sorkan-Shira, a man who had seen him in the river and not raised the alarm. Sorkan-Shira sheltered Temüjin for three days at great personal risk before allowing him to escape.[39] Temüjin was assisted on another occasion by an adolescent named Bo'orchu who aided him in retrieving stolen horses. Soon afterwards, Bo'orchu joined Temüjin's camp as his first nökor ('personal companion'; pl. nökod).[40] These incidents, related by the Secret History, are indicative of the emphasis its author put on Genghis' personal charisma.[41]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Rise to power"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Burkhan_Khaldun_mount3.jpg"},{"link_name":"Burkhan Khaldun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkhan_Khaldun"},{"link_name":"Merkit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkit"},{"link_name":"age of majority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_majority"},{"link_name":"sable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sable"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay201828Ratchnevsky199131-45"},{"link_name":"Toghrul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toghrul"},{"link_name":"khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khan_(title)"},{"link_name":"Kerait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerait"},{"link_name":"Jelme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jelme"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtwood2004295%E2%80%93296,_390Ratchnevsky199132%E2%80%9333May201828%E2%80%9329-46"},{"link_name":"Qojin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Qojin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroadbridge201858-47"},{"link_name":"Burkhan Khaldun mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkhan_Khaldun"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatchnevsky199134%E2%80%9335Brose2014%C2%A7_%22Emergence_of_Chinggis_Khan%22-48"},{"link_name":"Jadaran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jadaran&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jochi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jochi"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay201830Bawden2022%C2%A7_%22Early_struggles%22-49"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatchnevsky199134%E2%80%9335May201830%E2%80%9331-50"},{"link_name":"Chagatai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chagatai_Khan"},{"link_name":"Ögedei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96gedei_Khan"},{"link_name":"Tolui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolui"},{"link_name":"Checheyigen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checheikhen"},{"link_name":"Alaqa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alakhai_Bekhi"},{"link_name":"Tümelün","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=T%C3%BCmel%C3%BCn&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Al Altan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaltun"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroadbridge201866%E2%80%9368-51"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatchnevsky199137%E2%80%9338-52"},{"link_name":"Subutai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subutai"},{"link_name":"Uriankhai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uriankhai"},{"link_name":"Barulas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barlas"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay201831Ratchnevsky199138%E2%80%9341-53"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Djengiz_Kh%C3%A2n_et_Toghril_Ong_Khan.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Toghrul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toghrul"},{"link_name":"Jami' al-tawarikh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jami%27_al-tawarikh"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtwood200498Brose2014%C2%A7_%22Building_the_Mongol_Confederation%22-54"},{"link_name":"at Dalan Baljut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Dalan_Balzhat"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatchnevsky199144%E2%80%9347-55"},{"link_name":"Jin dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)"},{"link_name":"North China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_China"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatchnevsky199149%E2%80%9350May201832-56"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatchnevsky199149%E2%80%9350-57"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatchnevsky199149%E2%80%9350May201832FitzhughRossabiHoneychurch2009101-58"}],"sub_title":"Early campaigns","text":"Burkhan Khaldun mountain, where Temüjin hid during the Merkit attack, and which he later came to honour as sacredTemüjin returned to Dei Sechen to marry Börte when he reached the age of majority at fifteen. Delighted to see the son-in-law he feared had been lost, Dei Sechen consented to the marriage and accompanied the newlyweds back to Temüjin's camp; his wife Čotan presented Hö'elün with an expensive sable cloak.[42] Seeking a patron, Temüjin then chose to approach Toghrul, khan (ruler) of the Kerait tribe, who had fought alongside Yesügei and sworn the anda pact with him. Toghrul ruled a vast territory in central Mongolia, but he was suspicious of the loyalty of his chief followers and, after receiving the sable cloak as a gift, he welcomed Temüjin into his protection. The two grew close, and Temüjin began to build a following, as nökod such as Jelme entered into his service.[43] Temüjin and Börte had their first child, a daughter named Qojin, around this time.[44]Soon afterwards, seeking revenge for Yesügei's abduction of Hö'elün, around 300 Merkits raided Temüjin's camp. While Temüjin and his brothers were able to hide on Burkhan Khaldun mountain, Börte and Sochigel were abducted. In accordance with levirate law, Börte was given in marriage to the younger brother of the now-deceased Chiledu.[45] Temüjin appealed for aid from Toghrul and his childhood anda Jamukha, who had risen to become chief of the Jadaran tribe. Both chiefs were willing to field armies of 20,000 warriors, and with Jamukha in command, the campaign was soon won. A now-pregnant Börte was recovered successfully and soon gave birth to a son, Jochi; although Temüjin raised him as his own, questions over his true paternity followed Jochi throughout his life.[46] This is narrated in the Secret History and contrasts with Rashid al-Din's account, which protects the family's reputation by removing any hint of illegitimacy.[47] Over the next decade and a half, Temüjin and Börte would have three more sons (Chagatai, Ögedei, and Tolui) and four more daughters (Checheyigen, Alaqa, Tümelün, and Al Altan).[48]Temüjin and Jamukha camped together for a year and a half, during which, according to the Secret History, they reforged their anda pact, even sleeping together under one blanket. Traditionally seen as a bond solely of friendship, as presented in the source, Ratchnevsky has questioned if Temüjin actually became Jamukha's nökor, in return for the assistance with the Merkits.[49] Tensions arose and the two leaders parted, ostensibly on account of a cryptic remark made by Jamukha on the subject of camping; scholarly analysis has focused on the active role of Börte in this separation, and whether her ambitions may have outweighed Temüjin's own. In any case, the major tribal rulers remained with Jamukha, but forty-one leaders joined Temüjin along with many commoners: these included Subutai and others of the Uriankhai, the Barulas, the Olkhonuds, and many more.[50]Temüjin and Toghrul, illustrated in a 15th-century Jami' al-tawarikh manuscriptTemüjin was soon acclaimed by his close followers as khan of the Mongols.[51] Toghrul was pleased at his vassal's elevation but Jamukha was resentful. Tensions escalated into open hostility, and in around 1187 the two leaders clashed in battle at Dalan Baljut: the two forces were evenly matched but Temüjin suffered a clear defeat. Later chroniclers including Rashid al-Din instead state that he was victorious but their accounts contradict themselves and each other.[52]Modern historians such as Ratchnevsky and Timothy May consider it very likely that Temüjin spent a large portion of the decade following the clash at Dalan Baljut as a servant of the Jurchen Jin dynasty in North China.[53] Zhao Hong recorded that the future Genghis Khan spent several years as a slave of the Jin. Formerly seen as an expression of nationalistic arrogance, the statement is now thought to be based in fact, especially as no other source convincingly explains Temüjin's activities between Dalan Baljut and c. 1195.[54] Taking refuge across the border was a common practice both for disaffected steppe leaders and disgraced Chinese officials. Temüjin's reemergence having retained significant power indicates that he probably profited in the service of the Jin. As he would later go on to overthrow that state, such an episode, detrimental to Mongol prestige, was omitted from all their sources. Zhao Hong was bound by no such taboos.[55]","title":"Rise to power"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jurchen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurchen_language"},{"link_name":"Naiman tribe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naimans"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatchnevsky199152%E2%80%9353Pelliot1959291%E2%80%93295-59"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatchnevsky199152%E2%80%9353Sverdrup201756-60"},{"link_name":"boiled seventy prisoners alive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_by_boiling"},{"link_name":"defected","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defection"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatchnevsky199146%E2%80%9347May201832-61"},{"link_name":"Jurkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jurkin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrestling"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatchnevsky199154%E2%80%9356-62"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mongol_Empire_c.1207.png"},{"link_name":"gurkhan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurkhan"},{"link_name":"at Yedi Qunan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Yedi_Qunan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatchnevsky199161%E2%80%9362May201834%E2%80%9335-63"},{"link_name":"Jebe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jebe"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatchnevsky199163%E2%80%9367de_Hartog199921%E2%80%9322FitzhughRossabiHoneychurch2009102-64"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay201836-65"},{"link_name":"aristocracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristocracy"},{"link_name":"Battle of Qalaqaljid Sands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Qalaqaljid_Sands"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtwood200498Ratchnevsky199167%E2%80%9370May201836%E2%80%9337-66"},{"link_name":"Baljuna Covenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baljuna_Covenant"},{"link_name":"History of Yuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Yuan"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECleaves1955397-67"},{"link_name":"Ögedei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96gedei"},{"link_name":"Borokhula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borokhula"},{"link_name":"oath of loyalty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oath"},{"link_name":"Baljuna Covenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baljuna_Covenant"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrose2014%C2%A7_%22Building_the_Mongol_Confederation%22Ratchnevsky199170%E2%80%9373Man200496%E2%80%9398-68"},{"link_name":"heterogeneous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterogenous#Sociology"},{"link_name":"John Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Man_(author)"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMan201440Weatherford200458Biran201238-69"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMan201440-70"},{"link_name":"ruse de guerre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruse_de_guerre"},{"link_name":"decisive victory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decisive_victory"},{"link_name":"Tibet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet"},{"link_name":"Ibaqa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibaqa_Beki"},{"link_name":"Sorghaghtani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorghaghtani_Beki"},{"link_name":"Doquz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doquz_Khatun"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatchnevsky199178%E2%80%9380Atwood200498Lane200426%E2%80%9327-71"},{"link_name":"Alaqush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaqush"},{"link_name":"Ongud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ongud"},{"link_name":"Battle of Chakirmaut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Chakirmaut"},{"link_name":"Altai Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altai_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Tayang Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tayang_Khan"},{"link_name":"Kuchlug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuchlug"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESverdrup201781%E2%80%9383Ratchnevsky199183%E2%80%9386-72"},{"link_name":"dismemberment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dismemberment"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrose2014%C2%A7_%22Building_the_Mongol_Confederation%22FitzhughRossabiHoneychurch2009103Ratchnevsky199186%E2%80%9388McLynn201590%E2%80%9391-73"}],"sub_title":"Defeating rivals","text":"The sources do not agree on the events of Temüjin's return to the steppe. In early summer 1196, he participated in a joint campaign with the Jin against the Tatars, who had begun to act contrary to Jin interests. As a reward, the Jin awarded him the honorific cha-ut kuri, the meaning of which probably approximated \"commander of hundreds\" in Jurchen. At around the same time, he assisted Toghrul with reclaiming the lordship of the Kereit, which had been usurped by one of Toghrul's relatives with the support of the powerful Naiman tribe.[56] The actions of 1196 fundamentally changed Temüjin's position in the steppe—although nominally still Toghrul's vassal, he was de facto an equal ally.[57]Jamukha behaved cruelly following his victory at Dalan Baljut—he allegedly boiled seventy prisoners alive and humiliated the bodies of leaders who had opposed him. A number of disaffected followers, including Yesügei's follower Münglig and his sons, defected to Temüjin as a consequence; they were also probably attracted by Temüjin's newfound wealth.[58] Temüjin was able to subdue the disobedient Jurkin tribe that had previously offended him at a feast and refused to participate in the Tatar campaign. After executing their leaders, he had Belgutei symbolically break a leading Jurkin's back in a staged wrestling match in retribution. This latter incident, which contravened Mongol customs of justice, was only noted by the author of the Secret History, who openly disapproved. These events occurred c. 1197.[59]The tribal polities united by Temüjin to found the Mongol EmpireDuring the following years, Temüjin and Toghrul campaigned against the Merkits, the Naimans, and the Tatars; sometimes separately and sometimes together. In around 1201, a collection of dissatisfied tribes including the Onggirat, the Tayichiud, and the Tatars, swore to break the domination of the Borjigin-Kereit alliance, electing Jamukha as their leader and gurkhan (lit. '\"khan of the tribes\"'). After some initial successes, Temüjin and Toghrul routed this loose confederation at Yedi Qunan, and Jamukha was forced to beg for Toghrul's clemency.[60] Desiring complete supremacy in eastern Mongolia, Temüjin defeated first the Tayichiud and then, in 1202, the Tatars; after both campaigns, he executed the clan leaders and took the remaining warriors into his service. These included Sorkan-Shira, who had come to his aid previously, and a young warrior named Jebe, who, by killing Temüjin's horse and refusing to hide that fact, had displayed martial ability and personal courage.[61]The absorption of the Tatars left three military powers in the steppe: the Naimans in the west, the Mongols in the east, and the Kereit in between.[62] Seeking to cement his position, Temüjin proposed that his son Jochi marry one of Toghrul's daughters. Led by Toghrul's son Senggum, the Kereit elite believed the proposal to be an attempt to gain control over their tribe, while the doubts over Jochi's parentage would have offended them further. In addition, Jamukha drew attention to the threat Temüjin posed to the traditional steppe aristocracy by his habit of promoting commoners to high positions, which subverted existing social norms. Yielding eventually to these demands, Toghrul attempted to lure his vassal into an ambush, but his plans were overheard by two herdsmen. Temüjin was able to gather some of his forces, but was soundly defeated at the Battle of Qalaqaljid Sands.[63]The Baljuna Covenant\n\n\n\"[Temüjin] raised his hands and looking up at Heaven swore, saying \"If I am able to achieve my 'Great Work', I shall [always] share with you men the sweet and the bitter. If I break this word, may I be like the water of the River, drunk up by others.\"\nAmong officers and men there was none who was not moved to tears.\n\n\n\nThe History of Yuan, vol 121 (1370)[64]Retreating southeast to Baljuna, an unidentified lake or river, Temüjin waited for his scattered forces to regroup: Bo'orchu had lost his horse and was forced to flee on foot, while Temüjin's badly wounded son Ögedei had been transported and tended to by Borokhula, a leading warrior. Temüjin called in every possible ally and swore a famous oath of loyalty, later known as the Baljuna Covenant, to his faithful followers, which would later grant them exclusivity and prestige.[65] The oath-takers of Baljuna were a very heterogeneous group—men from nine different tribes who included Christians, Muslims, and Buddhists, united only by loyalty to Temüjin and to each other. This group became a model for the later empire, being termed a \"proto-government of a proto-nation\" by historian John Man.[66] The Baljuna Covenant was omitted from the Secret History—as the group was predominantly non-Mongol, the author presumably wished to downplay the role of other tribes.[67]A ruse de guerre involving Qasar allowed the Mongols to catch the Kereit unawares at the Jej'er Heights, but though the ensuing battle still lasted three days, it ended in a decisive victory for Temüjin. Toghrul and Senggum were both forced to flee, and while the latter escaped to Tibet, Toghrul was killed by a Naiman who did not recognise him. Temüjin sealed his victory by absorbing the Kereit elite into his own tribe: he took the princess Ibaqa as a wife, and married her sister Sorghaghtani and niece Doquz to his youngest son Tolui.[68] The ranks of the Naimans had swelled due to the arrival of Jamukha and others defeated by the Mongols, and they prepared for war. Temüjin was informed of these events by Alaqush, the sympathetic ruler of the Ongud tribe. In May 1204, at the Battle of Chakirmaut in the Altai Mountains, the Naimans were decisively defeated: their leader Tayang Khan was killed, and his son Kuchlug was forced to flee west.[69] The Merkits were decimated later that year, while Jamukha, who had abandoned the Naimans at Chakirmaut, was betrayed to Temüjin by companions who were executed for their lack of loyalty. According to the Secret History, Jamukha convinced his childhood anda to execute him honourably; other accounts state that he was killed by dismemberment.[70]","title":"Rise to power"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Early reign: reforms and Chinese campaigns (1206–1215)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tem%C3%BCjin_proclaimed_as_Genghis_Khan_in_1206_Jami%27_al-tawarikh_manuscript.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jami' al-tawarikh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jami%27_al-tawarikh"},{"link_name":"tuq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tug_(banner)"},{"link_name":"yaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yak"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay201236-74"},{"link_name":"kurultai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurultai"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzhughRossabiHoneychurch2009103-75"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelliot1959296Favereau202137-76"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatchnevsky199189Pelliot1959297-77"},{"link_name":"Turkic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic_languages"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatchnevsky199189%E2%80%9390Pelliot1959298%E2%80%93301-78"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeatherford200465-79"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay201839-80"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatchnevsky199190FitzhughRossabiHoneychurch2009104McLynn201597-81"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtwood2004505%E2%80%93506May201839-82"},{"link_name":"decimal system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decimal"},{"link_name":"minqan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mingghan"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay200730%E2%80%9331McLynn201599-83"},{"link_name":"military–industrial complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military%E2%80%93industrial_complex"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay201839%E2%80%9340FitzhughRossabiHoneychurch2009104-84"},{"link_name":"division of the Mongol Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_of_the_Mongol_Empire"},{"link_name":"Timur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timur"},{"link_name":"Edigu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edigu"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson201765-85"},{"link_name":"Muqali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muqali"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtwood2004393Weatherford200467-86"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatchnevsky199192May201877Man2004104%E2%80%93105-87"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatchnevsky199192%E2%80%9393May201877Atwood2004460%E2%80%93462-88"},{"link_name":"keshig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keshig"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtwood2004297Weatherford200471%E2%80%9372May2018-89"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay201878Atwood2004297Ratchnevsky199194Man2004106-90"},{"link_name":"Chormaqan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chormaqan"},{"link_name":"Baiju","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baiju_Noyan"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtwood2004297-91"}],"sub_title":"Kurultai of 1206 and reforms","text":"Temüjin being proclaimed as Genghis Khan, as illustrated in a 15th-century Jami' al-tawarikh manuscript. The tuq, a banner fashioned from the tails of yaks or horses, is placed on the right; the white tuq pictured here represent peace, while a black tuq would represent war.[71]Now sole ruler of the steppe, Temüjin held a large assembly called a kurultai at the source of the Onon River in 1206.[72] Here, he formally adopted the title Genghis Khan, the etymology and meaning of which have been much debated. Some commentators hold that the title had no meaning, simply representing Temüjin's eschewal of the traditional gurkhan title, which had been accorded to Jamukha and was thus of lesser worth.[73] Another theory suggests that the word \"Genghis\" bears connotations of strength, firmness, hardness, or righteousness.[74] A third hypothesis proposes that the title is related to the Turkic tängiz ('ocean'), the title \"Genghis Khan\" would mean \"master of the ocean\", and as the ocean was believed to surround the earth, the title thus ultimately implied \"Universal Ruler\".[75]Having attained control over one million people,[76] Genghis Khan began a \"social revolution\", in May's words.[77] As traditional tribal systems had primarily evolved to benefit small clans and families, they were unsuitable as the foundations for larger states and had been the downfall of previous steppe confederations. Genghis thus began a series of administrative reforms designed to suppress the power of tribal affiliations and to replace them with unconditional loyalty to the khan and the ruling family.[78] As most of the traditional tribal leaders had been killed during his rise to power, Genghis was able to reconstruct the Mongol social hierarchy in his favour. The highest tier was occupied solely by his and his brothers' families, who became known as the altan uruq (lit. 'Golden Family') or chaghan yasun (lit. 'white bone'); underneath them came the qara yasun (lit. 'black bone'; sometimes qarachu), composed of the surviving pre-empire aristocracy and the most important of the new families.[79]To break any concept of tribal loyalty, Mongol society was reorganised into a military decimal system. Every man between the age of fifteen and seventy was conscripted into a minqan (pl. minkad), a unit of a thousand soldiers, which was further subdivided into units of hundreds (jaghun, pl. jaghat) and tens (arban, pl. arbat).[80] The units also encompassed each man's household, meaning that each military minqan was supported by a minqan of households in what May has termed \"a military–industrial complex\". Each minqan operated as both a political and social unit, while the warriors of defeated tribes were dispersed to different minqad to make it difficult for them to rebel as a single body. This was intended to ensure the disappearance of old tribal identities, replacing them with loyalty to the \"Great Mongol State\", and to commanders who had gained their rank through merit and loyalty to the khan.[81] This particular reform proved extremely effective—even after the division of the Mongol Empire, fragmentation never happened along tribal lines. Instead, the descendants of Genghis continued to reign unchallenged, in some cases until as late as the 1700s, and even powerful non-imperial dynasts such as Timur and Edigu were compelled to rule from behind a puppet ruler of his lineage.[82]Genghis's senior nökod were appointed to the highest ranks and received the greatest honours. Bo'orchu and Muqali were each given ten thousand men to lead as commanders of the right and left wings of the army respectively.[83] The other nökod were each given commands of one of the ninety-five minkad. In a display of Genghis' meritocratic ideals, many of these men were born to low social status: Ratchnevsky cites Jelme and Subutai, the sons of blacksmiths, in addition to a carpenter, a shepherd, and even the two herdsmen who had warned Temüjin of Toghrul's plans in 1203.[84] As a special privilege, Genghis allowed certain loyal commanders to retain the tribal identities of their units. Alaqush of the Ongud was allowed to retain five thousand warriors of his tribe because his son had entered into an alliance pact with Genghis, marrying his daughter Alaqa.[85]A key tool which underpinned these reforms was the expansion of the keshig ('bodyguard'). After Temüjin defeated Toghrul in 1203, he had appropriated this Kereit institution in a minor form, but at the 1206 kurultai its numbers were greatly expanded, from 1,150 to 10,000 men. The keshig was not only the khan's bodyguard, but his household staff, a military academy, and the centre of governmental administration.[86] All the warriors in this elite corps were brothers or sons of military commanders and were essentially hostages. The members of the keshig nevertheless received special privileges and direct access to the khan, whom they would serve and who in return would evaluate their capabilities and their potential to govern or command.[87] Commanders such as Subutai, Chormaqan, and Baiju all started out in the keshig, before being given command of their own force.[88]","title":"Early reign: reforms and Chinese campaigns (1206–1215)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mongol conquest of Western Xia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_Western_Xia"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatchnevsky1991101-92"},{"link_name":"shaman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaman"},{"link_name":"Tengrist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tengrist"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatchnevsky199197%E2%80%9398Atwood2004531Weatherford200473-93"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatchnevsky199198%E2%80%93100-94"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatchnevsky1991100%E2%80%93101Atwood2004100-95"},{"link_name":"Hoi-yin Irgen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hoi-yin_Irgen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9B%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B2%E3%83%B3"},{"link_name":"Siberian taiga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Siberian_taiga"},{"link_name":"Oirats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oirats"},{"link_name":"Yenisei Kyrgyz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yenisei_Kyrgyz"},{"link_name":"gold mines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_mine"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay201844%E2%80%9345Atwood2004502-96"},{"link_name":"River Irtysh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irtysh"},{"link_name":"Central Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Asia"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatchnevsky1991102May201845-97"},{"link_name":"Barchuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baurchuk_Art_Tekin"},{"link_name":"Uyghurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uyghurs"},{"link_name":"Qara Khitai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qara_Khitai"},{"link_name":"sedentary society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedentism"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatchnevsky1991102%E2%80%93103Atwood2004563-98"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mongol_Invasion_of_China.png"},{"link_name":"Tangut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangut_people"},{"link_name":"Western Xia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Xia"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtwood2004590Man2004-99"},{"link_name":"livestock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livestock"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatchnevsky1991103FitzhughRossabiHoneychurch2009104-100"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay201238Waterson201337-101"},{"link_name":"Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Song"},{"link_name":"Jin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)"},{"link_name":"Gobi desert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobi_desert"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESverdrup201796Man2004116-102"},{"link_name":"Wulahai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhai"},{"link_name":"a full-scale invasion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_Western_Xia#First_invasion_(1209-1210)"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtwood2004590%E2%80%93591Ratchnevsky1991104-103"},{"link_name":"Yinchuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yinchuan"},{"link_name":"feigned retreat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feigned_retreat"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatchnevsky1991104Sverdrup201797%E2%80%9398-104"},{"link_name":"siege equipment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_equipment"},{"link_name":"battering rams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battering_ram"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay201848Man201455-105"},{"link_name":"Emperor Zhangzong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Zhangzong_of_Jin"},{"link_name":"Yellow River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_River"},{"link_name":"earthworks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthworks_(engineering)"},{"link_name":"Xiangzong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Xiangzong_of_Western_Xia"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMan2004132%E2%80%93133Atwood2004591May201848Ratchnevsky1991104%E2%80%93105Waterson201338-106"}],"sub_title":"Consolidation of power (1206–1210)","text":"Further information: Mongol conquest of Western XiaFrom 1204 to 1209, Genghis Khan was predominantly focused on consolidating and maintaining his new nation.[89] He faced a challenge from the shaman Kokechu, whose father Münglig had previously been allowed to marry Hö'elün. Kokechu, who had proclaimed Temüjin as Genghis Khan and taken the Tengrist title \"Teb Tenggeri\" (lit. \"Wholly Heavenly\") on account of his sorcery, was very influential among the Mongol commoners and sought to divide the imperial family.[90] Genghis's brother Qasar was the first of Kokechu's targets—always distrusted by his brother, Qasar was humiliated and almost imprisoned on false charges before Hö'elün intervened by publicly reprimanding Genghis. Nevertheless, Kokechu's power steadily increased. When Temüge, Genghis's youngest brother, attempted to intervene he too was publicly shamed.[91] Börte saw that Kokechu was a threat to Genghis's power and warned her husband, who still superstitiously revered the shaman; allowing Temüge to have Kokechu killed, he usurped the shaman's position as the Mongols' highest spiritual authority.[92]During these years, the Mongols imposed their control on surrounding areas. Genghis dispatched Jochi northwards in 1207 to subjugate the Hoi-yin Irgen [ja], a collection of tribes on the edge of the Siberian taiga. Having secured a marriage alliance with the Oirats and defeated the Yenisei Kyrgyz, he took control of the region's trade in grain and furs, as well as its gold mines.[93] Mongol armies also rode westwards, defeating the Naiman-Merkit alliance on the River Irtysh in late 1208. Their khan was killed and Kuchlug fled into Central Asia.[94] Led by Barchuk, the Uyghurs freed themselves from the suzerainty of the Qara Khitai and pledged themselves to Genghis in 1211 as the first sedentary society to submit to the Mongols.[95]The states of East and Central Asia in the early 13th centuryThe Mongols had started raiding the border settlements of the Tangut-led Western Xia kingdom in 1205, ostensibly in retaliation for allowing Senggum, Toghrul's son, refuge.[96] More prosaic explanations include rejuvenating the depleted Mongol economy with an influx of fresh goods and livestock,[97] or simply subjugating a semi-hostile state to protect the nascent Mongol nation.[98] Most Xia troops were stationed along the southern and western borders of the kingdom to guard against attacks from the Song and Jin dynasties respectively, while its northern border relied only on the Gobi desert for protection.[99] After a raid in 1207 sacked the Xia fortress of Wulahai, Genghis decided to personally lead a full-scale invasion in 1209.[100]Wulahai was captured again in May and the Mongols advanced on the capital Zhongxing (modern-day Yinchuan) but suffered a reverse against a Xia army. After a two-month stalemate, Genghis broke the deadlock with a feigned retreat; the Xia forces were deceived out of their defensive positions and overpowered.[101] Although Zhongxing was now mostly undefended, the Mongols lacked any siege equipment better than crude battering rams and were unable to progress the siege.[102] The Xia requested aid from the Jin, but Emperor Zhangzong rejected the plea. Genghis's attempt to redirect the Yellow River into the city with a dam initially worked, but the poorly-constructed earthworks broke—possibly breached by the Xia—in January 1210 and the Mongol camp was flooded, forcing them to retreat. A peace treaty was soon formalised: the Xia emperor Xiangzong submitted and handed over tribute, including his daughter Chaka, in exchange for the Mongol withdrawal.[103]","title":"Early reign: reforms and Chinese campaigns (1206–1215)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bataille_entre_mongols_%26_chinois_(1211).jpeg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chingiz_Khan_in_battle_-_Collection_of_epic_poems_(1397-1398),_f.49v_-_BL_Or._2780.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Si%C3%A8ge_de_Beijing_(1213-1214).jpeg"},{"link_name":"Battle of Yehuling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Yehuling"},{"link_name":"Zhongdu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhongdu"},{"link_name":"Wanyan Yongji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanyan_Yongji"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtwood2004275-107"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatchnevsky1991108Man2004134-108"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatchnevsky1991106%E2%80%93108-109"},{"link_name":"Ambaghai Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambaghai_Khan"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatchnevsky1991109%E2%80%93109Atwood2004275%E2%80%93276May201239-110"},{"link_name":"his invasion of Jin China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_the_Jin_dynasty"},{"link_name":"outer ring of Jin defences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Great_Wall_of_China#Liao,_Western_Xia,_Jin,_and_Yuan_dynasties_(907%E2%80%931368)"},{"link_name":"border","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_(territory)"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatchnevsky1991109%E2%80%93109Sverdrup2017104Atwood2004424-111"},{"link_name":"chevauchée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevauch%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"mountain passes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_pass"},{"link_name":"North China Plain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_China_Plain"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaterson201339May201850Atwood2004275%E2%80%93277-112"},{"link_name":"Battle of Huan'erzhui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Yehuling"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatchnevsky1991109%E2%80%93110Atwood2004501Man2004135%E2%80%93136Sverdrup2017105%E2%80%93106-113"},{"link_name":"Datong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datong"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatchnevsky1991110Man2004137-114"},{"link_name":"siege engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_engineers"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESverdrup2017111%E2%80%93112Waterson201342-115"},{"link_name":"Juyong Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juyong_Pass"},{"link_name":"Zhongdu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhongdu"},{"link_name":"Beijing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatchnevsky1991110%E2%80%93111Sverdrup2017114%E2%80%93115Man2004137-116"},{"link_name":"Khitans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khitan_people"},{"link_name":"Xuanzong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Xuanzong_of_Jin"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatchnevsky1991111%E2%80%93112Man2004137%E2%80%93138Waterson201342%E2%80%9343-117"},{"link_name":"fortifications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortification"},{"link_name":"cannibalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_cannibalism"},{"link_name":"Carpini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_da_Pian_del_Carpine"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatchnevsky1991112%E2%80%93113Atwood2004620Man2004139%E2%80%93140-118"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatchnevsky1991113%E2%80%93114May201852%E2%80%9354Man2004140Sverdrup2017114%E2%80%93116-119"},{"link_name":"imperial court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_court"},{"link_name":"Kaifeng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaifeng"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMan2004140%E2%80%93141Ratchnevsky1991114-120"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatchnevsky1991114Weatherford200497May201854-121"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtwood2004277-122"},{"link_name":"Liaodong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liaodong_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatchnevsky1991114%E2%80%93115Atwood2004277-123"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay201855-124"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtwood2004393-125"}],"sub_title":"Campaign against the Jin (1211–1215)","text":"Depictions of Mongol-Jin conflict from 14th-century Persian manuscripts. From top: the Battle of Yehuling (1211); a skirmish between Mongol and Jin cavalry; Genghis entering Zhongdu after capturing it in 1215.Wanyan Yongji usurped the Jin throne in 1209. He had previously served on the steppe frontier and Genghis greatly disliked him.[104] When asked to submit and pay the annual tribute to Yongji in 1210, Genghis instead mocked the emperor, spat, and rode away from the Jin envoy—a challenge that meant war.[105] Despite the possibility of being outnumbered eight-to-one by 600,000 Jin soldiers, Genghis had made preparations for an invasion of Jin since learning in 1206 that the state was wracked by internal instabilities.[106] Genghis had two aims: to take vengeance for past wrongs committed by the Jin, foremost among which was the death of Ambaghai Khan in the mid-12th century, and to win the vast amounts of plunder his troops and vassals expected.[107]After calling for a kurultai in March 1211, Genghis launched his invasion of Jin China in May, reaching the outer ring of Jin defences the following month. These border fortifications were guarded by Alaqush's Ongud, who allowed the Mongols to pass without difficulty.[108] The three-pronged chevauchée aimed both to plunder and burn a vast area of Jin territory to deprive them of supplies and popular legitimacy, and to secure the mountain passes which allowed access to the North China Plain.[109] The Jin lost numerous towns and were hindered by a series of defections, the most prominent of which led directly to Muqali's victory at the Battle of Huan'erzhui in autumn 1211.[110] The campaign was halted in 1212 when Genghis was wounded by an arrow during the unsuccessful siege of Xijing (modern Datong).[111] Following this failure, Genghis set up a corps of siege engineers, which recruited 500 Jin experts over the next two years.[112]The defences of Juyong Pass had been strongly reinforced by the time the conflict resumed in 1213, but a Mongol detachment led by Jebe managed to infiltrate the pass and surprise the elite Jin defenders, opening the road to the Jin capital Zhongdu (modern-day Beijing).[113] The Jin administration began to disintegrate: after the Khitans, a tribe subject to the Jin, entered open rebellion, Hushahu, the commander of the forces at Xijing, abandoned his post and staged a coup in Zhongdu, killing Yongji and installing his own puppet ruler, Xuanzong.[114] This governmental breakdown was fortunate for Genghis's forces; emboldened by their victories, they had seriously overreached and lost the initiative. Unable to do more than camp before Zhongdu's fortifications while his army suffered from an epidemic and famine—they resorted to cannibalism according to Carpini, who may have been exaggerating—Genghis opened peace negotiations despite his commanders' militance.[115] He secured tribute, including 3,000 horses, 500 slaves, a Jin princess, and massive amounts of gold and silk, before lifting the siege and setting off homewards in May 1214.[116]As the northern Jin lands had been ravaged by plague and war, Xuanzong moved the capital and imperial court 600 kilometres (370 mi) southwards to Kaifeng.[117] Interpreting this as an attempt to regroup in the south and then restart the war, Genghis concluded the terms of the peace treaty had been broken. He immediately prepared to return and capture Zhongdu.[118] According to Christopher Atwood, it was only at this juncture that Genghis decided to fully conquer northern China.[119] Muqali captured numerous towns in Liaodong during winter 1214–15, and although the inhabitants of Zhongdu surrendered to Genghis on 31 May 1215, the city was sacked.[120] When Genghis returned to Mongolia in early 1216, Muqali was left in command in China.[121] He waged a brutal but effective campaign against the unstable Jin regime until his death in 1223.[122]","title":"Early reign: reforms and Chinese campaigns (1206–1215)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Later reign: western expansion and return to China (1216–1227)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mongol conquest of the Qara Khitai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_the_Qara_Khitai"},{"link_name":"concubines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concubinage"},{"link_name":"harem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harem"},{"link_name":"Boroqul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boroqul"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay201857Atwood2004502Ratchnevsky1991116%E2%80%93117-126"},{"link_name":"Dörbet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B6rbet_Oirat"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatchnevsky1991117%E2%80%93118May201857%E2%80%9358Atwood2004502-127"},{"link_name":"Kuchlug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuchlug"},{"link_name":"Naiman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naimans"},{"link_name":"Islamic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam"},{"link_name":"forcibly convert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced_conversion"},{"link_name":"Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatchnevsky1991118%E2%80%93119Atwood2004445%E2%80%93446May201860Favereau202145%E2%80%9346-128"},{"link_name":"Kashgar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashgar"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatchnevsky1991118%E2%80%93119Atwood2004446Man2004150-129"},{"link_name":"Pamir Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamir_Mountains"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFavereau202146Atwood2004446Man2004151Pow201735-130"}],"sub_title":"Defeating rebellions and Qara Khitai (1216–1218)","text":"Further information: Mongol conquest of the Qara KhitaiIn 1207, Genghis had appointed a man named Qorchi as governor of the subdued Hoi-yin Irgen tribes in Siberia. Appointed not for his talents but for prior services rendered, Qorchi's tendency to abduct women as concubines for his harem caused the tribes to rebel and take him prisoner in early 1216. The following year, they ambushed and killed Boroqul, one of Genghis's highest-ranking nökod.[123] The khan was livid at the loss of his close friend and prepared to lead a retaliatory campaign; eventually dissuaded from this course, he dispatched his eldest son Jochi and a Dörbet commander. They managed to surprise and defeat the rebels, securing control over this economically important region.[124]Kuchlug, the Naiman prince who had been defeated in 1204, had usurped the throne of the Central Asian Qara Khitai dynasty between 1211 and 1213. He was a greedy and arbitrary ruler who probably earned the enmity of the native Islamic populace whom he attempted to forcibly convert to Buddhism.[125] Genghis sensed that Kuchlug might be a potential threat to his empire, and Jebe was sent with an army of 20,000 cavalry to the city of Kashgar; he undermined Kuchlug's rule by emphasising the Mongol policies of religious tolerance and gained the loyalty of the local elite.[126] Kuchlug was forced to flee southwards to the Pamir Mountains, but was captured by local hunters. Jebe had him beheaded and paraded his corpse through Qara Khitai, proclaiming the end of religious persecution in the region.[127]","title":"Later reign: western expansion and return to China (1216–1227)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Genghis_Khan_empire-switch.svg"},{"link_name":"Silk Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk_Road"},{"link_name":"Khwarazmian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khwarazmian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Persia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persia"},{"link_name":"Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeatherford2004105Atwood2004100-131"},{"link_name":"Muhammad II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_II_of_Khwarazm"},{"link_name":"his merchants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortogh"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson201771%E2%80%9373Ratchnevsky1991119%E2%80%93120-132"},{"link_name":"Inalchuq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inalchuq"},{"link_name":"Otrar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otrar"},{"link_name":"espionage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espionage"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtwood2004429,_431Ratchnevsky1991120%E2%80%93123May201242Favereau202154-133"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFavereau202155Ratchnevsky1991123Atwood2004431FitzhughRossabiHoneychurch2009104-134"},{"link_name":"Terken Khatun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terken_Khatun_(wife_of_Ala_al-Din_Tekish)"},{"link_name":"Peter Golden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Benjamin_Golden"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatchnevsky1991123%E2%80%93125Golden200914%E2%80%9315Jackson201776%E2%80%9377-135"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtwood2004307-136"},{"link_name":"Otrar was besieged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otrar_Catastrophe"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatchnevsky1991130Atwood2004307-137"},{"link_name":"Ogedei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogedei"},{"link_name":"Syr Darya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syr_Darya"},{"link_name":"Transoxiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transoxiana"},{"link_name":"Kyzylkum Desert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyzylkum_Desert"},{"link_name":"Bukhara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukhara"},{"link_name":"pincer movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pincer_movement"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatchnevsky1991130May201862Jackson201777%E2%80%9378Man2004163%E2%80%93164-138"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jalal_al-Din_Khwarazm-Shah_crossing_the_rapid_Indus_river,_escaping_Chinggis_Khan_and_his_army.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jalal al-Din","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalal_al-Din_Mangburni"},{"link_name":"Indus River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_River"},{"link_name":"Jami al-tawarikh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jami_al-tawarikh"},{"link_name":"Bukhara's citadel was captured","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Bukhara"},{"link_name":"Samarkand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samarkand"},{"link_name":"fell the following month","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Samarkand_(1220)"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatchnevsky1991130%E2%80%93133Man2004164,_172Atwood2004307-139"},{"link_name":"Balkh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkh"},{"link_name":"dysentry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysentry"},{"link_name":"Caspian Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspian_Sea"},{"link_name":"Jalal al-Din","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalal_al-Din_Mangburni"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtwood2004307May201862%E2%80%9363Ratchnevsky1991133Pow201736-140"},{"link_name":"Caspian Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspian_Sea"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMan2004184%E2%80%93191Atwood2004521May201243-141"},{"link_name":"Gurganj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurganj"},{"link_name":"The long siege","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Gurganj"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMan2004173%E2%80%93174Sverdrup2017161-142"},{"link_name":"Shigi Qutuqu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shigi_Qutuqu"},{"link_name":"Battle of Parwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Parwan"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtwood2004307,_436Ratchnevsky1991133-143"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Indus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Indus"},{"link_name":"Indus river","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_river"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay201863Sverdrup2017162%E2%80%93163Ratchnevsky1991133%E2%80%93134-144"},{"link_name":"a brutal campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_Khorasan"},{"link_name":"Khorasan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Khorasan"},{"link_name":"Nishapur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nishapur"},{"link_name":"Merv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merv"},{"link_name":"Herat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herat"},{"link_name":"[d]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-146"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtwood2004307May201863Man2004174%E2%80%93175Sverdrup2017160%E2%80%93161,_164-147"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMan2004177%E2%80%93181Weatherford2004118%E2%80%93119Atwood2004308,_344-148"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMan2004180%E2%80%93181Atwood2004244-149"}],"sub_title":"Invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire (1219–1221)","text":"Campaigns of Genghis Khan between 1207 and 1225Genghis had now attained complete control of the eastern portion of the Silk Road, and his territory bordered that of the Khwarazmian Empire, which ruled over much of Central Asia, Persia and Afghanistan.[128] Merchants from both sides were eager to restart trading, which had halted during Kuchlug's rule; the Khwarazmian ruler Muhammad II dispatched an envoy shortly after the Mongol capture of Zhongdu, while Genghis instructed his merchants to obtain the high-quality textiles and steel of Central and Western Asia.[129] Many members of the altan uruq invested in one particular caravan of 450 merchants which set off to Khwarazmia in 1218 with a large quantity of goods. Muhammad had however grown suspicious of Genghis's intentions, and when Inalchuq, the governor of the border town of Otrar, decided to halt the caravan, massacre the merchants on grounds of espionage, and seize the goods, he either supported Inalchuq or turned a blind eye.[130] A Mongol ambassador was sent with two companions to avert war, but Muhammad killed him and humiliated his companions. The killing of an envoy infuriated Genghis, who resolved to leave Muqali with a small force in North China and invade Khwarazmia with most of his army.[131]Muhammad's empire was large but disunited: he ruled alongside his mother Terken Khatun in what Peter Golden terms \"an uneasy diarchy\", while the Khwarazmian nobility and populace were discontented with his warring and the centralisation of government. For these reasons and others he declined to meet the Mongols in the field, instead garrisoning his unruly troops in his major cities.[132] This allowed the lightly armoured, highly mobile Mongol armies uncontested superiority outside city walls.[133] Otrar was besieged in autumn 1219—the siege dragged on for five months, but in February 1220 the city fell and Inalchuq was executed.[134] Genghis had meanwhile divided his forces. Leaving his sons Chagatai and Ogedei besieging the city, he had sent Jochi northwards down the Syr Darya river and another force southwards into central Transoxiana, while he and Tolui took the main Mongol army across the Kyzylkum Desert, surprising the garrison of Bukhara in a pincer movement.[135]Depiction of Jalal al-Din crossing the Indus River, from a late 17th-century Jami al-tawarikh manuscriptBukhara's citadel was captured in February 1220 and Genghis moved against Muhammad's residence Samarkand, which fell the following month.[136] Bewildered by the speed of the Mongol conquests, Muhammad fled from Balkh, closely followed by Jebe and Subutai; the two generals pursued the Khwarazmshah until he died from dysentry on a Caspian Sea island in winter 1220–21, having nominated his eldest son Jalal al-Din as his successor.[137] Jebe and Subutai then set out on a 7,500 kilometres (4,700 mi)-expedition around the Caspian Sea. Later called the Great Raid, this lasted four years and saw the Mongols come into contact with Europe for the first time.[138] Meanwhile, the Khwarazmian capital of Gurganj was being besieged by Genghis's three eldest sons. The long siege ended in spring 1221 amid brutal urban conflict.[139] Jalal al-Din moved southwards to Afghanistan, gathering forces on the way and defeating a Mongol unit under the command of Shigi Qutuqu, Genghis's adopted son, in the Battle of Parwan.[140] Jalal was weakened by arguments among his commanders, and losing decisively at the Battle of the Indus in November 1221, he was compelled to swim across the Indus river into India.[141]Genghis's youngest son Tolui was concurrently conducting a brutal campaign in the regions of Khorasan. Every city that resisted was destroyed—Nishapur, Merv and Herat, three of the largest and wealthiest cities in the world, were all annihilated.[d][143] This campaign established Genghis's lasting image as a ruthless, inhumane conqueror. Contemporary Persian historians placed the death toll from the three sieges alone at over 5.7 million—a number regarded as grossly exaggerated by modern scholars.[144] Nevertheless, even a total death toll of 1.25 million for the entire campaign, as estimated by John Man, would have been a demographic catastrophe.[145]","title":"Later reign: western expansion and return to China (1216–1227)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatchnevsky1991134Atwood2004591-150"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"omens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omen"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatchnevsky1991134May201864-151"},{"link_name":"Amu Darya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amu_Darya"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESverdrup2017167%E2%80%93169May201243-152"},{"link_name":"darughachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darughachi"},{"link_name":"basqaq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basqaq"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatchnevsky1991137%E2%80%93140Biran201266%E2%80%9367-153"},{"link_name":"Taoist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoist"},{"link_name":"Changchun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qiu_Chuji"},{"link_name":"Hindu Kush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_Kush"},{"link_name":"tax exemptions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_exemption"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatchnevsky1991134%E2%80%93136Atwood2004a245%E2%80%93246Jagchid197911%E2%80%9313-154"},{"link_name":"Western Xia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Xia"},{"link_name":"Shaanxi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaanxi"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatchnevsky1991134Atwood2004591-150"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay201864%E2%80%9365Kwanten197834-155"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran201261May201865-156"},{"link_name":"Khara-Khoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khara-Khoto"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMan2004209%E2%80%93212Atwood2004591Biran201261-157"},{"link_name":"Gansu Corridor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gansu_Corridor"},{"link_name":"clemency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clemency"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtwood2004100,_591Man2004212%E2%80%93213-158"},{"link_name":"Yellow River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_River"},{"link_name":"Lingwu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingwu"},{"link_name":"Zhongxing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yinchuan"},{"link_name":"relief army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relief_army"},{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatchnevsky1991140Atwood2004591Man2004214%E2%80%93215-159"}],"sub_title":"Return to China and final campaign (1222–1227)","text":"Genghis abruptly halted his Central Asian campaigns in 1221.[146] Initially aiming to return via India, Genghis realised that the heat and humidity of the South Asian climate impeded his army's skills, while the omens were additionally unfavourable.[147] Although the Mongols spent much of 1222 repeatedly overcoming rebellions in Khorasan, they withdrew completely from the region to avoid overextending themselves, setting their new frontier on the Amu Darya river.[148] During his lengthy return journey, Genghis prepared a new administrative division which would govern the conquered territories, appointing darughachi (commissioners, lit. \"those who press the seal\") and basqaq (local officials) to manage the region back to normalcy.[149] He also summoned and spoke with the Taoist patriarch Changchun in the Hindu Kush. The khan listened attentively to Changchun's teachings and granted his followers numerous privileges, including tax exemptions and authority over all monks throughout the empire—a grant which the Taoists would later use to try to gain superiority over Buddhism.[150]The usual reason given for the halting of the campaign is that the Western Xia, having declined to provide auxiliaries for the 1219 invasion, had additionally disobeyed Muqali in his campaign against the remaining Jin in Shaanxi.[146] May has disputed this, arguing that the Xia fought in concert with Muqali until his death in 1223, when, frustrated by Mongol control and sensing an opportunity with Genghis campaigning in Central Asia, they ceased fighting.[151] In either case, Genghis initially attempted to resolve the situation diplomatically, but when the Xia elite failed to come to an agreement on the hostages they were to send to the Mongols, he lost patience.[152]Returning to Mongolia in early 1225, he spent the year in preparation for a campaign against them. This began in the first months of 1226 with the capture of Khara-Khoto on the Xia's western border.[153] The invasion proceeded apace. Genghis ordered that the cities of the Gansu Corridor be sacked one by one, granting clemency only to a few.[154] Having crossed the Yellow River in autumn, the Mongols besieged present-day Lingwu, located just 30 kilometres (19 mi) south of the Xia capital Zhongxing, in November. On 4 December, Genghis decisively defeated a Xia relief army; the khan left the siege of the capital to his generals and moved southwards with Subutai to plunder and secure Jin territories.[155]","title":"Later reign: western expansion and return to China (1216–1227)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wives of Genghis Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wives_of_Genghis_Khan"},{"link_name":"Descent from Genghis Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descent_from_Genghis_Khan"},{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroadbridge201855%E2%80%9356-160"},{"link_name":"[157]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirgeBroadbridge2023635-161"},{"link_name":"Mongol appanage system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appanage#Mongol_Empire"},{"link_name":"[158]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtwood200445-162"},{"link_name":"[157]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirgeBroadbridge2023635-161"},{"link_name":"Temülün","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tem%C3%BCl%C3%BCn"},{"link_name":"[159]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroadbridge201867,_138%E2%80%93139-163"},{"link_name":"Jochi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jochi"},{"link_name":"[160]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroadbridge201859%E2%80%9363-164"},{"link_name":"Irtysh river","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irtysh"},{"link_name":"Siberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberia"},{"link_name":"Golden Horde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Horde"},{"link_name":"[161]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFavereau202165Biran201269Atwood2004201,_278%E2%80%93279-165"},{"link_name":"Chagatai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chagatai_Khan"},{"link_name":"[162]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroadbridge201867-166"},{"link_name":"Qara Khitai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qara_Khitai"},{"link_name":"Almaligh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almaliq,_Xinjiang"},{"link_name":"Turkestan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkestan"},{"link_name":"Chagatai Khanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate"},{"link_name":"[163]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran201269Atwood200418,_82%E2%80%9383-167"},{"link_name":"Ögedei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96gedei_Khan"},{"link_name":"Dzungaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzungaria"},{"link_name":"[164]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroadbridge201867Biran201269-168"},{"link_name":"Checheyigen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checheikhen"},{"link_name":"Oirats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oirats"},{"link_name":"[165]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroadbridge201867,_146BirgeBroadbridge2023636-169"},{"link_name":"Alaqa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alakhai_Bekhi"},{"link_name":"Ongud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ongud"},{"link_name":"[166]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroadbridge201867,_140%E2%80%93142BirgeBroadbridge2023636-170"},{"link_name":"Onggirat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onggirat"},{"link_name":"[167]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroadbridge201867,_144-171"},{"link_name":"Tolui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolui"},{"link_name":"Altai Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altai_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Möngke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B6ngke_Khan"},{"link_name":"Kublai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kublai_Khan"},{"link_name":"Hulagu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulagu_Khan"},{"link_name":"Ilkhanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilkhanate"},{"link_name":"[168]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtwood200418,_542-172"},{"link_name":"Uighur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uyghurs"},{"link_name":"Barchuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barchuq_Art_Tegin"},{"link_name":"[169]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroadbridge201867,_156-173"},{"link_name":"Güyük Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCy%C3%BCk_Khan"},{"link_name":"[170]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroadbridge2018187%E2%80%93188-174"},{"link_name":"Ibaqa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibaqa_Beki"},{"link_name":"Yesugen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yesugen"},{"link_name":"Yesui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yesui"},{"link_name":"Tayang Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tayang_Khan"},{"link_name":"[171]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroadbridge201873%E2%80%9375-175"},{"link_name":"Kölgen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=K%C3%B6lgen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B2%E3%83%B3_(%E3%83%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B4%E3%83%AB%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD)"},{"link_name":"[172]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroadbridge201874,_88%E2%80%9389BirgeBroadbridge2023636-176"}],"text":"Further information: Wives of Genghis Khan and Descent from Genghis KhanBörte, whom Temüjin married c. 1178, remained his senior wife.[156] She gave birth to four sons and five daughters, who all became influential figures in the empire.[157] Genghis granted Börte's sons lands and property through the Mongol appanage system,[158] while he secured marriage alliances by marrying her daughters to important families.[157] Her children were:Qojin, a daughter born c. 1179, who later married Butu of the Ikires, one of Temüjin's earliest and closest supporters and the widower of Temülün.[159]\nJochi, a son born c. 1182 after Börte's kidnapping, whose paternity was thus suspect even though Temüjin accepted his legitimacy.[160] Jochi predeceased Genghis; his appanage, along the Irtysh river and extending into Siberia, evolved into the Golden Horde.[161]\nChagatai, a son born c. 1184;[162] his appanage was the former Qara Khitai territories surrounding Almaligh in Turkestan, which would become the Chagatai Khanate.[163]\nÖgedei, a son born c. 1186, who received lands in Dzungaria and who would succeed his father as ruler of the empire.[164]\nChecheyigen, a daughter born c. 1188, whose marriage to Törelchi secured the loyalty of the Oirats to the north.[165]\nAlaqa, a daughter born c. 1190, who married several members of the Ongud tribe between 1207 and 1225.[166]\nTümelün, a daughter born c. 1192, who married Chigu of the Onggirat tribe.[167]\nTolui, a son born c. 1193, who received lands near the Altai Mountains as an appanage; two of his sons, Möngke and Kublai, later ruled the empire, while another, Hulagu, founded the Ilkhanate.[168]\nAl Altan, a daughter born c. 1196, married the powerful Uighur ruler Barchuk.[169] Shortly after the accession of Güyük Khan in the 1240s, she was tried and executed on charges that were later suppressed.[170]After Börte's final childbirth, Temüjin began to acquire a number of junior wives through conquest. These wives had all previously been princesses or queens, and Temüjin married them to demonstrate his political ascendancy. They included the Kereit princess Ibaqa; the Tatar sisters Yesugen and Yesui; Qulan, a Merkit; Gürbesu, the queen of the Naiman Tayang Khan; and two Chinese princesses, Chaqa and Qiguo, of the Western Xia and Jin dynasties respectively.[171] The children of these junior wives were always subservient to those of Börte, with daughters married off to seal lesser alliances and sons, such as Qulan's child Kölgen [ja], never a candidate for succession.[172]","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:YuanEmperorAlbumOgedeiPortrait.jpg"},{"link_name":"Yuan dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Ögedei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96gedei_Khan"},{"link_name":"ultimogeniture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimogeniture"},{"link_name":"[173]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzhughRossabiHoneychurch2009109-177"},{"link_name":"[174]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETogan2016408%E2%80%93409May201868-178"},{"link_name":"[175]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatchnevsky1991125May201869-179"},{"link_name":"[176]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay201869-180"},{"link_name":"[177]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMote1999434May201869Favereau202165-181"},{"link_name":"[178]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarthold1992457%E2%80%93458Favereau202161%E2%80%9362-182"},{"link_name":"[179]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatchnevsky1991136%E2%80%93137Atwood2004278%E2%80%93279-183"},{"link_name":"Mongol legal customs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yassa"},{"link_name":"[180]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtwood200481May201869-184"},{"link_name":"[181]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay201869%E2%80%9370Barthold1992463-185"},{"link_name":"drink excessively","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholism"},{"link_name":"[182]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay201869Atwood2004418-186"},{"link_name":"Nestorian Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nestorian_Christian"},{"link_name":"[183]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatchnevsky1991126%E2%80%93128May201869%E2%80%9370Boyle1968540%E2%80%93541Barthold1992463-187"}],"sub_title":"Succession","text":"A Yuan dynasty portrait of Ögedei, Genghis's third son and eventual successor.The tribes of the Mongol steppe had no fixed succession system, but often defaulted to some form of ultimogeniture—succession of the youngest son—because he would have had the least time to gain a following for himself and needed the help of his father's inheritance.[173] However, this type of inheritance applied only to property, not to titles.[174]The Secret History records that Genghis chose his successor while preparing for the Khwarazmian campaigns in 1219; Rashid al-Din, on the other hand, states that the decision came before Genghis's final campaign against the Xia.[175] Regardless of the date, there were five possible candidates: Genghis's four sons and his youngest brother Temüge, who had the weakest claim and who was never seriously considered.[176] Even though there was a strong possibility Jochi was illegitimate, Genghis was not particularly concerned by this;[177] nevertheless, he and Jochi became increasingly estranged over time, due to Jochi's preoccupation with his own appanage. After the siege of Gurganj, where he only reluctantly participated in reducing the wealthy city that would become part of his territory, he failed to give Genghis the normal share of the booty, which exacerbated the tensions.[178] Genghis was angered by Jochi's refusal to return to him in 1223, and was considering sending Ogedei and Chagatai to bring him to heel when news came that Jochi had died from an illness.[179]Chagatai's attitude towards Jochi's possible succession—he had termed his elder brother \"a Merkit bastard\" and had brawled with him in front of their father—led Genghis to view him as uncompromising, arrogant, and narrow-minded, despite his great knowledge of Mongol legal customs.[180] His elimination left Ogedei and Tolui as the two primary candidates. Tolui was unquestionably superior in military terms—his campaign in Khorasan had broken the Khwarazmian Empire, while his elder brother was far less able as a commander.[181] Ogedei was also known to drink excessively even by Mongol standards—it was eventually the cause of his death in 1241.[182] However, he possessed talents all his brothers lacked—he was generous and generally well-liked. Aware of his own lack of military skill, he was able to trust his capable subordinates, and unlike his elder brothers, compromise on issues; he was also more likely to preserve Mongol traditions than Tolui, whose wife Sorghaghtani, herself a Nestorian Christian, was a patron of many religions including Islam. Ogedei was thus recognised as the heir to the Mongol throne.[183]","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Burial place of Genghis Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burial_place_of_Genghis_Khan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Genghis_Khan_with_sons_(Marco_Polo,_1400s).jpg"},{"link_name":"Marco Polo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Polo"},{"link_name":"Livre des merveilles manuscript","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livre_des_merveilles_(BNF_Fr2810)"},{"link_name":"[184]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay201866-188"},{"link_name":"[185]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay200717Favereau202177-189"},{"link_name":"ethnocide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnocide"},{"link_name":"[186]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatchnevsky1991141Biran201261Man2004117,_254Atwood2004100,_591May201865%E2%80%9366-190"},{"link_name":"malaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaria"},{"link_name":"typhus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhus"},{"link_name":"bubonic plague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubonic_plague"},{"link_name":"[187]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatchnevsky1991141YouGalassiVarottoHenneberg2021347%E2%80%93348-191"},{"link_name":"Marco Polo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Polo"},{"link_name":"Carpini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_da_Pian_del_Carpine"},{"link_name":"struck by lightning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightning_injury"},{"link_name":"[188]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatchnevsky1991141%E2%80%93142Biran201261Man2004246%E2%80%93247-192"},{"link_name":"Burkhan Khaldun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkhan_Khaldun"},{"link_name":"Khentii Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khentii_Mountains"},{"link_name":"[189]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtwood2004163Morgan198672-193"},{"link_name":"funeral procession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funeral_procession"},{"link_name":"Uriankhai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uriankhai"},{"link_name":"[190]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtwood2004163May201895%E2%80%9396Ratchnevsky1991144Craig2017-194"},{"link_name":"embalming techniques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embalming"},{"link_name":"Ordos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordos_Plateau"},{"link_name":"[191]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatchnevsky1991142%E2%80%93143Atwood2004163-195"},{"link_name":"regent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regent"},{"link_name":"[192]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtwood2004542May201868%E2%80%9369-196"},{"link_name":"[193]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarthold1992463May201870%E2%80%9371,_94%E2%80%9395-197"},{"link_name":"Yelu Chucai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yelu_Chucai"},{"link_name":"[194]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarthold1992463May201894%E2%80%9395-198"}],"text":"See also: Burial place of Genghis KhanEarly 15th-century miniature of Genghis Khan advising his sons on his deathbed, taken from Marco Polo's section of the Livre des merveilles manuscript.[184]Genghis fell from his horse while hunting in the winter of 1226–27 and became increasingly ill during the following months. This slowed the siege of Zhongxing's progress, as his sons and commanders urged him to end the campaign and return to Mongolia to recover, arguing that the Xia would still be there another year.[185] Incensed by insults from Xia's leading commander, Genghis insisted that the siege be continued. He died on either 18 or 25 August 1227, but his death was kept a closely guarded secret and Zhongxing, unaware, fell the following month. The city was put to the sword and its population was treated with extreme savagery—the Xia civilization was essentially extinguished in what Man described as a \"very successful ethnocide\".[186] The exact nature of the khan's death has been the subject of intense speculation. Rashid al-Din and the History of Yuan mention he suffered from an illness—possibly malaria, typhus, or bubonic plague.[187] Marco Polo claimed that he was shot by an arrow during a siege, while Carpini reported that Genghis was struck by lightning. Legends sprang up around the event—the most famous recounts how the beautiful Gurbelchin, formerly the Xia emperor's wife, injured Genghis's genitals with a dagger during sex.[188]After his death, Genghis was transported back to Mongolia and buried on or near the sacred Burkhan Khaldun peak in the Khentii Mountains, on a site he had chosen years before.[189] Specific details of the funeral procession and burial were not made public knowledge; the mountain, declared ikh khorig (lit. \"Great Taboo\"; i.e. prohibited zone), was out of bounds to all but its Uriankhai guard. When Ogedei acceded to the throne in 1229, the grave was honoured with three days of offerings and the sacrifice of thirty maidens.[190] Ratchnevsky theorises that the Mongols, who had no knowledge of embalming techniques, may have buried the khan in the Ordos to avoid his body decomposing in the summer heat; Atwood rejects this hypothesis.[191]Serving as regent after Genghis's death, Tolui established a precedent for the customary traditions after a khan's death. These included the halting of all military offensives involving Mongol troops, the establishment of a lengthy mourning period overseen by the regent, and the holding of a kurultai which would nominate successors and select them.[192] For Tolui, this presented an opportunity. He was still a viable candidate for succession and had the support of the family of Jochi. Any general kurultai, attended by the commanders Genghis had promoted and honoured, would however observe their former ruler's desires without question and appoint Ogedei as ruler. It has been suggested that Tolui's reluctance to hold the kurultai was driven by the knowledge of the threat it posed to his ambitions.[193] In the end, Tolui had to be persuaded by the advisor Yelu Chucai to hold the kurultai; in 1229, it crowned Ogedei as khan, with Tolui in attendance.[194]","title":"Death and aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[195]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELkhagvasurenShinLeeTumen2016433-199"},{"link_name":"[e]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-202"},{"link_name":"[197]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatchnevsky1991145-201"},{"link_name":"[198]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtwood2004101-203"},{"link_name":"[199]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtwood2004101FitzhughRossabiHoneychurch2009100-204"},{"link_name":"[200]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMote1999433FitzhughRossabiHoneychurch2009100May201831-205"},{"link_name":"[201]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatchnevsky1991149-206"},{"link_name":"[202]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatchnevsky1991147%E2%80%93148Morgan198663-207"},{"link_name":"[203]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatchnevsky1991147%E2%80%93148-208"},{"link_name":"Changchun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qiu_Chuji"},{"link_name":"[204]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMote1999433-209"},{"link_name":"[205]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMote1999433FitzhughRossabiHoneychurch2009102-210"},{"link_name":"[206]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatchnevsky1991149%E2%80%93150-211"},{"link_name":"[207]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran201271%E2%80%9372Atwood2004101May201831-212"},{"link_name":"Uyghur alphabet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Uyghur_alphabet"},{"link_name":"Tata-tonga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tata-tonga"},{"link_name":"[208]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran201271%E2%80%9372FitzhughRossabiHoneychurch2009107%E2%80%93108-213"},{"link_name":"[209]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran201272May201898%E2%80%9399-214"},{"link_name":"[210]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtwood2004101FitzhughRossabiHoneychurch2009102-215"},{"link_name":"command structure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_hierarchy"},{"link_name":"[211]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran201270FitzhughRossabiHoneychurch2009103-216"},{"link_name":"discipline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_discipline"},{"link_name":"military intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_intelligence"},{"link_name":"psychological warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_warfare"},{"link_name":"[212]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran201270%E2%80%9371FitzhughRossabiHoneychurch2009103%E2%80%93104Ratchnevsky1991169%E2%80%93174Morgan198684%E2%80%9393-217"},{"link_name":"[213]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtwood2004101Ratchnevsky1991151%E2%80%93152Mote1999433%E2%80%93434-218"},{"link_name":"Tengri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tengri"},{"link_name":"suu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kut_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"[214]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran201273-219"},{"link_name":"[215]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran201245,_73Ratchnevsky1991158%E2%80%93159-220"}],"text":"No eyewitness description or contemporaneous depiction of Genghis Khan survives.[195] The two earliest descriptions come from the Persian chronicler Juzjani and the Song diplomat Zhao Hong.[e] Both record that he was tall and strong with a powerful stature. Zhao said that Genghis had a broad brow and long beard while Juzjani remarks that the khan lacked grey hair and had cat's eyes. The Secret History records that Börte's father remarked on his \"flashing eyes and lively face\" when meeting him.[197]Atwood has suggested that many of Genghis Khan's values, especially the emphasis he placed on an orderly society, derive from his turbulent youth.[198] He valued loyalty above all and mutual fidelity became a cornerstone of his new nation.[199] Genghis did not find it difficult to gain the allegiance of others: he was superbly charismatic even as a youth, as shown by the number of people who left existing social roles behind to join him.[200] Although his trust was hard to earn, if he felt loyalty was assured, he granted his total confidence in return.[201] Recognised for his generosity towards his followers, Genghis unhesitatingly rewarded previous assistance. The nökod most honoured at the 1206 kurultai were those who had accompanied him since the beginning, and those who had sworn the Baljuna Covenant with him at his lowest point.[202] He took responsibility for the families of nökod killed in battle or who otherwise fell on hard times by raising a tax to provide them with clothing and sustenance.[203]Heaven grew weary of the excessive pride and luxury in China ... I am from the barbaric North ... I wear the same clothing and eat the same food as the cowherds and horse-herders. We make the same sacrifices and we share our riches. I look upon the nation as a new-born child and I care for my soldiers as if they were my brothers.\n\n\nGenghis Khan's letter to Changchun[204]The principal source of steppe wealth was post-battle plunder, of which a leader would normally claim a large share; Genghis eschewed this custom, choosing instead to divide booty equally between himself and all his men.[205] Disliking any form of luxury, he extolled the simple life of the nomad in a letter to Changchun, and objected to being addressed with obsequious flattery. He encouraged his companions to address him informally, give him advice, and criticise his mistakes.[206] Genghis's openness to criticism and willingness to learn saw him seeking the knowledge of family members, companions, neighbouring states, and enemies.[207] He sought and gained knowledge of sophisticated weaponry from China and the Muslim world, appropriated the Uyghur alphabet with the help of the captured scribe Tata-tonga, and employed numerous specialists across legal, commercial, and administrative fields.[208] He also understood the need for a smooth succession and showed good judgement in choosing his heir.[209]Although he is today renowned for his military conquests, very little is known about Genghis's personal generalship. His skills were more suited to identifying potential commanders.[210] His institution of a meritocratic command structure gave the Mongol army military superiority, even though it was not technologically or tactically innovative.[211] The army that Genghis created was characterised by its draconian discipline, its ability to gather and use military intelligence efficiently, a mastery of psychological warfare, and a willingness to be utterly ruthless.[212] Genghis thoroughly enjoyed exacting vengeance on his enemies—the concept lay at the heart of achi qari'ulqu (lit. '\"good for good, evil for evil\"'), the steppe code of justice. In exceptional circumstances, such as when Muhammad of Khwarazm executed his envoys, the need for vengeance overrode all other considerations.[213]Genghis came to believe the supreme deity Tengri had ordained a great destiny for him. Initially, the bounds of this ambition was limited only to Mongolia, but as success followed success and the reach of the Mongol nation expanded, he and his followers came to believe he was embodied with suu (lit. ''divine grace'').[214] Believing that he had an intimate connection with Heaven, anyone who did not recognise his right to world power was treated as an enemy. This viewpoint allowed Genghis to rationalise any hypocritical or duplicitous moments on his own part, such as killing his anda Jamukha or killing nökod who wavered in their loyalties.[215]","title":"Character and achievements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pax Mongolica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pax_Mongolica"},{"link_name":"Destruction under the Mongol Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destruction_under_the_Mongol_Empire"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emperoryuandinastycollage.jpg"},{"link_name":"[f]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-222"},{"link_name":"largest contiguous state in world history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_empires"},{"link_name":"[217]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtwood2004369FitzhughRossabiHoneychurch2009108-223"},{"link_name":"Eurasian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasia"},{"link_name":"[218]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtwood2004369FitzhughRossabiHoneychurch2009108Ratchnevsky1991198%E2%80%93200-224"},{"link_name":"Great Yasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yassa"},{"link_name":"[219]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan198696%E2%80%9399Biran201242%E2%80%9344-225"},{"link_name":"Shigi Qutuqu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shigi_Qutuqu"},{"link_name":"[220]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran201244-226"},{"link_name":"[221]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatchnevsky1991209%E2%80%93210FitzhughRossabiHoneychurch2009108%E2%80%93109-227"},{"link_name":"appanages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appanage"},{"link_name":"started to split","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_of_the_Mongol_Empire"},{"link_name":"Golden Horde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Horde"},{"link_name":"Chagatai Khanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate"},{"link_name":"Ilkhanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilkhanate"},{"link_name":"Yuan dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[222]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatchnevsky1991207Biran201269FitzhughRossabiHoneychurch2009109-228"},{"link_name":"Washington Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Post"},{"link_name":"[223]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran2012158FitzhughRossabiHoneychurch2009104Washington_Post_1995-229"},{"link_name":"[224]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatchnevsky1991212%E2%80%93213FitzhughRossabiHoneychurch2009105%E2%80%93109Atwood200497Mote1999434-230"}],"text":"Further information: Pax Mongolica and Destruction under the Mongol EmpireGenghis Khan and seven of his successors from Bust Portraits of Yuan Dynasty Emperors, by Anonymous, Yuan dynasty (1271–1368)[f]Genghis Khan left a vast and controversial legacy. His unification of the Mongol tribes and his foundation of the largest contiguous state in world history \"permanently alter[ed] the worldview of European, Islamic, [and] East Asian civilizations\", according to Atwood.[217] His conquests enabled the creation of Eurasian trading systems unprecedented in their scale, which brought wealth and security to the tribes.[218] Although he very likely did not codify the written body of laws known as the Great Yasa,[219] he did reorganise the legal system and establish a powerful judicial authority under Shigi Qutuqu.[220]On the other hand, his conquests were ruthless and brutal. The prosperous civilizations of China, Central Asia, and Persia were devastated by the Mongol assaults, and underwent multi-generational trauma and suffering as a result.[221] Perhaps Genghis's greatest failing was his inability to create a working succession system—his division of his empire into appanages, meant to ensure stability, actually did the reverse, as local and state-wide interests diverged and the empire started to split into the Golden Horde, the Chagatai Khanate, the Ilkhanate, and the Yuan dynasty.[222] In the mid-1990s, the Washington Post acclaimed Genghis Khan as the \"man of the millennium\" who \"embodied the half-civilized, half-savage duality of the human race\".[223] This complex image has remained prevalent in modern scholarship, with historians emphasising both Genghis Khan's positive and negative contributions.[224]","title":"Legacy and historical assessment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Altan Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altan_Khan"},{"link_name":"Tibetan Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism"},{"link_name":"deified","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deification"},{"link_name":"[225]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay2008138%E2%80%93139Biran2012139-231"},{"link_name":"folk traditions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folklore"},{"link_name":"chakravartin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chakravarti_(Sanskrit_term)"},{"link_name":"Ashoka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashoka"},{"link_name":"Vajrapani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vajrapani"},{"link_name":"bodhisattva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhisattva"},{"link_name":"Buddha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddha"},{"link_name":"ancestor veneration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veneration_of_the_dead"},{"link_name":"[226]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay2008139Biran2012139-232"},{"link_name":"sleeping hero legend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_asleep_in_mountain"},{"link_name":"[227]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay2008140%E2%80%93141-233"},{"link_name":"a mausoleum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Genghis_Khan"},{"link_name":"Inner Mongolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_Mongolia"},{"link_name":"[228]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtwood2004161-234"},{"link_name":"national hero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_hero"},{"link_name":"occupation of Inner Mongolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Manchuria"},{"link_name":"Imperial Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japan"},{"link_name":"Kuomintang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuomintang"},{"link_name":"Chinese Communist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party"},{"link_name":"Chinese Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"[229]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay2008141%E2%80%93142Atwood2004101-235"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Soviet-aligned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Mongolian People's Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolian_People%27s_Republic"},{"link_name":"anticommunist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticommunist"},{"link_name":"feudal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudal"},{"link_name":"[230]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay2008142%E2%80%93143Biran2012142%E2%80%93143Atwood2004101-236"},{"link_name":"Cyrillic script","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrillic_script"},{"link_name":"Sino-Soviet split","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split"},{"link_name":"[231]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay2008143%E2%80%93144Biran2012143Atwood2004101%E2%80%93102-237"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E3%83%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B4%E3%83%AB%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E5%AE%AE%E6%AE%BF%E3%81%82%E3%81%8A%E3%82%8A2023.jpg"},{"link_name":"Government Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_Palace_(Mongolia)"},{"link_name":"Ulaanbaatar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulaanbaatar"},{"link_name":"Bo'orchu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo%27orchu"},{"link_name":"Muqali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muqali"},{"link_name":"glasnost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasnost"},{"link_name":"perestroika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perestroika"},{"link_name":"the 1990 revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1990"},{"link_name":"[232]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtwood2004102Biran2012143%E2%80%93144May2008144%E2%80%93145-238"},{"link_name":"Chinggis Khaan International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinggis_Khaan_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Sükhbaatar Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCkhbaatar_Square"},{"link_name":"postage stamps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Mongolia"},{"link_name":"high-value banknotes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolian_t%C3%B6gr%C3%B6g"},{"link_name":"[233]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay2008137%E2%80%93138Biran2012143%E2%80%93144Sanders2017lxxviii,_lxxxiv-239"},{"link_name":"[234]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran2012144May2008145-240"},{"link_name":"[235]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran2012144%E2%80%93145May2008145%E2%80%93146-241"},{"link_name":"[236]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay2008145Mote1999434-242"}],"sub_title":"Mongolia","text":"For many centuries, Genghis was remembered in Mongolia as a religious figure, not a political one. After Altan Khan converted to Tibetan Buddhism in the late 1500s, Genghis was deified and given a central role in the Mongolian religious tradition.[225] As a deity, Genghis drew upon Buddhist, shamanistic, and folk traditions: for example, he was defined as a new incarnation of a chakravartin (idealised ruler) like Ashoka, or of Vajrapani, the martial bodhisattva; he was connected genealogically to the Buddha and to ancient Buddhist kings; he was invoked during weddings and festivals; and he took a large role in ancestor veneration rituals.[226] He also became the focus point of a sleeping hero legend, in which he will return to help the Mongol people in a time of great need.[227] His cult was centred at the naiman chagan ordon (lit. '\"Eight White Yurts\"'), today a mausoleum in Inner Mongolia, China.[228]In the 19th and early 20th century, Genghis began to be viewed as the national hero of the Mongolian people. Foreign powers recognised this: during its occupation of Inner Mongolia, Imperial Japan funded the construction of a temple to Genghis, while both the Kuomintang and the Chinese Communist Party used the memory of Genghis to woo potential allies in the Chinese Civil War.[229] This attitude was maintained during World War II, when the Soviet-aligned Mongolian People's Republic promoted Genghis to build patriotic zeal against invaders; however, as he was a non-Russian hero who could serve as an anticommunist figurehead, this attitude swiftly changed after the war's end. According to May, Genghis \"was condemned as a feudal and reactionary lord [who] exploited the people.\"[230] His cult was repressed, the alphabet he chose was replaced with the Cyrillic script, and celebrations planned for the 800th anniversary of his birth in 1962 were cancelled and denigrated after loud Soviet complaints. Because Chinese historians were largely more favourable towards him than their Soviet circumstances, Genghis played a minor role in the Sino-Soviet split.[231]The Government Palace in Ulaanbaatar is fronted by a large statue of a seated Genghis Khan (centre), flanked by statues of his generals Bo'orchu and Muqali.The arrival of the policies of glasnost and perestroika in the 1980s paved the way for official rehabilitation. Less than two years after the 1990 revolution, Lenin Avenue in the capital Ulaanbaatar was renamed Chinggis Khan Avenue.[232] Since then, Mongolia has named Chinggis Khaan International Airport and erected a large statue in Sükhbaatar Square (which was itself renamed after Genghis between 2013 and 2016). His visage appears on items ranging from postage stamps and high-value banknotes to brands of alcohol and toilet paper. In 2006, the Mongolian parliament officially discussed the trivialization of his name through excessive advertising.[233]Modern Mongolians tend to downplay Genghis's military conquests in favour of his political and civil legacy—they view the destructive campaigns as \"a product of their time\", in the words of the historian Michal Biran, and secondary to his other contributions to Mongolian and world history.[234] His policies—such his use of the kurultai, his establishment of the rule of law through an independent judiciary, and human rights—are seen as the foundations that allowed the creation of the modern, democratic Mongolian state. Viewed as someone who brought peace and knowledge rather than war and destruction, Genghis Khan is idealised for making Mongolia the centre of international culture for a period.[235] He is generally recognised as the founding father of Mongolia.[236]","title":"Legacy and historical assessment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Genghis Khan in popular culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genghis_Khan_in_popular_culture"},{"link_name":"Ming dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Manchu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchu_people"},{"link_name":"Qing dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Chinese nationalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_nationalism"},{"link_name":"Chinese historiography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_historiography"},{"link_name":"[237]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran2012145%E2%80%93153Ratchnevsky1991211%E2%80%93212-243"},{"link_name":"[238]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran2012153%E2%80%93155Ratchnevsky1991212-244"},{"link_name":"Muslim world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_world"},{"link_name":"Siege of Baghdad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Baghdad_(1258)"},{"link_name":"[239]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran2012128%E2%80%93132-245"},{"link_name":"Geoffrey Chaucer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Chaucer"},{"link_name":"Enlightenment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment"},{"link_name":"[240]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran2012156%E2%80%93158May2008146Rosenfeld2018255,_269-246"}],"sub_title":"Elsewhere","text":"Further information: Genghis Khan in popular cultureUnder the Yuan dynasty in China, Genghis was revered as the nation's creator, and he remained in this position even after the foundation of the Ming dynasty in 1368. Although the late Ming somewhat disavowed his memory, the positive viewpoint was restored under the Manchu Qing dynasty (1644–1911), who positioned themselves as his heirs. The rise of 20th-century Chinese nationalism initially caused the denigration of Genghis as a traumatic occupier, but he was later resurrected as a useful political symbol on a variety of issues. Modern Chinese historiography has generally viewed Genghis positively and he has been portrayed as a Chinese hero.[237] By contrast, Genghis is viewed extremely negatively in Russia, where historians have consistently portrayed the rule of the Golden Horde—the \"Tatar Yoke\"—as backwards, destructive, inimical to all progress, and the reason for all of Russia's flaws.[238]Similarly, the modern Muslim world views Genghis as the ultimate \"accursed enemy\", a \"barbarian savage who began the demolition of civilization which culminated in [the Siege of Baghdad in 1258]\".[239] The West, never directly affected by Genghis, has viewed him in shifting and contrasting ways. During the 14th century, as shown by the works of Marco Polo and Geoffrey Chaucer, he was seen as a just and wise ruler, but during the eighteenth century he came to embody the Enlightenment stereotype of a tyrannical Oriental despot, and by the twentieth century he represented a prototypical barbarian warlord. In recent decades, Western scholarship has become increasingly nuanced, viewing Genghis as a more complex individual.[240]","title":"Legacy and historical assessment"}]
[{"image_text":"The Onon River, near which Temüjin was born, pictured here in Khentii Province, Mongolia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/OnonRiver.jpg/360px-OnonRiver.jpg"},{"image_text":"Burkhan Khaldun mountain, where Temüjin hid during the Merkit attack, and which he later came to honour as sacred","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Burkhan_Khaldun_mount3.jpg/290px-Burkhan_Khaldun_mount3.jpg"},{"image_text":"Temüjin and Toghrul, illustrated in a 15th-century Jami' al-tawarikh manuscript","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Djengiz_Kh%C3%A2n_et_Toghril_Ong_Khan.jpeg/290px-Djengiz_Kh%C3%A2n_et_Toghril_Ong_Khan.jpeg"},{"image_text":"The tribal polities united by Temüjin to found the Mongol Empire","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Mongol_Empire_c.1207.png/350px-Mongol_Empire_c.1207.png"},{"image_text":"Temüjin being proclaimed as Genghis Khan, as illustrated in a 15th-century Jami' al-tawarikh manuscript. The tuq, a banner fashioned from the tails of yaks or horses, is placed on the right; the white tuq pictured here represent peace, while a black tuq would represent war.[71]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Tem%C3%BCjin_proclaimed_as_Genghis_Khan_in_1206_Jami%27_al-tawarikh_manuscript.jpg/220px-Tem%C3%BCjin_proclaimed_as_Genghis_Khan_in_1206_Jami%27_al-tawarikh_manuscript.jpg"},{"image_text":"The states of East and Central Asia in the early 13th century","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Mongol_Invasion_of_China.png/350px-Mongol_Invasion_of_China.png"},{"image_text":"Campaigns of Genghis Khan between 1207 and 1225","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Genghis_Khan_empire-switch.svg/350px-Genghis_Khan_empire-switch.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Depiction of Jalal al-Din crossing the Indus River, from a late 17th-century Jami al-tawarikh manuscript","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Jalal_al-Din_Khwarazm-Shah_crossing_the_rapid_Indus_river%2C_escaping_Chinggis_Khan_and_his_army.jpg/220px-Jalal_al-Din_Khwarazm-Shah_crossing_the_rapid_Indus_river%2C_escaping_Chinggis_Khan_and_his_army.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Yuan dynasty portrait of Ögedei, Genghis's third son and eventual successor.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/YuanEmperorAlbumOgedeiPortrait.jpg/220px-YuanEmperorAlbumOgedeiPortrait.jpg"},{"image_text":"Early 15th-century miniature of Genghis Khan advising his sons on his deathbed, taken from Marco Polo's section of the Livre des merveilles manuscript.[184]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Genghis_Khan_with_sons_%28Marco_Polo%2C_1400s%29.jpg/440px-Genghis_Khan_with_sons_%28Marco_Polo%2C_1400s%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Genghis Khan and seven of his successors from Bust Portraits of Yuan Dynasty Emperors, by Anonymous, Yuan dynasty (1271–1368)[f]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Emperoryuandinastycollage.jpg/280px-Emperoryuandinastycollage.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Government Palace in Ulaanbaatar is fronted by a large statue of a seated Genghis Khan (centre), flanked by statues of his generals Bo'orchu and Muqali.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/%E3%83%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B4%E3%83%AB%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E5%AE%AE%E6%AE%BF%E3%81%82%E3%81%8A%E3%82%8A2023.jpg/310px-%E3%83%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B4%E3%83%AB%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E5%AE%AE%E6%AE%BF%E3%81%82%E3%81%8A%E3%82%8A2023.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Achenbach, Joel (31 December 1995). \"The Era of His Ways\". Washington Post. Retrieved 27 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1995/12/31/the-era-of-his-ways/58a4ef4c-052f-4cd3-b6ee-5e68b4159161/","url_text":"\"The Era of His Ways\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Post","url_text":"Washington Post"}]},{"reference":"Atwood, Christopher P. (2004). Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire. New York: Facts on File. ISBN 978-0-8160-4671-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/8855875","url_text":"Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-4671-3","url_text":"978-0-8160-4671-3"}]},{"reference":"Atwood, Christopher P. (2004a). \"Validation by Holiness or Sovereignty: Religious Toleration as Political Theology in the Mongol World Empire of the Thirteenth Century\" (PDF). The International History Review. 26 (2): 237–256. doi:10.1080/07075332.2004.9641030. JSTOR 40109471. S2CID 159826445.","urls":[{"url":"http://globalmiddleages.org/sites/default/files/pdf-files/atwood.pdf","url_text":"\"Validation by Holiness or Sovereignty: Religious Toleration as Political Theology in the Mongol World Empire of the Thirteenth Century\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_International_History_Review","url_text":"The International History Review"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07075332.2004.9641030","url_text":"10.1080/07075332.2004.9641030"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/40109471","url_text":"40109471"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159826445","url_text":"159826445"}]},{"reference":"Barthold, Vasily (1992) [1900]. Bosworth, Clifford E. (ed.). Turkestan Down To The Mongol Invasion (Third ed.). New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal. ISBN 978-8-1215-0544-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasily_Bartold","url_text":"Barthold, Vasily"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_Edmund_Bosworth","url_text":"Bosworth, Clifford E."},{"url":"https://www.fulcrum.org/concern/monographs/z316q171w","url_text":"Turkestan Down To The Mongol Invasion"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munshiram_Manoharlal","url_text":"Munshiram Manoharlal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-1215-0544-4","url_text":"978-8-1215-0544-4"}]},{"reference":"Bawden, Charles (2022). \"Genghis Khan\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 11 October 2022. Retrieved 17 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Bawden","url_text":"Bawden, Charles"},{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/biography/Genghis-Khan","url_text":"\"Genghis Khan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221011170916/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Genghis-Khan","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Biran, Michal (2012). Chinggis Khan. Makers of the Muslim World. London: Oneworld Publications. ISBN 978-1-7807-4204-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/32453356","url_text":"Chinggis Khan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oneworld_Publications","url_text":"Oneworld Publications"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7807-4204-5","url_text":"978-1-7807-4204-5"}]},{"reference":"Birge, Bettine; Broadbridge, Anne F. (2023). \"Women and Gender under Mongol Rule\". In Biran, Michal; Kim, Hodong (eds.). The Cambridge History of the Mongol Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 628–654. ISBN 978-1-3163-3742-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Ho-dong","url_text":"Kim, Hodong"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press","url_text":"Cambridge University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-3163-3742-4","url_text":"978-1-3163-3742-4"}]},{"reference":"Boyle, John Andrew (1968). The Cambridge History of Iran Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521069366. ISBN 978-1-1390-5497-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Andrew_Boyle","url_text":"Boyle, John Andrew"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cambridge_History_of_Iran","url_text":"The Cambridge History of Iran"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press","url_text":"Cambridge University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCHOL9780521069366","url_text":"10.1017/CHOL9780521069366"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-1390-5497-3","url_text":"978-1-1390-5497-3"}]},{"reference":"Broadbridge, Anne F. (2018). Women and the Making of the Mongol Empire. Cambridge Studies in Islamic Civilization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-1086-3662-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press","url_text":"Cambridge University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-1086-3662-9","url_text":"978-1-1086-3662-9"}]},{"reference":"Brose, Michael C. (2014). \"Chinggis (Genghis) Khan\". In Brown, Kerry (ed.). The Berkshire Dictionary of Chinese Biography. Great Barrington: Berkshire Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1-9337-8266-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780190214371.001.0001/acref-9780190214371-e-14","url_text":"\"Chinggis (Genghis) Khan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerry_Brown_(historian)","url_text":"Brown, Kerry"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Barrington,_Massachusetts","url_text":"Great Barrington"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkshire_Publishing_Group","url_text":"Berkshire Publishing Group"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-9337-8266-9","url_text":"978-1-9337-8266-9"}]},{"reference":"Buell, Paul D. (2010). \"Some Royal Mongol Ladies: Alaqa-beki, Ergene-Qatun and Others\". World History Connected. 7 (1). Retrieved 25 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldhistoryconnected.press.uillinois.edu/7.1/buell.html","url_text":"\"Some Royal Mongol Ladies: Alaqa-beki, Ergene-Qatun and Others\""}]},{"reference":"Cleaves, Francis Woodman (1955). \"The Historicity of The Baljuna Covenant\". Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies. 18 (3): 357–421. doi:10.2307/2718438. JSTOR 2718438.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Woodman_Cleaves","url_text":"Cleaves, Francis Woodman"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2718438","url_text":"\"The Historicity of The Baljuna Covenant\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Journal_of_Asiatic_Studies","url_text":"Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2718438","url_text":"10.2307/2718438"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2718438","url_text":"2718438"}]},{"reference":"Craig, Erin (19 July 2017). \"Why Genghis Khan's tomb can't be found\". BBC. Archived from the original on 18 July 2023. Retrieved 19 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20170717-why-genghis-khans-tomb-cant-be-found","url_text":"\"Why Genghis Khan's tomb can't be found\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC","url_text":"BBC"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230718100715/https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20170717-why-genghis-khans-tomb-cant-be-found","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Favereau, Marie (2021). The Horde: How the Mongols Changed the World. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-6742-7865-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Favereau","url_text":"Favereau, Marie"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv322v4qv","url_text":"The Horde: How the Mongols Changed the World"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts","url_text":"Cambridge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University_Press","url_text":"Harvard University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-6742-7865-3","url_text":"978-0-6742-7865-3"}]},{"reference":"Fiaschetti, Francesca (2014). \"Tradition, Innovation and the construction of Qubilai's diplomacy\" (PDF). Ming Qing Yanjiu. 18 (1): 82. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 June 2022. Retrieved 10 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://mongol.huji.ac.il/sites/default/files/Fiaschetti-%20MQYJ%202015.pdf","url_text":"\"Tradition, Innovation and the construction of Qubilai's diplomacy\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220611102740/http://mongol.huji.ac.il/sites/default/files/Fiaschetti-%20MQYJ%202015.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Fitzhugh, William W.; Rossabi, Morris; Honeychurch, William, eds. (2009). Genghis Khan and the Mongolian Empire. Washington: Mongolian Preservation Foundation. ISBN 978-0-2959-8957-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_W._Fitzhugh","url_text":"Fitzhugh, William W."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris_Rossabi","url_text":"Rossabi, Morris"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/genghiskhanmongo00medi","url_text":"Genghis Khan and the Mongolian Empire"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-2959-8957-0","url_text":"978-0-2959-8957-0"}]},{"reference":"Golden, Peter (2009). \"Inner Asia c.1200\". The Cambridge History of Inner Asia. The Chinggisid Age: 9–25. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139056045.004. ISBN 978-1-1390-5604-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Benjamin_Golden","url_text":"Golden, Peter"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cambridge_History_of_Inner_Asia","url_text":"The Cambridge History of Inner Asia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9781139056045.004","url_text":"10.1017/CBO9781139056045.004"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-1390-5604-5","url_text":"978-1-1390-5604-5"}]},{"reference":"de Hartog, Leo (1999) [1979]. Genghis Khan: Conqueror of the World. London: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-8606-4972-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/genghiskhanconqu0000hart/page/n5/mode/2up?view=theater","url_text":"Genghis Khan: Conqueror of the World"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I.B._Tauris","url_text":"I.B. Tauris"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8606-4972-1","url_text":"978-1-8606-4972-1"}]},{"reference":"Hung, William (1951). \"The Transmission of The Book Known as The Secret History of The Mongols\". Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies. 14 (3/4): 433–492. doi:10.2307/2718184. JSTOR 2718184.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hung_(sinologist)","url_text":"Hung, William"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2718184","url_text":"\"The Transmission of The Book Known as The Secret History of The Mongols\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Journal_of_Asiatic_Studies","url_text":"Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2718184","url_text":"10.2307/2718184"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2718184","url_text":"2718184"}]},{"reference":"Jackson, Peter (2017). The Mongols and the Islamic World: From Conquest to Conversion. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-3001-2533-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Jackson_(historian)","url_text":"Jackson, Peter"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1n2tvq0","url_text":"The Mongols and the Islamic World: From Conquest to Conversion"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut","url_text":"New Haven"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University_Press","url_text":"Yale University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3001-2533-7","url_text":"978-0-3001-2533-7"}]},{"reference":"Jagchid, Sechin (1979). \"The Mongol Khans and Chinese Buddhism and Taoism\". The Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies. 2 (1): 7–28.","urls":[{"url":"http://journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/jiabs/article/download/8475/2382","url_text":"\"The Mongol Khans and Chinese Buddhism and Taoism\""}]},{"reference":"Kwanten, Luc (1978). \"The Career of Muqali: A Reassessment\". Bulletin of Sung and Yüan Studies. 14: 31–38. JSTOR 23497511.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luc_Kwanten","url_text":"Kwanten, Luc"},{"url":"http://www.jstor.org/stable/23497511","url_text":"\"The Career of Muqali: A Reassessment\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulletin_of_Sung_and_Y%C3%BCan_Studies","url_text":"Bulletin of Sung and Yüan Studies"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/23497511","url_text":"23497511"}]},{"reference":"Lane, George (2004). Genghis Khan and Mongol Rule. Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-3133-2528-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_A._Lane","url_text":"Lane, George"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/genghiskhanmongo00geor","url_text":"Genghis Khan and Mongol Rule"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westport,_Connecticut","url_text":"Westport"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group","url_text":"Greenwood Publishing Group"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3133-2528-1","url_text":"978-0-3133-2528-1"}]},{"reference":"Liu, Fang-ju; Cheng, Shu-fang (2015). 國立故宮博物院藏蒙古文物彙編 [Cultural Relics of the Mongols in the National Palace Museum Collection] (in Chinese). Taipei: National Palace Museum. ISBN 978-9-5756-2734-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Palace_Museum","url_text":"National Palace Museum"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-5756-2734-8","url_text":"978-9-5756-2734-8"}]},{"reference":"Lkhagvasuren, Gavaachimed; et al. (2016). \"Molecular Genealogy of a Mongol Queen's Family and Her Possible Kinship with Genghis Khan\". PLoS ONE. 11 (9): 433. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1161622L. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0161622. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 5023095. PMID 27627454.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/308121873","url_text":"\"Molecular Genealogy of a Mongol Queen's Family and Her Possible Kinship with Genghis Khan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PLoS_ONE","url_text":"PLoS ONE"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PLoSO..1161622L","url_text":"2016PLoSO..1161622L"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0161622","url_text":"10.1371/journal.pone.0161622"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1932-6203","url_text":"1932-6203"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5023095","url_text":"5023095"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27627454","url_text":"27627454"}]},{"reference":"Man, John (2004). Genghis Khan: Life, Death and Resurrection. London: Bantam Press. ISBN 978-0-3129-8965-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Man_(author)","url_text":"Man, John"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/genghiskhanlifed0000manj","url_text":"Genghis Khan: Life, Death and Resurrection"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantam_Press","url_text":"Bantam Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3129-8965-1","url_text":"978-0-3129-8965-1"}]},{"reference":"Man, John (2014). The Mongol Empire: Genghis Khan, His Heirs, and the Founding of Modern China. London: Penguin Random House. ISBN 978-0-5521-6880-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Man_(author)","url_text":"Man, John"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Random_House","url_text":"Penguin Random House"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5521-6880-9","url_text":"978-0-5521-6880-9"}]},{"reference":"May, Timothy (2007). The Mongol Art of War: Chinggis Khan and the Mongol Military System. Yardley: Westholme. ISBN 978-1-5941-6046-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/mongolartofwarch0000mayt","url_text":"The Mongol Art of War: Chinggis Khan and the Mongol Military System"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yardley,_Pennsylvania","url_text":"Yardley"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5941-6046-2","url_text":"978-1-5941-6046-2"}]},{"reference":"May, Timothy (2008). Culture and Customs of Mongolia. Culture and Customs of Asia. Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-3133-3983-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westport,_Connecticut","url_text":"Westport"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group","url_text":"Greenwood Publishing Group"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3133-3983-7","url_text":"978-0-3133-3983-7"}]},{"reference":"May, Timothy (2012). The Mongol Conquests in World History. London: Reaktion Books. ISBN 978-1-8618-9971-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/Book_1080","url_text":"The Mongol Conquests in World History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaktion_Books","url_text":"Reaktion Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8618-9971-2","url_text":"978-1-8618-9971-2"}]},{"reference":"May, Timothy (2018). The Mongol Empire. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-4237-3. JSTOR 10.3366/j.ctv1kz4g68.11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3366/j.ctv1kz4g68","url_text":"The Mongol Empire"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_University_Press","url_text":"Edinburgh University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-4237-3","url_text":"978-0-7486-4237-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3366/j.ctv1kz4g68.11","url_text":"10.3366/j.ctv1kz4g68.11"}]},{"reference":"McLynn, Frank (2015). Genghis Khan: His Conquests, His Empire, His Legacy. New York: Hachette Books. ISBN 978-0-3068-2395-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_McLynn","url_text":"McLynn, Frank"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jcQzCgAAQBAJ","url_text":"Genghis Khan: His Conquests, His Empire, His Legacy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hachette_Books","url_text":"Hachette Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3068-2395-4","url_text":"978-0-3068-2395-4"}]},{"reference":"Morgan, David (1986). The Mongols. The Peoples of Europe. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-0-6311-7563-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_O._Morgan","url_text":"Morgan, David"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/mongolspeoplesof00davi","url_text":"The Mongols"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford","url_text":"Oxford"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackwell_Publishing","url_text":"Blackwell Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-6311-7563-6","url_text":"978-0-6311-7563-6"}]},{"reference":"Morgan, David (1990). \"Čengīz Khan\". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. V. pp. 133–135. Retrieved 10 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_O._Morgan","url_text":"Morgan, David"},{"url":"https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/cengiz-khan","url_text":"\"Čengīz Khan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica","url_text":"Encyclopædia Iranica"}]},{"reference":"Mote, Frederick W. (1999). Imperial China, 900–1800. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-6740-1212-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_W._Mote","url_text":"Mote, Frederick W."},{"url":"https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Imperial_China_900_1800/SQWW7QgUH4gC","url_text":"Imperial China, 900–1800"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts","url_text":"Cambridge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University_Press","url_text":"Harvard University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-6740-1212-7","url_text":"978-0-6740-1212-7"}]},{"reference":"Pelliot, Paul (1959). Notes on Marco Polo (PDF). Vol. I. Paris: Imprimerie nationale. OCLC 1741887. Archived (PDF) from the original on 31 August 2021. Retrieved 17 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Pelliot","url_text":"Pelliot, Paul"},{"url":"https://altaica.ru/LIBRARY/Pelliot/Pelliot_Notes%20on%20Marco%20Polo_I%201959.pdf","url_text":"Notes on Marco Polo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imprimerie_nationale","url_text":"Imprimerie nationale"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1741887","url_text":"1741887"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210831164116/https://altaica.ru/LIBRARY/Pelliot/Pelliot_Notes%20on%20Marco%20Polo_I%201959.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Porter, Jonathan (2016). Imperial China, 1350–1900. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-4422-2293-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MAFiCwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Imperial China, 1350–1900"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanham,_Maryland","url_text":"Lanham"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield","url_text":"Rowman & Littlefield"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-2293-9","url_text":"978-1-4422-2293-9"}]},{"reference":"Pow, Stephen (2017). \"The Last Campaign and Death of Jebe Noyan\". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 27 (1): 31–51. doi:10.1017/S135618631600033X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_the_Royal_Asiatic_Society","url_text":"Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS135618631600033X","url_text":"10.1017/S135618631600033X"}]},{"reference":"The Secret History of the Mongols: A Mongolian Epic Chronicle of the Thirteenth Century (Shorter Version; edited by John C. Street). Translated by de Rachewiltz, Igor. 2015. Retrieved 22 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://cedar.wwu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1003&context=cedarbooks","url_text":"The Secret History of the Mongols: A Mongolian Epic Chronicle of the Thirteenth Century"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igor_de_Rachewiltz","url_text":"de Rachewiltz, Igor"}]},{"reference":"Ratchnevsky, Paul (1991). Genghis Khan: His Life and Legacy. Translated by Thomas Haining. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunstmuseum_Stuttgart
Kunstmuseum Stuttgart
["1 Description","1.1 Collection","2 See also","3 External links"]
Coordinates: 48°46′42″N 9°10′40″E / 48.77833°N 9.17778°E / 48.77833; 9.17778Contemporary and modern art museum in Stuttgart, Germany 48°46′42″N 9°10′40″E / 48.77833°N 9.17778°E / 48.77833; 9.17778 Glass facade of Kunstmuseum Stuttgart 200m220yds Kunstmuseum Stuttgart  Kunstmuseum Stuttgart The Kunstmuseum Stuttgart is a contemporary and modern art museum in Stuttgart, Germany, built and opened in 2005. Description The cubic museum building with 5000 m2 of display space was designed by Berlin architects Hascher and Jehle. During the day it looks like a glass cube, and at nights the interior lighted limestone walls become visible. Collection The Kunstmuseum Stuttgart museum's collection comes from the previous "Galerie der Stadt Stuttgart". The city's collection goes back to a gift from the Marchese Silvio della Valle di Casanova in 1924. It contains one of the most important collections of the work of Otto Dix and also works from Willi Baumeister, Adolf Hölzel, Dieter Roth, and others. See also Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kunstmuseum Stuttgart. List of museums in Germany External links Official website (in English) Hascher and Jehle: architects' website with construction photos Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Norway France BnF data Catalonia Germany Israel United States Latvia Czech Republic 2 Geographic Structurae Academics CiNii Artists ULAN People ISIL Other IdRef This article related to an art display, art museum or gallery in Germany is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a Baden-Württemberg building or structure is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardized_mortality_ratio
Standardized mortality ratio
["1 Standardized mortality ratio","1.1 Definition","1.2 Example","2 Standardized mortality rate","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
In epidemiology In epidemiology, the standardized mortality ratio or SMR, is a quantity, expressed as either a ratio or percentage quantifying the increase or decrease in mortality of a study cohort with respect to the general population. Standardized mortality ratio The standardized mortality ratio is the ratio of observed deaths in the study group to expected deaths in the general population. This ratio can be expressed as a percentage simply by multiplying by 100. The SMR may be quoted as either a ratio or a percentage. If the SMR is quoted as a ratio and is equal to 1.0, then this means the number of observed deaths equals that of expected cases. If higher than 1.0, then there is a higher number of deaths than is expected. SMR constitutes an indirect form of standardization. It has an advantage over the direct method of standardization since age-adjustment is permitted in situations where age stratification may not be available for the cohort being studied or where strata-specific data are subject to excessive random variability. Definition The requirements for calculating SMR for a cohort are: The number of persons in each age group in the population being studied The age specific death rates of the general population in the same age groups of the study population The observed deaths in the study population Expected deaths would then be calculated simply by multiplying the death rates of the general population by the total number of participants in the study group at the corresponding age group and summing up all the values for each age group to arrive at the number of expected deaths. The study groups are weighted based on their particular distribution (for example, age), as opposed to the general populations's distribution. This is a fundamental distinction between an indirect method of standardization like SMR from direct standardization techniques. The SMR may well be quoted with an indication of the uncertainty associated with its estimation, such as a confidence interval (CI) or p value, which allows it to be interpreted in terms of statistical significance. Example An example might be a cohort study into cumulative exposure to arsenic from drinking water, whereby the mortality rates due to a number of cancers in a highly exposed group (which drinks water with a mean arsenic concentration of, say 10 mg) is compared with those in the general population. An SMR for bladder cancer of 1.70 in the exposed group would mean that there is {(1.70 - 1)*100} 70% more cases of death due to bladder cancer in the cohort than in the reference population (in this case the national population, which is generally considered not to exhibit cumulative exposure to high arsenic levels). Standardized mortality rate Standardized mortality rate tells how many persons, per thousand of the population, will die in a given year and what the causes of death will be. Such statistics have many uses: Life insurance companies periodically update their premiums based on the mortality rate, adjusted for age. Medical researchers can track disease-related deaths and shift focus and funding to address increasing or decreasing risks. Organizations, both non- and for-profit, can utilize such statistics to justify their missions. Regarding occupational uses: Mortality tables are also often used when numbers of deaths for each age-specific stratum are not available. It is also used to study mortality rate in an occupationally exposed population: Do people who work in a certain industry, such as mining or construction, have a higher mortality than people of the same age in the general population? Is an additional risk associated with that occupation? To answer the question of whether a population of miners has a higher mortality than we would expect in a similar population that is not engaged in mining, the age-specific rates for such a known population, such as all men of the same age, are applied to each age group in the population of interest. This will yield the number of deaths expected in each age group in the population of interest, if this population had had the mortality experience of the known population. Thus, for each age group, the number of deaths expected is calculated, and these numbers are totaled. The numbers of deaths that were actually observed in that population are also calculated and totaled. The ratio of the total number of deaths actually observed to the total number of deaths expected, if the population of interest had had the mortality experience of the known population, is then calculated. This ratio is called the standardized mortality ratio (SMR). The SMR is defined as follows: SMR = (Observed no. of deaths per year)/(Expected no. of deaths per year). See also Age-specific mortality rate Crude death rate Vulnerability index References ^ Everitt, Brian; Skrondal, Anders (2010). "Standardized mortality rate (SMR)". The Cambridge dictionary of statistics. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 409. ISBN 9780521766999. ^ Broeck, J.; Brestoff, J. R.; Kaulfuss, C. (2013). "Statistical Estimation". Epidemiology: Principles and Practical Guidelines. p. 417. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-5989-3_22. ISBN 978-94-007-5988-6. External links PAMCOMP Person-Years Analysis and Computation Program for calculating SMRs vtePublic healthGeneral Auxology Biological hazard Chief Medical Officer Cultural competence Deviance Environmental health Euthenics Genomics Globalization and disease Harm reduction Health economics Health literacy Health policy Health system Health care reform Management of depression Public health law National public health institute Health politics Maternal health Medical anthropology Medical sociology Mental health (Ministers) Pharmaceutical policy Pollution Air Water Soil Radiation Light Public health intervention Public health laboratory Sexual and reproductive health Social psychology Sociology of health and illness Preventive healthcare Behavior change Theories Family planning Health promotion Human nutrition Healthy diet Preventive nutrition Hygiene Food safety Hand washing Infection control Oral hygiene Occupational safety and health Human factors and ergonomics Hygiene Controlled Drugs Injury prevention Medicine Nursing Patient safety Organization Pharmacovigilance Safe sex Sanitation Emergency Fecal–oral transmission Open defecation Sanitary sewer Waterborne diseases Worker School hygiene Smoking cessation Vaccination Vector control Population health Biostatistics Child mortality Community health Epidemiology Global health Health impact assessment Health system Infant mortality Open-source healthcare software Multimorbidity Public health informatics Social determinants of health Commercial determinants of health Health equity Race and health Social medicine Biological andepidemiological statistics Case–control study Randomized controlled trial Relative risk Statistical hypothesis testing Analysis of variance (ANOVA) Regression analysis ROC curve Student's t-test Z-test Statistical software Infectious and epidemicdisease prevention Asymptomatic carrier Epidemics List Notifiable diseases List Public health surveillance Disease surveillance Quarantine Sexually transmitted infection Social distancing Tropical disease Vaccine trial Food hygiene andsafety management Food Additive Chemistry Engineering Microbiology Processing Safety Safety scandals Genetically modified food Good agricultural practice Good manufacturing practice HACCP ISO 22000 Health behavioralsciences Diffusion of innovations Health belief model Health communication Health psychology Positive deviance PRECEDE–PROCEED model Social cognitive theory Social norms approach Theory of planned behavior Transtheoretical model Organizations,educationand historyOrganizations Caribbean Caribbean Public Health Agency China Center for Disease Control and Prevention Europe Centre for Disease Prevention and Control Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety India Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Canada Health Canada Public Health Agency U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Health departments in the United States Council on Education for Public Health Public Health Service World Health Organization World Toilet Organization (Full list) Education Health education Higher education Bachelor of Science in Public Health Doctor of Public Health Professional degrees of public health Schools of public health History Sara Josephine Baker Samuel Jay Crumbine Carl Rogers Darnall Joseph Lister Margaret Sanger John Snow Typhoid Mary Radium Girls Germ theory of disease Social hygiene movement Category Commons WikiProject
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"epidemiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology"},{"link_name":"mortality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortality_rate"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Everitt2010-1"}],"text":"In epidemiology, the standardized mortality ratio or SMR, is a quantity, expressed as either a ratio or percentage quantifying the increase or decrease in mortality of a study cohort with respect to the general population.[1]","title":"Standardized mortality ratio"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Broeck2013-2"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"ratio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratio"},{"link_name":"percentage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percentage"},{"link_name":"random variability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_variable"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The standardized mortality ratio is the ratio of observed deaths in the study group to expected deaths in the general population.[2] This ratio can be expressed as a percentage simply by multiplying by 100.[citation needed]The SMR may be quoted as either a ratio or a percentage. If the SMR is quoted as a ratio and is equal to 1.0, then this means the number of observed deaths equals that of expected cases. If higher than 1.0, then there is a higher number of deaths than is expected. SMR constitutes an indirect form of standardization. It has an advantage over the direct method of standardization since age-adjustment is permitted in situations where age stratification may not be available for the cohort being studied or where strata-specific data are subject to excessive random variability.[citation needed]","title":"Standardized mortality ratio"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"uncertainty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncertainty"},{"link_name":"confidence interval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confidence_interval"},{"link_name":"p value","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P_value"},{"link_name":"statistical significance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_significance"}],"sub_title":"Definition","text":"The requirements for calculating SMR for a cohort are:[citation needed]The number of persons in each age group in the population being studied\nThe age specific death rates of the general population in the same age groups of the study population\nThe observed deaths in the study populationExpected deaths would then be calculated simply by multiplying the death rates of the general population by the total number of participants in the study group at the corresponding age group and summing up all the values for each age group to arrive at the number of expected deaths. The study groups are weighted based on their particular distribution (for example, age), as opposed to the general populations's distribution. This is a fundamental distinction between an indirect method of standardization like SMR from direct standardization techniques.[citation needed]The SMR may well be quoted with an indication of the uncertainty associated with its estimation, such as a confidence interval (CI) or p value, which allows it to be interpreted in terms of statistical significance.","title":"Standardized mortality ratio"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cohort study","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cohort_study"},{"link_name":"cumulative exposure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumulative_exposure"},{"link_name":"arsenic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenic"},{"link_name":"drinking water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drinking_water"},{"link_name":"cancers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer"},{"link_name":"bladder cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bladder_cancer"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Example","text":"An example might be a cohort study into cumulative exposure to arsenic from drinking water, whereby the mortality rates due to a number of cancers in a highly exposed group (which drinks water with a mean arsenic concentration of, say 10 mg) is compared with those in the general population. An SMR for bladder cancer of 1.70 in the exposed group would mean that there is {(1.70 - 1)*100} 70% more cases of death due to bladder cancer in the cohort than in the reference population (in this case the national population, which is generally considered not to exhibit cumulative exposure to high arsenic levels).[citation needed]","title":"Standardized mortality ratio"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Life insurance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_insurance"},{"link_name":"mortality rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortality_rate"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Standardized mortality rate tells how many persons, per thousand of the population, will die in a given year and what the causes of death will be.Such statistics have many uses:[citation needed]Life insurance companies periodically update their premiums based on the mortality rate, adjusted for age.\nMedical researchers can track disease-related deaths and shift focus and funding to address increasing or decreasing risks.\nOrganizations, both non- and for-profit, can utilize such statistics to justify their missions.\nRegarding occupational uses:Mortality tables are also often used when numbers of deaths for each age-specific stratum are not available. It is also used to study mortality rate in an occupationally exposed population: Do people who work in a certain industry, such as mining or construction, have a higher mortality than people of the same age in the general population? Is an additional risk associated with that occupation? To answer the question of whether a population of miners has a higher mortality than we would expect in a similar population that is not engaged in mining, the age-specific rates for such a known population, such as all men of the same age, are applied to each age group in the population of interest. This will yield the number of deaths expected in each age group in the population of interest, if this population had had the mortality experience of the known population. Thus, for each age group, the number of deaths expected is calculated, and these numbers are totaled. The numbers of deaths that were actually observed in that population are also calculated and totaled. The ratio of the total number of deaths actually observed to the total number of deaths expected, if the population of interest had had the mortality experience of the known population, is then calculated. This ratio is called the standardized mortality ratio (SMR). The SMR is defined as follows: SMR = (Observed no. of deaths per year)/(Expected no. of deaths per year).[citation needed]","title":"Standardized mortality rate"}]
[]
[{"title":"Age-specific mortality rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age-specific_mortality_rate"},{"title":"Crude death rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crude_death_rate"},{"title":"Vulnerability index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulnerability_index"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negro_Southern_League_(1945%E2%80%9351)
Negro Southern League (1945–1951)
["1 League history","2 Negro Southern League franchises","3 League champions","4 References","5 External links"]
Negro Southern LeagueClassificationMinor leagueSportNegro league baseballFounded1945Ceased1951CountryUnited States The second Negro Southern League (NSL) was one of the several Negro baseball leagues created during the time organized baseball was segregated. The NSL was organized as a minor league in 1945 and lasted until 1951.: 12–16  League history Nine team owners met in February 1945 in Nashville, Tennessee, to form a new minor league named after an old minor league. The 1948 season received very little coverage in the press and is hard to piece together. Additionally, a new league, the Negro American Association, formed and lured away at least four of the stronger teams, including the Atlanta Black Crackers. The league did not organize for the 1952 season due to attendance figures being expected to be too low to be profitable. The second Negro Southern League was dissolved after seven seasons. Negro Southern League franchises Negro Southern League (1945–51) Team Years in league Notes Atlanta Black Crackers 1945, 1947–48 • Associate team 1946• Left for Negro American Association Knoxville Grays 1945 Asheville Blues 1945–47 • Left for Negro American Association Nashville Cubs 1945–51 • Called Black Vols 1945-46• Called Louisville-Nashville Cubs 1950 New Orleans Black Pelicans 1945 • Only played first half of season Richmond Cardinals 1945 • Replaced New Orleans for second half of season Chattanooga Choo Choos 1945–48, 1950 • Called Black Choo Choos 1947, 50• Dropped out mid-season 1950 Mobile Black Bears 1945–46 Little Rock Black Travelers 1945 • Also called Greys• Dropped out mid-season Indianapolis Cardinals 1945 • Replaced Little Rock for second half of season Charlotte Black Hornets 1946 Jacksonville Eagles 1946–47 • Left for Negro American Association Knoxville Giants 1946 Montgomery Dodgers 1946 • Also called Red Sox Memphis Blues 1947–48 New Orleans Creoles 1947–48, 1950–51 Raleigh Tigers 1947 • Left for Negro American Association Birmingham Clowns 1947 • Also called All Stars Memphis Cardinals 1947 Raleigh Grays 1948 • Associate team only Mobile Black Bears 1948 • Associate team only Atlanta Brown Crackers 1949–50 • Called Atlanta-Detroit Brown Crackers 1949 Gadsden Tigers 1949–50 • Called Gadsden-Florida Tigers 1949 Mobile Black Shippers 1949 Montgomery Tigers 1949 Pensacola Seagulls 1949 Evansville Dodgers 1949 • Associate team only Indianapolis ABCs 1949 • Associate team only• Possibly related to Atlanta Black Crackers Greenville Delta Giants 1950 Memphis Red Caps 1950 Nashville Stars 1950–51 Owensboro Braves 1950 • Dropped out mid-season Atlanta Braves 1951 Birmingham Black Eagles 1951 • Also called Bears Birmingham All -Stars 1951 Chattanooga Stars 1951 Jackson Cubs 1951 Knoxville Packers 1951 Note: An "associate team" is one who is not a member of the league, but games played against them by league teams count in the league standings. League champions Most seasons were split in halves, with the winner of the first half of the season playing the winner of the second half of the season in a formal league play-off that decided the Pennant winner. For some years it is unclear if a split season was played and if the second half schedule was completed. In the below list, the first half winner is noted with a raised "1" and the second half winner is noted with a raised "2". 1945 Atlanta Black Crackers 1946 Asheville Blues (won both halves) 1947 Asheville1 defeated New Orleans Creoles2, 3g-2g 1948 New Orleans Creoles (won both halves, reportedly) 1949 Gadsden-Florida Tigers1 / Nashville Cubs2, no play-off reported 1950 undetermined 1951 undetermined References ^ "Negro Southern League Standings" (PDF). Negro Southern League Museum Research Center. Center for Negro League Baseball Research. Retrieved Feb 25, 2017. External links Negro Southern League Museum Research Center vteNegro league baseballPlayers List of players A–D E–L M–R S–Z First black players in MLB Negro leaguers who played in MLB Color line Museum Post-season List of Negro league baseball postseason games List of league champions Negro World Series East–West All-Star Game International competitions American Series Serie Monumental Teams List of teams by state major league teams minor league teams Timeline of teams LeaguesMajor leagues Negro National League (I) Eastern Colored League American Negro League East–West League Negro Southern League (I) Negro National League (II) Negro American League Proto-leagues Southern League of Colored Base Ballists (1886) National Colored Base Ball League (1887) International League of Independent Professional Base Ball Clubs (1906) National Association of Colored Baseball Clubs of the United States and Cuba (1907–1909) Minor leagues Negro Southern League (1920–1936) Texas Colored League (1919–1931) Negro American Association (1939) Negro Major League (1942) United States League (1945–1946) Post-integration Negro Southern League (1945–1951) West Coast Negro Baseball Association (1946) Negro American Association (1948–1949) Negro American League (1951–1960) Category
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[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Negro Southern League Standings\" (PDF). Negro Southern League Museum Research Center. Center for Negro League Baseball Research. Retrieved Feb 25, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.negrosouthernleaguemuseumresearchcenter.org/Portals/0/Negro%20Southern%20League/Negro%20Southern%20League%20%20(1920-1951)STANDINGS.pdf","url_text":"\"Negro Southern League Standings\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.negrosouthernleaguemuseumresearchcenter.org/Portals/0/Negro%20Southern%20League/Negro%20Southern%20League%20%20(1920-1951)STANDINGS.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Negro Southern League Standings\""},{"Link":"http://negrosouthernleaguemuseumresearchcenter.org/","external_links_name":"Negro Southern League Museum Research Center"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Day_(Charice_song)
One Day (Charice song)
["1 Background","2 Music video","3 Track listing","4 Release history","5 External links","6 References"]
2011 single by Charice"One Day"Single by Charicefrom the album Infinity ReleasedApril 19, 2011Recorded2011GenrePopR&BLength3:13Label143RepriseSongwriter(s)Nicholas Jerry JonasDan MuckalaJason IngramProducer(s)Nick JonasDan MuckalaCharice singles chronology "Before It Explodes" (2011) "One Day" (2011) "Louder" (2011) Music video"One Day" on YouTube "One Day" is a song by Filipino pop and R&B recording artist Charice, now known as Jake Zyrus. The song was co-written and co-produced by American recording artist Nick Jonas. The song was released for digital download on April 19, 2011. Background The following day after the release of "Before It Explodes", a follow-up announcement was made by Zyrus. To promote the song's release, an online competition was launched by Acuvue Contact Lenses. The winners of the contest were given a chance to appear in the music video for the song. The song was used as a part of Acuvue's "ACUVUE 1•DAY Contest". Music video The music video for the song was filmed in Los Angeles on June 17. It premiered on July 27, 2011 on AOL Music's website. In the video, instead of making fun of a teenage boy for drawing a sketch of another boy, his classmates compliment him on his artwork. In another room, two students stay focused and learn not to give up on their dance routine. The video ends with a student from every rung on the high school social ladder engaging in a dance party. Zyrus is seen watching as the events unfold, singing by the staircase and dancing with the students. A Japanese version of the music video was released on October 19, 2011, and was uploaded on Warner Bros Japan's YouTube channel. In the video, while Zyrus is singing a montage of people pursuing their dreams can be seen behind him. In another scene, while he is walking around the streets he meets a few dancers who later on accompany him in the video. He is then seen at a party surrounded by a crowd of people whose pictures were posted on the montage that was seen earlier in the video. There are also intercut scenes that show them studying and trying to pursue their dreams. Track listing Digital download "One Day" – 3:13 Release history Country Date Format Label United States April 19, 2011 Digital download Reprise Records External links "One Day" Music Video (Japan edition)" on YouTube References ^ a b c "Welcome to Nicky's Blog". nickjonline.com. Archived from the original on May 15, 2011. Retrieved November 22, 2017. ^ a b c http://www.kazaa.com/#/Charice/One-Day/info Archived January 5, 2011, at the Wayback Machine ^ a b c "One Day – Single by Charice on Apple Music". itunes.apple.com. April 19, 2011. Archived from the original on March 2, 2012. Retrieved November 22, 2017. ^ a b c "One Day". Archived from the original on October 19, 2021. Retrieved November 22, 2017 – via Amazon. ^ "ACUVUE® Brand Contact Lenses Gives Charice Fans A Chance to Appear In The Music Video of Her New Single, "One Day"". April 19, 2011. Archived from the original on September 28, 2011. Retrieved April 24, 2011. ^ Swift, Andy (June 17, 2011). "Charice Practices Her Dance Moves For 'One Day' Music Video!". Archived from the original on December 1, 2017. Retrieved November 22, 2017. ^ News, ABS-CBN. "Charice shoots 'One Day' music video". Archived from the original on October 4, 2012. Retrieved November 22, 2017. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help) ^ "Entertainment – Latest Celebrity News, Photos, Videos". blog.music.aol.com. Archived from the original on September 8, 2011. Retrieved November 22, 2017. ^ "Charice Throws A Pep Rally In Her "One Day" Video". July 28, 2011. Archived from the original on October 19, 2021. Retrieved November 22, 2017. vteJake ZyrusDiscographyStudio albums My Inspiration Charice Infinity Extended plays Charice Grown-Up Christmas List Singles "It Can Only Get Better" "Always You" "Note to God" "Pyramid" "Crescent Moon" "Listen" "One Day" "All by Myself" "Louder" Featured singles "Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas" "Telephone" Television Charice: Home for Valentine's Charice: One for the Heart Related articles Star Music Reprise Records Little Big Star
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jake Zyrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jake_Zyrus"},{"link_name":"Nick Jonas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Jonas"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jonas-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-itunes-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-amazon-4"}],"text":"2011 single by Charice\"One Day\" is a song by Filipino pop and R&B recording artist Charice, now known as Jake Zyrus. The song was co-written and co-produced by American recording artist Nick Jonas.[1] The song was released for digital download on April 19, 2011.[3][4]","title":"One Day (Charice song)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kazaa.com-2"},{"link_name":"Acuvue Contact Lenses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acuvue"},{"link_name":"Acuvue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acuvue"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oneday-5"}],"text":"The following day after the release of \"Before It Explodes\", a follow-up announcement was made by Zyrus.[2]To promote the song's release, an online competition was launched by Acuvue Contact Lenses. The winners of the contest were given a chance to appear in the music video for the song. The song was used as a part of Acuvue's \"ACUVUE 1•DAY Contest\".[5]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"AOL Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AOL_Music"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The music video for the song was filmed in Los Angeles on June 17.[6][7] It premiered on July 27, 2011 on AOL Music's website.[8] In the video, instead of making fun of a teenage boy for drawing a sketch of another boy, his classmates compliment him on his artwork. In another room, two students stay focused and learn not to give up on their dance routine. The video ends with a student from every rung on the high school social ladder engaging in a dance party. Zyrus is seen watching as the events unfold, singing by the staircase and dancing with the students.[9]A Japanese version of the music video was released on October 19, 2011, and was uploaded on Warner Bros Japan's YouTube channel. In the video, while Zyrus is singing a montage of people pursuing their dreams can be seen behind him. In another scene, while he is walking around the streets he meets a few dancers who later on accompany him in the video. He is then seen at a party surrounded by a crowd of people whose pictures were posted on the montage that was seen earlier in the video. There are also intercut scenes that show them studying and trying to pursue their dreams.","title":"Music video"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-itunes-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-amazon-4"}],"text":"Digital download[3][4]\"One Day\" – 3:13","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Release history"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Welcome to Nicky's Blog\". nickjonline.com. Archived from the original on May 15, 2011. Retrieved November 22, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110515161757/http://nickjonline.com/2011/04/video-charice-nick-jonas-one-day-behind-the-scenes/","url_text":"\"Welcome to Nicky's Blog\""},{"url":"http://nickjonline.com/2011/04/video-charice-nick-jonas-one-day-behind-the-scenes/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"One Day – Single by Charice on Apple Music\". itunes.apple.com. April 19, 2011. Archived from the original on March 2, 2012. Retrieved November 22, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/one-day-single/id433011301","url_text":"\"One Day – Single by Charice on Apple Music\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120302003048/http://itunes.apple.com/us/album/one-day-single/id433011301","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"One Day\". Archived from the original on October 19, 2021. Retrieved November 22, 2017 – via Amazon.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/dp/B004X4906E","url_text":"\"One Day\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211019225950/https://www.amazon.com/dp/B004X4906E","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"ACUVUE® Brand Contact Lenses Gives Charice Fans A Chance to Appear In The Music Video of Her New Single, \"One Day\"\". April 19, 2011. Archived from the original on September 28, 2011. Retrieved April 24, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110928075746/http://www.jnj.com/connect/news/all/acuvue-brand-contact-lenses-gives-charice-fans-a-chance-to-appear-in-the-music-video-of-her-new-single-one-day","url_text":"\"ACUVUE® Brand Contact Lenses Gives Charice Fans A Chance to Appear In The Music Video of Her New Single, \"One Day\"\""},{"url":"http://www.jnj.com/connect/news/all/acuvue-brand-contact-lenses-gives-charice-fans-a-chance-to-appear-in-the-music-video-of-her-new-single-one-day","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Swift, Andy (June 17, 2011). \"Charice Practices Her Dance Moves For 'One Day' Music Video!\". Archived from the original on December 1, 2017. Retrieved November 22, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hollywoodlife.com/2011/06/17/charice-one-day-music-video-dance-steps/","url_text":"\"Charice Practices Her Dance Moves For 'One Day' Music Video!\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171201031253/http://hollywoodlife.com/2011/06/17/charice-one-day-music-video-dance-steps/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"News, ABS-CBN. \"Charice shoots 'One Day' music video\". Archived from the original on October 4, 2012. Retrieved November 22, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/entertainment/06/20/11/charice-shoots-one-day-music-video","url_text":"\"Charice shoots 'One Day' music video\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121004110203/http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/entertainment/06/20/11/charice-shoots-one-day-music-video","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Entertainment – Latest Celebrity News, Photos, Videos\". blog.music.aol.com. Archived from the original on September 8, 2011. Retrieved November 22, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://blog.music.aol.com/2011/07/27/charice-one-day-video/","url_text":"\"Entertainment – Latest Celebrity News, Photos, Videos\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110908205249/http://blog.music.aol.com/2011/07/27/charice-one-day-video/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Charice Throws A Pep Rally In Her \"One Day\" Video\". July 28, 2011. Archived from the original on October 19, 2021. Retrieved November 22, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://idolator.com/5954942/charice-one-day-video","url_text":"\"Charice Throws A Pep Rally In Her \"One Day\" Video\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211019230026/https://www.idolator.com/5954942/charice-one-day-video","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Plumtree
John Plumtree
["1 Early life","2 Playing career","3 Coaching career","4 References"]
Rugby playerJohn PlumtreeFull nameJohn Cyril PlumtreeDate of birth (1965-07-16) 16 July 1965 (age 58)Place of birthHawera, New ZealandSchoolHawera High SchoolRugby union careerPosition(s) Flanker, LockSenior careerYears Team Apps (Points)1985–1988 Taranaki 37 (8)1988–1997 Sharks 80 (0)1992 Hawke's Bay 11 (4) Correct as of 11 July 2023National sevens teamYears Team Comps1994–1995 South Africa 2 Correct as of 25 May 2020Coaching careerYears Team1997–2001 Swansea2001–2006 Wellington2007 Sharks (assistant)2008–2012 Sharks2013–2014 Ireland (assistant)2015–2018 Hurricanes (assistant)2017–2019 Japan (assistant)2019 Hurricanes2020 North Island2020–2022 New Zealand (assistant)2023- Sharks Correct as of 11 July 2023 John Plumtree is a professional rugby union coach and former first class provincial rugby player. He was previously the head coach for the Hurricanes and the Sharks, which competes in the Super Rugby and Currie Cup competitions. As a player Plumtree won two Currie Cup medals with the Sharks (1990, 1996); and as a coach he guided the Sharks to Currie Cup wins in 2008 and 2010. Early life Plumtree was born on 16 July 1965 in Hawera, Taranaki. Plumtree and Lions coach John Mitchell were born and grew up in the same town, however, they only got to know one another later as players and coaches. Plumtree attended Hawera High School from 1976 to 1980. Playing career Playing as a flanker in his native New Zealand, Plumtree represented Taranaki in the NPC 40 times, debuting in 1985. In 1989 he was selected to participate in trials for the All Blacks team. Plumtree relocated to Durban, home of his South African wife. Reflecting on this move he later told the New Zealand Herald: "I did not want to get caught being a young rugby player in a small town for a long time. I thought if I got out of Hāwera for a little while another door might open up." So he accepted the opportunity to play for Durban High School Old Boys RFC, home to quite a number of overseas players at the time. These included Murray Mexted, Mike Teague, Chris Butcher, Martin Whitcombe and Peter Winterbottom. In 1988 Plumtree was selected by the then Sharks coach, Ian McIntosh. MacIntosh would later coach South Africa's national rugby union team, the Springboks. From 1988 to 1997 Plumtree played 80 matches for the Sharks, winning two Currie Cup medals (1990, 1996). In 1992, he briefly returned to New Zealand to play 14 games for Hawke's Bay. In 1994 Plumtree was selected for South Africa's Sevens side, and played two tournaments in Hong Kong. Coaching career According to the BBC, Plumtree was an assistant coach with the College Rovers in North Durban, helping them win "three successive Natal titles and the South African club championship in 1994-95". After retiring as a player, Plumtree coached the Swansea Rugby Football Club in Wales for five seasons, winning the Welsh Cup (1999), the Welsh League (1998), and the Welsh-Scottish League (2001). He is credited with "discovering" Gavin Henson while he was with Swansea. In 2001 he returned to New Zealand, briefly acting as video analyst for Mitchell, the All Black coach at the time, working in a team that included Robbie Deans, the New Zealander who coached the Australian national team until the series defeat by the 2013 British and Irish Lions. Video analysis was in its infancy, and Plumtree was frustrated by the buggy nature of the system. He later confessed that while he learned a lot from Mitchell and Deans, "video analysis wasn't my thing." Subsequently Plumtree was appointed coach for the Wellington Lions, a NPC team. Under his management, the Lions reached the final playoffs in 2003, 2004 and 2006. Plumtree returned to South Africa after he found that he was not to be given a New Zealand side in the Super Rugby tournament. Despite his success with Wellington, he was not appointed to guide the Wellington-based Hurricanes, as had been expected A spell as temporary head coach of the Sharks in 2007 was followed by a stint as assistant to Super 14 coach Dick Muir. Plumtree and Muir had been teammates at the Sharks during their playing days. Plumtree replaced assistant coach Theo Oosthuizen. Plumtree was appointed head coach of the Sharks in 2008. He successfully coached the Sharks to their first Currie Cup win since 1996, for which he was named the 2008 Absa Coach of the Year. Under Plumtree the Sharks had again reached the top of the Currie Cup log by September 2009. In August 2009 the Sharks' coach received the Coach of the Month award from Currie Cup sponsors Absa. The 2010 season was not off to a good start after a terrible Super 14 season for the Sharks however in the shadow of the abysmal performance, the 2010 Currie Cup season was highly successful for Plumtree as the Sharks won the 2010 ABSA Currie Cup. In 2013 he was confirmed as Forwards Coach for the Ireland national team, working alongside new head coach Joe Schmidt. In the 2015 season Plumtree became the assistant coach of the Hurricanes Super 15 franchise with Chris Boyd being the head coach. References ^ a b c d e f g Coaching Profile: John Plumtree. The Sharks Website. Retrieved 5 September 2009. ^ Mitchell swims with the Sharks Archived 9 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine. SARugby.com, 2009. Retrieved 5 September 2009. ^ Hawera High School. OldFriends.co.nz. Retrieved 9 September 2009. ^ a b c d John Plumtree. Swansea RFC. Retrieved 6 September 2009. ^ a b c d Investec Super 14: Recap of Round 8 Preview. Archived 26 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine ARU, 2 April 2009. Retrieved 5 September 2009. ^ "Durban High School Old Boys: A club that has served rugby in KZN with destinction in KZN." (sic). Archived 4 October 2010 at the Wayback Machine KZN Club Rugby Website. Retrieved 5 September 2009. ^ a b c Rattue, Chris (11 April 2009). "Rugby: Q&A with Sharks coach John Plumtree". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 8 October 2011. ^ These data are mostly from the Sharks' website, which conflicts to some degree with information available elsewhere. Swansea RFU's website records that Plumtree played 15 games for Hawke's Bay. The International Rugby Academy lists 90 games for the Sharks, and different starting dates: 1986 for Taranaki, and 1989 for Natal. ^ Specialist Coaches: John Plumtree. Archived 7 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine International Rugby Academy. Retrieved 5 September 2009. ^ Plumtree leaves Swansea. BBC Sport Website, 2001. Retrieved 5 September 2009. ^ Coaches: John Plumtree (2003–06). Wellington Rugby Football Union. Retrieved 5 September 2009. ^ "Plumtree to assist Sharks". Television New Zealand. 1 August 2006. Retrieved 8 October 2011. ^ De Villiers named SA's best. Sport24.co.za. 25 November 2008. Retrieved 5 September 2009. ^ Absa Currie Cup Logs. Supersport Website. Retrieved 5 September 2009. ^ Plumtree and Nel scoop awards. SaRugby.com. Retrieved 5 September 2009. ^ "Irish Rugby : News : John Plumtree Appointed as Forwards Coach". Archived from the original on 24 August 2013. Retrieved 31 July 2013. ^ "Plumtree assists at Hurricanes". m.news24.com/. Retrieved 4 April 2015.
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Plumtree and Lions coach John Mitchell were born and grew up in the same town, however, they only got to know one another later as players and coaches.[1][2] Plumtree attended Hawera High School from 1976 to 1980.[3]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"flanker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flanker_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Taranaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taranaki_Rugby_Football_Union"},{"link_name":"NPC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Provincial_Championship_(1976%E2%80%932005)"},{"link_name":"All Blacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Blacks"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Swansea-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ARU-5"},{"link_name":"Murray Mexted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Mexted"},{"link_name":"Mike Teague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Teague"},{"link_name":"Martin Whitcombe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Whitcombe"},{"link_name":"Peter Winterbottom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Winterbottom"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OldBoys-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rattue-7"},{"link_name":"Sharks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharks_(Currie_Cup)"},{"link_name":"Ian McIntosh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_McIntosh"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rattue-7"},{"link_name":"Springboks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springboks"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Profile-1"},{"link_name":"Hawke's Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawke%27s_Bay_Rugby_Union"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IRA-8"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Profile-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Swansea-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Swansea-4"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Academy-9"}],"text":"Playing as a flanker in his native New Zealand, Plumtree represented Taranaki in the NPC 40 times, debuting in 1985. In 1989 he was selected to participate in trials for the All Blacks team.[4]Plumtree relocated to Durban, home of his South African wife.[5] Reflecting on this move he later told the New Zealand Herald: \"I did not want to get caught being a young rugby player in a small town for a long time. I thought if I got out of Hāwera for a little while another door might open up.\" So he accepted the opportunity to play for Durban High School Old Boys RFC, home to quite a number of overseas players at the time. These included Murray Mexted, Mike Teague, Chris Butcher, Martin Whitcombe and Peter Winterbottom.[6][7]In 1988 Plumtree was selected by the then Sharks coach, Ian McIntosh.[7] MacIntosh would later coach South Africa's national rugby union team, the Springboks. From 1988 to 1997 Plumtree played 80 matches for the Sharks, winning two Currie Cup medals (1990, 1996).[1] In 1992, he briefly returned to New Zealand to play 14 games for Hawke's Bay.[8][1][4]In 1994 Plumtree was selected for South Africa's Sevens side, and played two tournaments in Hong Kong.[4][9]","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"College Rovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=College_Rovers&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC-10"},{"link_name":"Swansea Rugby Football Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swansea_RFC"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Profile-1"},{"link_name":"Gavin Henson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavin_Henson"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Swansea-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ARU-5"},{"link_name":"All Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Black"},{"link_name":"Robbie Deans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robbie_Deans"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ARU-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rattue-7"},{"link_name":"Wellington Lions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington_Lions"},{"link_name":"Lions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington_Lions"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Profile-1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Coaches-11"},{"link_name":"Super Rugby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Rugby"},{"link_name":"tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tournament"},{"link_name":"Hurricanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricanes_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ARU-5"},{"link_name":"Super 14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Rugby"},{"link_name":"Dick Muir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Muir"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Assist-12"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Profile-1"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Award-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Logs-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Absa-15"},{"link_name":"Ireland national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"Joe Schmidt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Schmidt_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Chris Boyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Boyd_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"According to the BBC, Plumtree was an assistant coach with the College Rovers in North Durban, helping them win \"three successive Natal titles and the South African club championship in 1994-95\".[10]After retiring as a player, Plumtree coached the Swansea Rugby Football Club in Wales for five seasons, winning the Welsh Cup (1999), the Welsh League (1998), and the Welsh-Scottish League (2001).[1] He is credited with \"discovering\" Gavin Henson while he was with Swansea.[4][5]In 2001 he returned to New Zealand, briefly acting as video analyst for Mitchell, the All Black coach at the time, working in a team that included Robbie Deans, the New Zealander who coached the Australian national team until the series defeat by the 2013 British and Irish Lions.[5] Video analysis was in its infancy, and Plumtree was frustrated by the buggy nature of the system. He later confessed that while he learned a lot from Mitchell and Deans, \"video analysis wasn't my thing.\"[7]Subsequently Plumtree was appointed coach for the Wellington Lions, a NPC team. Under his management, the Lions reached the final playoffs in 2003, 2004 and 2006.[1][11]Plumtree returned to South Africa after he found that he was not to be given a New Zealand side in the Super Rugby tournament. Despite his success with Wellington, he was not appointed to guide the Wellington-based Hurricanes, as had been expected[5]A spell as temporary head coach of the Sharks in 2007 was followed by a stint as assistant to Super 14 coach Dick Muir. Plumtree and Muir had been teammates at the Sharks during their playing days. Plumtree replaced assistant coach Theo Oosthuizen.[12]Plumtree was appointed head coach of the Sharks in 2008. He successfully coached the Sharks to their first Currie Cup win since 1996, for which he was named the 2008 Absa Coach of the Year.[1][13]Under Plumtree the Sharks had again reached the top of the Currie Cup log by September 2009.[14] In August 2009 the Sharks' coach received the Coach of the Month award from Currie Cup sponsors Absa.[15]The 2010 season was not off to a good start after a terrible Super 14 season for the Sharks however in the shadow of the abysmal performance, the 2010 Currie Cup season was highly successful for Plumtree as the Sharks won the 2010 ABSA Currie Cup.In 2013 he was confirmed as Forwards Coach for the Ireland national team, working alongside new head coach Joe Schmidt.[16]In the 2015 season Plumtree became the assistant coach of the Hurricanes Super 15 franchise with Chris Boyd being the head coach.[17]","title":"Coaching career"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Rattue, Chris (11 April 2009). \"Rugby: Q&A with Sharks coach John Plumtree\". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 8 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nzherald.co.nz/sport/news/article.cfm?c_id=4&objectid=10566103&pnum=0","url_text":"\"Rugby: Q&A with Sharks coach John Plumtree\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Zealand_Herald","url_text":"The New Zealand Herald"}]},{"reference":"\"Plumtree to assist Sharks\". Television New Zealand. 1 August 2006. Retrieved 8 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://tvnz.co.nz/content/799884","url_text":"\"Plumtree to assist Sharks\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_New_Zealand","url_text":"Television New Zealand"}]},{"reference":"\"Irish Rugby : News : John Plumtree Appointed as Forwards Coach\". Archived from the original on 24 August 2013. Retrieved 31 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130824012944/http://www.irishrugby.ie/news/29545.php","url_text":"\"Irish Rugby : News : John Plumtree Appointed as Forwards Coach\""},{"url":"http://www.irishrugby.ie/news/29545.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Plumtree assists at Hurricanes\". m.news24.com/. Retrieved 4 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://m.news24.com/sport24/Rugby/Plumtree-assists-at-Hurricanes-20141029","url_text":"\"Plumtree assists at Hurricanes\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosque_of_Amr
Amr ibn al-As Mosque
["1 Location","2 Structure","3 Notes and references","4 See also","5 Sources","6 External links"]
Coordinates: 30°0′36.50″N 31°13′59.38″E / 30.0101389°N 31.2331611°E / 30.0101389; 31.2331611Mosque in Cairo, Egypt For the mosque in Damietta, see Amr ibn al-As Mosque (Damietta). Amr ibn al-As Mosqueمَسْجِد عَمْرِو بْنِ الْعَاصِReligionAffiliationSunni IslamLocationLocationOld Cairo, Cairo, EgyptArchitectureTypemosqueGroundbreaking641Completed642SpecificationsLength120mWidth112mMinaret(s)4Other name(s) Taj al-Jawame Jame al-Ateeq Masjid Ahl ar-Rayah The Amr ibn al-As Mosque (Arabic: مَسْجِد عَمْرِو بْنِ الْعَاصِ, romanized: Masjid ʿAmr ibn al-ʿĀṣ) is a mosque in Cairo, Egypt. Named after the Arab Muslim commander Amr ibn al-As, the mosque was originally built in 641–642 CE as the center of the newly founded capital of Egypt, Fustat. The original structure was the first mosque ever built in Egypt and one of the first in Africa. For 600 years, the mosque was also an important center of Islamic learning until al-Muizz's Al-Azhar Mosque in Islamic Cairo replaced it. Through the twentieth century, it was the fourth largest mosque in the Islamic world. The location for the mosque was the site of the tent of Amr ibn al-As. One corner of the mosque contains a room related in some significant way to his son, Abd Allah ibn Amr ibn al-As. Due to extensive reconstruction over the centuries nothing of the original building remains, but the rebuilt Mosque is a prominent landmark and can be seen in what today is known as Old Cairo. It is an active mosque with a devout congregation, and when prayers are not taking place, it is also open to visitors and tourists. It is known by many titiles such as Taj al-Jawame' (Arabic: تاج الجوامِع, lit. 'Crown of Mosques'). Mosque of Amr ibn al-As Location This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) According to tradition, the original location was chosen by a bird. Amr ibn al-As, by order of Caliph Umar, was the Arab general that conquered Egypt from the Romans. In 641, before he and his army attacked their capital city of Alexandria (at the northwestern part of the Nile river delta), the commander had set up his tent on the eastern side of the Nile, at the southern part of the delta. As the story is told, shortly before he set off to battle, a dove laid an egg in the commander's tent. When he returned victorious, he needed to choose a site for a new capital city, since Umar had decreed that it could not be in far-away Alexandria. Therefore, the commander was inspired to declare the site of the dove's egg as the centre of a new capital city, Fustat, or Misr al-Fustat, "City of the Tents". The commander built a Grand Mosque at the site of his tent in the encampment. Mosque of Amr in Cairo. 1893. Wilbour Library of Egyptology, Brooklyn Museum Structure Interior view of the mosque Egypt - Mosque of Amru, Cairo. Brooklyn Museum Archives, Goodyear Archival Collection Arcades in the Mosque of 'Amr ibn al-'As The original layout was a simple rectangle, 29 meters long by 17 meters wide. It was a low shed with columns made from split palm tree trunks, stones and mud bricks, covered by a roof of wood and palm leaves. The floor was of gravel. Inside the building, the orientation toward Mecca was not noted by a concave niche like it would be in all later mosques. Instead, four columns were used to point out the direction of Mecca and were inserted on the Qibla wall. It was large enough to provide prayer space for the commander's army but had no other adornments and no minarets. It was completely rebuilt in 673 by the governor Maslama ibn Mukhallad al-Ansari, who added four minarets, one at each of the mosque's corners, and doubled its area in size. The addition of these minarets allowed the call to prayer to be heard from every corner, and taken up by other nearby mosques. Governor Abd al-Aziz ibn Marwan added an extension to the mosque in 698 and once again doubled the mosque's area. In 711 a concave prayer niche was added to replace the flat one. In 827, it had seven new aisles built, parallel to the wall of the qibla, the direction Muslims face during prayer. Each aisle had an arcade of columns, with the last column in each row attached to the wall by means of a wooden architrave carved with a frieze. In 827, governor Abd Allah ibn Tahir made more additions to the mosque. It was enlarged to its present size, and the southern wall of the present day mosque was built. In the 9th century, the mosque was extended by the Abbasid Caliph al-Mamun, who added a new area on the southwest side, increasing the mosque's dimensions to 120m x 112m. At a point during the Fatimid era, the mosque had five minarets. There were four, with one at each corner, and one at the entrance. However, all five are now gone. The current Minarets were built by Mourad Bey in 1800. Also, the Fatimid Caliph al-Mustansir added a silver belt to the prayer niche which was eventually removed by Saladin when the mosque was restored after the fire in Fustat. In 1169, the city of Fustat and the mosque were destroyed by a fire that was ordered by Egypt's own vizier Shawar, who had ordered its destruction to prevent the city from being captured by the Crusaders. After the Crusaders were expelled, and the area had been conquered by Nur al-Din's army, Saladin took power, and had the mosque rebuilt in 1179. During this time Saladin had a belvedere built below a minaret. In the 14th, century Burhan al-Din Ibrahim al-Mahalli paid the costs of restoring the mosque. In 1303, Emir Salar restored the mosque after an earthquake. He also added a stucco prayer niche for the outer wall of the mosque, which is now gone. In the 18th century one of the Egyptian Mamluk leaders, Mourad Bey, destroyed the mosque because of dilapidation then ordered the rebuilding of it in 1796, before the arrival of Napoleon's French Expedition to Egypt. During Mourad's reconstruction, the builders decreased the number of rows of columns from seven to six, and changed the orientation of the aisles to make them perpendicular to the qibla wall. It was also probably at this time that the current remaining minarets were added. During the French occupation much of the interior wood decoration was taken for firewood by the French Army. In 1875, the mosque was again rebuilt. In the 20th century, during the reign of Egypt's Abbas Helmi II, the mosque underwent another restoration. Parts of the entrance were reconstructed in the 1980s. The only part of the mosque's older structure which can still be seen are some of the architraves, which can be viewed along the southern wall of the Mosque. These were probably added during reconstruction in 827. Panorama view of the interior of the Mosque Notes and references ^ Behrens-Abouseif, Doris (1993). "Early Islamic Architecture in Cairo". Islamic Architecture in Cairo: An Introduction,. The American University in Cairo Press. p. 47. ^ a b "Amr Ibn Al-As Mosque". sis.gov.eg. 20 July 2009. Archived from the original on 8 May 2019. Retrieved 16 May 2020. ^ a b Passant, Mohamed (12 April 2018). "Secrets of Amr ibn al-Aas Mosque, fourth in Islamic world". Daily News. Cairo, Egypt. Archived from the original on 23 January 2020. Retrieved 23 September 2018. ^ a b c d Eyewitness, p. 124 ^ "Mosque of ʿAmr ibn al-ʿĀṣ | History, Restoration & Significance | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 28 December 2023. ^ "'Amr, Mosque of". Dictionary of Islamic Architecture. Archived from the original on 22 January 2005. See also Lists of mosques List of mosques in Africa List of mosques in Egypt Sources Behrens-Abouseif. Doris. 1989. Islamic Architecture in Cairo. Leiden: E. J. Brill. Creswell, K.A.C. 1940. Early Muslim Architecture, vol. II. Oxford University Press. Reprinted by Hacker Art Books, New York, 1979. Eyewitness Travel: Egypt. London: Dorlin Kindersley Limited. 2007 . ISBN 978-0-7566-2875-8. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mosque of Amr ibn al-As. http://www.mosquee-amr.com https://web.archive.org/web/20050428140014/http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.tcl?site_id=2056 http://www.ask-aladdin.com/amromosque.html http://www.islamicarchitecture.org/architecture/amrbinalas.html 30°0′36.50″N 31°13′59.38″E / 30.0101389°N 31.2331611°E / 30.0101389; 31.2331611 vteMosques in EgyptAlexandria Abu al-Abbas al-Mursi Mosque Attarine Mosque Egypt portalCairo and Greater Cairo Abu al-'Ila Mosque Al-Ashraf Mosque Al-Azhar Mosque Al-Burdayni Mosque Al-Fath Mosque Al-Hakim Mosque Al-Hussein Mosque Al-Mahmoudia Mosque Al-Nasir Muhammad Mosque Al-Nour Mosque Al-Rahman al-Rahim Mosque Al-Rifa'i Mosque Al-Salih Tala'i Mosque Al-Sayeda Nafeesah Mosque Al-Sayyidah Zainab Mosque Amir Jamal al-Din al-Ustadar Mosque Amir Qijmas al-Ishaqi Mosque Mosque of Amr ibn al-As Aqmar Mosque Aqsunqur Mosque Demerdash Mosque Egypt’s Islamic Cultural Center Gamal Abdel Nasser Mosque Ibn Tulun Mosque Jami al-Qarafa Mosque Juyushi Mosque Khanqah of Faraj ibn Barquq Khanqah-Mausoleum of Sultan Barsbay Khayrbak Mosque Lulua Mosque Mahmud al-Kurdi Mosque Mosque of Amir al-Sayf Sarghatmish Mosque and Khanqah of Shaykhu Mosque of Abu al-Dhahab Mosque of al-Zahir Baybars Mosque of Amir al-Maridani‎ Mosque of Aslam al-Silahdar Mosque of Khushqadam el-Ahmadi Mosque of Muhammad Ali Mosque of Qani-Bay Mosque of Qanibay al-Muhammadi Mosque of Qaytbay (at Qal'at al-Kabsh) Mosque of Sinan Pasha Mosque of Sultan al-Muayyad‎ Mosque of Taghribirdi‎ Mosque of Ulmas al-Hajib Mosque-Madrasa of Sultan Barquq Mosque-Madrasa of Sultan Hassan Mosque-Sabil of Sulayman Agha al-Silahdar Qalawun Mosque Qaytbay Mosque‎ Rabaa al-Adawiya Mosque Sayeda Aisha Mosque‎ Sulayman Pasha Mosque Sultan al-Ghuri Complex Other places Egypt’s Islamic Cultural Center Al-Fattah al-Aleem Mosque Abu Haggag Mosque Ahmad al-Badawi Mosque El-Tabia Mosque Ibrahim El Desouki Mosque Sidi Arif Mosque Category Islam in Egypt Mosques by country Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Israel United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Amr ibn al-As Mosque (Damietta)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amr_ibn_al-As_Mosque_(Damietta)"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic"},{"link_name":"mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosque"},{"link_name":"Cairo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"Amr ibn al-As","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amr_ibn_al-As"},{"link_name":"capital of Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Fustat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fustat"},{"link_name":"mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosque"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"al-Muizz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Muizz"},{"link_name":"Al-Azhar Mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Azhar_Mosque"},{"link_name":"Islamic Cairo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Cairo"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sis.gov-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Passant-3"},{"link_name":"Abd Allah ibn Amr ibn al-As","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_Allah_ibn_Amr_ibn_al-As"},{"link_name":"Old Cairo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Cairo"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eyewitness-4"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"lit.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literal_translation"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sis.gov-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mosque_of_Amr_ibn_al-As.jpg"}],"text":"Mosque in Cairo, EgyptFor the mosque in Damietta, see Amr ibn al-As Mosque (Damietta).The Amr ibn al-As Mosque (Arabic: مَسْجِد عَمْرِو بْنِ الْعَاصِ, romanized: Masjid ʿAmr ibn al-ʿĀṣ) is a mosque in Cairo, Egypt. Named after the Arab Muslim commander Amr ibn al-As, the mosque was originally built in 641–642 CE as the center of the newly founded capital of Egypt, Fustat. The original structure was the first mosque ever built in Egypt and one of the first in Africa.[1] For 600 years, the mosque was also an important center of Islamic learning until al-Muizz's Al-Azhar Mosque in Islamic Cairo replaced it.[2] Through the twentieth century, it was the fourth largest mosque in the Islamic world.[3]The location for the mosque was the site of the tent of Amr ibn al-As. One corner of the mosque contains a room related in some significant way to his son, Abd Allah ibn Amr ibn al-As. Due to extensive reconstruction over the centuries nothing of the original building remains, but the rebuilt Mosque is a prominent landmark and can be seen in what today is known as Old Cairo. It is an active mosque with a devout congregation, and when prayers are not taking place, it is also open to visitors and tourists.[4] It is known by many titiles such as Taj al-Jawame' (Arabic: تاج الجوامِع, lit. 'Crown of Mosques').[2]Mosque of Amr ibn al-As","title":"Amr ibn al-As Mosque"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Umar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umar"},{"link_name":"Alexandria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria,_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Nile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile"},{"link_name":"Fustat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fustat"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%22Mosque_of_Amr_in_Cairo.%22_1893.jpg"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum"}],"text":"According to tradition, the original location was chosen by a bird. Amr ibn al-As, by order of Caliph Umar, was the Arab general that conquered Egypt from the Romans. In 641, before he and his army attacked their capital city of Alexandria (at the northwestern part of the Nile river delta), the commander had set up his tent on the eastern side of the Nile, at the southern part of the delta. As the story is told, shortly before he set off to battle, a dove laid an egg in the commander's tent. When he returned victorious, he needed to choose a site for a new capital city, since Umar had decreed that it could not be in far-away Alexandria. Therefore, the commander was inspired to declare the site of the dove's egg as the centre of a new capital city, Fustat, or Misr al-Fustat, \"City of the Tents\". The commander built a Grand Mosque at the site of his tent in the encampment.[5]Mosque of Amr in Cairo. 1893. Wilbour Library of Egyptology, Brooklyn Museum","title":"Location"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Le_Caire_mosqu%C3%A9e_Amr_ibn_al-As.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:S03_06_01_018_image_2390.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arcades_in_the_Mosque_of_%27Amr_ibn_al-%27As.jpg"},{"link_name":"palm tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arecaceae"},{"link_name":"Qibla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qibla"},{"link_name":"minarets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minaret"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eyewitness-4"},{"link_name":"Maslama ibn Mukhallad al-Ansari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maslama_ibn_Mukhallad_al-Ansari"},{"link_name":"Abd al-Aziz ibn Marwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_al-Aziz_ibn_Marwan"},{"link_name":"prayer niche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prayer_niche"},{"link_name":"qibla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qibla"},{"link_name":"architrave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architrave"},{"link_name":"Abd Allah ibn Tahir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_Allah_ibn_Tahir"},{"link_name":"Abbasid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasid"},{"link_name":"al-Mamun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mamun"},{"link_name":"Fatimid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimid"},{"link_name":"al-Mustansir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%27ad_al-Mustansir_Billah"},{"link_name":"Saladin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saladin"},{"link_name":"Shawar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shawar"},{"link_name":"Crusaders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusades"},{"link_name":"Nur al-Din","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nur_ad-Din_Zangi"},{"link_name":"Saladin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saladin"},{"link_name":"belvedere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belvedere_(structure)"},{"link_name":"Burhan al-Din Ibrahim al-Mahalli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Burhan_al-Din_Ibrahim_al-Mahalli&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Salar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayf_al-Din_Salar"},{"link_name":"an earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1303_Crete_earthquake"},{"link_name":"Mourad Bey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mourad_Bey"},{"link_name":"Napoleon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_I_of_France"},{"link_name":"French Expedition to Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_invasion_of_Egypt_(1798)"},{"link_name":"qibla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qibla"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eyewitness-4"},{"link_name":"French occupation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_occupation_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Passant-3"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"Abbas Helmi II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbas_Helmi_II"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eyewitness-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mosque_of_Amr_(panorama).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mosque_of_Amr_(panorama).jpg"}],"text":"Interior view of the mosqueEgypt - Mosque of Amru, Cairo. Brooklyn Museum Archives, Goodyear Archival CollectionArcades in the Mosque of 'Amr ibn al-'AsThe original layout was a simple rectangle, 29 meters long by 17 meters wide. It was a low shed with columns made from split palm tree trunks, stones and mud bricks, covered by a roof of wood and palm leaves. The floor was of gravel. Inside the building, the orientation toward Mecca was not noted by a concave niche like it would be in all later mosques. Instead, four columns were used to point out the direction of Mecca and were inserted on the Qibla wall. It was large enough to provide prayer space for the commander's army but had no other adornments and no minarets.[4]It was completely rebuilt in 673 by the governor Maslama ibn Mukhallad al-Ansari, who added four minarets, one at each of the mosque's corners, and doubled its area in size. The addition of these minarets allowed the call to prayer to be heard from every corner, and taken up by other nearby mosques. Governor Abd al-Aziz ibn Marwan added an extension to the mosque in 698 and once again doubled the mosque's area. In 711 a concave prayer niche was added to replace the flat one. In 827, it had seven new aisles built, parallel to the wall of the qibla, the direction Muslims face during prayer. Each aisle had an arcade of columns, with the last column in each row attached to the wall by means of a wooden architrave carved with a frieze.In 827, governor Abd Allah ibn Tahir made more additions to the mosque. It was enlarged to its present size, and the southern wall of the present day mosque was built.In the 9th century, the mosque was extended by the Abbasid Caliph al-Mamun, who added a new area on the southwest side, increasing the mosque's dimensions to 120m x 112m.At a point during the Fatimid era, the mosque had five minarets. There were four, with one at each corner, and one at the entrance. However, all five are now gone. The current Minarets were built by Mourad Bey in 1800. Also, the Fatimid Caliph al-Mustansir added a silver belt to the prayer niche which was eventually removed by Saladin when the mosque was restored after the fire in Fustat.In 1169, the city of Fustat and the mosque were destroyed by a fire that was ordered by Egypt's own vizier Shawar, who had ordered its destruction to prevent the city from being captured by the Crusaders. After the Crusaders were expelled, and the area had been conquered by Nur al-Din's army, Saladin took power, and had the mosque rebuilt in 1179. During this time Saladin had a belvedere built below a minaret.In the 14th, century Burhan al-Din Ibrahim al-Mahalli paid the costs of restoring the mosque. In 1303, Emir Salar restored the mosque after an earthquake. He also added a stucco prayer niche for the outer wall of the mosque, which is now gone.In the 18th century one of the Egyptian Mamluk leaders, Mourad Bey, destroyed the mosque because of dilapidation then ordered the rebuilding of it in 1796, before the arrival of Napoleon's French Expedition to Egypt. During Mourad's reconstruction, the builders decreased the number of rows of columns from seven to six, and changed the orientation of the aisles to make them perpendicular to the qibla wall. It was also probably at this time that the current remaining minarets were added.[4] During the French occupation much of the interior wood decoration was taken for firewood by the French Army.[3]In 1875, the mosque was again rebuilt. In the 20th century, during the reign of Egypt's Abbas Helmi II, the mosque underwent another restoration. Parts of the entrance were reconstructed in the 1980s.[4]The only part of the mosque's older structure which can still be seen are some of the architraves, which can be viewed along the southern wall of the Mosque. These were probably added during reconstruction in 827.[6]Panorama view of the interior of the Mosque","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-sis.gov_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-sis.gov_2-1"},{"link_name":"\"Amr Ibn Al-As Mosque\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20190508160016/https://www.sis.gov.eg/Story/1225/Amr-Ibn-Al-As-Mosque?lang=en-us"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.sis.gov.eg/Story/1225/Amr-Ibn-Al-As-Mosque?lang=en-us"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Passant_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Passant_3-1"},{"link_name":"\"Secrets of Amr ibn al-Aas Mosque, fourth in Islamic world\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20200123002732/https://dailyfeed.dailynewsegypt.com/2018/04/12/secrets-amr-ibn-al-aas-mosque-fourth-islamic-world/"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//dailyfeed.dailynewsegypt.com/2018/04/12/secrets-amr-ibn-al-aas-mosque-fourth-islamic-world/"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-eyewitness_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-eyewitness_4-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-eyewitness_4-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-eyewitness_4-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"Mosque of ʿAmr ibn al-ʿĀṣ | History, Restoration & Significance | Britannica\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.britannica.com/topic/Mosque-of-Amr-ibn-al-As"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"'Amr, Mosque of\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20050122140411/http://archnet.org/library/dictionary/entry.tcl?entry_id=DIA0018&mode=full"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//archnet.org/library/dictionary/entry.tcl?entry_id=DIA0018&mode=full"}],"text":"^ Behrens-Abouseif, Doris (1993). \"Early Islamic Architecture in Cairo\". Islamic Architecture in Cairo: An Introduction,. The American University in Cairo Press. p. 47.\n\n^ a b \"Amr Ibn Al-As Mosque\". sis.gov.eg. 20 July 2009. Archived from the original on 8 May 2019. Retrieved 16 May 2020.\n\n^ a b Passant, Mohamed (12 April 2018). \"Secrets of Amr ibn al-Aas Mosque, fourth in Islamic world\". Daily News. Cairo, Egypt. Archived from the original on 23 January 2020. Retrieved 23 September 2018.\n\n^ a b c d Eyewitness, p. 124\n\n^ \"Mosque of ʿAmr ibn al-ʿĀṣ | History, Restoration & Significance | Britannica\". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 28 December 2023.\n\n^ \"'Amr, Mosque of\". Dictionary of Islamic Architecture. Archived from the original on 22 January 2005.","title":"Notes and references"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eyewitness Travel: Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/egypt00dkpu"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7566-2875-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7566-2875-8"}],"text":"Behrens-Abouseif. Doris. 1989. Islamic Architecture in Cairo. Leiden: E. J. Brill.\nCreswell, K.A.C. 1940. Early Muslim Architecture, vol. II. Oxford University Press. Reprinted by Hacker Art Books, New York, 1979.\nEyewitness Travel: Egypt. London: Dorlin Kindersley Limited. 2007 [2001]. ISBN 978-0-7566-2875-8.","title":"Sources"}]
[{"image_text":"Mosque of Amr ibn al-As","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Mosque_of_Amr_ibn_al-As.jpg/220px-Mosque_of_Amr_ibn_al-As.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mosque of Amr in Cairo. 1893. Wilbour Library of Egyptology, Brooklyn Museum","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/%22Mosque_of_Amr_in_Cairo.%22_1893.jpg/220px-%22Mosque_of_Amr_in_Cairo.%22_1893.jpg"},{"image_text":"Interior view of the mosque","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Le_Caire_mosqu%C3%A9e_Amr_ibn_al-As.jpg/220px-Le_Caire_mosqu%C3%A9e_Amr_ibn_al-As.jpg"},{"image_text":"Egypt - Mosque of Amru, Cairo. Brooklyn Museum Archives, Goodyear Archival Collection","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/S03_06_01_018_image_2390.jpg/220px-S03_06_01_018_image_2390.jpg"},{"image_text":"Arcades in the Mosque of 'Amr ibn al-'As","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Arcades_in_the_Mosque_of_%27Amr_ibn_al-%27As.jpg/220px-Arcades_in_the_Mosque_of_%27Amr_ibn_al-%27As.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Lists of mosques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_mosques"},{"title":"List of mosques in Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Africa"},{"title":"List of mosques in Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Egypt"}]
[{"reference":"Behrens-Abouseif, Doris (1993). \"Early Islamic Architecture in Cairo\". Islamic Architecture in Cairo: An Introduction,. The American University in Cairo Press. p. 47.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Amr Ibn Al-As Mosque\". sis.gov.eg. 20 July 2009. Archived from the original on 8 May 2019. Retrieved 16 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190508160016/https://www.sis.gov.eg/Story/1225/Amr-Ibn-Al-As-Mosque?lang=en-us","url_text":"\"Amr Ibn Al-As Mosque\""},{"url":"https://www.sis.gov.eg/Story/1225/Amr-Ibn-Al-As-Mosque?lang=en-us","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Passant, Mohamed (12 April 2018). \"Secrets of Amr ibn al-Aas Mosque, fourth in Islamic world\". Daily News. Cairo, Egypt. Archived from the original on 23 January 2020. Retrieved 23 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200123002732/https://dailyfeed.dailynewsegypt.com/2018/04/12/secrets-amr-ibn-al-aas-mosque-fourth-islamic-world/","url_text":"\"Secrets of Amr ibn al-Aas Mosque, fourth in Islamic world\""},{"url":"https://dailyfeed.dailynewsegypt.com/2018/04/12/secrets-amr-ibn-al-aas-mosque-fourth-islamic-world/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Mosque of ʿAmr ibn al-ʿĀṣ | History, Restoration & Significance | Britannica\". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 28 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mosque-of-Amr-ibn-al-As","url_text":"\"Mosque of ʿAmr ibn al-ʿĀṣ | History, Restoration & Significance | Britannica\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Amr, Mosque of\". Dictionary of Islamic Architecture. Archived from the original on 22 January 2005.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050122140411/http://archnet.org/library/dictionary/entry.tcl?entry_id=DIA0018&mode=full","url_text":"\"'Amr, Mosque of\""},{"url":"http://archnet.org/library/dictionary/entry.tcl?entry_id=DIA0018&mode=full","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Eyewitness Travel: Egypt. London: Dorlin Kindersley Limited. 2007 [2001]. ISBN 978-0-7566-2875-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/egypt00dkpu","url_text":"Eyewitness Travel: Egypt"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7566-2875-8","url_text":"978-0-7566-2875-8"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustan_Petroleum
Hindustan Petroleum
["1 History","2 Merger and acquisition","3 Operations","3.1 Facilities","4 Products","5 International rankings","6 Major ongoing projects","7 Subsidiaries","8 See also","9 References","10 External links"]
Subsidiary of Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Hindustan Petroleum Corporation LimitedCompany typeSubsidiaryTraded asBSE: 500104NSE: HINDPETROISININE094A01015IndustryPetroleumFounded5 July 1952; 71 years ago (1952-07-05)HeadquartersMumbai, Maharashtra, IndiaKey peoplePushp Kumar Joshi (CMD)ProductsPetroleumNatural gasLNGLubricantsPetrochemicalsRevenue ₹463,886.08 crore (US$56 billion) (2024)Operating income ₹18,692.29 crore (US$2.2 billion) (2024)Net income ₹16,014.61 crore (US$1.9 billion) (2024)Total assets ₹182,784.68 crore (US$22 billion) (2024)Total equity ₹46,921.35 crore (US$5.6 billion) (2024)Number of employees 8,504 (2023)ParentOil and Natural Gas CorporationSubsidiariesPrize Petroleum Company LimitedHPCL Biofuels LimitedHPCL Middle East FZCOHPCL LNG LimitedWebsitehindustanpetroleum.com Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited (HPCL) is an Indian public sector undertaking in petroleum and natural gas industry, headquartered in Mumbai, and a subsidiary of the Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC), which is owned by the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas, Government of India. Since 2018, Oil and Natural Gas Corporation has owned majority of its stake. It is ranked 367th on the Fortune Global 500 list of the world's biggest corporations as of 2016. On 24 October 2019, it became a Maharatna (PSU). History A view of HPCL from Yarada Hill, Visakhapatnam HPCL was incorporated on 5 July 1952 as Standard Vacuum Refining Company of India Limited. In 1974, it changed its name after the takeover and merger of erstwhile Esso Standard and Lube India Limited by the Esso (Acquisition of Undertakings in India) Act 1974. Caltex Oil Refining (India) Ltd. (CORIL) was taken over by the Government of India in 1976 and merged with HPCL in 1978 by the CORIL-HPCL Amalgamation Order 1978. Kosan Gas Company was merged with HPCL in 1979 by the Kosangas Company Acquisition Act 1979. In 2003, following a petition by the Centre for Public Interest Litigation (CPIL), the Supreme Court of India restrained the central government from privatizing Hindustan Petroleum and Bharat Petroleum without the approval of Parliament. As counsel for the CPIL, Rajinder Sachar and Prashant Bhushan said that the only way to disinvest in the companies would be to repeal or amend the Acts by which they were nationalized in the 1970s. As a result, the government would need a majority in both houses to push through any privatization. HPCL has been steadily growing over the years. The refining capacity increased from 5.5 million metric tons (MMT) in 1984–85 to 14.80 million metric tons as of March 2013. On the financial front, the net income from sales and operations grew from ₹2,687 crores in 1984–1985 to ₹2,06,529 crores in the 2012–13 financial year. During the 2013–14 financial year, the company's net profit was ₹1,740 crores. During the 2021–22 financial year following the COVID-19 pandemic, HPCL's profit was ₹6,383 crore and its revenue was ₹ 3,72,642 crore (its highest ever, up by 38%). Merger and acquisition On 19 July 2017, the Government of India announced the acquisition of HPCL by the Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC). On 1 November 2017, the Union Cabinet approved ONGC for acquiring a majority 51.11% stake in HPCL. On 30 January 2018, ONGC acquired the entire 51.11% stake, thus gaining majority ownership. Operations An HP fueling station in Kapsi, Chhattisgarh HP fuel pump in Coimbatore HP petrol bunk at Basaveshwaranagara, Bangalore HPCL wholly owns two major refineries in India: one in Mumbai (west coast) with a capacity of 9.5 million tonss per year, and one in Visakhapatnam (east coast) with a capacity of 8.3 million tons per year. In addition, HPCL holds an equity stake of 16.95% in Mangalore Refinery and Petrochemicals Limited, a company that runs a state-of-the-art refinery in Mangalore with a capacity over 9 million tons per year. HMEL, a joint venture between HPCL and Mittal Energy Investments Pte. Ltd, operates another refinery of 11.3 million tons per year in Bathinda, Punjab. HPCL has signed a memorandum of understanding with the Government of Rajasthan for constructing a refinery near Barmer; it would be operated under a joint venture company called HPCL Rajasthan Refinery Limited (Popularly known as HRRL). HPCL also owns and operates the largest lubricant refinery in India, with a capacity of 335,000 metric tons, producing lube base oils of international standards. This refinery accounts for over 40% of India's total lube base oil production. Presently, HPCL produces over 300 grades of lubes, specialties, and greases. The marketing network of HPCL consists of 21 zonal offices in major cities and 128 regional offices facilitated by a supply and distribution infrastructure comprising terminals, aviation service facilities, liquefied petroleum gas bottling plants and distributors, lube filling plants and distributors, inland relay depots, and retail outlets (petrol pumps). HPCL has a state-of-the-art information technology infrastructure to support its core business. The data center is at Hitech city in Hyderabad. Facilities HP oil refinery in Visakhapatnam HPCL operates refineries in India, including: Mumbai Refinery: 9.8million metric tons capacity (fuel and lubes) Visakhapatnam Refinery: 8.3 million metric tons capacity (fuel) Mangalore Refinery: 9.69 million metric tons capacity (HPCL has a 16.65% stake) Guru Gobind Singh Refinery (Bathinda): 9 million metric tons capacity (HPCL and Mittal Energy each have a 49% stake) Barmer Refinery: planned for a 9 million metric tons capacity (HPCL has a 74%, Government of Rajasthan has a 24% stake) In addition, HPCL operates other manufacturing facilities, including: Silvassa Lube: a state-of-the-art plant for grease and specialties, and one of the most advanced fully automated installations in Asia Lube & Grease manufacturing facility (Mazagaon, Mumbai) LPG storage Cavern: one of the biggest storage facilities of LPG in Asia at Vizag—SALPG Pipelines: MPSPL, MDPL, VVSPL, MHMSPL, RKPL, ASPL, RBPL Several terminals and depots Many liquified petroleum gas bottling plants HPCL Green R&D Centre (Bangalore) Products HP petrol pump HP cooking gas delivery vehicleHPCL produces a wide variety of petroleum fuels and specialties: Petrol (known as "motor spirit" in the oil industry) – HPCL markets its petrol at its retail pumps all over India. Its principal consumers are personal vehicle owners. Diesel (known as "high-speed diesel" in the oil industry) – HPCL markets its diesel at its retail pumps, terminals, and depots. Its consumers include personal vehicle owners, transport agencies, and industries. Lubricants – HPCL is the market leader in lubricants and associated products. It commands over 30% of the market share in this sector. The popular brands of HP lubes are Laal Ghoda, HP Milcy, Thanda Raja, Koolgard, and Racer4. Liquefied petroleum gas – HPCL's brand of liquified petroleum gas is popular across India for domestic and industrial uses. Aviation fuel – With major air service facilities in all major airports of India, HPCL is a key player in this sector, supplying turbine fuel to major airlines. It also supplies fuel to the US. Emulsions – HPCL manufactures White spirit oil. HPCL also offers HP Drive Track Plus cards for consumers purchasing their products, and provides cashback as per the government cashback offers. International rankings HPCL is a Fortune Global 500 company and was ranked at position 259 in 2013. In 2016, HPCL was ranked 367. HPCL was featured on the Forbes Global 2000 list for 2013 at position 1217. HPCL was the 10th most valuable brand in India according to an annual survey conducted by Brand Finance and The Economic Times in 2010. Major ongoing projects Uran–Chakan–Shikrapur LPG Pipeline (UCSPL) Vijayawada–Dharmapuri Pipeline (VDPL) Palanpur Vadodara Pipeline (PVPL) Visakhapatnam Refinery Modernization Project Barmer Refinery RAJASTHAN Mumbai Refinery Expansion Project Subsidiaries Hindustan Petroleum Gas HPCL is focused on the appraisal and development of hydrocarbon accumulations in onshore and offshore projects. Operating projects include the Hirapur Marginal oil fields of the Cambay basin (near Gandhinagar, Gujarat) under a service contract with ONGC, and the pre-NELP production sharing contract for the Sanganpur field (Mehsana) with M/s Hydrocarbon Development Company (P) Ltd. HPCL Biofuels Limited CREDA-HPCL Biofuels Limited HPCL Rajasthan Refinery Limited (HRRL) HP Gas (domestic and industrial natural gas) See also Companies portalEnergy portal Hindustan Platinum List of companies of India List of largest companies by revenue List of public corporations by market capitalization Make in India Forbes Global 2000 Fortune India 500 Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology References ^ Limited, Hindustan Petroleum Corporation. "Bod". ^ a b c d e f https://www.bseindia.com/xml-data/corpfiling/AttachLive/351daa32-5d7e-4893-8431-6905c8c96db6.pdf. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help) ^ a b c "ONGC buys govt's entire 51.11% stake in HPCL for Rs 36,915 crore". The Economic Times. Archived from the original on 18 June 2018. Retrieved 10 October 2018. ^ "Latest Shareholding Pattern - Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Ltd". trendlyne.com. Retrieved 29 July 2020. ^ "Sustainability report 2013-14" (PDF). 2014. p. 7. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 March 2015. Retrieved 13 May 2015. ^ "List of Maharatna, Navratna and Miniratna CPSEs |". Archived from the original on 19 July 2013. Retrieved 28 July 2013. ^ "Fortune Global 500 list". CNN Money. Archived from the original on 21 August 2016. Retrieved 22 July 2016. ^ "Govt accords 'Maharatna' status to Hindustan Petroleum, Power Grid Corp". Business Standard India. Press Trust of India. 23 October 2019. Retrieved 2 August 2020. ^ Gopal Ganesh (2008). Privatization and Labor Restructuring. Academic Foundation. p. 136. ISBN 978-8171886340. ^ "Cabinet allows ONGC to buy out govt stake in refiner HPCL". hindustantimes.com. 19 July 2017. Archived from the original on 12 February 2018. Retrieved 7 April 2018. ^ "Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited Relies on Oracle Database Security Solutions" (PDF). /www.indiaprwire.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 September 2013. Retrieved 26 July 2010. ^ "IBM News room - 2008-09-04 HPCL Partners With IBM to Deploy a Path-Breaking RFID Solution - United States". 03.ibm.com. 4 September 2008. Archived from the original on 11 October 2011. Retrieved 9 November 2012. ^ http://www.hmel.in Archived 24 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine HMEL ^ a b "HPCL to set up new Refinery in Barmer Rajasthan". Archived from the original on 17 October 2013. Retrieved 22 September 2013. ^ "Buy HPCL With Target Of Rs 490 | TopNews". Topnews.in. 7 May 2010. Archived from the original on 6 April 2012. Retrieved 26 July 2010. ^ "Welcome to Mangalore Refinery and Petrochemicals Ltd". Archived from the original on 21 October 2019. Retrieved 28 June 2013. ^ "Home - HMEL". Archived from the original on 3 July 2015. Retrieved 2 July 2015. ^ "SALPG - South Asia LPG Company Pvt Ltd". Archived from the original on 3 May 2015. Retrieved 2 July 2015. ^ ":: Hp Lubes ::". Archived from the original on 29 May 2012. Retrieved 6 December 2019. ^ http://www.hpracer4.com/ Archived 8 February 2011 at the Wayback Machine Racer4 ^ http://www.hpaviation.in Archived 23 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine HP Aviation ^ "India's top 10 brands". business.rediff.com. Archived from the original on 28 October 2010. Retrieved 26 October 2010. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hindustan Petroleum. 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Raigarh North Karanpura Pench Kanhan Rajmahal Raniganj Ramgarh Singrauli South Karanpura Sohagpur Talcher Umaria Wardha Valley West Bokaro Coalbed methane Kaveri delta Assam Barmer Sanchor Birbhum Bokaro Bokaro Godavari IB VALLEY Jharia Jharia Kothagudem Mand Raigarh Mannargudi North Karanpura Rajmahal Raniganj Raniganj South Raniganj East Raniganj North Satpura Singrauli Sohagpur Sohagpur (West) Sonhat South Karanpura Talcher Tatapani Ramkola Wardha Uranium reserves Jaduguda uranium mine Tummalapalle uranium mine Authority control databases ISNI
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"public sector undertaking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_sector_undertaking"},{"link_name":"petroleum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum_industry"},{"link_name":"natural gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gas"},{"link_name":"Mumbai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai"},{"link_name":"subsidiary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsidiary"},{"link_name":"Oil and Natural Gas Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_and_Natural_Gas_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Petroleum_and_Natural_Gas"},{"link_name":"Government of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_India"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trendlyne.com-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-economictimes.indiatimes.com2-3"},{"link_name":"Fortune Global 500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortune_Global_500"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Maharatna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_sector_undertakings_in_India"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited (HPCL) is an Indian public sector undertaking in petroleum and natural gas industry, headquartered in Mumbai, and a subsidiary of the Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC), which is owned by the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas, Government of India.[4][5][6]Since 2018, Oil and Natural Gas Corporation has owned majority of its stake.[3] It is ranked 367th on the Fortune Global 500 list of the world's biggest corporations as of 2016.[7] On 24 October 2019, it became a Maharatna (PSU).[8]","title":"Hindustan Petroleum"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HPCL_from_Yarada_hill.jpg"},{"link_name":"Visakhapatnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visakhapatnam"},{"link_name":"Esso (Acquisition of Undertakings in India) Act 1974","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//indiankanoon.org/doc/1769128/"},{"link_name":"CORIL-HPCL Amalgamation Order 1978","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20161031150739/http://www.hindustanpetroleum.com/Upload/En/UPdf/CORIL-AMALGAMATION-1978.pdf"},{"link_name":"Kosangas Company Acquisition Act 1979","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20161031024157/http://www.hindustanpetroleum.com/Upload/En/UPdf/KOSANGAS-ACQUISITION-ACT.pdf"},{"link_name":"Centre for Public Interest Litigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_for_Public_Interest_Litigation"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India"},{"link_name":"Bharat Petroleum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharat_Petroleum"},{"link_name":"Rajinder Sachar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajinder_Sachar"},{"link_name":"Prashant Bhushan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prashant_Bhushan"},{"link_name":"privatization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privatization"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_India"}],"text":"A view of HPCL from Yarada Hill, VisakhapatnamHPCL was incorporated on 5 July 1952 as Standard Vacuum Refining Company of India Limited. In 1974, it changed its name after the takeover and merger of erstwhile Esso Standard and Lube India Limited by the Esso (Acquisition of Undertakings in India) Act 1974. Caltex Oil Refining (India) Ltd. (CORIL) was taken over by the Government of India in 1976 and merged with HPCL in 1978 by the CORIL-HPCL Amalgamation Order 1978. Kosan Gas Company was merged with HPCL in 1979 by the Kosangas Company Acquisition Act 1979.In 2003, following a petition by the Centre for Public Interest Litigation (CPIL), the Supreme Court of India restrained the central government from privatizing Hindustan Petroleum and Bharat Petroleum without the approval of Parliament. As counsel for the CPIL, Rajinder Sachar and Prashant Bhushan said that the only way to disinvest in the companies would be to repeal or amend the Acts by which they were nationalized in the 1970s. As a result, the government would need a majority in both houses to push through any privatization.[9]HPCL has been steadily growing over the years. The refining capacity increased from 5.5 million metric tons (MMT) in 1984–85 to 14.80 million metric tons as of March 2013. On the financial front, the net income from sales and operations grew from ₹2,687 crores in 1984–1985 to ₹2,06,529 crores in the 2012–13 financial year. During the 2013–14 financial year, the company's net profit was ₹1,740 crores. During the 2021–22 financial year following the COVID-19 pandemic, HPCL's profit was ₹6,383 crore and its revenue was ₹ 3,72,642 crore (its highest ever, up by 38%).","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Government of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_India"},{"link_name":"Oil and Natural Gas Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_and_Natural_Gas_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-economictimes.indiatimes.com2-3"}],"text":"On 19 July 2017, the Government of India announced the acquisition of HPCL by the Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC).[10]\nOn 1 November 2017, the Union Cabinet approved ONGC for acquiring a majority 51.11% stake in HPCL. On 30 January 2018, ONGC acquired the entire 51.11% stake, thus gaining majority ownership.[3]","title":"Merger and acquisition"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hindustan_Petroleum_Fueling_Station_Kapsi.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kapsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapsi"},{"link_name":"Chhattisgarh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhattisgarh"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hindustan_Petroleum_Fuel_Pump.JPG"},{"link_name":"Coimbatore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coimbatore"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hp_basaveshwaranagar.png"},{"link_name":"Basaveshwaranagara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basaveshwaranagara"},{"link_name":"Bangalore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangalore"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Mumbai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai"},{"link_name":"tonss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ton"},{"link_name":"Visakhapatnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visakhapatnam"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Mangalore Refinery and Petrochemicals Limited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangalore_Refinery_and_Petrochemicals_Limited"},{"link_name":"Mangalore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangalore"},{"link_name":"Bathinda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bathinda"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Rajasthan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajasthan"},{"link_name":"refinery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refinery"},{"link_name":"Barmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barmer,_Rajasthan"},{"link_name":"joint venture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_venture"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bp-14"},{"link_name":"lubricant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubricant"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"greases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grease_(lubricant)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"liquefied petroleum gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquefied_petroleum_gas"},{"link_name":"information technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technology"},{"link_name":"data center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_center"},{"link_name":"Hitech city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HITEC_City"},{"link_name":"Hyderabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyderabad"}],"text":"An HP fueling station in Kapsi, ChhattisgarhHP fuel pump in CoimbatoreHP petrol bunk at Basaveshwaranagara, BangaloreHPCL wholly owns two major refineries in India:[11] one in Mumbai (west coast) with a capacity of 9.5 million tonss per year, and one in Visakhapatnam (east coast) with a capacity of 8.3 million tons per year.[12]In addition, HPCL holds an equity stake of 16.95% in Mangalore Refinery and Petrochemicals Limited, a company that runs a state-of-the-art refinery in Mangalore with a capacity over 9 million tons per year. HMEL, a joint venture between HPCL and Mittal Energy Investments Pte. Ltd, operates another refinery of 11.3 million tons per year in Bathinda, Punjab.[13] HPCL has signed a memorandum of understanding with the Government of Rajasthan for constructing a refinery near Barmer; it would be operated under a joint venture company called HPCL Rajasthan Refinery Limited (Popularly known as HRRL).[14]HPCL also owns and operates the largest lubricant refinery in India, with a capacity of 335,000 metric tons, producing lube base oils of international standards.[citation needed] This refinery accounts for over 40% of India's total lube base oil production. Presently, HPCL produces over 300 grades of lubes, specialties, and greases.The marketing network of HPCL consists of 21 zonal offices in major cities and 128 regional offices[15] facilitated by a supply and distribution infrastructure comprising terminals, aviation service facilities, liquefied petroleum gas bottling plants and distributors, lube filling plants and distributors, inland relay depots, and retail outlets (petrol pumps).HPCL has a state-of-the-art information technology infrastructure to support its core business. The data center is at Hitech city in Hyderabad.","title":"Operations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Visakhapatnam_oil_refinary.jpg"},{"link_name":"Visakhapatnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visakhapatnam"},{"link_name":"Mumbai Refinery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai_Refinery_(HPCL)"},{"link_name":"million","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1,000,000"},{"link_name":"metric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric_system"},{"link_name":"tons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ton"},{"link_name":"Visakhapatnam Refinery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visakhapatnam_Refinery"},{"link_name":"million","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Million"},{"link_name":"metric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric_system"},{"link_name":"tons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ton"},{"link_name":"Mangalore Refinery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangalore_Refinery_and_Petrochemicals_Limited"},{"link_name":"million","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1,000,000"},{"link_name":"metric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric_system"},{"link_name":"tons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ton"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Guru Gobind Singh Refinery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh_Refinery"},{"link_name":"Bathinda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bathinda"},{"link_name":"million","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1,000,000"},{"link_name":"metric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric_system"},{"link_name":"tons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ton"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Barmer Refinery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barmer_Refinery"},{"link_name":"million","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1,000,000"},{"link_name":"metric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric_system"},{"link_name":"tons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ton"},{"link_name":"Government of Rajasthan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Rajasthan"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bp-14"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Mazagaon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazagaon"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"which?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words"},{"link_name":"quantify","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers"},{"link_name":"Bangalore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangalore"}],"sub_title":"Facilities","text":"HP oil refinery in VisakhapatnamHPCL operates refineries in India, including:Mumbai Refinery: 9.8million metric tons capacity (fuel and lubes)\nVisakhapatnam Refinery: 8.3 million metric tons capacity (fuel)\nMangalore Refinery: 9.69 million metric tons capacity (HPCL has a 16.65% stake)[16]\nGuru Gobind Singh Refinery (Bathinda): 9 million metric tons capacity (HPCL and Mittal Energy each have a 49% stake)[17]\nBarmer Refinery: planned for a 9 million metric tons capacity (HPCL has a 74%, Government of Rajasthan has a 24% stake)[14]In addition, HPCL operates other manufacturing facilities, including:Silvassa Lube: a state-of-the-art plant for grease and specialties, and one of the most advanced fully automated installations in Asia[citation needed]\nLube & Grease manufacturing facility (Mazagaon, Mumbai)\nLPG storage Cavern: one of the biggest storage facilities of LPG in Asia at Vizag—SALPG[18]\nPipelines: MPSPL, MDPL, VVSPL, MHMSPL, RKPL, ASPL, RBPL\nSeveral terminals and depots[which?]\nMany[quantify] liquified petroleum gas bottling plants\nHPCL Green R&D Centre (Bangalore)","title":"Operations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HP_Petrol_Bunk_31102016.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tata_ACE_-_HP_Gas_Carrier.JPG"},{"link_name":"Petrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasoline"},{"link_name":"Diesel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_fuel"},{"link_name":"Lubricants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubricant"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Liquefied petroleum gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquefied_petroleum_gas"},{"link_name":"Aviation fuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviation_fuel"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Emulsions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emulsion"},{"link_name":"White spirit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_spirit"}],"text":"HP petrol pumpHP cooking gas delivery vehicleHPCL produces a wide variety of petroleum fuels and specialties:Petrol (known as \"motor spirit\" in the oil industry) – HPCL markets its petrol at its retail pumps all over India. Its principal consumers are personal vehicle owners.\nDiesel (known as \"high-speed diesel\" in the oil industry) – HPCL markets its diesel at its retail pumps, terminals, and depots. Its consumers include personal vehicle owners, transport agencies, and industries.\nLubricants – HPCL is the market leader in lubricants and associated products. It commands over 30% of the market share in this sector. The popular brands of HP lubes are Laal Ghoda, HP Milcy,[19] Thanda Raja, Koolgard, and Racer4.[20]\nLiquefied petroleum gas – HPCL's brand of liquified petroleum gas is popular across India for domestic and industrial uses.\nAviation fuel[21] – With major air service facilities in all major airports of India, HPCL is a key player in this sector, supplying turbine fuel to major airlines. It also supplies fuel to the US.[citation needed]\nEmulsions – HPCL manufactures White spirit oil.HPCL also offers HP Drive Track Plus cards for consumers purchasing their products, and provides cashback as per the government cashback offers.","title":"Products"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fortune Global 500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortune_Global_500"},{"link_name":"Forbes Global 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes_Global_2000"},{"link_name":"The Economic Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economic_Times"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-top10-22"}],"text":"HPCL is a Fortune Global 500 company and was ranked at position 259 in 2013. In 2016, HPCL was ranked 367.\nHPCL was featured on the Forbes Global 2000 list for 2013 at position 1217.\nHPCL was the 10th most valuable brand in India according to an annual survey conducted by Brand Finance and The Economic Times in 2010.[22]","title":"International rankings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shikrapur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shikrapur,_Maharashtra"},{"link_name":"Vijayawada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijayawada"},{"link_name":"Visakhapatnam Refinery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visakhapatnam_Refinery"},{"link_name":"Barmer Refinery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barmer_Refinery"},{"link_name":"Mumbai Refinery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai_Refinery"}],"text":"Uran–Chakan–Shikrapur LPG Pipeline (UCSPL)\nVijayawada–Dharmapuri Pipeline (VDPL)\nPalanpur Vadodara Pipeline (PVPL)\nVisakhapatnam Refinery Modernization Project\nBarmer Refinery RAJASTHAN\nMumbai Refinery Expansion Project","title":"Major ongoing projects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hydrocarbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocarbon"},{"link_name":"oil fields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum_reservoir"},{"link_name":"Cambay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambay_State"},{"link_name":"Gandhinagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandhinagar"},{"link_name":"Mehsana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehsana_district"}],"text":"Hindustan Petroleum GasHPCL is focused on the appraisal and development of hydrocarbon accumulations in onshore and offshore projects. Operating projects include the Hirapur Marginal oil fields of the Cambay basin (near Gandhinagar, Gujarat) under a service contract with ONGC, and the pre-NELP production sharing contract for the Sanganpur field (Mehsana) with M/s Hydrocarbon Development Company (P) Ltd.HPCL Biofuels Limited\nCREDA-HPCL Biofuels Limited\nHPCL Rajasthan Refinery Limited (HRRL)\nHP Gas (domestic and industrial natural gas)","title":"Subsidiaries"}]
[{"image_text":"A view of HPCL from Yarada Hill, Visakhapatnam","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/HPCL_from_Yarada_hill.jpg/220px-HPCL_from_Yarada_hill.jpg"},{"image_text":"An HP fueling station in Kapsi, Chhattisgarh","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Hindustan_Petroleum_Fueling_Station_Kapsi.jpg/220px-Hindustan_Petroleum_Fueling_Station_Kapsi.jpg"},{"image_text":"HP fuel pump in Coimbatore","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Hindustan_Petroleum_Fuel_Pump.JPG/220px-Hindustan_Petroleum_Fuel_Pump.JPG"},{"image_text":"HP petrol bunk at Basaveshwaranagara, Bangalore","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Hp_basaveshwaranagar.png/220px-Hp_basaveshwaranagar.png"},{"image_text":"HP oil refinery in Visakhapatnam","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Visakhapatnam_oil_refinary.jpg/220px-Visakhapatnam_oil_refinary.jpg"},{"image_text":"HP petrol pump","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/HP_Petrol_Bunk_31102016.jpg/220px-HP_Petrol_Bunk_31102016.jpg"},{"image_text":"HP cooking gas delivery vehicle","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Tata_ACE_-_HP_Gas_Carrier.JPG/220px-Tata_ACE_-_HP_Gas_Carrier.JPG"}]
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[{"reference":"Limited, Hindustan Petroleum Corporation. \"Bod\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hindustanpetroleum.com/boardofdirectors","url_text":"\"Bod\""}]},{"reference":"https://www.bseindia.com/xml-data/corpfiling/AttachLive/351daa32-5d7e-4893-8431-6905c8c96db6.pdf.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bseindia.com/xml-data/corpfiling/AttachLive/351daa32-5d7e-4893-8431-6905c8c96db6.pdf","url_text":"https://www.bseindia.com/xml-data/corpfiling/AttachLive/351daa32-5d7e-4893-8431-6905c8c96db6.pdf"}]},{"reference":"\"ONGC buys govt's entire 51.11% stake in HPCL for Rs 36,915 crore\". The Economic Times. Archived from the original on 18 June 2018. Retrieved 10 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/oil-gas/ongc-buys-govts-entire-51-11-stake-in-hpcl-for-rs-36915-crore/articleshow/62729805.cms","url_text":"\"ONGC buys govt's entire 51.11% stake in HPCL for Rs 36,915 crore\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180618175430/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/oil-gas/ongc-buys-govts-entire-51-11-stake-in-hpcl-for-rs-36915-crore/articleshow/62729805.cms","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Latest Shareholding Pattern - Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Ltd\". trendlyne.com. Retrieved 29 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://trendlyne.com/equity/share-holding/556/HINDPETRO/latest/hindustan-petroleum-corporation-ltd/","url_text":"\"Latest Shareholding Pattern - Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Ltd\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sustainability report 2013-14\" (PDF). 2014. p. 7. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 March 2015. 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Retrieved 22 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://beta.fortune.com/global500/list/filtered?hqcountry=India","url_text":"\"Fortune Global 500 list\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160821170013/http://beta.fortune.com/global500/list/filtered?hqcountry=India","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Govt accords 'Maharatna' status to Hindustan Petroleum, Power Grid Corp\". Business Standard India. Press Trust of India. 23 October 2019. Retrieved 2 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/govt-accords-maharatna-status-to-hindustan-petroleum-power-grid-corp-119102301347_1.html","url_text":"\"Govt accords 'Maharatna' status to Hindustan Petroleum, Power Grid Corp\""}]},{"reference":"Gopal Ganesh (2008). Privatization and Labor Restructuring. Academic Foundation. p. 136. 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